You note when Turkey failed to prosecute this man and then your office did prosecute this man that you became a kind of social media hero in Turkey. You got a huge following. Apparently. . .

Yeah. Completely undeserved. As I said, other people had done the work. But I became a symbol. And I say, look, the prosecutors are not saviors. They can't solve everything. It takes an involvement from a lot of other people. It just happens to be the case that it's very easy to put, you know, their hopes and hatreds both, sometimes, in the figure of a prosecutor.

Are people putting too much faith in Robert Mueller?

People should have a lot of faith in Robert Mueller. I have a ton of faith in Robert Mueller. I think, you know, he is not a deity and he should not be put on a pedestal, but there's no one I can think of in the country who could have done this job as honorably as he's doing. And even he has been attacked and dragged through the mud and false accusations made about him. What I'm saying is he's just a lawman acting by the book trying to do what he thinks is correct with a band of really, really smart, I think, honorable people around him.

turn 3 : People should not put too much faith in any single person or institution to solve all of their problems.

Which advice did PersonA give about putting faith in individuals or institutions?

Answer: Not-excessive


The charges are wire fraud, aiding and abetting and lying to the FBI. Now, the Department of Justice called this a brazen bribery scheme in a letter that came out today with the indictment. According to them, it involves a wealthy businessman, two of his associates and, as you mentioned, Robin Hayes. He's a former five-term congressman and currently still as of this moment leads the state Republican Party.

The indictment lays out in some very specific detail what amounts to an effort to gain favorable treatment from the state Department of Insurance. And allegedly the businessman, this man named Greg Lindberg, offered millions of dollars to the state insurance commissioner. His name's Mike Causey - the commissioner - who is also an elected Republican. And what they wanted - the business folks - in return were looser regulations and some control over personnel within the state Department of Insurance.

How did the alleged fraud come to light?

Well, according to federal prosecutors, it was the insurance commissioner himself, Causey, who had just been on the job for a few weeks, maybe a month or two who came to them in 2017. He had concerns about what he perceived were illegal campaign contributions, and he agreed to cooperate with them if there was an investigation. And of course there was this investigation. And it's unclear exactly what mechanism was used, but there are direct quotes throughout this indictment - phone conversations, in-person correspondence. So a lot of what is alleged to have happened in this conspiracy appears to in some form or fashion have been recorded.

turn 3 : The insurance commissioner reported concerns about illegal campaign contributions and cooperated with federal prosecutors to investigate the alleged fraud.

Which commissioner reported concerns about illegal campaign contributions?

Answer: Insurance


As someone who has worked for so many years to promote human rights in Afghanistan, do you feel this in your gut?Are you optimistic that this peace can hold?

I yet do not trust the promises the Taliban make. I'm worried about my little girls, two of them, and their future. But also, I'm optimist about the fact that Afghanistan is a different country.

You think Afghanistan is a place where your two daughters can have a happy, successful life.

As a nation who have suffered for a large number of years, our country and our people deserve peace and stability and to move on. However, this is the time that we make a commitment that we would fight for the rights of our people, including the right of my two little girls. And that's why my focus is to make sure that the peace process is not rushed; we take enough time to develop the details of a peace agreement that ensures and guarantees the freedom that I want for my daughters.

turn 3 : The speaker's emotions and thoughts are being explored in order to gauge their optimism and trust in the peace process.

What is the focus of the speaker in ensuring freedom for their daughters?

Answer: Rights


And we start today's program with an Easter Sunday tragedy in Sri Lanka. Coordinated bombings this morning killed more than 200 people and wounded hundreds more. The explosions happened in churches and in hotels popular with tourists. NPR's Lauren Frayer has been monitoring the situation from Mumbai, India, and she joins us now on the line.

Hi, Lauren.

Hi, Sacha.

Could you tell us what more you know since this morning about these bombings?

turn 3 : "what more you know" - This turn literally means "what additional information do you have," but it implies that the person being asked already has some information about the bombings, so it is asking for further details.

Which word implies that the person being asked already has some information about the bombings?

Answer: Already


What does it mean to put your hat in someone's ring?Does it mean that you are, for example, trying to lead your constituents that you're trying to lead other people, who are a part of the Congressional Black Caucus or part of Congress?What exactly does you putting your chips on the table mean?

For the past 20-something years, I have been putting out a sample ballot. And if people don't get it at the time that they think they should, my office is inundated with calls. You know, through the media, through your sample ballot operation, I let people know what's on my mind. And I try and let them know why I'm doing what I'm doing and then they make their decision.

Congresswoman, I've had a chance to come to your offices in South Los Angeles and you have a multi-racial coalition of staffers - black, white, Asian…

That's right.

turn 0 : "Putting your hat in someone's ring" is a figurative expression that means expressing interest in joining or supporting someone's cause or campaign. The literal meaning of putting a hat in a ring does not convey this sense.

How does "putting your hat in someone's ring" differ from its literal meaning?

Answer: Figurative


And then we have a Congress who just passed a bill knowing full well that this was the most likely outcome, and they chose not to even try to stop it. But now that the bill has passed, the shutdown has been prevented, the government has been funded, the president can come out and say he's going to do this now. And you have people saying that we're shredding the Constitution, that this is the end of the world, that we need to act, that we need to stop something.

Well, the time to act was before you pass a bill to give the president money to fund the government. The time to act - if you want to force a vote on this, if you want to force Republicans in the Senate to go on record if you're a House Democrat, for instance, then you put language in the bill saying the president can't use national emergency powers to build a wall.

You mean senators - well, we could list their names - Susan Collins.

Right. I mean, don't vote for a bill that is going to make something that you think is really damaging to our country, to the Republic, more likely to occur. Just don't do it, No. 1. No. 2, actually go out and try to put things in the bill to prevent the thing that you think is so damaging to our republic from happening.

turn 0 : Congress passed a bill despite the likely negative consequences.

How did Congress act despite the likely outcome?

Answer: Passed


It's always right to do right. And I basically was in it because I feel the Lord had me in it. It was a work of righteousness which was a work of God. And that's - I think that's why the movement can't be killed - 'cause it's the work of God.

We asked Bishop Woods to take us upstairs at the A. G.  Gaston Motel to the room where he recalls talking to Martin Luther King.

We went upstairs to go to his room.

The stairs of the Gaston are scuffed from rain and time. The windows are boarded. The rooms are bare and dark. It's a little like looking into the wreck of a great, old ship and trying to imagine the people who are now gone and the way they changed our lives.

turn 3 : "It's a little like looking into the wreck of a great, old ship and trying to imagine the people who are now gone and the way they changed our lives." The literal meaning is that the scene being described is similar to looking at an old, abandoned ship and trying to imagine its history. The actual meaning, however, is that the scene is nostalgic and evokes a sense of loss for the people who once occupied the space and made an impact on the speaker's life.

Which feeling does the scene described in turn 3 evoke in the speaker?

Answer: Loss


Seems that this year, more Americans are making their electoral preferences known from the hereafter. Katie Falzone is vice president for operations at Legacy. com. They host obituaries for newspapers and funeral homes. She joins us now from the studios of WBEZ in Chicago, where, of course, deceased Americans can always vote. Thanks very much for being with us, Ms.  Falzone.

Thank you, Scott.

So has this really stepped up this election year.

It definitely has. I recently pulled some numbers from our site and found, you know, over the course of the past few election cycles, we've seen a huge increase. So the first year I looked at was comparing June to June numbers for the 2003-2004. We only had five references to political candidates in obituaries. This year, 119.

turn 1 : The increase in references to political candidates in obituaries suggests that more Americans are making their electoral preferences known from beyond the grave.

What does the increase in references to political candidates in obituaries suggest?

Answer: Electoral


Investors are ecstatic about central bankers working there. Listen to this, the German DAX Index up about 10 percent, the French CAC 40, up more than nine percent. Now, they are both measures like the Dow 30, which on Wall Street jumped 500 points in the morning.

In Britain, Prime Minister Gordon Brown put $65 billion of government money into three British banks. NPR's Rod Gifford is in London. We're going to him. Rob, hello. I think that people are saying it is this British plan, the so-called British plan that seems to be may be spurring a little bit of a recovery around the world. What is the British government doing, and what does it want in return?

Well, as you say, Alex, Gordon Brown is getting a lot of kudos from this, because he was the one who put this plan forward last week. What they're doing, as you say, is to put a lot of government money that is taxpayer's money, $65 billion worth of it, into three British banks into order to - they hope - free up the bank to bank lending, and the whole crisis of confidence that has struck British banks as it has done elsewhere.

In return - some very important conditions they want in return. Right upfront, leaders of these banks that have got into trouble must step down. Bonuses are being frozen for other executives who stay on and crucially, the demand that these banks maintain mortgage lending and small-business lending at 2007 levels, levels of last year.

turn 2 : Gordon Brown's plan is earning him praise, but it involves using taxpayer money to bailout three British banks and impose conditions on the banks in exchange for the money.

What are the conditions imposed by the British government on the banks in exchange for the bailout money?

Answer: Step


One last, I think, pretty blunt question we've got in 40 seconds left - why is President Trump more critical of Alec Baldwin than he is of Vladimir Putin on this week when Putin shows an animated video of Russian missiles smacking Florida?

I, you know - I think if you look at the President Trump style with ISIS as an example - he doesn't like to tip his hand. He was critical of the last administration by declaring departure dates, and so forth and things going on in the Middle East. And I think he's been tougher on Russia and Vladimir Putin than any other administration, at least the last two.

Really?

And so I would say, stay tuned to that. He's pretty predictable in that way.

turn 0 : President Trump is more critical of Alec Baldwin than Vladimir Putin despite Putin's provocative action.

How did President Trump react to Putin's video of Russian missiles smacking Florida?

Answer: Ignored


…of the entire family. And you've got the ability to sit from that distance and observe natural behavior.

You know, there have been stories written about park rangers and others who have very strong personal connections to these animals. I know that some of them have named them. How does that come about?

Well, the park rangers, in my opinion, are the real heroes of mountain gorilla conservation. They are the guys who are out on a day-to-day basis, doing the work of conservation. And in the case of D. R. C. , they are risking their lives. We probably have lost 120 to 150 guards over the last 15 years in the Congo. And I think it indicates the kind of courage that these guys have, putting their life on the line, protecting animals that they have worked with on a day-to-day basis or, in some cases, decades.

Are there other animals that are also endangered in that area, especially as a result of the finding, in addition to the gorilla?

turn 2 : In the literal sense, (3) describes park rangers as individuals who work in the conservation of mountain gorillas, and who risk their lives for that purpose. However, the implied meaning of (3) is that park rangers are selfless heroes who are dedicated to their work, even if it means putting their lives at risk.

Which animal is endangered in the area besides the gorilla?

Answer: None


Their main achievement was that they submitted documents to the United Nations, formally joining the Paris climate agreement. And on the occasion President Obama said that some day we may see this as the moment that we finally decided to save our planet. President Xi Jinping, meanwhile, called on other countries to follow their example. Now, a lot more countries still have to formally join this agreement for it to take effect. But the U. S.  and China submitted their documents ahead of schedule, and this just means that the commitments that these countries made in Paris can be put into action that much sooner.

This is the first time China has hosted this summit. Does it have a goal in mind as to why it's doing it?

Well, first of all, you know, by hosting this for the first time, to many Chinese it really marks the first time that they've had an equal seat at the rulemaking table since World War II. They feel that they're now the world's second-largest economy, and they want a say that's commensurate with that status. So far, a lot of the rules have been made by the Group of Seven or Group of Eight industrialized nations. China has not been a part of that, and they want a more equitable system represented by the G-20 that does a better job of taking into account the needs of developing nations like itself.

Do we know what's on the agenda?

turn 3 : Implied meaning: What topics will be discussed at the summit?

What was the question asked by "B" in turn 3?

Answer: Agenda


Good morning.

Good morning.

What does Oklahoma want?

Well, I mean, really, they're looking for funding. They're looking for as much money as possible, as quickly as possible. I talked with Oklahoma Attorney General Mike Hunter, and he's the one who brought the lawsuit. And he told me that taking these companies to court is really the only way the state can fund opioid treatment. I mean, you've got to keep in mind that Oklahoma has the second-highest uninsured rate in the nation. The state hasn't expanded Medicaid. State legislators have really slashed public health funding in recent years. So add on top of that the huge opioid addiction crisis, and you've got very few facilities, and they're almost always full.

So I'm thinking this through from Johnson & Johnson's perspective. I guess if you're a business, you want to kind of get your liabilities, you know, in a predictable - into a predictable place, which might help explain why a couple of other big companies, pharmaceutical companies, settled their lawsuits with the state of Oklahoma. But Johnson & Johnson is going ahead. Why did they not settle the way that other companies have?

turn 2 : Oklahoma wants funding to help opioid treatment due to lack of support and high addiction crisis

Which state has the second-highest uninsured rate in the nation?

Answer: Oklahoma


Winston Churchill, we always have to quote him once in a while, right?He said that jaw-jaw was better than war-war. And no matter how awful the war of words may get, it's only serious, really, if it leads to real war. And if North Korea is truly a nuclear power now, any thought of a military solution is somewhere between horrific and unthinkable.

And the Mueller investigation's widening?

We do see more evidence that the Mueller investigation thinks it has some kind of goods on Paul Manafort, former campaign chairman for Donald Trump. He also seems to think he can use whatever he has on Manafort to pry loose more stuff on other campaign figures. Is this going to reach the president himself?At this point, that does not seem to be indicated. But this probe is going to continue and get a lot more uncomfortable for the president before it's over.

NPR's Ron Elving. Thanks so much.

turn 0 : Winston Churchill, we always have to quote him once in a while, right? He said that jaw-jaw was better than war-war. And no matter how awful the war of words may get, it's only serious, really, if it leads to real war. And if North Korea is truly a nuclear power now, any thought of a military solution is somewhere between horrific and unthinkable.  In this turn, the implied meaning is that engaging in diplomatic discussions and negotiations ("jaw-jaw") is preferable to engaging in armed conflict ("war-war"). The speaker suggests that although verbal conflicts can be intense, they are not as severe as actual wars. Additionally, the speaker implies that considering a military solution in the context of North Korea's nuclear power status would be extremely dangerous and should be avoided.

How does the speaker feel about a military solution for North Korea?

Answer: Unthinkable


That's one of the projects, yeah, that I followed in the book. Can we build a limb that is basically indistinguishable from a natural arm?So if you're missing an arm, you get this new prosthetic that can sense and move and operate like a natural arm. And that's typically ambitious, and they call that DARPA-hard. Let's try something that just seems completely insane, totally, you know, crazy ambitious. And in that case, they didn't get there. They didn't quite get to that point, but they did get a lot of these technologies in motion for controlling a robot with mind power alone, for instance.

Yeah. How do they ensure that they keep getting new cutting-edge thoughts inside of DARPA?

That's one of the challenges, and that's one of the reasons I was able to write this book, too, because they need to get the word out. They need to find people out there who've got these ideas, who want to pitch them to DARPA. Or come to work for DARPA as a program manager because DARPA program managers, they all leave. After two to six years, they're gone. Their expiration dates are printed on their ID badges. So they've got this turnover, 25 percent every single year.

And they also have a deadline, right?

turn 2 : DARPA needs to constantly recruit new talent and ideas to maintain innovation.

What is one of the challenges faced by DARPPersonA in maintaining innovation?

Answer: turnover


So Leslie, what about some splurge wines?

Well, I think in this economy, splurge is a relative term. So what I like to do is tell people to think about makeovers. For example, if they are thinking about spending $100 on a bottle of great champagne, that's wonderful. You can go out and buy Dom Perignon, certainly. Dom Perignon Rose, for example, would set you back a couple hundred dollars. But think about sort of switching that out with another wine. For example, Chandon in Napa Valley is part of the same company that produces Dom Perignon from (unintelligible) in France, and they do a gorgeous wine called Etoile, and it's about $40 for a sparkling wine. So now you've splurged and gotten one of California's best sparkling wines, and it's by the same company that ultimately makes Dom Perignon. So now you've splurged but saved yourself a little Christmas money as well.

Leslie, thank you.

Thank you very much.

turn 1 : Splurging on expensive wines can be replaced by trying out other affordable, yet equally delicious options.

Which word describes the alternative to splurging on expensive wines according to Leslie?

Answer: alternative


I mean there's no logic to what he does. There's no way to anticipate what he's going to do. Often, what he ends up doing defies logic, defies everybody's expectations, defies explanation.

When you hear this from people who've been around the president, is there a but anywhere?Do they say, I love this man, but?

There used to be. Remember - so I've done - this is my second book. This is effectively a sequel. I've spent the last three years pretty much non-stop talking about Donald Trump. And there used to be buts. There are no buts now. I might make a reservation for some of the most sycophantic people around him. But even they, if you push them a little, get to the vile and ludicrous pretty quickly.

I'm thinking of a description attributed to a former senior White House official, Steve Bannon, describing the president the United States and the president of Russia, Putin and Trump, quote, "two narcissistic, cult leader-type presidents. Both had populist talents, yet both were ultimately out for their own benefit. "And then a key line here, I think - of the two, Putin was the far cleverer one. It sounds like even Steve Bannon, who did so much to promote the president's career, doesn't seem to think he's very bright.

turn 2 : Even the most sycophantic people around the president think he's vile and ludicrous.

Which people think the president is vile and ludicrous?

Answer: Sycophantic


Well, social networks and blogs have moved ahead of personal emailing among the most popular online activities. This is according to the Nielsen Company, which monitors consumer behavior. And they say time spent on these social networking sites is growing three times faster than the overall Internet rate. And they say over two thirds of the world's online population now visits social networking and blogging sites. But the issue now is how to fund these sites, right?

Mm hmm.

So, like Facebook, for example, has a huge audience, a growing audience but has very relatively little obvious advertising compared to a site like MySpace, which is cluttered with ads but have seen their audience flatten. So, it's a catch 22 for some of these sites.

Well, speaking of social networks, a hugely popular site, YouTube, is having issues overseas. Tell us about that.

turn 2 : It is a bad idea either way for the social media companies.

How do the social media companies fare in terms of advertising?

Answer: Bad.


You've been working, as we mentioned, on the Voyager mission since its genesis. What has kept you with this program all that time?

Voyager - well, Voyager is science. Science is about discovering things, about understanding what's around - what our neighborhood is like, what the universe is like. So as a scientist, this has been a wonderful journey because, especially during the encounters with the giant planets, every day there were a flood of discoveries. Next day - more discoveries. So as a scientist, this has been an incredibly wonderful mission to have been on. And even today at great distances, Voyager is still doing things no spacecraft has done before and still presenting us with puzzles that we are trying to sort through.

They are still on a voyage. Where are they now?

Well, this was a mission - we had a four-year mission to Jupiter and Saturn. We had two spacecrafts so that we would have a high probability of at least one succeeding on its four-year journey to Saturn and, of course, both have succeeded and exceeded by a great amount.

turn 3 : "exceeded by a great amount." - actual meaning: the spacecrafts have surpassed their original mission goals and continued to function well beyond their expected lifetime.

How were the spacecrafts after their original mission goals?

Answer: Surpassed


Both the trains slowed. I was standing there with my bag over my shoulder, ready to jump. It was windy. It was cold. It was kind of getting dark. And so they finally lined up the cars correctly, and I was told to run across the loose rocks and jump on to the other train.

The conductor on the other train pulled me on to that car. Once I was onboard, another conductor came through the car, and she said to me, don't get up when we get to Milwaukee. What I heard from her was don't get up, or I will kill you. I did not move the rest of the trip.

So I get to Saint Paul. I'm looking for my brother. He's late. So he gets there, and I ask him, why were you late?And he says, well, I checked the train schedule, and it said it was running behind. Oh, that was because of me.

A travel nightmare with a happy ending from Anne Fleury in Milwaukee. Send us your stories, please. Go to weekendeditionsaturday@npr. org. Click on contact. Put Travel Nightmare at the top of your message.

turn 0 : The conductor was warning me not to get off the train when we arrived in Milwaukee or there would be consequences.

What did the conductor warn the speaker not to do in Milwaukee?

Answer: Off


Their arteries expand. They become these little reservoirs of fresh blood, so that even if the arteries get pinched off, they have access to oxygenated blood while their heads are turned. And they, of course, they need this. They have huge, you know, brains and eyes.

Right. Right. Yeah. So it's a great video. If you want to know how an owl does this, we have the whole thing right there. It's our Video Pick of the Week up there on our website at sciencefriday. com. Also it's up there on YouTube in our SCIENCE FRIDAY YouTube channel. You could watch it there.

Absolutely. Go to YouTube or SCIENCE FRIDAY or download our video podcast and you can take SCIENCE FRIDAY videos on the go.

There you go. And it's made by Flora Lichtman, who is now our correspondent and managing editor for video. Congratulations on your appointment.

turn 0 : Owls have a special anatomy that allows them to turn their heads far.

How do owls maintain access to oxygenated blood while turning their heads?

Answer: reservoris


I would never have imagined an Ebola epidemic going at this pace because all the prior epidemics - some 20 outbreaks since 1976 - have occurred in isolated, rural areas and been primarily a handful of family members co-infected coming into a medical facility, and then the medical facility itself became the amplifier of the infection.

But this one has broken all the rules. So for the first time, we really see classic, urban, person-to-person spread in Monrovia, in Freetown and in Conakry. It has also crossed borders. So we have three countries with three different sets of policies and skills levels. And it also hit countries that had been through two of the most brutal civil wars in modern history, civil wars that pitted clan against clan, village against the village so that as this began to unfold, it unfolded in an atmosphere of deeply embedded distrust to give us the worst Ebola epidemic in history.

Laurie, what about those people that think that this might be tragic, but it's on the other side of the world, got nothing to do with us?

I don't think there's many serious voices saying that sort of thing anymore. This week, when the Security Council convened and voted on a resolution related to the Ebola epidemic, it was cosigned by 130 other nations making it the most strongly-supported resolution in the history of the United Nations. One key element of that resolution is declaring that Ebola now represents a national security threat for every nation on Earth.

turn 1 : In (2), the speaker is responding to the idea that the Ebola epidemic is not relevant to people who are not directly affected by it. The speaker notes that the epidemic has spread to multiple countries with different policies and levels of expertise, and that the affected countries have a history of deep-seated distrust and conflict. The implied meaning is that the Ebola epidemic is a global issue that affects everyone, not just those who are directly impacted.

Which epidemic is being referred to as a national security threat in turn 3?

Answer: Ebola


Yeah.

. . . And they're called casseurs - breakers. They love to smash windows. They love to tear stuff up. And actually, the interior minister said that Marine Le Pen - that's the far-right leader - sent out far-right, you know, hooligans to cause havoc. So she, of course, denies that. But in every demonstration in France, these young men - they wear hoods, and they love to come out. So there's definitely that element.

And I've been talking to people out here. You know, a father had his 6-year-old daughter out here. He's not out there smashing things. So they're angry. They feel like their march is being taken over. But I can hear them screaming, Macron resign, way up, chanting in the crowd. So yes, people are causing, you know, damage and havoc, but there are regular people who are just angry.

NPR's Eleanor Beardsley on the streets of Paris. Eleanor, thanks very, very much for being with us.

turn 1 : elements in this context is something that causes something else, or something that can help something, in this case its asthma

How is asthma related to the dialogue between PersonA and B?

Answer: Unrelated


From what we can tell, they've donated from - I think it was over a hundred countries in terms of geography. It just sort of struck a nerve across the world.

Why do you think that is?

I think a big part of it was that Tesla as a man is sort of someone that a lot of people, maybe, sympathized with because he's kind of a geek at heart. He's sort of this unsung hero, and he did all of these wonderful things for us and didn't really get much credit during his career. So with this sort of crowd funding campaign, it was almost an opportunity for the world to make it up to him.

What drew you to getting involved?

turn 2 : Many people sympathize with Tesla and want to support him.

Answer: Tesla


You know, you've been criticized on both sides of the aisle, as they say now. I think some scientists are saying: Why did you publish - why didn't you publish it in legitimate, peer-reviewed journals first?

Oh, we're following the - I mean, we're following the tradition of science, which is that you distribute this widely to your peers before you publish it. Jim Hansen does the same thing. He puts his papers online. This is a tradition in the field.

Peer review means you present results in a public forum, you distribute pre-prints. Most of my important papers were widely distributed to other scientists far before they appeared. It's the best kind of peer review.

And you challenge anyone to come up with a better explanation.

turn 1 : "Oh, we're following the - I mean, we're following the tradition of science" - The actual meaning is that the speaker is defending the decision to not publish in peer-reviewed journals by saying it is a common practice in the scientific community, even though it may not be the best practice.

Which practice is the speaker defending in their statement?

Answer: N/A


Yeah. That - yeah.

OK. I mean, this is the kind of thing that's kind - it just amazes me that we didn't know the answer to this. But apparently there was, you know, a study about a hundred years ago, and some people thought that maybe there was an oil on the legs of the spiders. And then other people didn't believe that and thought that the spiders just avoid the sticky parts of the web because it does - it turns out that not the whole web is sticky. I didn't know that, but just the spiral part is the only sticky part of the orb web. The structural lines. . .

So the spokes are not sticky.

The spokes - right, not sticky.

Which line of the web is the only sticky part?

Answer: Structural


I think it's a story that can stick with you for many different reasons. If you leave a film, if you put down a book, and there is something that you didn't know before or something that has informed you about the world you live in that you care about but you didn't know before - if you can walk away from any kind of story with that, I think that's the goal of storytelling. I believe this is a film that does that.

And so that's what I love about this film - is it really has moved people. And it's become more, I think, socially important today than it was when we made it. There's been a lot more attention being given to Indigenous and Native American people within our country since we made the film. And there is also this whole epidemic that every day, we're learning more about men in power and sexual assault. And those are what this film is about in a very specific story.

Elizabeth Olson, speaking with us from Atlanta. Thanks so much for being with us.

Thanks for having me.

turn 3 :  The literal meaning of (4) is "Thanks for having me."  The actual meaning is "Thank you for the opportunity."

How did PersonA express gratitude in turn 3?

Answer: Thanks


What's the word that comes to your mind when I say Miles Davis?

Blue. I mean, (laughter) is that lame?I mean. . .

No. Not at all. And I think there's this aura to this album. And it is about blue. And it's also about the other word I was thinking of, which is cool. You know, when we talk about the 1950s - bebop, which had come out of the '40s, has really reached a sort of maturity. And bebop is all about frenetic tempos and, you know, this real sort of virtuosic mastery. Miles Davis cut his teeth on bebop. But with this album, he really makes a concerted effort to move in a different direction. And so he brings all this space and openness and these kind of languid tempos and creates a mood. It's no secret why people love it. It just feels good.

All right. One of those guys who played on that album was John Coltrane. He also put out a classic album in 1959. Let's listen to a little bit of the title track from "Giant Steps. "

turn 2 : Miles Davis' album creates a mood that people love.

How does Miles Davis' album make people feel?

Answer: Good


Good to be with you, Linda.

So we've got a ticket, at long last. What is Governor Pence's contribution?What does he bring to the table?

He has three things that Donald Trump lacks and needs. He has the trust of most social conservatives. He has a long history of working with other party leaders in Washington. And he has good relationships with the kind of Republican donors who have been shying away from Donald Trump up to now.

Which sounds sensible, conventional and not at all like Donald Trump.

turn 3 : (4) Implies that the qualities Governor Pence brings to the table are sensible, conventional and different from Donald Trump's.

Which word describes the qualities that Governor Pence brings to the table according to B?

Answer: conventional


Well, it just occurred to me in the last few months that what I do is almost like a drug for me. If it's not there on some nights when my instrument is not working correctly like I want it to, or the sound isn't right, or the audience is heckling me, or somebody's not happy, it's almost like I'm not getting that fix that I need. And it is kind of the biggest drug in my life is taking music to people, in a way.

So, Lalah, you have a bunch of different sounds on this CD, and let's talk a little bit about the song, "One Mile" which has a little bit more of a hip-hop, R&B edge.

(Singing) Bring me all around the world, Tell me I'm the only one. I believe you love me so, Wondered how you let me down. Tricky how you said the words, Didn't even feel disturbed. You're my one and only girl, Those are only words I heard.

So, when you think about the story telling, and this sound, how do you cross-pollinate them when you put together something like this song?

turn 0 : The speaker feels the need to perform music to feel complete.

How does the speaker describe the effect of music on their life?

Answer: Complete


Everyone has to be themself. In West Virginia, you can't just transform yourself. You can't be something you're not. You know, West Virginia, we'll shake your hand, look in your eye. We'll see your soul. We know if you're fooling us or not. Forget about having a D or an R by your name. They're thinking, oh, now, just because you're Republican, you're going to win. People in West Virginia still vote for the person. So they still know I'm still Joe. I've been Joe from day one. I was born Joe. And I'll die Joe.

One of the things that we've seen, specifically in red states where Democrats have done well, is that they haven't spoken about the president. They've distance themselves from discussing President Trump. I mean, your state is a state that Trump won by more than 65 percent. I mean, will you be discussing the president?

Let me say this - in 2012, Mitt Romney beat Barack Obama by 35 percentage points in West Virginia. I won by over 20 percent. That's a 55, 60-percent swing. So, people in West Virginia will pick the person.

So no discussing the president?

turn 0 : They see a person's personality and the deepest part of their character.

Which state has a reputation for looking deep into a person's character?

Answer: West-Virginia


Well, there have been reports - I mean, certainly the separatist commander that we spoke to today said that they, in fact, are moving westward. There have been some reports of fighting in a village not far from here. But the large-scale offensive that sort of seemed to be happening earlier in the week has slowed for now.

And anything about a Ukrainian fighter jet being shot down?There were some reports this week.

Yes, this is the third jet in recent times that has been shot down. And in this case, the Ukrainians claim it was some sort of Russian missile launcher that brought it down. There's been no response from the Russian side. Of course, the Russians deny there are any Russian troops here at all. They say if anyone's here, they're volunteers. And, in fact, the commander that we spoke to - the separatist commander who claims he's from Odessa - says that they have some volunteers, but these are a very tall or short people. A one-eyed sniper was one person that he referred to and said these are not people who would be serving in the Russian military.

NPR's Soraya Sarhaddi Nelson, thanks very much for being with us.

turn 2 : The actual meaning is different from the literal meaning in turn (3). When A says "these are a very tall or short people. A one-eyed sniper was one person that he referred to," they are not literally referring to people who are only tall or short or have one eye. Rather, they are using these descriptions as a way to suggest that the volunteers mentioned by the separatist commander are unconventional and perhaps not what one would expect to see in a typical military unit.

Which characteristics of the volunteers mentioned by the separatist commander are described in an unconventional way?

Answer: Tall/Short,-One-eyed


Now, the Russian government doesn't get many chances in this context internationally, on the global stage, to do the right thing. I have been criticizing the Russian government while I am here. What more can I do to satisfy you or any of these critics who hold these positions?The reality is there is nothing that will satisfy them because it is their suspicion, it is their skepticism, it is their distrust of the Russian government as an institution which is motivating this.

I mean, do I have to detail for you the ways in which the Putin government has earned (laughter) some suspicion?

No, no. Absolutely not. Again, I agree with you. This (laughter) - look, look; this is why I have been criticizing the Russian government. There's no distance between us on that. I'm not saying Vladimir Putin is an angel. I'm not even saying Vladimir Putin is a decent guy. What I'm saying is you have to understand there doesn't need to be a quid pro quo here for it to make sense.

Edward Snowden. Elsewhere in the program, he talks about his work at the NSA before he leaked classified information and tells us what's keeping him from returning to the U. S.  to face trial.

turn 3 : The information was told to others when it was not supposed to be told.

Answer: Leaked


Well, thanks for having me.

You're at the start of your book tour, maybe midway. You have been saying in interviews you don't think you'll ever coach again.

I don't and I'm basically trying to motivate myself to not only put closure on a career but to get going with something else. I've said for years idleness is the devil's workshop. So I always tied up my day, every minute of the day from 6 a. m.  to late at night with basketball, scouting, recruiting. And now I wake up at 6 o'clock and put on my gym shorts, and there's no place to go.

You still give, I gather, motivational speeches and make appearances, don't you?

turn 1 : The interviewer reminds the speaker of what they've been saying, which is different from what the speaker is saying now.

How does the interviewer challenge the PersonA's current statement?

Answer: challenging


Well, some of their problems - they're doing very badly in the polls - is due to the personality of the Democratic Party leader, Matteo Renzi. He has a very sharp Tuscan wit, which, to non-Tuscans, makes him sound like an obnoxious smart aleck. And he's deeply disliked within his own party. Several members of the leftist old guard accused Renzi of being too centrist. They broke away, and that strongly weakened the party.

Under the party leadership, Italy's economy came out of a very devastating recession. And it has grown in the last five years, not as fast as its European partners. But it's done much better. And the party also passed a landmark civil rights legislation with a civil unions law for same-sex couples, despite the strong influence of the Catholic Church in politics. But, you know, the party's push for structural reforms was strongly resisted by both the right and the left. Italians are essentially conservative. They don't like change. But the populists are really pushing a vision of the past. And they're strongly skeptical of the European Union. And if they came to power, that could further destabilize the EU at a time when the bloc is already dealing with Britain's exit and growing authoritarianism in member states like Poland and Hungary.

Sylvia, thanks very much.

Thank you, Renee.

turn 1 : Populists' vision of the past could destabilize the EU

Answer: Populists


And I just am saying to my Republican friends, look, I get it. I understand that there's certain things that he's said that really you can't ever look that way, but take a look. We're still months away from the election.

Mr.  Kelly, if you were advising Donald Trump - and, you know, he might hear this - is there some magic sentence that he could come up with that would - that would help heal things over?

I think he's already worked in that direction. I - I've never met Mr.  Trump, by the way, but I have been watching him. I've watched a Donald Trump who's different today than the Donald Trump I saw three or four weeks ago. I think he is a man who does understand messaging. He understands talking to people.

And as I said earlier, Mr.  Trump's success was not based just on his own ability and his own talent. It was working with many other people to get to something that was mutually beneficial. I've watched Mr.  Ryan. And I said before, he has more depth than the Pacific Ocean when it comes to policy, but he also works well with people to get to some common ground that makes sense. I would just say this - and Donald Trump doesn't need any advice from Mike Kelly. Paul Ryan doesn't need any advice from Mike Kelly.

turn 1 : (2) B's question about a "magic sentence" that Donald Trump could come up with to heal things over implies a desire for a quick fix or easy solution to a complex problem of political division, which may not be realistic or possible.

How does PersonB's question to Mr. Kelly imply a desire for a quick fix solution?

Answer: Quick


We should note that Chico was never a part of DeBarge proper. Chico was solo. This is his hit 'Talk To Me' from 1986.

(Singing)

Talk to me baby, talk to me girl. You know, I really think you oughta

In 1988, Chico and his older brother Bobby were convicted on charges of conspiracy to distribute cocaine. The conviction put a quick end to a promising career. Each of the brothers served years in prison. Bobby later died from complications of AIDS. Like his sister, Chico was willing to open up about some of the pain of the road they've traveled. But he is also gearing up to release a new album. I ask how he felt about this next stage of his career.

I'm excited, but I'm - it was kind of new for me with the mission I have before me. Because of course, as you know, all of us are talking about, you know, a lot of things we've been through that a lot of people didn't know in the family. And the name of my album is "Addiction. "Because I ended up wearing those shoes. I never thought in my life that I would be - you know, I'd actually knocked people, you know, for having that. And I got stabbed, you know.

turn 4 : Wear those shoes is implying that the person has dealt with that in life

What is the name of Chico's upcoming album?

Answer: 1986


Sarah M.  Broom grew up in a yellow house in New Orleans East, 10 minutes from the French Quarter, the youngest of 12 children. The house was bought by her mother in 1961 and grew into something more than the family's home. It became its hearth and its center. But like many places in New Orleans, the earth below it was already sinking years before Hurricane Katrina hit.

The ground was fragile. And of course, that fragility is the thing I picked up on as a child when we were playing hide-and-go-seek, when we were playing ball in the yard, you know, we came up with all of these stories about the danger of the ground. And that becomes the thing that, in a way, haunts me.

Sarah M.  Broom's debut book is called "The Yellow House," and it's a memoir of a place that was hard in many ways but also indelible in the history of her family.

It was a house that I loved deeply, in fact. And I say that because I feel it's impossible to love any place, and to truly love it, to truly see it for what it is, without taking in all of its complexities and its nuances. And I also feel that way, by the way, about America, which I love deeply and am always interrogating, right?So the house created such complexity of emotion for me because it was the place my mother bought. And the house, at some point, really was in disrepair. It was falling down all around us. And even in those moments, my mother was always trying to fix it back up.

turn 1 : The dangers of the ground is something the person remembers and thinks about a lot.

What haunts the person from their childhood memories?

Answer: Danger


There were some in the immediate crowd, Scott, who were smiling. But the president chose to make his tour of the damage in a rather affluent area where the damage was not so severe. Elsewhere on the island, these remarks seemed surreal. Plus, there was his rather cavalier comment about Puerto Rico's debt crisis, which is quite severe and which he dismissed and said, well, that's gone. That's gone. That's gone. Well, the next day, the president's budget director had to walk that back and say we shouldn't take that word for word. And all of this gave the impression that the president wasn't taking Puerto Rico as seriously as he did the hurricane disasters in Texas and Florida.

Did he leave a different impression the next day in Las Vegas?

You know, he did, and very much so. Whether it was recompense or whether the Vegas shooting just got to him on another level, one of his most authentic moments, really, of apparent empathy since he took office.

We're getting a tweet from president - from President Trump. Or we're not getting it. But he's tweeted, I called Chuck Schumer yesterday to see if the Dems would do a great health care bill. Obamacare is badly broken, big premiums. Who knows?

turn 0 : The actual meaning different from the literal meaning is:  "...the president's budget director had to walk that back and say we shouldn't take that word for word."  The literal meaning of this sentence is that the president's budget director had to retract or clarify the statement made by the president. However, the implied meaning is that the president's initial statement was not accurate or well-thought-out, and it needed to be corrected or softened to avoid negative consequences.

How did the president's budget director respond to his statement about Puerto Rico's debt crisis?

Answer: Retract


Like, do they even know really how to describe it?

It's been heart-wrenching. You know, I'm a parent. I have a have an almost 3-year-old, and I, you know, had to try to interview some kids about that age over the last week and even kids a little bit older. One in particular who sticks out of my mind was a 7-year-old who, you know, I asked one question - who'd you come to the U. S.  with?She said, my aunt, and then she just broke down in tears and couldn't really say anything else.

The government is basically making the argument that they want to make sure that they connect kids with their proper legal guardians. I mean, is that in conflict with trying to protect them?

It is absolutely the government's responsibility above all to reunify kids with parents where that's appropriate and where that's in their best interest. What really worried me about speaking with kids on the border who had been held for, as I said, weeks in the Clint detention facility was that there has no evidence that anyone was making any efforts to reunify these kids with parents. I personally started tracking down parents where I could to connect them with their children. And in every case, they had had no idea where their child was, and no one had contacted them.

turn 1 : The speaker interviewed young children affected by the border crisis.

What was the age of the child who broke down in tears during PersonA's interview?

Answer: 7-year-old


She says, look, we've got to do something some investment on sort of global warming issues, energy, independence issues. Let's use the recession to start creating a green economy.

Now, when you look at someone who is no longer in the race, John Edwards, he was often portrayed by supporters and portrayed himself as someone who was going to make ending poverty the center of his campaign. How would his approach have differed from both Senators Obama and Clinton?

Well, actually it turns out at the end of the day, the Edwards approach is fairly similar to sort of a combination of the Clinton and Obama proposals, and that's not surprising. Because John Edwards was the person who came out with a plan first - I thought it was the best plan - and the other candidates fit in in a lot of issues, actually copied John Edwards. In fact, John Edwards was - has truly been a forcing figure during this election, compelling Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton, both, to be more progressive than they might otherwise have been.

Well, let's talk a little bit about political philosophy. We've talked a bit about trickle-down economics, but then there's also the model of the government getting directly involved. Certainly ending the great depression by creating jobs itself - everything from jobs for writers and artists to road building, infrastructure. That does not seem to be a model that's been followed, certainly not to that extent - in decades. Is that even on the table, the whole prospect of the government actually stepping in and doing job creation itself?

turn 1 : "How would his approach have differed from both Senators Obama and Clinton?" - The literal meaning is a question about how John Edwards' approach to ending poverty would differ from the approaches of Senators Obama and Clinton. The actual meaning is a question about the policy differences between the three candidates.

Which candidate's plan did the other candidates copy during the election?

Answer: Edwards


I mean, of course, we don't know yet. But, yes, you can imagine this could present some big challenges they have to deal with. I mean, one big thing the - most glaring thing everyone's talking about today - is that this could serve for some voters as a reminder of Bernie Sanders' age. He is 78. The campaign is ramping up. It's only going to intensify. Campaigning is really exhausting. And so this might not rattle the diehard Sanders fans out there, but there are voters who exist - I have talked to them, my colleagues have - voters who are concerned about nominating or electing someone who is of advanced age. And so this could affect how those voters feel. And now, let's keep in mind, of course, that two of Sanders' main rivals - Senator Elizabeth Warren, former Vice President Joe Biden - they're themselves in their 70s. Now, the additional. . .

As is the president who they'd be running against, President Trump, so yeah.

Exactly, yes. And, you know, the additional challenge is that Sanders is going to want to talk about other things. He just put up some great campaign finance numbers, a new income inequality tax plan. So the next debate - October 15 - that's what we're going to be looking at to see, you know, if he can look strong, remind people of how passionate he is. That's an opportunity to put all of this behind him.

That is NPR's Danielle Kurtzleben.

turn 0 : Everyone is talking about something that no one can deny as everyone sees it. It might not upset people who like Bernie Sanders and make them want to vote for someone else.

How might this affect some voters' feelings towards Bernie Sanders?

Answer: Age


And I thought, well, I want to be black and not just any black, but the coolest black in the world. And that's American black, you know, it's - yeah, it is. Or, as you guys call them, African-American, which is funny because they're not African. But we'll play along because. . .

As Trevor Noah tours the country, he tweaks his routine for a new audience. Comedians, how do you translate your humor for different groups and different cultures?Give us a call: 800-989-8255. Email us: talk@npr. org. You can also join the conversation on our website. Go to npr. org, click on TALK OF THE NATION. Trevor Noah joins us here in a very hot tent at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Nice to have you with us today.

Thank you very much for having me.

And let me begin with the set up for a very old joke: How hot is it?

turn 0 : A person wants to identify as cool, American black instead of African-American despite not being from Africa.

Answer: Identify


I'm Farai Chideya, and this is News & Notes.

Singer Jennifer Hudson won an Academy Award for her role in "DreamGirls. "But in the last week, her family life has become the stuff of nightmares. Some people now say neighbors should have done more. Did Hudson's family try in vain to distance itself from the man who's now a person of interest in the case?Plus, a federal judge in Missouri blocked part of a new law designed to keep sex offenders away from kids on Halloween.

We'll take a look at these cases with Judge Lynn Toler. She's the start of TV's "Divorce Court" and the author of "My Mother's Rules: A Practical Guide to Becoming an Emotional Genius. "Hi, Judge Toler.

Hi, Farai. How are you?

turn 1 : to distance away from something in this context means to ignore or to shy away from something that happened, usually bad

How did Hudson's family respond to the man who is now a person of interest in the case?

Answer: Try


So, people like him, which I believe there are a lot of them out there, you know, and people like Oprah, for instance, you know, people like that. I mean, they need help. You know, $100, 1,000 - maybe $20 you know, it can help people. And people in Africa are human beings just like you and others. So, they feel the pain. They are suffering every day. So, you know, here I am doing music. I'm not rich, you know, I am not rich, but I want to share a little bit of what I have with the ones that we left behind.

What do you want to be your legacy in the world of music because there's the philanthropy you're doing but then there's also the music that you're doing. What do you plan to do in the future?

I want to be able to play music to please Americans, and I want to be able to make them see just the beauty of music, not just African music but just the gift of music. That's my goal — to make people happy, to make them dance.

Well, Shiko, I'm so glad that we got a chance to talk. Thank you.

turn 0 : "people like him...need help" - the literal meaning is that people like him require assistance. The actual meaning may imply that people like him (referring to impoverished individuals in Africa) require financial aid.

How does PersonB describe the people who need help?

Answer: Impoverished


Have you been - has there been any retribution for that kind of storytelling?

Actually, there has not been overall. There has been certain individuals from the book who have contacted me, who now are upset, because they figure can immediately identify them. But prior to the book, and while I was writing it, I did reach out to the majority of the people in the book, and, you know, inform them that I was writing the book, and how I was depicting them in the book.

And I told them that I was changing their names and - you know, and I read to them their descriptions and things of that nature. So a lot of people were very supportive in the beginning, and a lot of people are still continuing to be supportive.

But I think, you know, because now the book, you know, is festering, people are starting to read it, they're getting to pick out and, you know, identify certain people in the book. . .

turn 1 : Certain individuals are unhappy because they can recognize themselves in the book

How are some individuals reacting to their depiction in the book?

Answer: Upset


I think that they're at peace with it now. And we're at peace with each other. But that took - you know, that took a lot of time.

So we've already talked a bit about how the cello is this character in your life. And I want to talk about how it functions throughout this album. Let's listen to the song "Poor Fake. "

(Singing) Don't matter where you are, it'll catch right up to you. You can try to resist the feeling, set the canvas in my blues.

So cello, you know, it isn't an instrument I think of playing a huge role in pop songs. But it does play a huge role in this song and throughout other songs on the album.

turn 3 : The cello plays a significant role in the album.

Which instrument stands out in the song "Poor Fake"?

Answer: Fake


Pat and Gina are fun, folksy and family oriented. Pat started our chat by telling me how it all got started.

First of all, I was 23 years of age, and I always felt like, even back then, that the best thing I had going for me was my age, and the worst thing I had going for me was my age. Because I was young enough to make mistakes, yet, at the same time, I was going to be young enough to recover from them.

So, you know, it was a very, very gutsy move because he and I, we didn't have a quarter. And I'm sure you're saying, well, how did you open up a restaurant without any money?Well, my grandmother, who was in her 90s, was gracious enough and had enough faith and confidence in us to use her house as collateral, and we took out a small 20,000 dollar loan, opened up a 2,000-square-foot restaurant in 1988.

And, the first day we opened, we were dead broke. We didn't have a cash register. There were so many things that we didn't have that I wouldn't dare try to open up a restaurant in today's time without. But in less than the two years - we leased the building for two years - in two years, not only had we paid my grandmother her money back, but we had saved 40,000 dollars. And we took that money and used it as a down payment and purchased our first restaurant.

turn 2 : Using "a quarter" to mean money is a non-literal meaning.

How did the speaker open up a restaurant?

Answer: loan


Much like Stuxnet, Flame is also believed to be the handiwork of a nation-state. Why are antivirus experts so concerned about Flame?How does this malware tool, spy kit(ph) and eavesdrop?Who's behind Flame, and who are they targeting, and why is it being compared to Stuxnet?

That's what we're going to be talking about this hour. Our number is 1-800-989-8255, 1-800-989-TALK. My guest is Kim Zetter. She is senior reporter at Wired covering cybercrime, privacy, security and civil liberties. She's currently writing a book about Stuxnet and joins us from Oakland, California. Welcome to SCIENCE FRIDAY.

Thank you.

What makes Flame different?

turn 3 : Turn B: The actual meaning of "What makes Flame different?" is not a literal question seeking to identify what sets Flame apart from other things. Instead, it is a rhetorical question used to introduce the topic of discussion and prompt the guest to provide information about Flame's unique characteristics.

What is the purpose of Turn 3 in the dialogue?

Answer: Introduce


Kevin Maguire's associate editor of the Daily Mirror and a long time reporter at Westminster. Thanks so much for being with us.

Pleasure, Scott.

Let's start with the Conservative line up. We hear a couple of names over here - Michael Gove and Theresa May.

Yeah, absolutely, Theresa May, the home secretary, the interior minister, is the favorite now after the shock withdrawal of Boris Johnson, the former mayor of London. He was the clear front-runner, but he pulled out after Michael Gove, the justice secretary who was his campaign manager, actually decided he wanted to run himself. And in the Conservative Party, which, of course, they're not just electing a leader, they're electing the next prime minister of the United Kingdom.

turn 1 : implies that A is happy to be on the show;

How did PersonA respond when PersonB introduced Kevin Maguire?

Answer: Happy


Even bigger than a football field, you know. And we would walk our way across it and everybody who needed to observe this, the staffs, other commanders of supporting elements, fighter squadron commanders, bomber squadron commanders, helicopter commanders, they'd all be gathered around on the sand dunes around watching as we walked our way through it. And we did this repeatedly.

Did anybody in your experience rehearse what would happen after you closed in on Baghdad?

Yes, as a matter of fact, my boss at Camp Pendleton during a war game that we had in June of 2002. And on the first day of the war game - this is really about how does a battle unfold?We were looking at Iraq, of course. And he said - he pulled out the entire planning staff that usually is playing the next day or the next week's fight. And he said, you're going to concentrate on the post-combat phase. He said, I'm not getting enough guidance on it. I want to know what we're going to do when the fighting is done.

Although I get the impression from your book and from having covered the war in Iraq as a journalist that the United States reached a point where there had been no plan, where people had not rehearsed it a thousand times, where on a very high level it was not clear at all what the United States wanted to do in Iraq and how the United States wanted to achieve it.

turn 2 : The lack of planning for the post-war phase in Iraq despite previous war games.

Which phase did the planning staff concentrate on during the war game in June of 2002?

Answer: Post-war


Qatar would like to improve its relationship with the U. S.  government, which has supported a Saudi-led economic blockade of the small Persian Gulf power. Qatar didn't just hire well-known K Street lobbyists and powerbrokers. It targeted people they believe President Trump listens to - a radio broadcaster, a real estate developer, a commentator and former presidential candidate - and gave them all-expense paid trips to Qatar and, usually, a consulting fee. Qatar's regime believed if it could win over people that President Trump listens to, he might change his mind. Now, that's according to a news story published in The Wall Street Journal by Julie Bykowicz, who joins us now. Thanks very much for being with us.

Thank you.

Tell us how this is done. You begin the story by talking about Alan Dershowitz, whose name doesn't usually come up when you're talking about Qatar.

Sure. He's not an elected official. He's not in the administration. But what Mr.  Dershowitz does bring to the table, at this point, that lobbyists have identified is President Trump really likes this guy. And so other lobbyists have picked up on this, and the two gentlemen that I interviewed for this Qatar story said they identified him as someone that could potentially be influential. What Alan Dershowitz is thinking, perhaps President Trump would begin thinking as well.

turn 0 : Qatar believes that by winning over people that President Trump listens to, he might change his mind on supporting the Saudi-led economic blockade of Qatar.

What is the name of the news reporter who published the story about Qatar's attempt to win over people that President Trump listens to?

Answer: Julie


Another effort to repeal the Affordable Care Act gained steam last night. A federal judge in Texas ruled that the law is unconstitutional. We're joined now by NPR's health policy correspondent, Alison Kodjak. Alison, thanks so much for coming in.

Thanks for having me, Scott.

This decision was received last night. What's it say?

Well, it's a pretty sweeping decision, actually. This judge ruled that the entire Affordable Care Act, which famously ran more than a thousand pages long, was unconstitutional. The case was brought by 18 Republican attorneys general, and it was led by Texas AG Ken Paxton.

turn 3 : The judge ruled that the entire Affordable Care Act is unconstitutional

What was the ruling of the judge regarding the Affordable Care Act?

Answer: unconstitutional


Tell us the story, Butch, behind this recording?

Oh, I was asked to come and work for ORT, or Orchestra, regionally, della Toscana. I was told I could have three days, three hours a day, to instruct the orchestra in the ways and means of conduction, and I refused for a long time.

For months I refused to do it because it's quite a stressful thing, I think, for most conductors who get three days to conduct something they already know with an orchestra that already knows the work, but for me to teach this way of working in nine hours, I thought, was going to be a little too stressful, so I refused.

Finally, I accepted, and I encountered the problems I thought I was going to encounter. First of all, the orchestra walked into rehearsal for the first time in their life where there was no music notation and no music stands, and they kind of freaked out because most musicians, especially symphonic players, go to rehearsal, and there's music and music stands.

turn 1 : A was hesitant to accept the job due to the limited time given for instruction.

What was PersonA's initial reaction to the job offer?

Answer: Hesitant


So right now, there are multiple congressional committees investigating this issue. We've got them on the House side. We've got a couple on the Senate side. I guess I want to know why is there a need for multiple investigations, and how do these congressional investigations differ at their core from what Special Counsel Robert Mueller is conducting?

Well, Senate Intelligence looks at intelligence matters primarily. Senate Judiciary looks at matters that fall under the broad scope of the Judiciary Committee. All these congressional investigations differ very much in function from what the Special Counsel Mueller does. Mueller works in secret and long, long deep studies of things like finances. And he doesn't bring his results public. If he finds something that's really important, he won't let you know until it's time to indict somebody. Whereas, the congressional committees when classification allows them to be in the open, they live for open hearings. They want people to know what they found.

And what about compelling witnesses to testify?The subpoena, is that a last resort thing or is it just a negotiating device?

Oh, the subpoena is the basic working tool of these investigations. It can be a single piece of paper that demands that the witness show up on pain of contempt. Or it can also be a subpoena of the kind that seeks documents, including digital material like emails. By bringing in a witness, they cut through a lot of the stalling. And by demanding the documents, they have the materials to pin the witness down in the questioning.

turn 2 :  turn is asking about the use of subpoenas to compel witnesses to testify and whether they are a last resort or a negotiating tool. The actual meaning, however, is asking about the effectiveness and necessity of using subpoenas in congressional investigations.

How does turn 2 question the use of subpoenas in congressional investigations? (Answer: Effectiveness/Necessity)

Answer: Effectiveness/Necessity


Now it's, I should say this is a demonstration, it's not, you know, there is an actual kill that takes place in the video, but it's not a real kill, it's a demo kill. But what the system that they are playing or working on actually is designed to do and will do when it is deployed is to hunt, and if necessary kill, real targets. It fires missiles, it drops bombs, you can hear the guy talking about the weapons that he has available on one of his drones.

And they didn't just make it feel like a video game, they figured out that there's a sort of a feedback loop that was a problem for the operators, they couldn't kind of sense what was happening. And they hired video gamers to redesign their system for them.

Yeah, they hired real game developers. Because, you know, when you compared what people in the military were using to operate drones to what the latest Xbox or PlayStation system looked like, I mean the screens on this wrap around you so you feel as though you were there. One of the executives Raytheon describes it as projecting your mind into a place where you want it.

You write about watching this demonstration video with your seven year old kind of standing behind you watching this screen, and he gets it right away and he kind of likes it.

turn 1 : "they hired video gamers to redesign their system for them" - The literal meaning is that video gamers were hired to redesign the system. The implied meaning is that the video gamers were able to improve the system's design by applying their expertise from playing video games.

How did the company improve their system's design?

Answer: Gamers


Republicans are now working on a tax plan. If they're able to pass that, would you reconsider some of your some of your disdain for the. . .

Yes, absolutely. But going back to the other thing, you know, I think Steve Bannon has backed a lot of people that I am supportive of, like Hawley in Missouri, like Marsha Blackburn, like potentially what he's looking to do in Wyoming. In several other races, I think he's backing very strong candidates that have a great chance of winning. And I think the Arizona race is, at the very least, a toss-up right now. So - sorry, I - that's my completion to the earlier question. So your. . .

Yeah.

Your last question was, you know, will I come back into the fold and support McConnell if he gets tax reform done?I think there's a really good chance. I think the country needs tax reform. I think it's been a long time. And I think, to some extent, McConnell and his team can put the toothpaste back in the tube if they win. You know, my analogy for this whole thing is college football.

turn 3 :  (4) - This turn implies that A will support McConnell if he succeeds in passing the tax plan, and that the Republicans still have a chance to win.

Which plan must Republicans pass in order for PersonA to reconsider their disdain, according to PersonB in turn 0?

Answer: Tax


Mr.  Mayor, in the half a minute we have left, there a lot of people listening to you. A lot of people will be becoming familiar with Beaufort today. They might be moved to help. How can they?

Well, that's a great question. Let us do the initial damage assessment first. And again, I think the biggest thing right now is for those that did evacuate, please standby, be patient with us as we kind of blaze a path for you to return - a safe path for your return.

Rett Newton is the mayor of Beaufort, N. C.  Mr.  Mayor, thanks so much for being with us.

Thank you, Scott.

turn 0 : The listeners might be motivated to offer help.

What might the listeners be inspired to offer?

Answer: help


Have you ever seen one of these wrestling matches?Are the wasps easily found and seen?

Unfortunately, I've never seen the show. I can't wait, though. The day that I see a tarantula hawk come in contact with a tarantula I'm going to sit back and enjoy this dance. But you can see the tarantula hawks. They're actually quite common and quite conspicuous on the landscape, particularly throughout the southwest and indeed all the way from California to Virginia.

Do tarantula wasps have interest in humans?

They do not. So as long as you're not explicitly harassing this animal, as long as you're not trying to step on it or grab it, it's going to leave you alone. And, in fact, you can walk right up to them and watch them as they forage and hunt for tarantulas.

Ben Hutchins - invertebrate biologist for the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Ben, thanks so much.

turn 1 : (2) - Literal meaning: A is expressing excitement about the prospect of witnessing a tarantula hawk and a tarantula interact, and noting that tarantula hawks are common and easily spotted in certain areas. Implicated meaning: A is expressing a morbid curiosity about a potentially violent interaction between two creatures and finding enjoyment in it.

Which biologist was interviewed by PersonB for the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department?

Answer: Ben


Yes. We've had - you know, when it first started, there was some congressional interest. But I mean, nobody can do anything, right?I mean, the Trump administration doesn't appear to listen to anybody but Donald Trump.

There is wide bipartisan support for the U. S.  taking a tougher line with China. But what sort of deal would you like to see?

I mean, I'd be happy if they just took away the 25% tax so I could compete on a level playing field, right?The tariffs they imposed on our lobsters in China never bothered anybody because it was equal for everybody, so it was no harm, no foul. I don't expect to get a better trade tariff rate than the Canadians when this is over, if it's ever over. You just can't sit here and wait forever.

Yeah. So if things continue the way they are for a few more months, is there a real threat that you guys will go out of business?

turn 0 : Despite congressional interest, the Trump administration is not listening to anyone but Donald Trump

What was the reason for the lack of action despite congressional interest?

Answer: Donald-Trump


So, does Teddy Roosevelt still come to life when it gets dark at the museum?

People would like to think so, and this is part of the imagination that you need to have when you're visiting a natural history museum. To go back to your point about whether the dioramas are old hat, well, sure. In one way they certainly are. They represent a very old kind of technology. But I look at it a little bit differently. It's a 3-D theater in a way that TV cannot be. We have a beautiful diorama of bison herds from some indefinite time in the 19th century when they still had large herds, and that is so realistic that you think, if you just saw an image of it, that it had to have been taken yesterday somewhere in Wyoming.

Ross MacPhee, curator of the Hall of North American Mammals at the American Museum of Natural History. Thanks so much for being with us.

Most welcome.

turn 0 : meaning is turn (1), where B asks if Teddy Roosevelt comes to life when it gets dark at the museum. The actual meaning implied by B's question is whether the museum has interactive exhibits or displays that bring historical figures to life, rather than asking about a specific event where Teddy Roosevelt might come to life in the museum.

Which historical figure is indirectly referred to in the conversation?

Answer: Teddy


Part of the problem is that you obviously need to deal with the security issues. But at the same time, that doesn't mean you put the human rights issues into the background. You can also raise human rights issues as you raise these security issues. You have to be able to walk and chew gum if you're going to practice international relations.

Yeah. You met North Korea's top nuclear negotiator in 2011. How did that go?I mean, how did you balance those concerns?

Well, the primary person I was - the reason that I was in North Korea at the time was to talk about the possibility of United States humanitarian assistance. North Koreans made a request. We were looking at the possibility of doing that. And our negotiations focused on that. On the other hand, there were meetings that we had and also time that we had after meetings or in connection with dinners and that kind of thing to raise human rights questions. You know, you don't start out by blasting them with the worst thing you can find. But there are ways that you can press them and push them and encourage them to accept the idea that human rights actually improves the standing of the regime if people like the government.

This administration eliminated the job you held. Do you think that matters?I mean, do you think this administration will even broach the issue of human rights?

turn 0 : The speaker is suggesting that it is possible to address both security concerns and human rights issues simultaneously, rather than prioritizing one over the other.

How did the negotiations with North Korea primarily focus on?

Answer: Humanitarian


I, Karen Bass. . .

In May, Bass was sworn in as the first black female speaker of California's Assembly. That post has been called the second most powerful in the state behind the governor.

I recently asked Speaker Bass how she's dealing with her rise in profile and her new level of responsibility.

I felt definitely overwhelmed. But, you know, since May, or really since the election in February, I've just had a tremendous amount of support and welcome and good will. So I'm very excited about serving in the role.

You are someone who has certain interests that particularly are important to you. Foster care is one of them. Tell me about foster care.

turn 2 : Speaker Bass has experienced a rise in her profile and level of responsibility.

Answer: Responsibility


For smart kids. We're talking with Laura Overdeck on SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR. Her book is "Bedtime Math: A Fun Excuse to Stay Up Late. "Do you think grown-ups can enjoy it, to learn something when they're reading this to their kids?

Oh, sure. We actually have a whole crowd of adults who follow our website who do them as a brainteaser.

Mm-hmm. Do the kids fall asleep if they're thinking about a math problem?Does it get them sleepier or keep them awake?

You know, I'll tell you, I have three really lively children, so if it can calm them down, it can help anybody. That might have been, actually, how we started doing it.

turn 1 : the adults do the math as a way to get their brains stimulated.

How do the adults use the math on the website?

Answer: Stimulate


Is anyone doing that research?

Well, I have the good fortune of working on an NSF career ward myself, entitled tornado-resilient communities. And we're sort of scratching the surface here, trying to first of all apply what knowledge we know from our wind hazard research here in Florida and all the work that has been done by the emergency management and the building codes here.

But beyond that, I'm working with manufacturers of adhesive products and so on to develop new ways, new, more resistant ways in which we can actually get these buildings held together.

You think some sort of building Super Glue?Is that what you're talking about?

turn 1 : They are just beginning and working with the first part of the data.

How are they applying their wind hazard research in Florida?

Answer: Knowledge


Yeah. I think people are starting to back away from that a little bit because there are enough little pockets where you could get some ice accumulating every summer and not melting out because, basically, you have the wind that pushes that together and piles it up. So you have always have a few places where it's piled up. But on the other hand, that will be a fairly small part of the Arctic, quite a small bit. So it's not - so for practical purposes, the ocean will look ice-free, and the North Pole may be sort of in a large area of no ice at all. Occasionally, right now, there are cracks and there are openings that drift around. And so, sometimes, the North Pole itself is in an ice-free area.

Open water, yeah.

But it could be possible to be in a large area of open water in the coming decades. That's the expectation.

The other enormous area of a white, reflective surface is the ice cap that covers the island of Greenland, the biggest island in the world. And that this summer also had a really powerful melt.

turn 3 : The ice cap on Greenland is melting rapidly

How is the biggest island in the world affected?

Answer: Greenland


As a matter of fact, some of the Newark city council came to New York and also spoke with African-American politicians up in Albany about this guy's record. And that (unintelligible) pretty thoroughly.

Now, let me - we don't have too much time left, so I just want to ask you this. Is this a situation - you've obviously chosen to profile Mayor Booker - is this a situation where he has a political future outside of Newark?Do you se him moving in a direction where he will eventually run for some other office?

I think he absolutely means to. And I think he is one - all politicians brim with ambition, and he is no exception. I think he has chosen for himself a nearly impossible task. And if he manages to pull that off, it's a pretty solid credential.

All right. Peter Boyer, thanks so much.

Certainly.

turn 1 :  to ask if Booker has a political future outside of Newark implies that he may have ambitions beyond his current role as mayor of the city.

What does PersonB want to know about Mayor Booker's future plans?

Answer: Future


But Joan Warren, another reader, saw it this way. She wrote: I think it's incumbent upon voters to rise above this kind of distraction. The responses from both campaigns, reaction from our readers, and the photo from his trip to Africa that we're talking about is on the front page of our blog right now. So people can go and check it out.

So we also covered the president's trip to the continent of Africa. What's been the response on the blog?

Well, you know, all sorts of video and photos of President Bush dancing and making nice with the locals in Africa are all over the Web. On our blog we talk specifically about what his Africa legacy would be. The blogger D. J. Black Adam wrote on our site: Dare I say his record will be better than that of our first so-called black president, Bill Clinton?However, his administration has done nothing regarding Darfur. Overall grade: F+ in contrast to Bill Clinton's F.  So some tough words there.

What else is getting traffic on the blog?

turn 0 : Joan Warren believes voters should not be distracted by the controversy surrounding the photo from Bush's trip to Africa.

Which reader's opinion regarding the controversy surrounding the photo from Bush's trip to Africa is mentioned in the dialogue?

Answer: Joan


. . . which has its own problems. Arranged marriages are - people are speaking up for them nowadays.

Well, you know, I mean, that that is the time. The woman - he asked the hand of this woman, his late 20s. But this is also because of that, that you can have this kind of melodrama. I mean, "Romeo and Juliet" today, it cannot happen because if the father of Juliet today say to Juliet, you cannot marry Romeo; and she say, I don't care. And she will go out and marry him anyway. And if she marries him, then there is no more love story anymore. You know, they marry; then they had a - lots of children.

You know, imagine Romeo and Juliet and they have like, 12 kids. Who would care about their story, you know?

Romeo and Juliet go to Costco. . .

turn 2 : "Who would care about their story, you know?" The literal meaning of this turn is that if Romeo and Juliet had 12 children, their story would not be as interesting. However, the actual meaning is that the tragedy and romance of Romeo and Juliet's story would be lost if they had lived a long and mundane life with many children.

Which story would lose its tragedy if Romeo and Juliet had many children?

Answer: Romeo


I'm bullish on it. It's a big change. We're working through all the challenges. One challenge is for creators. They use Instagram to make a living. Likes are a sign of how relevant they are, so we have to figure out some way to make sure we preserve that.

You're talking about influencers. Right?I mean, there are people who now essentially make a living off of their social media presence. And the way they show potential advertisers - look, I'm a good bet - is how many likes I get.

Absolutely. We've actually had a pretty mixed response from influencers. So I think - I'm optimistic to answer your question very directly. We aren't there yet. We're still iterating on the experience. But I am personally optimistic and really personally invested in making it work.

So the boss is bullish. (Laughter) That's the take so far.

turn 3 : The boss refuses to change their mind on what they think about situation.

What is the attitude of the boss towards the situation?

Answer: Refuses


You know, that's when you've really, really been out there a little too long. But that's kind of what it takes. If you want to try to shake eight million hands, you better be ready mentally as well as physically.

Mayor Bloomberg leaves office a national figure, and reportedly the 10th richest man in America. What's he want to do with the rest of his life?Do you have any inkling?

He's given some clues. I mean, one clue that he's given is that he wants to give away all of his money. That aside from taking care of his family, he wants to spend the last dollar on the day that he dies. And he probably doesn't mean that literally, but his pet causes, which are public health and gun control above all, he really has put quite a lot of money into trying to make sure those views are carried forward. And where this is all supposed to lead, assuming the White House is off-limits, is just not clear. But we do know that Mike Bloomberg would have loved to be president, and if ever a chance comes up in the next few years, he will probably take that shot.

Errol Louis, host of "The Road to City Hall" on NY1, thanks so much.

turn 2 : He will not take an actual shot but will try to become president if he gets the chance.

How has Bloomberg put his money into his pet causes?

Answer: Public-health


Hi, David.

They are accusing the Vatican of some very serious things there, it sounds like. Tell me more about what prompted this.

Well, the Women Church World is the monthly supplement to the official Vatican daily L'Osservatore Romano. Lucetta Scaraffia created it seven years ago. In her final editorial, she said the new editor of the main Vatican daily who arrived in December had published articles in the main paper that were in contrast with the supplement's editorial line. And then she wrote an open letter to Pope Francis, saying, we are throwing in the towel because we feel surrounded by a climate of distrust and progressive delegitimization. She added, it seems there's a return to the antiquated and arid custom of choosing women considered trustworthy from on-high, under the direct control of men. But the new editor of the L'Osservatore Romano, Andrea Monda, denied the charges that he'd tried to interfere in the women's supplement.

What more should we know about the founder of this magazine who's speaking out here?

What was the reason behind the founder's decision to quit the magazine?

Answer: Distrust.


I really feel disappointed that a member of the House took the time to attack the people that are contributing to the campaign of President Trump, an attack that we are fueling or helping to fuel hate among Hispanics. In my office, half my personnel is Hispanic. I love Hispanic people. They're family-oriented. My wife - all of us got scared. I said people are going to come to attack us.

But you do know that this is public information.

Yes. But we are not contributing to fuel any hate. We are contributing because we want President Trump to be reelected. I like the job he's doing as president. I love the way he loves America, the same way that I love America. I named my company Great America Companies in 1972 when I first immigrated to America because I felt this was a great place.

President Trump has used the words invasion and killer, according to new statistics, over 500 times when speaking about immigration and immigrants since 2017. That is as president. People see his rhetoric as divisive and specifically when speaking about Latino immigrants. Does that not concern you?

turn 2 : By contributiing to Trump's campaign they are seen as contributing to the mistreatment of Hispanics because Trump speads this kind of rhetoric. They are giving Trump the means to continue his divisive rhetoric.

What kind of rhetoric is Trump known for when speaking about immigration and immigrants, according to new statistics?

Answer: invasion


The site of the wreck of the Houston's been known for quite some time. Why just the official confirmation now?

Well, the Navy became concerned over the years that the wreck was being salvaged by trophy hunters and commercial concerns overseas. Recreational dive companies have been leading dives on the Houston as well as the Perth, for years. But they began to fear for the integrity of the wreck. And it is a war grave. It's also custody of the U. S.  Navy, even though it's been undersea for more than 70 years now. And so what they did was, they launched an official expedition to document the state of the wreck and the first step in that process was to authenticate the identity of the ship, and so that's what made headlines this week.

Captain Rooks received the Medal of Honor for what?

He led the Perth into battle on that night and was quickly fallen upon by a far superior Japanese naval squadron. They had several heavy cruisers, a whole bunch of destroyers and the Japanese were masters of the art of nighttime naval combat. They would demonstrate this time and again through the early months of the war.

turn 3 : The Japanese were more skilled than the Perth in nighttime naval combat, which they would demonstrate in the early months of the war.

Which naval squadron was far superior in nighttime combat?

Answer: Japanese


I know you have to get through this fight now, but once that's over with, what's the next chapter going to be for you?

Oh, it's going to be coal mining. I've had a coal miner in my family from 1700. It runs deep in my blood. And I'm 44. And hopefully I'll find a coal mine job that I can retire from. That's my goal.

You know, Harlan County, Ky. , is the site of a mine protest that happened in the 1970s that went on for more than a year. So this is not only a long history of coal mining, it's also a long history of protest. Do you feel like you're a part of that today?

In some ways. We done our protest peacefully, but in Harlan, Ky. , we stand up for what we believe is right. That's been embedded in us from childhood up. You know, coal miners is brotherhoods. And we got a whole lot hanging in the balance here that we won't back down.

turn 3 : The speaker is implying that their protests might elevate beyond peaceful methods if they don't get what they think they deserve.

What is the PersonA's attitude towards protest methods if their demands are not met?

Answer: Aggressive


It's important to note that the French didn't suspend support. So, there is some disagreement over the way forward, even among allies. There are indications that the moderates backed by the U. S.  and the Islamists are negotiating over a merger. Both these groups oppose the Assad regime. They both oppose the hard-core al-Qaida group; in fact, they fought against them. There are reports that U. S.  policymakers are rethinking the approach to the Islamic front. U. S.  officials have reportedly met with some of the leaders of this group last month in Turkey. And this all comes in the context of the Geneva talks which are scheduled for January. That's when the Syrian regime and the political opposition are going to sit down face to face for the first time.

The only group, Scott, that can deliver any change on the ground is the Islamic Front. They're the most powerful rebel formation across northern Syria. They hold great swaths of territory. They are the important players, much more important than the moderate Free Syrian Army, who showed on Friday they can't even protect their warehouses. They are the weakest group on the battlefield, even though they're supported by the U. S. So, that's why there is a crisis in U. S.  policy and there appears to be some rethinking of that policy.

NPR's Deborah Amos speaking with us from Beirut. Thanks so much.

Thank you.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of the statement is Deborah Amos thanking the speaker, but the implied meaning is that the conversation is over.

What is the implied meaning of turn 1 in the dialogue?

Answer: Conversation


One day, Africa appears as a mass of crinkly brown veins. Another, it's become vivid streaks of orange and gold. Crimson and violet squiggles around Australia could be an abstract painting. It seemed that Commander Kelly never got tired of what he could see out the window and what he could make us see in an entirely new way. When the capsule bearing Kelly and cosmonauts Kornienko and Volkov parachuted to a landing in Kazakhstan earlier this month, that fantastic journey came to a close. Back home in Houston, Scott Kelly will be poked and prodded, weighed and measured, all in the name of science. And his terrestrial tweets now bring their own delights. He posted video of his first plunge into a pool.

Man, that feels good.

A few days later, there was Scott Kelly with his arms stretched overhead and a big smile, looking up at a dark sky.

My first rain in more than a year. Awesome.

turn 3 :  while the actual meaning of (4) is that Scott Kelly is expressing his joy and appreciation for the experience of feeling rain after such a long time.

What was Scott Kelly's reaction to his first rain in more than a year?

Answer: Joy


Yeah, it looks absolutely beautiful.

'Cause I've seen this painting - it's enormous. (Laughter) And I'm trying to picture, A, what that's like for people and, B, why you thought it was important for the public to see it as it was happening.

Well, I think there's two factors. And one is that the painting is - it's very large. So you know, removing it from the galleries would also present a certain amount of risk. And the other thing is that it's not really possible at this time to say how long the research or the treatment will actually take. All in all, this is really the best possible scenario to actually treat it in the galleries, where it can be followed by the public. I think the public actually find it fascinating to look behind the scenes.

I'm sure you couldn't have imagined that the painting would have been attacked with a bread knife, and you're doing quite the operation here. So what are some of the challenges and obstacles that, you know, are making you guys nervous?

turn 2 : behind the scenes - to see the inner workings of things

Which term describes the part of the museum where the painting is being treated?

Answer: behind


From the studios of NPR West, this is Day to Day. I'm Alex Cohen. This Thanksgiving Day, we'll hear how food banks are innovating to meet the needs of the hungry in the U. S.  That's just ahead. First, though, we go to Mumbai, India, where coordinated terrorist attacks began last night, killing more than 100 people. The attacks occurred throughout the city at sites like the Oberoi and Taj Mahal Hotels. Arif Doctor is a lawyer living in Mumbai. We reached him today at his home and asked what the city looks like.

From my home, we're seeing or hearing presently nothing. Last night, we heard three explosions, which we were told were hand grenades, at about midnight and half past one in the morning. And we were told those were hand grenades thrown out of the Oberoi Hotel.

Do you know anyone personally who has been at any of these sites that have come under attack?

We do. We know someone. I'm a lawyer, and there's another fellow lawyer - two fellow lawyers who are in the Oberoi, very senior lawyers who are in the Oberoi. We had contact with them til about four, five in the morning. And after that, we've heard nothing from them. They were in a restaurant which is on the ground floor of the Oberoi. One is called the Tiffin and the other Kandahar. And since that time, we've had no contact with them.

turn 3 :  the speaker is worried about the safety and well-being of their friends who were at the Oberoi hotel during the attack. The lack of contact with them since the early morning is causing anxiety and uncertainty.

What emotion is the speaker experiencing regarding their friends at the Oberoi hotel?

Answer: Anxiety