Pregnant Native American or Hispanic women with diabetes (N = 42, including 31 gestational diabetes and 11 pre-gestational type 2 diabetes), or non-diabetic controls (N = 81) were enrolled into a prospective longitudinal study on the impact of in utero exposure to DM, as previously described (Teague et al. 2015). Gestational or type 2 diabetes was diagnosed according to ADA guidelines (American Diabetes A 2003). Women with type 2 diabetes were defined as those diagnosed before pregnancy. Women were excluded if they delivered prior to 37 weeks gestation, had type 1 diabetes, pre-eclampsia, chronic hypertension, renal disorders or a smoking history during pregnancy. They were also excluded if the infants were small for gestational age, had a major malformation, or chromosome abnormality. Maternal glucose concentrations measured 2 h after oral glucose challenge (OGTT, Fig. 2) during the second trimester of pregnancy were obtained from clinical records. Cord blood and maternal blood (if available) were obtained after delivery, and cord and maternal serum resistin levels were measured. The protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, the Chickasaw Nation, and the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma. The samples collected under this protocol were not used for isolating cord blood mononuclear cells, mesenchymal stem cells, or placental explant culture.