text: 阿妮絲·卡拉瑪爾及美國哥倫比亞大學「全球言論自由專案」主任。早年生活和教育.已隱藏部分未翻譯內容，歡迎參與[ 翻譯]。In 1985, Callamard received her undergraduate degree from the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Grenoble. In 1988, she earned a master's degree in international and African studies from Howard University. In 1995, she received a PhD in Political Science from the New School for Social Research in New York City, with a thesis titled "“Populations Under Fire, Population Under Stress: A Study of Mozambican Refugees and Malawian villagers in Malawi”."職業.Callamard is considered an expert on a number of international and UN human rights initiatives and has conducted human rights investigations in a number of countries in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. She has published in the field of human rights, women's rights, refugee movements and accountability. Callamard has worked extensively in the field of international refugee movements, including work with the Center for Refugee Studies in Toronto.In May 2017, Callamard attended a conference in the Philippines, which was followed by her Wikipedia page being vandalized. Callamard stated that the visit was not in an official capacity.大赦國際.From 1998 to 2001, Callamard served as Chef de Cabinet for the Secretary General of Amnesty International, and as the organisation's Research Policy Coordinator, she led Amnesty's work on women's human rights.In January 2013, Callamard tweeted that Shimon Peres had supposedly admitted in a "New York Times" interview that Yasser Arafat was murdered. In April 2021, Amnesty International released a statement that the tweet was not reflective of the position of Amnesty International or Callamard. "Jewish News" wrote "[t]he tweet was still available on Callamard’s account".HAP International.In 2001, Callamard was the founding director of HAP International (the Humanitarian Accountability Partnership, created in 2003) where she oversaw field trials in Afghanistan, Cambodia and Sierra Leone and created an international self-regulatory body for humanitarian agencies committed to strengthening accountability to disaster-affected populations. She was in this position until 2004.Article 19.In October 2004, Callamard took the position of Executive Director of Article 19, an international human rights organization.Columbia University.In November 2013, Callamard was appointed Director of Columbia University's Global Freedom of Expression initiative.OSCE Nomination.In 2016 she was nominated by France to become the fourth OSCE Special Representative on Freedom of the Media. Despite being a popular choice to replace Dunja Mijatović her nomination was strongly opposed by Russia and other eastern European countries.聯合國.Callamard was the United Nations Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, appointed by the UN Human Rights Council resolution A/HRC/RES/35/15 of 22 June 2017 for a 3 years mandate and finishing on 31 March 2021. In 2019 she led the human rights inquiry  into the assassination of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi. Her findings were presented to the UN Human Rights Council in June 2019. After the report was published, she said that a senior Saudi official twice threatened to have her killed if she was not reined in by the UN.She concluded that the drone strike on Iranian General Qasem Soleimani was unlawful as part of advance version of her report on "Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions" for the Forty-fourth session of the Human Rights Council.Amnesty International.She returned to Amnesty International after twenty years, as Secretary General, in March 2021. She leads the organization's human rights work and is its chief spokesperson. She is responsible for providing overall leadership of the International Secretariat, including setting the strategic direction for the organisation and managing relations with Amnesty International’s national entities.
metadata.dataset: erhwenkuo/wikipedia-zhtw
metadata.title: 阿涅斯·卡拉馬爾
metadata.url: https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8069990