Thank you.

The next justice will be conservative. I think it's pretty safe to say that. But you write that conservative justices aren't all conservative in the same way. So could you explain?

Sure. Conservative judicial philosophy can mean a lot of things. Most prominently, what people talk about is that the judge focuses closely on the text and original understanding of the Constitution. But there are other philosophies that are associated with conservatism, as well. One is there's a libertarian strand of conservatism, which basically focuses on freedom from the state. And then there's an important strand of conservatism that says that judges should defer to the legislature and not get way out ahead of the people in terms of recognizing social rights. So, sometimes, the deference strand of conservatism conflicts with the other two.

You write that liberals are too confident in their despair, and conservatives are too jubilant. And you hinged that on Chief Justice John Roberts, who is conservative but could take on the mantle of the swing vote.

turn 3 : The hinge is just the importance of the information being placed on the Chief Justice. This person would not take on a mantle but just vote in a way that changes the outcome.

Which word describes how Chief Justice John Roberts would vote, according to the statement?

Answer: Incorporating


Many of the smartest people in the world, the most engaged people in the world are also linguistically colorful, and sometimes you have to. . . .

Backtrack a bit. On that note, have you called the senator or spoken with the senator since. . . ?

I spoke with his staff. Our friendship remains intact and I do not want anything that was said in any guise to distract from his message and our support for his campaign.

Now during the '84 campaign you called New York "Hymietown" while speaking with a black Washington Post reporter, and you got a lot of heat for that. So, this I understand occurred when you spoke when you thought a mike was closed. So what have you learned about interacting with us in the media from all this stuff?

turn 0 : linguistically colorful implies being very good or bright in linguistic

Which kind of people are linguistically colorful?

Answer: People


Iran airstrike - canceled. Raids on immigrants here in the United States without authorization - canceled. President Trump has promised and then gone back on a number of signature actions this past week. And here to illuminate us, as she does almost every week, is NPR's national political correspondent Mara Liasson.

Good morning, Mara.

Good morning, Lulu.

All right, let's start with Iran. That is a very dangerous situation. Where does the president's policy stand after calling off the airstrikes?

turn 0 : She does not light them up but tells them what is going on with everything.

What does Mara do every week according to B?

Answer: contributor


Yeah.

I love salt.

You didn't see that coming. (Laughter) You love salt.

I totally didn't.

That's an essential mineral.

turn 2 : A: "You didn't see that coming." - This phrase is often used figuratively to express surprise or unexpectedness, rather than referring to literal visual perception.

Which phrase is often used figuratively to express surprise or unexpectedness in turn 2?

Answer: Surprise


There's definite bright spots. If you're Wal-Mart, you're doing fine. If you're Costco, you're doing fine. If you're Family Dollar, you're doing fine. If you're Dollar Tree, you're doing fine.

The consumer is trading down. Starbucks closes 600 stores, but McDonalds is doing fine. Bennigans closes all their stores. Steak and Ale closes all their stores, but Burger King is booming. There is a story out there. The consumer is in major trade-down mode. If you're in position to take advantage of that, you win.

What about hiring?Stores hire a lot of temporary workers around this time for the holiday season. What's going on there?

Well, we've got 82 clients. All of them, across the board, are planning to hire fewer people and for fewer hours. Hiring is going to be way down, inventory is down, sales is down; it's all down. You know, we've lost an average of 85,000 jobs a month so far this year. Unemployment is going to skyrocket, in our view, to 7 and a half, 8 percent. All the stores have canceled expansion plans, cutting back on investments. They're not opening new stores. They're closing stores, and they're slashing hiring budgets.

turn 1 : There is a shift in consumer behavior towards cheaper options, benefiting certain businesses.

What kind of businesses benefit from the shift in consumer behavior towards cheaper options?

Answer: Wal-Mart


Yes. In Los Angeles, we made a commitment a number of years ago to only purchase any new buses into our fleet that would operate on alternative fuels. And what we have today is the largest compressed natural gas bus fleet in the country. And that's doing a lot to help improve our air quality here.

What's the difference between compressed natural gas and regular gasoline in terms of, you know, how it affects the environment?

Well compressed natural gas is a much cleaner fuel.

You know, let's just take a look at Los Angeles' demographics. You have people from incredibly wealthy to incredibly poor. You have immigrants, native-born people who've come here from other parts of the U. S. , people, of course, who were born here. How do you think L. A. 's demographics affect the need for public transportation?

turn 0 : The city of Los Angeles has made a conscious effort to reduce air pollution by implementing alternative fuel sources for public transportation.

Which city has the largest compressed natural gas bus fleet in the country?

Answer: Angeles


That work by Nick Holonyak and colleagues went on to be the basis for just about every LED starting back - staring back at you, you know, those little red lights on the little devices?This was the first one. Nick also did pioneering work on other electronic devices, including lasers. And when the Applied - the journal of Applied Physics Letters drew up a list of the five most important papers it had published up to 2006, Nick's name was on two of them. And he's here to talk to us now.

Nick Holonyak is the John Bardeen Endowed Chair in Electrical and Computer Engineering and Physics in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois in Urbana, Illinois. He joins us by phone. Welcome back to the program, Nick.

Thanks, Ira. You and I talked about this stuff in Washington when the MIT Lemelson Prize was given. Remember?And so this is our second contact, maybe more.

I'm hopeful we have a lot more to go, and I want you to - let's talk about this 50 - the anniversary.

turn 0 : The LED lights we see in daily devices originated from Nick's work

Answer: Holonyak


Well, let's stay with these two big items on the to-do list next week. As you said, the specter of the government running out of money on Friday tends to focus the mind. What will Speaker Ryan's strategy be for getting this done next week?

Just to get as many people on board - get that 216. . .

Get those 216. . .

. . . Seventeen, however many people they need depending on how many votes there are. And I tend to think that there's going to be enough votes to do that. And the White House is not going to stand in Speaker Ryan's way. And there's really - even the Freedom Caucus, the sort of thorn in the side of House leadership, are not going to do that either because nobody. . .

turn 1 : (2) Implied meaning: Get enough votes to pass the legislation, no matter the number of votes required.

How many people need to be on board to get the legislation passed?

Answer: Enough


A lot of my time will be really spent spreading the good word about restorative justice. I also really want to deepen my understanding and lifting up of the indigenous roots from which much of restorative justice comes from and sort of the original teachings that come from Mennonite communities and my own faith tradition - the Tibetan system of justice prior to Chinese occupation - and so the roots in Buddhism there. These are the things that I think I'm really excited about having some time and space to research and learn more about. How do we bring these teachings and these learnings into our secular practices of justice-making in the United States?This seems like a good use of the time.

Well, congratulations. Keep us posted on what you do next. We can't wait to hear.

Thank you so much.

That's sujatha baliga. She is the director of the Restorative Justice Project at the Impact Justice Research Center in Oakland. This week, she became one of the latest recipients of the MacArthur Fellowship - the so-called Genius Grant - for her work in the area of restorative justice. Sujatha baliga, thanks so much for talking to us.

turn 0 : Buddhism is not actually planted but it was the first religion in the area that others came from.

How does Sujatha Baliga plan to incorporate indigenous teachings into justice-making in the United States?

Answer: research


Of course that's what somebody would say that. It's oozing with privilege, right?When we look at women's issues, women's rights, this is a scope in which a man should not have any say on. And I think that it's so asinine for people to - men in particular - to think, like, this is a personal issue. This is something that is true in the world. It's - it can only happen to women. Men will never have to face pregnancy ever. And the people who are going to talk about policies and these protections are going to be men.

Is it true that all the people who negotiate these contracts at Nike are men?

They're all men that are - within house at Nike have been and are all men. It's an old boys club. The culture at Nike is - that's - it remains to be an old boys club. And this is the time for it to be exposed. You know, the time is now.

That was Olympian and former USA champion Alysia Montano. Alysia Montano, thank you so much for talking to us.

turn 0 : Men should not have a say in women's issues and rights

What is the PersonA's opinion about who should talk about policies and protections related to women's issues?

Answer: Women


Those same streaks are in Europe. We're seeing people who are rebelling against the European Union, the open market, the open borders, who are rebelling against migration and refugees and who have lost out or feel that they have lost out on globalization and trade and are now opposing trade. So the same phenomenon we see here in the United States you also see in Europe. And in that sense, we are having a crisis that really affects Western liberal democracies writ large.

I wonder what you'd say, Mr. Ambassador, to a citizen of Belgium or France who might say now a united Europe is just too bureaucratic and too centralized to protect its population.

Well, I think that is a sentiment you are hearing increasingly in places like Belgium and France that - the problem is that the threat is not just from without but it is also from within. Belgian citizens, people born in Belgium, blew up the metro station and airport, where French citizens born in France who blew up the concert hall and stadium in - last November.

That threat needs to be dealt with not only by the countries themselves but can more effectively be dealt with by the Europeans coming together, sharing intelligence, which is not what they're doing right now, protecting their external borders much better than they have been able to do, rather than each individually trying to deal with this challenge.

turn 3 : "sharing intelligence" and "protecting their external borders" - These are non-literal uses of "sharing" and "protecting" meaning "cooperating and exchanging information" and "strengthening border security," respectively, not literal physical actions.

What do "sharing" and "protecting" mean in turn 3?

Answer: Cooperation


Right.

But a lot has happened. How are you feeling about President Trump's stand on immigration now?

You mean the wall, the proposed wall.

turn 2 : Well, look. I said that my position is nuanced. I believe immigration is good for the country. There are aspects of President Trump's immigration proposals that I agree with. I do believe in fencing. It does work. It has shown that it works to disrupt illegal entry.  In this turn, the actual meaning is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is not just saying "yes" or agreeing with the previous speaker's statement. Instead, they are expressing a more nuanced view on the topic of immigration and specifically on President Trump's stand on immigration. They go on to explain that they believe immigration is good for the country and that there are some aspects of President Trump's proposals that they agree with, but they also have their own opinions and preferences, such as believing in fencing to disrupt illegal entry.

Which proposal did the speaker mention they agree with?

Answer: Fencing


Yeah. But you keep going and you keep going with the help of your friends and your family and something like songwriting, your art. It gives you purpose and meaning in life.

There must be moments there you say, well, let's hang it up?

You know, as we talked - as you mentioned grief as a companion, without putting it in a tidy box, grief also is a guide. And I think it helps you relearn how you are in the world. And, you know, that's just how you use the things that you have, at least that's how I have.

An organizing principle, in a way.

turn 1 : B has found purpose and meaning in life despite grief.

Answer: Crowding


Winston Churchill, we always have to quote him once in a while, right?He said that jaw-jaw was better than war-war. And no matter how awful the war of words may get, it's only serious, really, if it leads to real war. And if North Korea is truly a nuclear power now, any thought of a military solution is somewhere between horrific and unthinkable.

And the Mueller investigation's widening?

We do see more evidence that the Mueller investigation thinks it has some kind of goods on Paul Manafort, former campaign chairman for Donald Trump. He also seems to think he can use whatever he has on Manafort to pry loose more stuff on other campaign figures. Is this going to reach the president himself?At this point, that does not seem to be indicated. But this probe is going to continue and get a lot more uncomfortable for the president before it's over.

NPR's Ron Elving. Thanks so much.

turn 0 : Winston Churchill, we always have to quote him once in a while, right? He said that jaw-jaw was better than war-war. And no matter how awful the war of words may get, it's only serious, really, if it leads to real war. And if North Korea is truly a nuclear power now, any thought of a military solution is somewhere between horrific and unthinkable.  In this turn, the implied meaning is that engaging in diplomatic discussions and negotiations ("jaw-jaw") is preferable to engaging in armed conflict ("war-war"). The speaker suggests that although verbal conflicts can be intense, they are not as severe as actual wars. Additionally, the speaker implies that considering a military solution in the context of North Korea's nuclear power status would be extremely dangerous and should be avoided.

Which famous figure is mentioned in turn 0 and offers the opinion that "jaw-jaw" is better than "war-war"?

Answer: Winston-Churchill


Both the trains slowed. I was standing there with my bag over my shoulder, ready to jump. It was windy. It was cold. It was kind of getting dark. And so they finally lined up the cars correctly, and I was told to run across the loose rocks and jump on to the other train.

The conductor on the other train pulled me on to that car. Once I was onboard, another conductor came through the car, and she said to me, don't get up when we get to Milwaukee. What I heard from her was don't get up, or I will kill you. I did not move the rest of the trip.

So I get to Saint Paul. I'm looking for my brother. He's late. So he gets there, and I ask him, why were you late?And he says, well, I checked the train schedule, and it said it was running behind. Oh, that was because of me.

A travel nightmare with a happy ending from Anne Fleury in Milwaukee. Send us your stories, please. Go to weekendeditionsaturday@npr. org. Click on contact. Put Travel Nightmare at the top of your message.

turn 1 : The situation was dire and I was desperate to get to my destination.

Answer: Slowed


Yeah. There was actually at this last Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, there was a talk about a possible Mercurian meteorite.

Would you know it if you found it?

That's the good question. I mean in the case of the Mars meteorites and the moon meteorites, there's actually - we have pieces of evidence from other sciences that can relate to that. And we know that these things are fairly solid. But in the case of a Mercurian meteorite, that would be a little bit harder to do, but it wouldn't be impossible. Hopefully there might be a sample returned sometime in the future.

So there could be around us now and we wouldn't know it.

turn 3 : THere may be mercurian meteorites in the solar system, although not as close "as around us" implies

How far could the Mercurian meteorites be from us in the solar system?

Answer: Impossible


Yes, I think there probably would be. There are certainly places in Australia and potentially in South Africa where one could look. But the number of places where rocks of this age are preserved or well-preserved is rather few. Most of them have got sort of cooked and baked and shoved up and down by mountain buildings and the like.

And so you often have to look inside the interiors of very large and very ancient continents: North America around the margins of Canada; or in Australia, both of which are very ancient continental masses.

So what happened to the smell?Why doesn't the world smell like rotten eggs today?

Well, it's true that these bacteria are still active, and of course if you pass a blocked drain or something like that, you can see that smell, and it's exactly the same activity going on. Bacteria are eating other things, eating algae, eating other bacteria. And the reason you don't smell it is because the creatures that were living at the surface, the fossils that we first saw, were producing oxygen by photosynthesis.

turn 1 : Canada and Australia have ancient continental masses which you can look inside the interior.

Answer: Canada


Two and four.

What happens when school comes along?

That is the million dollar question in so many cities. My wife is extremely active in the local schools and extremely supportive of our extremely local schools right next to our house, which are, as we speak, being shut down and consolidated and struggling. But that is why a lot of people are leaving the city because they see a better school system, even as D. C. 's improves. In many inner cities, schools improve, they see a better system just outside of town. So, we happen to be in with our two kids an excellent charter school. The downside there though, and this is a very interesting discussion, is that we not have a bit of a commute. My wife typically drives our kids to school. And she says, you know, I didn't move to the city to be a suburban commuter.

It strikes me. Towards the end of your book you have this beautiful section about a beautiful urban vision of - a lot of people remember - Mary Tyler Moore walking the streets of Minneapolis - and you're going to - and throwing her hat up in the air.

Yep. Mary Tyler Moore brings up a couple of really interesting things. The most interesting discussion is - I mean, what TV shows did I watch when I was a kid?"Gilligan's Island," "Partridge Family," "Brady Bunch". . .

Well, say what you will about "Gilligan's Island. "That was a walkable environment.

turn 5 : (6) Implies an appreciation and admiration of "Gilligan's Island" as a walkable environment.

How does PersonB feel about "Gilligan's Island" as a walkable environment?

Answer: Admiration


Mm-hmm. Some of the stories seem to have sort of a moral to them, like the one - mysterious one I'm going to call the rectum in a jar.

Yeah, this is the case of the rectum of the Bishop of Durham. If you go to London and you visit the Hunterian Museum, it's a wonderful, wonderful - one - in fact, one of the world's few remaining big medical museums. It's part of The Royal College of Surgeons of England. If you go and visit it, on display on the main floor inside a jar is something they call object RCSHC/P192. The label identifies it as being the preserved rectum of the Bishop of Durham, and we're talking about Thomas Thurlow, who was born in 1737, died in 1791. Would you like to hear the story of why it's in a jar in London on display?

With that kind of teaser, how could I not?

OK. The - that particular Bishop of Durham was a rich and powerful man. And he came down with some ailments and called in one of the celebrated doctors of the day, John Hunter, a man who, years later, went on to found this museum. Dr.  Hunter examined him and told him he had an incurable disease and that it was bad news. The bishop did not want to accept this news, so he was very insulting to this doctor and instead went and insult - and consulted a cattle doctor who gave him some kind of nostrum.

turn 3 : The Bishop insulted the doctor who diagnosed his incurable disease

Which person did the Bishop insult after he received his diagnosis?

Answer: Doctor


So, 3,000 people, more than that, are on death row. Forty-two people were executed in 2007, half of them were African-Americans. What has been the breakdown racially and in terms of other demographics of people who actually, you know, go on death row or are executed?

Well, the numbers of African-Americans on death row is about 42 percent, compared to their numbers in the population at about 12 percent. So, there's a disproportionate number of African-Americans on death row. The numbers executed is a little less, about 34 percent, but still disproportionate.

However, the biggest factor in race in the death penalty is that it depends whom you kill in the murder that got you on death row. If you kill a white person, then you really have a death penalty case that's four or five times more likely that a person, white or black, will get the death penalty if they killed a white person than if they killed a black person, which is sort of putting a value on the victims' lives by color.

So basically, all crimes are not equal. That's what you're saying.

turn 2 : black per person implies African American person  and not a black color human being

What factor determines a death penalty case's likelihood if a person killed a white person?

Answer: Victim's


Look. We - no - we have low-skilled workers who come to this country all the time. . .

Low skills is different than no skills.

. . . Well, low skill - that's what the chief was talking about. We're talking about bringing in the best and brightest from around the world. That's not what is occurring now. But let's not pretend for a second we have a mean, heartless immigration policy. We have the most generous immigration policy in the world. So to pretend as though, somehow, we're closing off to the world is just ridiculous. What this president and what the chief of staff was talking about is we want people in this country who have a lot to offer the United States, who are the best and the brightest. And right now our immigration system as such - we don't get that.

I'm afraid I got to come back to the McCain question one more time because, you know, we wouldn't keep asking it if someone in the White House would say, look. I wish it hadn't happened. He's a great American. He's given great service to the country. He might be in his last days. Let's just shut down this controversy and say, thank you for everything you've done for America. But why won't the White House say that?

turn 1 : Having low skills is not the same as having no skills

Which characteristic of the workers was the chief referring to?

Answer: Low


We're going to talk through this now with Jamil Jaffer. He was a lawyer in the White House under President George W.  Bush. And he was senior counsel to the House intel committee. He joins us now. Welcome back.

Thanks, Lulu. Good to be here.

All right. We have the Democratic memo. What have you learned from reading it?

Well, look. I think that what we've learned is there's a real debate here between the two sides about the substance of this application on Carter Page, the FISA application and the three renewals. And, you know, what was going on here?According to the Republican memo, it was a highly slanted investigation. Information from this dossier, which has largely been discredited now, was used to obtain the surveillance.

And for the Democrats, you see a response that says, no, in fact, there were lots of sources of information. The memo was but one source and that this was a long, ongoing investigation long before they even heard about the memo. And we ought not believe the Republicans' claims. And so we have a very clear now debate. The American people can read both memos and have a honest discussion about, you know, who has the right of this here.

turn 3 : Republican memo was biased and used unreliable information.

Which memo was claimed to have used unreliable information?

Answer: Republican


This was after years of drift. There is this new energy, this new vigor in this relationship, and there's also enormous excitement, Scott, over the president and the first lady returning to India. The president has this coveted seat at this dazzling display of Indian military hardware during Monday's Republic Day parade, which is actually meant to commemorate the Constitution. And he'll see in a flyover this huge U. S. -made Super Hercules lifter, a testament to the close defense ties between India and the U. S.

And is the president arriving at a time of enthusiasm in India?

Oh, he certainly is. They're here at a very heavy time. The stock market is on this bull run. It's hitting record highs. The IMF predicts that India's growth will actually outpace China's by 2016. So there's this energy here and there's this hope for improving the lives of 1. 2 billion people, but that requires a lot of change. And that's what the president won't necessarily see - the 300 million Indians who don't have electricity, the 600 million who don't have access to clean toilets.

Speaking of energy, should we expect anything concrete out of these meetings?

turn 2 : "heavy time" is a figurative expression that conveys the intensity of the situation, particularly the high level of activity and enthusiasm in India.

Which expression conveys the intensity of the situation in India?

Answer: Energy


I just said I don't think. At the moment, I can't think of one. How do you follow "Death of a Salesman"?I actually can't, I mean, I suppose I could add "Long Day's Journey into Night. "But I never get a feel to do it again. And anyway, "Long Day's Journey into Night," we've seen it most - pretty recently. I actually can't think of anything, but I don't need to. I'm perfectly happy at home.

Well, that's a luxury.

Yeah.

Do you go back and see your plays often after they're up and running?

turn 1 : "Well, that's a luxury" is an idiomatic expression that means "That's a privilege" or "That's a rare and fortunate thing to have."

How would you describe the meaning of "Well"?

Answer: Privilege


I watched the movie "Concussion," and that kind of really gave me some insight onto what could happen if I kept on playing football and some of the injuries that could occur.

So nobody had ever spoken to you about this before - your coach, your family. It wasn't something that really was on your radar at all.

No, it really wasn't any of my concern. I wasn't really worried about it. You know, I had a head injury my junior year in football and then, you know, I kind of just shrugged it off, didn't think it was much of anything

So looking at the film with Will Smith, you thought, hey, I'm a football player. I'm, you know, in high school. And if I keep this up, something terrible could happen.

turn 3 : The speaker was able to empathize with the film's portrayal of the risks associated with playing football, realizing that their own participation in the sport could have serious consequences. This suggests the power of media and storytelling to influence and educate individuals about important issues.

What did the speaker do after watching the movie "Concussion"?

Answer: None


Well, I think what I heard - and I heard it over the three days - is that the president is not going to let up pressure on Japan, on Prime Minister Abe on trade. Despite the close personal relationship, despite all the pageantry of this visit, it was just at the surface that the president was getting a little irritated with the arguments that Japan has been making on trade.

I think that this is not going to bode well for how this is going to end up. Mr.  Abe doesn't have a lot of latitude to give the president what he wants. But I think they're trying very hard to keep it from bursting the seams, so to speak, on the overall political strategic relationship.

What about on North Korea?As Anthony alluded to there, President Trump contradicted not only his host, the prime minister, but his own national security adviser, John Bolton, on the significance of these recent missile launches from North Korea and whether they violate U. N.  Security Council resolutions. How significant a disagreement is that between Tokyo and Washington?

I think that will be a disappointment for Prime Minister Abe for a couple of reasons. You know, again, President Trump said he was not personally concerned about the tests, still trying to lay out what I think he thinks is the base for a bargain with Kim Jong Un, and that is an economic development strategy by North Koreans that will then mitigate the military challenge.

turn 0 : Despite the friendly relations between the US and Japan, the President is unhappy with Japan's trade policies and is pressuring Prime Minister Abe to make changes.

Which country's trade policies is the President pressuring Prime Minister Abe to change?

Answer: Japan


Possibly more powerful or an offshoot of these, yes. Yeah, there's no doubt. This has been - Flame has, looks like, created probably around maybe 2007, 2008. So you know, we're talking five years ago, and Stuxnet was created a little bit after that. And then you've got Duqu that came out a year after Stuxnet. So these are just three of them, and yeah, there's no doubt that there are others.

And once again you say that for people who are concerned, if you update your Windows, Microsoft has a patch out now too, doesn't it, it should remove it from your PC?

Well, Microsoft's patch is different. Microsoft patches the vulnerabilities that the Flame used to spread on a machine or to get on a machine. But if you have antivirus updates, that's the thing that will prevent you from getting infected as well.

And is there any possibility that this was done by a bunch of hobbyists or people who wanted, you know, to just show that they wanted to get into systems?

turn 2 :  A's turn has a different actual meaning from its literal meaning. When A says "Microsoft patches the vulnerabilities that the Flame used to spread on a machine or to get on a machine," they mean that Microsoft released a patch to fix the vulnerabilities that the Flame malware exploited to infect computers. The literal meaning might suggest that Microsoft somehow "patches" the Flame malware itself, which is not what is happening.

What does Microsoft's patch do to prevent the Flame malware from infecting a computer?

Answer: Prevents


About a year ago, my husband started getting Facebook friend invitations from like every girl he ever went to school with, and it seemed as if half of them confessed crushes on him.

Lissa Soep quickly figured out social networking sites not only allowed her to get back in touch with people - her husband could reconnect with folks from his past, too. But it turns out that's not all bad.

These were girls frozen in his memory with teenage breasts, AP English minds, and a sense that anything was possible. Like this one girl from seventh grade. She friended my husband on Facebook and then reminisced about the day his family moved away. She put on her favorite dress, painted her nails purple, and worked up all her courage to hug him goodbye. Isn't that so funny, she wrote. How silly we are as kids?

You think I'd be mad or at least threatened by all this nostalgia, but I wasn't. For a split second, at least, my husband was less familiar to me, and I mean that in a good way. With so many people my age riding Facebook like a time machine to our past lives and loves, you might expect the site would be breaking up marriages or at least unleashing all sorts of digital infidelity. Some of that is happening.

turn 0 : crushes in this context means to like somebody.

What did Lissa Soep figure out about social networking sites?

Answer: Reconnect


Yes. The, quote, unquote - they said my family still stays in Pakistan, and I will inherit a little amount of money when my parents pass away and that my fiance still lives in Pakistan. And these are the reasons that they knew - even my recruiters knew even before I joined the U. S.  military. If they wanted to deny me, they could have denied me at the time of recruitment. But they made me wait two and a half years in limbo. And that impacted my studies a lot.

And I gather this week the U. S.  Army reinstated more than 30 recruits. But were you one of them?

I was not. The memo from the Department of Defense said that all the recruits who got discharged after July 20, they will be reinstated. And I got discharged on July 1. So it does not make any sense why the people after July 20 can get reinstated and not me.

How do you feel?

turn 0 : A's family and fiance being in Pakistan were used as excuses to discriminate against them in the military

How were PersonA's personal connections used against them in the military?

Answer: excuses


Let's talk about this article, written by Emory's president, James Wagner. It appeared in the Emory University alumni magazine. It hit the presses. You read it. What was your reaction?

My first response was that it was a misreading of the three-fifths compromise and of what a successful compromise could be. In addition to the sort of strict historical interpretation of that compromise, the way that popular culture, and particularly African-Americans- see that compromise is that it is a way of counting African-Americans as three-fifths of a person, three-fifths of a human being. So, I knew that even if the historical interpretation of popular culture was wrong, it would strike a very bad chord among African-Americans and among others. I mean, I want to emphasize that this is something that is not an idea that's simply bound by race. But I knew that in terms of African-Americans, it would be particularly striking that he use that as an example of compromise.

Describe the reaction you saw once the article hit.

Well, for about two weeks, there was nothing, and then, I think, the Salon. com piece sent things out over the Internet. And Saturday, when that piece appeared, I had five emails. And people, friends - both historians at other institutions, folks at Emory - were very disturbed by this article.

turn 1 : The speaker is asking the listener for their opinion about the article, and how it was received by the public.+++

Which aspect of the article is the PersonA's primary concern?

Answer: Compromise


Well, to be quite honest with you, at the end of the day, when you're looking at a product that is an adult product - and that's how we see it - the adult has the ability to choose.

But why blueberry, vanilla and cherry - why those flavors?

Actually, you know, we have quite a few individuals that like the blueberry. For me, it gets old quick. So therefore, I have, like, more coffee flavors. But the point is cherry and strawberry are actually fairly popular flavors amongst adults.

And when we're talking about flavors, we're not talking about those kind of flavors. We're talking about the cotton candy type of flavors. We steer away from any flavors that expressly go after a particular target market audience. And those flavors we obviously will never carry, never made and will never participate in our lineup.

turn 0 : at the end of the day means something is likely going to happen or what happens after everything else.

Which phrase suggests that the company avoids flavors that target a specific market audience?

Answer: Expressly


And the other one is silencers or suppressors - a push to deregulate those devices. And that hasn't gone through. So the big ticket items that the NRA wants the NRA doesn't get. You mentioned at the top there this idea of strengthening background checks. I think it's important to be specific about what's under discussion there. There is bipartisan legislation. And what it would do would provide grants to the states to make sure that all of the records that show that a person is prohibited from owning a gun get into the databases that are scanned during a background check.

Mr.  Burnett, there's renewed interest on the sale of assault weapons. A ban went into effect in 1994. It expired 10 years later. Based on your reporting, what effect did that ban have?

There is some evidence - and we talk about assault - bans on assault-style weapons. What a lot of public safety experts say is the most meaningful piece of that is a restriction on how large the magazine - the ammunition magazine - that's basically how many rounds the gun can hold at one time, can be fired at one time before you have to reload.

Is there, in your mind, compelling evidence that the ban on assault weapons actually succeeded in banning assault weapons or reduced the supply or use of assault weapons and criminal activity?

turn 0 : "big ticket items" - this is an idiom meaning important or valuable items, not actual physical tickets.

What does the idiom "big ticket items" refer to?

Answer: Items


So tell us what happened on the site last week.

Well I mean, what the culmination of a week of DDoS attacks, you know, it started off on Monday with DDoS attacks. And basically what that means is. . .

Please, go ahead. I was about to ask you what that meant.

Yeah. What happens is, you know, basically they send out little robots. They put robots on computers across the country, which make requests your website, which essentially brings your website down because of an overload of requests. So a DDoS stands for denial of service. And they do that by basically clogging up your arteries, basically, with actual requests from robots that are not regular people, and overwhelming your server.

turn 3 : DDoS attacks are like clogging up your arteries with requests, overwhelming the server.

Which type of attacks overwhelm the server by clogging up the arteries of requests?

Answer: DDoS


What are you, Lisa, most thankful for this holiday season?

I'm thankful I don't have the banks on my butt.

Does that make any sense?

It does. Do a lot of other businesses there locally that might not be affected by the baby boom - are they having a harder time?

turn 1 : I'm thankful that I'm not in financial trouble.

How is Lisa feeling about her financial situation?

Answer: relieved


The downside to getting more attention, like Marco Rubio, is more criticism. And he seems to get more direct criticism from his opponents as he rises in the polls.

No question. The young senator from Florida, though, is really the hot ticket in New Hampshire right now. He is expected to do no worse than third. He's certainly in the running for second John Kasich is also in the running here. Everyone coming up, of course, a little behind Donald Trump still at this point. But it's Rubio who has the national momentum then going on into South Carolina if he does well in New Hampshire. South Carolina is on the 20th. And he'll have real appeal in Nevada on the 23rd.

What about Bernie Sanders?His lead in the polls just seems to be growing. According to reports, he might be on "Saturday Night Live" on Saturday night, just before the vote. Hillary Clinton tried to suggest that just because he's a guy from next door in Vermont.

You know, he was well-known here from the start of course. But there's so much more to it than that. His numbers are still going up at this point. And even for Democrats who expect Clinton to be the nominee eventually, Bernie is still their feel-good vote. He is a get-it-off-your-chest vote. And, you know, Democrats have never really liked a coronation. They want a contest. And Clinton is not connecting to voter concerns on an emotional level. And she's not communicating a clear message either here or elsewhere in the country. That's why the national polls have narrowed. And you know it's going to be hard to tell Larry David and Bernie Sanders apart tonight.

turn 0 : Marco Rubio is facing increased criticism from opponents as his popularity rises.

What is the downside of getting more attention for Marco Rubio?

Answer: Downside


That question is, what is the most disloyal dog breed?

I have some issues with the premise of that one, but let's get to your answer, first of all.

Well, this question is going to have to remain unanswered to a certain extent. No one really knows. And the problem is there are plenty of researchers out there who are studying the personalities of dogs, but none of them evaluate any kind of personality trait called loyalty, or anything like that.

It's a bit subjective.

turn 1 : B disagrees with the premise of the question but is willing to discuss it further.

Which turn shows that PersonB believes the question is based on a subjective premise?

Answer: Turn3


What options does the U. S.  have?

Sanctions are a key part of maximum pressure campaign that the Trump administration has been advancing. And sanctions have never been as tough - tougher than now. They're broad. They target sectors. They try to cut off North Korea's efforts to earn hard currency to support their economy and their nuclear weapons program. And there is anecdotal evidence that the North Koreans are starting to feel the pinch. And I think the Olympic outreach is in part a sign of the fact that they're feeling the pinch of sanctions and that they saw outreach as a way to try to get South Korea to agree to loosen sanctions implementation or try to lure South Korea away from the maximum pressure campaign.

Jung Pak, a senior fellow at Brookings Institution Center for East Asia Policy Studies. Thanks so much.

Thank you.

turn 1 :  (2): Sanctions are a key part of the Trump administration's strategy to increase pressure on North Korea. Sanctions are stronger than ever and are designed to limit North Korea's ability to earn money to support their economy and nuclear program. North Korea is beginning to feel the effects of these sanctions and is using outreach to try to ease the sanctions and lessen the pressure

Which institution is Jung Pak a senior fellow at?

Answer: Brookings-Institution


Hobbes wrote about the challenges his generation faces in a December article for Highline, which is put out by the Huffington Post. Its headline, "Millennials Are Screwed," caught our attention this week. And we asked Hobbes to explain his pessimistic prediction.

Healthcare, housing and education are more than five times more expensive than they were for our parents. There are fewer steady jobs. Wages have stagnated since the 1970s. I mean, I can go on and on and on. And so its weird that we're constantly talking about how millennials should do this differently, and millennials should do that differently. But we dont talk that much about - hey, the country around us can do some things differently, too.

So you obviously believe that the baby boomers messed up your life?How did they do that?

Well, I've gotten a lot of emails since the article came out from boomers that are saying, we've fallen off the ladder, too. And if you're 55 years old, there's a lot of discrimination for getting back into the workforce. But what we're seeing is that those impacts are concentrated on the young. So I think there's really three paradigm shifts. The first one is work has become much lower quality, basically - that there's fewer decent jobs now. Many of the jobs that are available are contingent work or sort of have been farmed out to contractors. Many fewer jobs provide things like pension, benefits or health care these days.

turn 1 : Millennials are not solely responsible for their situation, and other factors such as the country's policies play a role in it.

Which paradigm shift does PersonA mention as the first one?

Answer: Jobs


Ooh. Ooh. So small dive.

You need to be very careful. Keep your limbs in.

And why - what's so fascinating about espresso?

Well, one of things that espresso drinkers will know probably is that when you have an espresso straight, not a latte, not a cappuccino, just a straight little mug of espresso, when it comes out to you, it has this frothy, foamy thing on top. It's a little thin layer of tiny bubbles. It's a little lighter in color, and it's called the crema.

turn 0 : It is a dive into drinking the espresso, taking a chance by drinking it.

Answer: Chance.


Yes. In Los Angeles, we made a commitment a number of years ago to only purchase any new buses into our fleet that would operate on alternative fuels. And what we have today is the largest compressed natural gas bus fleet in the country. And that's doing a lot to help improve our air quality here.

What's the difference between compressed natural gas and regular gasoline in terms of, you know, how it affects the environment?

Well compressed natural gas is a much cleaner fuel.

You know, let's just take a look at Los Angeles' demographics. You have people from incredibly wealthy to incredibly poor. You have immigrants, native-born people who've come here from other parts of the U. S. , people, of course, who were born here. How do you think L. A. 's demographics affect the need for public transportation?

turn 1 : Compressed natural gas is a cleaner fuel option compared to regular gasoline.

Answer: compressed


Thanks for having me.

What new details did we learn with this filing?

So the new filing focuses on five extramarital affairs that Duncan Hunter had when he was in Congress, the first one starting just four months after he was elected and took office in April 2009. So he took office in January.

The longest feature in the filing is about an individual identified as Individual 14, who was a lobbyist. And they spent campaign money on things like a ski trip together, a thousand-dollar hotel tab. They went to concerts together. And they also went on a double date with another congressperson to Virginia Beach, but that congressperson has not been identified.

turn 2 : Duncan Hunter had extramarital affairs while in Congress

How many extramarital affairs did Duncan Hunter have while in Congress?

Answer: Five


Oh, yes. Yes, indeed.

(Singing) X is the letter. Blue is the color. One is a number. Now is the time.

I mentioned back in the '60s then and it's still - news reminds me of the '60s. We're going out the world backwards. You know, we've got to change. We need a change. And every chance I get, I'm going to sing songs of change because, like I say, I feel like we're going out the world backwards.

Well, in fact, you know, to that end, the album art is actually a beautiful photograph of a group of young kids - African American kids on the outside of a chain-link fence. And they're looking into a park. It's a photo by Gordon Parks from 1956 called "Outside Looking In. "And, you know, I'm assuming that this was a park these kids weren't allowed to play in - right?- because it was segregated.

turn 3 : The park is segregated, and the African American kids are not allowed to play in it.

What is the name of the photographer who took the photo used for the album art?

Answer: GordonParks


I think both can be true. I think - look. It's outrageous that there's an invoice. But it's not new. The invoice was not given lately. It was given to Special Representative Yun when he went to North Korea to collect Otto Warmbier. And at that point, when you're giving that invoice, you sign, and you leave. So it's not new. That's one. Second, it's not unique, either. When. . .

It's not unique to negotiations with North Korea or. . .

Correct - North Korea specifically.

North Korea specifically has a habit of this.

turn 1 : Invoice for collecting Otto Warmbier is not unique to negotiations with North Korea.

Answer: Reason


Well, how did they react to you as a person?I mean, you're a glamorous Los Angelina, and so what did they think when you showed up?

I think that it's interesting, because I was in a program called Cross-cultural Solutions, where they send volunteers to different areas. I was the first African-American that had been at this school. So I think they were confused. I mean, and these people in the town, they were just like are you from Ghana?Or are you Yabo(ph)?Yabo is a foreigner, and most likely, more than usually, a white foreigner. But I had a couple of people call me Yabo.

But they would sort of ask like where are you from, and one of the program's administrators would have to explain, she's an ancestor of Africans, and then they would say, oh, okay. So it was definitely some confusing sort of looks that I got.

But the kids were - you know, kids are very, you know, easy to sort of get along with. These kids were, you know, absolutely adorable. They didn't understand what I was saying a lot of the time, but they really connected to me. I mean, I would bring bubbles and jumping ropes and stuff like that, stuff that they had never seen before. So, you know, I was quite popular at the school, I have to say. I mean, particularly with my bubbles, that brought even the junior-high-school kids out…

Oh, I'm sure.

turn 3 : The person being referred to was well-liked by the school kids for bringing unique items.

Which group of people did not understand what the speaker was saying?

Answer: The-town


Well, what happened on Tuesday was very interesting. During the day on Tuesday, there was a very small protest. They were in the middle of central Baghdad in Tahrir Square. They were very quickly dispersed by the Iraqi security forces, but then a call went out on social media from people's individual accounts to say, let's go back to the square at 3 o'clock. And the numbers surprised everybody. There were thousands of people in the square who reacted to that, and they all had one real message to the government. That was to end corruption and provide jobs and opportunity.

The government were completely surprised by this, and they sent in the Iraqi army and the police with very heavy-handed tactics. They used live fire. They used tear gas. They used rubber-coated steel bullets. Now, there were a number of deaths that day, and then the protests spread to other parts of the country.

So whatever had happened, it struck a chord with very young people. Now, the median age of the protesters, as far as I can work out, is about 20 years old. These are people who don't remember Saddam Hussein, who, you know, barely remember the U. S. -led occupation of Iraq. What they do remember is the last 10 years and the opportunities that have not been given to them.

And as you have been moving around the streets, reporting, trying to talk to them, what specifically do they tell you that they want?

turn 2 : It affected the young people's emotions when they saw what happened.

What was the median age of the protesters?

Answer: 20


I've got to ask you a high hard one, as they call it in baseball, Monsignor. Can you understand if a number of faithful Catholics stand up during Mass tomorrow and tell their priest, look; I'm sorry, father, but what moral authority do you or does the church have to tell me anything when it's hurt so many people who loved it and concealed those crimes for decades?

You know, I certainly understand it. That was what Cardinal Cupich said, actually. He said that if the church doesn't get this right, its moral authority is shot. And so why we're having a global summit on an issue that the church says this is in the front burner and we - they don't do global summits on anything. So the church is trying to say, yeah, this is important, and if we don't get this right, it's over.

Are you concerned the church is going to lose its moral authority over this issue or has already lost its moral authority?

Well, I'm sure it has. It has with many people. There's no question about it. And right - and I think the church has a responsibility, say, to clean up its own act before it tells other people how to act. I totally agree with that.

Monsignor Stephen Rossetti of the Catholic University of America, thanks so much for being with us.

turn 1 : The church is in danger of losing its moral authority.

What is the issue that the church says is in the front burner?

Answer: Abuse


My mother had a friend I called David in the essay. And he was a funny, charming man. And he always had clients around. He found them out of the state so they would live with him while they were going on auditions. And they seemed to have a lot of shirtless pictures of them around framed. That seemed to be the greatest bit of work that they did - were these shirtless pictures.

And each year, these boys would come and go, and they'd be between the ages of 12 and 16. And there was this feeling that my mother and I would sort of talk around. Is this weird?This is weird, right?No. No, it's David. It can't be weird. And I think there are a lot of people in Los Angeles dealing with that right now of people they have held in their heads where there's a little bit of a galvanic skin-crawly thing, but they also like this person.

Course, your article appeared as Anthony Rapp come forward with his charges against Kevin Spacey. Been a few more Kevin Spacey stories that have also come out since then. Without trying to judge the veracity of each and every story, what's the mix of ambition and vulnerability that makes child actors prey?

The same thing which puts women at risk in the business, which is economics. For children, there is a small window of opportunity in which a career is going to happen. You are not a child indefinitely. That makes people ripe for abuse.

turn 2 : (3) "What's the mix of ambition and vulnerability that makes child actors prey?" - The speaker is not actually asking for a mix of qualities that make child actors vulnerable, but rather pointing out that child actors are often vulnerable to abuse and questioning the underlying factors that contribute to this vulnerability.

Which story prompted the discussion about child actors being prey?

Answer: Kevin


So how did you get on to this story?I mean, were you just curious about vanity plates?Like, what was your thinking about how it happens?

Well, I think vanity plates are kind of everyone's hobby in Los Angeles. It's a very car-centric culture. People regularly talk about the most out-there plates that they see. I was curious about the ones that didn't make it.

Now, is there an official database of dirty words and euphemisms?Or like. . .

What's the yardstick that the DMV uses to say whether something's inappropriate or not?

turn 0 : The speaker is asking about the process of obtaining a vanity plate and the motivations behind it.

How would you describe the topic discussed in turn 2?

Answer: Vanity


Mike Dunleavy like, drained, I think, a dozen three-pointers, if I'm not mistaken.

At least, yeah. And the Blazers lost to Houston 121 to 116 in overtime - not to move on to Portland too quickly here. What's going on?Strange and spreading malady in these playoffs, Scott. Road teams are winning at a stunning rate. In the first week of the postseason, road teams won 12 of the 22 games. Now remember, teams are clawing for much of the regular season - clawing to win games in order to give them the home-court advantage in the playoffs.

The psychology of playing in front of your own cheering fans, the comfort and routine of home - it's supposed to make winning in the postseason more likely. So far, not the case.

And why not?

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a metaphor or analogy to convey a deeper meaning or idea, often related to emotions or personal experiences.

Which turn in the dialogue suggests the speaker is using a metaphor or analogy?

Answer: turn-1


You know, I'm not sure exactly where the cuts will take place. I know they've got several issues in mind. I think it's definitely a reflection upon the times right now, and how difficult the environment is for financial service firms.

You wrote in your piece today that the bonus pool is still the sixth largest on record. How much money was it overall?

Overall, it was 18. 4 billion, but it was down from about 33 billion last year. So it's a decline, but it's still, like you said, the sixth largest, so there's been thoughts that the past compensations have gotten a little excessive. So there's definitely an argument that that was the case.

And all of this in the wake of a bonus scandal at Merrill Lynch. What's been going on there?

turn 1 : The fact that the bonus pool is the sixth largest on record contradicts the idea of financial service firms facing difficult times.

What contradicts the idea of financial service firms facing difficult times?

Answer: Size


There is a level of acceptance for some. So one young woman I met joined the all-women's force after being brutalized by her husband, who was part of ISIS. On the other hand, the women who were foreigners and even the real hardcore last holdouts in the fight against ISIS who are in this town of Baghuz, which had basically an apocalyptic end. They ran out of food. They ran out of water.

And what you see now from the women who were part of that is that all of the crimes of ISIS - you know, enslaving girls, raping women, beheading people on the streets, the hangings - that was not enough really to make them lose confidence in the head of ISIS. But the fact that children whose families belong to ISIS starved to death while leaders had food, that is what's making people very disappointed, very disillusioned, especially the women I've talked to.

Are there people who still support the caliphate despite all that they went through?

Absolutely there are. And in fact, one woman from Egypt I met has four daughters. She was talking about how all they want is to go home, to go back to Egypt, to go back to the parks, to go see relatives. And she said to me, you know, I don't believe in Baghdadi. But I still believe in the caliphate.

turn 0 : The women who joined the all-women's force did so as a result of being abused by their husbands who were part of ISIS.

Which force did one young woman join after being brutalized by her ISIS-affiliated husband?

Answer: women's


Here to tell us more about that report is the vice chair of the commission, former senator from Missouri, Jim Talent. Welcome to the program, sir. And if you could tell us a bit about this report. It states that the biological threat to this country is greater than the nuclear one. What sort of biological threat are we talking about?

Well, people normally think in terms of like Anthrax, and that's the most visible potential pathogen. There's others that could be used, smallpox, for example. And one of the dangers is that, with DNA synthesizers that are available and dual-use technology all over the world, it's becoming increasingly easy to isolate pathogens, old or new. It's technologically easier to weaponize.

Can you tell me a little bit about how you conducted the research for this report?

We're a follow onto the 9/11 commission, congressionally created, bipartisan. The report was unanimous, and we interviewed hundreds of people who travel all over the world, everywhere from the national labs in Sandia, to London, to Asia, to Russia interviewing people.

And then we all, each of us on the commission, has experience in this area as well. And what Congress wanted was an update on the assessment of the threat and then recommendations about what can be done to reduce it.

turn 1 : The biological threat to the country is a serious concern due to the availability of DNA synthesizers and dual-use technology

Which technology is contributing to the increasing ease of isolating potential pathogens?

Answer: Synthesizers


What would be a - and forgive the pun - what would be the holy grail for an Indiana Jones like you?What would be the ultimate?

Well, that would be to go right back to the beginning, you know, to do like a dino brew, you know, sort of a Garden of Eden type of beverage, I guess. And unfortunately in the Paleolithic period, the containers get destroyed. They were probably made out of leather, wood or whatever. So we don't have remnants of any containers from the Paleolithic period.

And that's important because once you have a container like pottery, made of pottery, the liquids get absorbed into that, and it helps to retain the ancient organic materials until the biomolecular archeologists like us comes along thousands of years later.

Do you have any bets of where the cradle of civilization for wine and beer originates?

turn 0 : Holy Grail and Indiana Jones are not literal. The reference implies that A is searching for something incredibly important.

How would you describe what PersonA is searching for?

Answer: Something


It's becoming a new Thanksgiving tradition. This year, like the year before, the newest installment of "The Hunger Games" movie franchise "Mockingjay Part 1" is an adaptation of the first half of Suzanne Collins third and final book in the series. And with the backdrop of what's been happening in the world, protests in Ferguson, Missouri, and shakeup at the Capitol - Capitol Hill that is. Audiences look for comparisons between the fictitious world of Panem and the real world. We're joined now by Stephen Carter, a professor of law at Yale, a novelist and columnist for Bloomberg View, where he writes regularly on popular culture. Stephen, thanks so much for being back with us.

It's my pleasure, Scott.

I'm just guessing you don't watch "Hunger Games" the way a lot of other people do.

You're right. I'm looking for tropes and ideas that are going to leap out of the film into public life. And one that's really striking about the "Hunger Games" franchise is how more than really anything else in recent years in popular culture, so many of the symbols - the nation of Panem itself with its deep wealth inequalities, the notion of the Capitol, this barricaded wealthy city and of course, Katniss Everdeen herself, the hero. All of these things have not only leapt into the public imagination, but they are regular features of political argument.

turn 1 : "my pleasure" - This phrase is a polite way of responding to a thank you, but it does not actually mean that the person feels pleasure.

Which phrase is a polite response to a thank you, but does not actually mean that the person feels pleasure?

Answer: Polite


But shouldn't you at least offer the people you're polling the option of checking that box as one of the issues?

In terms of?

Of, you know, as climate change or renewable energy, things like that. The choice is not even offered on the sheet of things that you - that is on your radar screen.

Yeah. Well, this is actually a really important point, is that when you look at - and I'll just come back to media coverage as an example. You know, for most people, this is an issue that's invisible. I mean, you can look out your window right this moment, and there's CO2 pouring out of tailpipes, out of smokestacks, out of buildings, but you can't see it, and likewise you can't see the impacts unless you know where to look. In fact, the only way most Americans even know about this issue is because of what they've learned about it in the media. They're not reading the peer-reviewed literature. They don't know scientists personally. They're learning about it through the media. And when the media doesn't report this issue, it's literally out of sight and out of mind.

turn 3 :  "out of sight, out of mind" - This is a well-known idiom that means if you can't see something, you tend to forget about it, rather than a literal interpretation.

How can media coverage affect people's awareness about climate change?

Answer: Awareness


Correct. It was one of the first ones to come out like that, and so I had no idea it was different from any other game. I just thought it was another game. And he, within three months of playing it, he started - it started affecting his real life negatively. He lost his job. He got evicted from his apartment. By the way, he was 20 years old when he started playing this, so he was an adult. But very quickly it showed negative effects. His personality changed. He started becoming a different person. He became withdrawn, antisocial, depressed. His focus became gaming, and he no longer was concerned about his real life or his future.

When you think about your son, do you think that there were other underlying issues, whether it was depression or some other condition, that caused him to be susceptible to this?I mean, how do you balance that thought out?

I agree with that 100 percent. He had ADD, and from my experience, since 2002, probably 99 percent of the gamers that we've talked to who have problems with gaming have ADD. It seems to make them more susceptible.

Attention deficit.

turn 2 : People with ADD are more susceptible to gaming addiction.

How does ADD affect susceptibility to gaming addiction?

Answer: susceptibility


(Laughter) Yeah. I don't think that it's a straight line from smoking marijuana to fanaticism or radicalization. But I do think that there's something that happens to boys becoming men that is a series of rites of passage and tampering or becoming involved with illicit drugs or having sex. Or any of these taboo things are some of these portals that kids go through, boys especially. And fanaticism to me, as I was witnessing it in a global way, was the last portal. And I wanted to write something that charted these transitions from just a little bit outside the line to a little bit more outside the line until finally there is no way back.

The Boston Marathon bombings are an important touchstone in this book. And they're felt personally by Alireza's friends in Laguna Beach.

That's something that I thought about a lot when I was sort of following the story of the Boston Marathon bombings and how it was to be Muslim in this country and to be a Muslim man in a place that's already slightly turned against you. But I imagined a situation in which someone in your very close community was affected by an act of terrorism, and you are of the Muslim family, what the ramifications would be like in that community.

And I took it a few steps further and then did research and found that it wasn't that uncommon for people who were related to, you know, Russian immigrants or children of Muslims or practicing Muslims to experience racism in high school afterwards. It tends to be that people are looking for someone to blame.

turn 0 : (1). In this turn, the speaker is not just talking about the act of being silent or not making noise. They are using the phrase "a little bit outside the line" and "a little bit more outside the line" to describe the process of moving towards radicalization and fanaticism. The phrase "there is no way back" implies a point of no return, indicating that the speaker believes once someone becomes a fanatic, it is difficult to change their beliefs.

What does the phrase "a little bit outside the line" describe in turn 0 of the dialogue?

Answer: Process


Yes. Certain pigments, for instance, fade. Certain pigments can become lighter or darker. You have to see it a little bit like in a hospital. You know, a patient goes in with a problem. There's a lot of different kinds of research done in order to make the proper diagnosis. And then there's a sort of a treatment plan presented. And then the actual operation may not be that extensive. I mean, that is actually the goal - to do as little as possible with the largest effect.

Operation Night Watch is going to be free for the public to see.

To follow, yeah - to follow.

Because there's going to be this glass chamber, people can follow along.

turn 1 : The public can view Operation Night Watch for free.

What is the name of the operation that the public can view for free?

Answer: OperationNightWatch


The main concern is retaliation. We go back to a period where countries didn't coordinate. That was very much the case in the 1930s. If I slap a tariff on you, you don't like that, and you slap a tariff on me, and we're both worse off. That's why after World War II, we had multilateral negotiations to get rid of that problem.

And now we are at risk of going back to the previous period during the Great Depression when people didn't coordinate their trade policy and everyone ended up being worse off. And I think that's the concern. The international architecture, the institutional framework for doing trade policy might just break down, and it might become much more national or bilateral.

Professor Dennis Novy of the University of Warwick, thank you so much for speaking with us.

My pleasure.

turn 0 : Countries imposing tariffs on each other leads to mutual harm, hence the need for multilateral negotiations

How did the multilateral negotiations after World War II address the issue of countries imposing tariffs on each other?

Answer: Cooperation


It could be. But there is nowhere for the new justices, the Trump justices, Brett Kavanaugh and Neil Gorsuch, to hide. They're going to have to say more than they said at their confirmation hearings, and that's why it's critical. And it is likely that both of them differ from the swing justice of the last 15 years, Anthony Kennedy.

So DACA is another controversial issue. In November, the court's also going to consider whether President Trump can end the DACA program that shields immigrants brought to the United States as children from deportation. It's my understanding that the court isn't going to rule on whether the law itself is legal. So what's the issue here?

The issue is executive power. The issue is to what extent the Trump administration could reverse the executive action taken by Barack Obama and whether the Trump administration followed the correct procedures. So it will be read by the public as a key ruling on a Trump policy. And therefore, it's important.

And so finally, let's turn our focus to the coming week. The court is going to hear three cases related to workplace discrimination on Tuesday. And basically, the question for the court is whether the Civil Rights Act applies to gay and transgender people in the workplace. Is that the crux of the issue?

Correct. And it's a question of statutory construction - whether Title VII, passed decades ago by Congress to apply to discrimination based on sex, should also be read to apply to sexual orientation. This is the first time several of these justices are going to weigh in on gay rights.

turn 4 : The justices will give their opinions on certain issues for the first time.

How will the justices contribute to the debate on workplace discrimination?

Answer: Opinions


So off I went to Moscow with a couple of colleagues to talk about how intelligence services should work in democracies. And I found myself sitting in the Lubyanka, their headquarters, which over the years had been sort of prison death cell torture chamber, facing a long line of KGB officers and talking to them about democratic oversight and such things. It was certainly one of the strangest events of my working life I think.

(Laughter) Forgive me, but this is a week to ask - do you think they took good notes?Were they paying attention to this democracy?

(Laughter) No, I don't think they were actually. They looked at us with rather hard, cynical eyes. And I wrote somewhere that it seemed to be like two wild animals surveying their prey but not being able to get at them. But I don't think they were particularly interested in all this oversight and democracy stuff, no.

And may I ask you, just based on your experience and the way you survey events, what does Russia want these days?

turn 2 : (3) implies that the speaker found the KGB officers intimidating and felt like they were looking at him and his colleagues with menace.

What was the atmosphere like when the speaker talked to the KGPersonB officers?

Answer: Intimidating


I haven't talked to him in years.

(Laughter).

Well, you know, Ron Paul - you know, he's got some oddness in his closet. But, you know, compared to Hillary Clinton or Jeb Bush, Rand Paul has, like, the greatest situation in terms of family members lingering around the campaign in a lot of ways. You know, his foreign policy is distinct from his father's. Many of his economic policies are distinct. He needs to expound on what is his governing philosophy and why does restraint in foreign policy also mean restraint in domestic affairs?And why are those both good things?

As you survey the political landscape on issues like privacy or foreign policy, do you see traces of libertarian success?

turn 0 : "talked to him in years" - This means that the speaker has not had any communication with the person in question for a long time, but the literal meaning suggests a lack of verbal communication specifically.

Answer: Years


Well, I don't (laughter) know if it's going to be forever unique in that way. We have this evidence now of President Trump making calls along these lines. And you get a lot of - I got a lot of criticism. Sometimes for being too soft, sometimes for being too harsh. I'm banned from Russia by Vladimir Putin because we successfully prosecuted an international arms dealer named Viktor Bout. I was personally attacked by President Erdogan of Turkey because we prosecuted somebody that, you know, he had connections to in an indirect way.

I'm glad you mentioned Turkey's president. What happened in a different country, in a different system, when there was a prosecution of someone named Reza Zarrab, and it became a matter of political interest?

So Reza Zarrab was a gold trader, Iranian but also from Turkey, who was being prosecuted along with other folks in Turkey for various, you know, elements of misconduct. And those cases were made to go away because he was politically connected to two people who were close to Erdogan.

What did President Erdogan of Turkey do to make that case go away?

Well, he exercised his power in a country that doesn't have the same constitutional protections that America has. He relieved judges of their duty. He removed prosecutors from office. He shut down media outlets. And the case went away. Literally, the case was made to go away. Now, that is not something we've seen in this country and hopefully we'll never see in this country. And it's harder to accomplish in this country.

turn 2 : Case is a legal judgement that will take place before a judge.

Answer: Misconduct


Mike Dunleavy like, drained, I think, a dozen three-pointers, if I'm not mistaken.

At least, yeah. And the Blazers lost to Houston 121 to 116 in overtime - not to move on to Portland too quickly here. What's going on?Strange and spreading malady in these playoffs, Scott. Road teams are winning at a stunning rate. In the first week of the postseason, road teams won 12 of the 22 games. Now remember, teams are clawing for much of the regular season - clawing to win games in order to give them the home-court advantage in the playoffs.

The psychology of playing in front of your own cheering fans, the comfort and routine of home - it's supposed to make winning in the postseason more likely. So far, not the case.

And why not?

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using understatement or exaggeration to convey a message, often to emphasize a point or to add humor to a situation.

What rhetorical device might the speaker be using in turn 3?

Answer: Exaggeration


So you can actually go to their job section and look for opportunities with the Office of Personnel Management using their website. Now they say that these are for non-career positions, whether in the White House, or in any federal department, agency, or commission. So this is interesting. I mean you just fill out the form below and you know, right on this website. I'm looking at it right now, and submit if you think you should be working for Obama and Biden.

It looks like - and other folks on NPR have spoken about this as well. There are so many questions - basically you have to have apparently lived a life of a saint in order to be able to pass some of these. . .

Some way of putting it.

Litmus tests. I mean is that really true or does it just seem that way because they really ask you basically have you ever jaywalked, have you ever - of course, not literally, but kind of.

Right, right. Well, I mean the point is this. Look, why waste time?I mean they're going to do what they need to do to process applications the way the federal government would do anyway. So why waste the time?The point is be transparent. I think what they're also trying to say here is send a message, be transparent with us because we're going to find out one way or the other. We're going to look at - if we really seriously are looking at considering hiring somebody, we're going to look at their online footprint, and I do think that they actually do mean that. They are going to look at that online footprint.

turn 4 : Applicants should be honest and transparent about their online presence because the government will check.

What is the reason for applicants to be transparent about their online presence?

Answer: Check


I have no idea. I have no idea at this point.

You're just waiting for a call?

Any call from anyone, anywhere.

So are you actively out looking for something else more stable?

turn 3 : B implies that A is not actively looking for something more stable.

How does PersonB suggest PersonA's job search approach?

Answer: Passively


How are you, Scott?

Fine, thanks, but I don't have to answer a lot of these questions from persnickety grammar people. Why was the internet capitalized in the first place?

Well, that's a good question. The internet is wholly generic, like the telephone or electricity. It never was trademarked. It's not based on any proper noun. And I think the best reason for capitalizing in the past may just have been the term was new. I read that at one point people, capitalized phonograph, so maybe it was something like that, but now it's a routine part of daily life.

Is it in anyway because to a lot of people, the internet is a place?

turn 3 : Implies that there could be a specific reason for capitalizing the internet, beyond simply being new, such as the fact that to many people, the internet is seen as a place.

How is the capitalization of the internet related to people's perception of it?

Answer: Place


Well, I got to, or. . .

Or I'm doomed. I do think it is a good time for independent artists, period. And I feel like soul music in this country really has told the story of black Americans in this country, and right now the field is kind of narrow. So, from city to city, you go and you listen to the radio, and you try to find soul music on the radio, you're either listening to hip-hop, or you're listening to oldies and dusties and R&B.

So, there's a whole big huge chasm which some of us live in part of the time at least, where where's this music?Where is the new soul music?Where are the people that are writing the classics that are going to be around in 20 years, and 30 years, and 40 years?

Well, in addition to your own songs, you have sung other folks' work. And in 2004, you sang on a tribute album for Luther Vandross. Here's a little bit of "Forever, For Always, For Love. "

turn 2 : There is a lack of new soul music that can become classics in the future.

How does PersonA feel about the current state of soul music?

Answer: Lack


There are probably two or three important things. One is I think it gives you an insight into the company and what they do with the data they gather. Now, Facebook say they don't sell data, but they certainly make money out of it. And I think one of the things that concerned us was whether some of the developers that work with Facebook get preferential access to data depending on how valuable that relationship is. I think there was something else, which is potentially an antitrust issue, which is the dominant position Facebook has I think allows it to pick winners on its platform. There are big questions about the way in which they use their power. The final thing I think which is I think particularly significant is are users giving informed consent when they give data to Facebook?

Mr.  Collins, why should anyone be worried about that?Is it just what you would expect a business to do, maximize the information it has and reward the most promising relationships?

I think we all understand with these sorts of social media tools they're free to use, but in some ways, you're giving your data to the company. The company makes money out of that by selling advertising. But the question is are we giving up far more data than we realize?And then what happens to that data when the company has it?And I think it's right that we have some say and some protection over how it's used.

Do you feel Facebook has been honest with you?

turn 2 : there are concerns about how Facebook uses the data it collects from its users, and whether users are fully aware of the amount of data they are giving up and how it is being used. The speaker suggests that users should have more say in how their data is used and more protection over their privacy. This implies that there may be some issues with how Facebook handles user data and that users may not fully understand the extent of their data sharing.

What is the PersonA's suggestion regarding users' control over their data on Facebook?

Answer: Protection


I can imagine someone being stunned for a moment by being struck by an object, especially at a high speed like that. But I don't understand that because if there was over a minute when the throttle was advanced farther than it should've been and - you know, things happen when you're an engineer. You should be used to them. So I - it doesn't really seem to me like that's a probable cause, but we'll have to wait and see.

I don't have to tell you, Mr.  Hughes, that the crash and the deaths of eight people have set off a debate - those who say the derailment says Amtrak needs more money, others who say Amtrak isn't - is wasting a lot of the money that it gets. Recognizing there are no guarantees, would greater government funding have perhaps meant this derailment wouldn't happen?

It might have. The thing that is important here is Amtrak doesn't have any discretionary money. Every penny they get goes into something that's really important, especially capital money like this. And so I would think that money played some part in it in that when Amtrak has to do large projects, they have to space them out in smaller parts over multiple years. And I don't know the facts in this case, but I do know that that is true with a number of large capital projects. You just can't do them quickly 'cause the funding isn't there.

When you were in charge, Mr.  Hughes, did you find it hard to get funding for Amtrak, a lot of skepticism and doubt?

turn 1 : The implied meaning of the turn is that the speaker is asking whether the derailment could have been prevented if Amtrak had received more government funding.

Answer: Unknown


Well, they do. But what people don't always realize about the Affordable Care Act is it's not just a discrete program in and of itself. It changed other government programs, too, and that includes Medicare.

What was the biggest change for Medicare?

Well, the one that's gotten the most attention is the change to prescription drug coverage. You may have heard about something called the doughnut hole. That's where Medicare would get you a discount on prescriptions but only up to a point. After that, you had to pay full price for drugs until you shelled out around 1,300 bucks. Then Medicaid would help you out again.

Now, some people never really reached that point because when they had to pay full price, they just started skipping some of their prescription meds. So the Affordable Care Act has been phasing out this gap. It saved people on Medicare more than $23 billion. But this program could go away with the repeal of the law.

That could go away, and we should say, once again, that we don't know yet what any replacement will look like. What have you heard among the ideas being proposed that might affect older Americans?

Well, a few members of Congress, Republicans, have circulated their own proposals for replacing the Affordable Care Act. And one thing that comes up in some of them, including in House Speaker Paul Ryan's plan, is a major change to Medicaid. Now, that's known as the program that provides health care for the poor. But it's also the program that pays for long-term care for a lot of older people. In fact, Medicaid pays the bills for most nursing home residents.

turn 3 : "It saved people on Medicare more than $23 billion." This turn is not meant to be taken literally, as "saving" here means that the Affordable Care Act reduced the amount of money that people on Medicare had to pay for prescription drugs, rather than physically saving money.

How much money did the Affordable Care Act save people on Medicare?

Answer: $23


Do you believe the United States has a moral obligation to accept people who, for whatever reason, find that they can no longer live in their home country?I mean, over the past couple of years in particular, you've heard Republicans say, time and again, America can't be the solution to every person's problems. How do you respond to that?

I think we have a moral obligation to do our part, which isn't to say we should take every persecuted person in the world. We can't do that. But we can do far more than we are doing at the moment.

And our laws - going back to language that was drafted in the days after World War II when, collectively, most of the world felt pretty awful about the way we turned Jewish refugees fleeing the Nazi government away - we adopted laws that said if you reach the United States and you have a well-founded fear of persecution for one of these particular reasons under the law, we won't send you back. And I think we do have a - both a moral and a legal obligation to respect that.

And this country has a history of refugee resettlement that is a beautiful part of our heritage. It's - the Statue of Liberty - that sonnet from Emma Lazarus that says, give me your poor, your teeming masses yearning to breathe free. I'm not saying take the whole of the world's refugees. But last year, when we actually ended up taking fewer than 23,000 refugees, that was less than one-tenth of 1% of the more than 25 million refugees in the world.

turn 2 : to adopt laws means to make new laws

How did the United States respond to Jewish refugees fleeing the Nazi government?

Answer: adopted


From NPR News, this is Day to Day. The ethics problem at the Interior Department continues to unfold, specifically in the little-known but powerful Minerals Management Service. The Interior Department's watchdog reports that employees in that division accepted gifts, they steered government contracts to friends, and they had sexual relations with oil and gas-company representatives. Joining us now is John Dimsdale from Marketplace, and John, first, what is the Minerals Management Service?I hadn't heard of it until yesterday.

Well, it's responsible for collecting royalty revenues from companies that extract oil and other minerals from federal property. And last year, they collected 11 billion dollars from the oil and gas industry. So, it's a big source of revenue. In fact, sometimes Minerals Management is the second largest source of income for the federal government, second only to the IRS. And remember, this scandal comes just as Congress is debating whether to allow more oil drilling, especially on the Outer Continental Shelf under the ocean.

That's right. So, let's go into the details of this scandal. What did the Interior Department's inspector general find?

Well, this report makes it sound like a very dysfunctional place. It alleges cocaine and marijuana use, and even promiscuous sex between government employees and the industry that they oversee. The inspector general says the relationship between the industry and the revenue collectors is supposed to be at arm's length, but most of the oil-company people that investigators talked to said they bought meals or drinks, entertainment, for government employees.

turn 1 : "they collected 11 billion dollars from the oil and gas industry" - literal meaning: the money was physically collected, figurative meaning: the money was earned or received from the industry.

How much money did the Minerals Management Service collect from the oil and gas industry last year?

Answer: 11


Well, certainly, his support for the military. We just passed the National Defense Authorization Act named in his honor. We did that every year. There are not many pieces of legislation these days that we're able to do. And that one is something we did every year at the insistence of John McCain. One of the last pieces of legislation that we did even after that was one that I sponsored with him for veterans courts - to make sure that we have adequate resources for veterans courts around the country. So his work for veterans was really important to him.

Sure. He's known as a man who had a powerful temper but also a powerful sense of humor. And I wonder if there are moments of that that really are jumping out at you today.

A lot of them. I remember - and I wrote in the piece about a time when I was in the House of Representatives. I had challenged some parochial spending projects and was receiving a lot of grief at home, a lot of vitriol from local elected officials and newspaper editorials. I was on a flight back to Arizona with John, and he worked his way back to where I was with a stern look on his face and put his finger in my chest. And I thought, oh, no he's going to let me have it, too. And he pointed at me, and he said, don't back down. He said, you were in the right, and they will come around. And it was all I needed to hear. It was just reassurance. But yeah, he did have a temper. He was certainly passionate, but he was quick to forgive.

Briefly, in. . .

turn 0 : it look like a meaningless. u can improve the sentence

What piece of legislation did they pass every year in honor of John McCain?

Answer: defence


Well (laughter), I was on Capitol Hill. I was actually at the White House. And President Trump didn't meet with us. He was out of the country. But, you know, honestly, I think it was campaign rhetoric. I'm not asking for a handout. I'm just asking for a helping hand - not only Pennsylvania, but West Virginia, Kentucky, Alabama. There's a lot of mines prior to this mine closing that have closed, and you just don't bring coal back. So we need to look outside of the coal industry in the future.

Your region supported Trump this past election. Am I right?

That's correct. You know what?He said the right things. He said, I'm bringing back coal and talked about the Second Amendment, not taking away guns. And that's the big part of West Virginia, Pennsylvania, this corner. And he said the right stuff.

What are people thinking about the president these days?

turn 2 : A believes that Trump's appeal to the Second Amendment and support for coal resonated with voters.

How did PersonA describe Trump's stance on the Second Amendment and coal?

Answer: Supportive


Well, first of all, we continue to ask for all options on the table because. . .

So you want it. You want that to be a potential.

We want all options on the table. We haven't asked specifically for military intervention. And the big difference is that you have to be responsible about this. Think of a Rwanda-style scenario. Think about when Maduro continues to murder more and more people. He has asked regime militia armed groups to repress peaceful protesters. So I think we have to be responsible about this approach. And that's precisely - we always ask for a peaceful and constitutional solution. In what other dictatorship do you see a national assembly, an interim president with the people asking for the regime to leave?

You were a political prisoner. What's this moment like for you personally?

turn 2 : A believes that Maduro's actions are similar to those in Rwanda and that a peaceful solution is needed

Which country is mentioned as an example in turn 2?

Answer: Rwanda


So do you think this would leave us in a better or worse position after these talks?I mean, it's a question whether or not this will actually go anywhere.

Well, it's - I mean, there's always a possibility that you would have the division laid out and follow-up meetings that strengthen that effort, and it goes somewhere productive. And that's what we all hope for. We'd like to see a denuclearized Korean peninsula. But I suspect it will be more of a pronouncement in which the two countries express interest in that direction. And then the details will get bogged down.

Senator Jeff Merkley of Oregon, thank you so much for speaking with us.

You're very welcome. Take care now.

turn 1 : The talks don't move, but they would cause people to have more talks that could cause events to happen.

Which direction is the division laid out towards after the follow-up meetings?

Answer: Stimulus


Yeah, well, when I was a young, little Muppet baby version of myself, you know, I mean - I guess people were right in that I was kind of a punk kid. I was anti-everything. I was anti-capitalist, first of all. I just don't have a lot of respect for profit motive. So as an artist, you know, I had a hard time. You know, when I was living hand to mouth, you know, my first manager - as a teenager, you know - tell people you have tapes for sale. Like, no, no.

(Laughter) You didn't even want to do that.

I just feel like a jerk. I didn't want to. I couldn't do it. I couldn't do it.

What I loved about the book was that I didn't come away with an impression that you suffered from self-doubt. You kind of always knew that it just didn't matter how hard it was, you were just - this was your thing.

turn 0 : "kind of a punk kid" - This is a figurative expression meaning that the speaker was rebellious and anti-establishment in their youth.

How would you describe the PersonA's attitude towards profit motive based on the statement? (one-word answer)

Answer: Anti-capitalist


The White House and the state of California are in the middle of a war over auto emissions. Now 17 automakers are calling for a truce. They want the two sides to reach a compromise on emission standards. The automakers' proposal offers a middle ground between existing Obama-era standards and the Trump administration's announced rollbacks of those standards. NPR's Camila Domonoske has been following this and is in the studio with us this morning. Thanks for coming in.

Yeah, happy to be here.

First, just describe the nature of this standoff. How did it come to be?

Right. So during the Obama administration, the White House set these ambitious targets for fuel economy, basically saying that year over year, cars on average should get more miles per gallon as a way to reduce the contribution to climate change. So these targets were set through 2025 with specific goals every year. The Trump administration wants to freeze those targets at 2020 levels. So basically, instead of getting more efficient over time, cars could stay about where they are now.

turn 3 : The Trump administration wants to keep fuel economy targets at 2020 levels.

What is the Trump administration's plan for fuel economy targets?

Answer: 2020-levels


Yeah.

There is still that love. There still that. . .

There absolutely is.

. . . Acceptance.

turn 1 : B is trying to express that love still exists despite some setbacks

Which emotion is PersonB emphasizing through repetition in turn 1?

Answer: Love


Ibiza being the Spanish island where this video was filmed.

Exactly - just blathering on and on to a Russian woman who they believed was the niece of a prominent Russian oligarch.

And I'll just insert here that I have not had the opportunity to verify exactly what is being documented on this video. But what it has done is raise all of these questions in Austria about the extent of Russian influence in Austrian politics. Is that right?

Absolutely. And, I mean, it's funny because these are actually fake Russians. This is - these are not necessarily people that were sent from the Kremlin. We don't really know the provenance of the video. Some people believe it's an activist collective. Other people are speculating that some secret services of various countries were involved. But the most important thing to say is that Vice Chancellor Strache hasn't denied any of the assertions.

Right. Well, let me insert a practical question here. Where does this leave the government of Austria?Who's in charge today?

turn 0 : Ibiza is the location where the video was recorded, not a person

Answer: Ibiza


And I'm wondering how to square the situation now with - I remember interviewing you last year. You had a new book just out on Libya. You were telling me. . .

Yeah.

. . . This did not feel like a country at war, that markets were open, that there were signs of normalcy in Tripoli. That has now changed with these latest developments.

Tragically yes. I mean, of course the country's always had problems. But through international assistance and a U. N. -brokered effort, things were improving in Tripoli modestly. Libyans have a way of getting by. And of course that has all been reversed, so of course now you're seeing electricity blackouts, I mean, displaced. The militias have a newfound presence in the capital. So the country's really been put backward.

I should mention you were just in Libya for a few weeks last month, in Tripoli.

That's right.

turn 3 : Despite previous improvements, Libya has regressed due to latest developments

Answer: Modestly