Tom Durkin, the voice of the Triple Crown. He is retiring in August. This will be his last Belmont stakes. Good luck to you, OK.

All right Scott. And new when you retire, maybe we'll go out and play golf or something.

(Laughter). All right. Golf huh. Let's go to the track.

Did B. J. Leiderman write this?He wrote our theme music. You're listening to WEEKEND EDITION from NPR News.

turn 1 : The implied meanings in (2) are that Scott should enjoy his retirement and do something fun with Tom Durkin after he retires.

Answer: Theme


Condemnation continues of President Trump's profane language about several foreign countries, using an especially crude word. And a warning - you're about to hear that word. At a bipartisan meeting with legislators on Thursday, the president asked why the United States would want immigrants from, quote, "shithole countries. "Until last week, roughly 200,000 Salvadorans in the U. S.  held temporary protected status. That was put in place after the devastating earthquakes hit that country in 2001. But the White House says it'll end those protections and give Salvadorans until September 2019 to return to El Salvador or face deportation.

Carlos Dada is the founder of El Faro, a news site based in San Salvador, and joins us from there. Carlos, thanks so much for being with us.

Thank you for having me, Scott.

turn 3 : "What's the reaction in El Salvador been to the president's comments and, for that matter, your personal reaction?"

Which country's reaction is being asked about?

Answer: El-Salvador


I will walk down the red carpet, yes, yes.

Oh, man, that's exciting, huh?Tell us what it was like when you found out, and tell us you found that you had been nominated for Grammy Award, your first.

Well, it's a pretty funny story, because since I'm an indie artist and this is my first foray into the industry, let alone this part of it, I wasn't really expecting anything and I didn't even know when the Grammys were being announced. That's how far off I was. And I was sitting at home in my jammies, actually, watching "Top Chef. "I might have been watching even watching it on TV, I don't know, but the phone rang and it was my producer, who also co-writes my songs with me. And he said, um, I think you've been nominated for Grammy. I was like, shut up.

I was, like - I didn't even know I've been submitted. Like, nobody told me that I had been submitted. I just wasn't even thinking about it. So, it was really crazy. It took a couple of hours, actually, for me to believe him. Like, I actually hung up on him.

turn 0 : I will walk down the red carpet implies that the person is a VIP

Answer: Red


Yes, actually nine years ago, April 2007, I collapsed from sleep deprivation and hit my desk on the way down and broke my cheekbone. And that was my wake-up call in terms of changing my own life, understanding the science behind the need for sleep and also looking around and seeing how many millions of us are in similar states of perpetual exhaustion to the point where it becomes the new normal and we don't even notice it.

Isn't there a kind of macho, if you please, attached to lack of sleep or people who feel they only need a little sleep to function?

Oh, absolutely. You know, there is a tremendous braggadocio going on. I mean, I had dinner with a guy recently who bragged that he had only gotten four hours sleep the night before. And I didn't say it, but I thought, did you know this dinner would've been a lot more interesting if you had gotten five?

(Laughter).

turn 2 : Turn 4 has an implied meaning that conveys a sense of irony or humor. While the speaker's comment is framed as a joke and elicits laughter from their conversation partner, it also carries a serious message about the importance of getting enough sleep.

Which turn contains a comment that reflects both humor and a serious message?

Answer: Turn4


To occur at the same time. . .

Exactly.

. . . Which, of course, would deplete the emergency resources the city could bring to it. In the. . .

turn 0 : Yeah, Scott, well it began with - you know, it was a warm night last night, and people were out - it was a Friday night - sitting at a restaurant out at a cafe. And that's how it started. The attackers drove by with Kalashnikovs and just fired into everyone at that outdoor cafe. And there was also an attack on the stadium - the national stadium - where Francois Hollande was watching a game - a friendly game - match between France and Germany - a soccer match. And two assailants blew themselves up with - they were suicide bombers outside the stadium. And everyone ran to the grass to take cover. There was complete chaos. It had to be evacuated. The thing authorities are saying that's so striking is that they were perfectly coordinated.

What kind of weapons did the attackers use?

Answer: Fired


Colin Powell - not one black candidate on the ticket, but two. That would be remarkable.

Well, let's also remember Colin Powell is a Republican. He would establish a kind of bipartisan bridge. And if you want to say, yes, it's a ticket of two African-Americans, which it would be, it is already a ticket of one African-American. So people who have perhaps a problem with that might not necessarily have that much more of a problem with two.

And I think that the advantage that it would have would be to say, we're kind of, in a sense, taking race off the table here. We're not talking about electing the first black president. We're asking you to vote for Barack Obama and Colin Powell and look at those two individuals.

It's a really interesting suggestion, I would imagine that a number of Democrats would say, wait a minute, he was on the wrong side on Iraq. Plus, we've got our own guys. We want a Democrat, a real Democrat. Who's out there?

turn 1 : bipartisan bridge implies that Colin Powell would appeal to Republicans and Democrats.

What advantage would Colin Powell bring to the ticket?

Answer: Bridge


No, physically, we're - really pretty pathetic. Offhand, I cannot think of an animal which, if your size, let's say 150 pounds, that could not absolutely obliterate you in hand-to-hand or tooth-to-incisor combat. And our dominance in the world is all thanks to this trick of coming up with these codes that enable us to remember what happened yesterday or years ago. And it has a permanence that has a tremendous advantage (laughter). It has nothing to do with the theory of evolution.

Yeah. But you say that speech bedeviled Darwin as a matter of fact.

It did. He could not figure out what it was. He assumed because of his theory that everything evolved from animals, and he didn't even include it in his theory language until he decided that it came from our imitation of the cries of birds. And I think it's misleading to say that human beings evolved from animals. I mean, actually nobody knows whether they did or not. And there are very few physical signs, except for the general resemblance between apes and humans. The big evolution, if you want to call it that, is that this one species, Homo sapiens, came up with this ingenious trick, which is language.

Are you concerned, Mr.  Wolfe, or are you resolutely not concerned that people who don't believe in evolution for religious reasons, not scientific ones, are going to begin to cite your work as some kind of scientific proof?

turn 2 : In turn (3), the actual meaning is that humans did not physically evolve from apes, but rather evolved through the development of language, which is a unique trait of the Homo sapiens species. The word "evolved" here does not refer to physical evolution, but rather to the emergence and development of language as a tool.

What is the unique trait of the Homo sapiens species that led to their evolution according to turn 2?

Answer: Language


This is WEEKEND EDITION from NPR News. I'm Scott Simon. General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi has had a rapid career rise. He was appointed Egypt's defense minister after the Arab Spring outpouring by Egypt's first freely elected president, the Muslim Brotherhood's Mohamed Morsi. But just a year later, General Sisi helped oust Mr.  Morsi and then he began to run the country. Now, his title is Field Marshal Sisi, the top military post. And just this past week, he took the next step to becoming Egypt's next president. The possible rise of a new military strongman raises questions about if the Arab Spring put Egypt on a path of democracy and civilian rule or more authoritarianism. Samer Shehata joins us. He's a political scientist at University of Oklahoma, and he joins us from the studios of KGOU in Norman, Oklahoma. Samer, thanks very much for being with us.

Pleasure to speak to you.

Why is a field marshal, according to various surveys, so popular in Egypt?

He's popular for a number of reasons. One, there were many people, of course, who were opposed to the Muslim Brotherhood and Mr.  Morsi before he became president. And of course it was a disastrous year in office. And there are many people who, as a result of all of that, are longing for stability and security. And the idea of a military general running the show is reassuring.

turn 1 : Pleasure to speak to you. (This is a polite way of expressing appreciation for the invitation to speak on the show.)

Which phrase is used by PersonA to express gratitude for being invited to speak on the show?

Answer: Pleasure


And that polio virus is thought to be non-zoonotic. It's thought to be a virus that only affects humans, but it's capable of passing from humans into chimps. So it seems to have made those chimps sick and killed some of them.

Likewise, the mountain gorillas of Rwanda and Uganda, when people visit those on - ecotourist adventures, they're not allowed to come closer than within about 15 feet. The gorillas are habituated. They're perfectly happy to have people nearby.

But the people who manage those gorilla populations are concerned that diseases, human diseases, will spill over into the mountain gorillas, which are an endangered subspecies and have a relatively small gene pool. So, yes, we have to be careful that we don't give diseases to wildlife also, especially wildlife that's closely related to us and that's endangered.

It seemed like many of the viruses you talk about in this book spilled over from bats, and I don't think of them as close relations to us particularly. But do we have. . .

turn 0 : passing implies transmission from one person or animal to another and not having legs to walk or cross sides

How did the polio virus affect the chimps?

Answer: Sick


Seems that this year, more Americans are making their electoral preferences known from the hereafter. Katie Falzone is vice president for operations at Legacy. com. They host obituaries for newspapers and funeral homes. She joins us now from the studios of WBEZ in Chicago, where, of course, deceased Americans can always vote. Thanks very much for being with us, Ms.  Falzone.

Thank you, Scott.

So has this really stepped up this election year.

It definitely has. I recently pulled some numbers from our site and found, you know, over the course of the past few election cycles, we've seen a huge increase. So the first year I looked at was comparing June to June numbers for the 2003-2004. We only had five references to political candidates in obituaries. This year, 119.

turn 1 : The increase in references to political candidates in obituaries suggests that more Americans are making their electoral preferences known from beyond the grave.

How many references were there to political candidates in obituaries in the first year compared to this year?

Answer: 119


Yeah. This is, again, completely innovative. You know, part of the problem that we have with tall buildings is building them all out of glass and then having to go to gymnastics to kind of cover them up on the outside, and we see that in America. But in intense solar environments like the desert, it makes even less sense.

This is an innovative way to control this. It actually, to my knowledge, for the first time creates this skin on the outside made up of, you know, hundreds of modules, which can open and close by computer control, depending on the angle of incident sun. So if the sun's on the other side of the building, the modules open up and allow natural daylight into the space. And if the sun is incident on the building, then those modules close up and block the sun from entering.

Is what makes a tall building great the ability to actually look like it fits in with the rest of the buildings in the neighborhood or the culture of the people?

I believe so. That's - you know, as a professor, that's the thing that I advocate. I believe that a Chinese tall building or a, you know, an American tall building or a Middle Eastern tall building should be different to each other in the same way that, you know, religious and other architecture is clearly identifiable.

turn 3 : "clearly identifiable" - This is a figurative expression that means easily recognizable or distinctive, rather than literally being able to be identified with clarity.

Which expression means easily recognizable or distinctive?

Answer: Identifiable


It's time now for our Africa Update. The search begins for an African Einstein. In South Africa this week, at least two dozen people have been killed in a wave of attacks on foreigners and we look at Rwanda's new economic force, women. For more, we've got Roxanne Lawson, she's director of Africa Policy for TransAfrica Forum. Hey, Roxanne.

Hi, how are you doing?

I'm doing great. So let's talk about some disturbing news form South Africa. It's the biggest economic power on the continent and plenty of immigrants from other African nations are flooding into the country, legally or not. South Africans are accusing these immigrants of taking away jobs and causing crime, in some ways it's similar to a lot of the debates right here in the U. S.  Now, some South Africans are getting into brutal attacks on foreigners. At least 24 people have been killed in unrest that broke out a week ago. So what's the latest on the violence?

You're directly right that it actually is very much like what we see here in the United States with our migration issues. As of this morning, official reports that 217 people have been arrested, over 3,000 have been displaced and 22 people are dead.

turn 2 : Immigrants in South Africa are being blamed for job loss and crime, leading to brutal attacks on foreigners.

How many people have been arrested in connection to the attacks on foreigners in South Africa?

Answer: 217


Ocasio-Cortez is the democratic socialist, just shy of 30, who unseated a top Democrat in 2018. She's soared to prominence as a critic of the president and sometimes of Democrats. She pushed the party on climate, throwing her sudden fame behind the Green New Deal. And today, she releases anti-poverty proposals. Her bills would open social benefits to all people, even undocumented immigrants. She also calls to change the way the federal government measures poverty. She wants the federal poverty line to be higher in some places than others.

You may be making a certain amount in New York City or in Washington, D. C. , that is enough in other parts of the country, but you are effectively living in poverty, and so we need to account for geographic variation as well.

It seems to me that the things that you like about that proposal are the very things that make it politically difficult.

Absolutely.

turn 0 : just shy of 30 means the person is almost 30-years-old.

Which age range does Ocasio-Cortez fall into?

Answer: Range


Well, I was abused by a priest when I was a child. And it caused me a great deal of difficulty with my life afterwards. I had a lot of problems with anxiety and depression.

How old were you when it happened?

I had just turned 13. I was in a children's hospital. And the priest who assaulted me was the Catholic chaplain of the hospital. And he also took indecent photographs, which had a lasting effect on me.

You were one of two sexual abuse survivors on the Pontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors. Yet you resigned March 1. Can you tell us why?

I did because I accepted the appointment to the commission in the hope that the church was really beginning to show, you know, a sincere wish to change. And after three years, I resigned on some specific issues. But, basically, it was the resistance from some quarters in the Vatican to actually change.

Does it surprise you that someone as high up as Cardinal Pell has been accused?

turn 0 : "abused by a priest" - This phrase refers to a specific type of abuse, sexual abuse, rather than physical abuse or verbal abuse.

Which type of abuse did "abused by a priest" specifically refer to?

Answer: sexual


It's like a bird treadmill. I mean, it's the same idea, right?

Right.

And the point of this study, which Ivo Ros is doing, was to figure out how much energy it takes to fly. So they have a little heart monitor hooked up to the cockatiels. But again, like imagine what this is like for the cockatiels. So there's all this training involved because for a bird to be flapping their wings and not going anywhere is really weird. So they have to, you know, encourage them not to sit on the bars. And it just was. . .

There's no scenery changing.

turn 3 : "There's no scenery changing." - The literal meaning of this phrase is that there is no change in the scenery, but in the context of the conversation, it is used to suggest that the experiment may be boring for the cockatiels, as they are not able to fly and experience changes in their environment as they would in the wild.

How might the cockatiels feel during the experiment?

Answer: restricted


So, what was a moment that crystallized for you what it was going to be like?You're. . .

Mm-hmm.

You were all the way through it, right?From. . .

Yeah, I started there in kindergarten, and I went through all the way.

turn 2 : B is confirming that A attended the same school from kindergarten until graduation.

Answer: a


And let's just say, it was a fishing expedition. It was financed by Trump's opponents in both parties. Some fishing expeditions do come back with fish. And if this one actually did and some of that finds its way into the hands of special independent prosecutor Bob Mueller's investigators, then the dossier might, in some sense, inform their questions about Russian interference because all of this was about Trump's ties to people in Russia.

Right. And those questions about Russian interference will also be front and center in the upcoming hearings that we mentioned for the tech giants - Facebook, Twitter and Google executives who are going to be before Congress over two days this coming week. What will they be grilled about?

You know, in recent days, we have learned a good deal more about how extensive the Russian involvement in social media was, particularly the number of ads running on Facebook and how they were targeted. And some of this was using some of the people in Facebook who work with advertisers - big advertisers - and who help you target exactly the people you're trying to reach.

So this might have been - it appears to have been one of the main ways in which these Russian elements were trying to put a big thumb on the scale in the 2016 election.

turn 3 : (4) Put a thumb on the scale: to take deliberate and unfair steps to influence the outcome of a situation.

What does the phrase "put a thumb on the scale" mean?

Answer: Unfair


We should note that USA Today, which when it was founded in 1982, said it would never endorse a candidate for president - didn't want to go to that kind of - didn't want to participate in that kind of politics - has not endorsed a candidate but has said, in some departure from their usual policy, Donald Trump is unfit to be president, so don't vote for him.

What's an editorial worth in this age of social media?

You know, we know that people don't read newspaper editorials by and large. And if they ever read one, it's usually something like this in the presidential season. But we know that people read about them and hear about them.

And that's where, in the age of social media, they may actually matter more because people are going to be talking about this wipeout, this refusal of people who, remember, historically, have almost always gone with Republicans, to go with Donald Trump.

OK, now Miss Universe. Did Hillary Clinton set a trap for Donald Trump, which he sprang on himself?

You know, this story could have gone away in 24 hours or 48 hours. It could have had some impact on Monday night and perhaps, then, just gone away. We've heard an awful lot of high impact stories come and go already in this campaign.

turn 3 :  (4) And that's where, in the age of social media, they may actually matter more because people are talking about this wipeout

Which media platform enhances the significance of the wipeout mentioned in turn 3?

Answer: Social


Well, first of all, I don't think anybody's going to negotiate very seriously with a gun to their head. And the history of these things is that presidents win and the party in Congress that causes a shutdown tends to lose. So I think the president's made it clear he's not negotiating until funding is restored to the government.

I think in Congress there's certainly, around the edges, some places that we can make some arrangements, shorten the amount of time - although I thought 30 days was short enough, all things considered - and, you know, perhaps, you know, begin negotiations elsewhere. But you literally cannot complete legislation this fast. It's not as if the Democrats, you know, have a proposal that's been drafted into legislation that I'm aware of. So sooner or later, we're going to have to reopen the government, and I hope sooner.

Didn't your party get a tax bill done pretty quickly?

No. It took months and months and months and months of - here, I mean, that lasted over a year.

I mean, they were scrawling in the document up until the last second.

turn 4 : (5) - The speaker is implying that the tax bill was hastily and carelessly put together, even though it was actually thoroughly worked on.

How was the tax bill put together, according to the speaker in turn 4?

Answer: Thoroughly


Much like Stuxnet, Flame is also believed to be the handiwork of a nation-state. Why are antivirus experts so concerned about Flame?How does this malware tool, spy kit(ph) and eavesdrop?Who's behind Flame, and who are they targeting, and why is it being compared to Stuxnet?

That's what we're going to be talking about this hour. Our number is 1-800-989-8255, 1-800-989-TALK. My guest is Kim Zetter. She is senior reporter at Wired covering cybercrime, privacy, security and civil liberties. She's currently writing a book about Stuxnet and joins us from Oakland, California. Welcome to SCIENCE FRIDAY.

Thank you.

What makes Flame different?

turn 3 : Turn B: The actual meaning of "What makes Flame different?" is not a literal question seeking to identify what sets Flame apart from other things. Instead, it is a rhetorical question used to introduce the topic of discussion and prompt the guest to provide information about Flame's unique characteristics.

Answer: Introduce


But I think that the common thread in a lot of these cities is just that these systems are old. The systems are old and maintenance has been deferred on them. And, you know, in different ways and at different times, that's starting to catch up.

So it's part of the crumbling infrastructure problem in America?

(Laughter) Yeah, you could say that. I mean, I think that, you know - and certainly, when you think about it, these are some of the oldest pieces of infrastructure we have. Often when we talk about the crumbling infrastructure, folks are worried about our highway system or our bridges and so forth. But as you said, New York subway system is 112 years old. Boston's is even older. The rail system in San Francisco is also quite old. So this is some of the oldest infrastructure we have. And so it's not that surprising that it's starting to give out.

It's a special kind of horror to be delayed for, let's say, even half an hour or even five minutes, for that matter, in a subway car that's stalled that has no electricity that's well underneath the ground and the air is stifling. And that - just the fear of that happening is enough to drive people away, isn't it?

turn 3 : And that - just the fear of that happening is enough to drive people away, isn't it?" Implicated meaning: B is suggesting that the fear of experiencing the unpleasant situation described earlier (being delayed in a stalled subway car with no electricity and stifling air) is enough to make people avoid or choose alternatives to using the subway system altogether. The phrase "drive people away" implies a strong deterrent effect on potential users of the subway.

Which phrase implies a strong deterrent effect on potential users of the subway?

Answer: Deterrent


Well, things are more quiet than usual. There's many, many fewer people and cars out on the street during the day because of the day of mourning. People are just (unintelligible). And it's also the weather is really bad. There is like a storm and cold and rain, so people are staying home, and then some people go out to celebrate New Year's Eve tonight. A lot of people won't because of the situation.

But it's a situation that is reflected all over the Arab world and many other parts of the world where people are really angry about what's going on. They think Israel is using excessive force. But they feel frustrated because they can't do anything about it, and their governments aren't - seemingly aren't doing anything about it either.

Leaders are calling for an end to the violence, but there hasn't been much talk in terms of specifics. What can be done to accomplish that goal of ending these attacks?

Well, if they wanted to do something, they could a lot - diplomatically, politically, economically - but they are really more talk than action. This is the problem. The Arab leaders I think genuinely share their people's anger with what's going on in the Israeli attack. Many Arab leaders are also angry at Hamas. They don't like Hamas very much.

turn 1 : 'Leaders are calling for an end to the violence, but there hasn't been much talk in terms of specifics.' implies that leaders are not taking specific actions to end the violence.

How are leaders addressing the issue of violence in terms of specifics?

Answer: Not


One of the points that you make in the book is that there were always competitors to Boas' ideas. In fact, one of his sort of chief antagonists was a person named Grant. What's. . .

Madison Grant, yeah.

Madison Grant, who actually created some of the institutions which continue to survive today as anti-immigrant think tanks.

That's right. On the one hand, Madison Grant - you know, we owe the survival of the American bison to him. We owe so many of the great conservation institutions to him and conservation areas in the American West to him. But he at the same time believed deeply that what he was seeing in New York - he was from New York, living in New York - was the same thing he had experienced in traveling through the American West - that is, he understood what it was like when noble creatures could suddenly be brought down by invading species or their environment changing, and suddenly, the bison, the elk, the wolf were in danger.

turn 3 : Noble implies the creature was native to the land

Which creature was considered noble according to A?

Answer: Bison


Good to be with you, Scott.

Do you think President Trump was essentially trying to back off and ease tensions with Iran this week?

Scott, let's begin by saying there was relief, widespread and bipartisan, when the president pulled back instead of pulling the trigger. But the larger confrontation he's created here still has very few avenues for escape. It's possible this show of last-minute restraint may make renewed negotiations possible, but it could also heighten the tension to the point where the Iranians cannot come to the table. They have complicated domestic politics to deal with, just as we do. So the moment of hesitation on the president's part could ultimately produce an even greater degree of anxiety, an even more disastrous hour of reckoning.

A number of people have questioned parts of the president's account, especially a statement that he wasn't given or asked for - whatever it was - an estimate of casualties until the strikes had almost begun.

turn 2 : Come to the table means to show up or to engage with others.

What could be the possible outcome of the moment of hesitation on the president's part, according to A?

Answer: greater


And a lot of people might ask, how are you measuring innovation and creativity?

Well, most people measure innovation typically by looking at rates of patenting. Now people have become to track the number of start-up companies emerging in urban centers or the venture capital. And the good news is that cities are upping the ante. New York now, Manhattan is the second highest center for venture capital-backed start-up companies behind only Silicon Valley. But the other caution I wanted to make, and I think you know and folks listening know I'm a dyed-in-the-wool urbanist, that also places like Silicon Valley, which are somewhat car-dependent, can work. They can emulate many of the functions of the city.

So as we begin to build denser cities, the key is not just piling up people in buildings higher and higher and higher and creating vertical suburbs where people just interact in the building, it's to build cities that can be dense, that can have multi-story buildings, that can be close together. But having that interaction is a key part of keeping our cities innovation and creative not only here but in those emerging economies around the world.

Is there a difference in expense as well?Some of those older buildings in New York, hardly any place in Manhattan that anyone would describe as cheap, but they're less expensive in SoHo or Chelsea than they are in one of those big high-rise buildings in Midtown.

turn 2 : Building denser cities is not just about creating vertical suburbs but also about fostering interaction to keep cities innovative and creative.

Which aspect of building denser cities is not just about creating vertical suburbs?

Answer: Vertical


That's Odysseas Papadimitriou, CEO of the personal finance website WalletHub. We've heard about credit card debt being a problem for middle and working classes before, but it's now become an issue for the upper-middle class. Papadimitriou says they're in the sweet spot for this type of easy lending.

It is the consumer group that wants to take on some additional debt and also has the income and the assets to justify so.

On top of that, recent numbers show that people approaching retirement age are also accruing larger amounts of credit card debt.

You know, they're away from retirement enough years to feel like, I will make up for it later on. Let me go and make this purchase. And then they end up later on in retirement with credit card debt.

turn 0 : The sweet spot means they are in a good situation financially to lend to others.

What is the position of the consumer group regarding additional debt?

Answer: Wants


Amyloid is a very big one. We need to fulfill our research obligations there to examine it to the hilt. But there could be other proteins, the Tao protein, Alpha Synuclein, a variety of other proteins that could be involved, and hence we need to throw the landscape open with respect to what might be other potential targets in the various cascades that are described to produce the results of Alzheimer's disease.

I have about 20 seconds left, but just in this last little bit, there's a clinical test - a clinical trial to test this drug starting soon. Will these new studies affect that trial?

No, I don't think so. I mean, I think that the phase one trial of Bexarotene going forth in humans to test its safety and efficacy I think is entirely appropriate. So I would not pull back. I mean, there are some cautionary notes in these papers, but I wouldn't sabotage the overall program by this.

Thank you for joining us today.

turn 0 : We need to examine it as much as we can possibly can. We need to get people involved with Alzheimers to learn about  other things that can cause the disease.

Which disease requires further examination in the dialogue?

Answer: ALZHEIMER


And I just am saying to my Republican friends, look, I get it. I understand that there's certain things that he's said that really you can't ever look that way, but take a look. We're still months away from the election.

Mr.  Kelly, if you were advising Donald Trump - and, you know, he might hear this - is there some magic sentence that he could come up with that would - that would help heal things over?

I think he's already worked in that direction. I - I've never met Mr.  Trump, by the way, but I have been watching him. I've watched a Donald Trump who's different today than the Donald Trump I saw three or four weeks ago. I think he is a man who does understand messaging. He understands talking to people.

And as I said earlier, Mr.  Trump's success was not based just on his own ability and his own talent. It was working with many other people to get to something that was mutually beneficial. I've watched Mr.  Ryan. And I said before, he has more depth than the Pacific Ocean when it comes to policy, but he also works well with people to get to some common ground that makes sense. I would just say this - and Donald Trump doesn't need any advice from Mike Kelly. Paul Ryan doesn't need any advice from Mike Kelly.

turn 1 : (2) B's question about a "magic sentence" that Donald Trump could come up with to heal things over implies a desire for a quick fix or easy solution to a complex problem of political division, which may not be realistic or possible.

Which question did PersonB ask Mr. Kelly about Donald Trump's ability to heal political division?

Answer: Sentence


Well, you could say both. You know, in 2010, the parent company declared bankruptcy. There's significant debt surrounding and hanging over National Enquirer's parent company. But you can't separate this from the scandals. The Washington Post, in its reporting, claims that the hedge fund manager who's sort of controlling owner now of American Media says that he's disgusted by what he's learned. This is not really anything new for the Enquirer, but don't forget the legal trouble the Enquirer has been in. You know, it got dragged into the investigation of Michael Cohen and others. It had to, essentially, negotiate with prosecutors in order to avoid prosecution. And indeed, the Bezos scandal may raise the legal stakes once more.

I mean, we've probably all joked at the grocery store checkout stand, like, looking at the headlines - who would ever buy the National Enquirer?Well, now it's like a more serious question. Who would buy the National Enquirer?

Well, you know, in a straight world, you might say TMZ, the digital gossip site. It's hard to know. It's a damaged brand. It is a notable brand. Somebody may buy it as a plaything, or there's been speculation Jeff Bezos would want to strangle it, buy it and put it out. . .

Wow. That would be. . .

turn 1 : The National Enquirer is not a credible source of news and is often joked about.

Which news publication is often joked about at grocery store checkout stands?

Answer: National


Well, popularity is very important. The outdoor world needs more visitors and better accessibility. The difficulty with managing that side of it is that construction can have adverse effects to the natural areas if you start doing different buildings and that sort of thing on top of it, but yes.

Is this an anomaly, though, when we're talking just about Horseshoe Bend or have you seen other spaces that have changed?

I have. A smaller one in Colorado is Conundrum Hot Springs. After it became a spot for people to easily find on social media, the amount of visitorship (ph) went up really high. And since this is a very remote location where people kind of hang around for a long time in the hot springs, they ran out of places to go to the bathroom. As a result, Conundrum Hot Springs had to be shut down for a little bit while park rangers were up there with shovels to relieve that issue.

Meaning they were building bathrooms because people were just, like, basically. . .

turn 3 : The park rangers had to build bathrooms at Conundrum Hot Springs because of the high number of visitors.

Which location had to be shut down temporarily due to visitors' bathroom needs?

Answer: Conundrum


There's a group of Americans who've been dubbed the Young Invincibles. They're not, of course. But they are young, healthy and people the administration needs to buy health coverage under the Affordable Care Act. The new health insurance exchanges opened October 1st and officials want at least 2. 7 million of the seven million estimated new enrollees to fall inside that 18 to 35 age range to keep insurance rates low.

The president and Hollywood stars have made special appeals to this group, nicely reminding them that those who choose not to enroll have to pay a fine. In 2011, over 18 million of these young adults were not insured for health care.

We spoke with Lisa Dubay, a fellow at the Urban Institute, about why many have not had coverage.

Only about 11 percent of the uninsured Young Invincibles aren't purchasing coverage because they think they don't need it. Most of them are saying they're not purchasing coverage because it's unaffordable. So I'm not convinced that they're not going to enroll. I think they probably will enroll. If the rates are good and they look like they're going to be low with the subsidies, I think that we will get Young Invisibles to come in. And they have a lot of options.

turn 3 : The Affordable Care Act provides an incentive for young people to obtain health coverage, as those who do not enroll will incur a financial penalty.

Which Act provides an incentive for young people?

Answer: AffordableCareAct


So having become an overnight success after what 35, 40 years of writing poetry, you've also gotten opportunities. Tell us a little bit about "At War With Ourselves. "

Oh, my goodness. Well. . .

. . . I was sitting in my car one day, and I got a phone call from the University of Maryland. And they were - they are one of the four schools that has been chosen to celebrate the sesquicentennial end of the Civil War. And the call - the caller told me that they had already commissioned the Kronos Quartet to be a part of this celebration and that they also wanted to invite the amazing musician Terence Blanchard and Nikky Finney to be a part of whatever we were going to create to honor the end of the Civil War, and would I be interested in joining this band of beautiful musicians.

And I forgot that the windows were rolled up in the car and I, you know, the temperature went from - I don't know - 90 to 130. And I just raised my hand to the opportunity.

turn 0 : The success came quickly with one book after writing for many years.

How long did it take for the success to come?

Answer: 35


I went out last night, actually, to try to catch some of the World Series. And some of the bars are starting to reopen. But everywhere that you go, the only power that people have is running off of generators or running off of some solar power. You really do not see people getting much power from the grid.

Do you see people at work on the power system?

You do - absolutely. I mean, this is like this incredible project that is happening all across the island. There are crews that are out there. You see them moving. But you also see that there are power lines down absolutely everywhere. I mean, you know, we are talking weeks after Maria came through, and they're just - you know, wires are still lying all over the place. You know, big towers are down. It's dominating the media. It's dominating the news everyday. This is the obsession in Puerto Rico right now - is the power.

People must be frustrated. Who are they blaming?

turn 2 : The lack of power is a major issue in Puerto Rico after the hurricane.

How is the power situation in Puerto Rico after the hurricane?

Answer: lack


U. S.  Secretary of State Mike Pompeo blamed Iran for the latest incidents and used strong language, calling them an attack on international peace and security as well as an assault on freedom of navigation. Iran maintains that it had no role in the explosions and called the U. S.  accusations part of a campaign against Iran. And all of this is taking place as the Trump administration is hoping to pressure Iran for what it considers better terms after earlier pulling the U. S.  out of the deal aimed at curbing Iran's nuclear campaign.

So in this moment of rising tension, we thought it would be helpful to get perspective from someone who's been involved in previous negotiations between the two nations. Gary Sick negotiated the agreement that ended the hostage crisis that began during the Carter administration. He's now a senior research scholar at Columbia University's Middle East Institute. Gary Sick, welcome. Thanks for joining us.

It's good to be with you.

How do you view what happened this week?

turn 0 : The U.S. blames Iran for the explosions, but Iran denies involvement and considers it part of a campaign against them.

Which country denies involvement in the explosions?

Answer: Iran


That's an excellent question, and we're particularly challenged in this regard. On the Princeton campus, we have the only Civil War memorial in the world, as far as I know, that lists the names of students who died both for the Southern cause and the Northern cause but without indicating the side for which they died.

So the official Civil War memory as it was encoded on this campus was what we would call a reconciliationist memory. Each boy was equally right. Each boy was fighting for the side that he believed in. And it's a way of remembering the Civil War that completely erases slavery as the cause of the war and the great moral stake of that war. So this tension between remembering and commemorating is front and center in a monument on our own campus.

And so what are your thoughts on that tension?

(Laughter) I don't think we need to change our Civil War monument. I think it's an artifact of a particular historical time, and I think it's a wonderful starting point for a conversation about why Princeton chose to remember her alumni in that particular way.

turn 1 : The Civil War monument on Princeton campus erases slavery as the cause of the war and the great moral stake of that war.

Which event does the Civil War monument on Princeton campus fail to acknowledge?

Answer: slavery


He's had some injuries for most of the last two or three years. He's had a bad shoulder, he has to wrap his elbow a lot, but no injury has caused him to miss a game since September 2001, since he took over the Patriots' quarterback job.

So, is there any suspicion that the injury he sustained yesterday was a result of an unfair hit?

I think some people in the Patriots thought it was, but you know, most of the people I talked to, including a future Hall of Fame safety, John Lynch, who used to play for the Patriots and is a very good friend of Tom Brady's, said there's no way it was a dirty hit. Things happen too quickly on the football field for some guy to say, I'm going to, in a calculating way, aim for Tom Brady's knee and try to put him out for the year. First of all, I think that's vastly overrated. That might have happened in 1968, but it doesn't happen in 2008, because there's too much respect among players to try to intentionally hurt another guy.

So, who is possibly going to fill these gigantic shoes?

turn 2 : Football players today have too much respect for each other to intentionally hurt another player, despite injuries occurring on the field.

How did John Lynch describe the hit on Tom Brady?

Answer: Clean


Yes, of course. Ja.

Does it work?Have you taken it for a spin?

We intentionally avoided to drive the car. But what is really interesting, after 162 years, we conducted this - we call it octagon engine because of the shape of the exterior of the engine. And we connected it to a battery supply and the engine is still working today.

So you've started it up.

turn 3 : Implies that the speaker wants to know if the engine has been started and is running.

Answer: Working


And so when two clumps of free protons and electrons hit each other, they will slow each other down. But dark matter has no charge. That's why we can't see it because the only reason you and I could see anything, it's because there's charges that are being accelerated. That's what light is. But if something has no charge, it doesn't give off light.

So yeah, so in the Bullet Cluster, dark matter and galaxies stayed together just as they should, and in Abell 520, they do not, and that is a mystery as to why exactly that is. There isn't a comfortable explanation that can be readily arrived at.

Is there a theory about what may be happening, or just - you have to just think about it some more?

Well, so there's a number of things that could be happening. All of them are slightly disturbing.

turn 3 : (4) The speaker is saying that there are several possible explanations for the behavior of dark matter, but all of them are somewhat unsettling.

How would you describe the possible explanations for the behavior of dark matter?

Answer: Unsettling


And it's interesting. As you talk about this, the catcher today has regained some of that reputation from those days.

I think so. I think the catcher's toughness is really recognized. And also, the catcher's unique position, as somebody who's part of the offense and part of the defense, plays a key role in what the pitcher throws and the pitcher's ability to throw, you know, particularly balls in the dirt, which are very hard.

You know, if you don't have a good catcher back there, then the whole team is lost. And so I think the catcher has really started to regain the reputation of being a key contributor to both, and I think that's why so many great managers are former catchers.

We've been talking about Deacon White, the newest member of baseball's Hall of Fame. Baseball historian Peter Morris, thanks very much for your time today.

turn 2 : A good catcher is essential for the success of the team.

How does a good catcher contribute to the team's success?

Answer: Hair


(Laughter) You know, initially, these started as two separate essays - an essay about pregnancy and an essay about my eating disorder that I had been trying to write for 15 years. And, you know, on one level, there was, you know, a very physical experience of stepping on the scale at my doctor's office and thinking, oh, this is the first time I've wanted the scale to read higher, and remembering back to this secret scale in my closet in college and how I would go in obsessively and religiously and just want the number to be lower and lower and thinking, what's the difference between that self then and this self now?

But it was also important to say, I think we can get really attached to these conversion narratives of self to say, I was this way back then, and I've gone 180 degrees, and I'm a totally different self now; I've left that old self behind. But I don't think that's how it works. I don't think we leave our old selves behind. I think we have to reckon with them. And this essay is also me reckoning with the ways that I've changed and with the ways that the ghosts of the old selves and the old fixations are still there, too.

Leslie Jamison, thank you so much for your time.

Thank you so much for your questions and for having me.

turn 0 : They would go in every day without fail to weigh themself.

What did Leslie Jamison obsessively do in college?

Answer: weigh


Yes.

And how do you guys work?For example, on a song "Don't Forget the Ghetto. "How did you guys combine your talents to make that song?

Well, on that particular song, I mean, the song was already written. The lyrics and the melody, you know, was already there. In that sort of situation, Victor will listen to what I'm singing, and how I'm singing it, and the he will kind of start vibing off that, and start kind of coloring the lyrics and the melody of the song, and put in his, kind of, creative input into it. So that's really how that song came about. It was very much his song, and, you know, the melody's already there, and then Victor just kind of did his thing around it.

What's the song about?

turn 1 : B is asking about the process of collaboration, not the literal combination of talents.

What was already written for the song "Don't Forget the Ghetto"?

Answer: lyrics


The problem is 90 percent of space in our military is in the Air Force. So what we're basically going to be doing is taking the current infrastructure - for example, Space Command in Colorado Springs will become the headquarters for the Space Corps. We're talking about taking the people that we need to take that deal with space and segregating them into a culture that appreciates them.

The Air Force has pushed back on this. The Air Force Secretary Heather Wilson said, quote, "the Pentagon is complicated enough. This will make it more complex, add more boxes to the organization chart and cost more money. "Is she wrong?

She's absolutely wrong. The bureaucracy is always going to fight reform - always, especially the Pentagon. They're fighting this because they don't want Congress meddling. You know, what I've told her is, in 16 years, the Air Force has not changed a thing. And they've got us in this situation now where Russia and China have become near peers. They're close to surpassing us. What we're proposing would change that.

I think what some people would say is that we are cooperating with the Russians on the International Space Station. Should space be the new frontier of warfare, or should it actually be a place where, indeed, these cooperations flourish?After all, we are all on one planet.

turn 3 : "Should space be the new frontier of warfare, or should it actually be a place where, indeed, these cooperations flourish?" - This phrase implies that there is a debate over whether space should be viewed as a potential battlefield, or as a place where nations can work together peacefully and collaboratively on scientific and exploratory projects.

How does turn 3 suggest a potential conflict in the use of space? (Answer: "Warfare")

Answer: Warfare


Hi.

So, where were you when the typhoon hit?

I was on the island of Baho, and Baho was affected yesterday about 2 P. M. The problem for Baho is that it had already been basically destroyed, parts of it, by a massive earthquake just three weeks ago. So, there are certain areas of Baho that were particularly vulnerable to the extreme weather that we had yesterday.

I know you're still struggling to assess things but what can you tell us about what conditions look like now?

turn 1 : The people of Baha affected by the effect of typhoon not by by typhoon

Which island was affected by the typhoon, according to the turn in the statement?

Answer: Baho


When we say those reductions are temporary, we have to remember that they go until at least 2025. So for most of us out there, regular working folks, seven years of tax reductions is a big deal. We can have that fight again in seven years. I'm sure the Democrats will be promoting increasing taxes in seven years. That's what the Democrats always promote. The Democrat plan today was to increase taxes by over a trillion dollars. So we have to remember what our alternative option was with the other party.

But why make it temporary for individuals who might need that tax relief when corporations, who are doing very well, get a permanent. . .

Yeah, you and I are on the same page. I think that's craziness. I don't like temporary tax reductions. I don't like temporary legislative fixes, generally. I want to see permanent legislative fixes. So I am against the fact that they are temporary, but I'd rather have, as a person who pays these taxes, as a middle-income person - I'd rather have seven years of tax reduction than what the Democrats were proposing, which was a trillion dollars in increased taxes.

I'd like to talk about the political ramifications. By and large, polls show this isn't popular, and it pushes through some very substantial changes in the financial lives of Americans. Do you think that there will be a cost come 2018?

turn 0 : "I'm sure the Democrats will be promoting increasing taxes in seven years. That's what the Democrats always promote." - The speaker is using hyperbole and making a generalization that may not be true for all Democrats.

Which party does the speaker imply always promotes increasing taxes?

Answer: Democrats


I was like, yeah. She's like, what do you talk about?I say, my life, our life. And she's like, so you tell them about us and they pay you.

And she's like, I've never found you entertaining enough to pay you anything.

In fact, I wish you would shut up so - so she was - and my father is even worse. I mean, he's very dry. My mom has all the personality. My father is a - he's Swiss-German, so I mean he's just a combination of. . .

Known so much for their humor.

turn 0 : A: "And she's like, so you tell them about us and they pay you." - The phrase "she's like" is a colloquialism that means "she said" or "she asked", and it does not convey the literal meaning of the speaker's words.

What does the phrase "she's like" mean in turn 0?

Answer: Mean


. . . In a sense, were our forebears. And some of them were heroes.

Yeah, and lost their lives - one woman, in particular, staying at her post even though she probably knew that, given the scope of what was about to happen, she was going to lose her life. But she stayed.

This is Hettie Ogle.

Hettie Ogle - to send messages down the valley. But the problem is, once you get those messages down there, how do you disseminate it?

turn 1 : Hettie Ogle was a heroic woman who stayed at her post even though she knew she was going to die.

How would you describe Hettie Ogle's actions?

Answer: Heroic


Well, I got to, or. . .

Or I'm doomed. I do think it is a good time for independent artists, period. And I feel like soul music in this country really has told the story of black Americans in this country, and right now the field is kind of narrow. So, from city to city, you go and you listen to the radio, and you try to find soul music on the radio, you're either listening to hip-hop, or you're listening to oldies and dusties and R&B.

So, there's a whole big huge chasm which some of us live in part of the time at least, where where's this music?Where is the new soul music?Where are the people that are writing the classics that are going to be around in 20 years, and 30 years, and 40 years?

Well, in addition to your own songs, you have sung other folks' work. And in 2004, you sang on a tribute album for Luther Vandross. Here's a little bit of "Forever, For Always, For Love. "

turn 1 : Soul music is not as prevalent or appreciated as it should be

How is the field of soul music in the country currently?

Answer: Narrow


Well, I think there's a growing consensus towards some form of certiship(ph), nationalization. I was very interested that Alan Greenspan, you know, noted as a conservative, has said that it looks like we will have no alternative for some of the banks but to nationalize them. And, this is what Sweden, Norway did, and it worked very well.

Why?What's the strength behind nationalizing banks?

First, you solve the problem of the misalignment between ownership and control. We provided to the banks now most of their capital, but we have no control, and they're going to be exercising using our money for their interest. And that's why we saw what we've seen in the last few months. We gave them a huge amount of money. We poured money into the banks, and they poured money out in the form of bonuses and in the form of dividends.

Now, if they were maximizing our interest, if they were maximizing the reason that the society gave them this money, they would have been using this money for lending or, the very least, for re-capitalizing the banks. That's why we gave them the money. But they were maximizing their own interest, and it was in their interest to pay this money out in bonuses and pay it out in dividends. That just illustrates the nature of the risk when there's a separation of ownership and control.

turn 2 : Pouring money is a metaphor, not literal. It just means the government gave a lot of money to the bank, who spent a lot on bonuses and dividends.

How did the banks use the money provided by the government?

Answer: Lending


Well, you know, call me an old fashioned guy, but I like to see the U. S.  and the Russians figuring out areas where we can cooperate and going at it from there. So I think it's a good idea. But I do have a little caution about the notion that you bring people together and they're going to hit the side of the head with the palm of their hand and say, oh. Now we see this other guy isn't so bad.

Actually, they've been murdering each other for a couple of years now. And so bringing people together isn't necessarily going to help. I think what's more important is not so much getting people around a table, as getting people around some ideas for what this crazy country is going to look like in the future.

Again, going back to the example of Dayton, you said getting people together in one room did not work so well there.

Oh. You know, we had an opening banquet, which we had in this museum. I mean, it was an air museum, so, ironically, above the head of one the Serbs, we had a cruise missile, which had recently. . .

turn 0 : He says to call him a guy that likes to do things the way they used to be done years ago. He cautions against thinking that bringing people together will make them suddenly realize how wrong they had been.

What does the speaker caution against in turn 0?

Answer: realize


Yes. I don't think the government contends that she was a spy. She pled guilty to one count of failing to register as a foreign agent. But still, in her statement of the offense, the activities she undertook weren't necessarily covert or spycraft. There's no allegation she's a member of Russian intelligence. And I think that's worn out, although she did pled guilty - plead guilty and is accepting responsibility for not registering as a foreign agent.

Yeah. What was she trying to do then?

She was trying to build bridges between the two countries, and through civil society groups, which I think happens with a lot of foreign nationals and foreign students.

Well, build bridges or - I'm going to mix metaphors here - or create a road in for Russian interests?

turn 1 : build bridges implies engaging in good human relationship and connections

How does "build bridges" refer to the activities undertaken by the woman?

Answer: Engagement


It's hard. It is really hard when every time you look up, three kids killed here, four people shot here, somebody getting killed right down the street, right around the corner. It's kind of discouraging sometimes trying to do as much as you can with the resources that you do have.

Boy, I mean, I think a lot of people listening, well, will be very moved, but, I mean, some of them have to be saying, wait a minute. The president of the United States is from the South Side. Don't people look up to him?

I definitely look up to Obama. Obama's a great guy. I never forget - March 31 I wrote the president. You know, I'm from your city, and we're dying down here every day. What are you doing up there to stop what's happening to us down here?And he wrote me back, a little girl in a little basement apartment in Englewood. He wrote me back.

I was able to use that letter to inspire the people that live in this neighborhood like me. Don't ever stop trying. And it just goes back to the movement. No matter how hard things get, no matter every day and I'll wake up and I look at the news and more people have been killed, more people have been shot, that just shows me that I still have work to do.

turn 1 : People are expecting the President to come up with solutions to address the issues in the South Side.

What do people expect from the President regarding the issues in the South Side?

Answer: Solutions


So if we're negotiating in public, we're not really negotiating at all.

That's correct. What we're doing is playing chicken, all kinds of games with each other. It's just a mess. You know, whenever you get to the entitlements, and so everybody knows, I'm out of the Senate three years and a half, but I was there for 36 years, and much of my work was budgeting. If I were there, I would be right in the middle of this. You would have been hearing from me for the last two years, and you'd be tired of my voice.

And you, Neal, would have had me on so many times, you would have said I don't want you anymore.

Well, I doubt that, Senator.

turn 1 : The literal meaning is that they are playing games with each other. The actual meaning is that they are engaged in political posturing and not serious negotiation.

How are PersonA and PersonB engaged in negotiation?

Answer: Playing


Hey, Tony.

So, a recent New York Times article detailed Oprah Winfrey's growing influence, I should say, in Saudi Arabia, of all places. What's that about?

Well, yeah. "The Oprah Show" first broadcast in Saudi Arabia in November 2004, and it became an instant hit with women 25 and younger in that country, according to the Times. Now, the article reads, in a country where the sexes are separated, Ms.  Winfrey provides many young women with new ways of thinking without striking them, or Saudi Arabia's ruling authorities as subversive. So, you know, Oprah, love her or hate her, is always a flash point for conversation. And on our blog, Jessica writes, it's amazing to see a down to earth black woman from Mississippi appeal to so many different people here in the U. S.  and in other countries. Another reader named Zakita Jones(ph) says, I'm awed at how fast different forms of globalization are taking off and reaching other countries, but Candice James(ph) writes, Oprah works my last nerve. Saudi Arabia can have her!

Speaking of women's issues, another hot topic on our blog this week, women who are choosing to be single mothers. What's been the response?

turn 2 : Oprah Winfrey's show provides young Saudi Arabian women new ideas.

Which country was Oprah Winfrey's show an instant hit with young women 25 and younger?

Answer: SaudiArabia.


You know, it's not fair to put the blame on the entire system. You know, we countlessly says in sexual assaults it's not a fraternity problem. It's not an alcohol problem. But we also can't be naive enough not to point out that there seems to be a theme happening where people have this groupthink and are able to hide behind a larger organization.

Can you give us any more insight as to what the conversation on your editorial board's been like?

We were shocked and disgusted when this information came out. You know, one of our first editorials was just somewhat emotional - us explaining that we are very frustrated that this has happened. We are disgusted. These actions are vile, and we, as a student newspaper, are putting our foot down. We're not going to stand for it. As more information has unfolded, specifically the anonymous interview that came out in Philadelphia magazine - that was another topic of one of our editorials.

I don't know that story.

turn 3 :  "I don't know that story" - This turn has a literal meaning, which is that the person speaking is not familiar with the story being referred to.

Which turn has a person expressing their lack of familiarity with a story?

Answer: 3


You do feel a special connection with Chopin, don't you?

So it's extraordinary that you should discover two different versions of a Chopin waltz that was previously unknown.

I agree. I was shocked - really shocked - when I found them. And then many things happened to me with Chopin through my life.

turn 1 : Actually, I do. Many things have happened to me. I don't like the word paranormal. I like the word the unknown normal because that's what it really is.  In this turn, the speaker is not talking about feeling a special connection with Chopin, which is the literal meaning. Instead, they are talking about their experiences with the unknown or unexplained, and their preference for the term "unknown normal" instead of "paranormal".

What term does the speaker prefer to use instead of "paranormal"?

Answer: Unknown


Hi Farai. Great to be with you.

Always. So we've been following this situation in Zimbabwe and the situation includes a tainted election and economic collapse. Now the U. S.  has imposed new sanctions, accusing President Robert Mugabe of heading an illegitimate government that sponsors violence. Last week, the president - President Bush - signed an executive order that adds new financial restrictions against individuals and organizations linked to Mugabe's government. So South Africa criticized those new sanctions, saying they could actually obstruct these power sharing talks. What do you think?

Well I think the international community has to use everything in its tool kit to kind of acknowledge what has happened in Zimbabwe and to put pressure for change. I mean, what has happened is just unacceptable. You have had not only the flawed elections of March 29th, but again failed electoral process in June and you know, right now there is this critical period of negotiations, political negotiations that need real pressure and real support. So I think it is important that the international community does everything that it can to say that it is time for a change in Zimbabwe.

Clearly South Africa has had a lot at stake. The quiet diplomacy that we talk about with Mbeki. The quiet diplomacy has, well, brought some results, but not the results needed. And I think the African Union, the Southern African Development Community all have said that more is needed to bring really a chance for peace and also for justice in Zimbabwe.

turn 1 : The situation in Zimbabwe is bad and the US has imposed new sanctions against Mugabe's government.

How did the US respond to the situation in Zimbabwe?

Answer: sanctions


Well, yeah. But you see what I mean?Because it is about perception and how we need to be - to understand what we're seeing before we can really see it, that's really key to understanding this whole issue of climate change and why we see or don't see what's right in front of us.

What drew you to monarchs in the first place?

I had really wanted to write about the subject for a long time. I live in southern Appalachia. I am surrounded by neighbors and friends - people I respect very much - who don't really understand climate change or believe in it, even though, as farmers, they're getting socked by it. We've had unprecedented, disastrous weather time and again. So it's such a strange contradiction that the people in our continent who are first to feel the harm of a changing climate are the last to be able to talk about it.

That was such a conundrum and such rich territory for a novel to tread, that I was just looking for the right way to get into the subject. And one morning, I just woke up with this vision in my eyes of millions of butterflies covering the forest behind my house. I just - I mean, I didn't actually see it. I imagined it. I woke up and there it was, and I knew that was it.

turn 0 : A deeper understanding of climate change is needed to comprehend its effects.

Which issue does the novel discussed by PersonA mainly focus on?

Answer: Perception


Non-binary meaning they don't identify as male or female. They and many other English speakers have been using they like this for years. Here, Emily Brewster will use it in a sentence.

Here is my friend J. They will be joining us for dinner. The they is referring to this individual who is standing right here.

Now, there's been criticism of this usage - some by those who don't understand why someone might identify as non-binary but also by those who are put off by this change in grammar. They - the critics - say it's confusing to hear they are in a sentence if the speaker is only referring to one person. But our word expert disagrees. Brewster says we already do this with another pronoun.

The word you was originally a plural pronoun, and in the 14th century, it started to slide toward this use of being both plural and singular. And so when I am speaking to you, an individual, a single person, I say you are. I don't say you is. The you are is grammatical.

turn 0 : The criticism is by some that are offended by the langauge.

What is the reason for criticism of the usage of "they" as a non-binary pronoun?

Answer: confusion


It certainly looks like he has taken a fatal downturn, and he needs to turn his campaign around totally. And he needs to show us that he really wants it. He has the organization, the money. There is still time. There'll be more debates. He can do it if he really wants it, but he's got to show us that.

A lot of talk about the way CNBC ran the debate. And as a matter of fact, the Republican National Committee has suspended its agreement with NBC for a later debate. How do you read this?

Another effective counterpunch, really. Moderators had tough questions here. They were challenging, and they bordered at times on the insulting, contemptuous. The candidates were bristling at this. And then Ted Cruz really unloaded on it with a big screed about the mainstream media bias, and it brought down the house - very sympathetic audience, by the way. And all of the candidates started fighting back, things got unruly. And then after the debate, the candidates' staffs all complained to the Republican National Committee chairman, and he pulled the plug on NBC's contract. You know, we're going to have some - probably see some format changes here with regard to some of the other upcoming debates on other networks that the Republicans have contracted with.

Regardless of any political motives, could the debate format stand some tinkering after we've seen three of them?

turn 2 : The implication of this statement is that the RNC pulled the plug on NBC's contract as a result of the reaction that the candidates had to the debate format, not necessarily due to any political motives.

How did the RNC's decision on NBC's contract relate to the debate format?

Answer: Format


Good morning.

Good morning.

Thank you for having me.

Do you still feel a wall wouldn't be effective?

Absolutely. No. I mean, again - and I've said this before - a wall is definitely not going to be statistically significant. And the current existing wall, in fact, has had many issues. In reference to breaching the wall, I know some of the reports out had, existing walls have been breached thousands of times. And again, going back to the price tag that is going to cost the American taxpayer - it's just an incredible amount of money that's just going to be wasted.

turn 4 : A opposes a wall due to its inefficiency and cost

How does PersonA feel about the effectiveness and cost of a wall?

Answer: Ineffective


So the motive question remains fuzzy at this point. We might learn more about that later. In terms of what weapons he used, it was a . 45 caliber handgun. And he had with him several extended ammunition magazines and this device called a sound suppressor. And, you know, he entered the building using his city-issued ID, just using his swipe badge. And officials said, you know, he had done that very act, you know, every single workday for the previous 15 years. He was a longtime employee of the city.

And what will be going on this weekend, Bobby?

So there's going to be a number of memorials families of the victims will be planning here in Virginia Beach. And, you know, I have to say that city officials are talking about really bolstering services for the families who are grieving, who are going to be dealing with the turmoil that is now part of their life for quite some time. And, you know, the city manager told reporters earlier that in just, you know, less than 24 hours since the shooting happened, people have been pouring support into the families in terms of money, in terms of food, in terms of even bringing support dogs that might take their mind off the tragedy for a little bit. So already, he was saying, that the community is rising up in the wake of this terrible tragedy.

NPR's Bobby Allyn in Virginia Beach, thanks so much.

turn 0 : It is unclear exactly what the motive for the actions was.

How was the weapon used by the perpetrator described?

Answer: handgun


Well, crown-of-thorn starfish are found across much of the Pacific Ocean and Indian Oceans. They are - they're about dinner-plate size, multiple arms, have little thorn-like spines coming out of them. They're also quite venomous. So the last thing you want to do is touch one and have it prick you, and it can cause paralysis.

But the important part for the corals is that these things are wonderful eating machines. They move slowly across the reef. They actually invert their stomach onto the corals and dissolve the coral tissue, you know, digesting it as they go. And they leave (technical difficulties) white behind them as they move forward.

So they're like little bulldozers.

Yeah, it's sort of like bulldozers. It's almost more like having a wave of people with flamethrowers going through the brush. You know, the coral physically is left behind, but it's all dead.

turn 3 : Comparison to bulldozers and flamethrowers emphasizes the destructive impact on coral reefs

How does the comparison to bulldozers and flamethrowers emphasize the impact on coral reefs?

Answer: Destructive


Yeah.

You know, so, yeah, I think that there are people who really enjoy - just like it's sort of a niche market that people like the Winter Olympics. But largely, I think a lot of people who couldn't tell, you know, an Olympic torch from, you know, a fire extinguisher are waiting to find out if - can we wrest the gold medal back in basketball?

Why do you think that is?I remember watching the Olympics growing up, you know, and as a young man, I mean, it was big, big deal. You wanted to watch all of it. That's how you learned about other sports that you didn't even know anything about was through watching the Olympics. But it seems of late that it's lost some of that. I don't know if it's because of the doping scandals and Marion Jones and others. Why do you think that our interest has changed?

That's a great question. But I think it's - what's happening in entertainment in general is that there's just so much on our palette. There are so much to choose from and to watch. You know, when we were kids, you know, back in oh-hundreds, you know?

turn 2 : The speaker is reflecting on the declining interest in Olympics and questioning the reasons behind it.

Which speaker is discussing the decline in interest in the Olympics?

Answer: b


Well, you're talking about scholarships, and that's interesting. We've seen now at least one major university and many more smaller colleges offering esports scholarships, which is this new development where schools are now getting in on this. And they're recruiting top gamers and - or esports athletes, as they're known. What's in it for a university?Why are they getting in on this, too?

What's funny is it's a really big recruitment tool for them. Typical esports gamers, they over-index with engineers and with math majors. And so they're trying to, you know, bring in sort of the best of the best in those disciplines into the school, and this is a way to do it.

Wow.

At least that's what the gamers tell their mothers.

turn 3 : In turn 4, the speaker is implying that the claims made by gamers to their mothers may not be true.

What doubts does the speaker express about the gamers' claims?

Answer: Truthfulness


Sure.

But any - is there any other practical dimension to your support right now?

We have an open-door policy. Anybody can come anytime of the day or night that they need help. We have done know your rights training. We disseminate that information with a lot of frequency. So we make sure that people get in their hands the steps they need to take if they should have an encounter with ICE.

Do they have any rights?This is one thing that I'm unclear about because I think - do people have any rights?

turn 2 : the organization provides assistance to those who may have encounters with ICE and educates them on their rights

Which organization provides education on rights for those who may encounter ICE?

Answer: Organization


Yes. We've had - you know, when it first started, there was some congressional interest. But I mean, nobody can do anything, right?I mean, the Trump administration doesn't appear to listen to anybody but Donald Trump.

There is wide bipartisan support for the U. S.  taking a tougher line with China. But what sort of deal would you like to see?

I mean, I'd be happy if they just took away the 25% tax so I could compete on a level playing field, right?The tariffs they imposed on our lobsters in China never bothered anybody because it was equal for everybody, so it was no harm, no foul. I don't expect to get a better trade tariff rate than the Canadians when this is over, if it's ever over. You just can't sit here and wait forever.

Yeah. So if things continue the way they are for a few more months, is there a real threat that you guys will go out of business?

turn 0 : Despite congressional interest, the Trump administration is not listening to anyone but Donald Trump

Which administration is not listening to anyone but Donald Trump?

Answer: Trump


I hate to see it fade out.

Yeah, me too.

There's another story that really sounds like it has to be made up, about the driver who brought a hotshot guitarist from Macon, Georgia to Stax for a session.

Yeah. The driver kept bugging the musicians in the studio to give him a chance. And someone had promised him, OK, buddy, you know, chill out for a second. You'll get your chance. When nothing happened with the big talent, people had already started packing up their cars when they remembered, oh yeah, we got to let this guy try.

turn 1 :  (2) A is implying that they also share a shared sadness about the same thing.

How does PersonA feel about the fading out mentioned by B?

Answer: Sadness


What's the diet?

Yeah. I mean, are you juicing five minutes an hour or. . .

No, there isn't any particular diet, particular training. I know I made a training video, but it was just a spoof of the Rocky Montage training. So rather than knocking out an opponent, my job was to knock out the kettle.

Oh, my word. Well, you know, I'd vowed to stay away from this, but I have to ask. So you've seen "Guys and Dolls"?

turn 1 : Are you juicing five minutes an hour means are you juicing (eating fruits or vegetables in liquid form) for five minutes every hour?

What is the implied meaning of "juicing"?

Answer: Fruits


And so in my defense perhaps, you know, overly defensive, I said Anne(ph), just because some Negro preacher, got his hand caught in a cookie jar, that's not my problem. She said I can't believe you. I said, well, he wouldn't have been indicted if he wasn't guilty. She said, what?

So, how did it get to the point where you got on the bus, so to speak?

His secretary, Dora McDonald called back and said, oh, Mr.  Jones — I never met her, I heard her over the phone — she says, you know, Dr.  King, he enjoyed so much his visit with you. He's a guest preacher over in Los Angeles, and he wanted you to come and see him and hear him preach on Sunday. And so, after I got the message, I told my wife verbatim what the message was from Dora McDonald. And her reaction, again, she went on the offensive. She says, well, you may not be going to Montgomery, but you are going to that church.

So, I go this church of Reverend H. B. Charles, I think that's the name of the church, and I go into this church. I'm sitting there about the 25th row and so forth, and Dr.  King gets up after he's introduced, and he gets up and he says, brothers and sisters, the text of my sermon today is the role and responsibility of a Negro professional to aid our less fortunate people who are struggling in the South.

turn 3 : "the role and responsibility of a Negro professional to aid our less fortunate people who are struggling in the South" - This statement implies that the speaker is discussing the responsibility of educated African-Americans to help those in need in the Southern United States. The literal meaning is the topic of Dr. King's sermon.

How did Dr. King introduce the topic of his sermon?

Answer: The


Yeah. It's hard to understand today just how much the catcher, especially in the 1870s, dominated the baseball game. A single baseball game was - really revolved around the catcher's ability to harness what the pitcher was pitching, and everything revolves around that. The pitcher couldn't use his best pitches if he had - he didn't have confident - confidence in the catcher.

So he really was a sort of iconic folk hero, dominated the game in a way that I think no player ever has before or since and - at a point to where people resented it and would say, you know, this is a game played by two players while the other seven just kind of watch.

The pitcher and the catcher and everybody else watches. The catcher's - well, we are familiar with the crouched position right behind home plate. That was not what they did in the 1870s.

No. They stood, sometimes a little stooped but mostly straight up, and they would just catch the ball and be ready to throw it to bases immediately. And the way that they would throw it sort of made them look like gunslingers. And so that really fed into the whole icon of them, the whole idea of them as American folk heroes.

turn 0 : The catcher played a crucial role in baseball games in the 1870s.

Which position was the catcher in the 1870s?

Answer: Catcher


If you've had trouble keeping up with the latest news on potential contact between Donald Trump's presidential campaign and Russia, you are not alone. Developments have been relentless. Just Friday night, The Washington Post reported that White House adviser Jared Kushner may have tried to set up a secret line of communication between the Trump transition team and the Russian government. But it's not just the constant stream of news. It's also the concepts themselves that are opaque. We've invited Jonathan Turley to the studio to help us clarify. He's a law professor at George Washington University. Thanks so much for being here today.

Thank you very much.

All right. Jared Kushner has gone from a "person of interest," quote, unquote, to a focus in the investigation but not confirmed as a, quote, "target. "

(Laughter).

turn 1 : The speaker is expressing gratitude for being invited to the studio.

Which emotion does the speaker express in response to PersonB's statement about Jared Kushner?

Answer: Laughter


How do you feel about the United States now?

It was my home, and it is my home. And it will be my home because I have nowhere else to go. If I went somewhere else, I wouldnt be alive.

Is there something you'd like the Army and the Department of Defense and everyone to know about you?

I am more patriotic than many Americans. I am ready to lay my life down for this country and for the safety of its people. Im not a bad person, and I have never committed a crime. My life is in danger if the institutions like USCIS and DOD does not help me.

turn 3 : A needs the help of USCIS and DOD to save their life.

Answer: Danger


Boy, melodrama going on, on the Washington football club whose team name I refuse to utter. Coach Shanahan benching Robert Griffin III for the rest of the season - good idea or. . .

Well, it's all part of a bigger power play. The big problem is the owner. The problem with the Redskins goes back to Daniel Snyder. He's worse than George Steinbrenner, worse than Marge Schott; worse than all of them. He's one of the worst owners that you could possibly have. When he started, he had past-prime players with Deion Sanders and Bruce Smith trying to make a splash.

We're about to run out of time. Not much time for many more worse, yes?

Awful. He's just bad.

turn 2 : The coach's decision to bench Griffin is indicative of larger issues within the organization, likely stemming from the owner's poor management.

Which decision is indicative of larger organizational problems?

Answer: Benching


Was part of the problem that they knew it was Einstein's brain, and therefore they were predisposed to see things?

Exactly right, exactly right. It's rather like seeing faces or shapes in clouds. Those shapes really aren't in the clouds. They're in your mind.

Forgive me - what amounts to a philosophical question - why have we been fascinated by Einstein's brain matter over the years?

Well, I think it's kind of a cult of personality. He was obviously a very, very bright individual but one of the, kind of, myths of his intellect is that he was this great over-towering mathematician. In fact, he wasn't - amongst his colleagues in physics - a particularly good mathematician. And that's kind of overlooked in the kind of cult of personality about him.

Do we find it interesting - or maybe reassuring - to try and look for special clues in Einstein's brain because, I mean, if it can all be traced to the guy's brain, we can hardly be held responsible for being born with, you know, what amounts to inferior material?

turn 4 : In (2), President Obama's commitment of money and military personnel is a literal statement, but it implies that he is taking action to help with the Ebola crisis.

How did President Obama show his commitment to help with the Ebola crisis in (2)?

Answer: Personality


Yes. There's our only two fans in the room. That's great.

It is great, but surely not the reaction that Slat expected when he first dreamed up his plan to clean the ocean. Here's Slat explaining his original concept the first time we spoke in 2016.

I envisioned an extremely long network of floating barriers. They're like curtains floating in the ocean. And because it's in a V shape, the plastic gets pushed towards the center. And that's the spot where we can efficiently extract it from the seawater and store it before shipping it to land for recycling.

Well, as we know, Slat's idea didn't quite work as planned.

turn 2 : They are long strips of material that cover a wide area.

Which shape do the floating barriers form?

Answer: V-shape.


I think that's up to the nominee to determine who his vice president will be. Certainly, I think she brings some things to the table that would be great for a team, as I indicated. There are a lot of women out there who would like to see her play some significant role, perhaps as vice president. She obviously went into the rural community, and whipped up some small-town votes.

And so I think she does bring something to the table that would cause her to be considered. And I think she will be considered by Barack Obama. So now they have to get together, and work it out, and see if it works for them.

When you think about this race, you have so many people who are so emotionally invested, both people in the political community but certainly American citizens. What would you say to someone, yourself as a stalwart Democrat, who said, as many people have said, you know what?I'm not going to vote for Obama. I'm going to vote for McCain. I'm a Hillary supporter. I can't stomach voting for Obama.

Well, the first thing I think is that it is time for people to focus on the issues, the core issues of the Democratic Party. What do we stand for?Who do we really represent?And that's how you measure your candidates. I don't think anybody that focuses on the history of the party, and how we have evolved, and what our issues are, and the leadership of our party who could vote for McCain.

turn 0 : "whipped up some small-town votes" - This expression means that the nominee's vice presidential candidate was able to motivate and persuade people from rural areas to vote for their party. The literal meaning of "whipping up" is to mix or beat ingredients together quickly, so the phrase has a figurative meaning here.

Which community did the nominee's vice presidential candidate go into?

Answer: Rural


Wow. I guess the submarine floats. It's still watertight.

Well, you know, we were wondering about that because, you know, it was built in America - built to last. So would it still be floating after all these years?And the answer is, yes, it is floating. Half of it is floating. So we had to strategically float some aspects of it and bury some aspects of it. The goal was to get the rudder to dig into the ground almost as an additional anchor point, which is something that, you know, for a bunch of museum professionals, you'd never anticipate having to do.

Now, I gather there is some concern if the Batfish were to break free of the lines you're trying to secure it with and - what?- float on down the river, what would - what are you preparing for here?

Well, that was a huge concern on Thursday and Friday. So some of the lines started snapping, and we were actually on-site when the lines started snapping, and it was probably one of the scariest things I've seen in my life. So it was in danger of floating down the river, which the main concern would be that it would float down and hit a dam. And if it would have hit the dam - see, Muskogee already had a problem with loose barges. Had they actually breached a dam, it would have wiped out communities completely instead of just giving communities time to evacuate.

turn 3 : Loose barges had already caused problems in Muskogee.

Answer: barges


Up next, some improbable humor. If you're a loyal listener, you know my next guest. He's been a SCIENCE FRIDAY regular for, oh, 20 years. Wow. Every year on the Friday after Thanksgiving. You know that. We play the first annual Ig Nobel Awards. They awards given to science that makes you laugh and then makes you think. Marc Abrahams is the co-founder and the emcee of the Ig Nobels. He's also the editor and founder of the Annals of Improbable Research, and he writes a weekly column for The Guardian. Welcome, Marc.

Hello, Ira.

Hi there. Marc is going to join each month to share with us some of the unusual scientific research he comes across. And I think it's fitting for you to be here, Marc, as we're going to announce the winner of our joke show. I know you have a great sense of humor, at least that's what they tell me. No, I know that you do.

In theory, I'm honored to be here today.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at something they want or need, but they don't want to ask for it directly.

How is the speaker feeling about being on the show?

Answer: Honored


How did you feel when you found out, this summer, about the abuse of children that was going on in Pennsylvania not far from places you knew?

Yeah, it hurt reading the report because I was reading about these parishes that I went to growing up. I was born in '96, so growing up, you would hear kids joke about, oh, you know, priests molesting kids and whatnot. But I never knew that there was actually a - anything behind that. I just sort of thought it was people making fun of a religion. And then I didn't learn, honestly, until recently that the abuse scandal is something that was real and something that the world has known about since - what?- I think it was the early 2000s, whenever the Boston Globe or whatever that newspaper is broke the story. I didn't know that that was a thing. It wasn't something I'd ever been exposed to, so I wasn't really aware of the fact that this is a problem that was going on in my church. You know, it's unthinkable.

And it's hurt your faith?

I think that's a difficult thing to answer. I will say that it has hurt my faith in the Catholic Church. I don't think it has actually hurt my personal, religious faith. I'm just starting to see less of a connection between what I believe and the teachings of the Catholic Church.

turn 1 : Joking about priests molesting children was not taken seriously.

What did kids joke about regarding priests?

Answer: a


Well, it's changed many, many things - color's absolutely everywhere. So, wherever I look there's music now. Going to the museum now, I can listen to an Andy Warhol, I can listen to a Picasso. And when I listen to music, it happens the other way around. I feel color, so it's changed the way they perceive not only (unintelligible). So, daily places, such as supermarkets, 'cause there's many, many colors there.

Mr.  Harbisson, you co-founded the Cyborg Foundation. What do you do and what do you mean when you list one of the goals of the organization to defend cyborg rights?

Well, now, cyborgs are a minority group. There are no laws defending the right to use technology as a part of the body. And then we want to defend the right of anyone who feels their right of wearing technology as part of the body has been in danger. In cases like not being allowed into a shop, for example, or not being allowed in a cinema, 'cause they think that they might be doing something illegal, or just the simple fact of being able to appear on your passport photo with your cybernetic extension if it appears on your head.

Now, I gather you can now appear that way on your passport photo?

turn 2 :  "defend cyborg rights" - the actual meaning is advocating for the legal recognition and protection of individuals who have integrated technology into their body as a part of their identity. The literal meaning would be physically defending cyborgs.

How does the Cyborg Foundation define "defend cyborg rights"?

Answer: Advocacy


You know, we've had numerous issues here over the past three to four, almost six months because our portion of the river has been closed to barge traffic for far longer than that. Once you get to certain points, river stages - they shut off that barge traffic. And even if the barge traffic were to be able to be taking place, a number of the grain terminals aren't able to load those barges because the water is so high, the infrastructure in place just isn't able to load those barges. So we've been having the hit, I guess, you'd say of that for quite some time, especially when those grain terminals are still full from last fall's harvest.

How much of your supply gets transported on the Mississippi?

Pretty much a hundred percent of our corn and soybean production goes to those river terminals and then, in turn, goes to the export market.

And at the same time that this is happening, you're also looking at a possibly escalating trade war with China. How is that exacerbating what you're going through right now?

turn 1 : A was talking about the problems of his business but B asked how much of his supplies get transported

Answer: Export


Yeah, because, particularly when you're talking about tipped industries, where if somebody has a bad experience and they leave you zero dollars, that's your rent money. You get paid $2. 13 an hour. And particularly on alcohol-fueled public holiday, it gets even a little sketchier because you never know who's going to have, like, a fight with their friends, and nobody remembers the tip. And it's not that you did anything. It's just that drunk people are less frequently reliable as far as social norms.

You wrote a very successful book a couple of years ago, and now you're a professional writer. What are the holidays like for you now?

Oh, man, I do nothing. It's fantastic. I don't think I'm ever going to have the inclination to do a lot of work around the holidays because, to me, luxury is not doing a whole lot of anything. And it's - it's good to see the kids. That's a huge difference. I never saw the kids near the holidays. My youngest is 3. You know, seeing a 3-year-old on Christmas is pretty amazing - and not having to stress about the bills. The holidays were often the worst times of the year because you have so much extra social expectation and spending that needs to be done. You can be cheery and merry if you're not calculating in the back of your head the nickels.

So tonight, when - when people are out to have a good time, they should remember the servers that they deal with this. This is a living for them.

turn 0 : (1) Implies that people who work in the tipped industry suffer financially when they don't receive tips, as the low wages don't cover the costs of their rent.

What industry is PersonA referring to in turn 0?

Answer: Tipped


I was just going to say, would this result, from their point of view, represented defeat?

Definitely. I mean, definitely that they are in a - they lost some seats, first of all, a couple seats. But also, I think, they are definitely concerned about the rise of Yair Lapid with this issue and Netanyahu's agreement to tackle this issue. Netanyahu had actually agreed last year to take on this issue. He - you'll might remember that he formed a larger coalition with the Kadima party, which at that time was very large, and the promise was that they were going to address the draft issue. And they spent about 70 days in this coalition supposedly working on it but it blew up because Netanyahu would not push it with the ultraorthodox. And so the coalition - that coalition fell apart or the Kadima left.

And now, it - he seems to say he's going to do it now. He talks - talked today about the draft as - or the sharing the burden is kind of the terminology here that (unintelligible) of election, share the burden. He mentioned that as one of three principles on what the new coalition will be formed.

And this is also partly in response to rulings from the Israeli courts.

turn 1 : It is being implied that the leader made it difficult for the coalition.

How did the leader's actions affect the formation of the coalition?

Answer: Hindered