point-source pollution. Beginning in the eighties, we find growing concern with firm eco-efficiency and pollution preventionwhat some have called middle-of-the-pipe strategies. In the nineties, again particularly in Europe, there arose growing regulatory emphasis on consumption patternsbasically concerns of dematerialization. While so far as I know these efforts have not directly challenged economic growth, they nevertheless have exhibited some concern with disconnecting material from financial growth. These concerns about consumption involve not just private consumers, but front-of-the-pipe factors like product design and the application of the precautionary principle in dealing with toxic substances. Later in this chapter I will look at European Integrated Product Policy as an example of such a design orientation.