Do you think the royal family can really survive in a time when we have other kinds of celebrities that cost the taxpayer nothing?I mean, clearly, a lot of hopes are being placed on not only Meghan Markle and Prince Harry but the other younger royals like Prince William.

I very, very sincerely believe that Britain couldn't do without them. There's such a deep attachment. They're sort of the very, like, emblem of history, of continuity. Unlike America, there's been almost a kind of - a certain kind of disregard for history. Britain has always fallen back on the past. It's always needed the past. So they're - I think that they will find a way for the royal family to continue to carry on that symbolism, at least.

I must ask you - are you attending the wedding?

I'm not.

turn 0 : The speaker believes that the royal family is being given an unfair advantage over other kinds of celebrities that don't cost taxpayers anything. Score: 4

What is the PersonA's opinion on the royal family's significance in British history and culture?

Answer: Deep


Economics and public policy analysis, oddly enough.

What happens if you get sick?

Well, there's kind of the rub. That's the risk that you're taking, in that if something catastrophic or something major were happen, you know, I become a burden to the society around me because I wouldn't be able to afford it. At the same time, in some ways, I've already been a burden to society because, you know, I went to a state school in North Carolina. So my education was heavily subsidized by the taxpayers in that state.

So I have a responsibility now to produce more - whether it's economically or culturally - than I did before I earned those degrees. So I've got to weigh: Is the risk that I pose to society, if I get sick and I'm not insured, greater than the benefit that could happen if that $740 next year helps me jumpstart my career. And right now, I don't think that risk is greater than the potential benefit.

turn 4 : The literal meaning of "Boy, you were an economics major, weren't you?" is asking whether or not the person studied economics as a major. However, the implied meaning is that the speaker is making a sarcastic comment about the person's discussion on weighing the risks and benefits of getting sick without insurance. The speaker is implying that the person's economic background is influencing their decision-making process.

Answer: sarcastic


There are. It's been a very dry summer. We had the wettest May on record, but then we had the driest June on record. So since June 1, we've only had 0. 06 inches of rain in Anchorage. So everything is turning pretty crispy. And we've got a pretty big fire down on the Kenai, which is blowing smoke into the Anchorage area. And then we've got a fire north in the Matanuska-Susitna Valley. And then we've got fires dotted across the state.

Well, northern Alaska has seen dramatic effects of climate change - thawing permafrost, we've seen that decreasing arctic ice. Is this heat wave part of that bigger trend?

I think it is. We're definitely seeing warmer-than-normal conditions. Like, the 90-degree temperature is 25 degrees above our average. Our average for this time of year is 65 degrees. And just in the last 10 days, we had six record-high temperatures. So not just this year, but overall, the trend for Anchorage and all of Alaska is a steady increase and a steady warming.

What is the forecast then for the next, say, few days?

turn 2 : The temperature has been steadily increasing in Anchorage and all of Alaska.

How has the temperature been changing in Alaska?

Answer: Steadily


Well - and I think I'll compete by getting out there, by talking to folks like I always do. I think I've also done more on sort of the original sin of where we are in a post-Citizens United world, getting rid of dark money and the outside influences of dollars. When laws are literally written now to make donors happy, we've got a problem.

We do know that voters are very concerned about health care. We certainly saw that in the midterm elections. And you recently expanded Medicaid in your state - something that you've just mentioned.

We got it reauthorized, yeah.

But you haven't publicly supported single-payer health care. That seems to be a very popular position in the Democratic Party now, along with the Green New Deal. What is your position on single-payer and the Green New Deal?

You bet. You bet. First, starting, like, everyone should have access to health care. And it should be affordable. And that is what I've been working on in Montana, both through Medicaid expansion, through high-risk pools, through other things. And I think that you can get to universal accessibility and affordability in a way that isn't necessarily Medicare for all because you'd be disrupting - I don't know - 155 million people that have employer-sponsored health care. You do it by having a public option, no Medicare buy-in. It's about time when we can negotiate prescription drug prices with the biggest payer, which is Medicare. But it's that corrupting dollars that keep us out of that.

turn 4 : "You do it by having a public option, no Medicare buy-in." - The phrase "you do it" here means "the solution is to," and does not refer to a physical act of doing something.

Which phrase indicates that a public option without Medicare buy-in is the solution for universal accessibility and affordability of healthcare?

Answer: Public-option


It looks like a stationary bike.

And in your video - it's our Video Pick of the Week, which you have called the best laboratory in the world?

Coolest lab in the world.

turn 2 :  A: "It was enamored with this lab. I'm just going to be honest. I thought it was the coolest lab." In this turn, the phrase "enamored with this lab" and "coolest lab" are used figuratively to express a strong liking or admiration for the lab, rather than indicating a literal romantic or temperature-related meaning.

Answer: Enamored


. . . and copied the symbols that most closely resembled the text. And we had a friend who lived across the street who was an artist, and he helped me translate it into proper copy. And then we resubmitted it to Stan.

And Stan was stuck.

And so he smiled, accepted defeat, and this became the first page of this book.

All right, so this came to light recently because Stanley Fischer was head of the Bank of Israel, and he's nominated to be vice chairman of the U. S.  Federal Reserve. Somebody got the idea that it was about time to find out what this is all about, I gather.

Somebody thought - somebody in my team thought that it would be fun to actually put this as a challenge, and basically promised a prize to whoever would be able to make sense of that page.

turn 4 : 5: Someone on A's team proposed the challenge as a fun activity, not as a serious test. There are no turns in this conversation whose actual meanings are different from their literal meanings. All of the turns are being used in a straightforward and literal manner.

Which turn in the conversation suggests that the challenge proposed by someone on PersonA's team was just for fun?

Answer: Proposed


Thank you. Thanks for having me.

Now, Mr.  Pruitt approached deregulation with enthusiasm. Quickly, could you just give us a sense of his principal achievements?

He had actually very few achievements. He has many proposals in the pipeline. But most are in the pipeline, and most are deeply flawed.

So not likely to go zipping along and become new regulations.

I think that many will probably be revisited and, if they want them to be successful, will have to be adjusted and pay more attention to the law and pay more attention to science and protection of the environment.

turn 1 : B is trying to make A speak positively about Mr. Pruitt's achievements

How did PersonA describe Mr. Pruitt's achievements?

Answer: paltry


Yeah, yeah, yeah, no, I mean, we do excited about it. And in the case of Pluto, we're excited about it because Pluto could be a remnant from the early solar system. It could really tell us a lot about how we all got here. So, for me, this was really the highlight of the year, personally. I mean, we - you know, humanity sends a probe from more than three billion miles away, so far away it took four and a half hours just for the photos to make their way back at the speed of light. And, you know, this little probe gets these great pictures, sends them back and we learn just an enormous amount. It was very cool.

Now, I don't want to leave without talking about space cuisine. I understand there were important advances in the grub you get in space.

That's right. Space food is notoriously horrible to eat. It's all this vacuum-packed, freeze-dried stuff. It's sort of - they - they extrude it out of these packages and it comes out as a paste. It looks awful. But this year, they managed to grow some lettuce up there. And so for the first time, astronauts were actually allowed to eat it. They brought up a little balsamic vinaigrette to put on it. You know, this sounds kind of trivial. It is a little silly, but it's not as easy as it sounds. I mean, remember, plants, you know, grow on Earth and. . .

Well, we've all seen the movie where they had a hell of a time trying to grow potatoes on Mars.

turn 0 : Turn (1) has a figurative meaning: "highlight of the year" does not refer to an actual bright light but rather an important event or achievement.

How was Pluto significant to the speaker?

Answer: Remnant


One option for mothers who feel they aren't able to properly raise a child is to surrender their infants anonymously. So-called safe-haven laws let moms give up their children at local hospitals, police and fire stations without legal consequence. They're intended as a way to save babies from grim fates. Pete Pircsh is a state senator in Nebraska.

2004, a 2-day-old infant was abandoned in a canal near the Elkhorn River in Norfolk. The baby had been dead for about two days at the time it was discovered. In 2007, a woman found a baby boy abandoned in a tote bag between a trash bin and a discarded TV, and there are other incidents like that.

This summer, Nebraska became the last state in the nation to pass a safe-haven law, and theirs is a bit different. Pirsch wrote an amendment to the bill that says children as old as 19 can be left at safe havens. Most states only allow parents to drop off their children if they're less than a year old.

If they're on the point where they, out of frustration or anger, may actually injure the child, then this is a vastly superior system to set up because it will take the child from that position of danger and place him into a safe environment.

turn 2 : Nebraska's safe-haven law allows children up to the age of 19 to be left at safe havens.

Which state allows children up to the age of 19 to be left at safe havens?

Answer: Nebraska


I mean, race is all throughout this conversation in the way people think about it and who the actual players are literally in this case. So Shaun Harper, who is a scholar on diversity in higher education at USC, said that, you know, many of the schools in the Power Five were either officially or effectively segregated for most of their histories. And that has really tangible consequences for the way campus life looks. And so these are conceived as white spaces. Their fan bases are white. Their alumni bases are white. Their cultural spaces are white. And so black students will be players in football and basketball. They'll be on the court and the field but they won't be in the stands.

So you're saying black people will be players. What do those demographics look like?

So most of the players in the money sports, in football and basketball at the Power Five schools, are black. So 56 percent of the basketball players - men's basketball players - are black. Fifty-five percent of the football players are black. But 2. 4 percent of the students at these schools are black men. And so this is -

Only?

turn 0 : The schools in the Power Five are predominantly white spaces.

How are the schools in the Power Five characterized?

Answer: White


James Foley would have turned 41 today. The journalist who was murdered by the Islamic State was known for his reporting on the conflicts of the Middle East. Jim Foley's life will be celebrated in his hometown of Rochester, New Hampshire today. The memorial service is taking place at Our Lady of the Holy Rosary Parish. Father Marc Montminy, a close friend of the family, is leading the service. He joins us now. Thanks for being with us.

You're very welcome. It's good to be with you.

What do you remember about Jim Foley?

We remember him as a child. Many people around the world remember him more as an adult 'cause when you're young, you see people from one vantage point. As you get older, they develop and grow into their own person. Jim was always a happy guy. He was also, I felt, very pensive at times. He was a thinker. He was the type of guy who could see things that perhaps other people didn't see as clearly.

turn 3 :  "He was the type of guy who could see things that perhaps other people didn't see as clearly." - The literal meaning of this statement is that Jim Foley had the ability to perceive things more clearly than others.

What was one of Jim Foley's qualities according to person A?

Answer: Happy


And does it help to have someone like Drake courtside (laughter)?

I think for some people it does. I think the power of celebrity is something that is immensely powerful. And he's someone that just adds to the level of attention that's happening here. This is going to be the first championship series for a major sport in Canada in the Internet era, and every bit of notoriety helps, and Drake is a part of that.

Bruce Arthur, sports columnist for the Toronto Star. Thank you for talking about the Raptors with us, and best of luck.

Absolutely. My pleasure. Thank you.

turn 1 : Drake contributes to the publicity of the Raptors' championship series

What is one factor that adds to the level of attention for the Raptors' championship series?

Answer: Notoriety


I do. And there was a series that was done on PBS. I think it was - I can't remember which report - I think it was Andrea Mitchell, I'm not sure, where she did a lot of interviews with Generation Next. And these are the young people in our society who are just going into high school. And these are the young people in our society who are just going in to high school. And these are young people who have totally different ideas about race than we do and how they can get along with each other. But what was missing was concrete information, science and history and an understanding of social structure, so that they could have these conversations. So part of what I'm excited about is this is a project that gives young people, who are already thinking about bridging gaps and already thinking about bridging divides of culture and race, to have tools to talk about this in ways that our generation did not.

Yolanda, thank you so much.

You are welcome.

Yolanda Moses is on the advisory board of a project called "Race - Are We So Different?"She's also vice-provost for diversity and conflict resolution at the University of California at Riverside.

turn 3 : Yolanda Moses has expertise in diversity and conflict resolution

Which project is Yolanda Moses on the advisory board of?

Answer: Race


Let me go from pickles to apples and Poland because the agricultural minister apparently went on TV saying he thought Russia had broken international law with the embargo. And now they're asking the United States to purchase Poland's excess apples, which must be a lot of apples. Is Poland more exposed than, say, Germany?

On fruit, Poland is much more exposed than Germany. If you look at the exposure of countries - Poland on produce, Britain on finance, France has a big military order with Russia and there's a dispute over whether those vessels - those ships should be delivered. And for Germany, Volkswagen - those are the companies that are worried. So the food sanctions business doesn't hit Germany like it hits Poland.

Norwegian salmon - I guess there's also concern there too because even - there's only so much salmon even Norwegians themselves can eat and they need Russia's - that market.

Sure, and that's a big market for Norway. Fish producers in Britain are also very worried about it. But the countries say they will go on. And they also assert who's this going to hurt?If you read the Russian press, there is a view that sanctions against - or the reverse sanctions, as it were, by Russia against the European Union will actually help Russian producers. They say this is the chance for us to produce and to get our own markets going.

turn 3 : "Looks like we have a lot to catch up on" might imply that the speaker and listener have not talked or seen each other in a while and there is a lot of news or updates to share.

Which turn implies that the countries affected by the Russian food sanctions assert that it will help their own producers?

Answer: Turn3


With more tariffs looming in the U. S. -China trade war, American companies are growing more pessimistic about the outlook for doing business in China. But 87% of U. S.  firms with operations in China say they still haven't moved production to another country, and they have no plans to do so. That's according to a new survey from the U. S. -China Business Council.

To find out why most plan to stay put, we've called up Jay Foreman. He's the CEO of Basic Fun. It's the toy company that makes K'Nex, Lincoln Logs, Cutetitos and Pound Puppies.

Jay Foreman, welcome.

Thank you. Glad to be here.

So I understand that currently 90% of your products are manufactured in China. Tell me why. What benefits does China offer you to base your manufacturing there?

turn 1 : To find out why most plan to stay put is an implied meaning. Information from Jay Foreman will not actually reveal why the companies are not leaving.

Which word in the dialogue implies that Jay Foreman's response won't actually reveal the reason why most US firms plan to stay put in China?

Answer: Implied


Yeah. Well, a big one can come from any number of faults here in Southern California. So if you looked at a map of Southern California and wanted to imagine all the faults, just throw a pile of spaghetti down on it, and all those little strands would be faults all over the place. These - this set of faults is inland from the San Andreas.

And so there was a less-than-1% chance that we would've had an above-7. 0 magnitude earthquake yesterday following the 6. 4 on Thursday, and that happened. As of today, there is a less-than-2% chance that we could see another magnitude 7 today, but we're going to have to see how that shakes out.

The San Andreas is not directly impacted by these faults, as far as we know. But there are a whole lot of faults in that area that might've taken a strain of some of these smaller faults that - when they released all their energy, because that strain doesn't just go away. It has to go somewhere else. And some of the other faults in the area took it on.

And how much do we know at this moment in time, this early in the day, about what the damage is up there?

turn 0 : Southern California has a lot of faults and is at high risk for earthquakes.

Which state is at high risk for earthquakes?

Answer: Crowding


I saw poofy hot pants. They were like, they were kind of like a poof skirt but done in a hot pants style.

So many regrettable. . .

Regrettable, regrettable fashion sense.

Just unfortunate that you just sort of go, OK, all right. Just X, you know, that X thing they have with Glamour?Yeah, a lot of that.

turn 0 : Poofy hot pants are a ridiculous and impractical fashion choice.

Which fashion item did PersonB describe as being like a poof skirt but in a hot pants style?

Answer: Pants


You know, it would seem intuitively impossible in this environment that the actors would want to go on strike at this point. Just factoring out for a second the economy, there was a devastating writers' strike, and people were just really tired of that by the time it was over. Now, meanwhile, people are watching their savings disappear, it's terrifying out there, and I can't imagine that people would want to go on strike, but you have to bear in mind that a great many members in the Screen Actors Guild don't really work and can vote. So, that might have an effect on the outcome.

You mention the writers' strike that went on for several months. Many folks in the entertainment industry are still recovering from that. So, what would happen if all of a sudden there were SAG strike as well?

Studios can hold out. They're in bad shape. I mean, they're going to be hurt by this environment economically. But that doesn't mean they can't survive for quite a long time with a strike underway. And that means that people would - I mean, it would just be so devastating; people would lose their jobs. And that wouldn't just be the actors; it would be people who support productions. The actors, unlike the writers, they can close down a movie very quickly. So, it would be an immediate and potentially a long-term and the devastating impact not only for the economy here, but for the Screen Actors Guild if it turned out to backfire.

So, Kim, what happens from here?What's the next steps?

turn 0 : "factoring out for a second" - This phrase is an idiomatic expression meaning to temporarily set aside a particular factor or consideration.

Which phrase from the dialogue means to temporarily set aside a particular factor or consideration?

Answer: factoring


Aw. We mentioned that you worked for President George W.  Bush, who advised John McCain. In your circle of friends, people there at the Hoover Institution - without violating any any confidences - your friends and colleagues - is your opinion widely held or are people who ordinarily would support the Republican candidate talking about voting for Hillary Clinton?

I think this is a real time of crisis for Republicans. It's hard for many of my friends to think about supporting Donald Trump. And it's very hard for many of my friends to think about supporting Hillary Clinton. In fact, I would have indulged the luxury of writing in one of my terrific nephews for president if I hadn't seen that the polls during the British referendum were off by 12 points. And my concern that (inaudible) be accurate, and everybody's vote's actually going to count this election.

Kori Schake is a research fellow at the Hoover Institution. She joined us by Skype. Thanks very much.

You're welcome.

turn 1 : Many of my friends are in a difficult position deciding whether to vote for Donald Trump or Hillary Clinton.

Which two candidates are some of PersonA's friends having a hard time deciding between?

Answer: Donald-Trump,Hillary-Clinton


Yes. We got involved and that's 25 years ago. And it took us about 25 years to get it done. We met monthly. And - well, actually, we met like biweekly and just phonetically translate it - every word in the New Testament to Gullah.

Can you read something for us, a short passage?

Well, why don't I read just the first few verses of the Lord's Prayer that most people are familiar with?

That would be wonderful.

turn 0 : Yes. We got involved and that's 25 years ago. (Actual meaning: A is referring to their participation in a project or activity that started 25 years ago.)

How long ago did PersonA get involved in the project? (Answer: 25 years)

Answer: 25


It sounds good. But obviously, I just think it's important to point out, like, do not put your raw stuff. . .

Definitely.

. . . In the same container, if I could say that, like, super-loud.

When you marinate after grilling, you actually make a marinade that doesn't touch any of the raw fish or meat.

Got it. OK.  What about people who don't eat meat?There are a lot of people who really are trying to move more toward a plant-based diet. How do you manage that on the grill if you have limited grill space?Because, I mean, it depends on why you're not eating meat. I mean, if you're not eating meat because you have strong ideological reasons, you don't necessarily want that touching. How could you manage that?And what are some things that you should consider for the non-meat eaters?

turn 2 : It's important to emphasize not to put raw food in the same container

How should you handle raw food on the grill to prevent contamination?

Answer: Separate


OK, starting with GlobalGrind. Here's the deal Farai, as you know, being in the media, it's becoming more and more niche, and people, especially what you're talking about Internet, you're talking about web communities and defining that niche. Now we're seeing more and more websites pop up where we've had black websites in the past, but GlobalGrind is this one-stop shop.

They claim, or they offer, for news, gossip, humor, entertainment. It's just about everything that users think is important. So the whole site is actually driven by users voting on other content that's happening elsewhere. And so the higher the vote of a specific piece of content, the more relevant it comes up on the GlobalGrind webpage.

Is it fun?

It is fun. It looks very clean. It's sleek. I do like the ownership behind the company, and some of the people driving it, because Navarro is a guy that ran 360HipHop. com, which was very successful that was sold to BET. I've met with their advertising people. I think they really got their handle on - they've made it mobile. They now integrate it with Facebook, which wasn't there before, which I was dinging them on. I was like, when are you guys going to get with mobile applications in a Web 2. 0 space?

All right, Mario. We have to jump in. RushmoreDrive. Give me the skinny.

turn 1 : GlobalGrind offers a wide range of content that is user-driven and voted upon

Which website allows users to vote on content?

Answer: GlobalGrind


Yes. So, given the fact that I had been able to, you know, prove myself under harsh circumstances, prove my judgment, my composure, my, you know, warrior spirit, if you will, despite all this and despite the medals that came and the valor devices and everything - you know, there's a position called a combat controller. And the officer version of that is a special tactics officer. It would have been right up my alley. Despite everything that I had just proven, I was barred from even applying for that job.

Major Hegar, I got to ask you a couple of questions. I want it understood they in no way question your valor, your physical, mental or emotional capabilities. But, you know, the U. S.  Marine Corps, for example, has a 12-week course for officers that's a prerequisite for leaving infantry units. And the first two women who tried to make it through that course last year didn't.

Right.

Do you think standards should in any way be changed so that you get more equal numbers of men and women?

turn 3 : This statement implies that the interviewer is suggesting the standards be changed to encourage more equal numbers of men and women, instead of asking a question.

How is the interviewer's suggestion characterized?

Answer: Suggestion


And, you know, there are many, many different ways to sort of be a poet in America, and some of us work in libraries and some of us work in garages and some of us teach children how to read and some of us work in hospitals. And the thing is just we're passionate about poetry, and I think that's a beautiful thing. We can't be all in one place. We shouldn't be. We have to be scattered about in honor to keep poetry what it has always been.

What are you learning reading all these entries?

Oh, my goodness. I'm learning that the poems that I'm - I've read so far are lush and lyrical and sorrowful and unpretentious and gorgeous and syntactically stunning and well-chiseled. And I can't tell you how many times I've stopped reading to say, how did she or he get her mind and heart around that so beautifully?And so there's some gorgeous books of poems that are out there and that are in this pile this year, and I'm just loving the fact that I'm basically reading poetry all day.

I mean, I've never had the pleasure to have that kind of job before. And when he National Book Award folks called, I thought, oh, this is going to be quite a summer. And it is. I have the books stacked up knee-high, several piles of them. That pile has a label on it, and another pile has another label on it. And I just kind of sit down in the midst of it all and lose myself into that beautiful language.

turn 3 : The person has a great many books in stacks around his home.

Answer: Reading


Oh, it's inspiring always. This is one of the reasons why I wanted this book to come into the world. It's because, you know, there are so many brilliant writers now being forgotten. There's so many brilliant writers - contemporary writers who have not been given the platform they deserve. And the literary world is not zero sum, even though sometimes we are led to believe that it is. There's enough attention and enough love for everyone.

And I think that it's all of our duty, if we are given a certain amount of privilege, to say to readers, hey, look at this person you may not know. Please read this exquisite story, and I hope you will love Nancy Hale as much as I do. I hope you'll love other contemporary writers as much as I do.

That is the author Lauren Groff talking about the new book "Where The Light Falls: Selected Stories Of Nancy Hale. "

Lauren Groff, thanks so much. It was great to talk to you.

turn 0 : She wanted the book to be written for the world to read. Many writers do not have their work published on a large enough scale for a large number of people to read it.  The literary world is the people that work in writing and publishing written work.

What is the reason behind PersonA wanting the book to come into the world?

Answer: Platform


He says it's incumbent on the press and on the media not to make it easy for celebrities to have these terribly serious transgressions alleged and be able to skate by on their charm, on their fame, on their accomplishments outside the arena of these allegations. He said, you know, it is precisely the inconvenient moment where you have all these stars - and Woody Allen is in South of France because of the debut of his new film.

And you have stars like Blake Lively, Jesse Eisenberg and others who are there, Steve Carell. And he says we should be hearing them asked what it's like to work with an alleged child molester - and by the way, those are his words, not mine - rather than asked, you know, what costumes were you wearing?How did you like your outfits?What was it like to work with this great director?

How do you feel about that?

turn 2 : That's his argument. He says it's uncomfortable but these questions need to be asked, otherwise powerful people can get away with terrible things."  Implicated meaning: The speaker acknowledges that the questions being proposed might cause discomfort, but they are necessary to prevent powerful individuals from evading consequences for their atrocious deeds. Without asking these challenging questions, there is a risk of enabling the privileged to escape accountability for their actions.

How does the speaker justify asking uncomfortable questions?

Answer: Prevention


That leaves a very unnerving feeling because, if they're on the loose, and they're on a suicide mission, and they're not - you know, they could strike at any point of time. So, it does definitely leave an unnerving feeling. As long as you're home, you're secure. But one doesn't know what to expect tomorrow.

Mr. Doctor, I understand that you are a Muslim. Is that correct?

That is correct, yeah.

So far, there has not been official confirmation of who's responsible for these attacks, but they have been attributed, at least in part, to Islamic militants. How do you think the situation there might affect Hindu-Muslim relations in Mumbai?

turn 0 : There is fear and uncertainty due to potential attacks by unidentified individuals

How does turn 3 relate to the fear expressed in turn 0?

Answer: Fear


Rising gas prices are forcing consumers and the auto industry to make drastic changes. Today we wrap up our multimedia series Road Trippin' with a look at some solutions to the soaring fuel costs. Toyota and Honda have been making popular hybrid gas-electric cars and they generally get better mileage than gas-only engines and save some wear and tear on the environment. Pump prices have consumers dumping their SUVs and pickup trucks for smaller, more fuel-efficient cars. Now the other major car companies are jumping onto the fuel efficiency bandwagon. With us to talk about some of those changes is BMW spokesperson Dave Buchko. Thanks for joining us.

Thank you.

So gas-electric hybrid cars have been on U. S.  roads since Honda started selling the Insight in 2000. Companies like GM, Honda and BMW are looking now at developing hydrogen-powered cars. What does that mean, how do those work?

Well, there are different approaches to how to - to hydrogen vehicles. We've been at this longer than anybody. We've been at this for more than 25 years. And so when we started looking at hydrogen, what we were looking for initially was an alternative to gasoline as a way of powering an internal combustion engine, which is normal - you know, in a normal car engine. So quite different from what we see with fuel cells. But we've continued to develop the internal combustion engine powered by hydrogen because we think that that has a lot of potential and a lot of relevance.

turn 3 : BMW is interested in developing an internal combustion engine powered by hydrogen.

How is BMW planning to power their internal combustion engine?

Answer: hydrogen


Well, tell us first, let's go back. How did you find out about this because I know they try and keep this very secret?How did you find out you had been awarded the MacArthur Grant?

I kind of got punked a little bit. I mean, it's the best way to get punked you could imagine, but they called me into the offices, I was going to be in Chicago for an event, and they basically called me in more or less under the pretense that they wanted me to talk about some candidates that I was recommending.

So of course I kind of scampered in to sort of support the folks that I was hoping would get it, and they just sort of surprised me with this, you know, this incredible gift and just, you know, it kind of just blew my brains open.

So they really did manage to keep it a secret?

turn 1 : The speaker was misled into attending a meeting under false pretenses.

Answer: Crowding


Exactly. And the nice thing with the study was that we got to find out what was characteristic of healthy sinus cavities. And what we saw was that there was this enrichment for lactic acid bacteria and many other bacteria. But they're the ones that stood out to us because they were most depleted in the disease stage. And so we moved the. . .

Is this the bacteria that you find in yogurt and things like that?

Yeah, yeah. It's a relative. It's one of them. There are many, many lactobacillus species. But the one that we focus on is one - actually, we focused on the one that's used in making sake. (Unintelligible).

Making sake?

turn 1 : Lactic acid bacteria can be found in yogurt.

What was the bacteria species that the speakers focused on?

Answer: Sake


I see.

Yeah. And it goes around about once an hour. So what they did was they went to Pacific Northwest Bell and had the engineers there create a wireless telephone. So the Space Needle actually had wireless phones in 1962. You could sit down. You could make a call. There was a radio pickup in the wall, and they would connect you then to the operator so you could call out.

Mm-hmm. I was - I took a visit to the Space Needle yesterday. And I'm - being a geek myself, I was really enthralled with the technology and just this - the pure nuts and bolts that are holding it together. I remember walking out and seeing this giant nut and - screw and nut holding it - it's bolted to the ground. Of course, being a geek, I wanted to know the size of the wrench it took to do that.

But that seemed to be very, very simple, and it seems to be holding up very, very well.

turn 2 : The person loves science and anything related to it and is intelligent.

How would you describe the person in turn 2?

Answer: geek


Thank you.

Why don't we start with a song?

Happily.

(Singing) There's a big white house on a leafy street on a summer's day in 1963. Station wagons parked in the drive with dents in the fender and wood on the side. There's kids and dogs and Instamatic cubes squinting hard in the sun. Not just yet, but one day, too, they'll be chasing what's already gone.

(Singing) You grow up tall and you grow up tough, trying to never admit not feeling good enough, until you find your passion and you find your way. Just trying to make it unscathed through every day. And it seems to happen nearly overnight. Life shows you who you've become. When there's no more mystery in the fading light, you're just chasing what's already gone. Like the line that spells the far horizon, moving with you as fast as you can run. Half your life, you pay it no attention. The rest you can't stop wondering what you should have done instead of chasing what's already gone.

turn 3 : Memories of the past can be bittersweet and chasing them can be a futile effort.

Answer: Chasing


There are a lot of different stories in your first issue about reducing recidivism, performing Shakespeare in prison, getting a Ph. D.  on the inside. Was there one story in particular that you were really happy inmates would be able to read?

One that comes to mind that I like is about virtual reality. There's juveniles that were sentenced to life without parole previously, but the Supreme Court changed all that. And one facility thought, now they are going to society; what we going to do with them?How we going to prepare them?So they came up with the idea of virtual reality goggles so they can see images of what it looks like to be on the outside. And it was - one gentleman who did the grocery store virtual reality video - when he took the headset off, he had tears streaming down his face. And the first thing out his mouth was, what else in the world has changed?

Wow.

Many men on the inside just wish they can just have a glimpse of what the outside is.

turn 1 : Virtual reality experience has a profound impact on inmates who have never experienced life outside prison

Answer: Virtuality


Seems like air conditioners break down when they're needed most - when it's hottest - and furnaces give out when it's coldest - when they have to pump out the most heat. What has this fearsome winter been like for a heating repair technician?We turn now to Doug Braford, who works all shifts in Cleveland, where temperatures hit record lows in February. Mr.  Braford joins us from the studios of the idea stream, WCPN in Cleveland. Thanks so much for being with us.

You're welcome. It's good to be here.

So tough few weeks?

Yeah, it's been a tough season this year. You know, it's definitely been a winter that's held on and really hasn't given us too many breaks.

turn 0 : 1) is a statement about air conditioners and furnaces breaking down in extreme weather conditions.

How has the winter affected the heating repair technician?

Answer: Tough


For people who can't see it, can you describe what things look like right now and some - the actions the Corps is taking on a daily basis to address it?

You know, sometimes it is hard to describe. You know, you're driving down roads that were normally - there might be 50 or a hundred yards to the river. Suddenly, the river is, you know, 10 or 15 yards from where your car is or, you know, where you typically are running for physical training is now underwater.

And in terms of the levees themselves, when you walk the levees, you know, typically, where the water might be 20, 25 feet away from the top of the levee, maybe now it's within five or six feet. So when you see what, you know, a couple hundred thousand cubic feet per second of water looks like rolling down the Arkansas River and it's within feet of the bridges, whether they're pedestrian or vehicular, you know, sometime there used to be 20 feet of clearance, it's pretty awe-inspiring.

What are you doing to shore up the levees themselves?And are you inviting residents to help?

turn 1 : The flooding is so severe that familiar landmarks are unrecognizable.

Answer: Landmarks


Well, the Republican reaction is pretty typical. Whenever we see Donald Trump act like a stress test on democratic institutions, Republicans in Congress are usually silent. They don't seem to be concerned by the president involving himself in an internal investigation or openly calling for the Mueller investigation to end unless they are Republicans who are not running for re-election. So we have heard some criticisms from Republicans who are planning to retire. In the past, Republicans have come to the defense of Attorney General Jeff Sessions because the president has relentlessly humiliated and criticized him. And Republican senators have stood up for Sessions. He's become a kind of proxy for the rule of law. What we don't know is if firing Bob Mueller is a kind of red line for Republicans in Congress. That's really the big question.

So what do we know about the Justice Department?What are they saying about all this?

Well, there has been pushback from former DOJ officials who say this firing was inappropriate. We also know how Andrew McCabe has reacted. He said he was singled out and treated this way because of what he witnessed in the aftermath of the firing of James Comey. He says that he was fired to undermine the credibility of the Mueller investigation. We also know that McCabe made contemporaneous notes just like his boss, James Comey, did. All FBI agents are trained to do this. And coincidentally, James Comey is about to embark on a book tour, one of the highest-profile book tours ever.

Yes.

turn 0 : Republicans in Congress are complicit in Trump's attacks on democracy.

What kind of reaction do Republicans in Congress usually have to Donald Trump's stress test on democratic institutions?

Answer: Complicit


So what do these numbers here in Southern California, what does that mean for the rest of the country?

You know the other kind of metro coastal areas are following a pretty similar pattern. But you know places like Charlotte, North Carolina haven't - places that haven't had the kind of run up that we had in the hot spots probably aren't seeing as large declines because they don't have this part of fall. But the real sort of disaster areas are California and Nevada, Arizona, Florida. You know, New York City has had great appreciation and hasn't seen the large declines now. So that sort of the one the economists are watching next to see, you know, if New York's bubble is - which is sort of been slowly deflating is really going to have a big burst at some point.

Foreclosure seems to be playing a big role in all of this. A new study came out yesterday from the company Realty Track showing that across the country fewer Americans are thinking about buying a foreclosed home. So what might be the effect of this?

Here in southern California people are buying foreclosed homes, especially ones that are sort of decent quality.

I understand that you are currently speaking to us from a home that was foreclosed on. Can you tell us a little about your situation there?

turn 1 : The economists are watching New York City next to see if its bubble will burst.

How is New York City's housing market being monitored by economists?

Answer: New-York


Thanks for allowing me to be on your show.

You didn't have kind words for Donald Trump in that interview, but why did you think Democrats who want to impeach him are misguided?

I've sat through impeachment. I understand that it's not a walk in the park. It takes a supermajority to impeach a president, and it's just not going to happen. And I think that we would be better off focusing on health care, the huge, huge amounts of money in politics that is ruining the body politic, climate change, which is sweeping the world.

So what I think you're saying is you need to - the Democrats have to have another message that isn't solely about removing the president.

turn 2 : Impeachment is not a viable solution and there are other pressing issues to address.

What topic does PersonA suggest needs more attention instead of impeachment?

Answer: Healthcare


And we're hearing from you on your cell phone at the kiosk now, and we should note that where you are is not too far from Fort Bragg, which is home to the 82nd Airborne Division. And apparently, a lot of the soldiers have been coming home, and how has that affected your business?

Well, I mean, all the economy has been affected, but we're not as bad because luckily, we do do a lot of things for the military. Their wives are still here, so it's constantly them bringing in things that they need to be shipped overseas or just little minor things, things for the babies. It does keep a good flow in, though.

You mentioned the babies. I hear there's been an upsurge in the birth rate there, 50 percent more recently. That's a lot of babies.

Well, the troops came home at the first of the year, and now, everywhere you look, it's women pushing strollers, or they're pregnant.

And so, what kind of stuff are people bringing to you at your kiosk there for these expectant mothers?

turn 1 : Military families are a significant source of income.

Answer: Military


I want to mention that Mark Bryant of the Gun Violence Archive is remaining with us for this hour to offer context if we need him. And so, Congressman, you unveiled a detailed plan to address gun violence as part of your presidential campaign. You had a chance to talk about some of these issues in the debate that you participated in. Tell us about, if you would, just, like, what's your signature idea here?And tell us why you think that's so important.

You know, the signature principle is we don't have to live this way. And so many of my constituents have been calling and texting and saying that they're afraid to go to public places. They're afraid to take their kids shopping with them - that they're mindful of that now and in ways that they've never been before. And, you know, one of the ways that we could reduce that fear would be to ban and buy back the 15 million assault weapons in America.

You know, many folks have called for an assault weapon ban on future manufacturing and sales, but I don't think that would go far enough. I think we need to get every single weapon of war off the streets. And it's not something - this is not an original idea. You know, Australia did it in the '90s and New Zealand is underway doing it now after their mosque shooting.

Well, advocates of expansive gun rights would argue that the United States is different, and that the right to own a gun is both - is a constitutional right. What do you say about that?

turn 1 : "ban and buy back" means prohibiting and repurchasing

What is the signature principle of the congressman's plan to address gun violence?

Answer: Ban


An so he went from - on Sunday on his Facebook page saying, well, I misspoke. I got the wording wrong, which is something he repeated again today.

Yeah. Well, that plus. He's gotten just increasingly - because as the pressure has mounted - and it's been fascinating to watch the responses from the congressmen, from the Republican Party, from Governor Romney and his running mate. As the public outrage on this has mounted, their apologies have become increasingly full-throated so that, as you mentioned, the congressman started out with I misspoke, like that's a little bit of a bizarre concept. Misspeak is when you accidentally picked the wrong word or say President Clinton when you meant President Obama. This was not misspeaking. As I wrote, this was mis-thinking.

And then similarly, you saw Governor Romney. His campaign several hours after this broke managed to choke out a press release comment saying that the governor and Congressman Ryan disagree with this view. And by morning, disagreement had become finding it offensive and unacceptable. So it's sort of a classic political story of how candidates follow the public polls.

And his colleagues - his would-be colleagues in the United States Senate, basically, as you said, throwing him under the bus.

turn 0 : very enjoy am very nice feelvery enjoy am very nice feel

Answer: Enjoy


The census is required by the Constitution and federal law. There's really no wiggle room here. Trump did sign this executive order directing all agencies to provide the Commerce Department with U. S.  citizenship and noncitizenship data of everyone living in the U. S. The thing is, though, that that data collection was already under way, or at least some of it was. So it's not clear what this executive order is really achieving.

House voted to limit the president's authority to use the military to strike Iran. What's the significance of that vote?

So this defense bill was really aimed at reining in the president's power to use military force against Iran without approval from Congress. This has been an issue not only with this president, but, obviously, with prior administrations - the question of when a president must get permission to take military action. And Democrats in the House are trying to take some of that authority back and give it back to Congress. Obviously, Trump was on his - very close to striking Iran, according to him, a few weeks ago.

But although the bill passed the House, it did so along party lines, and it's going to have a much harder time in the Senate. You're likely going to see some compromise have to be made for this bill to become law.

turn 2 : Democrats are trying to limit the President's power to take military action without approval from Congress.

How was the defense bill aimed at limiting the President's power?

Answer: Limiting


The president's reaction, they're happy with, I think. The alt-right - Lana actually - I asked her this specifically - I said, you know, what do you think about Donald Trump?And she said, let's be honest; he's not one of our guys. We've never thought that he was one of our guys.

But the more that he does not disavow the things that they believe in and either tacitly or directly supports them, the better.

Seyward Darby - her article "The Rise Of The Valkyries" is published in the September issue of Harper's Magazine. Thank you so much for speaking with us.

Thank you so much for having me.

turn 1 : the speaker is suggesting that the more the President fails to disavow the beliefs of the alt-right and instead supports them, the better it is for their cause. This implies that the speaker may not necessarily have positive views about the alt-right, but sees value in the President's support of their cause. The literal meaning of the words might suggest that the speaker approves of the alt-right, but the implied meaning is different.

How does the speaker view the alt-right movement?

Answer: Negative


Which might help to explain why the Office of the Special Counsel has said that the document described does not exist because you wrote in the book it was a, quote, "draft indictment," which sounds like something a little different.

Well, yeah. I guess it depends upon how you define a draft indictment. Yes. And I think it's very possible. I mean, the special counsel, when it responds, has become quite a gifted prevaricator. It is quite possible that they responded accurately but that nevertheless this document exists and goes to trying to understand a very significant moment in the thinking of the special counsel.

So the statement from Peter Carr, Robert Mueller's spokesman, is the documents described do not exist. You insist you have a document in your possession and maybe the difference here is on the word described. He thinks you described it wrong.

It is quite possible, yes.

turn 0 : The Office of the Special Counsel has the document described, but it may not be called a 'draft indictment.'

Which document is not acknowledged by the Office of the Special Counsel?

Answer: Document


Teenagers can seem sullen, moody and uncommunicative - unless you know how to listen to them. James Harbeck does. He's an editor and linguist in Canada who's analyzed sounds that can be distinctly annoying to adults. James Harbeck joins us from the studios of the CBC in Toronto. Thanks so much for being with us.

Hi. Nice to be here.

First, what made you devote any scholarship to this?

I wouldn't say that this is a grand scholarly work, exactly. It's more just an application of undergraduate-level phonetics to things that I hear on the bus on the way home.

turn 2 : is asking James Harbeck why he chose this particular topic to research.

What level of phonetics did James Harbeck apply to the sounds he heard on the bus?

Answer: Undergraduate


Well, part of number two is to go and send swarms of Arkyd 300 spacecraft to these high targets that - high value targets. And then after number two, we'll choose the ones that we want to actually extract resources from. And then number three, phase three comes along, which is to go and extract those resources and deliver them to the point of need.

Good luck to you, Eric Anderson. I hope you get a webcam on those asteroids for us to follow along with you.

We will. Don't worry.

All right. Thanks for joining us.

turn 1 : Eric Anderson may encounter difficulties or challenges during his mission

What kind of mission is Eric Anderson undertaking?

Answer: Space


You could say the Republicans are ending 2013 on their highest note of the year.

That's the best thing that has happened to them. Well, 2014 looms. How are they shaping up for the midterms?

The midterms look good for Republicans. They will almost certainly hold control of the House. The Democrats would need nearly 20 seats in that takeaway. That's a big order and particularly because the president's party, in this case the Democrats, tends to lose seats in the midterms, not gain. On the Senate side, the Republicans are on the march. They need six seats to take back the majority in the Senate.

They may or may not get there, but the seats are out there to win. There are a lot of red states electing senators, some with incumbents like Louisiana and Arkansas, North Carolina where the Democrats got a struggle, others where there's a vacancy, say, in a Montana or a South Dakota.

turn 1 : 2).  In the conversation, person B responds to person A's statement about Republicans ending 2013 on their highest note by saying "That's the best thing that has happened to them." The implied meaning is that the Republicans had a bad year in 2013 and this is the best thing that happened to them during that year. It suggests that they did not have many good things happen to them in 2013, and this is a rare positive note.

Answer: Republicans


I understand, Mr.  Doyle, that you and other members of the Watergate investigation team still with us - well, you have reunions now and then. And I gather for the first time you had a reunion on the actual anniversary of the Saturday Night Massacre. What are the - my 15 year old now says, you know, what's the tea?What went on there?

Three weeks ago, Saturday night October 20, the Watergate Special Prosecution Force held a reunion. It was the 45th anniversary of the Saturday Night Massacre. None of the senior leaders are any longer with us. But the young idealists who had been in their 20s back when we began, they all showed up in their 60s and 70s as earnest as ever, as idealistic as ever and still full of hope.

Sorry.

No, I think someone was talking to you, telling you that, I think, we're running out of time. But did you want to make the final point?

turn 1 : The people who were part of the Watergate investigation team still held onto their youthful idealism.

What did the Watergate investigation team maintain?

Answer: Idealism


And she - my wife went and found the chaplain at Northwestern - a Lutheran chaplain who'd never performed a wedding before. She came to our room and performed the ceremony, just the three of us. It was a lovely, personal, intimate ceremony. And immediately after the ceremony, I took some pain medication and peed in a cup.

Well, that's one way to say l'chaim, isn't it?I made a short list: addiction abuse, adultery, abandonment, imminent incest and just plain old hatred. So is every family is a little bit like the Westons of Osage County?

"Fiddler on the Roof" with the F word?

That's one way to look at it.

turn 2 : (3) A: "What we have seen by doing this play is that the story of this family is pretty universal. And the dinner scene alone, in the theater - I can tell you that some people are howling with laughter, and other people are in tears and crawling under their seats. They find it very upsetting to watch because it hits pretty close to home."

Which scene in the theater is both hilarious and heart-wrenching for the audience?

Answer: Dinner


Kevin, I imagine doing what you do, you can't have much of an appetite for leftovers on a day like today.

No, I probably will be eating a hamburger or something today.

Well, I wish you a very good day, and thanks for taking the time to speak with us.

Absolutely. Have a great time.

turn 0 : B uses the phrase "appetite for leftovers" to ask whether Kevin, who presumably works in the food industry, would want to eat any leftover food on that day. However, the actual meaning of the phrase is more general and refers to a lack of desire to eat food that has already been cooked or served before.

What does PersonB imply about Kevin's appetite?

Answer: Lack


And it all comes down really to these apple trees. The husband, James, is obsessed with apples, growing the sweet apples. She, Sadie, the mother, is - well, she's a drunk. She's looking for applejack. She likes the spitters - not the eaters - the spitters.

Yes, and Johnny Appleseed is a little bit like her drug dealer because he comes along twice a year in his canoe to see how they're doing. And he sometimes takes off the barrels of apples and brings them back pressed for them as cider. And, you know, I don't think he does it maliciously, but he is, as I said, he's a businessman. So he's got a slightly different take on it all.

And why don't you describe what Johnny Appleseed looks like in your novel as you paint him?

Actually, some of the myth is true. He did sometimes wear a tin pot for a hat. His clothing was interesting, shall we say?He often wore a coffee sack that he cut holes out of and a rope for a belt. So, yeah, he was a strange guy. He was actually making all this money, not for himself, but really because he was what they called a Swedenborgian, a very peculiar Christian sect. And Johnny Appleseed spent a lot of time proselytizing. And he'd go on this kind of rant, and a lot of the settlers - I read some hilarious accounts of them going, oh, this guy, we don't understand a word he's saying, but, you know, he's kind of entertaining, so he's harmless.

turn 3 : Johnny Appleseed's proselytizing and peculiar behavior may be seen as harmless by some settlers, but it also alienates him from others who do not understand or agree with his beliefs.

What is Johnny Appleseed's religious affiliation?

Answer: Swedenborgian


Mm-hmm. I'm Ira Flatow. This is SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR, talking with Anthony Leiserowitz of the - he's the director of the Yale Project on Climate Change Communication at Yale. How can you follow up with this?Can you keep coming up with new polls so we can follow this?

Oh, absolutely. We'll be doing this at least twice a year and, of course, we have lots of other colleagues around the country that are also surveying on this exact same topics.

And will we know if this does move into the - more into the political discourse as well as the public discourse?

Well, I think we'll see it. I mean, first of all, you can see it in the amount of - number of times that the president talks about this, that candidate Mitt Romney talks about this, as well as across the board. I mean, remember, it's not just the presidential election. There are some Senate races and congressional races all over this country. And what we're seeing is that a lot of people are beginning to ask the question about climate change.

turn 0 : "How can you follow up with this?" - This is a literal question about how the Yale Project on Climate Change Communication can continue to conduct new polls on the topic.

How often will they be conducting surveys on the exact same topics?

Answer: Twice


I think, in the very early days, it was computer nerds - I mean, you know, technologists - people who were really interested in the technology. And now it's, I think, more just ordinary people who hear about bitcoin, obviously do some reading - have some understanding of how the technology works but, I think, see more of either profit opportunity or just like the idea of it. I think there's a significant political strain behind the appeal of bitcoin - people who don't like the Federal Reserve, don't like big banks, don't like conventional financial institutions.

Don't like taxes?

Don't like taxes - exactly - kind of libertarian-minded people.

Well, what do you think it's going to do?

turn 2 : (3) has an actual meaning that is different from its literal meaning. While the literal meaning is simply stating that some people who are attracted to bitcoin have a libertarian mindset and don't like taxes, the implied meaning is that there is a political ideology driving the appeal of bitcoin beyond just profit opportunities or curiosity about the technology.

Which meaning of turn 3 is not immediately apparent from the dialogue?

Answer: implied


You have done so many different types of music. You have done the Monkeys, you know. What's coming up next for you?I don't know if you've already started work on another album or thought about it, but what direction do you think you're heading in next?

I have no idea. I really don't. I'm still very much inside of this project because you don't leave it just because you finish recording it. You have to begin to think about how to create the live performance of it. So that's a whole other dimension. And so you have to live with this music.

And I always say that the music always ends up so much broader than what you have on the recording because the recording represents the beginning. And once you go out on the road and you play it, and of course, each night, you're going to try to do something different with it, so it just grows and grows and grows until it's time for the next project.

Well, Cassandra Wilson, thank you.

turn 1 : B is still immersed in the current project and hasn't thought about the next one yet.

How is PersonB feeling about the current project?

Answer: project


What about the new government in Kiev. They issued a statement which is, as you described - at least through the translation - sounds like fighting words. What's their reaction been?

Well, there's not been more reaction than that except to say that earlier today, the Ukrainian president, the acting Ukrainian president accused Russia of trying to provoke a military conflict. This was before the vote in the Russian Parliament. And he referred to Russia's action in the past in other former Soviet regions with large Russian populations and said that Moscow's approach in Crimea is very similar to what Russia did before invading in other former Soviets areas.

So, a great sense of concern, a great sense of uncertainty of what will come next. It's not clear whether this is a still a political game or this is military brinksmanship.

And we're told, for example, that the U. N.  had I guess special representative Robert Sery was in Russia. He was supposed to head to the Crimea. Anything you've heard about negotiations to talk this thing through?

turn 1 : (2) The implied meaning is that the Ukrainian president accused Russia of trying to provoke a military conflict, and that this accusation is related to Russia's actions in Crimea and in other former Soviet regions with large Russian populations. The literal meaning is consistent with this implied meaning.

Which region did the Ukrainian president mention in relation to Russia's actions in Crimea?

Answer: Crimea


It's correlated with overt racism, but it's very different, and the difference is that people are unaware of this. They don't want it, very often. They certainly don't endorse it, and it's what clinical psychologists or psychiatrists call a dissociation. It's like two separate things in the head, one egalitarian and open, the other biased.

All right, Dr.  Greenwald, thank you very much.

Thank you, Ira.

Tony Greenwald, psychologist, professor of psychology at the University of Washington. We're going to take a break, and afterwards we're going to come back and ask the candidates in a science debate - what would you ask them about science?Stay with us. We'll be right back. I'm Ira Flatow. This is SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR.

turn 0 : The dissociation between conscious egalitarian beliefs and unconscious biased behaviour is a common phenomenon in people.

What is the phenomenon called when someone has unconscious biased behavior despite conscious egalitarian beliefs?

Answer: Dissociation


So these are two guys who get along really well, who see eye-to-eye on a lot of issues, and who are already just starting to generate a lot of enthusiasm that was, frankly, kind of lacking in parts of the Republican Party.

Do you know how this decision was made, why Mr.  Romney was so silent for so long and then finally said, OK, it's Paul Ryan?

Well, that's the way it typically works. But we do know that he was, up to the last minute, vetting a few possible options. And interestingly, these options are sort of often divided into two categories: The safe which is Tim Pawlenty of Minnesota, Rob Portman of Ohio, and then the bold, which might be Marco Rubio of Florida, Chris Christie of New Jersey. And Paul Ryan of Wisconsin is sort of in that bold category.

But, you know, the opposite of safe is bold. The opposite of safe can also be risky. And as excited as parts of the Republican base are about Paul Ryan, parts of the Democratic base are also really excited about being (technical difficulties) Romney, through proposals that Paul Ryan is made in the House that have been very controversial.

So he may add a little pizzazz to this campaign on both sides.

turn 4 : To "add a little pizzazz to this campaign on both sides" means to make the campaign more interesting and engaging for both the Republican and Democratic parties.

Which phrase describes making the campaign more interesting and engaging for both parties?

Answer: Add


Fiscal Armageddon, Democrats helping the Bush administration, Republicans bulking. These are historic times indeed. We actually verified this by calling Clyde Wilcox, professor of Government at Georgetown University. I asked if he had ever seen anything quite like this.

Yeah. During the Regan administration, it would often be the case, that House Republicans in particular would not go along with some of Reagan's proposals. And so he would manage to get to get support by winning majority of Democrats and a few Republicans.

But one of the things that when really complicated financial legislation like this happens, often times it takes Congress a little while to deliberate and put together coalitions. And the high pressure to get this done very, very quickly is not usually a sign of Congress doing it's best. When Congress gets a bill passed really, really fast there's almost always significant things they need to go back and change later.

You mentioned the similarities to the Reagan administration, it seems like one key difference here is that so much of this is happening so close to an election.

turn 0 : "Fiscal Armageddon" implies the severity of the financial crisis.

Which term describes the severity of the financial crisis mentioned by B?

Answer: Crisis


At the center of this terrific story is a prisoner - prisoner Z he's called - and his guard. Tell us about their relationship.

Yeah. I'm just very interested, you know, fascinated, heartbroken, obsessed with the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and our need to find peace on that front. But, yeah, I get very interested in the weave between both sides that everyone's always like victim and avenger at the same time.

And I thought - to me, in terms of a real and metaphoric idea of it, I thought of this guard and his prisoner and the idea of both of them sort of being trapped together. There is, of course, a guard who is in a better position than a prisoner. But in the end, as the years pass, you know, it sort of becomes vague of who has freedom at all.

I will explain. The guard is Israeli. And prisoner Z is in prison because he is accused of betraying the Israeli state.

turn 2 : This implies that it is difficult to distinguish between the guard and the prisoner who are trapped together.

Answer: Freedom


Is it important to the grassroots to have that still?

Absolutely. I mean, fiscal responsibility is still a measure of what I would call conservative values. The problem is we just don't seem to see the Congress expressing those values any longer. The CBO and the GAO have both said that this kind of spending cannot be sustained. And what can't continue won't continue. So it's irresponsible for us not to deal with the spending issue.

Mark Meckler is the president of Citizens for Self-Governance. Thank you so very much.

Thanks for having me, Lulu. I appreciate it.

turn 3 : having me implies hosting someone or engaging with someone and not referring to owning someone

How did Lulu refer to her role in relation to PersonA's presence in the dialogue?

Answer: Hosting


It's really - it's really unlike any other church in the city and, you know, very, very few in Europe. It's not simply a church. It's almost like stepping into a kind of medieval marketplace inside. It's enormous. It's - there's always a hurly burly. And there's always a - you know, numerous things going on in there.

Well, now, we were seeing reports that officials are saying the fire might be connected to the renovation work going on in there. You've reported on the renovations for Time. What kind of shape was the cathedral in before this fire?

Well, you know, for years they have been saying that the church was in terrible shape. And in fact, church officials had taken me up onto the roof not that long ago, when I was reporting this for Time, to show me how pieces of the building were simply dropping off. They described the gargoyles, the medieval faces on the side of the church, as being like ice cream melting in the sun. They would simply, like, drop away. The church had no money to replace them or restore them. And so they were using, like, PVC pipes to just, you know, stick on the side of the walls where the gargoyles had been. And. . .

Oh, my goodness, wow. I mean, Notre Dame is one of the most iconic symbols of Paris. Can you talk about the cultural significance of this cathedral for France?

turn 0 : The church is unique and busy, unlike any other church in the city and very few in Europe.

Which word describes the atmosphere inside the church?

Answer: Atmosphere


Is he crankery and colorful, or does he cross the line?

Judge Ellis is a judge who is - likes to run a clean and efficient trial. He doesn't like trials to veer off - off course. In other words, he wants the parties to present the evidence that the jurors need to hear to render a decision. Along the way, he's active - maybe more active than other judges. He can be difficult to both parties, and he can be stern.

Is there any reason for either side to worry that there could be grounds for an appeal in his conduct so far?

I'd say no. The standard for a judge's behavior that would - in other words, that would rise to the level of an appellate issue - is fairly high. In essence, it has to be a situation where the judge is substituting - the effect of his conduct is to substitute his judgment for that of the jurors. Comments that he makes to counsel can be solved with a curative instruction. We saw that a couple of days ago.

Curative instruction meaning, I'm sorry I said that. Disregard that.

turn 1 : Judge Ellis is a strict judge who likes to run a tight ship.

How would you describe Judge Ellis's approach to running a trial?

Answer: Clean


But I neither have a pornographic nor a photographic memory. You know, and I don't have a memory that's particularly better than anybody else's. It's just that I've been able to do it so much over the years. And, you know, in the beginning it was not easy - memorizing the silks and coming up with the names. But now its pretty much second nature.

You've spoken openly about having performance anxiety. Can I get you to talk about that a little?

Sure. Sure. Right now, I've been doing hypnosis for the past couple of weeks. I don't always have to do hypnosis. But if there's kind of a big event coming up, such as this, and I start to feel a little queasy, I'll just go into hypnosis. Sometimes I even resort to the extremes of exercise. And hypnosis really does seem to work.

Can I ask you about a couple of calls for which you are famed?

turn 1 : I’ve also experienced times where I have been too confident. I have taken risks that have not paid off and I have overestimated my abilities or made decisions without thinking things through. This has been a hard lesson to learn, but it has taught me the importance of being humble and realistic about my capabilities.

Which lesson did the speaker learn the hard way?

Answer: Lesson


It's a bit of a fly in the ointment for ethical Sarah Palin. There's - in the last month or so, there's been increasing attention paid to an incident in which her opponent say, she pressured her public safety commissioner to fire her sister's ex-husband. He's a trooper and what they're saying is that she was trying to get him canned. She denies this, but there's a lot of evidence that suggests - that things are a little more complicated than that and the legislature is investigating now.

Now, she's known as a maverick. She's bucked the establishment so in that way, she compares favorably to John McCain. And tell us a bit more about how she compares with him.

Well, she certainly loves his maverick image. She likes the fact that he challenges the party hierarchy as she has done, and so she's been early McCain supporter on that score. She's got more of a social conservative background than he does, and that may very well be why she's on the ticket because she's got more of those bona fides. But at the same time, some people in Alaska point out that in the two years she's in office so far, she hasn't actually made any big moves on the social conservative front. That she's, you know, she calls herself a social conservative, and certainly has those values, but (unintelligible) necessarily done a lot about it.

Social conservative, she's very pro-life.

turn 2 : Sarah Palin hasn't taken any significant actions as a social conservative despite claiming to be one

How has Sarah Palin acted as a social conservative?

Answer: Nothing


I don't think that that's what Israel really wants. I don't think they've made that decision. But I think we know in these circumstances things could escalate, get out of control, despite the intentions of the parties who are involved. And in this case, I think Israel was hoping that the Palestinians would stop firing rockets sooner than they have. They may feel compelled to do more, but that would obviously be an extremely dangerous bet.

These events, of course, are occurring at a time when there is an election coming up in Israel. Help us understand popular opinion in Israel on this subject.

Well, I think from an Israeli perspective, there's a consensus that it was simply unacceptable to live under the constant threat of Palestinian rockets, which led to as many as a million Israelis having to sometimes take shelter. So, there is that uncertainty, that constant sense of insecurity, even though the number of Israeli casualties have been extremely low. But that was something that most Israelis were not prepared to live with, and that's why you were finding this wall-to-wall, this quasi-unanimity behind this operation.

Help us understand Egypt's role. The Egyptian prime minister came to Gaza yesterday. Obviously, under the Mubarak regime that would have been unthinkable. What's Egypt's role in events now?

turn 2 : They don't mean literally wall to wall but that everyone was for it.

How was the consensus behind the operation?

Answer: unanimous


What would be risky about it, from the Nicolas Maduro point of view?

Well, there'd certainly be retaliatory measures from the U. S. , very likely more sanctions. There would be a massive outcry from Guaido's dozens of other international allies. The EU's warned that this would be a major escalation in tensions. And there'll be a lot of anger from the multitude of Guaido's supporters here in Venezuela.

Guaido himself says that any attempt by Maduro's government to detain him would be - as he put it - without doubt, one of that government's last mistakes. So we don't know, Steve. I mean, it's not clear that Maduro's concluded that he's in a strong enough position to do this. But it is a possibility.

And I guess we don't know if Guaido intends to go to a border crossing and present his passport or if he intends to sneak in some way. Is it known what path he plans to take?

turn 2 : "one of that government's last mistakes" - This is a figurative expression, meaning that detaining Guaido would have serious consequences for Maduro's government, potentially leading to its downfall.

Which expression suggests that detaining Guaido would have serious consequences for Maduro's government?

Answer: Consequences


From the studios of NPR West, this is Day to Day. I'm Madeleine Brand. Iraqi forces took control of Baghdad's Green Zone today. Iraq's leaders celebrated the moment, saying the country's sovereignty has been returned six years after U. S.  forces invaded and toppled the regime of Saddam Hussein.

Army Captain Nate Rawlings is here from Baghdad. He's with the First Brigade Combat Team of the 4th Infantry Division. He's a regular contributor to Day to Day. Happy New Year, Nate.

Happy New Year to you, Madeleine.

Thank you. Well, so how do soldiers there in Iraq - how do they mark the new year?

turn 1 : The fact that Nate is a regular contributor to the show is acknowledged

Answer: Contributor.


The regime does blame rebels for escalating this bout of violence. And, as you say, there's a lot at stake here. It's a place that's swollen with civilians. A lot of people who've fled the fighting elsewhere in the country have taken refuge here, and aid workers are saying it would be a catastrophe if a full war took hold here.

Oh, this is amazing. So this is where a lot of people who have fled violence arrived in huge numbers, thinking that this might be their one last safe. . .

Right.

. . . Space. And if there are that many civilians there - like, what do we know about these airstrikes so far?How badly are civilians being hit?

turn 2 : they are just acknowledging the person's response

What is the purpose of turn 2 in the dialogue?

Answer: agreement


It could be. But there is nowhere for the new justices, the Trump justices, Brett Kavanaugh and Neil Gorsuch, to hide. They're going to have to say more than they said at their confirmation hearings, and that's why it's critical. And it is likely that both of them differ from the swing justice of the last 15 years, Anthony Kennedy.

So DACA is another controversial issue. In November, the court's also going to consider whether President Trump can end the DACA program that shields immigrants brought to the United States as children from deportation. It's my understanding that the court isn't going to rule on whether the law itself is legal. So what's the issue here?

The issue is executive power. The issue is to what extent the Trump administration could reverse the executive action taken by Barack Obama and whether the Trump administration followed the correct procedures. So it will be read by the public as a key ruling on a Trump policy. And therefore, it's important.

And so finally, let's turn our focus to the coming week. The court is going to hear three cases related to workplace discrimination on Tuesday. And basically, the question for the court is whether the Civil Rights Act applies to gay and transgender people in the workplace. Is that the crux of the issue?

Correct. And it's a question of statutory construction - whether Title VII, passed decades ago by Congress to apply to discrimination based on sex, should also be read to apply to sexual orientation. This is the first time several of these justices are going to weigh in on gay rights.

turn 4 : The justices will give their opinions on certain issues for the first time.

What is the significance of the upcoming cases related to workplace discrimination for some of the justices?

Answer: First-time


That's right, that's right, and we essentially within the DNA give the instructions for that cell to read out the viral protein.

OK, so you put the cell to work, and then what happens?What's the second stage?

Well, then after a few months, we come back and we boost the immune response, and we can do that in one of two ways. We can actually inject the standard inactivated vaccine, the one that you and I get every year in our flu shot, or we can also do it by using a different type of carrier, a viral vector, an adenovirus, that can do the same thing.

In our human studies, we've actually done it with the standard flu vaccine.

turn 3 : something that was hinted at or suggested, but not directly stated. When a person looks at his watch

How was the immune response boosted in the human studies mentioned in the dialogue?

Answer: Inject.


Much like Stuxnet, Flame is also believed to be the handiwork of a nation-state. Why are antivirus experts so concerned about Flame?How does this malware tool, spy kit(ph) and eavesdrop?Who's behind Flame, and who are they targeting, and why is it being compared to Stuxnet?

That's what we're going to be talking about this hour. Our number is 1-800-989-8255, 1-800-989-TALK. My guest is Kim Zetter. She is senior reporter at Wired covering cybercrime, privacy, security and civil liberties. She's currently writing a book about Stuxnet and joins us from Oakland, California. Welcome to SCIENCE FRIDAY.

Thank you.

What makes Flame different?

turn 1 : Turn B: The actual meaning of "Our number is 1-800-989-8255, 1-800-989-TALK" is that listeners can call in to participate in the conversation. The phone numbers are not meant to be taken literally as a topic of discussion.

How can listeners participate in the conversation?

Answer: Call


Well, the president really is his own brand. And that's kind of a double-edged sword - right?- for Democrats. You know, there's an opportunity for them to legislate with the president. At the same time, there has been, you know, voter research that has shown that voters don't necessarily view President Trump as a dyed-in-the-wool Republican.

He's really his sort of own brand. And so the question is whether voters are going to want to punish Republicans, you know, for what they may see as the president's inability to perform, if that, in fact, turns out to be the case. Hopefully, there's going to be some legislative victories coming here in the next few months, particularly on taxes.

But, yeah, the president's going to zig, and he's going to zag. And in the meantime, I think the Republicans are going to have to do their best to try to muscle through an agenda. And the big one coming up for them is going to be this debate over taxes.

When you say muscle through an agenda, the implication is they've got to twist arms in their own party?

turn 3 : The implication is that the Republicans may have to use strong tactics to pass their agenda, even if it means having to pressure members of their own party.

What is the suggested approach for Republicans to pass their agenda?

Answer: Pressure


Why aren't all Republican votes for this bill locked up?There are conservatives who don't like it. They're centrists that don't like it.

Well, there's a lot to not like. It's a big, messy problem. But the conversation on, you know, The Weekly Standard, the Washington Examiner, the groups that I work with. . .

Yeah.

. . . You know, we are at the junction of these confluences. For years, you had a pretty straightforward, conservative view on health care that the free market fixes it so you put in some kind of floor so that, you know, worst-case scenario, you still got a net to catch you. But then you let people shop. And just like your iPhone, prices go down; quality goes up. It's - that's the formula. But that formula is hard to find in this bill because you have this other group of people who actually won the White House. And they're not conservatives. They're Trump - whatever, you know, Republicans, nationalists, whatever, and they have a different view.

turn 2 : In context, "Yeah" is used as a way to show agreement and understanding. Its implied meaning is that the speaker is in agreement with the idea being presented by the other person.

How did PersonB respond to PersonA's statement in turn 2?

Answer: Agreement


What are you going to do when your internet connection goes down?

We have actually, so far, been able - we have reporters who are also out of town that we're in touch with. We're determined that we're going to keep reports on this storm on the internet, no matter how we do it. We've got a lot of backup for that at www. dailycomet. com and at Houmatoday. com.

We're determined that we're going to keep reports on this storm on the internet, no matter how we do it. We've got a lot of backup for that at www. dailycomet. com and at Houmatoday. com. We didn't stop yet and we don't plan to stop.

You have reporters out trying to cover this story all over where this hurricane is going. There must be some point where you say and where the reporters say to you "Hey, I got to stop for a while because there's a hurricane coming. "

turn 1 : Despite any obstacles, they are committed to reporting on the storm via the internet.

Answer: Internet


Well, we've seen - it's become more difficult under the Trump administration for members of the military to get citizenship. It's been more difficult for them to get paperwork filed for their family members. It's more difficult for them to prevent the deportation of their family members.

Well, how are they making it more difficult?What examples do you have?

During the Obama administration, Janet Napolitano had created a program called basic training naturalization. It allowed the troops to get their citizenship really quickly. And the Trump administration has eliminated that program. They've also made it harder for the troops to file applications for citizenship. And it's taking much longer for them to make a decision on those applications. Recently they also announced they were going to close some of the international USCIS offices that process people for citizenship overseas, which will make it even more difficult for military members.

Now, I understand that you were one of the people who started a program to recruit people who aren't U. S.  citizens into the U. S.  military. That program was known as MAVNI - Military Accessions Vital to the National Interest. The program has effectively been suspended - right?- but it already started slowing down during the Obama administration. Is that right?

turn 2 : The Trump administration has taken several steps that have made it harder for military members to get citizenship

How has the Trump administration impacted military members?

Answer: military


There's a voice that we have not heard a lot from lately and I want to ask you about it. I'm talking about fed chief Ben Bernanke. He seems to have all but disappeared from the headlines. Why is that we aren't hearing more from him as the stimulus package gets debated?

Well, Bernanke's role is to manage U. S.  monetary policy - what does money cost, bank regulations, all that stuff. So frankly he doesn't have very many arrows in his quiver yet left. He's got - I think we're down to, you know, under one percent for the federal funds rate. So there's not a lot of pontificating around interest rates that Bernanke can do. He ought to be of greater voice around the stimulus especially around as you - strategy, the bad bank strategy you mentioned.

I believe that what he's doing really is letting the Obama economic team get their feet wet. Very, very soon we ought to be hearing that he and the Treasury secretary have met. He's not an Alan Greenspan. If you think back to 1992 when Clinton was elected, Greenspan immediately jumped out there and was almost a jockeying between Greenspan and Clinton. And Greenspan made it clear, hey, I'm the money guy, I'm in charge of this, guys. And he, you know, he went to the White House, he had very long meeting with Clinton. It's been written about by - it's been written about it, you know, the Washington Post reporter has written extensively about that meeting, Carl F - Bernstein.

Bernstein.

turn 2 : There was almost a competition for who had the authority of the the situation.

Which meeting is being referred to in turn 2?

Answer: Meeting


You want to cook them until you see a little red in the butter. It's changing.

Next - chopped tomatoes. Once the tomatoes get juicy, he tosses in the greens. They've already been boiled in plain water.

If you look at the greens, they're not cooked to death. I want them to have a little bit of character, so we'll add the greens.

Everything is about the sauce. You create that flavor, then I can put collard greens in here. I can put any green I want 'cause the base is really, really good.

turn 3 : "And finally - homemade chicken stock to finish out the sauce, which I call pot liquor." - The actual meaning of this turn is the same as its literal meaning. The speaker is adding homemade chicken stock to the sauce to enhance its flavor and texture, and refers to the sauce as "pot liquor".

Answer: Potliquor.


And just before he died, he recorded what would be his biggest song.

Then comes April of 1968 in Memphis. The sanitation workers are on strike. That brought Martin Luther King, Jr.  to town to speak and to show support, and that was when he was murdered at the Lorraine Motel. It hit people at Stax especially hard.

Yes, because the Lorraine, they had a swimming pool and they had a restaurant that would serve an integrated table, and all the Stax visiting artists would stay at the Lorraine. That was their hangout. So, this horrible event at their second home not far from their own building, it was devastating, just absolutely devastating. Isaac Hayes told me he couldn't write for a year.

I want to talk about a song recorded by the Staple Singers that spoke to the issue of black empowerment.

You consider it one of the most important songs the label ever produced - "Respect Yourself. "

It's a great, catchy pop song with a really deep message - Mavis Staples singing lead and Pops' guitar sound. It sounds like an organ.

turn 2 : (3) - "It was devastating, just absolutely devastating." suggests that the event caused immense emotional distress, rather than physical destruction.

Which word describes the type of distress caused by the event mentioned in turn 2?

Answer: Emotional


We're going to set our clock here in our studio for a minute, OK?Please begin, Mr.  MacLeod, in three, two, one. . .

Which country and western singer has the worst hearing?Dolly Pardon. Which country and western singer will let you stay at the house?Kenny Lodgers. I spent a whole year trying to get into classical music. It took the Four Seasons. What's the best way to break up a tractor?A John Deere-alator. What do you call a woman with jam on her head?Marge. Doctor, doctor, I can't stop stealing your furniture. Please, take a seat. My new racehorse can only run in the dark. It's a nightmare. Went to Pete Sampras' restaurant yesterday. Served very quickly. I didn't last long walking on hot coals with the Kings of Leon. My salt's on fire. I heard a sad story about dropping a wedding cake. It ended in tiers. I hoped to complete my new spice rack this morning but I couldn't find the thyme. What did Aladdin have with his cup of tea?Jafar cakes. I went to an earthquake restaurant for lunch. The waiters keep moving your plates. Doctor, doctor, my invisibility meds is wearing off. I'll see you shortly. What do you call a man surrounded by beef stock?Stew. Where's the best play in New York to do multiplication?Times Squared.

Oh. All right. We let you go a little bit over a minute. Sixteen jokes by my count. Some of them were pretty funny.

They're all original jokes, I have to say. I don't think they're particularly good, but they don't have to be good. They only have to be quick.

turn 3 : Mr. MacLeod is expected to tell a series of jokes quickly.

Answer: Sixteen


The Staples Singers, Booker T and the MGs, Isaac Hayes and more - but the Stax tale isn't just one of another record company that became an international sensation. It's a story of tragedy - business and personal. But most importantly, it's a tale that features racial harmony in a city with a troubled racial history. In the late '50s and early '60s, Memphis, Tennessee was a city divided.

It was a city that you might say had hate pulsing through its veins.

That's author Robert Gordon. He lives in Memphis. His new book is "Respect Yourself: Stax Records and the Soul Explosion. "But Stax didn't start as an explosion of soul. The owners of Stax Records, Jim Stewart and Estelle Axton, set out to do something very different.

They were two white siblings. Jim was a white country fiddle player. You just wouldn't believe how far black music was from their minds at the time.

turn 0 : "racial harmony in a city with a troubled racial history" - The literal meaning of this turn is that there was peace and cooperation among people of different races in Memphis, despite the city's history of racial conflict. The implied meaning is that Stax Records, a company that brought together black and white musicians, played a role in promoting racial harmony and bridging the racial divide.

What was the name of the new book by author Robert Gordon?

Answer: Respect


So when we think of plays like "Romeo And Juliet," quite often they mention - well, in particular "Romeo And Juliet" - it mentions nightingales and particularly larks. And indeed would make the sound of a lark. So found - in any other context you could just say, oh, it's a (unintelligible). But found in this context, there's a possibility that it was used, as you say, as a special effect during performance.

Oh, my word. What else have you found that'd we'd enjoy hearing about?

We're just starting to find things that may have been used by actors or the audience - things like clay pipes or hair combs and the old coin.

turn 3 : "What will become of the Curtain when you're done?" - This question is not about the physical fate of the curtain, but rather about the future of the theater itself. The Curtain was the name of a famous theater in Shakespeare's time, so the question is really asking what will happen to the theater once the research project is completed.

What is the name of the theater being referred to in turn 3?

Answer: Curtain


But first, we're going to look at the news affecting the media industry itself. This week, newspapers and magazines across the country were hit again with massive layoffs. The Christian Science Monitor announced this week that after a century, it would stop publishing a daily-print paper. Joining us to talk about the cuts is Neil Henry.

He's the dean of U. C. Berkeley's Graduate School of Journalism and the author of " American Carnival: Journalism Under Siege in an Age of New Media. "Welcome Neil.

Thank you.

So, I'm not exactly the newest babe on the media block, I have worked in print for Newsweek and, you know, on-air for television, off-air, blah, blah, blah. And it just - it hurts me.

turn 3 : newest babe on the media block means the newest girl that is becoming popular in media

Which term did person PersonB use to describe their experience in the media industry?

Answer: print


Yeah. It was soon dead. They had trapped it with a snare just to - we saw deer that had been killed by snares. So, that's a very efficient way of taking out the animals in a forest. So, even small economic changes here will ripple through South Sudan and affect the economy, the animals, the future of, you know, the future earning potential of tourism could all be change significantly in next five years.

And those people who killed the boar, you later found out were poachers.

Yeah. They don't, you know, nobody can quite say where the rules are and which rules apply, but I have to admit having snacked on that animals, the minister of animal told me, oh, they're poachers. Yes, I've been down there and told them. They must not poach. So it's really theoretical. They know national, you know, the national parks in South Sudan, large one Boma, which has the great animal migration is 8,800 square miles. The second one that's full of a lot of animals, 3,700 square miles. They have no roads, no buildings, no trained wardens, they have untrained. People have been assigned like army conscripts, but there's no effective park system or rules about anything.

You went by airplane to find that herd of elephants you described but you refused to tell us where it is.

turn 0 : "changes here will ripple through South Sudan" implies that what happened will have numerous effects on the country

How will the changes mentioned in turn 0 impact South Sudan?

Answer: Ripple