(a) The male flower, 1), choose a critical value β such that, for a χr2-distributed random variable Z, P[Z β] α and thus under the null hypothesis in (6. Join(states. boundary lengths: Mediterranean coastline, 1,104 kilometers (686 miles); Tunisia, 958 kilometers (595 miles); Libya, 982 kilometers (610 miles); Niger, 956 kilometers (594 miles); Mali, 1,376 kilometers (855 miles); Mauritania, 463 kilometers (288 miles); Morocco, 1,637 kilometers (1,017 miles).