Diabetes during pregnancy, including pre-gestational diabetes and gestational diabetes (GDM), affects fetal growth, which is linked to the development of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases in later life (Fetita et al. 2006; Dabelea and Crume 2011; Damm et al. 2016; Friedman 2018). Approximately 16% of pregnant women globally have diabetes during pregnancy (International Diabetes Federation, Diabetes Atlas 9th edition, 2019), and the percentage continues to increase, contributing significantly to the increased prevalence of diabetes and obesity in subsequent generations. The placenta plays a key role in fetal growth and development by supplying nutrients and oxygen. Diabetes during pregnancy alters placental structure and function with aberrant vascularization, increased inflammation, and impaired energy metabolism (Jarmuzek et al. 2015; Osmond et al. 2000; Muralimanoharan et al. 2016). As the interface between maternal and fetal circulation systems, the placenta can be affected by changes in both maternal and fetal circulating factors in response to the diabetic milieu (Desoye and Hauguel-de Mouzon 2007).