answers: Rayleigh waves
context: same amount of energy as 10,000 atomic bombs like those used in World War II. This is so because the energy released in an earthquake, and thus its magnitude, is proportional to the area of the fault that ruptures and the stress drop. Therefore, the longer the length and the wider the width of the faulted area, the larger the resulting magnitude. The topmost, brittle part of the Earth's crust, and the cool slabs of the tectonic plates that are descending down into the hot mantle, are the only parts of our planet which can store elastic energy and release </s> these waves was predicted by John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh, in 1885. They are slower than body waves, roughly 90% of the velocity of S waves for typical homogeneous elastic media. In a layered medium (like the crust and upper mantle) the velocity of the Rayleigh waves depends on their frequency and wavelength. See also Lamb waves. Love waves are horizontally polarized shear waves (SH waves), existing only in the presence of a semi-infinite medium overlain by an upper layer of finite thickness. They are named after A.E.H. Love, a British mathematician who created a mathematical model of the waves </s> Seismicity Seismicity is a measure which encompasses earthquake occurrences, mechanisms, and magnitude at a given geographical location. As such it summarizes a region's seismic activity. The term was coined by Beno Gutenberg and Charles Francis Richter in 1941. Seismicity is studied by geophysicists. Seismicity is quantitatively computed. Generally the region under study is divided in equally sized areas defined by latitude and longitude and the interior of the Earth is divided into various depth intervals on account of Earth's layering: Up to 50 km depth, 50–300 km, and > 300 km. The usual formula to calculate seismicity is: formula_1 where
question: seismic waves which travel only through the outer layer of the earth are called