Unfortunately, we know that the homeless individuals who are unsheltered and living in the street are disproportionately burdened with behavioral health challenges, mental disease, substance abuse disorders. And so if a nurse from the government shows up with a syringe and says, hey, I'm here from the government. I'm here to help you. Take this shot - it's not so simple. We have had to spend a tremendous amount of time building trust, providing education and making the case for why receiving a vaccine is such a critical opportunity for them to protect their health.

What are the symptoms of hepatitis A?

These are symptoms that basically reflect inflammation of the liver. And the most common symptoms are basically fever, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, significant abdominal pain, the loss of appetite. And then one of the telltale things is either darkening of the urine or what's called jaundice, which is the common yellowing of the eyes and the yellow hue of the skin, indicating liver enzymes being spilled into the bloodstream. So jaundice is also a very common symptom.

Dr.  Yphnatides, if you think long term about changes you would want to see made to prevent another outbreak like this in the future, where does that take you?

turn 3 : Implied meaning: Dr. Yphnatides is being asked to think about what changes should be made in the future to prevent another outbreak like this.

What is Dr. Yphnatides being asked to consider for the future?

Answer: Prevention


So there's always been this open question about why Deutsche Bank lent to Trump when other banks wouldn't. And for investigators, the question is, you know, all the more pressing because Deutsche Bank has really a record of malfeasance and irregularities.

Tell us more about that history, some of the allegations. We mentioned money laundering earlier.

Right. Well, yeah, money laundering - the bank paid fines totaling $630 million in 2017. Regulators said some of its clients moved a huge amount of money, like $10 billion, out of Russia into offshore accounts illegally. And Deutsche Bank basically allowed it to happen. The - and the allegations about money laundering continue. Just recently, in November, the bank's headquarters in Frankfurt were raided by investigators. They were looking at how Deutsche Bank helped set up illegal accounts as part of this big, money laundering - global money laundering scheme.

So add to that Deutsche Bank paid $7. 2 billion for helping set up toxic mortgages before the financial crisis. It paid a big fine for violating U. S.  sanctions against Iran and Syria. So really, the bank has a long record of scandal, to say the least.

turn 2 : allowed it to happen" and "set up illegal accounts" - These phrases suggest that Deutsche Bank was complicit in facilitating illegal activity.

Which phrases suggest Deutsche Bank was involved in illegal activity?

Answer: allowed,setup


Oh, by all means. I mean, the family in particular has been just, I mean, courageous. I've been at this 50 years now, and sometimes families withdraw, and we understand that. But this family has been a model of participation in all of the rallies, the demonstrations that we've had, and some of the members will be arrested. Therefore, they have sent a message across the city, indeed across the nation, rallying young people because Sean was about 22, 23, rallying young people to this cause.

Now, you and Reverend Sharpton's National Action Network were involved in protests around the shooting death of Amadou Diallo. Civil disobedience played a big role in those protests. What do you think those protests taught you, or what did you learn from them?

Well, you know, we've been doing this across the years. There's nothing new about a civil disobedience. But having 1,200 people arrested in a daily civil disobedience venture is phenomenal. It made an impact upon the police department itself and upon the politics in New York. Giuliani was the mayor at that time.

We hope that we will have a residential law. That is to say that policemen should live where they work. So that would mean you kill where you live. And I suspect that if you're going to kill where you live, you'll be more inclined not to kill, and we hope that there would be an independent civilian complaint review board that would review the behavior of the police.

turn 1 : Protests involving civil disobedience had a significant impact on the politics and police department of New York.

How did civil disobedience protests impact New York's politics and police department?

Answer: Impact


Look, I think the president's actually been very clear about the things that he wants. He wants to address border security, he wants to deal with chain migration, and he wants to deal with the lottery. And he's certainly willing to provide legal status for DREAMers. So if those are your four principle points and they've been known for months, there ought to be a way to reach an agreement.

Border security means a wall?

It means border security. The president's acknowledged he's not talking about a wall from sea to shining sea. But it does require physical structures in a lot of places. Back in 2006, Congress actually voted for about twice the amount of physical barriers that we have today - so finishing that off, rebuilding parts of it. But again, as both General Kelly and the president acknowledged, we're not talking about a wall across the entire length of the border. But we are calling for much more intense border security.

Representative Tom Cole of Oklahoma, thanks for joining us.

turn 0 : A: Look, I think the president's actually been very clear about the things that he wants... So if those are your four principle points and they've been known for months, there ought to be a way to reach an agreement.  Implication: A is suggesting that the four principle points that the president has mentioned are clear and have been discussed for months, and therefore there should be a way to reach an agreement based on them.

How many principle points has the president mentioned?

Answer: four


So, you know, it was a very, very gutsy move because he and I, we didn't have a quarter. And I'm sure you're saying, well, how did you open up a restaurant without any money?Well, my grandmother, who was in her 90s, was gracious enough and had enough faith and confidence in us to use her house as collateral, and we took out a small 20,000 dollar loan, opened up a 2,000-square-foot restaurant in 1988.

And, the first day we opened, we were dead broke. We didn't have a cash register. There were so many things that we didn't have that I wouldn't dare try to open up a restaurant in today's time without. But in less than the two years - we leased the building for two years - in two years, not only had we paid my grandmother her money back, but we had saved 40,000 dollars. And we took that money and used it as a down payment and purchased our first restaurant.

Well, you know, I want to go to you, Gina, because I understand that there was a reunion at which you two reconnected. Tell me about that, first of all.

Pat and I dated in high school. As a matter of fact, our parents went to the same high school, and we got back together - we dated all through high school, we broke up, of course, and then we got back together at our 10-year reunion.

turn 3 : "got back together" - This means that they resumed their romantic relationship, rather than literally getting back to the same physical location.

Which relationship resumed at the reunion?

Answer: relationship


Well, about five years ago, when we started the project, it was actually the internal project name, and we had a series of scientists and engineers trying to think about how we could make glass tougher, more resistant to damage. And someone in the room just threw it out and said gorilla, and it stuck, and it became the product name.

And tell us about the history. Wasn't Corning experimenting with a super-tough glass back in the '60s?

Yeah, we sure were. Back in the early '60s, we had a product that we actually launched called Chemcor. The basic principles of trying to strengthen glass were the same, but we were targeting different applications to include automotive and safety glasses.

And so why is it not in automotive and safety glass?

turn 0 : The name 'gorilla' was not related to gorillas at all.

What was the inspiration behind the name 'gorilla'?

Answer: Gorilla


So if we're negotiating in public, we're not really negotiating at all.

That's correct. What we're doing is playing chicken, all kinds of games with each other. It's just a mess. You know, whenever you get to the entitlements, and so everybody knows, I'm out of the Senate three years and a half, but I was there for 36 years, and much of my work was budgeting. If I were there, I would be right in the middle of this. You would have been hearing from me for the last two years, and you'd be tired of my voice.

And you, Neal, would have had me on so many times, you would have said I don't want you anymore.

Well, I doubt that, Senator.

turn 2 : The literal meaning is that the speaker would have appeared on a media outlet many times. The actual meaning is that the speaker would have been very vocal and persistent on the issue, possibly annoying the media host.

What is the actual meaning of the PersonA's statement in turn 2?

Answer: Persistent


You know, that's when you've really, really been out there a little too long. But that's kind of what it takes. If you want to try to shake eight million hands, you better be ready mentally as well as physically.

Mayor Bloomberg leaves office a national figure, and reportedly the 10th richest man in America. What's he want to do with the rest of his life?Do you have any inkling?

He's given some clues. I mean, one clue that he's given is that he wants to give away all of his money. That aside from taking care of his family, he wants to spend the last dollar on the day that he dies. And he probably doesn't mean that literally, but his pet causes, which are public health and gun control above all, he really has put quite a lot of money into trying to make sure those views are carried forward. And where this is all supposed to lead, assuming the White House is off-limits, is just not clear. But we do know that Mike Bloomberg would have loved to be president, and if ever a chance comes up in the next few years, he will probably take that shot.

Errol Louis, host of "The Road to City Hall" on NY1, thanks so much.

turn 2 : He will not take an actual shot but will try to become president if he gets the chance.

What is one of Mayor Bloomberg's pet causes?

Answer: President


They're very abstract. I talked with Heather Heckman, who's at the University of South Carolina Libraries, and they loaned us some of this Vishniac footage. And she was, like, it's almost like avant-garde film because, you know, you look at these oyster larvae pulsating, and you don't know what they are. They're just - but it's really beautiful.

So we talked - so we learn about Vishniac and also sort of figure out how things have changed since the '50s, '60s and '70s, which is when he was doing his work. And we spoke with Wim van Egmond, who's this Dutch photographer who wins all these Nikon Small Worlds contests. I think people who follow this will know his name. But he makes these beautiful, microscopic videos and videos through the microscope and photos, too.

And they're all one-celled creatures?

Not all of them.

turn 0 : "it's almost like avant-garde film" - this is a figurative expression meaning that the footage is very abstract and unconventional, similar to avant-garde films, rather than a literal comparison to a specific genre of film.

Which type of films is the footage compared to?

Answer: Avant-garde


Well, that is a great question. And the real question here - and the son of the famed Northern Alliance commander Ahmad Shah Massoud this week is actually hedging his bets. He is bringing together on Wednesday an anti-Taliban coalition. They say they're going to fight the Taliban politically and militarily, if necessary - really kind of an indication that the Afghans aren't sure that they can trust the Taliban at all. Leila, while these negotiations have begun going on for nine months, the Taliban have continued to fight on the ground trying to increase their leverage on the battlefield so that they would have more influence at the negotiating table. And so Afghans aren't sure whether this - any peace agreement will mean the fighting is going to stop.

So then what does that mean for Afghanistan's upcoming presidential elections scheduled for later this month?

Well, President Ghani has insisted these elections should go forward. But this week, Abdullah Abdullah, his main contender and his chief executive officer, has said, he's ready to quit the elections for the sake of peace and that kind of throws things into question. So far, we understand the elections are going forward. Election materials are being distributed now as we speak. The elections are only four weeks away. And it - what's really uncertain is whether the Taliban who have vehemently opposed these elections have said that they will attack anything associated with the elections whether they're trying to make this a condition for further talks with the Afghans, which is the next step in this process.

That's reporter Jennifer Glasse in Kabul. Jennifer, thank you.

turn 0 : It's not betting but making sure that his chance has a better chance of succeeding.

What is the son of Ahmad Shah Massoud doing this week?

Answer: Bringing


Wow. So that must have even surprised the researchers, I imagine.

Yeah, well the big thing is nobody really has any even guess about how the brain is able to do this. They did some similar experiments where they weren't turning somebody's world upside-down, they were - they had goggles that reversed right and left. So everything that was on your right is suddenly on your left.

And again, the first few days were just madness from the point of view of somebody doing this. The whole world is reversed. But after a few days, the brain adjusted to it.

Amazing. And so when they took the goggles of him and he had to go back to the normal life, how long did that take?

turn 1 : The brain is capable of adjusting to unusual situations quickly.

Which attribute of the brain was tested in the experiment?

Answer: Adjustability


Right. I don't think we're at the stage of a full sectarian civil war, but we're certainly moving in the direction of greater sectarianism. The government is pushing this to some extent by doing some ethnic cleansing of villages where there's mixed Alawites and others, and they want to get the Sunnis mostly out.

Should they need to retreat to those regions, they want them fully Alawite.

Well, that's one theory. I think the idea of an Alawite state, where Assad and the Alawites can retreat, is not realistic, it wouldn't work, it wouldn't last. But they have to work out some kind of system, ultimately, where all Syrians can live together, which is how they've always done it.

You don't have a history of sectarian tensions in Syria like you do in some other countries. But you never also had a history of real democracy either. So they've never had a chance to work out a democratic system for power-sharing. The Iraqis are going through the same thing right now, huge demonstrations by Sunnis against the Shiite-led government. The Kurds are more or less on their own in the North.

turn 0 : to move in direction in this context means to change something

How is the government contributing to greater sectarianism?

Answer: ethnic


The yield curve has inverted for a full quarter, and that has been associated with predicting a recession for the last seven recessions. So from 1960s, this indicator has been reliable in terms of foretelling a recession. And also, importantly, it has not given any false signals yet.

So that would mean yes (laughter).

That means yes.

OK. So let me break down - let me ask you to break down what that means. What is the yield curve, and what does it mean when it's inverted?

turn 2 : A is confirming that the yield curve has inverted.

How has the yield curve been associated with predicting a recession?

Answer: B


Yeah, I think so. I think it's sort of like - the way I've been thinking about it, whereas Neanderthals - they were kind of an archaeological group that was in search of genomics and genetic elucidation, so we had all these bones from individuals we knew were Neanderthals because we've studied their archaeology and the tools they made so well, and so we wanted to compare that archaeology, the people who carried those - made those tools to present-day humans, see how they were related.

But in the case of the Denisovans, we started with the DNA, and we know there must have been a population, and really interesting to see what they were like. The West Eurasian, the European archaeological record and the archaeological record of the Middle East, is really, really well-studied and characterized by European and Western researchers. But the archaeological record of the eastern parts of Eurasia is more poorly studied or not studied at least within the same framework.

And it's a vast region of the world, which we know had humans in it when modern humans exploded out of Africa 40 or 50 thousand years ago. And so it's really exciting, and the data, the DNA tells you it's exciting, to try to figure out who those humans were. They were not exactly Neanderthals.

Hmm. In fact, isn't it true that when this bone was first discovered, people just thought it was a human bone?

turn 3 : This bone turned out to be a bone of a different species than humans

How did the bone turn out to be different from humans?

Answer: different


This is WEEKEND EDITION from NPR News. I'm Scott Simon. European leaders meet in Brussels to discuss further sanctions against Russia. That's after Russia's military incursion this week in eastern Ukraine. Those Russian troops and their military equipment are widely believed to be helping separatist fighters and their new offensive in southeastern Ukraine. The rebels were able to capture a strategic town on Thursday. And NPR's Soraya Sarhaddi Nelson is there. Soraya, thanks very much for being with us. Tell us about this town that was captured.

The town is called Novoazovsk, and it's a resort town on the seaside here - the sea of Azov. There about 13,000 people live here, although it looks very vacant at the moment. But what happened is, earlier this week, separatist forces came in. They fought with Ukrainians, who - and the separatists claim they fled fairly quickly. But the fighting was pretty intense for three days according to the residents that we spoke to.

And at this point, it's under the control of the pro-separatist forces. Now we actually saw somebody who looked - I mean, he sounded Russian. He had a Russian gun. There seems to be a mix of people here. Definitely not locals who are here. But the separatists claim that they do not have any Russians among them. That these are Ukrainian fighters who are here that are creating the new Russia and that all the weapons and tanks that we're seeing - and we've seen at least three tanks here. They claim that these are confiscated from Ukrainians.

Is the takeover popular?

turn 3 :  The implied meaning of this question is to ask whether the people of Novoazovsk are in favour of the takeover by pro-separatist forces.

Which question can be answered with only one word and asks if the people of Novoazovsk support the pro-separatist forces' takeover?

Answer: Popular


The Supreme Court heard arguments this morning on SB 1070, the Arizona immigration law, which passed in 2010. The most controversial part of the legislation requires local law enforcement to check the immigration status of people they suspect of being in the United States illegally. The central question before the justices is the extent of the federal government's authority over immigration law. A decision's expected this summer and, like the decision on the health care law, could play a role in the presidential election.

David Savage, Supreme Court correspondent for The Los Angeles Times and The Chicago Tribune, joins us now by phone from his office here in Washington. David, always nice to have you with us.

Hi, Neal.

And today might - the justices - obviously, this it their last day of arguments this term, not a low-profile case.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at something indirectly and expects the listener to understand the intended message.

Answer: Conveying


And when we went to the break, you were saying that one of the advantages of storing it in DNA is once you make it, it will last a very long time.

That's right, and you gave the example in your introduction that - one of the examples that we like to use, it's quite well-known, you know, there's been these Neanderthal samples found, and they can get DNA out of there and read the DNA in technical - we call it we sequence the DNA. And those samples from Neanderthals, or another great example is wooly mammoth, they get samples routinely from 10,000- or 20,000- or 50,000-year-old mammoths.

And that's not even a carefully controlled sample. That's just, you know, a mammoth that laid down and died somewhere cold.

I'm sorry for the mammoth. So - but if you took your DNA, you would store it in a controlled environment somewhere, or does it not need that?If the mammoth is lying in the ice. . .

turn 0 : go on break in this context means the show went to commercials, as its commonly called a commercial break

Answer: Not-Applicable


Well, I think his biggest mistake was that he was a very strict controller of how the theory was handled by his disciples. In other words, he permitted no deviation or modification of his theory or methods, and he didn't encourage any research to empirically validate his theory. So basically, people that followed him and embraced his theory had to take it on faith.

A somewhat lesser-known figure I found fascinating to read about, Dr.  Benjamin Rush, the only doctor to sign the Declaration of Independence. I guess he's known as the father of American psychiatry. But I've got to tell you after reading about him, I wonder why a pretty good medical school is named after him.

Again, we have to understand that to view things through the lens of the 21st century, it puts things in a really - a different light. Benjamin Rush was a physician, and what he did was to really take seriously the plight of people who were mentally ill. He wasn't a psychiatrist. He was a physician. The problem is is that the knowledge was so limited at the time, they really weren't able to gain any traction in understanding the underlying basis of severe mental illnesses. And so they came up with these ideas and these treatments that now seem to be either cockamamie or cruel.

Yeah. Psychiatry over the years has been back and forth on if mental disorder - for example, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia - is inherited.

turn 2 : "gain any traction" - This means to make progress or gain momentum. It is a figurative expression that refers to the difficulty of making progress in understanding severe mental illnesses due to limited knowledge at the time.

Answer: progress


And I did. And it hurt me. And I've cried. I've made defendants cry. I had the whole courtroom crying once because my sense of hurt was so real and so immediate.

And everybody talks about the problem in general or their dealing with one person, I used to get the individual en masse, day after day after day. And after a while - now, if you don't care, it's fine. But once you do care, it is exasperating, exhausting, and you feel a sense of complete impotence in dealing with the issue.

What do you think about the debate that goes on in our community around this?Because Judge Arrington has now appeared at an event with Bill Cosby, who's been a big critic of what he sees as the negative sides of black behavior.

So, when you look at this, you look at your experience with seeing the same people go in and out of court, with having people come on your show and disrespect the idea of trying, do you think that the debate that's going on right now in our community is going to produce change or could it divide us, where some people say, I don't need your judgements?

turn 0 : The whole courtroom was probably not crying, it just means that a lot of people present were crying or just moved emotionally.

What was the effect of the PersonA's sense of hurt on the courtroom?

Answer: emotionally


And let's begin with mumps. Officials in Ohio say it's the largest outbreak since the forties. How can that happen?

Mumps vaccine, although a very good vaccine, is not a perfect vaccine. And it's about 80 percent - 85 percent effective if mumps is reintroduced into a population. And so what we're seeing here is largely people who have been vaccinated, but now that mumps has been imported into the United States - into that population - it's spreading slowly in that group and it's difficult to contain.

What about the decision that some American parents have made not to vaccinate their children?Do you think that contributes?

Not so much to the mumps outbreak, but it does contribute to the measles problem that we're having. The measles outbreaks are clearly occurring in populations whose parents have withheld their children from immunization. They remain susceptible.

turn 2 :  In (3), the implied meaning is that some parents have chosen not to vaccinate their children, which may be contributing to the measles problem.

What problem is caused by some American parents' decision not to vaccinate their children?

Answer: Measles.


Well, what happened on Tuesday was very interesting. During the day on Tuesday, there was a very small protest. They were in the middle of central Baghdad in Tahrir Square. They were very quickly dispersed by the Iraqi security forces, but then a call went out on social media from people's individual accounts to say, let's go back to the square at 3 o'clock. And the numbers surprised everybody. There were thousands of people in the square who reacted to that, and they all had one real message to the government. That was to end corruption and provide jobs and opportunity.

The government were completely surprised by this, and they sent in the Iraqi army and the police with very heavy-handed tactics. They used live fire. They used tear gas. They used rubber-coated steel bullets. Now, there were a number of deaths that day, and then the protests spread to other parts of the country.

So whatever had happened, it struck a chord with very young people. Now, the median age of the protesters, as far as I can work out, is about 20 years old. These are people who don't remember Saddam Hussein, who, you know, barely remember the U. S. -led occupation of Iraq. What they do remember is the last 10 years and the opportunities that have not been given to them.

And as you have been moving around the streets, reporting, trying to talk to them, what specifically do they tell you that they want?

turn 2 : It affected the young people's emotions when they saw what happened.

Answer: Emotions


Exactly, exactly.

How often does this happen?This is quite rare, is it not?

Yeah, we haven't had an annular eclipse in the United States since 1994, and this is part of what's called a sero-cycle(ph) that repeats itself every 18 years, 11 days and six hours - but who's counting that?But it repeats itself very precisely, and so we'll have another eclipse just like this 18 years, 11 days and six hours from now.

And in a couple of weeks, there's going to be another big sky show, right?The Transit of Venus. Tell us about that.

turn 2 : This goes beyond what is being asked and explains the cycle of annular eclipses in more detail.

What is the duration of the sero-cycle that repeats itself in annular eclipses?

Answer: 18,years,11,days,6,hours


Right. So a lot of this book takes place in a world that is slightly adjacent to our own perhaps. And my wife and I are both Jewish, and we really wanted to keep our wedding very small and very simple. We didn't invite a lot of people, and a lot of people were very upset about that. But we really wanted to keep it simple and not have a big to-do. And I was shocked that even when we were both in agreement about that of how complicated it was to just have this small, simple wedding. And some of the things we wanted, I couldn't explain to you why it was that - you know, why must we get married under a chuppah?I don't know, but we both have to. Or, like, the food - I go, oh, we'll just get, like, some takeout. It's only 20 people. We're not getting takeout for our wedding.

And then I thought we were on the same page on this.

I thought we were on the same page.

We've had conversations about this.

turn 1 : on the same page implies having the same opinion and understanding about something

Which phrase implies having the same opinion and understanding about something?

Answer: samepage


NPR's Sylvia Poggioli says the showdown speaks to deeper tensions between populists and liberals, tensions we've seen playing out across Europe. And Sylvia joins me now from Rome. Hey, there.

Hi, there.

So tell us exactly what has unfolded here. This all began back on June 12.

That's right. That's when the captain of the NGO ship Sea-Watch, 31-year-old Carola Rackete, and her crew rescued 53 migrants off the coast of Libya. They decided to head for the closest safe port, which is the Italian island of Lampedusa. But Italy's populist Interior Minister Matteo Salvini has introduced a controversial security decree that bans NGO migrant ships from entering Italian ports. He claims they essentially are in cahoots with human traffickers. But after two weeks on the high seas, the standoff continued.

And just to be clear, Sylvia, they were just circling in the waters out there for two weeks, trying to figure out what to do next.

turn 2 : They are trying to ask what happen in Europe

Which European tension is being referred to in the dialogue?

Answer: political


I don't think I have to. I'm a jazz musician. I know what I am. Whether the music you think I'm playing or professing is jazz or not, it's kind of not my problem, you know what I mean?I'm a jazz musician, and this is what I do.

I do conduction, and it doesn't matter whether I do it with classical musicians or jazz musicians or traditional Japanese instruments, Korean instruments, Turkish instruments. It doesn't matter. This is what I do, work with funk musicians or pop musicians. It doesn't matter. I'm still doing - I'm still showing everybody the same sign. This means sustain. This means repeat. This means graphic information. This means this, this, and that.

Some of your newer music, it's recording Nublu Orchestra. It crosses many genres. Let's take a listen to "Downstairs. "

How did you get started on this path?I mean, who were your influences?Who were the musicians that sparked in your imagination that this is a road you might take?

turn 3 : the musicians actually created a spark in the speaker's imagination, but the figurative meaning is that the musicians inspired the speaker's creativity.

Which road did the musicians spark in the PersonA's imagination?

Answer: Road


You know, Scott, it's really hard to say. Most of the people we've talked to here in Edmonton over the past few days say what's happening with FIFA has nothing to do with what's going on on the field. There's definitely a worry here, though, that the media will fixate on it. And at FIFA's opening press conference in Vancouver, the president of Canada's soccer association got a barrage of questions all about the drama, and he basically said, look, this is perfect timing for the Women's World Cup. It's the purest form of the game. It's soccer to the core. Let's focus on that because that's what this sport needs - some purity, some positivity. And let's not forget, Scott, this is the biggest women's sporting event in the entire world. And a half a billion people are expected to watch today's opening game between Canada and China, so it's a big deal.

And more national teams than ever, right?

Yeah, that's right. The World Cup is held every four years, and this year there are 24 teams, which is eight more than four years ago. It should be really exciting. Canada is a giant country. So they're going to be traveling around a ton from the West Coast of Vancouver all the way to Moncton on the East Coast, which, you know, hey, I've never even heard of that place so that should be. . .

I've been to Moncton.

turn 3 : "I've been to Moncton" - means the speaker has visited Moncton before, rather than literally carrying or moving to that location.

What does the PersonA's turn in statement 3 imply?

Answer: Familiarity


Not necessarily. Sinkholes can happen for many different reasons at different times. However, we do tend to see sinkholes occur more often during high precipitation events, so during a wet season, for instance. The - if you have a void underground and in the soil it tends to work its way toward the surface. And so then you have - and we don't necessarily see any kind of subsidence on the surface if it's a nice, tight, clay soil.

But when you add a lot of water to it, you're adding - you know, water weighs a lot. So you're adding that weight to that soil bridge, basically, over that void. And once you get to a certain amount of weight, it'll collapse. The other situation is during droughts. Water tables will drop, so that'll give you a little bit more instability for what's on the surface, but also clay holds water very well.

And during a drought, you might dry up the water that's in that clay. And clay, you know, that water is basically like a glue. It's adhesive. And if you lose that adhesion, you also can get sinkholes.

Is there a way to detect if you have a sinkhole under your property someplace?

turn 0 : Deep holes in the ground that appear suddenly and continue to keep deeper happen for different reasons at different times.

Answer: a


I think the - the city will continue as it is. It's still the heart of all economic activity, of business. The plan to move the capital of Jakarta somewhere else is nearly 60 years old. The first Indonesian president, I think, in 1957 already came up with plans. In fact, they build a city in another part of Indonesian Borneo that was going to be the new capital.

Now, that didn't happen. But - so these plans are - have been around for a long time, and this has also got to do with taking the center of Indonesia's power, which is now concentrated on the island of Java, more centrally to Indonesia.

So the proposed new location in Borneo - is that a better choice for a capital?

It's not too bad. I've lived in the area for quite some time. There is tropical rainforest, and the government has emphasized that they want this to be a really green development. There's going to be no deforestation. There's going to be very smart planning. Of course, environmentalists like myself are concerned about what is going to happen once you move a million people into a relatively sparsely part of Indonesian Borneo. That likely will have significant impacts on the environment.

turn 3 : Moving a million people to a sparsely populated area may harm the environment despite the government's plans for green development.

How might the environment be impacted by moving a million people to a sparsely populated area?

Answer: Environment


A lawsuit was filed this week in federal court on behalf of a man who moved from Puerto Rico to Southeast Georgia in 2017. He applied for a driver's license after waiting at the required 30 days. The man, Kenneth Caban Gonzalez, says that an inspector from the Georgia Department of Driver Services confiscated his documents and asked him a number of trivia questions such as, who is Roberto Clemente, and what is the name of the frog native only to Puerto Rico?He alleges he also asked trick questions such as, where is Caguas beach?There is no beach in Caguas.

The lawsuit accuses the state of violating the Civil Rights Act by holding residents of Puerto Rico to more stringent requirements than it does transplants from other U. S.  states. The advocacy group Latino Justice is litigating the case along with the Southern Center for Human Rights. And with us now is Gerry Weber. He's a senior attorney at the Southern Center.

Welcome. Thanks so much for joining us.

Thank you for having me.

turn 1 : The state of Georgia has unequal requirements for residents of Puerto Rico.

How is the state of Georgia treating residents of Puerto Rico?

Answer: Crowding


So when we think of plays like "Romeo And Juliet," quite often they mention - well, in particular "Romeo And Juliet" - it mentions nightingales and particularly larks. And indeed would make the sound of a lark. So found - in any other context you could just say, oh, it's a (unintelligible). But found in this context, there's a possibility that it was used, as you say, as a special effect during performance.

Oh, my word. What else have you found that'd we'd enjoy hearing about?

We're just starting to find things that may have been used by actors or the audience - things like clay pipes or hair combs and the old coin.

What will become of the Curtain when you're done?

turn 0 : "And indeed would make the sound of a lark" - Here, the phrase "make the sound of a lark" is not meant to be taken literally, but rather as a metaphor for the sound that the actor would produce, perhaps through singing or whistling, to create the impression of a lark.

Which bird's sound is mentioned in the dialogue?

Answer: Lark


We're hoping that this research kind of paves the way to looking at novel high-speed adhesives. So how do you grab things - difficult things - very, very quickly?And so, like, if you were to grab something that's dusty, like a brick, or furry, duct tape's not going to be able to stick to either of those things. You know, you're going to have to use something like claws or grabbing mechanisms. But we think that with this new type of thick, viscous fluid coating a very soft substrate, that it will be able to grab oddly textured things very quickly. So in my mind, I'm dreaming of a - like, a frog tongue attached to a drone, and the drone can fly around and pick up packages really quickly and fly away.

Do you mind me asking - after a day in the lab - I'm just guessing- do you just want to go home and fast?I mean, it must be difficult to eat anything.

(Laughter) There are times that - especially in the beginning - where I had the smell of frog in my nose for at least an hour, and I couldn't eat anything. But by the end of the study, I'd been - you know, I was eating frog legs every week - part of the study.

Oh, no. Seriously?

turn 1 : (2) implies that A has a very tiring day in the lab and wants to finish the work quickly and go home.

What smell did PersonA have in their nose for at least an hour?

Answer: Frog


So crack down on the doctors, but make sure there's a support system ready for their patients.

Absolutely. And the thing is - and this is so beautiful - is that when you get to watch lives change. For myself, you know, I used to get up every single morning thinking, you know, where am I going to get my pills?And that occupied my entire day. Now, keep in mind, I was a practicing physician. So I had some other things to do. And that's what people who are, you know, who are addicted are facing every single day.

And now, you know, providing them with quality help and watching them change their lives is one of the most fun things that I've ever been involved with. We need to make that opportunity more widespread. We need to decrease the stigma around stepping out and ask for help. And also, Sacha, we need to make evidence-based treatment available without the stigma that goes along with it.

turn 3 : "That's Dr. Steven Loyd. He's based in Nashville, Tenn. Thanks for talking with us."  The literal meaning of this turn is simply an introduction to Dr. Steven Loyd. The implied meaning is that the interview has ended and the interviewer is thanking Dr. Loyd for his time and participation.

How was Dr. Steven Loyd involved in the conversation?

Answer: Introduction


Mr.  Bostrom, as I understand it, you have spent a lot of your working life dealing with nuclear war and asteroid strikes and now the prospect of superintelligent machines. How you doing?

Well, I actually also spend some time thinking about the upside of things, like, if things go well, if humanity makes it through this century intact, I think the future for Earth originating intelligent life could be very long and very large and very bright, indeed. We might reach technological maturity in this century, and with that would come the possibility to colonize the universe and to cure cancer and to accomplish many other things that we can only vaguely dream about today. It's worth being really careful and making sure that we don't screw up along the path.

Nick Bostrom is the founder and director of the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University and the author of "Superintelligence. "Thanks for speaking with us, Mr.  Bostrom, and I don't mind saying good luck.

Thanks.

turn 2 : In (3), the speaker is not wishing Mr. Bostrom good luck in the literal sense, but rather expressing his appreciation for speaking with them and thanking him for his efforts.

Which expression in (2) suggests that the speaker is familiar with the accomplishments of Mr. Bostrom?

Answer: Author


It occurred on August 1st, in the late hours of the morning. One Serbian fell, and another (unintelligible) porter fell as well trying to rescue him, and that was the beginning of the fatalities. However, the serac fall, which stranded most of the climbers, didn't occur until quite late in the evening on August 1st.

A serac is a big column of ice, a big sheet of ice. And it fell off the mountain, and that complicated things for a lot of people. What were conditions like?

The weather was completely calm, very cold and clear, which is normal. No wind and as the day began to - as the sun began to rise, the weather was actually better than we could have hoped for. But, of course, things changed. The wind began to pick up the next day as people were stranded, and that complicated the rescue effort.

turn 3 : "You were attempting to summit on that day, weren't you?" - The literal meaning is that the speaker is asking if the person was planning to reach the summit on that day. The implied meaning could be that the speaker wants to know if the person was involved in the events that were being discussed earlier.

What was the PersonA's implied reason for asking if the person was attempting to summit on that day?

Answer: Events


In 2013, a professor there, Ethan Zuckerman, had said, look - this is a guy who's a sex offender. He's done these crimes against children, solicited procurement of prostitution of minors. He shouldn't be involved in the institute. So two years later, when Ito was making sure that he could come to the offices to look around, they essentially said, we've got to box Zuckerman out so that he won't be able to see that Epstein is on campus.

So have there been any ramifications to this other than Ito's resignation?

Well, sure. Zuckerman resigned. A couple other people have resigned affiliations with the lab. I think there's real questions focusing on the university - why this resignation didn't come sooner, why it wasn't forced. You don't need an MIT Ph. D.  to be able to read the writing on the wall that's in letters that big. And they should have had some accountability and responsibility. The initial statements didn't, you know, seem to allow the precise nature of the interactions, the precise figures involved to be obscured to the public. That's not the kind of accountability you want from a place like MIT.

Can you just talk a little bit more about what you think the bigger-picture consequences are of this?I mean, what does this lab do, and why do you think that it's important that people focus on something like this?

turn 2 : MIT should have taken responsibility and acted sooner to address the issue.

Which institute should have taken responsibility and acted sooner according to the speaker?

Answer: MIT


Well, you could say both. You know, in 2010, the parent company declared bankruptcy. There's significant debt surrounding and hanging over National Enquirer's parent company. But you can't separate this from the scandals. The Washington Post, in its reporting, claims that the hedge fund manager who's sort of controlling owner now of American Media says that he's disgusted by what he's learned. This is not really anything new for the Enquirer, but don't forget the legal trouble the Enquirer has been in. You know, it got dragged into the investigation of Michael Cohen and others. It had to, essentially, negotiate with prosecutors in order to avoid prosecution. And indeed, the Bezos scandal may raise the legal stakes once more.

I mean, we've probably all joked at the grocery store checkout stand, like, looking at the headlines - who would ever buy the National Enquirer?Well, now it's like a more serious question. Who would buy the National Enquirer?

Well, you know, in a straight world, you might say TMZ, the digital gossip site. It's hard to know. It's a damaged brand. It is a notable brand. Somebody may buy it as a plaything, or there's been speculation Jeff Bezos would want to strangle it, buy it and put it out. . .

Wow. That would be. . .

turn 1 :  (2) implies that it is surprising that anyone would buy the National Enquirer, while

Which digital gossip site was mentioned as a potential buyer of the National Enquirer?

Answer: TMZ


Oh, it was like looking out across the ocean. There was water from as far as you could see both ways. And I think it was over a billion dollars worth of damage to our community and East Grand Forks. Seemed quite hopeless, but our message today is one of hope. And I think FEMA has referred to us as a poster child for flood recovery because of what we've accomplished as a community.

After the flood, the city decided some homes needed to be removed to make way for key infrastructure. How was that decision made?

Decision-making - that's the most important thing about recovery is people have to make decisions, and whether they're popular or not, to allow the recovery to occur. So we had to choose places that were in the floodplain that couldn't be rebuilt. And those entry-level homes had to be taken to build the infrastructure for the flood recovery project.

Your own home was slated to be raised to make way for this new flood system. Is that right?

turn 3 :  "slated to be raised to make way for this new flood system" - the actual meaning is that the speaker's home was going to be demolished or relocated in order to make space for the new flood system infrastructure, rather than being physically raised or elevated.

Which word describes the incorrect interpretation of the phrase "slated to be raised"?

Answer: Raised


They came out weekly. So a reader really would get their news day to day in the mainstream paper or on the radio. But this aspect of racial pride and presenting stories of achievement and success and issues was so important for readers of the time because this is the only place you would see lengthy stories of interest to blacks.

Nancy, we don't have very much time, so very briefly, tell us how she actually was tracked by the government. I mean, comic strips were considered political at this point, and she was investigated by the Justice Department. Just tell us very briefly.

Yes, well, I knew she must have had some kind of surveillance, because her topics were so political. She took on the arms race, the Cold War, freedom of speech. She even named President Truman and talked about the Korean War. So, you know, I made a request at the Justice Department, and I did get her file.

But what was interesting is they did not mention her cartoons. They were interested in her friends and associations and investigated her because of those. And she was with intellectuals and artists and others who - yes, I'm sure some were communists, but many were anti-communists, and she certainly was not a communist. But they followed her, and they had informants watching out for her for about 10 years.

turn 0 : "this is the only place you would see lengthy stories of interest to blacks." This turn does not mean that it was the only place where black people could read stories of interest to them. It means that mainstream newspapers and radio stations did not cover stories of interest to black people extensively.

How were stories of interest to black people covered in mainstream newspapers and radio stations at the time?

Answer: Extensively


And what about men?After all, they groom too, especially their beards. So, they need tables of their own. Well, these vanities aren't really tables. Men stood to shave at narrow cabinets with stacks of drawers for their grooming supplies. One glossy modern piece caught my eye.

It's red and it's plastic by Raymond Loewy. The design date is 1969. It was manufactured and he made variations on the theme. But this is the men's shaving stand. And as you see, there's no place to sit. So, he combined sort of the historical idea of men's dressing tables with new contemporary materials, the molded plastic. He has no handles, but the grips on the drawers come out of the molded plastic. And the mirror, again, pops up. When you pull it down, it looks like just one closed cabinet. But in fact it's a men's shaving stand.

What is it, do you think, in the human psyche that we - so many of us - I mean, look at the human history that's shown here in this exhibit - need to look at ourselves, at least for a time, to begin the day?

It is inexplicable, it's innate. It's something in our gene pool. . .

turn 3 : In both of these turns, the implied meaning goes beyond the literal words used. The speaker is not simply asking about the reasons behind the human need to look at themselves or stating that it is innate and related to genetics. The implied meaning suggests a deeper exploration of human psychology and the significance of self-reflection as a part of our daily

What is the implied meaning behind the discussion of the men's shaving stand?

Answer: Psychology.


Cheryl, I understand there'll be a meeting there later on this afternoon. Who is expected to be there?

Well, officials of the now-closed Republic Windows and Doors are going to be there, along with union representatives, as well as representatives of Bank of America, the bank which canceled funding for this place, and Congressman Luis Gutierrez, who has been spearheading a lot of the negotiations. So that's what's going to be happening this afternoon.

NPR's Cheryl Corley speaking to us from the Republic Windows and Doors factory in Chicago. Thank you, Cheryl.

You're quite welcome.

turn 1 : spearheading refers to leading  or to initiates an activity such as the negotiations

What word describes the role of Congressman Luis Gutierrez in the negotiations?

Answer: Initiating


You know, it would seem intuitively impossible in this environment that the actors would want to go on strike at this point. Just factoring out for a second the economy, there was a devastating writers' strike, and people were just really tired of that by the time it was over. Now, meanwhile, people are watching their savings disappear, it's terrifying out there, and I can't imagine that people would want to go on strike, but you have to bear in mind that a great many members in the Screen Actors Guild don't really work and can vote. So, that might have an effect on the outcome.

You mention the writers' strike that went on for several months. Many folks in the entertainment industry are still recovering from that. So, what would happen if all of a sudden there were SAG strike as well?

Studios can hold out. They're in bad shape. I mean, they're going to be hurt by this environment economically. But that doesn't mean they can't survive for quite a long time with a strike underway. And that means that people would - I mean, it would just be so devastating; people would lose their jobs. And that wouldn't just be the actors; it would be people who support productions. The actors, unlike the writers, they can close down a movie very quickly. So, it would be an immediate and potentially a long-term and the devastating impact not only for the economy here, but for the Screen Actors Guild if it turned out to backfire.

So, Kim, what happens from here?What's the next steps?

turn 0 : "factoring out for a second" - This phrase is an idiomatic expression meaning to temporarily set aside a particular factor or consideration.

What does the phrase "factoring out for a second" mean?

Answer: Temporarily


. . . You are from this area - born in D. C. , raised in Maryland and Virginia - the DMV, as we like to say. So what's it like to be back home now that you're blowing up like this?Can you go to, like, the CVS if you want to without being recognized?

Yeah. I definitely can go to the CVS. You know, sometimes people recognize me, sometimes they don't. But it's a beautiful feeling, and I just can't wait to move back eventually.

How did you start singing or how did you realize you could sing?

I don't know. I just was always singing. I didn't know if it was good or not, but my grandma, she told me that I sounded like an angel. And that maybe - perhaps that kept me going. I mean, I always wanted a solo at the church, and they didn't ever give it to me. But eventually they did, and I froze. But then I killed it. And I just feel like that kind of just followed me all throughout my life.

turn 3 : The phrase "I froze" does not literally mean that the speaker's body physically froze, but rather that they were nervous or scared.  The phrase "killed it" does not literally mean that the speaker caused harm to anything, but rather that they performed very well.

How did the speaker perform at the church?

Answer: Well


Is it important to the grassroots to have that still?

Absolutely. I mean, fiscal responsibility is still a measure of what I would call conservative values. The problem is we just don't seem to see the Congress expressing those values any longer. The CBO and the GAO have both said that this kind of spending cannot be sustained. And what can't continue won't continue. So it's irresponsible for us not to deal with the spending issue.

Mark Meckler is the president of Citizens for Self-Governance. Thank you so very much.

Thanks for having me, Lulu. I appreciate it.

turn 3 : having me implies hosting someone or engaging with someone and not referring to owning someone

Which verb describes what hosting someone implies in turn 3?

Answer: Hosting


They have. About 40-plus have gone, probably as we talk, a number of them have left.

He's not considered a good candidate to lead the party to victory in a general election, I gather.

No, no, he's not. The leadership's come to him very late in life. He's a poor communicator. And that makes it very difficult to win over votes. He excites a section of Britain young people who will turn out in their thousands for his rallies and his meet and. . .

They feel the Bern.

They feel the Bern. The comparisons, again, you can see parallels between what is happening in Britain with what is happening in America. And they're not false. They're not invented.

Kevin Maguire of the Daily Mirror who joined us on Skype, thanks very much for being with us.

turn 2 : This statement of  A implies that the Aspirant is too old and does not have a good communication skill to be a leader.

What is the reason that the aspirant is not considered a good candidate?

Answer: communication


It occurred on August 1st, in the late hours of the morning. One Serbian fell, and another (unintelligible) porter fell as well trying to rescue him, and that was the beginning of the fatalities. However, the serac fall, which stranded most of the climbers, didn't occur until quite late in the evening on August 1st.

A serac is a big column of ice, a big sheet of ice. And it fell off the mountain, and that complicated things for a lot of people. What were conditions like?

The weather was completely calm, very cold and clear, which is normal. No wind and as the day began to - as the sun began to rise, the weather was actually better than we could have hoped for. But, of course, things changed. The wind began to pick up the next day as people were stranded, and that complicated the rescue effort.

You were attempting to summit on that day, weren't you?

turn 0 : "and that was the beginning of the fatalities." - The implied meaning here is that the fall resulted in people dying, rather than just being the start of a sequence of events.

Answer: Fall


So are you surprised by these numbers?Is there anything in the report we haven't really heard before?

Unfortunately I wish I could say I was surprised. But it's pretty much an extension of what we've known going back for decades now, and that is that our path of tougher sentencing laws and higher rates of incarceration has really continued unabated. And at this point, as this report points out, we stand alone on the global stage with really no other peers in terms of our use of incarceration.

Can you break down the numbers by race?

Well, that's where the numbers are most compelling and most frightening. The one in a hundred number that got most of the attention, one in a hundred Americans are in prison or jail, obscures the underlying trends and the geographical concentration of incarceration, particularly among low-income communities of color. And once you look for young African—American males, as the report points out, black men between the ages of 20 and 34, one in nine of them are in prison or jail on a given day.

turn 1 : The numbers in the report confirm that the use of incarceration in the US has been consistently high for decades, and the country stands alone globally in its incarceration rates.

How does the report describe the incarceration rates in the US compared to other countries?

Answer: Alone


I think my career - had before this was 48, and I thought I had a pretty good game in that game. But it turns out it didn't even come close to this one.

I've read you just came from a weekend tournament where you went 11-41 in two games; from the depths to the heights.

Yeah. Yeah. I had a pretty poor shooting weekend. So coming into this game, my coaches and my teammates really wanted to get me going a little bit offensively to get my confidence up before we head into conference play.

And get your confidence up, you made, I think - what was it?More than 50 shots.

turn 3 :  "get your confidence up" is an idiom that means to increase one's self-assurance or self-esteem, rather than literally raising something up.

What is the idiom used to describe the process of increasing one's self-assurance or self-esteem?

Answer: get


(Laughing) Someone said, you'd better bring that spear because he's going to need it over the next four years.

You know…

And. . .

Coming from Washington, I think that's absolutely right.

turn 0 : better bring that spear because he's going to need it means the person needs to be more aggressive.

What does the metaphorical "spear" represent in the conversation?

Answer: Aggression


Debates can matter. They may not decide the race. Lots of social scientists have told us over and over that they don't. And there's polling evidence that their impact is perhaps limited and temporary. But in the popular imagination, including those of a lot of us journalists, the debates are a dramatic moment. They're a dramatic high point in the campaign. And they come just at the time when people are starting to really pay attention.

And in fact, in some states, even starting to vote.

That is correct. They - a number of states have begun their voting as of the Friday of this past week.

Yeah. Both sides right now claim, oh, you know, we just hope to hold our own. We think the other side is such a better debater.

turn 3 : In turn (4), the actual meaning is that both sides are downplaying their chances of success in the debate, even though they may privately believe that they will perform better than the other side. The implied meaning is that both sides are likely overestimating their own abilities and underestimating their opponent's abilities, and that the outcome of the debate may be more uncertain than either side is willing to admit.

Answer: Meaning


After he infected you?

Yeah, yeah.

So, let me get this straight. He infected you. You went back to him, and then he didn't want to be associated with you because other people knew about you?

Right. And he was scared his own status would be revealed. They would, you know, he was scared people would think, oh, she got it from him, and things like that.

What was it that you think made you go back to him when many other people would say I'm so angry I want to smack this guy up the head, or worse?

turn 4 : smack implies giving the person a quick blow or slap

What action does the word "smack" imply?

Answer: quick


And so, finally, what would affect this backlog?What would be the most - in your view, based on your experience - the most effective way to address this backlog - this enormous backlog of cases?

I think, to begin with, any high-volume court system - criminal courts, you know, outside of the immigration system - can only survive when you have - the two parties are able to conference cases, are able to reach pre-case settlements, are able to reach agreements on things. If you could imagine in the criminal court system, if every jaywalking case had to go through a - you know, a full jury trial and then, you know, get appealed all the way up as high as it could go, that system would be in danger of collapse as well. So I think you have to return to a system where you allow the two sides to negotiate things.

And you also have to give the judges - let them be judges. Give them the tools they need to be judges and the independence they need to be judges. And lastly, you have to prioritize the cases.

Before we let you go, I assume that there were different political perspectives at this conference, given that people come from all different sectors of that - of the bar. And I just wondered - and I assume that there are some there who favor more restrictionist methods and some who don't. I was wondering, overall, was there a mood at this conference?

turn 0 : cases implies situations, issues or conditions and not suitcases or packs

How does PersonA describe the importance of negotiating cases in high-volume court systems?

Answer: Negotiate


Oh, the subpoena is the basic working tool of these investigations. It can be a single piece of paper that demands that the witness show up on pain of contempt. Or it can also be a subpoena of the kind that seeks documents, including digital material like emails. By bringing in a witness, they cut through a lot of the stalling. And by demanding the documents, they have the materials to pin the witness down in the questioning.

And what about the value of closed-door sessions?Jared Kushner, the president's son-in-law and top adviser, met with the committee behind closed doors this week. What's the value of that to the committee even as it frustrates the public a bit?

Well, there are pluses and minuses to it. It's best if it's a preparation for a public session. Committee staff, for example, will do a behind-closed-doors questioning very thoroughly and minutely using documents in a way that you don't see so much in a public session. So it can be good preparation. It's also, in this particular situation, it's possible that there's a mixture of classified and non-classified material and you sort that out during the behind-closed-doors.

It sounds like you're describing a dress rehearsal or something like that.

turn 3 : is to practice or prepare for a performance.

What does turn 3 imply about closed-door sessions?

Answer: fairness


Thank you very much.

I think the profession of science is under attack. And why is that happening?Because we've really ceded the floor. We haven't engaged in politics. We've left that open for politicians to come in and really hijack and obfuscate science for their own selfish needs.

When you say that science is under attack, to what degree should we read this march as a protest against Trump administration policies?

turn 1 : (2): "What is the mission of this March for Science?" While the literal meaning is a straightforward request for information, the implied meaning is that the speaker wants to know more about the motivations and goals behind the March for Science. It implies that the speaker is interested in the larger context and political implications of the event.

How does PersonB interpret the question "What is the mission of this March for Science?"

Answer: Motivations


NPR's Dina Temple-Raston has been following this story, and she's here now. Dina, scientists and legal experts, they're saying that the evidence against Ivins is really far from foolproof, that there is no smoking gun. What are they concerned about?

Well, a lot of the scientists who have looked at this say that they couldn't - that the FBI couldn't possibly have ruled out everyone who might have matched the anthrax vial or had access to the anthrax vial that they matched to Ivins. And this is basically, without getting too much into the science, this is because anthrax, all you have to do is grow more. So if you had some anthrax, conceivably, from this vial that they linked to Ivins, you could have grown your own source of more of that.

They also can't place him in Princeton, which is where the letters were mailed from, and he has this very distinctive, cramped handwriting that they couldn't match the handwriting on the envelopes. The FBI said it was similar, but there was nothing conclusive there. And there's this broader feeling that he couldn't have possibly accomplished all of this on his own. The plan was too elaborate and too technical for one person to do by themselves.

So what does the FBI say to all those questions?

turn 2 : "cramped handwriting" - This is a descriptive phrase that refers to handwriting that is very small, tight, and crowded together, making it difficult to read. It does not refer to handwriting that is physically cramped due to space constraints.

What does the phrase "cramped handwriting" describe?

Answer: Handwriting


That's right. And the U. S.  scientists had been very disappointed in the '58 Brussels fair because they felt the Russians had outshone us in terms of science. And they said we need to do something. And the Seattle guys came along and said, we want to do a fair. You want a science fair. That's what this will be about. The Space Needle was designed to be a symbol of the kind of uplift that science and technology represented to the world.

When they broke ground on the Space Needle, it was literally the same time that the Berlin Wall was being built. And it became this kind of symbol about the difference between us and the Soviets. They were putting up barbwire. We were putting up a vista to the world.

Talking with Knute Berger on SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR. I'm Ira Flatow here at - in Seattle at the Pacific Science Center right next to the Space Needle. If it were to be built today, would anything be built differently about it, structurally or design-wise or is it almost a perfect needle?

You know, I asked the engineer who's still alive who worked on it. I asked him that exact question. I said what would you today?And he said, basically, we wouldn't anything different. He said we could take some of the weight out of it. They overbuilt it. He. . .

turn 2 : He wants to know if the tower is perfect as is or should it be changed.

How would the engineer change the Space Needle?

Answer: Nothing


The founder and the all-female staff of the Vatican women's magazine have resigned abruptly citing a climate of distrust. Their publication has gotten attention for their recent work to expose the sexual abuse of nuns by priests. Those stories led to the rise of the hashtag #NunsToo. In a letter of resignation to the pope, the editorial board wrote that they believe there is a Vatican campaign to discredit them and put them under the control of men. And we have NPR's Sylvia Poggioli on the line from Rome.

Hi, Sylvia.

Hi, David.

They are accusing the Vatican of some very serious things there, it sounds like. Tell me more about what prompted this.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of (4) is simply a request for more information about what prompted the resignations. However, the implicated meaning could be interpreted as skepticism or doubt about the seriousness of the accusations made by the editorial board. This is because the phrasing "it sounds like" suggests a lack of full belief or acceptance of the accusations.

Which phrasing suggests a lack of full belief or acceptance of the accusations made by the editorial board?

Answer: It-sounds-like


So a country that was bought by the United States 100 years ago - you're celebrating the centennial this year, and there are still so many other islands that are essentially controlled by European countries, as well - like the Netherlands, France and Britain - that were impacted by Irma. And we've seen a pattern in the response. How has the United States talked about it in your view?

The United States has talked about us as if we are effectively a colony, which is that we are secondary. We are perhaps secondary types of Americans. Now, we do carry American passports in the Virgin Islands, but we don't have federal representation.

We cannot vote for president for example. Our congresswoman, who - we vote for her - she cannot vote in Congress. So we really have no say. But I also think that this has to do with just the way that we are thought of in the national imagination as a place for a vacation and respite. And it's a beautiful place. The Virgin Islands is as beautiful as everybody says.

It is a gorgeous, pristine, absolutely divine place. However, it's a place where human beings also live. So, you know, when Americans travel to Europe, for example, they know that they're traveling to Europe to engage with the cultural history. When people travel to the Caribbean, they are often traveling to avoid the human beings and to just engage in the beauty of the space.

So they're in resorts. They're lying in the sun. They're drinking tropical, rum-infused drinks, but they're not necessarily there for the culture or to talk to the people who live there?

turn 3 : Tourists in the Caribbean often prioritize leisure over cultural experiences.

Which aspect of the Caribbean do some tourists prioritize over cultural experiences?

Answer: avoid


And we shall not - I certainly won't see his like again. He was also incredibly fun. And so that's the thing to try to hold onto.

He wrote a lot of letters by hand, didn't he?

He wrote tons of letters. I bet there are a hundred thousand - hundreds out there signed, all the best, George Bush. Many of them are compiled in a lovely volume he did. His - you know, he was the son of a mother who insisted that he not talk - that one not talk about oneself. He was - so when it came time to write a book after he left the presidency, he didn't. . .

Oh, right.

turn 1 : tons of letters implies a very large number and not to full a ton

Which phrase in turn 2 implies that George Bush's mother did not want him to talk about himself?

Answer: Not


And now we're going to move from talking with mental health experts to someone who has lived addiction. Jonny W.  lost almost everything to a gambling addiction. Thank you for coming in and being with us.

Thank you for having me here today.

Well, you know, let's start at the beginning. When did you start gambling?

Mr.  W. : Well, I started at the ripe old age of about 12-years-old. And at that particular time, it was just a matter of fun and hanging out with my friends.

turn 3 : Gambling was initially a harmless and enjoyable activity

Answer: Fun


Basically, they give you a lot of freedom. They don't get in your way. The editors encourage in-depth investigative work. They like to hold public officials accountable. They're also willing to go to bat if you need legal help, if you're trying to get records or things like that.

So would you advise young reporters to do what you have done and stick with a local news organization for a decent amount of time?

Yeah. I think at least a year. Sometimes two years is a good point to kind of reconsider your options. We thought that we were just going to be here for a year, but this paper has a history of crusading investigative reporting, strong local journalism. Our late publisher Ned Chilton coined this phrase called sustained outrage, and that's sort of hammering away at an injustice until it's righted.

People who can manage to stay mad for a long time.

turn 2 : (3) "Hammering away at an injustice until it's righted" - To persistently work towards correcting a wrong.

Which phrase describes persistently working towards correcting a wrong?

Answer: hammering


Yeah.

I'm also told by White House officials the Secret Service director was not connected to security questions at Mar-a-Lago. It was in the works before the latest security breach there - Chinese woman with a lot of passports and hard drives.

Right.

turn 3 : "But - so this is not necessarily directly connected to immigration unlike Nielsen's resignation, which was immigration-related." Implication: The reason for the departure of the Secret Service director is not related to immigration issues, unlike the resignation of Nielsen, which was due to immigration-related matters.

Which resignation was immigration-related?

Answer: Nielsen's


It has been nearly 17 years since Brooklyn, New York's Crown Heights neighborhood was engulfed by riots and recriminations. The neighborhood is a mix of Caribbean-Americans, black Americans, born in the States, and orthodox Jews. In August of 1991, a rabbi's motorcade hit a seven-year-old Guyanese boy named Gavin Cato. He later died from his injuries. Some neighbors believe that the Jewish ambulance crew that arrived slightly before the city ambulance should have taken Cato to the hospital. Within hours of the boy's death, a mob of young black men killed Yankel Rosenbaum, a young orthodox Jewish divinity student. Stores were looted or burnt and dozens of people were injured in the subsequent days.

Flash forward to the present. In the last few weeks, a series of new incidents, admittedly much smaller ones, have put Crown Heights on a small boil. Can members of the black and Jewish communities ease the tensions, and are they willing to try?In a few minutes we'll hear from two of those community leaders. But, first, here to help us untangle the latest Crown Heights affair is New York Post editorial writer Robert George. Hi, Robert.

Hi, Farai, how is it going?

Good. And why don't we talk about this in context. You know, you have the 1991 tensions that broke out, now what exactly is going on today?

turn 0 : dozens of people implies a very large number of people

Which incident caused the tensions to break out in 1991?

Answer: Brooklyn


Yeah. And that took a lot out of my legs. I was pretty fatigued by the end of the game, and I'm feeling it today.

And do - I bet you are a little tired.

But at - towards the end of the game, where you aware of the record?And where you aware you'd broken it?

I wasn't aware, actually. I think I was just so tired and so focused on scoring the basketball. There's a stretch late in the second half where I think I hit seven or eight consecutive threes, and I knew something special was going on after that.

turn 3 : "something special was going on" - This expression is a colloquialism used to describe an exceptional or noteworthy event. It does not literally mean that something supernatural or magical was happening.

How would you describe the event that occurred during the stretch late in the second half of the game?

Answer: Exceptional


Well, number one, we were astounding that something over 2,000 years old decided to put roots on itself and live again. So, after the jubilation - and there was real jubilation at Archangel - we came up with the grand idea of using these trees that were lost to the world and planting them in old growth forest groves. And I'm happy to say that we're well on our way of attaining that goal.

As I understand, old growth forest, it won't look like much of anything for a few hundred years.

Well, that's not true. What most people don't understand about coast redwoods and giant sequoias is that they're probably the second-fastest-growing tree on earth that I know of, only second only to the eucalyptus. And they will grow 10 feet a year, and that is a lot of stored carbon in a very short period of time. Groves of those or forests of those will really make a measurable dent in the CO2 imbalance in our atmosphere.

Why are they planted in Port Orford?

turn 1 : The implied meaning here is that B thinks that old growth forests take a long time to develop, and won't look impressive for hundreds of years. However, the literal meaning of the statement is simply a statement of understanding about the appearance of old growth forests.

What was PersonB's understanding of old growth forests?

Answer: Appearance


The flaws that one makes, that one has, are more apparent. The mistakes one makes are more apparent when you've died. The sweet scent of marjoram sweeps away all the contradictions, but yet Jesse Jackson has been the most extraordinary rhetorical genius to articulate the vision, the virtue, and the value of black life in the American public square.

Al Sharpton has emerged in the last few years. Reverend Al Sharpton himself sees himself as part of the legacy of Martin Luther King Jr. , but at the same time, he worked up north, Dr.  King worked down south. Jessie Jackson, of course, worked in Chicago. And these two gentlemen then challenged some of the prevailing forms of oppression in the midst of a northern culture that had not yet tested its commitment to civil rights.

And Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton forced them to grapple with it. Jackson in Chicago, Sharpton in New York, especially focusing on police brutality and forms of white mob violence directed against vulnerable black people. Barack Obama…

And then - yeah, Barack Obama has a sort of different place in the…

turn 2 : The literal meaning of this sentence is that Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton forced people to confront an issue. The actual meaning, however, is that these two individuals were vocal and prominent in their advocacy for civil rights and specifically addressing issues of police brutality and violence against black people.

What did Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton challenge in northern culture?

Answer: Oppression


Well, what keeps you up at night?What do you worry about?

Well, I'm worried that this process is getting chaotic. Two and a half years ago, Great Britain had a referendum, decided to leave the European Union. But it did not decide what kind of future relationship it wanted with the 27 member states.

And because this was all about free trade, you have to know that half of the trade of Great Britain is with the other 27 EU member states, and the other half is with other countries in the world, foremost among them, the U. S.  and China. We're one year and four months into the negotiation process. And here, finally, is the proposal of Great Britain - what future relations should be. That's a bit late in the process. This particular proposal should have been there on day one.

Now, at the moment, there are 3 million EU citizens living in Great Britain, and about 1. 2 million British live in EU countries. Their rights are undefined, so it's not clear what they can do. And as you get closer to the deadline, these people are really worried. And by the way, there are industries in which there are quite a few foreigners, so if you take them out all at once, you may also have a problem keeping it going.

In the Netherlands, we know we have 30,000 businesses, mostly small and medium enterprises, that export only to EU countries, Great Britain included. That means that they've never seen a Customs and Excise control officer. They will have to get used to go through Customs and Excise.

turn 3 : EU citizens living in Great Britain and British citizens living in the EU have undefined rights

What is undefined for EU citizens living in Great Britain and British citizens living in the EU?

Answer: Rights


Well, the number one thing I see in crime scenes is there are people just trampling all over the place. Everybody is touching something and there's just lots of discussions and stomping around right inside of a crime scene that we would never allow.

Anything else occur to you?

It's surprising to me how many people believe that most suspects will invoke their right and remain silent when in fact they don't.

Gee, what's the psychology behind that, do you think?

turn 2 : The actual meaning of (3) is that many people wrongly assume that suspects will remain silent when questioned, when in fact they rarely do.

What is the common misconception about suspects' behavior during questioning?

Answer: Suspects


Right.

Or La Scala in Milan. And now you debuted at the Met this fall. What was that like?

It was pretty awesome. And it all didn't really hit me until the curtain came down after the first performance. Because up until then, I was just, you know, trying to rehearse and trying to work, you know, really hard, and make sure that, you know, I was doing everything I needed to do. And even going out on stage the first time, it really didn't hit me, because I was just trying to stay focused. But once the curtain came down and we were doing the curtain calls, and I could actually see out to the house how many people were out there, and, you know, the whole occasion of it all didn't strike me until then. And boy, it was just - it was amazing, because for any young American singer, that's the place you're shooting for, it's the pinnacle of the opera world. And it was great. Just thinking about it sitting here right now, I was just - yeah, I'm just - I'm really grateful to have had that experience.

Yeah, I can only imagine. Well, let's talk a little bit more about the role that you were playing, General Leslie Groves in the opera "Doctor Atomic" by John Adams. And it's a modern opera about the countdown to the first test of the atomic bomb in the New Mexico desert during World War II. Let's start out by listening to you.

turn 2 : The speaker feels he has reached the height of his professional career by performing in a certain venue

What role did the speaker play in the opera "Doctor Atomic"?

Answer: General


Tired (laughter). No, I feel OK. I mean, I feel good. I mean, I thank God that I'm still walking around and drinking a lot of wine.

Well, I ask because you say that this is probably your last cookbook.

Well, yes and no. I mean, the last cookbook like this which takes a long time to do, but I still hope to do some little thing with my daughter, maybe the lesson of a grandfather, you know, showing her how to do simple thing that we've done together. I have a great deal of fun cooking with her so maybe a little book. Certainly, some video will come with that, yes, hopefully.

You've got a section here about you cooking with your granddaughter.

turn 2 : Well, yes and no.I mean, the last cookbook like this which takes a long time to do, but I still hope to do some little thing with my daughter, maybe the lesson of a grandfather, you know, showing her how to do simple thing that we've done together.I have a great deal of fun cooking with her so maybe a little book.Certainly, some video will come with that, yes, hopefully.

How does "A" plan to involve his daughter in his future cooking projects?

Answer: Daughter


Should the NSA be held responsible for this?I'm just wondering. The fact that this crown jewel, as you put it, was leaked or stolen and became public, is that their fault?

This is a great question. Actually, there's controversy. So initially, losing control of this hacking tool - and really, thousands of others - was clearly the NSA's fault. But at some point, I guess, their responsibility for criminals reusing what has become public is diminishing. But the problem here is that the U. S.  government - first Obama, then the Trump administration, and of course, also Congress - have never addressed the underlying extraordinary leak that took place that is known as Shadow Brokers, which is arguably the worst security breach the NSA has ever suffered - even worse than the Snowden leak.

It just seems remarkable that something that has such significance and such a power to disrupt people's lives hasn't gotten more attention. Does it seem strange to you?

Well, you know, the story is quite complicated. But I think we have to do better and really understand the Shadow Broker's leak, it's reuse. This is ultimately an attack, if we take the whole thing, that has caused tens of billions of damage to the world economy - billions.

turn 1 : The government's lack of action on the Shadow Brokers leak suggests negligence and a failure to address a significant security breach.

How does the lack of action on the Shadow Brokers leak reflect on the government's attitude towards security breaches?

Answer: Negligence


The program hasn't been very popular with the farmers. They would much prefer to just have more successful markets that they can go to rather than have to kind of accept government handouts.

President Trump tweeted earlier this year that with more than a hundred billion coming into the U. S.  in tariffs, the U. S.  would buy agricultural products from farmers, ship them to poor and starving countries in the form of humanitarian assistance. Has that happened?

No. They looked into a program along those lines but realized it was pretty infeasible. You know, there's problems with kind of dumping large amounts of crops on poor countries because you can ruin their own agriculture sectors. So they decided to just do the more simple program, where you provide the direct payments to farmers. Now, the part that is right there is that the total amount being brought in by these could get to be $100 billion. I mean, at the current pace - it was 6 billion in June. That would work out to about 72 billion a year if it continues. And there's talk of adding even more tariffs on top of that. So you really could get to 100 billion being the number.

But at the end of the day, this has not turned into some kind of windfall for the U. S.

turn 2 : The program of providing direct payments to farmers is more feasible than dumping large amounts of crops on poor countries.

How did they decide to provide assistance to farmers instead of dumping large amounts of crops on poor countries?

Answer: Direct


It's very different, obviously, from normal public sculpture. I have to use materials which obviously don't pollute in any way, that are friendly to the marine life. They're also durable. The idea, especially with a lot of the tropical pieces that make artificial reefs, is that they're going to be around for a very long time. Obviously corals, you know, can - hard corals can take ages to really get established.

Do the elements always behave as you would like them to?Is that a real challenge?

It works in both ways. I mean, obviously they're all designed to change and evolve in the ecosystem where they're placed. And sometimes that provides spectacular results. You know, we get sort of pink and purple corals and sponges and all these amazing things growing on them and morphing them. And that only adds to them. They really sort of then become alive. But also you're in this really kind of difficult environment. You're in the sea. So in tropical areas, you get big hurricanes, you get the surges of waves. And so with that in mind, you know, I really have to sort of program them then so they're fixed. And that can be a challenge.

I wonder, is part of the appeal you want to make to people with these installations, you have to work a little to see them?

turn 3 : (4) implies that part of the appeal of the installations is that people have to work to see them, rather than them being immediately visible.

How is the appeal of the installations described in turn 3?

Answer: Work


Well, it is. It starts off in Pumalin Park, which is temperate rain forest - so think of the coast of British Columbia - all the way down into the grassland/steppe areas toward the tip of the country. It really encompasses almost every ecotone that one would find in the south of the country.

We should note this is now the largest private donation of land to a government ever. You and your husband ran this place as a park for a long time. I've been there. And it is indeed just one of the most beautiful places I've ever been. Why hand it over to the government of Chile?

Well, you know, we grew up within the national parks here in the United States. And there is a sense of, I would even say, ownership by every American who goes through the front gates of Yellowstone or Yosemite, that those are public parks. They belong to everybody. And Chile is no different. We hope that somehow between the creation of national parks, the development of what we call economic development as a consequence of conservation that precious masterpieces of the country will be preserved forever.

Have you gotten guarantees, though, that the government of Chile will run it in a way that's sustainable?There have been concerns about the capacity of the government of Chile to really run these parks in the same way that you've run them.

turn 1 : This turn does not literally mean that the speaker is asking for an explanation of why the land is being handed over to the government of Chile, but rather implies a more rhetorical question that suggests that the land is so beautiful and valuable that it might seem strange to give it away. The speaker is actually acknowledging the value of the land and asking the interviewee to explain the rationale behind the decision to donate it to the government.

How does PersonB respond to the idea of handing over the land to the government of Chile?

Answer: Acknowledges


. . . Skeptical that the style of these debates does much. It does kind of feed the reality TV-ification (ph) of our politics in the sense that it's more about entertainment. One thing I do think we're all watching for, though, is to see where - what the Democratic Party ultimately is going to stand for in the 2020 election.

You still have this immense sort of intellectual debate going on in the party of whether it's going to move more to the left and be a more progressive party or hold on and try to reclaim or be the party of the center. And we simply don't know the answer to that question yet. And whether the nominee is someone like a Joe Biden or someone like a Bernie Sanders or an Elizabeth Warren is going to be two dramatically different Democratic parties and two dramatically different general elections.

So I think the big topics that we've been hearing a lot in these debates is health care. One thing I think we're going to hear a lot more about in this debate is immigration just because that is an issue that has increasingly been captivating the public because of what's been happening at the U. S. -Mexico border and because of President Trump's immigration policies.

And just briefly, what do you make of the fear that some Democrats have expressed that much of what's being talked about at these debates are sort of the pet causes of the left, which are just not relevant to the general electorate?

turn 0 : Feeding reality tv means that it makes politics seem more like a reality tv show by doing the debates.

Which show is politics being compared to in turn 0?

Answer: Reality


Well, I think it's been a historical thing. It's not a new thing. Mental illness has always been a mystery. And in ancient times, it was considered to be some kind of supernatural phenomenon, demon possession. In the modern era, meaning the beginning of the 19th century, there was an effort to consider mental disorders as illnesses. But then when researchers attempted to see what the pathology of the illness was in individuals who, when they were living, were ill - when it came to mental illnesses, they couldn't find anything. And I think then what happened is that in the desperation of psychiatrists who, by and large, were the custodians of asylums - as an alternative, people sought treatments, but the treatments turned out to be in retrospect pretty barbaric. And it's only really been in the last 50 years that psychiatry has established a scientific foundation for itself and developed treatments that truly work beyond a shadow of a doubt and are safe. But the lulled attitudes still persists.

Yeah. No name is bigger still, in a way, than Sigmund Freud. What did he get right, and what do we now know was not as helpful?

Well, Freud is undisputedly a towering figure and the most famous person in the history of psychiatry. And in the absence of any scientific theory of mental illness, he introduced concepts that were completely novel to civilization and endure today as valid and have really been given new life in the context of cognitive neuroscience.

What did he get wrong?

turn 1 : "No name is bigger still, in a way" - This phrase is not meant to be taken literally. It means that Sigmund Freud's influence is still significant and widely recognized in the field of psychiatry.

What is the implied meaning of "No name is bigger still, in a way"?

Answer: Significance


Well, assess how they're looking at the move by the Treasury department, the moves really, of last week and of over the weekend, and of today. What is the world thinking?

The world has its fingers crossed. I mean, I don't know how else to put it. The world is basically saying this has to work. I mean, that's why you saw last week for instance, not just the Fed put up a whole bunch of capital, inject liquidity into the system. You saw all the other European and many of the Asian central banks do likewise. The world is terrified. They need this to work.

Well, what about the Democrats who are saying look, hold on, we need to do this right and not rush into it. Is that?

Well, first of all they are going to rush into it, one way or the other. And so what the Democrats have done - have said, look you have your pet things that you care about, here are our pet things that we care about. We're not going to let you do this without, you know, helping home owners more than you have, without doing something about renting an executive pay for all these executives who were involved in this mess. You know, that's a legitimate thing for them to say. It's still going to get rushed into, because this things going to be passed by the end of the week, is my guess because everybody wants to go home and run for re-election and also because the country really needs it to pass.

turn 1 : The world is desperate for the Treasury Department's moves to succeed in stabilizing the economy.

How is the world feeling about the Treasury Department's moves?

Answer: Crowding


We don't presume when we cover the news. But we see estimates. For instance, FiveThirtyEight has her close to a 90-percent favorite in terms of their poll aggregation. If we're just projecting forward - and again, we don't know - this could be a very bitter aftermath.

Forget about honeymoons. You know, I was talking - I convened a roundtable of former campaign chiefs of staff yesterday - Republicans.

And two of them mentioned to me that they thought within the first year of her being in office, Paul Ryan, the speaker of the House, would be under great pressure to bring articles of impeachment.

During that debate, Hillary Clinton kind of deftly avoided any real response on the Goldman Sachs speeches, on her husband's transgressions, if I might put it delicately, and accusations of pay-to-play relationship between the Clinton Foundation and the State Department. Do you think these are the kind of issues that might persist after November 8, whatever the result?

Absolutely. And, of course, the email issues, as well - we saw this report come out last week of a, quote, unquote, "potential quid pro quo" between the FBI and State Department investigators. This is something that I think Republicans are going to use to unite themselves.

turn 3 :  (4) "Delicately" - This word implies that the speaker is referring to a sensitive and delicate issue.

How did PersonB refer to the issue of Goldman Sachs speeches and the Clinton Foundation?

Answer: Delicately


Some of them do. But, more than that, what I'm hearing are the amount of people who are so disturbed because everything that Toby says about Rachel is something that they could be accused of. I always think of that, that the - sometimes, my behavior is forgivable in my marriage. And God forbid I should ever get a divorce. But if I did, that very same behavior would be looked at as completely reprehensible. And I think the amount of people who are struggling to find their footing in this new world - where we are supposed to have these equitable marriages and that women are supposed to be as successful as they want to be and that perhaps nobody told the men that we were given permission for that - I think, more and more, you're going to be hearing people who say, oh, my God, the things that Rachel says are things that I've said. It sounds like a miserable book. But I do want to say that. . .

No, it's not.

. . . I think that there is - (laughter). . .

It made me laugh a lot. It bubbles with the insights and funny situations.

turn 3 : Bubbles implies that there were many of insights and funny situations included.

Which word describes the book as having many funny situations?

Answer: Bubbles


That's correct.

. . . Epstein's lawyers. OK, because I was asking about Epstein's lawyers.

Oh. Well, he - they aren't saying anything right now. They haven't seen the charges. So until they see the charges, I don't know how much they really want to say. They want to understand what they're up against to start with.

And so what are the lawyers for the victims saying?

Well, like I said, they were shocked, stunned. I don't think - I think that they suspected that something was happening with the Southern District of New York, which was investigating this and brought the charges. But I don't think they thought that it would happen this fast. I thought they thought it would be a very long process to try to get him. That's what makes me suspect that maybe they have a very good witness on their side.

turn 0 : "understand what they're up against" implies understand what they're confronted with.

Which verb describes what the lawyers need to do before saying anything?

Answer: Understand