The challenges listed above reflect the fact that deconstruction represents a fundamentally new paradigm of resource cycling. I have called this the closed loop or lake economy; but Robin Murray (1999), in his groundbreaking book Creating Wealth From Waste, calls this new paradigm eco-modernization, which is characterized by intensive recycling; more complex flows; decentralization; simple or specialist treatment; and innovation in collection, rather than high-tech plants. Murray sees ecomodernization as the alternative to what he calls the chemico-energy mode of modernization, which is much more centralized and capital-intensive; and whose main instrument is incineration. Murray (1999, p.98) points out that the ecological mode of recycling demands the skills of a modern retailer, not a transporter of aggregatesand that hauling aggregates is precisely the background of most of the dominant existing waste management firms (Laidlaw, Browning Ferris, Waste Management Inc., etc.). The chemico-energy mode is, thus, an attempt to deal with the problems of waste without altering the fundamental linear organization of the River economy.