It's out of sight. It's really high. We have actual concentrations and standards that are somewhere like four, five times lower than that. So, these are all very, very high numbers, even when they're low on the Chinese scale.

It sounds as though you could project things ahead for the beginning of the Olympics. What would you expect?

Well, it's pretty good right now. But I've just been looking at the extended forecast for winds, and the middle of next week, things are going to change quite radically, around the 3rd or the 4th. The big high-pressure system from out over the Pacific is going to kick in, and that's going to produce strong winds coming over the polluted areas to the south of Beijing, and it's going to pick up a lot of pollution. And according to these forecasts, it's going to be a pretty dirty end of next week. And unfortunately, that coincides with the Opening Ceremonies a week from today.

Ken, these are official Chinese numbers that you're working with, and you are sitting there in Rhode Island looking at these. Are the numbers trustworthy?

turn 3 : "Are the numbers trustworthy?" - This does not literally mean that the speaker is questioning whether the numbers can be trusted. It implies that the speaker is skeptical about the accuracy of the numbers and is seeking clarification.

Which word implies that the speaker is skeptical about the accuracy of the numbers?

Answer: Trustworthy


The strategy, Scott, is really hard to describe in Syria. So in Iraq, there is a clear strategy. You can like it or not, or you can say it's succeeding or not, but it's basically to build up the capacity of the Iraqi security forces to battle ISIL. To help build up more capacity in Sunni areas and the Anbar province. . .

Well, but let me - forgive me, Senator.

Yeah.

I don't want to impersonate the last debate that we just saw, but we've just got. . .

turn 1 : the literal meaning implies that B is asking for forgiveness from the Senator. However, the implied meaning is that B wants to interject or interrupt the conversation, acknowledging the potential interruption in a polite manner.

What is PersonB's intention when saying "Well, but let me - forgive me, Senator"?

Answer: Interject


And that's despite the fact that medics there say they need more supplies, they don't have what they need.

Well, again, we have a very long and porous border with eastern Congo. So knowing exactly where cases may come across is always a difficult thing to know. But we, the U. S.  government, as well as WHO and other partners, have been working very assiduously with the government of Uganda over the last 11 months while this outbreak has been going on in eastern Congo to help build their capacity. Supplies are always a challenge in terms of supply chain, moving things where they need to go. But we feel fairly comfortable that the ability to respond and respond quickly exists here in Uganda.

You mentioned this long and porous border. So the first case in Uganda was this 5-year-old boy who reportedly went to Congo, got the virus there then came back to Uganda with his grandmother, and they both passed. How are the borders being handled?Is security being stepped up?

Since the outbreak in DRC in August of last year, we have worked, along with other partners, with the government of Uganda, to establish screening along the border posts.

turn 0 : This implies that the lack of adequate medical supplies has been affecting the medics response to the virus.

What is the reason for the medics' struggle with the virus?

Answer: Response


Well, the president fires the attorney general. The new guy fires the special counsel. History repeats itself. No, the president - President Nixon understood the Constitution. He understood how to govern. He knew he was walking a tightrope. So when a lot of different people in Congress, the public, the courts stood up and showed their courage and they were outraged and started to push back, he backed down. He let the investigation continue. And 10 months later, he resigned. This time it looks like a circus where the clowns are walking a tightrope in slow motion and some people are cheering as if it's a joke. But it's not a joke.

Mr.  Doyle, I must say you sounded almost wistful speaking about Richard Nixon.

(Laughter) Well, yeah. You know, I've never compared Richard Nixon to Thomas Jefferson before. Never thought I should. But I told someone yesterday that compared to Donald Trump, Richard Nixon is Thomas Jefferson.

All right. I'll leave that as your opinion.

turn 0 : The current situation is chaotic and not following the rules of the Constitution

How does PersonA describe the current situation?

Answer: Constitution


So when did it start to go bad?

Well, when they started cutting the shifts back. You know, they had three shifts. And when things started going bad, we started opening at seven o'clock in the morning just to accommodate to the third shift people so that they could come here, have a bite to eat and a drink before they went home.

And then third shift, you know, they did away with that. So then we started - we quit opening up early because of that, and so that really cut back on our business. Then, they got rid of the next shift. They are only one shift. It just like gradually has gotten worse and worse. So now, we're concerned, what about now, when there's going to be nobody.

Was this - I don't know - was this a dream to own your own business, own your own restaurant?

turn 1 : cutting shifts back means that they cut hours someone has to work, or removed a shift someone is working

What did they start doing when things started going bad?

Answer: Opening


And how did this start?

Well, about 20 years ago, we were thinking about doing a literary magazine because at the time there weren't too many journals out there for new writers. There weren't many literary journals at all during that time. And so we stumbled upon an idea that we had started with one of our friends from college where he had given me a first line to start a story. And then I would write the story. And then I would send it to him. And I'd give him a first line. And he would start a story. And he would send that back to me. And we did that. And so we decided that we'd open that up to the rest of the world.

How many stories do you typically get?

We run between 300 and 450 submissions in issue.

turn 1 : (2) is different from its literal meaning. While the speaker is describing the history of their literary magazine and how they started accepting submissions, the implied meaning is that the magazine has been successful and has been accepting submissions for a long time.

What is the main characteristic of the literary magazine described by PersonA and B?

Answer: College


Well, they all have different - they work differently, you know, in terms of the receptors they hit, in terms of how they're metabolized in our body and how they interact with our body's tissue. So each one is a very different animal in trying to attack.

Is this something that a drug company would be interested in developing, if you found some research or did some of the basic research?

I really wish it would, but I think a lot of big drug companies don't feel that drug addicts are a great investment. So they've kind of shied away from looking at therapies for addiction. I wish they would get more involved, that's for sure.

Well, what about something for an overdose?You don't have to be a drug addict to have an overdose.

turn 2 : Race is a deep-seated issue in society that cannot be easily solved

Which company has shied away from looking at therapies for addiction?

Answer: Big


They had psychiatrists on call, they had access to medication and ability to control that population or to deal with that population. They had psychiatrists on call, they had access to medication and ability to control that population or to deal with that population. If you are in a smaller place, you may not have that and you do not have that access, and there's more warehousing and restrictive methods going on because they don't have any other way to deal with them. If you are in a smaller place, you may not have that and you do not have that access, and there's more warehousing and restrictive methods going on because they don't have any other way to deal with them.

So really it depends on where you are, what kind of law that you've violated in order to determine how well the institution where you are is able to deal with whatever difficulty you have. So really it depends on where you are, what kind of law that you've violated in order to determine how well the institution where you are is able to deal with whatever difficulty you have.

Well, Judge Lynn Toler, it's always great to have you on. Well, Judge Lynn Toler, it's always great to have you on. Thanks so much. Thanks so much.

Always good to be here. Always good to be here.

turn 3 : because the speaker said always good to be here

Which speaker expresses gratitude towards the other for being on the show?

Answer: Speaker


A few names come to mind when you say Hoosier basketball: Larry Bird, Gene Hackman, who was in a movie, and Bob Knight, about whom they make movies. Bob Knight coached three Indiana University teams to three NCAA championship titles and, a record of which he's equally proud, almost all of his players graduated. Mr.  Knight left Indiana after a controversy involving his treatment of players. He went on to coach at Texas Tech and is now retired from coaching and is a featured commentator for ESPN's college basketball coverage. He has a new book in which he lays out the philosophy of his coaching and how it might apply to life: "The Power of Negative Thinking. "Coach Bob Knight joins us now from the studios of ETV Radio in Columbia, South Carolina. Thanks very much for being with us.

I'm happy to be here.

You say you want to help people take off their rose-colored glasses. What do you mean?

Well, I think that we as a people are always prone to think about, well, tomorrow will be a better day. Well, why will it be a better day?And I think the more that we believe in doing things better, doing the right thing rather than hoping that that's going to happen, let's make it happen. And that's kind of how I looked at coaching in all the years that I coached.

How did Coach Bob Knight view coaching during all the years he coached?

Answer: Happen


We're still going to have a problem. I mean, there is no question that there is already layoff. There's going to be an economic decline. There's going to be a recession. The question is how deep and, you know, is this going to be a catastrophe or is just going to be bad. This is not the last thing we're going to have to do.

Yeah, we've got $2. 1 trillion in non-prime mortgages about to reset in the next 18 months. Many of which will go into foreclosure unless there is a mechanism for those homeowners who could meet obligations to renegotiate with their lenders. And there was a bubble in the housing market that's going to be deflated. But the question is, are we going to go off a cliff?Or is there going to be a gradual decline and then the settling down and that's what we hope to achieve.

Democratic California Congresswoman Zoe Lofgren. Thank you very much for joining us.

Thank you.

turn 1 : The housing market bubble will burst and we hope for a gradual decline.

What is the hope for the decline of the housing market bubble?

Answer: Settling


So basically it has to say, you know, our sticker price is this amount. If you have insurance, that cost may vary.

OK. But that's a good point. Do people actually pay that official sticker price in most cases?

So that's the drug industry's argument against this proposal. They say that because of insurance coverage, hardly anyone pays the price the Trump administration is forcing these drug makers to include in their ads. That price is often called the list price or the sticker price, as we said. Drugmakers argue that including that price would scare consumers off from even going to their doctor and asking about a drug because they'd see a sky-high list price, and they would think - I can't afford that; I'm not going to go to the doctor.

Well, now that's interesting because that could be bad for someone's health. But is that actually what the government may want in some cases - for a consumer to make an informed decision that this drug just seems really pricey for the benefits alleged with it?

turn 1 : The official sticker price is not necessarily the price people pay for drugs due to insurance coverage.

What is the argument of drugmakers against the proposal?

Answer: Scaring


What the government says they're doing is addressing the problem with intelligence, which means being aware of rifts like this inside the gangs before they become violent. Fifty-five dead shows that that strategy failed here. And the governor says he's not renewing the contract of the private company that runs these prisons. Now they are taking these transfer measures. You know, they're using the intelligence that they have to transfer some gang leaders to a maximum security prison and then moving 200 other inmates who they say have received death threats. And that's their measures right now. The city is also under alert. There are police on the streets making sure this doesn't spill out into gun violence on the streets. And, you know, we'll see over the next few days whether that can contain even more possible violence.

Interesting that you say it's a private company that is running these prisons. Given that, why are these facilities so out of control?These are profit-making enterprises.

Watchdog groups have been sending out red flags about prison overcrowding in Brazil for many years now, and so it really is a political will issue. Many experts, after the tragedy of the past few days - including a U. N.  spokesperson yesterday - say that to really address this problem, you have to reduce overcrowding. And countrywide, prisons are around 70% over capacity and around 137% in this state alone.

Just quickly - Brazil's new president, Jair Bolsonaro, is a guy who talks tough on crime. Has he said anything about this?

turn 0 : The government failed to prevent the gang violence despite claiming to address the problem with intelligence.

Which strategy failed to prevent the gang violence?

Answer: Intelligence


Yeah. I mean, maybe you should - give it a shot. And then let me try it after.

That is so good.

Converted her. Fan of grapefruit.

You know why?'Cause it doesn't taste like grapefruit.

Right. Is it good?Is it to boozy?

turn 4 : (5) Refers to asking if the new food is good or too strong in terms of alcoholic content.

Which aspect of the new food is PersonA asking about in turn 4?

Answer: Aspect


No, I didn't think they were racially motivated. They were just wrong. The president actually was referring to my opposition to the war in Iraq and suggesting somehow that I have not consistently opposed the war in Iraq.

Everybody who's looked at my track record knows that from 2002, when I made a speech in front of 3,000 people saying the war in Iraq was a mistake. Until today, I have consistently been opposed to this war.

And so the president, I think, was massaging the truth a little bit, and that's part of sort of standard Washington politics. But I think, at this point, you know, we're - we just want to move forward and make sure that we are talking about the issues that people are struggling with and particularly in economy right now that is teetering on the edge of recession.

That was Illinois Senator Barack Obama.

turn 2 : In the statement, "the president...was massaging the truth a little bit," the implied meaning is that the president was not telling the truth or was being dishonest. The phrase "massaging the truth" is a figurative expression that means to manipulate or distort the truth. It is not meant to be taken literally, but rather as a way to express skepticism or doubt about the president's claims.

Which figurative expression did Obama use to describe the president's actions?

Answer: Massaging


Yeah, exactly. The case of China is interesting because China makes it a practice in its Africa policy to claim non-interference in a country's politics. And that makes it a favorite in places like Sudan and like Zimbabwe, which have some very basic problems. But these African countries also have natural resources that China desires. And so there's this quid pro quo, so to speak.

And Russia, of course, is, you know, perhaps arguably the world's largest supplier of illicit arms, and that's, you know, a connection, as well. And, of course, North Korea has trained some Zimbabwean soldiers and has a good relationship with Mugabe. So you can see there's a connection.

Absolutely. Professor Keller, thank you so much.

Thank you.

turn 0 : (1) In turn (1), the speaker implies that China's non-interference policy is not entirely true, and that they use it as a cover to gain access to natural resources in African countries like Sudan and Zimbabwe.

What is the connection between North Korea and Mugabe mentioned in the dialogue?

Answer: Relationship


Yeah, he loved it. He totally loved it, because he's not musical. He doesn't play an instrument. So, you know, I think when he's writing, it's a basic, almost like a poetry kind of - he's just writing with a little beat in his head. But when he hears a song of his completely flushed out with melody and instrumentation, it really bowls him over.

MR.  DAN AUERBACH: (Singing) How you were?In my sleep. (Unintelligible) never keep. . .

A number of songs that you've done as half of half of the Black Keys have wound up in films and in TV shows and even video games. The tune "Strange Times" appeared on the radio station in Grand Theft Auto IV. How do you feel about your music winding up in these places?

I think it's cool. I mean, you know, they don't play music much on the radio anymore, you know, not major radio. Getting our music out there anyway possible, it's the way to go, and video games are pretty huge, although I can't really play video games. I don't know. The modern video games kind of - they're too three dimensional. Have you ever played the. . .

turn 0 : When he hears a song of his completed with music and song he gets really excited and impressed.

How does he react to his songs being flushed out with melody and instrumentation?

Answer: Excited


Well, one of the big questions is going to be whether or not Donald Trump is able to turn out all of these new voters that he says he's going to be able to turn out. So if you look at the numbers on caucus night, if the numbers are about 150,000 or higher on the Republican side, people think that's a good day for Donald Trump. If there are 125,000 to 150,000, that's the number of people are saying could be good for Ted Cruz.

Democratic side, both Sen.  Sanders and Hillary Clinton seem to be getting good crowds.

For the Democrats, the thing to watch here is that Hillary Clinton has been in this state for two years organizing. They feel like they have their strong core base of support. They have Barack Obama's field operation there. Remember, he won this state in 2008. Bernie Sanders has a interesting complication because he's getting huge crowds. A lot of his supporters are young. They're college-age. The problem with them is that they're all concentrated in a few different places. He's winning more than a quarter of his vote right now in three counties. They're actually encouraging a lot of these kids to go back home so that they can filter out the vote in the rest of the state because the way delegates are picked, they need a little bit more of these kids to go back to other places. Otherwise, Hillary Clinton could wind up winning in rural counties and wind up beating Bernie Sanders, even though he might have a lot of vote concentrated in those cities.

All this concentration on Iowa - and I don't regret a moment on it. . .

turn 0 : "If there are 125,000 to 150,000, that's the number of people are saying could be good for Ted Cruz."  Implicated meaning: The number of people turning out to vote within the range of 125,000 to 150,000 is considered favorable for Ted Cruz's chances.  Explanation: The literal meaning of the statement is straightforward, stating that a voter turnout within a specific range is seen as beneficial for Ted Cruz. The implicated meaning, however, goes beyond the literal interpretation by suggesting that the voter turnout range is an indication of Ted Cruz's potential success in the election.

Which candidate benefits from a voter turnout of 125,000 to 150,000?

Answer: Ted-Cruz


Right. Exactly. As you said, at the end of a marathon, basically everybody's carrying something often for a runner who's coming in over the line. So what now seems suspicious might seem less so. Although when you look at the faces of the two suspects on the video, they didn't seem - they seemed like they did stand out a bit. I'm not saying that I would've noticed it, trained observer that I am. But. . .

Mm-hmm. That's right.

. . . as we all think that we are. But again, in hindsight, 20/20, as they always say.

And 20/20 hindsight, again, the questions have to be asked. Is it fair to ask the Boston Police Department, did you drop the ball considering the sacrifices everybody made in the week that followed?

turn 0 : Although the speaker is trained, they may not have noticed the suspicious behavior of the suspects.

Answer: Observer


You know, it'd be nice if we could all hold hands and hug each other and sing "Kumbaya" and it be like that. But fact is, whether we like it or not, our country and virtually every other country in the world has become heavily dependent on satellites. So it's natural that you're going to see warfighting move up into that domain.

We've got to stay ahead of that. Now, hopefully, if we're smart and effective at this, it will have a chilling effect on anybody wanting to try and go there because that's one of the things that we have found keeps war at bay, is when you're the biggest, baddest cat on the block. Nobody wants to bother with you. We are not maintaining that status when it comes to space like we are terrestrially.

Congressman Mike Rogers of Alabama, thank you so much for joining us.

Thank you.

turn 1 : Being the dominant power in space can deter others from challenging us in that domain.

Which domain can deter others from challenging us if we are the dominant power in it?

Answer: Space


All right.

OK, but anyway, we're all working at the same - working so hard and so long on trying to get something done because we're - people like me are doing this because they love the country, and they're worried about it. We've got a lot of us around, and we're trying to find our place in this thing, and it looks like the White House and the Republicans do have a way to get information in.

It's very hard for changes to be made and agreements. I don't know how they're doing that. It's a very strange kind of organization. But. . .

Well, let me ask you, how much did the election change things?There's the same cast of characters, pretty much.

Well, I - people that aren't there negotiating, and I'm not there, but people that aren't are speculating on all kinds of things, in terms of the president is playing with more power, he acts like a tyrant because he won the election. I don't really see that at this point, that there is any big change because of the election.

Well, the president, if he campaigned on one thing, it was raise taxes on the wealthy.

turn 4 : The president doesn't seem to be acting like a tyrant, despite speculation that he's using more power since winning the election.

How is the president perceived after winning the election?

Answer: Perceived


And what Kansas has done is to try to turn things around once again so that not every parolee who runs afoul of an administrative rule, is immediately shipped back to prison, but instead is given another chance. And actually, the parole officer will work with them to try to keep them out of prison, as opposed to just trying to lock them - lock the cuffs on them as fast as possible.

Well, Jennifer, great to talk to you. Thank you.

Thanks so much, Farai.

Jennifer Gonnerman is the author of "Life on the Outside: The Prison Odyssey of Elaine Bartlett. "She wrote the article, "Slammed: Welcome to the Age of Incarceration. "It's the lead article in a special edition of Mother Jones magazine examining America's prison system. And she joined us from our NPR Studios in New York.

turn 0 : Not every parolee who violates a rule is sent back to prison immediately

What is the aim of Kansas' approach towards parolees who violate administrative rule?

Answer: Work.


We were both going after a kind of Everest. It's something big and difficult, dangerous for sure. The tribes were known to shoot at anyone who came into their area. On top of that, you've got to evade the Indian authorities who put them under protection. Plus, China has claimed that area, so there's a high military presence there. So the whole thing, if you're young and adventurous, it's kind of fantastic.

Tell me about John Allen Chau specifically and his motivations and what drove him and what surprised you about where he came from.

There's a number of different things. John was a huge outdoorsman, very capable. And he was particularly a kind of solo adventurer, did a lot of solo hikes for days at a time. And that actually turns out to be - in the missionary world, there's a kind of extreme sports end of the missionary world. It's all bro and dude and legit and hey and high-fives and scaling down cliffs to meet an uncontacted tribe. Very often, I've got to say, that story - the story that they're all trying to tell - is of the solo adventurer going into the jungle and finding the lost tribe.

Yeah.

turn 1 : what drove him in this context means what inspired or motivated him

What kind of adventurer was John Allen Chau according to A?

Answer: solo


Yeah.

I love salt.

You didn't see that coming. (Laughter) You love salt.

I totally didn't.

That's an essential mineral.

turn 2 : Implicated meaning: A is teasing or mocking B for not realizing that B loves salt. The phrase "You didn't see that coming" implies that B's love for salt was unexpected or surprising.

What was unexpected according to turn 2?

Answer: B's


Thank you. Thanks for having me.

Now, Mr.  Pruitt approached deregulation with enthusiasm. Quickly, could you just give us a sense of his principal achievements?

He had actually very few achievements. He has many proposals in the pipeline. But most are in the pipeline, and most are deeply flawed.

So not likely to go zipping along and become new regulations.

I think that many will probably be revisited and, if they want them to be successful, will have to be adjusted and pay more attention to the law and pay more attention to science and protection of the environment.

turn 2 : Mr. Pruitt did not achieve much despite his enthusiasm for deregulation

Which individual's achievements were deeply flawed despite their enthusiasm for deregulation?

Answer: Pruitt


But shouldn't you at least offer the people you're polling the option of checking that box as one of the issues?

In terms of?

Of, you know, as climate change or renewable energy, things like that. The choice is not even offered on the sheet of things that you - that is on your radar screen.

Yeah. Well, this is actually a really important point, is that when you look at - and I'll just come back to media coverage as an example. You know, for most people, this is an issue that's invisible. I mean, you can look out your window right this moment, and there's CO2 pouring out of tailpipes, out of smokestacks, out of buildings, but you can't see it, and likewise you can't see the impacts unless you know where to look. In fact, the only way most Americans even know about this issue is because of what they've learned about it in the media. They're not reading the peer-reviewed literature. They don't know scientists personally. They're learning about it through the media. And when the media doesn't report this issue, it's literally out of sight and out of mind.

turn 3 :  "out of sight, out of mind" - This is a well-known idiom that means if you can't see something, you tend to forget about it, rather than a literal interpretation.

Which idiom explains the concept of forgetting about something if it is not visible?

Answer: Out


Didn't Elon Musk know all this before he sent out that memorable tweet on August 7?

Well, a lot of people think he should have. Let's go back to that August 7 when he sent out that tweet and said I'm considering taking the company private, funding secured at $420 a share. And analysts immediately were very dubious that Musk could pull this off. Where would he get the 10 billions of dollars to take the company private?Did he really have the funding secured as he claimed?And that is something that the Securities and Exchange Commission is investigating, according to multiple reports. And Musk said at the time - or Musk said that two-thirds of the investors would stick with Tesla if it went private, but he really had no way of knowing that.

And why did he want to take the company private in any case?

Well, he's always chafed at the demands of Wall Street - the quarterly earnings reports, the pesky questions from analysts. He famously called one analyst's question boring and boneheaded on an earnings call earlier this year. But perhaps even more than all this, Musk. . .

turn 3 : Musk wants to take Tesla private to avoid the demands of Wall Street

How did Musk plan to avoid the demands of Wall Street?

Answer: Private


I mean, well, first of all, it's a real place. It's called Highclere. So when it's blown up to the big screen, it's not like a set that looks chintzy and you can see the seams. This is a real dining room, a real library. And you see some of the grounds. The grounds, it turns out - I didn't know this - were landscaped by a man with one of my favorite names, Capability Brown.

(Laughter) Love that.

He's a famous landscape architect. And he did the original Highclere grounds. And they look great.

I was amazed, watching it, at how many plotlines they were able to squeeze in. I left, like, counting them.

turn 3 : I left counting them means there were so many of them, not that I actually counted them.

Which action did the speaker take after watching the movie?

Answer: Counting


My pleasure.

And we will get to civilization being in danger, I assure you. But first question - you just heard our interview with our Justice Department correspondent. Is it a good or bad decision not to release the Democratic memo?

I think it's a mistake. I've read the memo. And, again, our entire society is based on, you know, counterpoints. You think this. I think that. And the Socratic process is that the truth falls out as you go through that back and forth. I think it's a mistake not to release.

I have to tell you, you're one of the first public officials I've heard quote the Socratic process. I will mark that - which raises the question that you raise, why does this budget deal put civilization in danger?

turn 1 : The interviewer is surprised by the guest's knowledge of the Socratic process and is implying that the guest's opinion is reliable.

What process does the interviewer mention that surprises them and makes them consider the guest's opinion reliable?

Answer: Socratic


I'm just - I'm 84, but - and I'm going to just keep going until suddenly I notice that somebody has approached with a hook, and the curtain is closing. But I continue to do basic research, as for example biogeography of ant faunas of the Pacific, and writing on the general subjects that we've been addressing today.

You talk in your book about having the summer off as a kid with lots of time to do what you want. Do kids need unstructured time?

They need a lot. They need a lot. I would say that generally speaking if you have a bright, inquisitive kid, and very few are not innately that way, and you were given a choice, two months of summer camp with advanced, more advanced preparation in various subjects with college on the horizon in mind, between that and cutting them loose in the woods or in a very interesting natural environment, and I say cutting them loose not entirely but if you know where they are, take the latter for heaven's sake. It's the latter where they will dream and beginning to form in their own mind those ideas, those conceptions, those misperceptions to be corrected that make up a strong mental ability and character.

Dr.  Wilson, thank you so much for taking time - it's always such a pleasure to have you on SCIENCE FRIDAY. Thank you for joining us.

turn 2 : The kids will begin to think of ideas as they explore on their own.

What will kids develop as they explore on their own?

Answer: Stimulus


He apologized for the messages and essentially blamed the fact that he worked really long days and often used this group chat to - as he said, you know, relieve stress. That did not sit well with people, obviously. He ended up, like you said, having to ask most of his inner circle to step down. But that has not appeased anyone. The outcry and the demands for his resignation have only grown. Not only from his political opponents - also, essentially everyone within his own party here in Puerto Rico has abandoned him. And now there is talk within the legislature of beginning the process of removing him from office if he doesn't step down on his own.

And has he said that he is considering it?Or what is he saying about that possibility?

No, he's basically dug his feet in and has said he is not going to resign. He said he was, you know, elected governor by the people of Puerto Rico, feels like he has a lot of work to do and intends to continue doing it. A big question is obviously how because he has lost the confidence of everyone within his government, and no one really sees him having the capital needed to govern.

That is NPR's Adrian Florido joining us from San Juan.

turn 2 : The person in question is not willing to resign from his position despite the controversy surrounding him

How is the person in question responding to the calls for resignation?

Answer: NotResigning


No, but then - you know, and then somebody would come up - I think it was Carlene, who was our nurse, came up with the idea. Well, cut it into slices. And then you can lay out the slices - like, all this so that we can keep from doing the - like, that's why they give you a rectory - so that you could serve the church. Like, give it up.

(Laughter) That's hilarious. What do you think you got out of writing this book?And what do you hope other people get out of reading your book?

I think I got back the experience. In "Law And Order," you always see the crazy criminals take trophies, and they put them in a box and cement them down in the basement. I think I do that with grief. I think we - I put the fun things in there, and then I lock it up. I wanted all of this back. You know, I wanted the laughter. I wanted her. I wanted those years with my family. I wanted access to them again. And I wanted to do it while keeping company with all kinds of other people who are isolated by the very nature of caregiving. I wanted that back in my life, available to me.

We've been speaking with Lorene Cary. Her latest book is "Ladysitting: My Year With Nana At The End Of Her Century. "And Lorene was kind enough to join us from the University of Pennsylvania, where she teaches.

turn 2 : The speaker keeps the happy memories of her past with her loved ones locked up inside her to deal with her grief.

What does the speaker lock up to deal with her grief?

Answer: Memories


Exactly. And they're all seeing poll numbers where the president's numbers nationally have slipped into the 30s. But when it comes to Republican voters, the president remains strong.

Now, your newspaper, The Washington Post, is reporting this morning that President Trump tried to get Jeff Sessions to drop the charges against Sheriff Arpaio. But he was advised that this would be inappropriate. Is this just another instance of the president being a newbie politician, someone that's kind of just new to the job here?

It's also an example of how the president's not only an outsider trying to intervene in these kinds of legal affairs. But he's been working on this Arpaio pardon for months, going as far as to ask the attorney general, one of his top allies, at least early in the administration to stop the prosecution from moving forward to help Arpaio get off. And this is raising concerns in both parties about the kind of behavior the president has when it comes to criminal justice. Is he doing too much to intervene?That's the question on Capitol Hill.

So not a snap decision. You say he's been working on it for a while.

turn 2 : "Is he doing too much to intervene? That's the question on Capitol Hill." - The actual meaning implied here is that there are concerns in both parties about the president's behavior when it comes to criminal justice, particularly his intervention in the Arpaio case.

What is the question on Capitol Hill regarding the president's behavior in criminal justice?

Answer: Intervention


But Barack Obama blew right straight through half a million, a million. He's now approaching a million and a half donors. And of course they are not all giving the maximum amount of money, most of them are just giving 100 dollars or less, or 200 dollars or less. Nonetheless, the size, the base of that fundraising operation means that he can raise all the money that he needs, including, very possibly, money that would go to help retire Hillary Clinton's campaign debt after she does drop out, assuming some day she does.

Well Ron, thanks so much.

Thank you, Farai.

That was NPR's senior Washington editor Ron Elving, and he joined me at NPR headquarters in Washington, D. C.

turn 0 : "blow right straight through" - This is an idiomatic expression that means to exceed a goal or a limit with great force or speed. It does not mean that Barack Obama physically blew through anything.

What does the expression "blow right straight through" mean?

Answer: Exceed


I don't think he is. I haven't heard him talk about the Constitution or small government. It's hard to say you espouse conservative principals and small-government principals when you are saying that you think Canadian health care system works and it's wonderful.

An NBC Wall Street Journal poll shows that Mr.  Trump has a very high favorability rating among conservative talk radio listeners. Do you have listeners that say to you you're wrong about this?

(Laughter) Not yet. I have lots of listeners who say that I'm wrong on this, but that's OK. I speak my mind, and my opinion is my opinion, nothing more and nothing less. I look for a man of integrity, humility, who is rooted in the Constitution - because if you root yourself in the Constitution, we can't go too far left, and we can go too far right. We are held by principles we all used to declare we found self-evident.

Do you have any sense of rivalry with Donald Trump?

turn 2 :  In this context, "root yourself in the Constitution" implies having a firm understanding of the values and principles in the Constitution, as opposed to its literal meaning of physically planting yourself in the document.

How does "root yourself in the Constitution" imply having a firm understanding of the values and principles in the Constitution? (Answer: Implication)

Answer: Understanding


Yeah.

You're just sitting there going, wow!You know, if you just do a double take, you're like, that's him on screen. It was amazing. Just the way he held the mic, the way he stood in front of the mic, all of it was so much of Biggie.

I have to say, I can't wait to see it. I got a chance to interview Biggie at one of the big awards shows, like, 10, 12 - no, it's longer than that. Anyway, I'm old. But anyway.

Yeah, we all are.

turn 1 : double take means to look at something again because you are surprised

What did PersonA say about the way Biggie held the mic?

Answer: All


It's as lethal as Ebola. He's putting it in, putting - taking blood samples and putting them into little tubes that'll go back to a lab in the U. S.  with help from some very gutsy and proficient Bangladeshi collaborators. It's tough work, it's dramatic work, it's scary work, but they love it.

And you too. I mean, you know, some of - literally a paragraph began: Before I knew it, I was helping trap monkeys in a shrine in Bangladesh. And I think. . .

That was with another wonderful researcher named Lisa Jones-Engel and her physician husband, Gregory Engel. They were looking for viruses in monkeys, yes, in macaques, long-tailed macaques and other macaques that, in some parts of Southeast Asia, become habituated as temple monkeys.

And this was a temple in northeastern Bangladesh where I was helping them trap these monkeys so that, again, they could tranquilize them, take blood samples, looking for a virus called simian foamy virus. How's that for a name?That's one of my favorites. Simian foamy virus. And - which is a marker, which is, so far, as we know, a harmless virus when it passes into humans.

turn 0 : The work that he is doing is dangerous and scary. (Ebola implies deadly nature of the work)

Which virus is the team searching for in the monkeys?

Answer: Simianfoamy


Thanks so much for having me.

I think a lot of people are wondering how could it be that the families of people who are serving their country in the U. S.  armed forces need food assistance.

So when you come into the military, that compensation system has not kept up with how the force has changed and how military families have changed. You're no longer looking at, say, a 17 or 18 year old kid right out of high school with no family who's receiving that base-level pay, right?You're looking at, say, somebody in their late 20s who might have a couple of kids. Well, that income compared to his family size or her family size puts them at a place where they qualify for this food assistance.

What would the change in, as you see it, SNAP benefits mean for military families that receive that kind of assistance?

turn 2 :  A is explaining that the compensation system in the military has not kept up with the changing demographics of the military families. The literal meaning of the words is that military families with larger family sizes qualify for food assistance because their income is not sufficient. However, the implied meaning is that the military compensation system needs to be adjusted to match the changing demographics of the military families.

What is the reason for military families qualifying for food assistance?

Answer: Income


Yeah. I always - I was - firstly, I want to say that she was always super generous and warm and very, very affectionate with me. So there was no problem of that kind. But there was - you know, there were certain attitudes. And I think with her, like, there was a kind of desire to shock.

Do you think that's because at least the elder royals are very insular?They're very protected from the rest of society and its headwinds and changes.

Yeah. I think that is true. I think that it wasn't just - I mean, it was colored people, homosexuals, Jews. People would have these very polite manners. And then they would say these rather awful things. You know, it's like, I'm terribly sorry. I don't like Jews very much. You know, you just can't talk like that. So there was certainly a kind of - it was very, very archaic.

Your piece has gotten quite a bit of reaction in the British tabloids. And some of it has not been positive. What's your reaction to the reaction?

turn 0 : "super generous and warm" implies very generous and warm. "a kind of desire to shock" implies a kind of desire to surprise.

How would you describe the attitude of the people towards Jews?

Answer: awful


I'm Farai Chideya, and this is News and Notes. Illinois Senator Barack Obama declared he was running for president back in February of 2007. Back then, he was the dark horse, long-shot candidate. Some people looked at him, and talked only about race. Other voters and pundits seem to try to avoid the topic.

Now, the economy is in meltdown, and much of the political debate has turned to mortgages and finance. But race is still there say the polls, and author and commentator Tim Wise says so as well. Wise is an anti-racism activist whose latest book is called "Speaking Treason Fluently: Anti-Racist Reflections From an Angry White Male. "Welcome to News and Notes.

Thanks.

So, your latest essay is called, "This Is Your Nation on White Privilege. "

turn 0 : Dark horse is implying an unexpected person or candidate and not an animal that's dark

How was Barack Obama viewed as a candidate in February 2007?

Answer: Dark-horse


He did. When I - the first time I called him up, the conversation went like this: Hello?Alan Feuer. And I said, hey, it's Alan Feuer. And he went, oh, good man. I've been meaning to call you. And he really did talk like that. That is absolutely how he spoke.

So something out of - well, a kind of a cross between Franklin Delano Roosevelt and London.

Something like that. You know, the way I pictured it was those, you know, those Preston Sturges movies where, you know, it's almost like an Anglophilic-New York accent.

Oh, we use to call it Long Island lockjaw.

turn 1 : The way it sounded was a mix between FDR and a British accent.

Answer: Mix


It occurred on August 1st, in the late hours of the morning. One Serbian fell, and another (unintelligible) porter fell as well trying to rescue him, and that was the beginning of the fatalities. However, the serac fall, which stranded most of the climbers, didn't occur until quite late in the evening on August 1st.

A serac is a big column of ice, a big sheet of ice. And it fell off the mountain, and that complicated things for a lot of people. What were conditions like?

The weather was completely calm, very cold and clear, which is normal. No wind and as the day began to - as the sun began to rise, the weather was actually better than we could have hoped for. But, of course, things changed. The wind began to pick up the next day as people were stranded, and that complicated the rescue effort.

You were attempting to summit on that day, weren't you?

turn 1 : "And it complicated things for a lot of people." - The implied meaning here is that the serac fall caused significant problems and challenges, rather than just making things more difficult.

Which event caused significant challenges for a lot of people?

Answer: Serac


Yeah, I was looking for connection - that kind of familial intimacy that I just still didn't have. As a teenager, I went out into the world armed with my guitar and my little songs and my aggressive eye contact. And I was looking to connect with somebody else deeply.

It's so interesting - right?- that you did. You craved it. And as a result, you really looked for people's eyes. You wanted that moment of intimacy. Was it because you felt like you were an outsider in some way?

I was lonely. And yet I realized something - recording the audiobook. . .

Yeah.

turn 0 : By connection, the narrator means to bring the audience and himself together.

How did the narrator feel as a teenager?

Answer: Lonely


No, I think this will be about fact. That's why I added a number of authors and historians to this commission. When these monuments were erected, they were to celebrate but also, I think, to intimidate individuals, as well. They were there to continue to convey what I think is, you know, alternative facts and history. At the end of the day, these individuals defended a time and a purpose that would probably have me and my ancestors in bondage. And that should not go untold.

Some, though, would say this is a cop-out. New Orleans has torn down a number of its Confederate monuments. The city of Charlottesville, Va. , voted to sell its statue of Robert E.  Lee. Why not remove these statues?

Well, first I will say that our monuments commission will obviously listen to all sides. They'll listen to those who think that we may be trying to rewrite history. We're going to listen to people who think that we should remove the monuments. My charge to the commission is to tell the whole truth. For some, this was the third rail in Richmond politics - that you can never touch Monument Avenue. And I think that right now this is an opportunity for us and a responsibility for us to write the next new chapter for the city of Richmond.

Levar Stoney, the Democratic mayor of Richmond, Va.  We've been checking in with him throughout his first year in office. And we will be doing so as the year rolls on. Thank you so much for joining us.

Thank you, Lulu.

turn 1 : Some may view removing statues as a cop-out.

How would some describe removing statues?

Answer: Cop-out


Sorry. Sorry. Well, one more sticky issue. You got some pushback from a song - on the song, "Wish You Were Gay. "And people were hoping it would become an anthem for the LGBTQ community. But some people are actually not pleased about it. They feel that it's - there's pushback about it. And how do you think about that?

You know what I think is that everybody has a right to feel exactly what they feel. And it's not anyone's place to tell somebody that their being offended is not correct, you know?It's, like, that's a thing that you can't control. And if somebody doesn't feel OK with something, then you have to respect that and understand that and not try to fight that.

And so I knew writing that song that - it wasn't meant as an insult. And it wasn't meant to be offensive in any way. So for me, I didn't even really think about it because it was so not at all. . .

O'CONNELL: Controversial to us.

. . . Controversial in my mind because I thought of it as almost like a positive thing.

turn 3 : Everyone should respect other people's feelings and not try to control them, even if they don't agree.

Which turn in the dialogue emphasizes the importance of not dismissing or undermining someone else's feelings?

Answer: Turn3


Do you have any explanation for that?Can you speculate on why that would be so different?

You know, it's just very curious. They must have - you know, they had time to go hands-on with all of the products that were involved in the case, and so they may have, you know, seen from prior art that they thought that it was very clear that the phones involved stemmed from this iPhone design and - but not so much the tablets.

There were several instances of tablets and tablet patented designs that existed before the iPad. So they may have thought that, you know, Samsung got their ideas from somewhere else.

So what's this going to do to buying a future Samsung or other brand that might - you know, has Apple put the fear in people of copying them now?

We'll have to see. So one of the biggest consequences that could come out of this verdict is that the price of Android devices could go up in the future because now Apple's - this portion of Apple's patent portfolio has been validated by the court system, and Apple can pretty confidently go forward and start suing any other Android hardware manufacturers it thinks are infringing on these patents.

turn 1 : The jury had access to all products involved in the case.

Answer: Products


In Larry Nassar's statement to the court last year just before he was sentenced, he said he'd been impacted to his inner-most core by the testimony of his victims, including yourself. But he did not apologize. He was, though, sentenced to life in prison. Did you feel resolution walking away from that day?

You know, I did in the sense that Larry will never be able to hurt another child. And I take great comfort in that. That being said, Larry was a symptom of the problem. And that's something, again, that I really wanted to dig into in the book. Larry didn't just magically appear as one of the most prolific predators in campus history, in sports history and in history in general. He didn't magically appear that way. He was enabled and sheltered by powerful organizations, by law enforcement agencies that mishandled or refused to investigate reports of sexual misconduct. And so while we were able to stop Larry, what really remains to be done and the work that has just begun is dealing with the institutions and the dynamics that left him in power.

Rachael Denhollander is an activist and former gymnast. Her book "What Is A Girl Worth?"and her children's book "How Much Is A Little Girl Worth?"are out now. Rachael, thank you so much.

Thank you.

turn 0 : He said that he had a huge emotional reaction to the testimony.

How did Larry Nassar react to the testimony of his victims?

Answer: Greatly


And yeah. Like I said, the video can be used for good. And that's why I think the premise of body camera footage is good. But where problems emerge is when government officials and police officials push back against making that footage public because that's the whole reason. The reason is to bring transparency to police interactions. And if government officials push against that, it goes against the entire premise.

One of the very interesting points that you make in your book is that the federal government has investigated alternatives to lethal force and improving police-community relations for decades. I mean, you highlight a report that was commissioned by President Johnson, President Lyndon Johnson in 1967 in response to the Watts riots. And you said that it proposes really not so much an emphasis on technology but an emphasis on relationships, on communication and teaching police officers how to communicate better with the public, how to - it's more of like a - I don't know what word to use. Would you say humanistic approach?And. . .

Absolutely. That's a great word for it.

And that you say that there's - these kinds of - these techniques have never really been implemented because they were deemed to be too expensive. But you also point out that technology is expensive. The police departments spend a huge amount on these technologies that you say don't work. So what - my question to you is, why do you think these techniques have not gotten more traction?

turn 0 : The premise of body camera footage is good, but government officials and police officials push against making it public, which goes against the transparency of police interactions.

How do government officials and police officials push back against making body camera footage public?

Answer: Transparency


Tom Durkin, the voice of the Triple Crown. He is retiring in August. This will be his last Belmont stakes. Good luck to you, OK.

All right Scott. And new when you retire, maybe we'll go out and play golf or something.

(Laughter). All right. Golf huh. Let's go to the track.

Did B. J. Leiderman write this?He wrote our theme music. You're listening to WEEKEND EDITION from NPR News.

turn 1 : The implied meanings in (2) are that Scott should enjoy his retirement and do something fun with Tom Durkin after he retires.

How did Scott respond to the suggestion of playing golf with Tom Durkin after he retires?

Answer: Golf


We noted that you're a writing fellow at the Beckley Federal Correctional Institution. Is there a great story in every prisoner?

I think there's a great story in every human being. And that - so that - the same is true. There's a great story in every prisoner.

But the thing that I love about teaching there is just how - obviously, how much it means. The guys who are in my class - being able to sit down once a week for two hours and focus on their writing. And they've told me just to be in a quiet room, too, where, you know, I'll give them a writing assignment, and then we're quiet - they've told me that that, in many ways, is one of the things that is most valuable to them.

Without giving away the end of the novel, does Jodi go on with you in your life now?

She does to less of a degree. I mean, I think when I found the end of the book, I was able to let her go in some ways. I definitely still think about her.

turn 3 : give away in this context means to tell someone something without much warning, usually a secret

How does the word "give away" relate to Jodi in turn 4?

Answer: Less


Has this ever been done before, I mean, even with other types of energy like oil and gas for example?

That's not how we have historically done oil and gas use or exploration. Again, we're talking on public land. It's not been how we've done it. It is the way we've tried in recent years to think about the Endangered Species Act. Instead of looking at each little place when a question comes up and say is this an endangered habitat, is this a problem, look at large areas, ecosystems, chunks that make sense together.

Try to highlight what the problems are in that area so that subsequent development proposals are not - don't start from ground zero. Information's been gathered and looked at in a more systematic way. I mean, programmatic environmental impact assessments have been allowed ever since NEPA passed back in the 1970s.

It hasn't been used very often. I think that the Interior Department should get a lot of credit for using it this time.

turn 2 : Environmental impact assessments have been allowed since NEPA passed, but programmatic assessments are now used to gather information in a more systematic way for subsequent development proposals.

Which assessments are now used to gather information in a more systematic way?

Answer: Programmatic


Absolutely not. In fact, the people of my state should know we are doing everything in our power to defend them. If it comes to a legal fight with the Trump administration, we're prepared to have it. I've had some experience with taking on the Trump administration litigation. We have yet to lose a case yet, and I don't plan on starting with this issue.

Attorney General Bob Ferguson of Washington state, thanks so much.

Oh, thank you, Scott. Have a great day.

And we contacted the Department of Justice for comment on Mr.  Ferguson's remarks about Attorney General Sessions. We have yet to receive a response.

turn 0 : (1) The actual meaning of turn (1) is different from its literal meaning, as it implies that the speaker is ready to defend their state against any legal challenges from the Trump administration and has a track record of success in litigation against them, indicating a confident and confrontational approach.

How does turn 0 reflect Attorney General Bob Ferguson's approach towards defending his state against legal challenges from the Trump administration?

Answer: Confrontational


What is - let's start with this. What is your personal collection to the work and the images in this book?

Well, to me this was a labor of love. I've been living in the U. S. I came back to England. It's my homeland. I came back to London, my home city, and I felt that the culture of the young black people in particular here were suffering from a kind of deficit, historically speaking.

There were younger people in my neighborhood who were bereft of history, who took their idea of themselves from watching their kind of generic hip-hop video material that they got from the video screen rather than really inquiring into the particular history and experience of our communities in this country.

As I looked at the book, I was trying to find a theme, and I don't know if I found one or not. What was, in your view, the major trends or themes that you saw unfolding over the century that are depicted in these photographs?

turn 2 : "bereft of history" is a figurative expression meaning "lacking a sense of connection to one's cultural or historical roots"

What does the figurative expression "bereft of history" mean?

Answer: Lacking


In the meantime, what does this mean for the elections in Afghanistan?

It certainly doesn't say anything good. The government, you know, keeps saying that it's planning to protect the polls, that it will protect the polls, that it's sending out - I think, 70,000 defense security personnel will be deployed across the country to protect the polls. But it's also said that it's going to have to shut down - almost a third of polling places that were used in previous elections will not be open because they don't feel they can protect them. So that's a pretty strong admission of the limited ability of defense forces. So this has been a violent season, and I don't think anybody expects it to become less so.

That's Pamela Constable of The Washington Post. She spoke to us from Kabul.

Thank you so much for sharing your reporting.

turn 1 : It doesn't actually speak, but it it does mean that nothing good comes from the information.

Answer: Polling


Well, there's a big argument in the United States about this. There's one group of folks who think that engagement policy failed. We engaged with China from 1979 until about 2013 when Xi Jinping came into power. And the idea of engagement was that coevolution was in the American interest as well as in China's interest. And you could bring China along to be a responsible player to some degree.

Many hardliners in the United States government - and outside and including in the expert community - now claim that engagement was a sucker's game and that we have raised up a tiger which could now devour us. But there are different schools of thought about this, and many of us think that we still need to engage with China, albeit more strategically.

That image of raising a tiger that will devour us is very dramatic. Is that what we're talking about here?I mean, like, one or the other will triumph?

I don't think so. I'm actually borrowing from a Chinese phrase - (speaking Chinese) - you don't want to raise up a baby tiger because it grows up. But again, there are people like Steve Bannon and the Committee for the Present Danger: China, which now claim that China is an existential threat to the United States. And they're also claiming that the United States cannot coexist with the Chinese Communist Party, despite the fact that we've been doing so at least since 1949.

turn 3 : There are some groups who see China as a threat, but not everyone agrees with this assessment.

What is the Chinese phrase that PersonA is borrowing from?

Answer: Baby


I think that they're at peace with it now. And we're at peace with each other. But that took - you know, that took a lot of time.

So we've already talked a bit about how the cello is this character in your life. And I want to talk about how it functions throughout this album. Let's listen to the song "Poor Fake. "

(Singing) Don't matter where you are, it'll catch right up to you. You can try to resist the feeling, set the canvas in my blues.

So cello, you know, it isn't an instrument I think of playing a huge role in pop songs. But it does play a huge role in this song and throughout other songs on the album.

turn 1 : The cello plays an important role in the album despite not being a typical instrument in pop music.

What instrument stands out in the album?

Answer: Cello


And to tell you the truth, I still feel so very, very sorry for that little girl, you know, for her utter helplessness. And that has made me really empathize with children and with situations where human beings become like children in terms of becoming utterly helpless. If anything good came out of that incident, was realizing that you need to empathize with these situations, and you need as much as it is in your power to try and prevent such things happening, not just child molestation, but being put in a position where you have no choice.

I mean, it's interesting that your previous book was ostensibly about the book "Lolita. "

Yeah, you're right.

Well, I'm just wondering, I mean, do you see yourself personally in Lolita?

turn 1 : B is suggesting that the topic of child molestation in A's previous book might be related to A's personal experiences, given the similarities to the themes in Lolita

Which book is mentioned in the dialogue that PersonB implies may have a connection to PersonA's personal experiences?

Answer: Lolita


Pat and Gina are fun, folksy and family oriented. Pat started our chat by telling me how it all got started.

First of all, I was 23 years of age, and I always felt like, even back then, that the best thing I had going for me was my age, and the worst thing I had going for me was my age. Because I was young enough to make mistakes, yet, at the same time, I was going to be young enough to recover from them.

So, you know, it was a very, very gutsy move because he and I, we didn't have a quarter. And I'm sure you're saying, well, how did you open up a restaurant without any money?Well, my grandmother, who was in her 90s, was gracious enough and had enough faith and confidence in us to use her house as collateral, and we took out a small 20,000 dollar loan, opened up a 2,000-square-foot restaurant in 1988.

And, the first day we opened, we were dead broke. We didn't have a cash register. There were so many things that we didn't have that I wouldn't dare try to open up a restaurant in today's time without. But in less than the two years - we leased the building for two years - in two years, not only had we paid my grandmother her money back, but we had saved 40,000 dollars. And we took that money and used it as a down payment and purchased our first restaurant.

turn 2 : Using "a quarter" to mean money is a non-literal meaning.

Which word has a non-literal meaning in turn 2?

Answer: quarter


Our hope is that the cessation of violence is imperative if there is to be some semblance of normalcy in the election. If this rate of violence continues, then certainly there is no way we can have a free and fair election. We are hoping that when the various delegations of observers start arriving, we may see a decline into these violent activities of the regime and these rogue elements.

You have worked now with MTV to do PSAs that call for a free and fair election. Why did you decide to work with MTV on this?

Well, you know that the background actually started as some form of informal contact, then it developed into a contact with Dispatch group. So Dispatch, which is a youthful band, staged this concert on Zimbabwe. And we are now - I was in New York, I had a meeting with them, and that's how our relationship has developed.

Do you think that global youth, people not just in Zimbabwe, but, you know, in all the different places around the world that, for example, might plug in to public service announcement like this, or just people who are young and are listening to music and, you know, going online for their news, do you think that they can help advocate for the free and fair elections in Zimbabwe?

turn 3 : Young people globally can advocate for free and fair elections

Which demographic can advocate for free and fair elections globally?

Answer: Youth


It's far worse than that. The assumption that Social Security numbers were compromised was there at the beginning, but, you know, OPM has sort of slow-rolled how bad this really is. And what has been compromised includes security clearance information, background investigation information for millions of past and present employees across the U. S.  government, including the Pentagon and the intelligence community. This is really, really bad.

And, potentially, how could this information be used?

Well, this is very personal information, as anyone who's ever had a security clearance could tell you. This involves - especially at the higher levels of classification that are needed - very detailed personal information about lifestyle habits, anything you've done wrong - things you probably wouldn't want other people to know about, frankly - if you've had addiction issues, financial problems, marital problems, partner problems.

So it could be used to blackmail a federal employee. . .

turn 3 : implies that this sensitive information could be used by malicious individuals to blackmail federal employees.

How could malicious individuals potentially use the compromised information?

Answer: Blackmail


Right.

. . . Little inspiration pieces.

A road map.

Yeah, a little road map. You know, you want to make a right out of nowhere. . .

turn 3 : when A says "You know, you want to make a right out of nowhere," they are not talking about a physical right turn while driving. Here, "make a right out of nowhere" implies taking an unexpected or unconventional action without a clear plan or prior indication. It suggests being spontaneous or inventive in finding a solution or approach.

Which word in the dialogue suggests being spontaneous or inventive in finding a solution or approach?

Answer: inventive


Jeffrey Dahmer in Milwaukee.

Right and Ted Bundy in Florida. I mean, if you look at the serial killers, the majority of them that abused animals prior to turning on humans - and even one admitted, I did it to see how the animal would die before I killed a human. It's just - it's amazing. School shooters, Pearl, Miss. , and Columbine, they all abused animals and killed animals prior to their shooting spree. So it's - the data's there and it's not just guesswork. It's actual documented data.

You've been a law enforcement professional. Are there people who say the last thing I need is more paperwork, more data?

Yeah, here's the thing. Law enforcement really hasn't grasped this problem yet. If you look back in the early '70s when domestic violence came up and how the laws changed and then law enforcement would go, say, well, if the woman's getting beat, why she won't leave the house?Well, we didn't understand. We'd understand the dynamics of domestic violence, and as that whole thing changed, it got better. And if you look at animal abuse right now, it's - can follow the same timeline. You can always - bet you it's within years that it's going to be the same timeline. You have to get - in order for this problem to be solved, you're going to have to get the legislators to create the laws, you're going to have to get law enforcement to enforce the laws, you're going to have to get prosecutors to prosecute and judges to convict.

turn 3 : The speaker is suggesting that, similar to the evolution of laws and attitudes towards domestic violence, there needs to be a similar shift in the understanding and treatment of animal abuse. This implies that the speaker believes that animal abuse should be taken seriously and treated as a potential indicator of violent behavior, and that there needs to be a comprehensive effort involving legislators, law enforcement, prosecutors, and judges to address this issue.

What is the PersonA's proposed solution to address the issue of animal abuse?

Answer: Comprehensive


My father believed the world was divided between those who were mentally and physically strong and those who were weak and lazy. For this, I had to undergo a physical and psychological training.

Can you tell us about those nights in the cellar?

From the age of 6, I had to spend one night a month in the basement meditating on death. I sat on a stool, alone, in the dark, surrounded by rats. And I had a cardigan with small bells on it. I wasn't allowed to let the bells tinkle, as it meant that I was moving. It was one of his exercises.

There are just too many instances of abuse and cruelty to recount - I mean, the way he didn't turn on the heat, the way he made you bathe in his dirty water. He said he gave you his energy that way or something.

turn 1 : My father was trying to instill a sense of superiority and strength in me by contrasting the strong and the weak.

What kind of training did the speaker have to undergo?

Answer: Physical


That poem is called "A Flower Song For Maidens Coming Of Age. "It was written in 1440 before European contact in Mexico. And it's from a collection of Mayan poems - extraordinary. Tell me about why this poem resonated for you. It describes a moon ceremony.

It was such an important revelation to have come across this poem. I cried. I cried for two days - the whole week because, as you know, colonization basically eradicated all of our written documentation in the Americas. All of our traditions have been passed down through word of mouth. But to have written documentation that women have been honoring the moon and celebrating their bodies and their transitions, their milestones in this way, I really felt like my ancestors were watching over.

And you wrote in the afterword to this book that you really wanted young women to find their own way to connect with their roots. Why?

Well, I think it's important for any person, really, but young girls in particular who come from marginalized communities to find their - not only their roots but the meaning and the legacy of wisdom and power that comes from those traditions. And Celi, because she's bicultural and multiracial, she has all of these beautiful intersections happening that I really tried to play up in the novel because I wanted children that are just like Celi, who are multiracial and bicultural, to see themselves and their hybridity in all of its beauty and all of its power.

turn 1 : The person implies that they cried all week. Actually they are just implying that they were emotionally affected for days by the poem.

How long did the person cry for after reading the poem?

Answer: days


Yeah.

And he's been the finance guy. We just don't know that yet. But I think, you know, if it turns out that he is cooperating or does get fuller immunity, he really could turn out to be an enormously important part of this investigation.

After Michael Cohen pleaded guilty and implicated the president, we saw a tweet from President - in an interview, Trump said flipping almost ought to be illegal. Fair to say that the cases couldn't be made without getting people to flip?

Absolutely. I mean, there's no question. And we often see people who are convicted of crimes where there are cooperators - say, you know, you shouldn't be allowed to do this. That itself should be a crime. But the reality is that in order to prove a lot of cases, particularly very serious cases, we need to have someone who's in the room when all the action happens, when the crime happens or who's involved in transactions or murders or whatever who can tell the story. And so it's essential to have that voice.

turn 2 : People do not physically flip. They change their positions on issues.

Which action does Trump say should almost be illegal?

Answer: Flipping


Good morning.

Many of us didn't think it would happen but the two delegations finally sat down face to face. Tell us about the dynamics in the negotiating room today and what you're expecting.

What we heard from media sources that the meeting kicked off 15 minutes late. Every detail was negotiated. The delegates enter from different doors. There are no flags in the room but they can wear their flag pins. It's been decided which side of the table they'll sit on, how far apart. And as we heard from the U. N.  negotiator, Lakhdar Brahimi, it's the most inaccessible room within the United Nations compound here in Geneva. The delegations - they won't talk directly to each other. Brahimi will be in the middle and they'll address him. The only thing common to all of them is language. Everybody at the table speaks Arabic. But aside from that, they are very far apart. They're there because both sides were under intense pressure from the U. S.  and Russia not to walk out.

Well, as you said, at least they are in the same room. What are they talking about today?What's the goal?

turn 3 : The literal meaning of "What are they talking about today? What's the goal?" is asking for information about the subject matter and objectives of the negotiations. However, the implied meaning is that the speaker is expressing skepticism about the likelihood of any productive outcome from the negotiations, given the difficult dynamics described in the previous turn. The speaker is implying that the negotiations seem to be more about appearances than substance, and that there may not be a clear goal or path forward.

What is the implied meaning of PersonB's question in turn 3?

Answer: Implied


It doesn't want to concede to American pressure because it fears that if it concedes under pressure, that's going to project weakness and invite even more pressure. And so for that reason, you've seen, rather than Iran capitulating or compromising, they've begun escalating. But I think the endgame for both sides is - there's really no alternative to coming back to the negotiating table.

And there has been a string of headlines from the region involving Iran in recent weeks. This incident with the British tanker, of course, comes right after the U. S.  says it brought down an Iranian drone. Of course, Iran disputes that version of events. How connected are these events?

They're all interconnected. And essentially, the Trump administration's policy toward Iran has been to subject Iran to significant economic pressure and sanctions in the hopes that either Iran will come to the negotiating table and capitulate over its nuclear program or - I think there's some folks in the Trump administration, like national security adviser John Bolton, who would like to see the implosion of the Iranian regime.

And what Iran has done in response - Iran's supreme leader has been ruling for 30 years, and he's become pretty adept at these escalatory cycles. And he's adept at waving both the white flag of diplomacy and the black flag of radicalism and escalation. So on one hand, he sent his chief diplomat - Iranian Foreign Minister Javad Zarif - he was recently in New York City, and he met with a lot of Western journalists. And he was talking about Iran wanting to pursue dialogue and diplomacy.

turn 3 : There are no actual flags, the leader is adept at diplomacy and attacking others.

Which aspect of the leader's skills is highlighted in turn 3?

Answer: A


Well, I've spent my whole life - as a entrepreneur, as a mayor, as a governor - building teams, assembling talent. We've been able to accomplish things again and again that people didn't think we could do. We got to almost universal health care in Colorado. We did the methane regulations I described. We beat the NRA with tough new gun laws. This is all through that collaborative effort of building a team and getting things done. That's very different than the legislative process.

Has Chuck Schumer called you and urged you to run for Senate?

(Laughter) I've talked to Chuck Schumer, who is one of the most persuasive people, and I have more admiration for how he does his job than words can express.

You're running as a centrist, even as much of the Democratic Party is moving to the left. How do you plan to sell your ideas to an increasingly progressive party?

turn 3 : B questions A's ability to appeal to a progressive party

Which party is PersonB referring to when questioning PersonA's ability to appeal to a more progressive group?

Answer: Democratic


So they set up a system of community courts - without lawyers - to sort of repurpose a system that really had only been used for small claims mitigation in traditional Rwanda, called gacaca, and have open, communal - what we might call a town hall - format for trials. And then the idea was to hold people accountable and have a system of punishment. And this system banked very heavily on encouraging confession and rewarding it. But the confessions were supposed to be also verified by the community.

And what was the specific role of the victims or their surviving family members?They had to be there. And then, after verifying a certain account, were they expected to then make a public state of forgiveness or reconciliation?

They weren't necessarily in a position to verify. Many of them knew that so-and-so was always said to have killed their family members. But they weren't direct witnesses because, by virtue of their survival, that usually meant that they were either somewhere else or well-hidden or had escaped or. . .

Not present, yeah.

turn 2 : Survivors of the genocide did not have direct knowledge of the crimes committed against their family members.

Which group of people lacked direct knowledge of the crimes committed?

Answer: Survivors


Because he is speaking about African Americans. And he used such derogatory terms. And to even say that not even humans want to live there hurts so many people because he is challenging their very humanity based on the color of their skin. The negativity, the disregard is a problem and should always be addressed and called out.

The statistician Nate Silver tweeted out some facts about Maryland's 7th District, which includes Baltimore and some of the surrounding suburbs. And he says it's the second wealthiest and second most well-educated majority black district in the country. Why do you think President Trump singled out this district?

Facts don't matter for this guy, OK?He sees people of color, and he describes them in the most derogatory terms. So he's hitting back at Cummings or trying to bully him just because he sits on this particular committee that is actually doing their job in investigating some of the things that are - been happening in this current administration.

The House Oversight Committee.

turn 0 : to call someone out means to challenge someone, be it on their beliefs or if they are bullying someone

How did PersonA describe the terms used by President Trump towards African Americans?

Answer: Derogatory


After Army Private First Class Brian Orolin returned from Afghanistan in 2011, his wife, Donna, could tell something wasn't quite right. He became paranoid. He suffered constant headaches and would isolate himself in his bedroom with the lights dimmed. And then on November 19, Brian left his wife and two children in Spring, Texas. He has been missing ever since.

At StoryCorps, Donna Orolin remembered the day he returned from Afghanistan.

He was literally the last person off the plane, and he was just so excited to see his daughters. I dressed the girls up and put little bows in their hair with his unit on them. And I put a sign out front that said welcome home, Specialist Orolin. He just couldn't wait to be dad - husband again, but then, things were different.

We used to hold hands all the time before he left. When he came back, he didn't like to be touched, so I had to remind myself to not rub his back, not sneak up behind him and give him hugs. And pretty much his sense of purpose was gone. He would say that he was just going to go away somewhere some day and disappear, and we'd never find him.

turn 3 :  implies Donna was trying to remain supportive of Brian, despite his lack of interest in physical contact.

What was one thing Donna had to remind herself not to do after Brian returned from Afghanistan?

Answer: Rub


So, do think we will see these two again?Do you think Lisicki will get another chance?

Well, I think she will. I think she'll have other chances, and it was very, very sweet of Marion Bartoli to say that during the trophy presentation, that she had no doubt that Sabine Lisicki would be back. But once again, the one thing we know about sports is we don't know anything; is that you have no idea who's going to be back, and if you think that next year is your year, you just don't know. And, obviously, with the competition being what it is, let's - you think Serena Williams is sitting at home right now thinking, oh, well, I won't be back. Of course she'll be back. Maria Sharapova will be back. Victoria Azarenka will be back. There are a lot of great young players. Sloan Stephens, the American, will be a huge contender for championships to come.

So, that's the reason why so many professional athletes will tell you, when you're on stage, when it's your moment, you've got to take it because you don't know when that moment's coming again, if it ever does.

Now, the big moment has come for Andy Murray and, of course, the hopes of all Britain are riding on him. He plays Novak Djokovic. What do you think's going to happen?

turn 2 :  The actual meaning of this turn is that professional athletes should take advantage of the opportunities they have and make the most of them, because they may not get the same opportunity again.

What is the reason that professional athletes should take advantage of the opportunities they have?

Answer: Uncertainty


WHYY.

Excellent. And tell us a little bit about your situation. You wrote that you are a member of the sandwich generation. What does that mean?

Well, it means that I'm taking care of children, and I'm also taking care of an elderly mother.

So, you've got a lot of expenses. How are you coping with those expenses right now?

turn 2 : The speaker is facing financial difficulties due to caregiving responsibilities.

What is the cause of the PersonA's financial struggle?

Answer: Caregiving


What happens to a city when a whole bunch of its residents get really rich really quickly?A lot of people in San Francisco are worried about that right now. The city's in the middle of a tech IPO boom. Lyft and Pinterest went public earlier this year. Stock in Uber begins trading tomorrow. Other big names plan to follow. And that means thousands of new millionaires in a city that's already one of the least affordable in the country. This week, Gordon Mar, who serves on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, proposed a new payroll tax targeting IPOs. He says the tech boom of the past decade has been good for San Francisco, but there are downsides.

We've seen growing traffic congestion and gridlock on our streets due to the huge influx of new workers here in our city. We've seen a growing housing crisis, housing affordability crisis, to the point where the median rent right now for a one-bedroom apartment is $3,500 a month.

Unbelievable.

Yeah. And then sort of related to this, our homelessness crisis - tens of thousands of our community members continue to live unsheltered on the streets due just to the growing economic divide here in our city.

turn 3 : "economic divide" is a metaphorical expression used to refer to the growing gap between the wealthy and the poor in San Francisco. The term "divide" implies a separation or gap between two things, but in this context, it is not meant to be taken literally.

How is the term "economic divide" used in the dialogue?

Answer: Gap


I was listening back to some of the pieces that you've done in the past couple of months as we prepare for this broadcast. One of the things that China may have to change is the role of its banks. Banks like to take very few risks if possible, and that means investing in those big state-owned industries that have - well, they may not be spectacular returns anymore, but they are reliable.

Yeah. The banks do extremely well. You and I could sit back and run those banks and be very, very wealthy, though, communist.

The government sets the interest rates and so the banks can make a lot money. And if you're a Chinese person, you can't really get much of your capital out of the country. So where else are you going to put it?

One of the problems with the banks is that they tend to invest in state-owned enterprises. It's kind of part of their job, and it's less risky. But most of the jobs in China are really produced by private enterprise, as they are here in the United States. And it's much harder for them to get capital. So people are, in many ways, feelings that the economy is out of whack in a number ways and that there need to be some serious changes. The government knows this, but there are now very strong vested interests in state-owned enterprises and the banks. And so getting that done is not going to be easy politically.

turn 1 : The banks are profitable, but the speaker is critical of their communist policies

How does the speaker feel about the banks' policies?

Answer: broke


We're going to set our clock here in our studio for a minute, OK?Please begin, Mr.  MacLeod, in three, two, one. . .

Which country and western singer has the worst hearing?Dolly Pardon. Which country and western singer will let you stay at the house?Kenny Lodgers. I spent a whole year trying to get into classical music. It took the Four Seasons. What's the best way to break up a tractor?A John Deere-alator. What do you call a woman with jam on her head?Marge. Doctor, doctor, I can't stop stealing your furniture. Please, take a seat. My new racehorse can only run in the dark. It's a nightmare. Went to Pete Sampras' restaurant yesterday. Served very quickly. I didn't last long walking on hot coals with the Kings of Leon. My salt's on fire. I heard a sad story about dropping a wedding cake. It ended in tiers. I hoped to complete my new spice rack this morning but I couldn't find the thyme. What did Aladdin have with his cup of tea?Jafar cakes. I went to an earthquake restaurant for lunch. The waiters keep moving your plates. Doctor, doctor, my invisibility meds is wearing off. I'll see you shortly. What do you call a man surrounded by beef stock?Stew. Where's the best play in New York to do multiplication?Times Squared.

Oh. All right. We let you go a little bit over a minute. Sixteen jokes by my count. Some of them were pretty funny.

They're all original jokes, I have to say. I don't think they're particularly good, but they don't have to be good. They only have to be quick.

turn 3 : Mr. MacLeod is expected to tell a series of jokes quickly.

What is the expectation from Mr. MacLeod?

Answer: Jokes


I think that's a - sometimes an oversimplification. But, you know, there's a bit of a creep factor now, to put it in the plainest terms. You click agree and maybe, you know, ads follow you around the net or - that's sort of the mildest form of these things. But in the sort of worst-case scenario, as you said, you know, your data might be sold in sort of an unethical way. We're all a little bit more wary, at least over here, about that kind of thing.

Over here in contrast to where?

Well, in contrast to other parts of the world. I would say what I saw at CES, which tends to favor big companies like Samsung, like LG, Sony - you know, obviously, are based mostly in Asia - the conversation around privacy there - it hasn't quite penetrated in the same way, at least by my reckoning from what I saw at CES because - I'll give you one example.

LG - they talked very highly about its smart home sort of platform, that all these devices have a connection to the Internet and they're using their sensors to kind of learn your preferences and better tailor what they can do for you. That all sounds good until you kind of realize, well, by definition, what they're doing is profiling you.

turn 3 : People in other parts of the world are not as aware of the risks associated with data profiling.

How are people in other parts of the world aware of data profiling risks?

Answer: Awareness


Good to be with you, Scott.

So who came out of that debate looking strong as we look ahead to Iowa?

What about all the time he had to spend, though, going back and forth about whether he's even eligible to run for president?

turn 2 : Two people in particular, Trump and Cruz, Donald Trump and Ted Cruz. Trump is no longer the dominating personality that he was, but he's still the name leading in national polls and in most of the early states. Cruz, though, is the central figure in this particular debate if only because he was the object of most of the attacks from the other candidates. And he is masterful at slipping the punch, changing the subject, turning the criticism back onto others.  In this turn, the actual meaning goes beyond the literal meaning. The speaker is not simply providing a factual description of the debate and the candidates, but they are also implying that Trump's dominance has diminished, although he still leads in polls. They also suggest that Cruz's ability to deflect criticism and turn it against others makes him a significant figure in the debate. The implied meaning is about the shifting dynamics and strategies of the candidates and their relative strengths.

Which two candidates are mentioned in turn 2 as being significant in the debate?

Answer: Trump,Cruz


Mountain guerilla killings in Central Africa have reached an all-time high.

Current fighting among the Congolese military and rebels has caused park rangers and other locals to flee the area, ultimately leaving one of the world's most endangered animals seemingly unprotected. These killings reached deep into the economy, the local community and the environment.

For more, we are joined now by Craig Sholley. He is a senior director at the African Wildlife Foundation and former director of Rwanda's Mountain Gorilla Project. Craig, nice to have you on the show.

Very nice to be here, Tony. Thank you.

turn 1 :  "leaving one of the world's most endangered animals seemingly unprotected" is a turn whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning. The phrase "seemingly unprotected" suggests that there may be some protection for the animal, but it is not clear or uncertain. The literal meaning would be that there is absolutely no protection for the animal.

Which word in the turn "leaving one of the world's most endangered animals seemingly unprotected" suggests uncertainty?

Answer: Seemingly


So this new leader - when he took over, what kind of things did he change?

He upped all the stakes, really. He decided that the Brethren were not being hardline enough, that they weren't being separate enough. And he enforced the rule that if you had a teenager in your house who had been raised in the Brethren but was not yet breaking bread - i. e. , fully compliant - you couldn't eat with them. You couldn't eat with non-Brethren outside. You couldn't go to the cinema or have radios or television or newspapers.

So effectively, he not only separated off the Brethren from all contact with the outside world - you know, they might have been able before to have worked for non-Brethren. Now they had to work for other Brethren. And there was a great deal more compliance and surveillance as well. There's a lot of mass confessions. There are a lot of punishments for noncompliant behavior.

Now, you mention you were born into it. And your father wasn't just part of it. He was a high-ranking leader. How high did his influence go?

turn 2 :  the speaker is not talking about physical separation but rather a more metaphorical one in which the Brethren are cut off from the outside world in terms of their beliefs and practices. The mention of working only for other Brethren and mass confessions also indicate a more metaphorical level of control and surveillance.

Which level of control and surveillance is indicated by the mention of working only for other Brethren and mass confessions?

Answer: Compliance.


Oh, it was amazing. It was phenomenal. For comedians, we don't really have many prestigious things. We don't have the Olympics. We don't have an all-star game. We don't have - so there's very few milestones you can achieve as a stand-up comedian, and being on a late-night talk show, especially "The Tonight Show," which goes back to the Carson days, I mean, that's - that is what you strive for, you know?

So it was amazing to come out and do that. Although it was funny, I mean that wasn't my lifelong dream because I didn't even know about that. So people ask me, they go, was that - well, I mean, this must have been your dream since you were a child. I go, no, no. Actually, my dream when I was child was to be free and just to get more candy. That's really all I wanted. So. . .

They go together.

Yeah. Leno came much later on. That was - but it was an amazing, amazing time, being on the show.

turn 1 : "my dream when I was a child was to be free and just to get more candy." - The speaker is using humor to downplay the idea that appearing on a late-night talk show was their lifelong dream. They are implying that their childhood dream was much simpler and less ambitious than what they have achieved as an adult.

Answer: Free,candy


Good morning, Scott. You're going to have to work on your inflection if you want a new job.

Uh - (mumbling). Want a new job?Did you hear something. . .

ESPN.

OK.

Answer: something


Yeah. The embassy guards, it's kind of a, you know, a misperception. In any embassy they essentially protect the chancellery in the embassy and the ambassador's residence itself, and particularly to, you know, you get them into a safe place if there is an attack or to - and if that fails, to destroy the classified material and so forth.

They're not responsible for the overall external or internal security of the embassy compound per se. They can augment that and they have if necessary, but there is a diplomatic security mission that does that sort of thing, and then - obviously which didn't happen on this case. You're hoping that you've got a competent external protection from the host nation, which is responsible for the safety of the entire compound.

We're talking with retired Marine Colonel Gary Anderson about lessons learned from before and during the attack in Benghazi. You're listening to TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News.

And any number of recommendations were made by the Pickering Mullen report. As you look at those, are they going to address the kinds of interagency communications problems that you're worried about?

turn 0 : Embassy guards are not responsible for the overall security of the embassy compound.

How are embassy guards responsible for the security of the embassy compound?

Answer: Not