Against the power of the large agribusiness and chemical companies, various organizationslike Greenpeace, Clean Production Action, and the Institute for Local Self-Relianceare promoting a more holistic and ecological path for Carbohydrate Economy development. There are also eco-industrial development initiatives that are combining eco-industrial organization with plant-based production. Some of the most interesting work is that of Gunter Pauli (1998) and his colleagues at the Zero Emissions Research Initiative (ZERI), based in Geneva and in Tokyo at the United Nations University. Pauli was previously founder and president of Ecover, the well-known environmental products company. He was suddenly faced with the realization that the soaps and cleansers his company produced, while slightly reducing pollution of German rivers, generated massive waste in Latin Americathe source of Ecovers raw materials. Pauli saw the needand the possibilityof producing plant-based benign materials through ecological industrial clusters which would make productive use of all materials, residues and by-products. He saw that, by applying an ecosystem approach that generated value-added on multiple levels, an upsizing process could be initiated which would provide benefits to all stakeholders, and not simply shareholders. ZERI has spawned a number of innovative projects in various parts of the world, including the Fujisawa Factory eco-industrial park in Japan (Cote & Cohen-