certifying enterprise Scientific Certification Systems (SCS), expanded into forest certification. After the 1992 Rio Earth Summit failed to agree on a proposed Global Forest Convention, non-governmental initiatives for wood certification culminated in the founding of an international organization, the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), in Toronto in 1993. The FSC included diverse interests from 25 countries, including environmental organizations like WWF and FoE, foresters, timber retailers, indigenous peoples organizations, etc. Its mandate was to combine environmental, social and economically appropriate forestry through a voluntary accreditation programme for certifiers of forest products (von Mirbach, 1997). Its founding also coincided with a broadening of global forestry concerns from a narrow focus on tropical rainforests to a general concern with temperate and boreal forests as well (Kiekens, 1999). The FSC has a tripartite structure, with voting supposedly balanced between environmental, social and economic chambers. At the international level, some effort was also made to make sure each chamber achieved a balance between northern and southern interests. The FSCs Principles and Criteria (P&C) is the central document defining its understanding of good forestry to be certified. These principles express not just environmental values, but also concerns with land tenure, indigenous peoples rights, community relations and workers rights. The P&C are the basis upon which the FSC accredits third party certifying organizations. In 1995, the FSC became a legal entity, accrediting four main certifying bodiesSmartWood and SCS (mentioned above) and in