with their eventual phase-out. The problem is that, at the moment, many internalized costs do not have a quick pay-back for the firms involved when their competitors, and whole international markets, benefit from de facto subsidies. Even when quick paybacks are possible, firms need knowledge and new arrangements to implement it. The model of Massachusetts Toxic Use Reduction Institute (see Chapter III) is instructive as to how government can contribute to a relatively painless transition to clean production. Transitional targets are essential, and a supportive information infrastructure to complement the stick of absolute standards. This is particularly true in the case of small enterprise, which lacks the resources for substantial change and is often not even aware of the regulations that govern their areas of business.