Well, look, I like the fact that we've eliminated pre-existing conditions. I think that's really important. But Ronald Reagan expanded Medicaid a number of times and he didn't need Obamacare, OK?And my feeling about Medicaid is we've been able to manage this program. And by bringing Ohio money back to Ohio to treat the mentally ill, the drug addicted and the working poor, it's not - we're not only ahead on an arithmetic basis, but we think it's the right issue in terms of giving people a chance and an ability to be lifted.

Biographical question - did you ever consider becoming a priest?

Well, when I was a kid, really early in my life, you know, all Catholic altar boys I think at one time or another thought about being a priest. But then that just wasn't in the cards for me.

But I gather religion is an important factor in your life.

turn 3 :  Is religion a major influence in your life?

What issue does PersonA think is important regarding Medicaid?

Answer: Working


Mm-hmm. A skyscraper overlooking the Sydney Harbor was named best tall building from Asia and Australia. Why?Why was this tall building a standout?

Well, this, again, is a very beautiful tower, but that is innovating in that a large part of the building is naturally ventilated. And we lost our way with tall buildings in architecture generally maybe 60, 70 years ago when we had the freedom to disconnect them from their environment by creating enclosed, mechanically ventilated boxes.

So this is a, you know, a 60-story tower in Sydney which uses the wind, the ventilation, to naturally ventilate a huge atrium, which runs the full height of the building. Quite innovative.

You say that 95 percent of the tall buildings in the world are terribly designed.

turn 1 : "lost our way" is a figurative expression that means to have made a mistake or taken the wrong approach in a certain area. It does not refer to physical location or direction.

Answer: Mistake


Thank you for having me with you.

So, let's start with what exactly they are.

Okay. Fibroids are non-cancerous tumors. They're growth of muscle within the uterine wall. And sometimes they can be the size of a dime, and because of their location, they give you severe symptoms. And rarely, they can get to be the size of a basketball before they're recognized.

That's sounds pretty horrific.

Now, research shows that about 25 percent of women in America are going to show some symptoms of fibroids, but they occur a lot more often in black women than white women. How much more often and why do scientists think that is?

turn 4 : It can be. It's amazing how much difficulty they can give to women that, in general, women can have severe menstrual bleeding - the kind of bleeding that keeps you home from work or keeps you from being able to do your daily activities - or they can press on a lot body structures. And they are very common, and it's surprising that so few women know that they have fibroids and that their symptoms may be related to them. Implicated meaning: Providing additional information about the severity of symptoms associated with fibroids and expressing surprise about the lack of awareness among women about their condition.

Which gender commonly suffers from severe menstrual bleeding due to fibroids?

Answer: women


NPR's Sylvia Poggioli says the showdown speaks to deeper tensions between populists and liberals, tensions we've seen playing out across Europe. And Sylvia joins me now from Rome. Hey, there.

Hi, there.

So tell us exactly what has unfolded here. This all began back on June 12.

That's right. That's when the captain of the NGO ship Sea-Watch, 31-year-old Carola Rackete, and her crew rescued 53 migrants off the coast of Libya. They decided to head for the closest safe port, which is the Italian island of Lampedusa. But Italy's populist Interior Minister Matteo Salvini has introduced a controversial security decree that bans NGO migrant ships from entering Italian ports. He claims they essentially are in cahoots with human traffickers. But after two weeks on the high seas, the standoff continued.

And just to be clear, Sylvia, they were just circling in the waters out there for two weeks, trying to figure out what to do next.

turn 2 : They are trying to ask what happen in Europe

How does Sylvia Poggioli's analysis connect to the situation between Sea-Watch and Italy?

Answer: cahoots


Investors are ecstatic about central bankers working there. Listen to this, the German DAX Index up about 10 percent, the French CAC 40, up more than nine percent. Now, they are both measures like the Dow 30, which on Wall Street jumped 500 points in the morning.

In Britain, Prime Minister Gordon Brown put $65 billion of government money into three British banks. NPR's Rod Gifford is in London. We're going to him. Rob, hello. I think that people are saying it is this British plan, the so-called British plan that seems to be may be spurring a little bit of a recovery around the world. What is the British government doing, and what does it want in return?

Well, as you say, Alex, Gordon Brown is getting a lot of kudos from this, because he was the one who put this plan forward last week. What they're doing, as you say, is to put a lot of government money that is taxpayer's money, $65 billion worth of it, into three British banks into order to - they hope - free up the bank to bank lending, and the whole crisis of confidence that has struck British banks as it has done elsewhere.

In return - some very important conditions they want in return. Right upfront, leaders of these banks that have got into trouble must step down. Bonuses are being frozen for other executives who stay on and crucially, the demand that these banks maintain mortgage lending and small-business lending at 2007 levels, levels of last year.

turn 3 : The government is demanding that the banks that received the bailout maintain mortgage lending and small-business lending at the levels of last year while also requiring leaders of these banks to step down and freezing bonuses for executives who stay.

Which two financial indices experienced significant gains according to PersonB's statement?

Answer: German


Yeah.

And, you know, that's OK.  We don't have to approve of every facet of an artist's life to find their work interesting or significant, but the context does change.

What does that mean for us as viewers?Does it mean that we should stop watching these movies?

Everybody has to make their own choice in that regard. But for me, I look at these things in a purely selfish way, like as a viewer, which is how much extra dramatic information is getting in the way of my enjoying this work. And am I really thinking about the work when I watch it?Or am I thinking about the person who made it and disliking them or just being upset about them in some way?And if the answer's the latter, I probably don't want to watch that anymore.

I want to look at Louis C. K. , in particular. You know, his comedy, actually, was often celebrated because it seemed to address men and their foibles. What did you think of his comedy?And what do you think now?

turn 1 :  "the context does change" - The literal meaning of this turn is the statement itself, indicating that the context of an artist's life affects how their work is perceived. The actual meaning is that the context of an artist's life should be taken into account when evaluating their work, even if it does not necessarily diminish its value.

Which aspect of an artist's life affects the perception of their work according to turn 1?

Answer: Context


Correct.

So, when you write in your - I'm going back to this - your investment outlook essay, Americans don't really understand Wall Street. They may never understand Wall Street. And then you go on in the next sentence to say, oh, and by the way, yours truly, meaning yourself, is learning every day, discovering every day what Wall Street is. I mean, what the heck are the rules now, and if you don't know, who does?

Well, the rules are changing. The balloon was being expanded, and now, the air has been taken out of the balloon, and so the rules are changing in terms of what becomes a safe and a relatively riskless position in this rapidly de-levering world.

Do you think capitalism is fundamentally changed, and if so, how?

turn 1 : You wrote that Americans don't understand Wall Street, but you don't really know what you're talking about either.

How does PersonB challenge PersonA's credibility?

Answer: Credibility


Dr.  Michael Jacobson is president of the Center for Science in the Public Interest, a nonprofit group that advocates for safer and healthier foods. Thanks for being with us.

Thanks for having me, Scott.

Looking back on these studies, were they just wrong?

The studies really skewed the evidence at the time. And I think it was unfortunate that these papers were published because they influenced the public discussion about the health impact of sugar.

The question that news of a study like this, I think, raises for everybody is, how do you know what information to trust?

turn 1 : ("Thanks for having me, Scott.") is a polite expression used to thank the interviewer for the invitation to appear on the show, even though the interviewer did not actually "have" the guest in any literal sense.

Which expression is used by the guest to express gratitude towards the interviewer?

Answer: Thanks


Hey there, Lulu.

So I saw on your Twitter feed that you had only run into half the journalists in the Western Hemisphere.

(Laughter).

What is the atmosphere there?

turn 3 : The atmosphere is how people are feeling toward one another and treating one another.

Which word describes the overall attitude among people?

Answer: Attitude


That's good. That's a start.

That's good.

But there are also very few issues that could get us at daggers drawn in the short term. You could have a misunderstanding and miscalculation in the South China Sea. Taiwan remains very concerning.

But overall, to date, there are very few areas in which the United States and China are headed toward conflict with each other. And there is great concern in both capitals that it not get there. But between that observation - that we mustn't go to war - and the growing list of complaints against each other, there is insufficient strategic thinking in both capitals.

turn 3 : US and China lack sufficient strategic thinking despite their concern to avoid conflict

What is the main concern in both capitals regarding the relationship between the US and China?

Answer: Conflict


Well, due to the floods, some - probably some falling of the land and some mud that has been moving into the communities might be some of the situations that we might encounter there. And probably some roads that have been damaged and we will not be able to cross easily. So we expect probably some impacting in some households of those communities. So we still have to confirm that.

And when remote communities, mountainous communities, have to contend with flooding or worry about mudslides, can that interrupt, let's say, the food supply and create medical problems, too?

Absolutely, yeah, that's one of the consequences that we might face. We have been collecting some humanitarian aid in different points of Mexico, so we are ready to distribute food or even, if needed, some medicine to those communities. But at this point, we are collecting particularly food and some cleaning - personal cleaning supplies.

Mr.  Lozano, in the 30 seconds we have left, do you think the Mexican governments involved, both provincial and federal and, for that matter, your agency, were prepared for this?

turn 3 : (4) - The actual meaning is to ask if the Mexican governments and the agency were ready for the floods and its aftermath.

Answer: Asking


As far as race goes, you know, many of the African-American women who came forward about what Cosby did to them struggled with that, too. And in the end, they concluded, as I conclude, that he's not your typical African-American defendant. He had seven attorneys at his second trial. How many do you know that could have the income level to afford that?It's about power and privilege and wealth, and that's what allowed him to escape justice for so long.

That's Nicole Weisensee Egan. Her new book is "Chasing Cosby: The Downfall Of America's Dad. "We spoke with her from member station WHYY in Philadelphia.

Nicole Egan, thanks so much for talking to us.

Thank you.

turn 3 : There are no turns in this dialogue whose actual meanings are different from their literal meanings. All the turns are straightforward and do not contain any figurative language or idiomatic expressions.

Which turn in the dialogue suggests that all the turns are straightforward and do not contain any figurative language or idiomatic expressions?

Answer: None


We are. . .

We are - yeah.

There's something - does that bother you or that we're experimenting on ourselves?

Oh, a little bit, I guess, you know?

turn 1 : "We are - yeah." Here, the literal meaning would be that the speaker is simply repeating what the other person said and adding an affirmation. However, the actual meaning could be interpreted as the speaker expressing uncertainty or hesitation.

What emotion could be inferred from PersonA's turn 1?

Answer: Uncertainty


Awesome.

Yesterday, a South African court cleared the way for corruption and racketeering charges to be filed against presidential hopeful Jacob Zuma. A lower court dismissed the case against the African National Congress leader on a technicality last September. And claims that there was political interference by President Thabo Mbeki led President Mbeki to step down. Now, where does this ruling - this new ruling bring us, Emira?

Total chaos, Farai. Clearly, there's so much going on behind the scenes on this issue. Zuma's trial was on again, off again. Now, it's on again. Will he be put forward on corruption charges, and what will be the political implications?

Clearly, he is head of the largest political party, the African National Congress, the oldest party on the continent. But the ANC now is going through real pressures. The split between Mbeki, the ouster of Mbeki, the former president of South Africa, has now led to a split within the African National Congress.

turn 3 : The African National Congress is experiencing internal division and pressure after the ousting of President Mbeki.

What political party is facing internal division after the removal of President Mbeki?

Answer: Congress


So there's a relationship between the velocity of the coffee and the slope that you can generate there. And although the physics are very different in the ocean, you'll establish the same relationship between a pressure gradient or that difference in height and speed of the current. So if the gulfstream slows down, the slope at a sea surface is going to decrease, and water will rise at the coastline.

And what is this due to?

The slowing of the current?Yeah, that's the big question right now. And there's a lot of debate about what will drive those kinds of changes in the climate. Obviously, temperature, you know, it all starts with wind, so how do you - yeah, what could affect the wind field?But it really comes back to the distribution of temperature in the atmosphere and. . .

Global warming?

turn 3 : "Global warming?" - This is a question that implies a possible explanation for the changes discussed in the conversation, but it does not necessarily mean that global warming is the only cause or that it is the direct cause of the changes being discussed.

What is the question that PersonB asks in response to PersonA's discussion on the relationship between velocity and slope?

Answer: Global


And, of course, we have bioenergy here, too, and the debates about things like corn ethanol. That's another big contentious issue here in the Midwest. And one where, again, middle grounds might have to be found between groups that are in very different poles on that issue.

And what do you think is the most promising - again, the symbolic areas, those are always going to be difficult. But are there other conversations that could be had that, as you say, skirt the ideology?

Well, it's very interesting. Regardless of, you know, how you think of him politically, the Obama administration has actually done more, may be by accident - or may be on purpose - to think about, to take on climate change than all previous administrations, really, combined. Our CO2 emissions in the United States have gone down pretty dramatically in the last few years, partly because of the recession, of course, but partly because people are retooling and getting more efficient.

The American car fleet is getting lot more efficient. We finally got those CAFE standards going up again, which is fantastic, after about 30 years of going nowhere. And maybe that's a benefit of bailing out Detroit. We could work with them to make cars more efficient, the cars Americans want to buy. We've also - the fracking, moving away from coals, where it's natural gas, has helped a lot, although we have to watch the other aspects of fracking. And also, renewables are beginning to make a bigger and bigger dent in the American electricity supply and other energy supplies.

turn 2 : The Obama administration has made efforts to combat climate change

What has contributed to the decrease in CO2 emissions in the United States?

Answer: Recession


An so he went from - on Sunday on his Facebook page saying, well, I misspoke. I got the wording wrong, which is something he repeated again today.

Yeah. Well, that plus. He's gotten just increasingly - because as the pressure has mounted - and it's been fascinating to watch the responses from the congressmen, from the Republican Party, from Governor Romney and his running mate. As the public outrage on this has mounted, their apologies have become increasingly full-throated so that, as you mentioned, the congressman started out with I misspoke, like that's a little bit of a bizarre concept. Misspeak is when you accidentally picked the wrong word or say President Clinton when you meant President Obama. This was not misspeaking. As I wrote, this was mis-thinking.

And then similarly, you saw Governor Romney. His campaign several hours after this broke managed to choke out a press release comment saying that the governor and Congressman Ryan disagree with this view. And by morning, disagreement had become finding it offensive and unacceptable. So it's sort of a classic political story of how candidates follow the public polls.

And his colleagues - his would-be colleagues in the United States Senate, basically, as you said, throwing him under the bus.

turn 2 : very enjoy am very nice feel very enjoy am very nice feel

What word describes the feeling of the public figures' apologies as the pressure mounted?

Answer: Offensive


I'll say.

Dissection, anger, back and forth, denunciation by both major party presidential campaigns. Do you think that this cover crossed the line of propriety?

Of propriety?Perhaps. But what it - I think it did so for an urgent and good cause, which is to blow this stupid calumny about Obama away, once and for all. It travels as the subtext through all this polite conversation. I just saw some NBC report that was quoting a Newsweek poll saying 50 percent of Americans believe that Obama is or was a Muslim, or was signed - sworn in on the Koran to the Senate seat, and so on. It's madness. And I - it seems to me that showing the fevered image directly will be a possible way of looking at and dissipating that image.

I think as a result it's a fairly brave thing to do, in which the New Yorker's fulfilling its function at its best, which is to make people think and talk. And the New Yorker helped that discussion happen. And it's one of the times where I feel, hats off, New Yorker!They got it right, you know. This is not something that goes away by saying, but it's not seemly to discuss this.

But there are some people who are always going to read this un-ironically and say, well, yeah, he is a Muslim despite, you know.

turn 1 : The cover of the New Yorker magazine may have gone too far in terms of propriety but it served a good purpose in debunking the false claim that Obama is a Muslim.

Which magazine's cover did the statement mention?

Answer: NewYorker


Thank you very much, I'm really happy to be here today.

What do you remember most about Lonesome George?

Wow, I've known George for over 30 years, and some of the interesting things working with him was just, he was a very different personality than many other tortoises, and it was always a challenge to try and figure out what the best thing to do was for George.

And among the things that we tried when I was supervising the tortoise breeding center was bringing some - a couple of females from Wolf Volcano to be in his corral. I also had a young woman from Switzerland volunteering for a couple of months, trying to do sexual stimulation with George.

And there were a lot of things we did with George, always trying to recover the Pinta population of tortoises.

But nothing worked out, huh?

turn 5 : Turn 6 is a question that seeks clarification on the outcome of the speaker's efforts to recover the Pinta population, which is also a literal meaning.

Answer: Pinta


The children of Jamal Khashoggi have begun receiving compensation. Khashoggi was the journalist from Saudi Arabia who vanished last year. After initial denials, Saudi authorities now acknowledge he was killed after he walked into a Saudi Consulate in Istanbul. The newspaper that once published Khashoggi's columns, The Washington Post, now reports on apparent early moves toward paying blood money to Khashoggi's relations.

Greg Miller reported this story for The Post. Good morning, sir.

Good morning.

What have the children been paid?

turn 0 : Jamal Khashoggi was killed by Saudi authorities after he walked into a Saudi Consulate in Istanbul.

Answer: Killed


This is WEEKEND EDITION from NPR News. I'm Scott Simon. What's past is prologue is a line from Shakespeare. In politics, what's past can be a time bomb to explode or fizzle. Dr.  Ben Carson leads in some national polls, but he's now being asked about claims he's made about his past. And Jeb Bush, who's fallen into single digits, may have political problems with the new biography about his beloved father, and all just before the next Republican debate. NPR senior editor and correspondent Ron Elving joins us. Ron, thanks for being with us.

Good morning, Scott.

I would guess nobody doubts Dr.  Carson's a superb surgeon with an amazing personal story. But he's had to handle questions this week about a temper he said he once had to overcome an acclaim he's made about West Point.

You know, being the frontrunner gives you a kind of claim to scrutiny that no one else gets. And CNN was unable to corroborate Dr.  Carson's stories about his violent youth, including a stabbing incident where he says his knife blade broke off on the belt buckle of a friend. The implication is that these stories have been enhanced or exaggerated for effect to, you know, improve the story of his personal redemption. And that story also includes what he has called his full tuition scholarship to West Point, where, it turns out, he did not even apply.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of turn (4) is that CNN was unable to verify some of the claims that Dr. Ben Carson has made about his past, including an incident where he stabbed a friend and his application and acceptance to West Point. However, the implied meaning is that Dr. Carson may have exaggerated or embellished these stories in order to make his personal redemption story more compelling. The turn (4) uses the phrase "the implication is" to indicate that this is not a direct accusation, but rather a suggestion or insinuation.

Which phrase is used in turn (3) to indicate that the statement is a suggestion rather than a direct accusation?

Answer: Implication


That poem is called "A Flower Song For Maidens Coming Of Age. "It was written in 1440 before European contact in Mexico. And it's from a collection of Mayan poems - extraordinary. Tell me about why this poem resonated for you. It describes a moon ceremony.

It was such an important revelation to have come across this poem. I cried. I cried for two days - the whole week because, as you know, colonization basically eradicated all of our written documentation in the Americas. All of our traditions have been passed down through word of mouth. But to have written documentation that women have been honoring the moon and celebrating their bodies and their transitions, their milestones in this way, I really felt like my ancestors were watching over.

And you wrote in the afterword to this book that you really wanted young women to find their own way to connect with their roots. Why?

Well, I think it's important for any person, really, but young girls in particular who come from marginalized communities to find their - not only their roots but the meaning and the legacy of wisdom and power that comes from those traditions. And Celi, because she's bicultural and multiracial, she has all of these beautiful intersections happening that I really tried to play up in the novel because I wanted children that are just like Celi, who are multiracial and bicultural, to see themselves and their hybridity in all of its beauty and all of its power.

turn 3 : They don't have road intersections but their meanings do connect with one another.

How do the meanings of the traditions connect with one another?

Answer: meanings


It's lonely. That's why, in many ways, the CIA is the world's biggest dating agency, I think. I imagine it's much like two actors that get married because they understand that universe. You know, I'm pretty sure that the agency's divorce rate is rather high.

You've written a story here with shootings and chases and champagne in suites at the Four Season. But is a lot of spy craft people just scrunched over their laptops sipping coffee?

I would say more likely there's a lot of downtime. You spend a lot of time waiting. You're waiting in a bar or in a restaurant or at a corner to make your meeting. You're doing a lot of surveillance detection routes to make sure that no one is on your tail. You can't put that in a book before the reader puts it down really quickly. However, both Sarah and I felt very strongly we wanted to make it a realistic portrait, particularly of a female operations officer in the CIA. For the most part, to my mind, they come across as how they're portrayed in popular culture is paper dolls - really props more than anything else. And I wanted a strong but realistic character.

A sidebar: have any of the revelations that there have been in recent weeks about the National Security Agency surprised or outraged you?

turn 2 : Implicated meaning: The speaker is expressing a desire to create a character in their book who is strong and believable, rather than simply creating a character who is physically strong. The implied meaning is that the speaker values depth and authenticity in their character portrayal, rather than creating a one-dimensional, superficial character.

Which type of character does the speaker value in their book?

Answer: Realistic


Yeah.

Well, Mayor Belangia, good luck. I hope I see Oriental someday. It sounds like a lovely place.

Please do. You will fall in love with it.

And I'll bring a loaf of bread for you.

turn 1 : The speaker is expressing well-wishes to Mayor Belangia, but may not actually intend to visit Oriental or bring bread. The statement is likely meant to be polite or humorous.

How does the speaker feel about visiting Oriental and bringing bread?

Answer: Lovely


Well, I'm not sure I can say what is enough. I do know that the Census Bureau has a unique feature to its budget in that it goes up and down in a 10-year cycle. And about this time every decade, this is an issue as the ramp up begins.

So you need to spend more the closer you get to actually counting people?

Absolutely. In the 2010 census that I was involved in, at one point, there were 600,000 employees of the Census Bureau knocking on doors around the country to follow up those who didn't respond on their own.

Well, what would the risks be of a census that is not done well?

turn 1 : The closer it gets to the census, more money needs to be spent

What feature does the Census Bureau's budget have?

Answer: Cycle


Oh, wow, it's like turning off a switch. And suddenly I was running down these trails in the dark and I didn't know where I was and I didn't know where I was going and it was getting colder. And all I could see was the distant glow of Vegas. And I was thinking, wow, I really like that city right now. I wish I were there and I didn't know how to get there.

Yeah, you obviously were able to find your way to asphalt and you were able to get back to civilization. Very nice - of course, I'm a sucker for daughter daddy stuff in the book - but you really do say that marathon running - or the training even - reminds you of the preciousness of every moment, moment after moment.

Yeah, it does. It puts you in the minute and being out there every day - bad weather, good weather, light, dark - I started this morning about nine miles ago in the dark and it was cold. And you just find yourself saying, you know, there are things in life that are important and that are worthwhile that require a little bit of sacrifice and a little bit of struggle and a little bit of suffering. It doesn't mean you shouldn't do them. And running reminds you of that all the time.

Tom Foreman - "My Year Of Running Dangerously" - thanks so much for being with us.

turn 3 :  the host is wrapping up the interview and thanking the guest for being on the show. The literal meaning is simply expressing gratitude, but the implied meaning is that the interview has come to an end.

Which action did the host take at the end of the interview?

Answer: Wrapped


So Leslie, what about some splurge wines?

Well, I think in this economy, splurge is a relative term. So what I like to do is tell people to think about makeovers. For example, if they are thinking about spending $100 on a bottle of great champagne, that's wonderful. You can go out and buy Dom Perignon, certainly. Dom Perignon Rose, for example, would set you back a couple hundred dollars. But think about sort of switching that out with another wine. For example, Chandon in Napa Valley is part of the same company that produces Dom Perignon from (unintelligible) in France, and they do a gorgeous wine called Etoile, and it's about $40 for a sparkling wine. So now you've splurged and gotten one of California's best sparkling wines, and it's by the same company that ultimately makes Dom Perignon. So now you've splurged but saved yourself a little Christmas money as well.

Leslie, thank you.

Thank you very much.

turn 1 : Splurging on expensive wines can be replaced by trying out other affordable, yet equally delicious options.

What is Leslie's suggestion for replacing expensive wine with an affordable yet delicious option?

Answer: Chandon


Well, I think they're convening a panel tomorrow to discuss it once more. Declaring a public health emergency of international concern has big implications. So the closing of borders - you know, these are border towns. People - their livelihoods are dependent on being able to cross borders and do business.

Yeah.

Refugees who are fleeing armed conflict in DRC not being able to come into Uganda. So it - there are some serious implications on making that declaration, and I'm sure those will be considered.

How hopeful are you that this outbreak can be contained?

turn 0 : Declaring a public health emergency of international concern has big implications for border towns and people's livelihoods.

What are the implications of declaring a public health emergency of international concern for border towns and people's livelihoods?

Answer: Implications


Well, I was there at the time and I didn't think that Ukraine would take off at all. The first problem was that there were no good economic thinkers at all in Ukraine. All the thinking was really done in Moscow. And the other part was political, that Ukraine came together through a coalition of Ukrainian nationalists in the West who wanted to have an independent state and the old corrupt nomenklatura who wanted to stay in power, and in effect they did.

Hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians have been camping out in downtown Kiev, calling for change, more of a turn towards the West. What do you make of the protest movement when you have this agreement?Is it the kind of thing that in the West we might see and identify with and therefore maybe exaggerate the strength?

Well, what this is, is not about trade agreement - that's the lesser part. It's about European values. It's about democracy and rule of law. Ukrainians are tired of corruption and poor governance. They want to live as in Europe.

You wrote a book in 2009, "How Ukraine Became a Market Economy and Democracy. "

turn 2 : "It's about European values.It's about democracy and rule of law.Ukrainians are tired of corruption and poor governance.They want to live as in Europe."

Answer: As


Yeah. Let's move back into the beltway for a moment. How are Republican lawmakers responding?They've got their own business to focus on right now, and this Comey story can't help.

No. In private, they are really gnashing their teeth. Some of them worry about Trump's stability. They - off the record, they'll call him prickly and emotional and undisciplined. They feel that everything he did this week is hurting their ability to focus on health care and taxes and the economy and jobs. They're worried that it's going to depress Republican candidate recruitment and help Democrats. But - this is important - publicly, they are standing with him. And only a small handful of Republicans have come out in support of a special prosecutor or a select committee to look into Russian meddling.

All right, there's no disputing that the FBI director serves at the pleasure of the president. So if this isn't a legal issue, the dismissal of Comey, then what is it?

Well, that's right. Legally, President Trump has the right to fire the FBI director for any reason or no reason at all. Whether this amounts to obstruction of justice is not clear. But there is a reason that, although there is no law requiring this, presidents have always upheld the norm of making sure that federal law enforcement is supposed to be independent. And that's why the FBI director gets a 10-year term. That's why presidents usually take care not to give even the appearance of interference in an FBI investigation, especially one relating to their own campaign.

turn 1 : gnashing their teeth implies they are very unhappy about it

How do some Republican lawmakers feel about Trump's stability according to A?

Answer: worried


Mr.  Kirn, why do you, in a couple of cases in this book, you refuse to consider yourself a victim, which I understand, even though you were duped, but you even call yourself a collaborator. Why?

Because the fact of the matter is, is that until he was convicted of these crimes, everyone believed him. I wanted to show the point of view of the dupe, of the fool. So, I was hard on myself. But I collaborated with him in the sense that every time he told a story that didn't make sense, I tried to make it make sense for him in my mind. Every time he lied and I felt a little twinge inside, I covered it up. And I had to answer the question why I did that.

And?

Well, Clark answered it for me. When I saw him in jail after his murder conviction, I said you're not going to admit to the murder - which he didn't, he had a story for that - but it's clear that you were a great conman and a great impostor for many years. What's the secret to fooling people, I said. And he looked at me and he said, Walter, three little words - I'm surprised you don't know - vanity, vanity, vanity.

turn 3 : (4) When Clark says "vanity, vanity, vanity," he is not talking about literal vanity (i.e. excessive pride in one's appearance or abilities), but rather using it as a metaphor for the weakness of human nature that makes people susceptible to being deceived by others. Clark is implying that people are easily fooled because they are too self-absorbed and often fail to see the truth beyond their own desires and interests.

Which weakness of human nature does Clark imply when he says "vanity, vanity, vanity"?

Answer: Self-absorption


Fort Dietrich, Maryland. What did he do there?

Yeah. This is a very secure area which is set up to do research on some of the most dangerous pathogens that are known to man, actually. They have what's called a biosafety level-four containment facility, maybe you've seen pictures of these guys in moon suits, where they deal with these, you know, highly deadly agents.

Bruce Ivins worked there, and his principal role, at least as far as I can tell from looking through the papers he's published - now, this is a very secret place, so you don't get a lot of information out of them - but his role there seems to have been to work on vaccines to protect against anthrax. In particular, he was trying to make a vaccine that would be more robust, that it might help the immune system fight off exposure to anthrax. Of course, the military is very interested in this, because they're worried about anthrax as a bioweapon.

Do we know anything more about why he originally came under suspicion?

turn 1 : Fort Dietrich is a high-security area for dangerous pathogen research.

Answer: Containment


The regulations and the oversight that was put in place was relatively minimal because this was going to be such a small endeavor. It was going to be a small-scale experiment for 100 schools. Well, guess what?We have 1,300 charter schools today. And we have a law that doesn't actually account for the scale of that.

That's LA Times reporter Anna Phillips. She's been investigating loopholes in California's charter school system. What she discovered is a fragmented and decentralized regulating system. In Los Angeles, Phillips encountered a case in which a wealthy Beverly Hills couple made millions of dollars by simply turning to a different school district whenever their charter schools came under scrutiny.

These charter schools had been set up as nonprofits that were publicly funded. But if you looked right kind of on the outskirts of them, the couple that had started them had essentially created a series of businesses or nonprofits that were doing business with their own schools. So for instance, this couple rented a lot of their own properties they owned. They were their own landlords.

They owned buildings that then they rented to the schools, so they were getting that income.

Exactly. And there were other ways they were getting income. The woman who ran these schools, her husband was hired on as a project manager for about $500,000 to oversee the construction of a new campus. When they wanted to bring in cafeteria meals for their students, they hired one of their own organizations. So this was public money that was coming into these schools, but the couple that ran them was financially benefiting from it.

turn 0 : "a small-scale experiment for 100 schools" - The literal meaning of this phrase is that the experiment was limited in scope to only 100 schools. However, the implied meaning is that the regulations and oversight were inadequate for the current scale of the charter school system, which has grown much larger than originally anticipated.

How many schools were originally intended for the small-scale experiment?

Answer: 100


Thank you.

Why do you think more teens are identifying as transgender or gender nonconforming?

Well, I think there's been a long history of advocacy and fighting for that visibility. And there's more media attention and celebrities coming out. That has increased visibility. And with more schools having more GSAs and clubs, it gives youth a chance to feel like they can talk about their gender exploration and live more like their authentic self.

To what extent do you see this study as a reflection of teens feeling more comfortable in diverse gender identities versus teens sort of experimenting with their identities and how they describe themselves?

turn 2 : A believes that media attention, celebrities, and advocacy efforts have contributed to more teens feeling comfortable in identifying as transgender or gender nonconforming.

What has contributed to more teens identifying as transgender or gender nonconforming, according to A?

Answer: Media


It's an interesting question. In the case of the prairie dog system, it, of course, has a dire effect on the prairie dog population in general. And the most dependent species on those is the black-footed ferret, which is a highly endangered weasel-like animal that once was much more abundant on the plains but is now extremely rare.

They eat prairie dogs usually, and so now their food supply is being threatened.

They do, yes. They're entirely dependent on prairie dogs, mostly for food. But they also - ferrets use the prairie dog burrows as shelter, so they're highly linked to the prairie dog system. And the black-footed ferret is directed susceptible to plague itself. So it's not just a matter of losing its prey. It actually probably succumbs to the disease about as quickly as the prairie dogs do.

So what's being done now to keep this from spreading further?

turn 3 : spreading further means something keeps getting worse or better, but in this context its worse.

Which direction is the spreading in the context of the dialogue?

Answer: Further


No, not at all. And I've been pretty much apolitical my entire adult life. But this election is obviously quite different than previous presidential elections. So I just thought - I thought it was necessary to jump in and use my voice.

Why?

The prospects of Donald Trump being president just scare the hell out of me. And that's coming after having initially, you know, supported him and hoped that he would be 180 degrees different from what he turned out to be.

I mean, am I wrong?I seem to remember there was a time when you offered to be the running mate for either of them.

Oh, sure. Yeah, a lot of that was a little bit tongue-in-cheek. I didn't really expect that to happen. But, you know, there was a time when Donald first got into the race where I would talk to him on the phone.

turn 0 : "use my voice" - This is a metaphorical expression that means to speak out and express one's opinions.

How did the speaker decide to get involved in politics?

Answer: Necessary


The latest U. S.  State Department Trafficking in Persons Report names a new country among the world's worst offenders on human trafficking - China. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson criticized China for not taking, quote, "serious steps to end its own complicity in trafficking," including forced laborers from North Korea that are located in China. China now joins Russia, Iran, North Korea and Syria on the bottom of that list. Secretary Tillerson also honored activists from around the world for their efforts to end human trafficking.

Sister Vanaja Jasphine was one of those aid activists to be named a 2017 Trafficking in Persons Report Hero. Sister Jasphine is the coordinator of the Kumbo Diocesan Commission for Justice and Peace in the northwest region of Cameroon, and she joins us now. Sister, thank you so much for being with us.

Thank you.

How big a problem is human trafficking in Cameroon?

turn 0 : China now joins Russia, Iran, North Korea and Syria on the bottom of that list."  The actual meaning that is different from its literal meaning is that China has been added to the list of countries considered the worst offenders on human trafficking. The phrase "joins...on the bottom of that list" implies that China is now included in the group of countries at the lowest rank or with the worst performance regarding human trafficking.

How many countries are listed among the world's worst offenders on human trafficking?

Answer: 5


No, wow.

Well, all right. So, let's get to your best political conversation of the week.

You know, it's about John McCain. Everybody in town just watched as McCain came back, and it was very low key. And not only was it at low key; there was a sense of, you know, sadness about it. There he was; suddenly Joe Lieberman's over arguing with the Democrats and trying to get back in with the Democrats and retain his position, in terms of a leader on the Democratic side, no longer hanging around with John McCain. The right wing of the Republican Party never wanted much to do with John McCain, and so they're not rallying to him; they're not offering him any leadership position. So, John McCain is kind of out there on his own, and everybody is saying, you know, what's to come of John McCain?And the answer is, you know, John McCain will try to be his own man, but the fact is he's a man really without a country in the U. S.  Senate at this moment.

NPR news analyst Juan Williams, always a pleasure.

turn 0 : B is surprised or impressed by what A just said

How did PersonB react to PersonA's statement?

Answer: Surprised


This may sound naive, but do you think it works?Do you think what you are doing makes a difference?

Actually, yeah. I had to say so, most of the time. A child just needs some attention, little bit of guidance, you know. And just needs to know that they are not alone in this world. You know, with all these things going on around them, despite the environment that they are living in. Just to know that somebody is there and somebody is willing to listen. And willing to, you know, say wait, you know, whatever situation you maybe in. There is - you always have a choice, you know?

Mario, thank you.

OK.

turn 1 : Children need attention, guidance, and someone to listen to them, despite their environment.

What do children need despite their environment?

Answer: Attention,guidance,listening


From what we can tell, they've donated from - I think it was over a hundred countries in terms of geography. It just sort of struck a nerve across the world.

Why do you think that is?

I think a big part of it was that Tesla as a man is sort of someone that a lot of people, maybe, sympathized with because he's kind of a geek at heart. He's sort of this unsung hero, and he did all of these wonderful things for us and didn't really get much credit during his career. So with this sort of crowd funding campaign, it was almost an opportunity for the world to make it up to him.

What drew you to getting involved?

turn 2 : Many people sympathize with Tesla and want to support him.

Answer: Sympathized


(as Antoine Batiste) Because when it comes to stolen love, Antoine Batiste has always been forced to be the villain. Come on, hit me, my brothers.

That series, of course, set in post-Katrina New Orleans, Pierce's hometown, where he could not help but notice that neighborhoods that gave birth to some of America's best-known cuisine had become virtual food deserts. So now, he's helped establish Sterling Farms, a grocery store with a mission to sell fresh food at affordable prices. And Wendell Pierce joins us now from member station WWNO in New Orleans. And nice to have you back on TALK OF THE NATION.

Always good to be back. Thank you.

And a lot of celebrities will front the money to start a project, but you're immersing yourself in this. So what do you know about running grocery stores?

turn 3 : In this turn, the speaker is not asking for a literal explanation of Wendell Pierce's knowledge about running grocery stores. Rather, the speaker is implying that it's impressive that Pierce is not just investing money in the project but is also personally involved in running the grocery store, and is asking about his experience and qualifications for doing so.

What is the speaker really asking about Wendell Pierce's involvement in the Sterling Farms project?

Answer: Experience


Oh, my goodness, the crisis keeps deepening by the day. Yesterday, some of the parties called for a vote of no confidence. The chancellor, Sebastian Kurz, was hoping that he could get rid of Interior Minister Kickl, who has also been the center of several scandals himself during the course of the 18 months that they've been in government. The other ministers of Transport, Defense and Labor said, we're going to leave, too.

So you're describing all sorts of behind-closed-doors machinations going on here. But bottom line - as Austria prepares to go to bed tonight, Chancellor Sebastian Kurz is still in charge of the government, but he doesn't have much of a government now that his coalition has fallen apart.

Exactly.

How is this playing as you are out and about interviewing people on the streets of Vienna?

turn 0 : The government is in a state of crisis due to political machinations behind the scenes, but Sebastian Kurz is still in power despite losing his coalition.

How is Sebastian Kurz described in turn 1?

Answer: chancellor


So this prosecution brings together a lot of theories that are very sexist that would justify massive control of pregnant women on grounds that they owe a duty to their fetuses to behave in certain ways and that - and ultimately make pregnant people vulnerable to prosecution for just about any kind of conduct that can be deemed risky.

Marshae Jones is African American. What is the relevance of race in your view?

Racism is what caused the notion that using drugs during pregnancy, which is a health problem, could be turned into a crime to prosecute pregnant women and mothers. We can trace that to the so-called crack epidemic at the end of the 1980s, early 1990s. And the first women who were prosecuted were black women who smoked crack cocaine during pregnancy.

And the vast majority of women who were prosecuted among hundreds of women were black women, even though there is evidence that drug use during pregnancy is not more likely to happen in any particular racial group or economic group. And so this was clear targeting of black women, which I believe is part of a long history of devaluing black motherhood in particular and also a result of discriminatory behavior in hospitals, where hospitals were much more likely to turn in black patients for using drugs during pregnancy than white patients.

turn 0 : very sexist implies being very interesting and attention demanding not in amorous or lustful way

What is the tone of the implied meaning of turn 0?

Answer: angry


The bad news in this story involves the main character's family and her country of origin. She is from Haiti. Most of the characters in Danticat's new book of short stories are Haitian-American. They live in New York or Miami, but Haiti is often in their hearts and on their minds. Natural disasters and political disasters have sent many of its people fleeing to the U. S.  Danticat's book of short stories called "Everything Inside" reflects her experiences as an immigrant.

How did your family come to the United States?

My father first came when I was 2 years old. He came on a tourist visa, which he overstayed, and as did my mother. When I - she left when I was 4, and they were undocumented for about eight years. And during that time, we were separated. I stayed in Haiti with my aunt and uncle. And when I was 12, after they had changed their status and were - got their papers, then they were able to send for me and my brother to join them in Brooklyn, N. Y. , in 1981.

I'm sure you've had to tell this story more than once, and I'm sorry to dwell on it. But both as a parent and as a son, to think about so many years away from your parents and especially those particular years, that could not have been easy.

turn 0 : Danticat's book of short stories reflects the immigrant experience

Which book reflects the immigrant experience?

Answer: Danticat's


The weather forecast is planning for 600 millimeters of rainfall in the coming days, which is twice as much as the quantity of rain we have seen in Beira after the first cyclone, which is really concerning because in Beira, the situation was very bad. So if the weather forecast turns out to be correct, the health and sanitation situation here will worsen, and it will be harder to access areas with food as well.

The recovery effort after Cyclone Idai was already facing a funding shortfall. Do you think relief organizations will have the resources they need to respond to another disaster?

We definitely need more support from the international community. We are expecting that our financial need will raise very quickly as we see that the situation is worsening now in the north of the country. But we are able to respond nonetheless because we already had means on the ground. We had a team that was quickly able to deploy. And we have two helicopters that just arrived today in Pemba. And we'll be able to fly as soon as tomorrow if the weather permits.

What do you think are going to be the biggest concerns in this region going forward?

turn 3 : There will be significant concerns in the region moving forward.

Which word describes the concerns in the region?

Answer: significant


Say that you're 80. . .
OK.
What's Sommore going to be like?
I would probably be like Peg Bundy.

turn 0 : Being 80 implies being in old age and not constituting a total of 80 in quantity

Answer: Old


So how did this all come about, and how did you get involved?

My partner, Josh Farahzad, just about this time last year, you know, he started thinking - well, what if I launched a rocket into outer space?You know, he didn't really know what he was doing. So he started sending emails to pretty much every university rocketry team in the country. And I was doing a launch with the Princeton University Rocketry Club. He saw our livestream, and he had reached out. I guess after that, I spent thousands of hours just working with Josh one-on-one and leading this very, very tremendous team.

And as the team grew to - what?- I guess about 40 people, you're communicating with one another via a Slack channel.

That's right. You know, at some point, we didn't pay for the Slack premium account. So, you know, I think within a month or two, our messages capped at 10,000. So we started losing our data.

Well, what's the big goal here, aside from actually getting a rocket into space?

turn 1 : Josh reached out to A after seeing their launch, and A spent a lot of time working with him

What was the name of PersonA's partner who reached out to them after seeing their launch?

Answer: partner


That could be jeopardized?

Well, certainly the people putting forth these plans don't think it would be. What they want to do is change Medicaid from a guaranteed benefit to a block grant to states. So a state would get a fixed amount of money from the federal government and decide for itself how to spend it. The idea is that states know their needs better than the feds, and this would give them flexibility.

What critics of this idea worry about is, what happens in an economic downturn when demand on Medicaid goes up?They say states could be left with a sort of Sophie's choice. Do you cut back on services for poor children or for the frail elderly?

I know we've talked about Medicare and Medicaid. Are there proposed changes that would affect older Americans who might buy their own health care coverage?

turn 0 : The question is asking for turns whose actual meanings are different from their literal meanings. In turn 1, the literal meaning of the phrase "that could be jeopardized" is to suggest something is in danger or at risk, but the implied meaning is that the proposed changes to Medicaid could have a negative effect.

Answer: Negative


And I did. And it hurt me. And I've cried. I've made defendants cry. I had the whole courtroom crying once because my sense of hurt was so real and so immediate.

And everybody talks about the problem in general or their dealing with one person, I used to get the individual en masse, day after day after day. And after a while - now, if you don't care, it's fine. But once you do care, it is exasperating, exhausting, and you feel a sense of complete impotence in dealing with the issue.

What do you think about the debate that goes on in our community around this?Because Judge Arrington has now appeared at an event with Bill Cosby, who's been a big critic of what he sees as the negative sides of black behavior.

So, when you look at this, you look at your experience with seeing the same people go in and out of court, with having people come on your show and disrespect the idea of trying, do you think that the debate that's going on right now in our community is going to produce change or could it divide us, where some people say, I don't need your judgements?

turn 0 : The whole courtroom was probably not crying, it just means that a lot of people present were crying or just moved emotionally.

How did the people in the courtroom react emotionally?

Answer: cry


I am deeply skeptical of that.

It's true, it's true. It's the - the analysis depends on the content of the air and the water in the specific place where your mother - the area where your mother was living when she was pregnant with you because that's the first bone that forms in your body as a part of the skull bone, apparently. Just as we can take a section of your thigh bone and that will give us a longitudinal picture of where you've been living for the last seven years.

Wow.

It's magic, isn't it?It's exactly those wild moments that I love, and there's a case in the book from - we were talking about insects earlier. . .

turn 2 : The actual meaning behind (3) is not just a simple expression of astonishment but also an acknowledgment of the amazement of the speaker.

How did PersonB respond to PersonA's statement in turn 2?

Answer: Wow


You've also written a book about geoengineering as a way to deal with climate change here on Earth. Do you think people should try and terraform Mars so we can live there?I mean, that is clearly something that has been floating around for a while.

I think it's impossible to think about Mars without thinking about this because, you know, the great myth of Mars is a myth of geoengineering. The great myth of Mars is that Mars was once alive and slowly dried out and that the Martians tried to do something about it. So, you know, the idea that the Martians have an environmental problem and want to solve it is fundamental to how the 20th century thought about Mars. And it's been kind of fundamental to how we imagine the future of Mars. It's very hard to imagine a human future on Mars as it is, but one thing that matters a great deal is - although I think that it's quite unlikely that there's any extant life on Mars, that's something you really want to have a very good handle on before you even start thinking about terraforming it.

Oliver Morton is the author of "Mapping Mars: Science, Imagination And The Birth Of A World. "And he's an editor at The Economist. Thank you so much for speaking with us.

It was a pleasure, Lulu.

turn 0 : Terraforming Mars as a way to deal with climate change is well-known

How is the idea of terraforming Mars related to the myth of geoengineering?

Answer: Fundamental


Oh, by all means. I mean, the family in particular has been just, I mean, courageous. I've been at this 50 years now, and sometimes families withdraw, and we understand that. But this family has been a model of participation in all of the rallies, the demonstrations that we've had, and some of the members will be arrested. Therefore, they have sent a message across the city, indeed across the nation, rallying young people because Sean was about 22, 23, rallying young people to this cause.

Now, you and Reverend Sharpton's National Action Network were involved in protests around the shooting death of Amadou Diallo. Civil disobedience played a big role in those protests. What do you think those protests taught you, or what did you learn from them?

Well, you know, we've been doing this across the years. There's nothing new about a civil disobedience. But having 1,200 people arrested in a daily civil disobedience venture is phenomenal. It made an impact upon the police department itself and upon the politics in New York. Giuliani was the mayor at that time.

We hope that we will have a residential law. That is to say that policemen should live where they work. So that would mean you kill where you live. And I suspect that if you're going to kill where you live, you'll be more inclined not to kill, and we hope that there would be an independent civilian complaint review board that would review the behavior of the police.

turn 0 : The family in question has shown exceptional bravery and commitment to activism.

Which quality of the family did the speaker in turn 0 praise?

Answer: Exceptional


That's where he sees himself as a character through a hole in his room.

I imagined a hole in a wall at the Good Inn where Soldier Boy perceives light and sound coming through this tiny pinhole. Imagine a camera obscura. And as he begins to investigate, he sees not only his own doppelganger, but other people that he recognizes in essentially the same place that he is - an inn, a bedroom, a man, a woman.

The only difference is that there are other people there, people at a tripod, for example, and a camera. And so he is actually seeing the first porn film ever being made, but it's in a parallel universe, if you will. He's attracted to the situation or intrigued by it enough because he's seeing himself and through a little whole in the wall. It doesn't make sense.

Yeah.

turn 2 : he turn with an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning is (3).  In this turn, the speaker describes a situation where the character sees himself through a hole in the wall, but the actual meaning being implied is that the character is watching the first porn film ever being made. The speaker suggests that the character is intrigued by this situation because he is seeing himself through a little hole in the wall, which is a euphemism for watching the porn film.

Which situation intrigues the character in turn 2?

Answer: Watching


When we say those reductions are temporary, we have to remember that they go until at least 2025. So for most of us out there, regular working folks, seven years of tax reductions is a big deal. We can have that fight again in seven years. I'm sure the Democrats will be promoting increasing taxes in seven years. That's what the Democrats always promote. The Democrat plan today was to increase taxes by over a trillion dollars. So we have to remember what our alternative option was with the other party.

But why make it temporary for individuals who might need that tax relief when corporations, who are doing very well, get a permanent. . .

Yeah, you and I are on the same page. I think that's craziness. I don't like temporary tax reductions. I don't like temporary legislative fixes, generally. I want to see permanent legislative fixes. So I am against the fact that they are temporary, but I'd rather have, as a person who pays these taxes, as a middle-income person - I'd rather have seven years of tax reduction than what the Democrats were proposing, which was a trillion dollars in increased taxes.

I'd like to talk about the political ramifications. By and large, polls show this isn't popular, and it pushes through some very substantial changes in the financial lives of Americans. Do you think that there will be a cost come 2018?

turn 3 :  "Do you think that there will be a cost come 2018?" - The speaker is asking about potential negative consequences in the future, rather than an actual financial cost in 2018.

How does the speaker interpret the phrase "cost come 2018"?

Answer: consequences


Let me go from pickles to apples and Poland because the agricultural minister apparently went on TV saying he thought Russia had broken international law with the embargo. And now they're asking the United States to purchase Poland's excess apples, which must be a lot of apples. Is Poland more exposed than, say, Germany?

On fruit, Poland is much more exposed than Germany. If you look at the exposure of countries - Poland on produce, Britain on finance, France has a big military order with Russia and there's a dispute over whether those vessels - those ships should be delivered. And for Germany, Volkswagen - those are the companies that are worried. So the food sanctions business doesn't hit Germany like it hits Poland.

Norwegian salmon - I guess there's also concern there too because even - there's only so much salmon even Norwegians themselves can eat and they need Russia's - that market.

Sure, and that's a big market for Norway. Fish producers in Britain are also very worried about it. But the countries say they will go on. And they also assert who's this going to hurt?If you read the Russian press, there is a view that sanctions against - or the reverse sanctions, as it were, by Russia against the European Union will actually help Russian producers. They say this is the chance for us to produce and to get our own markets going.

turn 3 : "Looks like we have a lot to catch up on" might imply that the speaker and listener have not talked or seen each other in a while and there is a lot of news or updates to share.

How might the speaker and PersonB be described based on the implied meaning of the turn "Looks like we have a lot to catch up on"?

Answer: Not


And there is a desperate need both for international humanitarian law to be observed in the conduct of the war to protect civilians but also for a move towards political negotiations and a political settlement, because it is now nearly two years since I sat at the United Nations with foreign ministers from the Gulf States who said they wanted a political settlement then. But it is no closer, and the bombing has undoubtedly deepened the divide inside Yemen and made it far harder to bring peace.

And this is the conduct of the war by Saudi Arabia?

The Saudi-led coalition has air power. The Houthis, who are an Iranian-backed rebel group, are on the ground. It's not the job of these humanitarians to take sides in the conflict. We don't take sides in the conflict. What we do is call out the abuse of international humanitarian law on all sides. And the striking thing about the Yemen conflict and the three other countries that are in danger of famine in Africa - in Somalia, in South Sudan that we've talked about, north and northeast Nigeria - these are man-made famine.

Mr.  Miliband, you've been a politician. How do you sustain interest in problems that are very remote from the lives of everyday Americans?

turn 2 : (3) A: "What we do is call out the abuse of international humanitarian law on all sides" - This implies that all parties involved in the conflict are violating international humanitarian law, rather than only one specific party.

Which party is violating international humanitarian law in the Yemen conflict according to the implied meaning of turn 2?

Answer: All


Good morning.

Jason, there's still no power on much of the island, which is astounding. It's five weeks now. What is it like?What have you seen to undertake a recovery from a hurricane when you still don't have power?

And part of what is crazy is it's not just Hurricane Maria. Hurricane Irma came through here two weeks before that. So there's some people who've been almost two months without power. But people are making an effort. They're out there. I see people, you know, cleaning up by hand. People are out there with hand tools trying to, you know, cut 2-by-4's to rebuild things when, you know, they don't have power tools. You've got people who are living in high-rises. It's kind of amazing sometimes walking around at night here in San Juan. You got these tall buildings. And you'll just see some candles flickering in the - and that's the only light in this entire high-rise.

I went out last night, actually, to try to catch some of the World Series. And some of the bars are starting to reopen. But everywhere that you go, the only power that people have is running off of generators or running off of some solar power. You really do not see people getting much power from the grid.

turn 2 : Despite the lack of power, the people on the island are doing what they can to recover and rebuild.

Which event caused power outage on the island?

Answer: Hurricane


One thing in the filing that might undercut that is a detail where she had booked a hotel room with the company card in Washington, D. C. , for an event. She changed her travel plans so that she was no longer coming for the entire time. And one of the nights in the hotel room that she had booked, Duncan Hunter went and had a tryst with one of the individuals that he was having an affair with in the hotel room that she had booked. So her knowledge about all the spending that was being done doesn't necessarily add up with what his theory is for the defense.

What's next in this trial?And in the meantime, is there any sign that Duncan Hunter would consider resigning?

He has not shown any interest in resigning. We haven't seen that. Right now it's on pace to go to trial in September. It's possible there will be a plea deal before then. It's not looking great for Hunter. But that being said, there's very little chance that any plea deal would not involve any jail time, so of course he would have to resign. He won reelection last year and seems very much focused on getting past this, so we will find out.

That's KPBS reporter Max Rivlin-Nadler reporting from San Diego. Thank you.

turn 0 : The woman who booked a hotel room with the company card did not know about the affair, which contradicts Hunter's defense theory.

Which theory is contradicted by the woman's booking of a hotel room?

Answer: Defense


This is going to be a really interesting hearing today. I'm going to see if the judge approves these requests from the plaintiffs who want to see more documents being released from the Trump administration as well as they want to see the judge to possibly order more depositions, more officials sitting down for questioning to try to get a bottom of this - these claims. And this could possibly affect - if there's additional documents released, additional testimony - this could affect the ruling that the Supreme Court is expected to release by the end of this month.

That's the final judge here. The Supreme Court will be ruling on this.

Exactly. We're watching to see what the justices say. And it's a very tight deadline. July 1 is when the Census Bureau says that printing has to start for the 2020 census forms.

Hansi, thanks so much.

turn 0 : The hearing could have an impact on the Supreme Court ruling.

What could possibly affect the Supreme Court's ruling?

Answer: Hearing


Thank you. Good to be here.

Let's start with that refugee situation in Jordan. The current foreign minister says the country is being strained. There are reports that the fleeing is expected to continue. Do you expect Jordan will eventually have to close the border?

I don't think Jordan will close the border. Jordan has been in such a situation before, if you remember during the first Gulf crisis and then the second one where large numbers of Iraqis, third country nationals came to Jordan, fleeing the conflict. And as a general policy, Jordan has never closed its borders. That does not mean that it is not being tasked by these large number of refugees, but I don't think and I don't expect the borders to be closed.

And that issue of strain then, how badly are Jordan's resources being tasked?

turn 2 : Jordan is unlikely to close its borders to refugees despite the strain on its resources.

What is Jordan's general policy towards closing its borders during refugee crises?

Answer: Never


The best story.

Just another story.

Really quickly, the New York Jets have announced their new head coach, Bill, and I know that that is a subject of your next wonderful column. Give us a sneak preview.

Well, yeah. Buddy Ryan's son, Rex Ryan, had his first conference yesterday, and you know, he was so enthusiastic I was ready to snap on the pass.

turn 2 : "and I know that that is the subject of your next wonderful column" implies that the next column written should be about that subject

What is the subject of PersonA's next column?

Answer: Head


Absolutely. I mean, people should waste less of what they buy. I mean, it's estimated that the typical family in the U. S.  tosses out about $1,600 of groceries a year. And the report out today from the U. N.  finds that food waste may contribute up to 10% of the human-made greenhouse gas emissions. So we have a whole bunch of tips on our website to help you shop smarter and waste less in your own homes.

That's NPR's Allison Aubrey.

Allison, thanks for sharing this with us.

Thanks so much.

turn 0 : not literally produced or created in a lab, but emissions are a by-product of the human's food waste

How are greenhouse gas emissions related to human food waste?

Answer: Byproduct.


The so-called Energy Climate Czar, I think people are calling it. I suppose if we have a car czar, we have to have a climate czar. This is supposedly going to be Carol Browner, who was the head of EPA in both Clinton administrations, actually, I think probably the longest serving EPA director.

She's a lawyer. She used to work with Al Gore in the Senate. She has earned herself quite a reputation when she was working for President Clinton as a tough regulator, someone who defended the Clean Air Act vigorously against lawsuits brought by industry questioning some of the scope of the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act. So she comes with, again, quite a lot of green credentials and reputation for being very savvy on how Washington works.

And finally, Chris, can you tell us a bit about who is going to head up Mr.  Obama's EPA?

Again, the name that's being bandied about quite a bit about is a woman named Lisa Jackson. She is a chemical engineer, and she is working currently as the environment - she started working as the environment head for the state of New Jersey in 2006. And again, she also worked at EPA during the Clinton years, so we've got a couple of people here who were Clinton executives and environmental movers and shakers during the Clinton administration.

turn 1 : Carol Browner and Lisa Jackson are experienced environmentalists with strong backgrounds in regulation and policy.

How would you describe Carol Browner and Lisa Jackson's expertise?

Answer: Environmentalists


Well, we've got quite a few people that have moved in with other family members. Some houses that have only been destroyed partially - some are completely to the ground. We've still got some living in hotels. We've got some that are living in tents and vehicles. We found out yesterday from our school district that quite a few schoolkids are homeless. You know, 67 percent of the property here has been damaged in some way - or more.

So people have got stress trying to do a normal life during the day and have a normal job and then end up having to deal with the insurance companies and dealing with your mortgage companies and dealing with the assistance programs that you're trying to get help from that just takes repetitive, repetitive visits with to get things done. And it's not their fault. It's just the bureaucracy that's involved in everything doing nowadays.

Yeah. So they have to make repeated visits and work for a living all at the same time.

Yes, sir. It takes a mental strain on you. In my case, we sleep on a mattress in the back part of my living room 'cause the other half of my house doesn't have electricity and has got - you know, leaks like a sieve. And that's not a normal life.

turn 3 :  (4) implies that the speaker is facing a difficult living situation.

What is the mental impact on the PersonA's life due to their living situation?

Answer: Strain


And one thing I have learned in writing "Big Game" is that the NFL is a big club. We think we know everything; there's all this insider access that the NFL sells. But Colin Kaepernick, Donald Trump - these are outsiders who sort of stormed the club in their own ways. And they try to reveal things. And Colin Kaepernick, by way of this lawsuit, is going to put some very, very uncomfortable people in open court, potentially, in ways that could really expose a lot and sort of open a lot more Pandora's boxes.

Moving on in your book, I infer that Donald Trump might never have become president if the NFL owners had let him buy a football team.

That is the great thought experiment here. Donald Trump - he's tried to get into the NFL for maybe about four decades. If Donald Trump had gotten the Buffalo Bills in 2014, and it's not clear that he was ever close - he was sort of laughed out of the room in some ways - the NFL might have a very different headache or non-headache from the White House. And Donald Trump could be torturing them from within.

Well, why didn't they like his bid for the Bills or any other team he's made over the years?

turn 1 : If the NFL owners had let Donald Trump buy a team, he might not have become president.

What might have been different if the NFL owners had let Donald Trump buy a team?

Answer: President


Some people call you the Architect or the Godfather of the surge. You know, it was not that big an increase in troops originally calling for just 20,000. What made you think that was going to be enough of a margin to establish order, or try to establish order, or something like order?

The surge, really is a horrible term, but the term stuck and in military terms it's a counter-offensive designed to wrest the offensive away from your opponent, in this case, the insurgency and the al-Qaeda in Iraq. And the surge, well everybody focuses on the troops, the real issue was we changed the strategy. For the first time we were going to protect the people and actually take on the mission to defeat the insurgency.

In the past, our mission was to transition to the Iraqis till down the road they could defeat them. To do that, you need additional forces because you have to decentralize and put the troops on the streets where they live in the neighborhoods, mulhollans as they call them in Iraq, and districts in those major urban centers. That is the issue. And in an urban insurgency the people are the issue.

You know there are some including the West Point history professor, Lieutenant Colonel John Gentile, who say that it's not so much that we've sent in these extra troops or changed our strategy, it's that we got Muqtada al-Sadr's forces to have a ceasefire and we essentially hired 100,000 former Sunni insurgents to come onto our payroll and try to keep quiet.

turn 2 : Additional forces were needed to decentralize and put troops on the streets to address the urban insurgency.

Which term did the speaker call a horrible term in military terms?

Answer: Surge


Now, when we look at this, what they're doing, there was a - you know, in some ways perhaps a minor incident, but a telling one where the British publication, the Telegraph, reported online that the G8 leaders enjoyed a six course lunch followed by an eight course dinner. African leaders were not invited and of course they're talking about the global hunger situation. There was a lot of static about that. Do you think that, that was symbolic in any way or just, you know, big time world business as usual?

Well, Farai now you're going to draw the cynical side out of me. This was an incredibly stupid, careless move, by the G8 leaders where they basically seemed to have thought off camera they could do whatever they wanted to. And they demonstrated, for all to see, the contempt actually that they have towards the rest of the world.

That they basically - they see themselves, as in effect, the rulers of this planet. So, when they're on camera there'll be the tears, there'll be the concern. Off camera you saw this hideous example of consumption.

What do you think the G8 leaders should be doing in terms of an Africa agenda?I'm going to get to a couple of specific things, specific national issues of Zimbabwe and Nigeria in a second.

turn 2 : G8 leaders' off-camera behavior contradicts their on-camera concern and shows their excessive consumption.

Which behavior contradicts the G8 leaders' on-camera concern and shows their excessive consumption?

Answer: Contradiction


So tell me about this painting. Maybe take us back to 1982, when he was painting it at 21 years old, a few years before he died of a heroin overdose at 27.

It's 1981, 1982. You have this 21-year-old artist having their debut in New York, and it goes off like an atomic bomb. Basquiat, of course, is probably the only artist of color involved in any part of the art world at that time, and he was a spectacle to behold. I saw him on the streets of New York, and he truly was what he was called - a radiant child.

He's of Haitian and Puerto Rican descent. He's been called America's Van Gogh. Talk about his importance to the art world.

Basquiat is an extraordinary example of taking his own identity growing up as a black man in New York, combining it with art history via a lot of expressionistic wild-style painting where every single inch of the surface is activated and coming at you with optical power aggressively so, really hard.

turn 1 : Basquiat faced discrimination due to his race in the art world, and his success was groundbreaking for artists of color.

What adjective best describes Basquiat's painting style, according to A?

Answer: Expressionistic


Well, yes, they are because the concern here is that if you do it for medical research, what's to stop other scientists to try to do it for other reasons, like, for example, to try to create designer babies that are taller or smarter or better athletes?Now, we're nowhere near being able to do anything like that. But the concern is that this could open the door to someday creating genetic haves and have-nots.

So, Rob, these CRISPR researchers are involved in projects that have tremendous promise to benefit our lives, but also raise very difficult ethical and moral questions.

That's right. That's right. And another example I could give you is I just got back from a trip to London. And there, scientists are using CRISPR to genetically modify mosquitoes that spread a mutant gene to wipe out the mosquitoes that spread the malaria parasite. And the idea there is to try to wipe out this disease that kills hundreds of thousands of people every year, most of them children.

Now, the fear here is that they're using CRISPR to modify these insects with something known as a gene drive. And a gene drive spreads a genetic modification through an entire species really quickly. So something could go wrong. You know, it could wipe out an entire species of mosquito. And that could upset the delicate balance of an ecosystem some way that could maybe unleash some new epidemic or cause the ecosystem to collapse and cause famine.

turn 3 : The potential consequences of genetic engineering could be extreme and far-reaching.

Which turn mentions the fear of wiping out an entire species?

Answer: turn3


Seems that this year, more Americans are making their electoral preferences known from the hereafter. Katie Falzone is vice president for operations at Legacy. com. They host obituaries for newspapers and funeral homes. She joins us now from the studios of WBEZ in Chicago, where, of course, deceased Americans can always vote. Thanks very much for being with us, Ms.  Falzone.

Thank you, Scott.

So has this really stepped up this election year.

It definitely has. I recently pulled some numbers from our site and found, you know, over the course of the past few election cycles, we've seen a huge increase. So the first year I looked at was comparing June to June numbers for the 2003-2004. We only had five references to political candidates in obituaries. This year, 119.

turn 2 : The increased number of references to political candidates in obituaries suggests that more Americans are making their preferences known from the afterlife this election year.

How many references to political candidates were there in obituaries in the first year compared by Ms. Falzone?

Answer: June


I'm doing great. Now, let's talk a little bit about Charlie Rangel. He's an icon. He's got this gravelly voice. This slicked back hair. Dapper dresser. And with his reputation as a deal maker he's held onto his seat for 19 terms. So, what are the most important parts of this multifaceted story?

Well there's a lot of issues that have been brought up related to the chairman. But the one that seems to the most teeth is really this issue of his taxes and specifically his ownership of a beach house in the Dominican Republic where he didn't report rental income for about two decades, and he owes taxes on that. And for most people that's a problem. If you are the chairman of the committee that writes the tax laws that's arguably a big problem.

So what is he risking if critics continue to push for him to leave this powerful committee post that he holds?

Well there are few positions in the House, certainly, that are more important than the one that he has and at this point the Democrats seem to be standing by him. Were he to lose that, though, you lose a great deal of influence over tax policy and one of the odd little inner workings of Washington is that a lot of what really affects economic policy right now goes on in tax policy as opposed to elsewhere.

turn 2 : to hold something in this context means that the person has power

How does the dialogue describe Charlie Rangel's position?

Answer: Powerful


And why were charter schools exempted from those stipulations in the first place?

It was never in the original law. You got to remember, this law was written in 1992. We were only the second in the country to have one. And there was a lot that was not anticipated. This is before online schools, virtual schools. . .

Yeah.

. . . Existed. It's before remote schools existed. There's just a lot it didn't consider.

turn 1 : A: "It was never in the original law." The literal meaning of this statement is that the stipulations about charter schools were not included in the original law. The implied meaning is that the original law did not anticipate the development of charter schools, so there were no stipulations about them in the law.

What was not anticipated in the original law according to A?

Answer: charter


I would just think about grilling as like any other type of cooking technique. It's really about time and temperature. So if you know how to cook at your stove, you understand high heat, medium heat, low heat, you can replicate that on a grill. It just has to do with how big a pile of charcoal you have and where it is in its lifecycle. So it's very hot at the beginning, and then it cools off a little bit. And then I would say simplify your seasonings. I have a whole section in my book that's all about salt, pepper, olive oil and lemon juice as being really essential and really fantastic.

OK.  Carla, you know I'm putting you on the spot here now - OK.  charcoal or gas?

Oh, this is a great question. I think that they're both great. I have charcoal. I love cooking over live fire. But if what you have is a gas grill and it gets you outside, enjoying cooking outside and making something that you love, then lean into your gas grill. It's all good.

That's Carla Lalli Music, food director at Bon Appetit magazine. She's the author of "Where Cooking Begins: Uncomplicated Recipes To Make You A Great Cook. "Carla, thanks so much for joining us. Happy Fourth.

turn 1 : Carla being put on the spot meaning Carla is specifically being asked a question.

Which technique does Carla compare grilling to?

Answer: Grilling


So how would it come to be that the FAA would tell Boeing, in effect, inspect yourself?

Well, people may be surprised to hear it, but, in fact, that's the norm. For years now, the FAA, with lack of funding and resources, has delegated increasing amounts of this work to industry. And when it comes to certifying new airplanes, that means to Boeing. The FAA, of course, is supposed to have final sign-off on everything. But I talked to one engineer who was involved in the certification of the MAX - told me that there wasn't complete and proper review of the documents. Review was rushed to reach certain certification dates.

And the document that you were looking at - does it show that engineers had real safety concerns a long time ago about this specific system?

No, that document doesn't express their - it's the analysis that went into certification. The feedback I got from safety engineers was that they weren't happy with certain aspects of that analysis that was - that, in the end, was signed off. For example, it allowed that the system would be triggered by a single sensor on the side of the fuselage called the angle of attack sensor. That was faulty on the Lion airplane, and it triggered the whole system. And that's, we believe, what caused the Lion Air crash.

turn 0 : This statement implies that FAA could not expect Boeing to essentially self-inspect their own aircraft.

What is the norm for FAPersonA regarding delegating work to the industry?

Answer: Industry


Well, we'll be sure to get those up on NPR News and Notes and nprnewsandviews. org. So let's talk housing. The U. S.  House of Representatives just approved a bill that some folks are calling the rescue bill. What does that really mean?

Basically, the housing bill will allow consumers to renegotiate the terms of their mortgages to get more affordable mortgage rates. And the mortgage interest rate for a 30 year mortgage is now hovering at about six percent, a little below six percent. You've got people locked into very high mortgage rates. You've got people who are defaulting because they can't pay. And basically, it will allow a renegotiation. And it will have the federal government guarantee these mortgages, which means that yes, a taxpayer at some level will pay if people default.

But basically, what we'll do is stave-off this horrible housing crisis that we're experiencing when we look at cities like Detroit. We look at other cities. When we see the default rates so high that we're really worried about the stability, Congress will, and Maxine Ward is of course, introducing some of this legislation because of the challenges that we're being faced in her own district. And so it's good legislation. The president and some other Republicans are against it. They've never been against providing money for anyone else. Bear Stearns got a break, why not people?

Some folks, though, are arguing that this bill could actually reward speculators who either are landlords, who own places in neighborhoods in trouble, or who want to buy up distressed properties. What do you think about that?

turn 1 : The housing bill implies mortgage rate shouldn't emburden anyone.

How does the housing bill aim to help consumers?

Answer: Renegotiate


Africa is a continent wanting to change something. You know, everybody have to think what to do to give best future for the Africa, give hope to the young in Africa. And African young can have hope in Africa and make something in Africa and believe in Africa.

You've seen so much of the world. But why don't you take us to your childhood in Mali. And it's a country I've always wanted to visit. I've never been there, but I love the musical traditions and the long history of it being a nation with a lot of learning. What was it like for you growing up, and when did you start playing music?

I grew up in Mali, normally, like, with mother and father, you know what I mean, a lot of brothers and sisters. We are all together in the same house and is a great time, because is really happiness and very hot. Hot relationship and then a lot of good grand, grand ambience.

Well, let me jump in and ask you, when did you start playing music?What did you start playing and how old were you?

turn 2 : The speaker is implying that he had a very happy and loving family life while growing up in Mali.

How would you describe the family life of the speaker while growing up in Mali? (Answer: "Happiness")

Answer: Happiness


He went to his local bar and he didn't sit on the sidelines there. He took center stage and actually played a kind of Balkan fiddle called a gusle. And everyone stood around and clapped and applauded him. And he was sitting under a portrait of Radovan Karodzic, this man who was the hero for most of the people in the bar. And not one of them spotted the resemblance.

He lived across the stairwell in his block of flats from a woman who worked with Interpol. And her - every time she went into work, she logged on to her computer and saw the world's most wanted, including Osama bin Laden and Radovan Karodzic. And the penny never dropped. It was like a long-running performance that only came to an end really when his brother made a vital slip.

He made a phone call, right?What happened?

He made a phone call. And he used a SIM card that he shouldn't have used. It was one that was on the files of the people chasing Karodzic.

To put you on the spot a bit, does a sentence like this that comes 21 years after the Srebrenica massacre serve as a deterrent to alleged war crimes being committed today, let's say in Syria and/or Iraq?

turn 4 : The mention of the Srebrenica massacre and the potential consequences for war criminals serves as a reminder that such heinous acts can lead to future accountability, even if justice is delayed.

Answer: Srebrenica


Hey, Geoff.

What's up, Farai?

Well, as you can tell, things are starting to crystallize and solidify in terms of this race. So you've got this endorsement of Barack Obama by Senator Ted Kennedy and his niece, Caroline Kennedy. How's that reverberating online?

Well, it's interesting. After Caroline Kennedy's op-ed appeared in The New York Times, searches of her name rose 179 percent, mainly by people over the age of 35 and across the two-thirds of the nation geographically. Now this is according to Yahoo Buzz Index. Now, for Ted Kennedy, his searches went up 248 percent. People were also searching for more about JFK, Maria Shriver and Jacqueline Kennedy.

turn 3 : This phrase means that the endorsement is having an impact or causing reactions online. It is not referring to actual sound reverberation.

What does the term "reverberating" refer to in the dialogue?

Answer: Online


What were some of the challenging parts of school?What did you find the hardest?

Reading, studying my lessons. You know, because I had to read more, you know, and because, you know, as you get older, your short-term memory sort of fails you once in a while. So to make sure that you got the material where you could reproduce it, you had to study a little harder and do a little more research.

So tell me what graduation day was like?

Oh, the best day of my life, I guess. Life doesn't get any better. Life doesn't get any better. With my family there, all my friends cheering me on, I felt like I was 16 years old. What a day. What a day. I was happy. Everybody was pleased. They gave me a good ovation. I really enjoyed it. I really did. I cannot explain to you in words my feelings.

turn 1 : Reading, studying my lessons.You know, because I had to read more, you know, and because, you know, as you get older, your short-term memory sort of fails you once in a while.So to make sure that you got the material where you could reproduce it, you had to study a little harder and do a little more research.

Which cognitive function is affected by age according to the statement?

Answer: Memory


It's my pleasure, Scott. Thank you for having me.

Is the ACLU a fig leaf for Nazis?

No, sir. We are the premier defenders of freedom of speech and racial justice and the rights of all people in the U. S.  For almost a hundred years, our mission has been to defend the rights of everyone, even people we hate. And ultimately, this is about making sure the government never has the authority or the ability to censor speech because it finds it loathsome or disgusting. There are ways for government to regulate speech. It's got to be neutral. There are time, place, manner restrictions that are perfectly appropriate and legitimate. And yet, it can never be because we don't like what folks say.

What about when the marchers are armed, though?Doesn't that make a difference to public safety?

turn 3 : The composition of Congress and Senate may undergo substantial changes over the next two election cycles as more and more sexual harassment allegations continue to surface against longstanding members of Congress.

Answer: Congress


It's possible, but for the active vaccines, yeah, that's correct.

Is there a lot of research that's going on in this field?

There is. It's sparse. There are some groups that have been working in this for a number of years, but like I said, it's - the research requires a lot of different initiatives. So it's not something that a group who's just doing chemistry or immunology can do. You have to kind of meld together chemistry, immunology and neuropharmacology to kind of look at this overall process.

And is there great interest?You say there might be interest if you can develop this in - for people, the drug companies, because it's given later, might be interested in it as opposed to giving, as you say, prophylactics to drug addicts.

turn 2 : (3): The research requires a lot of different initiatives. = It takes a lot of effort to research this field.

Which word describes the effort required to research this field?

Answer: Effort


Someone who might be a public interest lawyer who decides to go to Wall Street instead because the money is better there, someone who might like to be a teacher making a little money, but decides, instead, to take a job, you know, in retail sales or in corporate because again the money is there. They lose, but we all lose. And I think that that's the challenge right now is that the nation loses when we are not in a position to invest and provide opportunities for every young person, and again, I'd say not-so young person.

We have students at Bennett who were returning students in their 30s, 40s and even 50s. And so we want every student and every person to have the opportunity to maximize. This is the kind of economy where people really don't maximize; where, instead, as you said they're careful; they're hoarding, they're not spending. So even this little $300 of the so-called stimulus package is going to put out there, a lot of people are going to put that away.

Well…

A lot people are going to say, well, I'm not going to spend that money. I'm going to wait for a rainy day.

turn 3 : (4) is the turn whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is not talking about waiting for an actual rainy day but rather saving the money for future needs or emergencies. The phrase "wait for a rainy day" is a common idiom used to refer to saving money for a future time of need or unexpected expenses.

Which phrase is commonly used to refer to saving money for a future time of need or unexpected expenses?

Answer: Wait