3. improvements in production efficiencies: including installation of automated temperature or pressure controls to improve product yield; and replacing nozzles on paint application to eliminate waste. 4. improvements in process operations or maintenance: examples include replacing gaskets and valves to reduce emissions; and centralizing purchasing operations to reduce overpurchasing. 5. internal recycling or closed-loop processing: for example, claiming and reusing rinse water in metal plating; and reworking batch process by-products back into the next batch. Among the many dimensions TURI integrates into its work is occupational health and safety. Amazingly, the situation of workers is often not taken into account when trying to eliminate toxic chemicals from the environment. (The same thing can be said about the impact on and participation of workers in eco-efficiency and conservation improvements in most cases). TURI planning and consultation puts these concerns front and centre. TURI is also concerned with creating an infrastructure for clean production that includes job training for workers, managers and designers, and connecting university research in key areas to managers and regulators. It also has a community component, acting as a clearinghouse of information about what communities can do, and are doing, about toxic chemicals. TURI is an example of the potential role of universities in facilitating the transformation of green production. It parallels efforts in related areas like green chemistry (at. e.g., the University of Oregon), and eco-industrial development (University of Southern California, Lund University in Sweden, the University of Tennessee, and