text: 物自體，或自在之物是康德所介紹的概念。物自體是獨立於觀察的客體。這個概念在哲學家中間產生了很多爭論。康德.康德認為所有客體的總和，也就是這個經驗的世界，它的存在是經先天認知形式雅各比.第一個對物自體概念提出批判的是弗里德里希·海因裡希·雅各比，他這樣認為：I could not enter into the system without the assumption of the concept of the thing-in-itself and, on the other hand, I could not remain in it with this concept.Gottlob Ernst Schulze.匿名出版的《埃奈西德穆》""成功給了康德以致命的一擊，根據康德的說法，物自體無法導致現象，因為因果律的範疇只能運用在經驗的客體上。因此康德也無法宣稱物自體的存在。此書後來表明正是所著。這個矛盾後來也被接受為是物自體這個概念存在的主要問題。這本書與此書對物自體的一擊對費希特產生了巨大影響。叔本華稱G. E. Schulze為康德所有對手中最犀利的一位。約翰·戈特利布·費希特.起初，費希特很贊同康德哲學，包括物自體的概念，但是Schulze的書改變了他的觀點。Aenesidemus, which I consider one of the most remarkable products of our decade, has convinced me of something which I admittedly already suspected: that even after the labors of Kant and Reinhold, philosophy is still not a science. Aenesidemus has shaken my own system to its very foundations, and, since one cannot live very well under the open sky, I have been forced to construct a new system. I am convinced that philosophy can become a science only if it is generated from one single principle, but that it must then become just as self-evident as geometry.叔本華.儘管叔本華贊同對康德物自體概念的批判，認為康德引入物自體的方式是不可接受的，但是叔本華還是贊同康德對物自體存在的宣稱，並認為康德區分物自體和現象是他最偉大的功績。Philipp Mainländer.Mainländer的觀點較為特別，他稱頌康德打破了他自己原來的哲學規則，Mainländer也認為物自體是存在的。He did it, because he feared nothing more than the allegation, that his philosophy is pure idealism, which makes the whole objective world into illusion and takes away all reality from it. The three remarks of the first part of the Prolegomena are, with this in mind, very much worth reading. I cannot condemn this great inconsequence. It was the smaller one of two evils, and Kant bravely embraced it.
metadata: erhwenkuo/wikipedia-zhtw
metadata: 物自體 (康德)
metadata: https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6049112