In a systematic review, Nelson and colleagues (2018) examined if screening for UI in women not previously diagnosed would improve outcomes (symptoms, QOL, and function) and assessed the accuracy of screening methods and potential harms of screening. English-language searches of Ovid Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (January 1, 1996 to March 30, 2018); ClinicalTrials.gov (April 2018), and reference lists of studies and reviews were carried out. Randomized trials, cohort studies, systematic reviews of studies that enrolled non-pregnant women without previously diagnosed UI and compared clinical outcomes and adverse effects between women who were and were not screened, and diagnostic accuracy studies that reported performance measures of screening tests. No studies evaluated the overall effectiveness or harms of screening. A total of 17 studies evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of 18 screening questionnaires against a clinical diagnosis or results of diagnostic tests. Of these, 14 poor-quality studies were based in referral clinics, enrolled only symptomatic women, or had other limitations; 1 good-quality and 2 fair-quality studies (evaluating 4 methods) enrolled women not recruited on the basis of symptoms. Areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for stress, urge, and any type of incontinence in these studies were 0.79, 0.88, and 0.88 for the Michigan Incontinence Symptom Index; 0.85, 0.83, and 0.87 for the Bladder Control Self-Assessment Questionnaire; and 0.68, 0.82, and 0.75 for the Overactive Bladder Awareness Tool. The Incontinence Screening Questionnaire had a sensitivity of 66 % and specificity of 80 % for any type of incontinence. The authors concluded that available evidence is insufficient on the overall effectiveness and harms of screening for UI in women; and limited evidence in general populations suggested fairly high accuracy for some screening methods. The main drawbacks of this review were studies enrolled few participants, often from symptomatic referral populations; used various reference standards; and infrequently reported CIs.