answers: 1945
context: Zealand. Proponents and opponents have been both criticized for overstating the benefits or overstating the risks, and understating the other, respectively. Systematic reviews have cited the lack of high quality research for the benefits and risks of water fluoridation and questions that are still unsettled. Researchers who oppose the practice state this as well. According to a 2013 Congressional Research Service report on fluoride in drinking water, these gaps in the fluoridation scientific literature fuel the controversy. Public water fluoridation was first practiced in 1945, in the US. As of 2012, 25 countries have supplemental water fluoridation to varying degrees, </s> Chicago Faucet The Chicago Faucet Company, founded on the near-west side of Chicago, Illinois, has been producing faucets and other plumbing fixtures since 1901. The company founder, Albert C. Brown, invented the Quaturn Cartridge in 1913 that worked with the flow of water to make it both easy to open and close the spigots and forestalled leak development. The Great Depression hit the company hard because of a decline in new construction. Despite the depression, the company persevered by participating in the Chicago World's Fair of 1933 and briefly converted to the production of nuts, bolts, screws, and parachute hooks </s> speculated that fluoride would protect against tooth decay, proposed supplementing the diet with fluoride, and observed mottled enamel (now called severe dental fluorosis) without knowing the cause. In 1874, the German public health officer Carl Wilhelm Eugen Erhardt recommended potassium fluoride supplements to preserve teeth. In 1892 the British physician James Crichton-Browne noted in an address that fluoride's absence from diets had resulted in teeth that were "peculiarly liable to decay", and who proposed "the reintroduction into our diet ... of fluorine in some suitable natural form ... to fortify the teeth of the next generation". The foundation of water
question: when did they start putting fluoride in water