perspective, and focused on take-back requirements for packaging. It has had its difficulties, but it is responsible for substantial waste reduction in Germany and a recycling rate several times greater than North America for many kinds of packaging (Fishbein, 2000, p. 59-60; Geiser, 2001, p. 315). In Canada, modest EPR measures have been implemented to deal with tires, paints, batteries, and beverage containersmost on the provincial level. It is important to understand that EPR, although commonly identified with takeback programmes, is a principle that can be applied in a variety of ways appropriate to the industry or situation in question. Figure 24 illustrates some of its variations: