answers: whistleblowing
context: H. M., (2014) social psychoogy. Psychology Press. p.409) Research suggests that ostracism is a common reprisal strategy used by organizations in response to whistleblowing. Kipling Williams, in a survey on US whistleblowers, found that 100% reported post-whistleblowing ostracism. Alexander Brown similarly found that post-whistleblowing ostracism is a common response, and indeed describes ostracism as form of "covert" reprisal, as it is normally so difficult to identify and investigate. Qahr and ashti is a culture-specific Iranian form of personal shunning, most frequently of another family member in Iran. Qahr and ashti are described by Dr. Kambiz Behzadi as: While modern Western </s> ideals that the marketers perpetuate. Beauty whitewash is criticized for distorting general perceptions of reality, exuding a twisted sense of beauty, and having a negative influence on women, children, and communities alike. These Eurocentric ideals are forced upon people of color, creating hierarchies within their own communities. Ultimately, whitewashing creates social tension not only between White and non-White communities, but also between groups who resemble the more established beauty standards, such as lighter-skinned African Americans, and the groups who do not, including darker-skinned African Americans. This phenomenon can apply to both men and women of color. Kai Nelson believes that </s> of fiction, such as "Nineteen Eighty-Four", by George Orwell. In modern times, negationism may spread via new media, such as the Internet. The term "negationism" ("négationnisme") was first coined by the French historian Henry Rousso in his 1987 book "The Vichy Syndrome" which looked at the French popular memory of Vichy France and the French Resistance. Rousso argued that it was necessary to distinguish between legitimate historical revisionism in Holocaust studies and politically-motivated denial of the Holocaust, which he termed negationism. Usually, the purpose of historical negation is to achieve a national, political aim, by transferring war-guilt, demonizing an enemy,
question: ostracism is the basis for what in current american culture