Constitutional doctrine itself is a reflection of legal culture, but it would be naive to assume that the general public or any particular segment of it share the same views as the justices who enunciate legal doctrine. There has been some research on public attitudes toward civil liberties and the Bill of Rights; such studies are necessarily studies of the congruence (or lack of congruence) of external and internal legal culture. The most important recent study (by Herbert McClosky and Alida Brill, in 1983) found that the general public tends to agree strongly with the general ideas behind the Bill of Rights, but on many specific issues, public opinion differs from the current state of doctrine—and from the views of legal and political elites. These differences tilt in a particular direction. The general public is less "liberal" than the Court and less "liberal" than legal and political elites on such issues as whether pornography can be banned, whether atheists should be allowed to teach or hold public office, or how far to carry the separation of church and state.