through local economies. This has major implications for community economic development and the quality of work life. Green economies would shift extraction industry to the cities, as wastes became resources. Real efficiency in a postindustrial world means using knowledge to make the most of available resources. Cities are a tremendous source of fertilizer and materials, and yet current practices make them problems of organic and solid waste. Cities abundant organic matter should be a fertile source of vegetation for food, water and air purification, energy, climate control and even industrial feedstocks. Solid wastes should make cities the mines and factories of postindustrial production based in recycling and reuse. It is important to recognize that economic organization based on reuse and service represents a challenge to capitalist values of accumulation. This is not because there is no profit in service/reuse-based production; quite the contrary. But it is because closedloop economies require new forms of liabilityextended producer responsibility (EPR)that ensure that companies take responsibility for the materials they produce throughout their entire life cycle (Stahel, 1994). There are great opportunities for profit here, as evidenced by Xerox selling document services rather than equipment (which it maintains ownership of, and which it now designs for disassembly); Interface flooring that sells carpeting services rather than carpeting; and various chemical companies that are now selling Integrated Pest Management services, rather than insecticides. Most corporations, however, feel very uneasy with the extended forms of liability, which demand new forms of management and often discourage the large loops of production and consumption intrinsic to globalization. They feel much more comfortable with