Their main achievement was that they submitted documents to the United Nations, formally joining the Paris climate agreement. And on the occasion President Obama said that some day we may see this as the moment that we finally decided to save our planet. President Xi Jinping, meanwhile, called on other countries to follow their example. Now, a lot more countries still have to formally join this agreement for it to take effect. But the U. S.  and China submitted their documents ahead of schedule, and this just means that the commitments that these countries made in Paris can be put into action that much sooner.

This is the first time China has hosted this summit. Does it have a goal in mind as to why it's doing it?

Well, first of all, you know, by hosting this for the first time, to many Chinese it really marks the first time that they've had an equal seat at the rulemaking table since World War II. They feel that they're now the world's second-largest economy, and they want a say that's commensurate with that status. So far, a lot of the rules have been made by the Group of Seven or Group of Eight industrialized nations. China has not been a part of that, and they want a more equitable system represented by the G-20 that does a better job of taking into account the needs of developing nations like itself.

Do we know what's on the agenda?

turn 2 : "... it really marks the first time that they've had an equal seat at the rulemaking table since World War II." This turn has a figurative meaning, as it suggests that China sees itself as an equal player in global decision-making and wants to have a greater say in international affairs, rather than literally referring to a physical table.

Which event marks the first time China has had an equal seat at the rulemaking table since World War II?

Answer: Summit


More so than Russia, which we seem to hear. . .

It's not even close.

. . . More about.

Not even close. Now, Russia is more tactical. They will spend their time and effort on onesie-twosie to see recruitments of humans in less. . .

Onesie-twosie recruitments.

turn 3 : Russia will try to get more people to join the military together.

How will Russia recruit for their military?

Answer: onesietwosie


Every president in his or - his - well, I should say his or her. Every president in their first year has an unexpected crisis, whether it's national security, a natural disaster, domestic unrest. This is certainly shaping up to be Donald Trump's unexpected crisis. And I think he realizes that. And the stakes are getting higher, and I think that's why he's lashing out more because I think he realizes what's going on.

It's moved to the capital. As we said Secretary Price has resigned, but at least three more Cabinet members face similar accusations about charter jets. Whatever happened to them, can the Trump administration say they'll drain the swamp when they seem to be flying over it in private jets?

You, know, this reminds me of that line from "The Godfather" about Mr.  Corleone likes his bad news early. Donald Trump is not like bad news. And this was starting to spread to other cabinet members, obviously. And I think the we'll-see when he was asked whether Trump - I mean, whether Price should resign was his way of signaling, yes. And sure enough, Tom Price offered his resignation. And unlike the Session's case, the president accepted it because I think he sees this for the irony that it is of his own cabinet doing what he campaigned exactly against.

Is the Republican Party offering much of a profile of leadership at the moment?- can't get Repeal and Replace passed, the tax code seems - proposal seems fuzzy, federal response seems to certainly be slow if not negligent in Puerto Rico. We could go on.

turn 1 : (2) - The actual meaning is that the Trump administration is facing criticism for their use of private jets, which goes against their promise to "drain the swamp" and reduce government corruption.

Which promise is the Trump administration facing criticism for breaking?

Answer: Swamp


So, you're skeptical about a car czar. You think that there should be loans, though, with strict provisions attached to them.

Right, right.

What else?What else needs to be done?I mean, this is a massive, massive problem, and two of the three are facing extinction at this point.

Don't forget, what's putting them in this condition is the economic, you know, the economic condition of the nation right now. But the kind of fixed-cost structure that these auto companies have is massive, massive losses that have to do with what's happening to demand.

turn 1 : None of the turns in this conversation have a figurative or non-literal meaning.

How would you describe the economic condition of the nation mentioned in turn 3?

Answer: Condition


Well, I think his biggest mistake was that he was a very strict controller of how the theory was handled by his disciples. In other words, he permitted no deviation or modification of his theory or methods, and he didn't encourage any research to empirically validate his theory. So basically, people that followed him and embraced his theory had to take it on faith.

A somewhat lesser-known figure I found fascinating to read about, Dr.  Benjamin Rush, the only doctor to sign the Declaration of Independence. I guess he's known as the father of American psychiatry. But I've got to tell you after reading about him, I wonder why a pretty good medical school is named after him.

Again, we have to understand that to view things through the lens of the 21st century, it puts things in a really - a different light. Benjamin Rush was a physician, and what he did was to really take seriously the plight of people who were mentally ill. He wasn't a psychiatrist. He was a physician. The problem is is that the knowledge was so limited at the time, they really weren't able to gain any traction in understanding the underlying basis of severe mental illnesses. And so they came up with these ideas and these treatments that now seem to be either cockamamie or cruel.

Yeah. Psychiatry over the years has been back and forth on if mental disorder - for example, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia - is inherited.

turn 2 : "gain any traction" - This means to make progress or gain momentum. It is a figurative expression that refers to the difficulty of making progress in understanding severe mental illnesses due to limited knowledge at the time.

Which expression refers to the difficulty of making progress in understanding severe mental illnesses due to limited knowledge at the time?

Answer: limited


Well, it's a wide hurricane. So we expect impacts on both the east coast and the west coast. But the major impacts are going to be in the Florida Keys, particularly the lower Keys - then into the Naples area and then up the coast more into the Fort Myers area and into - early in next week into the Tampa area.

What do you see over the next 24 hours?

We see that it'll make this final turn. And we'll really be able to zero in on where that core is going to go. There's still a little bit of uncertainty, but we're looking most likely that the biggest impact's along southwest Florida.

What are your biggest concerns?Mr.  DeMaria. We have, of course, this whole constellation of effects between the winds and the storm surge and the flooding.

turn 3 :  (4) - This is asking for the biggest worries or concerns of Mr. DeMaria regarding the effects of the hurricane.

Which person's concerns are being addressed in turn 3?

Answer: Mr.DeMaria


And you know, we still have, you know, we have horse farms. We have a couple of dairy farms left. In fact there's one dairy farm, the Ferris Acres Creamery, which people come from miles around it to have their ice cream. It's - they make it there. And you know, and we have hunters. And we have a couple of game, you know, hunting preserves around town. We still are in touch with that part of our tradition.

And does everybody's kids - do everybody's kids go to that particular elementary school?

No. We have, I believe, four elementary schools that feed into an intermediate school. So we have the Sandy Hook Elementary School. We have Hawley School, Middle Gate School, and the Head O'Meadow School. And my children went to the Head O'Meadow School, where I actually was in the graduating class when it first - when we first built that building in 1977. I still remember, I think, we buried some "Star Wars" paraphernalia in the front yard.

A time capsule.

turn 0 : The town has farms and preserves as part of its tradition.

Which town has horse farms and dairy farms?

Answer: Town


So having become an overnight success after what 35, 40 years of writing poetry, you've also gotten opportunities. Tell us a little bit about "At War With Ourselves. "

Oh, my goodness. Well. . .

. . . I was sitting in my car one day, and I got a phone call from the University of Maryland. And they were - they are one of the four schools that has been chosen to celebrate the sesquicentennial end of the Civil War. And the call - the caller told me that they had already commissioned the Kronos Quartet to be a part of this celebration and that they also wanted to invite the amazing musician Terence Blanchard and Nikky Finney to be a part of whatever we were going to create to honor the end of the Civil War, and would I be interested in joining this band of beautiful musicians.

And I forgot that the windows were rolled up in the car and I, you know, the temperature went from - I don't know - 90 to 130. And I just raised my hand to the opportunity.

turn 0 : The success came quickly with one book after writing for many years.

What is the name of the musical group that was commissioned by the University of Maryland for the sesquicentennial end of the Civil War?

Answer: Kronos


Thanks so much for having me on.

Can you tell me a little bit about Nebraska's land and what it means to its residents, the farmers?

Yeah. So Nebraska is in many ways a typical Great Plains state. Because the Missouri River cuts through along the eastern edge of the state, that's where all of the population originally settled. And so you have major industrial centers in south Sioux City and in Omaha. And then you have the capital educational center of Lincoln. But when you travel west of Lincoln, there's almost no one there. The small farming communities have gotten smaller and smaller in the last 50 years. And you can drive for hours essentially seeing only flatlands that are planted to corn and to soybeans and occasionally dotted with hog barns and feedlots for cattle.

Speaking to that disappearing landscape, I'd like you to read a page from your book, page 69.

(Reading) To understand, first remember - Nebraska is a place. It sits square as an anvil in the center of our maps. And yet somehow, everyone manages to forget it exists. Maybe that's because Nebraska is also a land of ghosts, of small towns dwindling to the point where in another generation they might simply cease to exist.

Why are they disappearing?Where are they going?

turn 4 : Nebraska is often overlooked or disregarded by people, despite its significance and potential.

How is Nebraska perceived by many people?

Answer: Disregarded


Yeah. Yeah, I was. I got given "The Hobbit" to read on the set of "About A Boy," actually - by the directors, the Weitz brothers. So I read that then and really loved it, obviously. It's a magical world to disappear into. And then I was a fan of the films. They came out when - I think I was about 13, 14.

Exact age when this is the good stuff to be reading and watching.

Oh, I was prime, yeah, for that.

(Laughter).

turn 2 : I was prime, meaning I was the ideal age to appreciate and enjoy the book.

What was the book that the directors gave to "A" to read on the set of "About PersonA Boy"?

Answer: The


So along the way, you met a lot of interesting characters. And I want to particularly talk about a sommelier named Morgan Harris. He plays a big role. He's kind of like your wine shepherd. Tell us a little bit about him.

Ah, my wine fairy godmother. I mean, he's just amazing. He was my - he was really my mentor. He had this magnetic passion for wine. I mean, the first time I met him, I basically sat through a 2. 5-hour monologue that was an ode to everything from the great Rieslings of the early 20th century to the $1,200 bottle of champagne he thought would be a religious experience.

So this is a question - because he is this sort of wine evangelist if you will, he believes wines can recontextualize people's places in the universe. First of all, what does that mean?

And second of all - I mean, do you think that wine really has the power that he says it does?

turn 1 : "Ah, my wine fairy godmother." Here, the speaker is using the metaphorical term "wine fairy godmother" to describe Morgan Harris's significant influence and guidance in the speaker's journey with wine. The literal meaning of "fairy godmother" is a mythical character who grants wishes and provides guidance and support.

How does the speaker describe Morgan Harris's influence on their wine journey?

Answer: Amazing


We wanted to learn more about all this, so we've called on Daniel Fessler. He is a professor of anthropology at UCLA, and he is the inaugural director of the Bedari Kindness Institute. And he's with us now. Professor Fessler, thank you so much for talking to us.

Well, thank you for your interest. I'm happy to be here.

I was just looking at your bio, and you say in your own bio - your own university bio that when your colleagues talk about your work, they politely call it eclectic. And I took that to mean that your work is hard to categorize. So I just wanted to ask, you know, how - what is your work, and how does it translate into this task of creating this kindness institute?

So it is indeed eclectic, broad-ranging, you might say. I'm an evolutionary anthropologist. And, in particular, I work on understanding contemporary human behavior, contemporary human health and how the mind works in the contemporary world in light of our species' long history of evolution. And in terms of kindness, an important feature of our species is that we are perhaps the most cooperative animal on the planet. So in no other species do you see cooperation between large numbers of unrelated individuals, or even, in many species, tolerance of large numbers of unrelated individuals.

turn 3 : His work is odd and seen as very different from what people normally do and/or expect.

Which word describes how Fessler's work is perceived?

Answer: Odd


He was all those things. I. . .

Did his brother's death, in a sense, liberate him to seek a new identity, to travel, to get to know and reflect the world?

I think that shook him deep to his soul. But I think the other thing that happened was his father's stroke. He had to get his father off his back. Joe Kennedy Sr.  was a formidable but, I think, menacing figure in his life who took a sweet, young seventh born who he had called a runt and encouraged him to become tough and ruthless - first a jock at Harvard, getting his letter with a broken leg, and then becoming this enforcer for his brother.

That's what won, finally, the attention of the old man. And only when he was tough did the old man respect him. And I think when his father became incapacitated, Bobby began to resort to who he was as a kid. As a kid, he was - he hung around all the time with African-American kids. Those were his playmates, even in Hyannis. He was - he, you know, Father Feeney - when Father Feeney said no salvation outside the Catholic Church, he railed against that, which was so extraordinary in that very Catholic family.

turn 3 : That's what won, finally, the attention of the old man. And only when he was tough did the old man respect him. And I think when his father became incapacitated, Bobby began to resort to who he was as a kid.  The literal meaning would indicate that the person gained the attention and respect of their father by being tough, and when their father became incapacitated, they reverted to their childhood behavior. However, the implied meaning suggests that the person's father only recognized and valued them when they displayed strength and resilience, and when their father's condition changed, they reverted to their true self, which may have included aspects of vulnerability or a different set of values.

Which trait did Bobby's father value in him?

Answer: Strength


So, you know, so I think that all those things have - there's just been a confluence of just, you know, just a cynicism, I think.

So, will Michael Phelps be the person who emerges as the American with the greatest number of gold medals and, you know, sort of the Mark Spitz of the new millennium?

Well, you know, they were kind of hyping that last time, too. And don't be surprised. You might think that, from our standpoint - our meaning the United States and marketing - people would love to say, well, who's the American who's going to kind of put us on the marketing tip?And I think that that's part of the problem, too, Tony, is that we're focus - we want Michael Phelps to win because there's marketing, where - you've got a lot of Chinese swimmers, man, who are just waiting to ambush Phelps. So, on paper, it looks kind of good, but who knows?Allyson Felix may be the American who emerges as sort of the star and the salvation of our hopes over there.

Well, the race with Tyson Gay and - God, I'm kind of blocking on the name of the other runner who's the fastest man in the world at the moment - that ought to be pretty interesting.

turn 2 : The US wants Michael Phelps to win because of marketing but he might not be the best, and Allyson Felix could emerge as the star.

What athlete could potentially emerge as the star instead of Michael Phelps?

Answer: AllysonFelix


Does an event like this and forecast like that have the effect of concentrating the mind of not just financial planners. . .

. . . but people in Congress making these decisions. And I hear a little laugh.

You would think it would. And in the past, it has. I mean, as they gotten closer to the deadline, enough fear spread that they could pass something or do something or kick the can or whatever. But this time, one of the things that makes this time feel different is that there really are a lot of House Republicans who say, ah, let it default. It'll just shrink the government, will be all good. And it is an act of - I don't even know how to describe it. It's insanity.

Yeah. Well, Austan Goolsbee, I believe, used that word. Quick last question, if we could. So, October 17th is a real deadline but you think some of the effects, potentially, will be down the road.

turn 3 : The phrase "down the road" is a figurative expression meaning at some point in the future.

How is the phrase "down the road" used in the dialogue?

Answer: Future


Well, I think every writer hopes to bring information to a reader or a viewer. Every artist wants to reach another person through the heart. Something that a novel can do is bring you information in a different way from journalism or all other forms of acquiring information. It brings you inside the mind of another person. So it creates empathy for the theoretical stranger, and that's - it's a fresh avenue, really, for bringing science to a reader, to get to the head via the heart.

Do you have science - we have 30 seconds left. But will we see science in your next book?

Absolutely.

Well, I look forward to it. Thank you for joining us today.

turn 3 : thank you for joining us means thank you for being here

Which turn implies that the conversation is about the guest's upcoming book?

Answer: Turn2


One of the things that we're looking at is how multicultural Houston is and how many different types of communities live here. Have you seen that change over time?

Yeah, it's become more diverse - more ethnic restaurants coming in onto the scene, more Vietnamese restaurants, more Arabic restaurants, more Japanese restaurants, more Chinese restaurants. Besides that, there has been a great influx of Indian and Pakistani population. So yes, things have changed. One thing hasn't changed. I still don't like sloppy Joes.

(Laughter).

You know.

I hear that you're thinking of retiring.

turn 1 : They mention more diverse as in different cuisines as the narrator points out.

What type of restaurants have become more common in Houston?

Answer: Ethnic.


So, right then, your life changed. You quit your job. You made plans to leave your family for a year and go to China.

Well, yeah. My weight had gotten so out of control that I wasn't even working at that time, unable to work.

So, when you got there seven months ago, how much did you weigh?

I weighed approximately 646 pounds.

turn 0 : The turn "your life changed" in (1) is an idiomatic expression that means a significant event or series of events that dramatically altered the course of one's life. Its actual meaning is different from its literal meaning, which would be that the person's life physically changed.

What is the actual meaning of the turn "your life changed" in turn 0?

Answer: Significant


Sure.

Because there are already a number of candidates who think. . .

(Laughter).

. . . Who are from the West. . .

turn 3 : The Chinese government wanted to control the narrative portrayed by the foreign journalists.

How did the Chinese government want to control foreign journalists?

Answer: Narrative


Yeah. It's interesting. In Japan, it's the same prime minister that was in place six years ago, but the political environment, I think, has shifted in some dramatic ways. And so I think one of the interesting aspects of the Japanese situation is that the LDP has returned to power. The Liberal Democratic Party has returned to power. But now they have a party that is to the right of them.

And so we talk about those two states. And, of course, the other major player, the biggest in the region, China, where Xi Jinping took command just last month, formally.

That's right. I think we're still waiting to see how China's foreign policy priorities are really going to develop under Xi. The process seems to be moving slowly, and it's not necessarily terribly transparent at this point. We know there are new top leaders in the room, but it's just not clear exactly how they're making decisions or whether they're going to change much in terms of China's overall priorities.

And transparency's a problem in Beijing. It's positively - well, murky is too easy a word for what's going on in Pyongyang.

turn 0 : The political environment in Japan has shifted significantly despite the same prime minister being in power for six years.

Answer: LDP


Yes, the mother of Norway. Yeah, that was - she was scheduled to be at this camp basically from breakfast through dinner. And there was a photographer, a newspaper photographer named Sara Johannessen who had been sent to document this, to hang out with Gro for the day. Breivik had planned to kidnap her. Expecting her to be there all day, he had planned to kidnap her and videotape himself beheading her. Now - he says this now. Whether or not that's true, it's - who can really say. But Gro was supposed to be there.

The only reason she wasn't is it was a terribly, terribly rainy day. The island was muddy and sloppy, and she decided to leave early. And Sara, who had been shooting some landscapes - I mean, it's beautiful, beautiful country there - Sara almost missed it. She didn't know that Gro was leaving. And she had to sprint down the hill to catch the ferry, which turned out to be the last ferry off the island that day. And then Sara got back. When she left Utoya, she drove back to Oslo and was parking her car when the bomb went off a block away.

And she immediately went to work from a light feature on the former prime minister to documenting one of the worst incidents in Norwegian history.

Exactly. I mean, she just sprinted right towards - she sprinted towards the blast and just - yeah.

turn 2 : "from a light feature on the former prime minister" - the literal meaning is a small, lighthearted article about a former prime minister. The actual meaning is a news feature on a tragic event.

Which article did Sara almost miss shooting?

Answer: Light


Well, we've had a number of things at home, and the one work, when I go through our front door, what I love is Jeff Koon's Bunny. It's polished stainless steel made to look like a blown up balloon bunny. That makes me smile.

You've set out this challenge for MOCA. You've said, here, I'll help you with this money, but you've got to make some changes. What advice would you give to the rest of this country - other failing business out there right now?

I think everyone has to recognize that we're in a different era. It means budgets have to be cut. We've got to have contingency plans, and we're got to ride it out. But I must say, this is the worst situation since the Great Depression, without any doubt in my mind.

Is there a silver lining in this?Have you seen any difference in prices - prices dropping?Has that helped you maybe acquire things that you wanted to acquire.

turn 3 : A silver lining means, something that is good that comes out of something that is not good

Which phrase describes a positive aspect that can come from a negative situation?

Answer: A


Well, I think some tariffs do. I think this is a misguided policy. It was not thought out well. Of course, it helps the big steel companies, but it's going to affect all the downstream manufacturing jobs. You know, we're asking for help for them to grant our exclusions that we filed. And it can be approved by President Trump just by signing the exclusion, and that's what we're asking him to do.

Mr.  Pratt, will the people who lost their jobs at Mid Continent be able to find jobs elsewhere?

It will be tough in our area. I mean, it's an area of 17,000 people. We're the second-largest employer in the area, employing over 500 at one time. And it will be tough for them to find other jobs.

In the 2016 election, Donald Trump got 80 percent of the vote in Poplar Bluff and in surrounding counties. Has local support for President Trump changed because of what is happening to your company?

turn 0 : The jobs are with companies that use the steel that is made for their products.

How are the downstream manufacturing jobs affected by the tariffs?

Answer: Negatively


Bummer.

Yeah, it is.

David Roth is the founder of the independent sports website The Classical. Thanks so much for talking with us.

Thanks for having me.

turn 0 : In turn (1), "Bummer" is often used as an expression of disappointment or sympathy. Therefore, it implies a meaning beyond its literal meaning of "something that is unpleasant or disappointing."

What is the implied meaning of "Bummer" in turn (0)?

Answer: N/A


Could you cite a single example of bias?

Sure. Andrew Weissman, the No. 2 member of the Mueller probe, attended the Hillary Clinton election night party. You would think with all the talented prosecutors to be asked throughout the federal system, we could likely assemble a team without having to pick the people who were engaged in the 2016 election to the extent that they would be at one of the candidates' election night parties.

Well, I mean - A, I don't know that; B, so he attended a party - I mean, public officials, like reporters - for example, I think in many ways, like representatives in Congress, who are supposed to be capable of independent and unbiased judgment when it comes to doing their jobs.

But members of Congress don't end up prosecuting people. And, you know, when you're dealing with a prosecution and potentially, you know, here, with the president the United States being investigated, I would think that you would want to avoid even the appearance of bias. And here, the bias seems to be significant. It's also laid out in the text messages between Peter Strzok and Lisa Page.

turn 3 : The implied meaning is that bias should be avoided when dealing with a prosecution, and that the text messages between Strzok and Page demonstrate bias.

How does the bias affect the investigation? (Answer: significant)

Answer: Significant


And finally, I was going to ask you about that - this - are there other steps that Mexico is trying to take or would like to take to stop this flow of migrants through their country?

Well, the actual border between Guatemala and Mexico is an obvious place if they want to stop people coming through that they could block access. And having more agents down here, whether they're national guard or someone else, I mean, would certainly result in more detentions of migrants. Really, the question right now and the thing that I'm seeing is that the local immigration detention center here is at more than double capacity right now.

So there is definitely a question - if Mexico really does step up the number of migrants it stops here, does it have the resources to take care of them?And then, for those who need protection - those fleeing persecution - do they have the ability and the willingness to protect those people?

That is reporter James Frederick on the Mexican side of the Guatemala-Mexico border. He's actually about 30 miles north of the border at the moment.

turn 1 : Blocking access to the border between Guatemala and Mexico would be an effective way to stop migrants from coming through.

What is the suggested location for blocking access to stop migrant flow?

Answer: Border


I'm Farai Chideya, and this is News & Notes. How much are you willing to spend on a bottle of fine wine?Thirty dollars?Maybe 60?How about more?And how do we know what makes a wine premium?There are nearly 6,000 wineries in the U. S.  African-Americans own fewer than a dozen. Stephen Sterling is one of those owners, and he's on a quest to educate African-Americans about the pleasures of fine wine.

Stephen is a co-owner of the family owned Esterlina Vineyards and Winery and Everett Ridge Vineyards and Winery. He's also the president of the Association of African-American Vintners. Welcome, Stephen.

Welcome. Thank you for having the African-American Vintners as part of your show today.

Well, give us some examples of some of the fancier places that your wine has been served.

turn 0 : The speaker is asking how much someone is willing to spend on wine but also questioning how people determine what makes a wine premium. African Americans own very few wineries in the US and the guest is working to educate them about fine wine.

How many wineries do African Americans own in the U.S.?

Answer: Fewer


Hi. And I suppose I should say congratulations.

Yes, thank you. It's exciting.

Exciting, as you say, but what was different this time?- because the Green Party has been around for a while in Germany.

Well, on the surface, the topic of climate change and the demonstration of young people - the so-called Fridays for Future, where students skipped their classes and went demonstrating, demanding that the politicians start listening to them in terms of climate policies - this got traction among their parents, among their grandparents.

turn 3 : The topic of climate change and the Fridays for Future movement mobilized a wider demographic.

Answer: Wider


From what we can tell, they've donated from - I think it was over a hundred countries in terms of geography. It just sort of struck a nerve across the world.

Why do you think that is?

I think a big part of it was that Tesla as a man is sort of someone that a lot of people, maybe, sympathized with because he's kind of a geek at heart. He's sort of this unsung hero, and he did all of these wonderful things for us and didn't really get much credit during his career. So with this sort of crowd funding campaign, it was almost an opportunity for the world to make it up to him.

What drew you to getting involved?

turn 2 : Tesla is an underappreciated hero and people sympathize with him through the crowdfunding campaign

Answer: Crowdfunding


I don't know many, but I know they exist - the person that doesn't really want fiction. They want nonfiction. They want something smart to read. I'm thinking more along the lines of, like, Ron Chernow's "Hamilton" that everybody became obsessed with, that read like fiction but was actually the book that's going to impress people that you read this summer.

That's right. There's literally a picture of Lin-Manuel Miranda on the beach reading that, but it's an old. . .

(Laughter).

In any case, yes. So there's a wonderful book that I think actually kind of brings together a lot of our - of our genres. And it's called "Murder By The Book. "It's by Claire Harman. And it's about a murder in Victorian London in which a minor aristocrat is murdered by his valet. Now, it actually does sound like fiction, right?It's nonfiction. But what's so wonderful about it is this guy's defense was that he had read a popular novel, and the book made me do it, which is kind of a wonderful thing if you think about what fiction can do.

turn 0 : Not "everybody" was obsessed with Chernow's book. This is an exaggeration, but is meant to convey that the book was popular.

How did PersonA describe the popularity of "Hamilton"?

Answer: Exaggeration


I, Karen Bass. . .

In May, Bass was sworn in as the first black female speaker of California's Assembly. That post has been called the second most powerful in the state behind the governor.

I recently asked Speaker Bass how she's dealing with her rise in profile and her new level of responsibility.

I felt definitely overwhelmed. But, you know, since May, or really since the election in February, I've just had a tremendous amount of support and welcome and good will. So I'm very excited about serving in the role.

You are someone who has certain interests that particularly are important to you. Foster care is one of them. Tell me about foster care.

turn 1 : Speaker Bass's post is the second most powerful position in California, behind the governor.

How is Speaker Bass's position in California's Assembly described?

Answer: Second


It was like a brick carriage house. Inside, there was just one room on the first floor and one room on the second floor, so it was an intimate house for a non-intimate family.

Her deep craving for intimacy would lead her to music. And it turns out the things Ani DiFranco wanted to say were exactly what a generation of women coming of age in the '90s wanted to hear.

(Singing) Squint your eyes and look closer. I'm not between you and your ambition. I am a poster girl with no poster. I am 32 flavors and then some.

Ani DiFranco talks about those early years in her new memoir. It's called "No Walls And The Recurring Dream. "

turn 0 : The house was small for the family living in it, despite having multiple floors.

Which floor had only one room in the house described in turn 0?

Answer: Second


Well, it's a wide hurricane. So we expect impacts on both the east coast and the west coast. But the major impacts are going to be in the Florida Keys, particularly the lower Keys - then into the Naples area and then up the coast more into the Fort Myers area and into - early in next week into the Tampa area.

What do you see over the next 24 hours?

We see that it'll make this final turn. And we'll really be able to zero in on where that core is going to go. There's still a little bit of uncertainty, but we're looking most likely that the biggest impact's along southwest Florida.

What are your biggest concerns?Mr.  DeMaria. We have, of course, this whole constellation of effects between the winds and the storm surge and the flooding.

turn 1 : (2) - This is asking for a prediction for the events that will occur in the next 24 hours.

What area is most likely to be impacted by the hurricane according to the expert?

Answer: Florida


Oh, there are lots of modern blunders but not all of them are brilliant.

To be brilliant, it has to be truly an epic blunder, is what you're saying.

Well, it has to be something that in one way or another leads to a real breakthrough. You know, this is how I define, you know, a brilliant blunder and not just something that is a big mistake. I mean there are lots of huge mistakes.

While I was writing this book, when people would ask me what is your book about, I said, you know, it's about brilliant blunders and it's not an autobiography.

turn 1 : To be brilliant it has to be an extremely large blunder.

What does the blunder have to be in order to be considered brilliant?

Answer: Large


My parents are actually still in Khartoum. We're lucky that they are among the few whose mobile phones still work. There's been a widespread outrage. It just sounds incredibly scary that the city is in a state of paralysis. Activist groups have called for a general strike, and people seem to be sticking to it. Roads are closed off.

And what makes this particularly terrifying is it's not even really the armed forces that people are clashing with. It's a specific paramilitary segment that was regularized as part of the armed forces but used to be an out-of-control militia in Darfur - the Janjaweed militias, the Rapid Support Forces. And that's what's scaring people is that this isn't even a regular force that's taken control of the town.

This means the military is fracturing?I mean, we should say all this happened after protesters demanded the ouster of President Omar al-Bashir. And military there is now in charge of Sudan, but what you are describing is that there is no cohesive military either. Right?

Absolutely. The military as a token is in charge. The head of the military council is a general. But the second in command is head of these forces, the Rapid Support Forces. And everyone I've spoken to on the ground says those are the people that are on the streets. All the videos that we've been sent by eyewitnesses, from the citizens show that it was Rapid Support Force guards that charged the sit-in. And it's incredibly chilling because this is a militia that was accused of war crimes in Darfur. And to have them control the ground in the capital of Sudan is very scary for people right now.

turn 1 : The paramilitary forces are in control and people are scared

How are the people feeling about the situation in Khartoum?

Answer: Scared


Being a congressional Democrat from Alabama has been a lonely occupation. Representative Terri Sewell, from the district that includes Selma and parts of Birmingham and Montgomery, was the only Democrat in the state's congressional delegation until this week, when Doug Jones defeated Roy Moore for the U. S.  Senate. Representative Sewell joins us from her district. Representative Sewell, thanks so much for being with us.

Well, thank you so much for having me.

Doug Jones thanked you specifically for helping bring African-American voters to the polls. Do you want to take a victory lap and tell us how you did it?

(Laughter) Well, listen. This was an amazing victory for Alabama. It was a victory, I think, for decency - common decency. And it shows that Alabama was willing to put principle over party. I was very excited that my district overperformed. And I was particularly excited about the African-American turnout. You know, I think that people understood that the stakes were high. This administration has had a negative effect on our community. It's reversing a lot of the Obama-era progress that we've made. And I'm just very pleased that people showed up and showed out.

turn 2 : : The implied meaning of this turn is that Representative Sewell should explain how she encouraged African-American voters to come out and vote for Doug Jones.

What did Doug Jones specifically thank Representative Sewell for in the victory?

Answer: African-American


Well, thanks so much for having me, Alex.

So, how do you and the retired general, James Jones, know each other?

My gosh, I think - I can't even remember when I first met him. It's been so long ago. I'm sure I met him when he was head of the legislative liaison over the Senate. But I really became acquainted with him when he became a brigadier general, and, of course, I followed his career. Of course, he served very ably as a commadant in the marine corps and then as the European commander, just been with him from time to time. And I just consider him a very good friend.

And what kind of a man is he?How would you describe him as a person?

A man of extreme integrity, high ability, good judgment, even temper, just admired him so through the years, and I just can't say enough good things about him. He is just an excellent choice, and he will give good advice to the president.

turn 2 : A has a high opinion of James Jones' character and career.

What is PersonA's relationship with James Jones?

Answer: Friend


(Laughter) I have no idea. I know that the pope - his five most famous words may be - who am I to judge?- which is about gay people. And I know that he has gay friends. You know, one of the people that he met with during his papal visit in the United States was a gay friend and his partner. So he's open to what he calls a culture of encounter and accompaniment. He's certainly in favor of listening to people and meeting them where they are. And so on that page, you know, we agree.

You suggest in a couple of sections of the book that there must be priests who are LGBT, but they are faithful to their vows of chastity.

Yeah, I know them. And, you know, by saying that a priest is gay, it doesn't mean that he's breaking his promise of celibacy or his vow of chastity or, you know, lesbian nuns. And one of the challenges for the church is to recognize these people and to see them as the gifts that they are as all LGBT people are to the church. They are gifts, beloved children of God who bring certain gifts and certain talents to our church, to the community.

Father James Martin - his book, "Building A Bridge: How The Catholic Church And The LGBT Community Can Enter Into A Relationship Of Respect, Compassion, And Sensitivity" - thanks so much for being with us.

turn 2 : advocating for the recognition of these individuals within the church and emphasizing that their sexual orientation should not diminish their inherent value and contributions as beloved children of God.

How does Father James Martin view LGBT individuals in the church?

Answer: Value


I want to talk a little bit about the words that are used to describe wine. You know, normally we hear things like dry, oaky, buttery - I kind of understand what those mean. But sommeliers have a much more creative way of describing tasting notes that you might not hear in a restaurant.

Well, you get everything from the more straightforward fruits and vegetables. So it could be pomegranate, raspberry, blackberry, apple, pear, lemon. They can also range to the far more imaginative. There were times where I was sitting in a tasting group and I thought that I was hearing someone read from a Wiccan book of love spells.

(Laughter).

Burnt hair, desiccated strawberry, armpit, you know (laughter).

turn 3 :  where the speaker uses words that are not typically associated with wine tasting, such as "burnt hair," "desiccated strawberry," and "armpit," to describe the taste of wine. The implied meaning is that sommeliers use highly imaginative and unconventional ways to describe the taste of wine, which may not be easily understandable to the average person.

How does the speaker describe the taste of wine?

Answer: Unconventional


Well, that's how your muscles grow. And in this case, what we found was with the exercise, after very strenuous exercise of 20 minutes, we found a disappearance of the chemical tags from the DNA. And what this means is that it allowed other proteins' transcription factors to access the DNA, and this could instruct the cell to make specialized proteins that could support growth and metabolism.

Wow. Does it also explain why you lose your muscle tone if you don't exercise?

Well, we actually - we didn't study that.

Yeah.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of turn (4) is that the speaker is acknowledging what was said but may not have a specific response or further comment. It implies a lack of elaboration or engagement in the conversation.

Which turn of the dialogue implies a lack of elaboration or engagement in the conversation?

Answer: 3


Give us some specifics on what African traditional medicine might incorporate into your practice.

At the heart of traditional African medicine is God and the ancestors, OK?So now, you have many Africans that want to take advantage of traditional medicine, but they don't want to acknowledge the roots. So the roots, as I'm saying, is understand your relationship with ancestors in terms of ancestors being a part of the community. The use of divination - on the surface, I mean, we've seen different things, maybe on TV or someone is throwing bones or caraway shells and then makes a pronouncement.

But divination is creating a space where you have objects that have a metaphorical representation with respect to elements of a person's life. Divination is something that takes training. And as of all cultures, of course, there's herbal medicine and understanding of diet. But the fundamental premise with African culture is linking everything back, with God and the ancestors being at the central core.

We did an interview with someone who is a spiritual leader in one of the many traditional African spiritual practices. And what you're talking about sounds, in many ways, more like spirituality than medicine. Do you see yourself practicing both, or how, I mean. . . ?

turn 1 : Many Africans want to use traditional medicine but ignore its roots

Which aspect of traditional African medicine do people tend to ignore?

Answer: Ancestors


. . . they did great animation in this. And I can't imagine having the patience to move these little dots around.

No. It's a. . .

It's coffee granules, I think.

. . . a great visualization. And I should say that we have another video that done in the same animation style. It's part of the series. It's an experiment people can do at home. So. . .

turn 2 : The electronic animation is as tiny as coffee granules.

Answer: coffee


I mean, there have been some high-profile examples recently of sort of ethically questionable journalism, you know, maybe at best. Do you think that - and this is sort of tangential, but do you think that that, the definition of plagiarism needs to be updated for the Web?

I mean, given that I started this thing, you mentioned the curator's code, I think about that a lot. I think plagiarism is kind of a harsh word that comes from the publishing world, you know, kind of a legacy term. And there are many layers to it. It's a little bit of a grab bag.

But online, one of the things that I think about a lot, which I think is a form of sort of neo-plagiarism as this idea of OK, you know, we live at a time where there's almost infinite information, and it takes time to find the meaningful and to separate it from the meaningless, and that's effort, and that's sort of creative labor.

And when someone does that, and let's say - you know, for example, one of my favorite sites, Open Culture, run by Dan Colman out of Stanford, he finds amazing archival stuff. You know, and he spends time in the archives looking for it. And then it gets sort of reported on, say, Huffington Post or Business Insider, just sort of regurgitated.

turn 2 : "neo-plagiarism", which refers to a new form of plagiarism that arises from the abundance of information available online; "creative labor", which refers to the effort and skill required to find and curate valuable information.

What is the term used to describe the new form of plagiarism that arises from the abundance of information available online?

Answer: Neo-plagiarism


My father believed the world was divided between those who were mentally and physically strong and those who were weak and lazy. For this, I had to undergo a physical and psychological training.

Can you tell us about those nights in the cellar?

From the age of 6, I had to spend one night a month in the basement meditating on death. I sat on a stool, alone, in the dark, surrounded by rats. And I had a cardigan with small bells on it. I wasn't allowed to let the bells tinkle, as it meant that I was moving. It was one of his exercises.

There are just too many instances of abuse and cruelty to recount - I mean, the way he didn't turn on the heat, the way he made you bathe in his dirty water. He said he gave you his energy that way or something.

turn 2 : His views of the world were oppressive and unfair, requiring certain people to be subjected to physical and mental hardships.

How were individuals categorized according to the father's beliefs?

Answer: Strong,Weak


So alphabetically, Jeb Bush, Ben Carson, Hillary Clinton, Martin O'Malley, Bernie Sanders, who'd you like?

You know, I liked the fact that they all came. The important thing for the Urban League was that each of these five candidates accepted our invitation, came, and I think offered a serious perspective from their own point of view. They came in here. They talked about race. They talked about economics. They talked about the criminal justice system. They talked about cities. These issues don't get discussed on the main stage in many, many political debates and discussions. And so why we wanted them here, so they could talk about equality, talk about opportunity, develop those ideas in a way that will not, and - or, I should say, historically has not happened in this campaign up until this point.

Mr.  Morial, another unarmed black man was killed by an officer in Cincinnati. I wonder if you have some ideas you want to bring to our attention about how to try to repair a shattered relationship between black citizens and police.

It's an American tragedy of untold proportions, particularly as we've seen it play out in the last two years. Our ten-point justice plan recommended that body cameras and dash cameras be mandatory for all law enforcement all the way across the country. But we also believe that more must be done when it comes to police officer hiring, police officer training, and police officer accountability. The community wants to and must trust its police if they're going to be allies is in what we all want, and that is safer communities.

turn 3 : "repair a shattered relationship between black citizens and police" - This phrase is not meant to be taken literally as if the relationship between black citizens and police was physically broken into pieces. Rather, it means that the trust and understanding between these groups have been severely damaged and need to be restored through specific actions and policies.

Which phrase is not meant to be taken literally?

Answer: Shattered


Fiscal Armageddon, Democrats helping the Bush administration, Republicans bulking. These are historic times indeed. We actually verified this by calling Clyde Wilcox, professor of Government at Georgetown University. I asked if he had ever seen anything quite like this.

Yeah. During the Regan administration, it would often be the case, that House Republicans in particular would not go along with some of Reagan's proposals. And so he would manage to get to get support by winning majority of Democrats and a few Republicans.

But one of the things that when really complicated financial legislation like this happens, often times it takes Congress a little while to deliberate and put together coalitions. And the high pressure to get this done very, very quickly is not usually a sign of Congress doing it's best. When Congress gets a bill passed really, really fast there's almost always significant things they need to go back and change later.

You mentioned the similarities to the Reagan administration, it seems like one key difference here is that so much of this is happening so close to an election.

turn 0 : "Fiscal Armageddon" implies the severity of the financial crisis.

How does "Fiscal Armageddon" describe the financial crisis?

Answer: Crisis


It looks like a stationary bike.

It was enamored with this lab. I'm just going to be honest. I thought it was the coolest lab.

Coolest lab in the world.

turn 1 : B: "And in your video - it's our Video Pick of the Week, which you have called the best laboratory in the world?" In this turn, the phrase "best laboratory in the world" is likely being used metaphorically to describe the quality or significance of the subject being discussed in the video, rather than referring to an actual physical laboratory.

What phrase is being used metaphorically in PersonB's turn?

Answer: Metaphorically


I do. I hope I give them - my songs give them a reason to wake up, you know, and think about what is going on in the world. And hopefully they resonate with the audience, the people who are hearing them. I've always hoped from the time we started singing the freedom songs that our songs - was singing them to make a difference. You know, make a better place. Help somebody instead of hurting somebody. You know, so much we could do to make it better.

Well, it's such a delight to speak with you again. I am so excited that I get the chance to talk with you about this new album. You know I'm going to put you on the spot and ask you if you have a favorite.

All of these songs, Michel. I love every one. But I do love "Heavy On My Mind. "

(Singing) We did everything we could to slow this world down. Now my love is in the ground.

turn 0 : wake up implies for the persons to come back to their normal senses and not to dull or be fulled anymore

What does the song "Heavy On My Mind" seem to be about?

Answer: Love


How do you think people view the people that you grew up with now?

Well, I think - especially when we're talking about Appalachia, I think it's the same stereotypes we've been dealing with forever. I got off a plane in Arizona, and the person who was driving me said, you know, what do people where you come from think of your books?And before I could answer, she said, or can they read?

Oh.

And I looked at her, and I was kind of angered by that. But at the same time, I don't think she meant it that way. But I said, you know, of course we can read. And we even got shoes, you know. I think, in a lot of ways, we're dealing with the same stereotypes we've dealt with forever.

turn 1 : "Well, I think - especially when we're talking about Appalachia, I think it's the same stereotypes we've been dealing with forever." Implication: The speaker believes that people from Appalachia are often subject to negative stereotypes that persist over time.

Which region is the speaker referring to?

Answer: Appalachia


Now, the economies in Africa, let's say, in the Caribbean are different, are they not, from either the U. S. , Europe, or Asia?And I'm thinking, for example, of the $1 million notes being printed up willy-nilly in Zimbabwe. How has the global downturn affected them?

Well, just on Zimbabwe for a minute. Zimbabwe has a whole host of problems that are really quite unrelated to the credit crunch and the financial crisis. These are big problems that have been in the making for a long, long time because of an economy that's been run into the ground.

But more generally, Africa and Latin America are being hurt, but it doesn't seem quite as bad for example, as those in Eastern Europe, their debt levels are not as high. While they're hurting some because of the big fall in commodity prices - I mean, we've seen for example the first negative growth in South Africa since 1998. But I don't think these are as hard hit because the financial exposure in this part of the world is not as great as let's say it is in the U. S.  certainly, in Europe, and parts of emerging Europe.

Is that what is allowing some countries to be - I hesitate to use the word financially successful at the moment, but allowing them to compete in a way that they had not been able to before?

turn 0 : Money is being printed irresponsibly in Zimbabwe and the person wonder's how the lowering economy of the world affects them.

What country is the turn 0 referring to?

Answer: Zimbabwe


Nice to talk to you, Audie.

So to start, back in 2013, what intention of this legislation - allowing migrant workers to drive legally - what was the need you thought you were meeting?

There are about 1,500 undocumented people, mostly Mexicans, working on Vermont dairy farms. And they are, basically, supporting our dairy industry. And the need was that so many of them were living in the shadows of the barns - really literally. They did not have transportation. They relied on volunteers or their employers to get them to medical appointments or shopping and all sorts of things. And a group called Migrant Justice started working on the issue and started talking to lawmakers. So it was a very sort of innocent kind of idea that, you know, we can be a state that can accept that these people are here supporting our economy, and we want to be able to provide for them in some way.

Now, fast forward many years, and the Vermont DMV has many records - right?- of people in the country illegally; people who have gotten these driver's licenses. So what was your reaction when you learned about the cooperation between ICE and the Vermont DMV?

Well, I feel terrible that we facilitated this law and now it's putting people in jeopardy. And that was not the intent of law at all. And so it's very, very distressing to hear what's been going on. As you probably know, in 2017, the state officially ended this policy. But in the meantime, there have been other sharing of information by DMV, maybe not at the top levels, with ICE officials.

turn 3 : implies to not being in support and feeling unfavorable about the result.

What was PersonA's emotional response to the cooperation between ICE and the Vermont DMV?

Answer: Distressed


What is - let's start with this. What is your personal collection to the work and the images in this book?

Well, to me this was a labor of love. I've been living in the U. S. I came back to England. It's my homeland. I came back to London, my home city, and I felt that the culture of the young black people in particular here were suffering from a kind of deficit, historically speaking.

There were younger people in my neighborhood who were bereft of history, who took their idea of themselves from watching their kind of generic hip-hop video material that they got from the video screen rather than really inquiring into the particular history and experience of our communities in this country.

As I looked at the book, I was trying to find a theme, and I don't know if I found one or not. What was, in your view, the major trends or themes that you saw unfolding over the century that are depicted in these photographs?

turn 2 : "bereft of history" is a figurative expression meaning "lacking a sense of connection to one's cultural or historical roots"

Which expression in the dialogue means "lacking a sense of connection to one's cultural or historical roots"?

Answer: Connection


There are probably two or three important things. One is I think it gives you an insight into the company and what they do with the data they gather. Now, Facebook say they don't sell data, but they certainly make money out of it. And I think one of the things that concerned us was whether some of the developers that work with Facebook get preferential access to data depending on how valuable that relationship is. I think there was something else, which is potentially an antitrust issue, which is the dominant position Facebook has I think allows it to pick winners on its platform. There are big questions about the way in which they use their power. The final thing I think which is I think particularly significant is are users giving informed consent when they give data to Facebook?

Mr.  Collins, why should anyone be worried about that?Is it just what you would expect a business to do, maximize the information it has and reward the most promising relationships?

I think we all understand with these sorts of social media tools they're free to use, but in some ways, you're giving your data to the company. The company makes money out of that by selling advertising. But the question is are we giving up far more data than we realize?And then what happens to that data when the company has it?And I think it's right that we have some say and some protection over how it's used.

Do you feel Facebook has been honest with you?

turn 2 : Users should have more control over their data

Which aspect of data usage does Mr. Collins believe users should have more control over?

Answer: Data


You know, we don't do a lot of cookbooks on this show. Hugh Acheson's latest cookbook fits right in. It doesn't show much cooking. The chef is shown reading in a lawn chair, taking a hot bath, even playing the cello - at least holding the bow over one.

It's a book about what you can cook - if that's quite the word - while you do something else, even for hours. "The Chef And The Slow Cooker" is by Hugh Acheson, the acclaimed Canadian Southern chef who owns big-name restaurants in Georgia and is a judge on "Top Chef. "He joins us from WABE in Atlanta.

Chef, thanks so much for being with us.

It's great to be here, Scott.

turn 0 : You know, we don't do a lot of cookbooks on this show. Implicated meaning: Cookbooks are not a common topic or focus on this show. The show doesn't prioritize or feature cookbooks frequently.

How does the chef feature in "The Chef And The Slow Cooker"?

Answer: Not


After he infected you?

Yeah, yeah.

So, let me get this straight. He infected you. You went back to him, and then he didn't want to be associated with you because other people knew about you?

Right. And he was scared his own status would be revealed. They would, you know, he was scared people would think, oh, she got it from him, and things like that.

What was it that you think made you go back to him when many other people would say I'm so angry I want to smack this guy up the head, or worse?

turn 0 : THERE WAS QUARREL BETWEEN TWO AND ONE GOT INFECTED BY OTHER

Answer: one


It's a love letter to my mother. I love my mother very, very much. She gave me everything. She was a wonderful mother. She gave me the most magnificent childhood in Edinburgh, and she had no pattern for that. She was suffering so much as a child. She was kept very closeted. Nobody ever told her anything of love. She was very, very solitary, lonely and unhappy child. And yet she invented herself and became this wonderful mother to me.

And at the same time, I felt that her version of events, which was utter doom and terrible villainy, couldn't necessarily be completely true because everybody's version of their story is slightly different.

Of course.

And so I wanted to turn it and turn it like a kaleidoscope to see whether I could see what these people's motives really were. And was it so terrible?

turn 1 : The literal meaning is that the speaker questions the accuracy of their mother's version of events. The implied meaning is that people have different perspectives and interpretations of events, and that the speaker wants to understand the motives behind their mother's actions.

How did the speaker feel about their mother's version of events?

Answer: Question


But you came over so young.

Yeah. I came over when I was really young. So obviously, you know, growing up in the British environment, I've absorbed a lot of their culture. You know, because it's just a natural thing. You kind of - you hang out with, you know, the local, you know, people from the U. K.  or whatever. So naturally you're going to pick up a lot of their habits and their ways, but you know, first and foremost, I always see myself as, you know, African.

And I know - well my parents never let me forget that anyway, you know, because we do - we had all the kind of culture, and just general kind of grounding, you know, installed in us at a very young age. So I've always kind of carried that with me anyway as I've progressed in life. But I always look at it as, you know, an advantage really, because I've had the privilege of experiencing, you know, my African culture in life, and, you know, I've had the opportunity of experiencing being British, and, you know, growing up in the U. K.  And now I'm, you know, experiencing kind of some of the flavors of the U. S. So I always look at it like, you know, it's a positive thing.

All right, Hilary, thanks so much.

turn 2 : Being exposed to different cultures is an advantage.

Which word in the dialogue describes the PersonA's African background?

Answer: African


I mean, imagine you go into the polls believing that migrants, refugees in general, receive much more sort of support than our pensioners and that migrants are violent and rape women and that climate change isn't real. Like, if you actually believe all those things because you have been lied to, I believe that clearly shifts your, at least, voting intention - maybe even stay home 'cause you lost trust in democracy or nearly is altogether. And that is a real threat. It's not just, oh, on the day before the elections, there's a fake news about your voting station. That's not what we're seeing.

What we're seeing is, like, long-term disinformation campaigns with the aim to drive us apart, to deceive us. And as a democracy, we need to stand up and, right now, say, now we vote even more because we believe that democracy's our strength, and we will not be manipulated by this type of behavior.

Christoph Schott, thank you.

Thank you very much. There was a joy.

turn 0 : Believing false information can impact voting decisions and democracy.

How can false information affect democracy and voting?

Answer: Manipulate


And to tell you the truth, I still feel so very, very sorry for that little girl, you know, for her utter helplessness. And that has made me really empathize with children and with situations where human beings become like children in terms of becoming utterly helpless. If anything good came out of that incident, was realizing that you need to empathize with these situations, and you need as much as it is in your power to try and prevent such things happening, not just child molestation, but being put in a position where you have no choice.

I mean, it's interesting that your previous book was ostensibly about the book "Lolita. "

Yeah, you're right.

Well, I'm just wondering, I mean, do you see yourself personally in Lolita?

turn 1 : B is suggesting that the topic of child molestation in A's previous book might be related to A's personal experiences, given the similarities to the themes in Lolita

What is PersonB questioning about PersonA's personal experiences in relation to child molestation and themes in Lolita?

Answer: personal


And then we have a Congress who just passed a bill knowing full well that this was the most likely outcome, and they chose not to even try to stop it. But now that the bill has passed, the shutdown has been prevented, the government has been funded, the president can come out and say he's going to do this now. And you have people saying that we're shredding the Constitution, that this is the end of the world, that we need to act, that we need to stop something.

Well, the time to act was before you pass a bill to give the president money to fund the government. The time to act - if you want to force a vote on this, if you want to force Republicans in the Senate to go on record if you're a House Democrat, for instance, then you put language in the bill saying the president can't use national emergency powers to build a wall.

You mean senators - well, we could list their names - Susan Collins.

Right. I mean, don't vote for a bill that is going to make something that you think is really damaging to our country, to the Republic, more likely to occur. Just don't do it, No. 1. No. 2, actually go out and try to put things in the bill to prevent the thing that you think is so damaging to our republic from happening.

turn 3 : Not taking action to prevent something harmful from happening is wrong.

What was the reason behind PersonA's advice to not vote for a bill?

Answer: Prevent


Yeah, yeah, for sure. I definitely had it going last night.

And where do you hope to take it next?

Well, I think the rest of the season here, I'm going to be a marked man. I think I'm going to face a little bit more double-team. It's going to be. . .

I was going to ask you, are you going to get a double team on Sunday, yeah.

turn 2 : A is worried that he will face more difficulties in the upcoming games.

Which team might give PersonA a double team on Sunday?

Answer: Sunday


We recommend - we have a lot of recommendations. We think they're very practical. It can be done. Some of them are internal in the government themselves. There are internal changes Congress needs to make so that it can be more effective in this, and other commissions have recommended them. Now, let's do it. Let's get it done.

We want the life science community to work with the government about how to self-regulate. In other words, what kind of protocols can we use so that we can keep track of high containment labs better. And then, we say we need to emphasize Pakistan. Now, it's funny that this report is coming out now because we saw in the course of this that Pakistan is an epicenter for all of these risks that we're talking about.

Jim Talent, former senator from Missouri, thank you.

Thank you.

turn 0 : Let's get the job done by implementing the internal changes recommended by Congress and other commissions. (Line 1)

How do we ensure effectiveness in government commissions?

Answer: Internal


How does the government even know that they might have overpaid?

Well, they have records going back that say, you know, you were eligible for X amount per month. And then maybe somebody in the family went back to work and got more in the way of earnings than they would have had to be eligible for those benefits. And so there was this debt sitting there on the account over all these years. But in many of these cases, the government can't even say who exactly incurred the debt. It might have been a surviving spouse. It might have been surviving children. All they know is that the debt is on the books. And apparently their regulations allow them to go after almost anyone in the surviving family without regard to whether they were the ones who got the benefits in the first place.

And they have no recourse?

Well, there's an appeals process, and you can seek a waiver. The folks I've spoken to, for the most part, when they call or visit Social Security, they're told, yeah, you can go through the waiver process, but you're not likely to win. The Social Security Administration tells me that about 10 percent do win their case, but that's 90 percent who don't. And of that 90 percent, some of them, it's just, you know, a few hundred dollars maybe, and they figure it's not worth the battle. In other cases, it's some thousands of dollars, and they really need the money. But very few lawyers will touch these cases because they are relatively small amounts of money involved.

turn 1 : "you know" is used as a filler phrase and does not add any literal meaning to the sentence

What word is used as a filler phrase in turn 1?

Answer: You-know


Absolutely. And the thing is - and this is so beautiful - is that when you get to watch lives change. For myself, you know, I used to get up every single morning thinking, you know, where am I going to get my pills?And that occupied my entire day. Now, keep in mind, I was a practicing physician. So I had some other things to do. And that's what people who are, you know, who are addicted are facing every single day.

And now, you know, providing them with quality help and watching them change their lives is one of the most fun things that I've ever been involved with. We need to make that opportunity more widespread. We need to decrease the stigma around stepping out and ask for help. And also, Sacha, we need to make evidence-based treatment available without the stigma that goes along with it.

That's Dr.  Steven Loyd. He's based in Nashville, Tenn. Thanks for talking with us.

turn 0 : "So crack down on the doctors, but make sure there's a support system ready for their patients."  The implied meaning of this turn is that while it is necessary to hold doctors accountable for any role they may have played in fueling addiction, it is equally important to ensure that patients receive the necessary support to cope with the aftermath of addiction.

Answer: Nashville


Oh, yeah. Everyone - everybody is family, and the tribe itself is very into, like, community dinners and community events and just kind of making sure that everybody is involved with stuff, so it was like one big, huge family.

(Singing) And I wake up. I love you, screaming loudly, screaming softly, too.

Katherine Paul now lives in Portland, Ore. , and she just released her second album as Black Belt Eagle Scout. It's called "At The Party With My Brown Friends," and she told me that a lot of the music on the album has its origins in the music she heard on the reservation.

I guess I was just always surrounded by it. My family had a drum group called The Skagit Valley Singers, and we would host powwows. And I think for me, music is just a way of life. It's how we express ourselves. It's how we express our spirituality and how we live our culture.

turn 0 : Everyone in the tribe is very close-knit and treats each other like family.

Answer: Close-knit


It's the most remarkable story of evil coming out of Russia that I've seen in a long time. And what it shows is that they're not just messing with the election in the United States or doping in the Olympics. But they've got their tentacles into just about everything everywhere. This is one story that shows that.

I have to ask you, Mr.  Browder, there are plenty of people - and we hear from them - who are skeptical about Russia being seen at the center of so many allegations. And they say the U. S.  and the West are just crawling back into a destructive Cold War mentality. How do you answer that?

Well, I mean, Russia was responsible for shooting down MH17. Russia was responsible for invading Ukraine. Russia is responsible for taking away the chemical weapons in Syria that they didn't take away. Russia was responsible for having honest athletes in the Olympics when they did the whole doping program. I mean, Russia is the one who is making the trouble. Russia is really a sort of a nonentity when it comes to - the economy is the size of the state of New York. Their military budget is 5 percent of the U. S.  military budget. We shouldn't even be thinking about Russia other than the fact that they're sort of putting their nose into every bit of terrible activity all over the world.

Quick question - but it's important to get along, isn't it?

turn 0 : Russia is involved in various malicious activities worldwide beyond just the U.S. elections and doping in the Olympics.

Which country's actions does PersonA attribute to shooting down MH17, invading Ukraine, taking away chemical weapons in Syria, and dishonest athletes in the Olympics?

Answer: Russia


Her fencing tutor, when she is 13, makes her his mistress. Julie says he gave everything I desired and quite a few things I hadn't known existed. Oh, my word.

(Laughter) He was her father's boss. And he was one of the great nobleman of France at the time, a very, very powerful man. And all of a sudden, she was the very young mistress and was moved into Paris so that he could keep her separate from his wife, but she wanted more. And so very quickly she got bored and she ran off with her fencing master.

Well, I used to fence as a kid. It's one of the reasons I know about her. I fenced all through school and college, but I have to say that I'd - when I'm writing the fencing scenes, I do jump out of my chair and grab a foil - I've still got my old swords - and I act out the scenes for myself just to make sure that they make sense.

turn 2 : Yeah. There's a lot of fencing in this book. As soon as I say that, I realize metaphorical but also actual fencing in this book.  The implied meaning here is that the phrase "metaphorical but also actual fencing" suggests that fencing is not only a physical activity portrayed in the book but also serves as a metaphorical representation of conflict or rivalry between characters. It implies that fencing is used symbolically within the book's narrative.

Answer: Conflict


Thanks for having me.

What new details did we learn with this filing?

So the new filing focuses on five extramarital affairs that Duncan Hunter had when he was in Congress, the first one starting just four months after he was elected and took office in April 2009. So he took office in January.

The longest feature in the filing is about an individual identified as Individual 14, who was a lobbyist. And they spent campaign money on things like a ski trip together, a thousand-dollar hotel tab. They went to concerts together. And they also went on a double date with another congressperson to Virginia Beach, but that congressperson has not been identified.

turn 3 : Duncan Hunter spent campaign money on personal expenses

Which politician's name hasn't been revealed in the double date mentioned in turn 3?

Answer: Unidentified


Is Colin Kaepernick, in your judgment, unsigned because of his politics or his performance as a quarterback?

I don't think we can say if it's one or the other. I think what troubled me was that I saw so many people who wouldn't necessarily know the difference between an end zone fade and icing in hockey say automatically without parsing through the situation of his play at all that it has to be racial. And it could be racial. But it's also the type of thing that you could see someone with his skill set at this point in his career trajectory both being in the league and not being in the league.

Can you explain to us why a general manager or coach wouldn't, just in football terms, necessarily snap at the opportunity to sign Colin Kaepernick?

I think you have to ask yourself, can this player, in this case a quarterback, can he help us win?And how do you win in the league right now?It is not 40 years ago when you can win 17 to 10. You have to rack up the offense. And what Kaepernick basically does - his skill set, the best part of it - is he does not throw many interceptions. He had four last year against 16 touchdown passes. That's a really good ratio.

turn 1 : "I saw so many people who wouldn't necessarily know the difference between an end zone fade and icing in hockey say automatically without parsing through the situation of his play at all that it has to be racial."  The actual meaning implied in this statement is that many people who lack knowledge about football and its technicalities automatically assume that Colin Kaepernick's situation is racially motivated, without analyzing the specifics of his performance.

What is the reason behind people's assumption about Colin Kaepernick's situation?

Answer: Racial


It doesn't want to concede to American pressure because it fears that if it concedes under pressure, that's going to project weakness and invite even more pressure. And so for that reason, you've seen, rather than Iran capitulating or compromising, they've begun escalating. But I think the endgame for both sides is - there's really no alternative to coming back to the negotiating table.

And there has been a string of headlines from the region involving Iran in recent weeks. This incident with the British tanker, of course, comes right after the U. S.  says it brought down an Iranian drone. Of course, Iran disputes that version of events. How connected are these events?

They're all interconnected. And essentially, the Trump administration's policy toward Iran has been to subject Iran to significant economic pressure and sanctions in the hopes that either Iran will come to the negotiating table and capitulate over its nuclear program or - I think there's some folks in the Trump administration, like national security adviser John Bolton, who would like to see the implosion of the Iranian regime.

And what Iran has done in response - Iran's supreme leader has been ruling for 30 years, and he's become pretty adept at these escalatory cycles. And he's adept at waving both the white flag of diplomacy and the black flag of radicalism and escalation. So on one hand, he sent his chief diplomat - Iranian Foreign Minister Javad Zarif - he was recently in New York City, and he met with a lot of Western journalists. And he was talking about Iran wanting to pursue dialogue and diplomacy.

turn 0 : There is no actual endgame - this is hyperbole talking about how the situation might end up

What is the reason for Iran's escalation?

Answer: B


Fungus Blues - I love it.

Fungus Blues.

And they fell in love. And, you know, my dad, he was trying to find another way of living other than the one that he was in.

(Singing) Hustle was your middle name when you were a young man.

What was it about his current way of living at the time that was dissatisfying?

turn 3 : This statement implies that the best time to hustle is at a younger age

How does turn 3 relate to the question PersonB asks in turn 4?

Answer: Damage


Well, just along those lines, we read reports that temperatures in the contiguous 48 states have been above average in each of the last 15 months, which has never happened for as long as people have been keeping records, and that 2012 is on track to be the warmest year ever. As we read about this record Arctic ice melt, is this a coincidence?

Well, it's all part and parcel of the same thing, but I will say that January through August of this year has been the warmest period - January through August period since 1895 when they started taking temperature records. That's in the contiguous lower 48. Alaska has actually had a fairly average year, so everything doesn't march in lockstep. But again, the situation with the ice and the Arctic is this has been accumulating over decades of warming up there, and we're finally seeing the results of that.

So this one summer was not at all a key up there. In fact, what was interesting to one of the scientists I talked to, he said, basically, you know, what was astounding about this was that there was no astounding weather pattern up there that explained this dramatic difference. It was just kind of reaching this point of where the ice was just so thin that it was just ready to crumble.

Ice is white. It reflects light. The sea is blue. It does not reflect light. It absorbs it, and thereby, the heat that comes with it.

turn 1 : There has been a long-term warming trend resulting in the Arctic ice melt.

How has the Arctic ice melt been caused?

Answer: Warming


So, number one, the Web site made a drastic change and a tremendous shift. It opened up transparency. It put a lot of ways for individuals to feel that they could be more empowered to have better access or a direct access, almost like an open Internet door to the administration. Number two, they looked to hire a chief technology officer for the administration, which has been done. They've actually checked that off of their list and that has never been a position within the White House to that level before.

And then, number three, I would say actually the stimulus package, you know, coming through with $7. 2 billion being placed specifically for broadband access in rural areas. Those are three key things - oh, and the fourth thing would be, actually redoing - re-upgrading rather the systems within the White House. Internet connectivity was extremely - is extremely slow there. Outdated computers, viruses, just issues with just the infrastructure of technology that was there left by the previous administration.

You know, that was going to be my next question because I understood as the new administration staff took their offices in the White House, what they found were computers that were - I suppose outdated and very slow and. . .

Yeah.

Not nearly as technologically advance that you would expect from the White House.

turn 0 : The new administration has made efforts to increase transparency and accessibility through their website.2. The new administration has made technological advancements in the White House infrastructure and staff.

What is the second key thing the new administration has done for the White House?

Answer: Chief


Well, actually, we - there's three records on the chart, the chart of this year. Within the top of 30, you have Flo Rida, and then there - a couple of other songs that were charting this year were Alicia Keys and one by Timbaland with "One Republic. "

So, you know, in the - if you look at the top ten, one thing I'm happy about in terms of grading on the curve, if you look at the top ten, every decade that this chart has touched, is represented here. We have one from the 50s, and we also have the '60s, '70s, '80s, and '90s, and this decade represented.

But yeah, there's ample representation of recent hits here. One from this decade in the top 10 being by Mariah Carey, "We Belong Together. "

All right, what is changing about the music game with digital distribution?Does it affect how people buy singles, and what might be on the top 100 in the next 50 years?

turn 0 : The speaker is referring to the top 30 songs on the chart, not just three.

What is the number of records on the chart that the speaker is referring to in turn 0?

Answer: Three


Good to be here, David.

So let's return briefly to that last decision of the court on the Affordable Care Act. It was controversial, to say the least. Public opinion surveys after that decision showed how, you know - I mean, I guess it raises the question: How can the court convince the public that it really is impartial, since that case seemed to really bring it into the field of politics in so many ways?

Well, look at the John Roberts opinion. The chief justice was the deciding vote. He's a conservative guy, a Republican appointee. And in the end, he wasn't willing to strike down the entire Affordable Care Act. I think Roberts' view was, what he has said all along, was that it's my job. If there's a constitutional basis to uphold a law passed by Congress, I should do it.

He didn't think this was - could be justified as a regulation of commerce, because that would be requiring people to buy a product. But he also thought, gee, the government has very broad power to use its taxing power. And so he accepted the sort of fallback argument, which is that it could be upheld as a tax.

turn 2 : The conservative Chief Justice John Roberts upheld the Affordable Care Act despite his political affiliations.

What was John Roberts' political affiliation?

Answer: Republican


So the parents as well as one coach have agreed to plead guilty in connection with this scheme. And according to one of the plea agreements at least, they may serve a few months in jail as well as paying fines and restitution. And Felicity Huffman, the actress, as you heard, is one of the more high-profile people accused. But others, including Lori Loughlin, another actress from the TV show "Full House," is among those originally accused who is continuing to fight the charges.

What are we hearing from the parents?

Well, two of those who plead - pled guilty today issued very contrite statements. Huffman's statement reportedly said, I am in full acceptance of my guilt - deep regret and shame. And she also reiterated that her daughter had no idea.

This story has gotten so much attention, and it seems to have really resonated with students and parents. Why do you think it has had such a big impact?

turn 2 : Felicity Huffman has accepted her guilt in the scheme.

How did Felicity Huffman reportedly feel about her guilt in the scheme?

Answer: Regret


We also heard singer-songwriter Ben Harper on that track. He wrote most of the songs on this album. He produced it. How did you two meet?Why do you think you clicked with him?

Well, Ben had written me a song for one of my other albums - "Livin' On A High Note. "And that song was "Love And Trust"

(Singing) Do what you can. Do what you must. Everybody's trying to find some love and trust. I walk the line. I walk it for us. See me out here trying to find some love and trust.

I fell so in love with that song. And every time we'd sing it, the audience - they would just roar, you know. It turned out so well. So I - we'd been singing it for a couple of years then. I ran into Ben on the road. That's where we would always meet up - somewhere on the road. And I told him. I said, Ben, that song - you have got to write me another song. He said, well, Mavis, why don't I write you 11 songs?I said, why don't you do that?He said, let's make an album. I said, sounds good to me. You know, I said, I don't know if I could handle 11 good songs from Ben Harper. He said, oh, yeah, you can handle it, Mavis.

turn 1 :  Ben Harper wrote a song for A in the past and that's how they first met.

How did PersonA and Ben Harper first meet?

Answer: Met


Oh, no. As a matter of fact, I was delighted that I had had the opportunity to contribute to it. I had the option to volunteer for the program. I opted not to because I was very much involved in research that needed to be done. So I was - I turned down the opportunity because I felt that what we were doing was valuable for the future of our space program. As a matter of fact, the small 5-foot diameter parachute that we used to stabilize my freefall is still being used today in every ejection seat in the world. So what we did some 50 year - 55 years ago is still being used today.

What do you think about space exploration now?It struck me watching this that it's lost its human component, in a way. We send these unmanned missions into deep space, but we haven't really pushed human boundaries, I think, for quite some time.

I personally think that we should go back to the moon as soon as we can because there's a lot of lessons we need to learn before we can go to Mars, which should be the next great human adventure.

May I ask you a question?As you were standing on the precipice, you said a prayer. What was that prayer?What were you praying for?

turn 3 :  (4) - Implied meaning: What thoughts or feelings were you experiencing in that moment?

Answer: Takeoff


Well, the Chinese leadership has continued to see dialogue first with Kim Jong Un. They've had two publicly announced meetings with him. One of them came right in advance of North Korea's announcement that it was going to pursue a satellite launch. We don't know whether that subject was discussed in China. But, you know, the indicator suggests that China is still trying to figure out if there is a way that it can influence the situation in North Korea without taking measures that would enhance instability. The Chinese priority is basically to maintain stability in North Korea.

And so it was - it's willing to prop up that terrible regime if it will prevent that regime's collapse and the horrible situation that might ensue.

I think it's certainly the case that if you're, you know, looking at why North Korea still is there in the middle of this otherwise prosperous region, the hand of China is the critical explainer for why North Korea is still able to survive.

Xi Jinping has been in power just a brief time in Beijing, but in that time, we have seen increased pressure on the Senkaku Islands. These are the disputed islands unoccupied, uninhabited islands in the East China Sea. Japan has controlled them for, what, 100 years. China claims them as well. There had been confrontations in the past where patrol boats and fishing boats had exchanged even water canon spray. But this time, a Chinese patrol craft flew over the islands, and that's a different situation.

turn 1 : The speaker implies that propping up the North Korean regime may lead to negative consequences in the long term, despite short-term stability.

Answer: North-Korea


Do you think it was a mistake of Robert Mueller not to have subpoenaed the president to sit down for an interview?

I think, according to the report, my understanding is he realized that if he had done that, it would have added two years to this process.

And what if that happened?Do you - would you have been also against the idea of subpoenaing the president to make him testify or interview?

I don't want to second-guess Robert Mueller, but I think he probably made the right call because now at least we can get the report out; otherwise, everything would be in limbo through the next election. I think it's better to have it on the table now. And I'm hoping that my committee - I'm certainly going to urge the leadership of the intelligence committee to call Robert Mueller before our committee in an open session. . .

turn 1 : Turn (2) has a figurative meaning, as "adding two years to this process" does not necessarily mean that it would have taken two years longer to conduct the interview. It could mean that the process would have been further prolonged or complicated.

How does "adding two years to this process" have a figurative meaning?

Answer: Figurative


Hey, how are you?

I am great. So, first of all we keep using the phrase G8. What is the G8?

The Group of Eight, which was for many years the Group of Seven, are the eight largest economies on the planet. So, the United States, Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and Russia are, for example, G8 countries.

So, when people from these nations meet, and talk about an African agenda, what do they bring to the table, and what's on the table this time around?

Well, I'll try not to give you a cynical answer, but basically the Group of Eight meet to discuss the world's economy, for the most part that's what they're supposed to be talking about. But over the last number of years there's been greater attention to the question of Africa, and issues of economic development. And there's been a lot of pressure on the Group of Eight, to come forward with financial assistance, changes in the relationship - economic relationships, in order to promote development. And so, once again that came to the table this time in addition to sort of a review of what the G8 has accomplished and not accomplished towards reducing poverty.

turn 2 : The G8 is a group of countries discussing the world's economy and development, not just seven or eight countries

How many countries are included in the G8?

Answer: SIX


That's a great question. Things are definitely improving in the eurozone. It is unfortunately too early to say that they're out of the woods or even completely out of their recession.

I gather that most of the growth appears to be centered in Germany and to a lesser degree France. And is this then just a case of work with the best economies to begin with getting a little bit better?

Well, Germany has been the better of the European economies, since they're getting a little bit better. France has struggled. Portugal had some good numbers last quarter. That's encouraging. But you're right, we are still deeply worried about other places, such as Italy, Spain and, of course, Greece.

Well, that brings up the question because unemployment still continues to be perniciously high in Spain and Greece. Does this improvement somehow filter through to them?

Well, it certainly will - should if it continues, but you need faster growth rates than this. The hope is that this is the beginning of a faster recovery. But the way the European economy is, roughly speaking, you need more than 1 percent per year annualized growth rate in order to reduce unemployment. Unemployment's very high. We want to be seeing on an annualized basis 2 percent, perhaps even 3 percent in this recovery phase in order to feel that they've really turned the corner.

You need greater growth to be able to spur greater hiring and to lower the unemployment.

turn 3 : The current improvement in the eurozone is not enough to solve its problems, and more growth is needed to reduce unemployment.

How is the current improvement in the eurozone related to unemployment?

Answer: Unemployment


Human smugglers prey on the desperation of people who flee war and oppression. Human traffickers have made millions moving people across borders, without regard to safety. Thousands of people have died, locked in packed trucks or trapped in sinking ships. Remember the so-called ghost ships, crowded with Syrian refugees, set on a course to crash into the Italian coast.

Italian prosecutors are trying to track and arrest smugglers, arguing that organized criminal gangs who run these smuggling rings are mobsters and ought to be prosecuted like the Mafia. Using survivor testimony and wiretaps, six alleged traffickers are now on trial in connection with a shipwreck in which more than 300 asylum-seekers drowned. Gery Ferrara is part of an elite prosecution team in Italy, and he joins us from Palermo. Thanks very much for being with us.

Thank you for inviting me.

How do you trace these smuggling networks because I'm - I would guess they take some pains to disguise themselves?

turn 1 : Italian officials are attempting to punish traffickers harshly, similar to how they would treat members of organized crime syndicates.

How are Italian prosecutors treating traffickers?

Answer: Wiretaps


And yeah. Like I said, the video can be used for good. And that's why I think the premise of body camera footage is good. But where problems emerge is when government officials and police officials push back against making that footage public because that's the whole reason. The reason is to bring transparency to police interactions. And if government officials push against that, it goes against the entire premise.

One of the very interesting points that you make in your book is that the federal government has investigated alternatives to lethal force and improving police-community relations for decades. I mean, you highlight a report that was commissioned by President Johnson, President Lyndon Johnson in 1967 in response to the Watts riots. And you said that it proposes really not so much an emphasis on technology but an emphasis on relationships, on communication and teaching police officers how to communicate better with the public, how to - it's more of like a - I don't know what word to use. Would you say humanistic approach?And. . .

Absolutely. That's a great word for it.

And that you say that there's - these kinds of - these techniques have never really been implemented because they were deemed to be too expensive. But you also point out that technology is expensive. The police departments spend a huge amount on these technologies that you say don't work. So what - my question to you is, why do you think these techniques have not gotten more traction?

turn 2 : The actual implicit meaning of the turn "absolutely" is agreement and affirmation.

How did PersonA respond to PersonB's statement about the emphasis on relationships and communication in improving police-community relations?

Answer: Agreement