Hey, Tony.

So, a recent New York Times article detailed Oprah Winfrey's growing influence, I should say, in Saudi Arabia, of all places. What's that about?

Well, yeah. "The Oprah Show" first broadcast in Saudi Arabia in November 2004, and it became an instant hit with women 25 and younger in that country, according to the Times. Now, the article reads, in a country where the sexes are separated, Ms.  Winfrey provides many young women with new ways of thinking without striking them, or Saudi Arabia's ruling authorities as subversive. So, you know, Oprah, love her or hate her, is always a flash point for conversation. And on our blog, Jessica writes, it's amazing to see a down to earth black woman from Mississippi appeal to so many different people here in the U. S.  and in other countries. Another reader named Zakita Jones(ph) says, I'm awed at how fast different forms of globalization are taking off and reaching other countries, but Candice James(ph) writes, Oprah works my last nerve. Saudi Arabia can have her!

Speaking of women's issues, another hot topic on our blog this week, women who are choosing to be single mothers. What's been the response?

turn 1 : Oprah Winfrey's popularity in Saudi Arabia is unexpected.

Which country did "The Oprah Show" first broadcast in November 2004 and become an instant hit with young women under 25?

Answer: SaudiArabia.


Yeah, I don't think there's been a response to it yet - not that I've seen. And I guess, you know, it puts a cloud on it. The special relationship was given a boost by the birth of Meghan's and Prince Harry's baby. And that was seen as sort of a good omen ahead of this visit, unfortunately, now is being, obviously, overshadowed by what Donald Trump has said. That may be a prelude to what he may say about other people here.

And I think the concern is that Donald Trump will use this and kind of abuse the invitation. He'll be given all the kind of welcome that he can expect in a royal visit. But is he going to return the favor, or is he going to bring up these tricky diplomatic issues, which are kind of flies in the ointment in the relationship as it currently stands?

So, Dominic, what I'm hearing from you is that there's a great deal of apprehension from the actual government that invited him. So is anything likely to come out of this trip that might be beneficial to the United Kingdom?

Well, if you talk to diplomats that - and their answer is that these state visits are hugely important. But in the background, there's a lot of sort of diplomatic nitty-gritty going on. There's a lot of business deals being made. And the hope is that this continues to cement that relationship, which we're told is greater than the sort of personal relationship currently in the heart of it.

turn 3 : "Cement" is figurative, not literal. It refers to making the relationship healthy for a longer period of time.

How does the term "cement" in turn 3 refer to the relationship between the United Kingdom and the United States?

Answer: Healthy


And, my gosh, you've had an interesting careers.

Well, I did science at school, largely, when I was a teenager and I became a doctor. I did five years medical school and became a doctor and was terrified for every single second of my medical career. I'd seemed to emerge from medical school with a qualification but nevertheless, I seemed to know nothing and was so scared and. . .

(Laughter) Forgive me, I'm so glad I didn't blunder into your practice.

Well, do you know, patients liked me 'cause I was really jolly and nice and what they didn't realize is they'd probably been much better off with some mumbling introvert who actually knew something. And in fact, I dreaded it. And my only happy day as a doctor was one sunny summer day where we got no admissions at all and I sat on the lawn outside the hospital and read "The Longest Journey" by E.  M.  Forster. That was the only happy day, and in the end, I didn't go back. And I thought, well, what could I do?I'm not qualified for anything else. I thought, the only thing I've done is comedy. And I applied for and got a job with BBC Light Entertainment in radio.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of euphemisms, understatement, or hyperbole may be intended to soften or intensify the impact of their words, or to convey a subtle subtext or implication.

What literary device did the speaker possibly use in their words?

Answer: soften


Good morning, Ira.

Good morning to you. What evidence do you cite?What evidence is there that human intelligence is slowly declining?

Well, you know, there are a few things I'd like to say I guess at the onset, and you referred to them in your introduction, and that is any genetically based decay in intelligence is extremely slow. And so we should never be able to detect it by comparisons to people within generations existing right now on the Earth.

Rather, what we see is what you mentioned, an actual, probably recent, increase in intellectual ability. We know that our students are the brightest in generations. They score higher on tests than students ever have before. They take more complex courses earlier and accomplish more. So there's all these reasons to believe that at least recently what we see is an actual increase in intellectual ability.

turn 2 : Genetically-based decay in intelligence is extremely slow, we cannot detect it in existing generations.

Which ability has shown an actual increase recently according to A?

Answer: Intellectual


My God, the gratitude will be endless.

Now it's interesting what you're saying because, you know, your writing is so rooted in the Dominican community of New Jersey, specifically New Jersey is a very, you know, specific group of people. And, you know, the character, Yunior, who you have written about in your books, he's a smart, nerdy, bookish kid who I always think is maybe a little bit like yourself.

And I wonder what it's like to grow up in that community as a bookish kid, as I imagine you were, and then suddenly get an award like this, suddenly be declared a genius, suddenly have the freedom to, as they say, explore whatever you want to explore. Tell me about that journey for you, that personal journey.

Well, I mean, it bears repeating. I'm an immigrant. My father was an undocumented immigrant. I come from a community, a Dominican community that's part of a larger Latino community. And listen, you don't have to be a particularly awake person to know that for the last couple years, immigrants, Latinos and folks who have anything to do with undocumented immigration, have been just demonized by our politicians.

turn 0 : A is very grateful and thankful, but the gratitude is not actually endless

Which emotion is PersonA feeling despite expressing gratitude in turn 0?

Answer: Grateful


Absolutely. I played hockey starting when I was 3, 4 years old, loved to go see the Canucks here in my hometown and, you know, certainly not only saw a lot of fights but kind of internalized the message that they were inherently good and valuable to the game of hockey.

And what happened that changed your view of the fighting?

So I went to a junior hockey game here in Vancouver. And it was just a regular night out with the boys, Friday night, drinking some beers, sat down in my seventh row seat. And it was one of those games where the gloves beat the puck to the ice. So there's a fight before the game even starts. And the crowd rises up around me. There's this guttural thunder. You hear it. And usually I would have been right there kind of cheering it along or not really paying it much mind.

But for some reason in that moment, I really zoned in on the two players' faces, and in that moment realized they're just children, and had to ask myself in that moment, what are we doing?We're 10,000 adults in a big room cheering for two kids to pulverize each other's faces. And I looked at the program, indeed - 16 and 17 years old. I've never been able to look at fighting the same since. But it would be a lie to say that there aren't a lot of people who are hockey fans who sincerely love this practice and this tradition.

turn 0 : The person believed that fighting was good and valuable for hockey and normal.

What did PersonA internalize about fighting in hockey?

Answer: nice


Californians who are terminally ill can now receive a prescription from their doctor for drugs that will end their life. The End Of Life Option Act passed last year went into effect this week. It allows people that two doctors have said have six months or less to live to receive drugs to end their lives as long as they're found to be mentally competent. The person receiving the drug must give it to themselves.

Lonny Shavelson is a physician and author who's been teaching doctors around the state. He's also started a practice devoted to people who want assistance to end their lives. Dr.  Shavelson joins us now from Berkeley. Thanks very much for being with us.

It's my pleasure. Thanks for having me.

What - and what kind of questions are doctors bringing to you?

turn 2 :  (3) implies that Dr. Shavelson is happy to be invited and is expressing his gratitude.

Which emotion does Dr. Shavelson express towards being invited to the show?

Answer: Gratitude


I do. Did you have to do a lot of reporting?

I did a lot of research. Of course, I'd - as I said, I went to see the monarchs and what that looks like. But I also did a lot of scientific research. I did - I read pretty much everything there is to be read about monarch butterfly migration, monarch parasites, monarch science. I've got all those journals on my desk in giant piles.

And I also - I sought out and gained the friendship of a very great scientist, Dr.  Lincoln Brower, who knows more about monarchs than anyone on the planet. And Dr.  Brower and his wife Dr.  Linda Fink were very helpful to me. You can imagine when I went to them to talk about this idea that I have some trepidation to go to a scientist and say, well, OK. I know that the species that you know everything about have never done this, but what if it did?You know, I didn't know if they. . .

Yeah. I can imagine.

turn 1 : gained the friendship implies making connection and meeting new people

What did Dr. Brower have more knowledge about than anyone else on the planet?

Answer: Monarchs


Microfauna, can't get enough.

Microflora and fauna.

That's right.

Excuse me, I just thought of - wow, and was this something he started out to do, I mean, as a scientist?

turn 2 : The living conditions of workers are terrible and lack privacy and basic necessities

What is lacking in the living conditions?

Answer: Privacy


I think one of the reasons, Tony, that we're seeing so of many of these come to light has, really, nothing to do with the fact that people are being - that this is happening more often so much as it is the fact that people are just paying attention to it more. You know, you watch the news and somebody says, oh, there's a stolen car ring. Now, all of a sudden, everybody's watching for people breaking into cars. Well, people break into cars every day. But when you hear about it on the news, people start paying attention.

There have always been Ponzi schemes. This is not new. This has been going on forever. It has been happening to investors. It'll continue to go on, but we're just aware of because the Madoff scandal was so large and so visible.

You know, it's funny. I was listening to your description of the Ponzi scheme - as our time is running out - and I couldn't help but think that there must be somebody listening to your description who is saying, wow, the stimulus package, that sounds like a Ponzi scheme to me.

The government covering its own losses by printing more money back, which covers losses in which it prints more money. Hey, you know, you could make that - I'm not going to make that argument, but somebody might.

turn 0 : News coverage can cause people to pay more attention to things that were happening anyway.

Answer: More.


Aw. We mentioned that you worked for President George W.  Bush, who advised John McCain. In your circle of friends, people there at the Hoover Institution - without violating any any confidences - your friends and colleagues - is your opinion widely held or are people who ordinarily would support the Republican candidate talking about voting for Hillary Clinton?

I think this is a real time of crisis for Republicans. It's hard for many of my friends to think about supporting Donald Trump. And it's very hard for many of my friends to think about supporting Hillary Clinton. In fact, I would have indulged the luxury of writing in one of my terrific nephews for president if I hadn't seen that the polls during the British referendum were off by 12 points. And my concern that (inaudible) be accurate, and everybody's vote's actually going to count this election.

Kori Schake is a research fellow at the Hoover Institution. She joined us by Skype. Thanks very much.

You're welcome.

turn 1 : "It's hard for many of my friends to think about supporting Donald Trump." This turn is an example of figurative language, where the word "hard" is used to express the idea of difficulty or reluctance. The literal meaning of "hard" is related to physical or tangible things, but in this context, it's used to convey an abstract concept.

How is the word "hard" used in the dialogue?

Answer: Difficulty


And eventually the crowd around him - the crowd of press, kind of got a little bigger. And he sort of looked around and said, maybe this is not something I should be laughing about because, you know, we are in a different age.

Mark, I've got to tell you - this is why I watch the Super Bowl, but I can't watch football during the regular season. It is hard for me to look at those talented athletes and think half of them, if not more, are going to wind up being permanently damaged by what I'm watching them do on the field.

I will tell you, Scott, that the National Football League is very worried about the likes of you and people like you, of which there are many, who are taking a more closer moral look at what they're watching. I mean, football, for many years, has been the great spectacle of American life. Every year, it's, like, 70 or 75 of the most watched television shows in America are almost always football games. We love football.

Having said that, there are a lot more people, and it happens every year. And you have research that comes out every week, it seems, and testimonials from retired players and researched brains from dead players that tell us a little bit more. And as we get smarter, I think the league, you know, has to try to keep up with some kind of rule changes and equipment changes.

turn 1 : Watching football is difficult because of the risk of players being permanently damaged.

Which sport raises concerns about the well-being of players?

Answer: Football


Yeah. I mean, since the first century, it becomes sort of the core element of Christian prayer. Obviously, there's a huge amount of diversity today among different groups of Christians and in antiquity. Likewise, there is a huge amount of variation. But in the Gospel of Matthew and in the Gospel of Luke, it's used to teach Jesus's followers the right way of praying - sort of the model for prayer.

And so why is it that the pope is supportive of the change?I do want to note that it's not that he wrote it. It was approved by the - maybe he did. I don't know. But it was approved by the General Assembly of the Episcopal Conference of Italy last month, and the pope has approved it. But I do understand that he said back in 2017 that he thought the wording should be altered. Why is that?What does he think this new wording does that the old one did not?

Well, the old wording - lead us not into temptation - can imply that God has some hand in leading people into sin or allowing people to sin or tempting them. And so I think the pope is uncomfortable with that idea, which is fair enough.

And now to your view of it because you are an expert in, among other things, the Greek New Testament. So tell me your concern - or is it an objection to it?

turn 2 : When A says 'there's a huge amount of diversity today among different groups of Christians and in antiquity', they mean that different groups of Christians have different prayer practices.

Which gospel teaches Jesus's followers the right way of praying?

Answer: Luke


That was where I really developed my love for music. That was where all the walls and lines between music were just taken down for me when I was a kid because I just loved everything. I couldn't understand why everybody wouldn't listen to a country song, everybody wasn't listening to, you know, Rock n Rolls songs. I thought it was awesome.

Radio's gotten a lot more segregated since then, hasn't it?

Yeah. That's an understatement. I mean, the - today everything is so specialty oriented. It's one kind of music and that's all you get to hear on the radio and, you know, I liked it when I was a kid and you could hear anybody on the radio station as long as it was a good song or a hit.

So you go - you're in Hootie & the Blowfish, you have any number of talents and interests musically. "Learn To Live" is doing so well commercially. Your R&B record did not find quite the same home.

turn 1 : LOVE FOR MUSIC AND RADIO HELPS MORE TO HEAR MUSIC LIKE COUNTRYSIDE MUSIC

Answer: R&B


She let you know.

She let me know, I know. She was born with a perfectly normal heart. So for a whole variety of reasons, it was really special to meet her. You know, going through IVF, it's a very planned and purposeful pregnancy. Like, you're really (laughter) we really had to be committed to the idea that we wanted to be parents. So we're really happy it worked out the way it did.

You know, you reached out. What did you want people to know from your story?

Yeah. That's a good question. I've been asking myself because I haven't talked about my infertility experience very often. But I just had this impulse. There's a lot of taboos around infertility. There's a lot of taboos around talking about being a new mother in any other way besides in glowing terms. And now that I am a new mom and I'm working with other new families, I realize how stressful it is and how normal it is. In the event that someone out there can relate, that's what would be my hope.

turn 1 : "You know, going through IVF, it's a very planned and purposeful pregnancy" - The literal meaning is that the pregnancy was a result of in vitro fertilization (IVF) which is a planned and purposeful process. The actual meaning is that the process of going through IVF is challenging and requires a strong commitment to the idea of becoming parents.

What process did the speaker go through to conceive?

Answer: Commitment


Michael Ben-Ari is his name. He has had links to the outlawed Kahane movement, which calls for expelling Palestinians. And the Supreme Court disqualified him from running in elections because of his racist statements against Arabs. His far-right party is called the Jewish Strength or the Jewish Power party, and it is still running in elections.

Oh. So this one candidate is gone, but that party is still there. Now, how does that affect Benjamin Netanyahu who you wouldn't describe necessarily as far-right but he is absolutely on the right side of the spectrum?

This actually could help Netanyahu in the polls. He has been seen as legitimizing this far-right party. He recently brokered a deal to merge the party with others on the right wing to consolidate votes and to help him win elections. His base is very fired up about the fact that this far-right candidate has been disqualified but that an Arab party is being allowed to run.

Oh, well let's talk about that very briefly, if we can, because we've heard some headlines to that effect - people on the right saying if you elect this center-left coalition, it's going to bring Arabs to power. In what way, if at all, is that true?

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at a deeper or hidden motive or intention behind their actions or words.

Answer: Motive


And this could sound obvious, and this could sound like a no-brainer. But the reality in Mexico is that whenever a journalist is killed, investigators - their first reaction is to always try to find a motive that is not related to journalistic work. So they find any other motive - economic motive or maybe a passion motive, anything except journalistic work because they don't want to admit that they have a problem of press freedom in their hands. But I think in this case it is really obvious why Javier Valdez was killed.

Yeah. This is going to sound naive. But why do you think it's important to do stories like that?I mean, drug cartels - people often prefer just to look the other way - don't they?

Well, yes. But if you don't report on them, then nobody else will. And it is not just the stories about the drug cartels. It is the stories about the consequences that they are unleashing in Mexican public life in every level. I live in a city that, for years, was the turf in a turf war between two drug cartels. And the effects of the violence that they unleashed was devastating for the city because investment never came in. Jobs were not created. Nightlife shut down. People stopped going out on the street. We all started to distrust from one another. Neighborhoods began putting up gates and fences, and so it was really disruptive.

Your newspaper was attacked, wasn't it?

turn 1 : "people often prefer just to look the other way" - the literal meaning is to physically look in another direction, but the actual meaning is to ignore or avoid confronting a difficult or uncomfortable situation.

What is the actual meaning of "people often prefer just to look the other way"?

Answer: Ignore


The opposition and outrage over families seeking asylum being separated from their children at the border of the United States broke open this week. Laura Bush said, our government should not be in the business of warehousing children in converted box stores. President Trump did what he said he couldn't - sign an executive order to stop separations. But how long will that hold, and what will happen with those families who've already been separated?

Erika Pinheiro is an immigration lawyer with a group called Al Otro Lado, the other side. She joins us from Tijuana. Thanks for being with us.

Thanks for having me.

Have you seen a case where parents have been reunited in the United States?

turn 0 : The government of the United States is treating families seeking asylum inhumanely.

What is the opposition over families seeking asylum at the border of the United States?

Answer: Outrage


One of the things that we're looking at is how multicultural Houston is and how many different types of communities live here. Have you seen that change over time?

Yeah, it's become more diverse - more ethnic restaurants coming in onto the scene, more Vietnamese restaurants, more Arabic restaurants, more Japanese restaurants, more Chinese restaurants. Besides that, there has been a great influx of Indian and Pakistani population. So yes, things have changed. One thing hasn't changed. I still don't like sloppy Joes.

(Laughter).

You know.

I hear that you're thinking of retiring.

turn 1 : They mention more diverse as in different cuisines as the narrator points out.

Which aspect of Houston is discussed in the dialogue?

Answer: Multiculturalism.


Yeah?

But that was one that you know, through all the red tape, it actually made it to the record.

So, from an audience standpoint, Miles Davis, it was crazy to see him in the '80s. You know, back to the audience, head down, blow a couple of notes, walk off stage for half hour and come back. What was it like working with him during that time?

Well, during the '80s I think he was passed that. I think it was more like that in the '60s. In the '80s, he was very open. I mean, he was a good friend to me. I spent a lot of personal time with him, you know, at his house and just chatting, and he would paint, you know, and we would just hang out, man. I spent a lot of quality time with him, you know.

You also are into blues, obviously. "The Good Girl Blues" that was the last CD. . .

turn 1 : Discussing the difficulties to get something done despite bureaucracy

Answer: a


I find it interesting that the thing that I think is their signature model, which is the pinching effect, they didn't care about or seem to want to protect that.

It was - so the pinch to zoom, it's something that they've litigated with HTC against, I believe, in the past. They were using - they had a handful of other different user interface features. There's one, double-tap to zoom, so when you double-tap, say, a little article on the New York Times homepage, it'll, you know, expand to take up the full screen.

And that was in the core - the jury agreed that was something they owned.

Correct.

turn 0 : Apple did not protect the feature that is most associated with their product.

Answer: Pinching


Thank you very much for having me.

And let me begin with the set up for a very old joke: How hot is it?

It's so hot, it's not a joke. That's how hot it is. It's - people always - people come out to me, though, and they ask me - since I've been here, they go, well, you must be used to this, right?I mean, you're from Africa. So, I mean, this must be - no, no. No, this is not weather. This is - I'm used to weather. This is an oven, and I'm not enjoying it. It's very hot. So barely surviving, but I'm glad to be here.

You are wearing a t-shirt that has the words nah mean(ph).

turn 0 : having me implies hosting someone or engaging with someone and not referring to owning someone

Answer: Engaging


So when we are forced to cut, we have to decide which is the best way to do it. We can do a shallow cut, like 10 percent 20 percent of the full ration. Or we can do a deep cut if we think the contributions will not be coming in anytime soon. The difficulty with doing a deep cut is that over the longer period, of course, people will become malnourished. Their immune systems will be suppressed. And if the cuts continue, or they're getting absolutely no food from WFP, inevitably, over time, they will fall sick. And, ultimately, many people will perish.

So - I mean, forgive me. It's one thing to make appealing ads that people are in danger of starving to death. What you're saying now is, because there's a crunch for aid, people are in danger of dying slowly.

That's what, in the end, will happen to the most vulnerable. It's the women and the children who will go first. The difficulty about the situation confronting us in 2018, however, is that it comes on the heels of 2017, when the world really pulled itself together, and our donors and donors for other organizations stepped up and provided a lot of funding because we were facing what was said to be the greatest humanitarian needs. . .

Yeah.

turn 0 : (1) is the same as its literal meaning, which is explaining the decision-making process behind cutting rations in a situation where there is a shortage of aid.

What is the danger that people are in due to the crunch for aid mentioned in the dialogue?

Answer: Dying


Where are you right now?

I'm in Columbia, South Carolina.

Now you evacuated on Saturday. Was that because it was mandatory or did you make up your own mind?

I made up my own mind. I figured that at some point it would turn into a mandatory evacuation and I wanted to get ahead of the traffic.

turn 3 : A evacuated on their own accord to avoid traffic.

Which reason prompted PersonA to evacuate?

Answer: traffic


Oh, no.

And I realized that she was checking to make sure it wasn't poisoned. It's the first time I ever lost it. And I found myself just talking through my teeth, saying, you know what?I don't give mind games, and I don't take them. You can take this coffee and drink it or you can throw it in the pot. And then she said to me, oh, honey. It was like she had to hear me at the edge of my capacity to believe it was me. And then she said, oh, honey, the fix I'm in, I can't trust the Lord Jesus Christ right now.

Oh.

I said, Nana, the fix you're in, you really can't trust anybody else (laughter). Like, this - it's not a fix.

turn 1 : "I can't trust the Lord Jesus Christ right now" implies that A is in a serious situation and cannot trust anyone, which is not a good thing.

Which character's grandmother said, "Oh, honey, the fix I'm in, I can't trust the Lord Jesus Christ right now"?

Answer: A


They won't be in the wild, as I understand. It's still under human care but in different circumstances?

Yeah, they'll be in a setting that is, as closely as possible, approximates the natural conditions where dolphins typically live, i. e. , natural seawater, in the ocean, in a setting that has vegetated shorelines and natural bottoms and organisms, you know, plants and animals that would otherwise be found there. But they will be under human care for most likely their entire lives, yes.

Do you anticipate adjustment problems?The aquarium, I guess, is the only home they've ever really known.

They have all known - either all or very - the lion's share of their lives in this kind of setting. And it will be a completely new experience for them. So they need to go through a lot of acclamation, both behaviorally and physiologically, in order to make this transition successfully.

turn 2 : The implications in (3) is that the dolphins may have trouble adjusting to the new environment due to them being used to living in aquariums.

What is the potential challenge for the dolphins in adjusting to their new environment?

Answer: problems


Whichever direction the U. S.  is going, it's clearly not great news for the Europeans, who Iran is very close to their borders. It's just next door in the Middle East. And we've seen what happens in the Middle East doesn't tend to stay there and has direct consequences for the Europeans. So the Europeans have been trying to urge, sadly, unsuccessfully so far, for the U. S.  side to show a bit more pragmatism and realism about what it's expecting from Iran.

At the same time, you have said that Iran knows all the, quote, "red buttons. "Can you talk about what that means and how that can contribute to escalation?

Iran has essentially been living as a neighbor to the United States, if you think about it, for 20 years. Why?Since the invasion of Afghanistan and the invasion of Iraq, which are two big, bordering countries to Iran. . .

Where there is an American troop presence.

turn 0 : The Middle East conflicts have a spillover effect on Europe.

What has been the European response to the U.S. approach towards Iran?

Answer: urge


Yeah. In 1970, the big focus was on pollution. I mean, it was "Silent Spring" with - in 1962 that had triggered the evolution and formation of the modern environmental movement, and that was pollution-oriented. And, well, we've seen since then is a shift to focus on environmental support systems, like the natural systems, like the forests and grasslands and fisheries and so forth, and what's happening to them. And now, of course, climate change is on the issue, and water has become a major issue.

These were not on the agenda in 1970. At that time, it was largely a focus on pollution, and that was at the time when the Cuyahoga River in Cleveland caught fire because there was so much oil and other combustible material there. So it was pollution. Now, it's many things.

It was just a couple of months after that first Earth Day, Congress authorized the creation of the EPA, a federal agency that regulates environmental regulations. The EPA has, of course, become - gone from an agency created with great bipartisan support to one of the most partisan ideas in government.

Yeah. I think the - as I recall, the first head might have been Russell Train. . .

turn 3 : not a physical head, like a head from a body, but the  person in charge of something, the leader of something

Answer: Unclear


President Obama says he wants to close the U. S.  detention center at Guantanamo Bay during his final year in office, just as he said he wanted to close it his first year, too. The president and his supporters say Republicans in Congress prevented him from doing that. But a new book presents original essays from 14 lawyers who represented some of the detainees, and many of those attorneys hold the Obama administration responsible, too.

They say that once in power, the administration found it convenient to have a place in which to park people it suspects of being terrorists without charge or trial. Reportedly, there are now about 80 detainees in Guantanamo. The book is "Obama's Guantanamo: Stories From An Enduring Prison. "It's edited by Jonathan Hafetz associate professor of law at Seton Hall. He joins us from New York. Thanks so much for being with us.

Great to be here.

Seems to be a lot of disappointment and even some anger in this book.

turn 3 : This implies that the book contains criticisms and negative opinions about the Obama administration's handling of Guantanamo Bay detainees.

What is the tone of the book "Obama's Guantanamo: Stories From An Enduring Prison"?

Answer: criticisms


Absolutely. So what the defense may try to do is say, what we're dealing with here is a criminal, a dishonest individual from start to finish. He is being sponsored - his testimony is being sponsored by the government. But you can't trust him. After all, look at all the things he's done. He's stolen, in fact, not only from others but from his own business associate, Mr.  Manafort.

And he gets some kind of consideration for testifying - immunity, right?

Well, what he gets is. . .

Maybe not absolute immunity, but OK, go ahead.

turn 0 : The witness is unreliable because he's a criminal and has stolen. The government is giving him some kind of benefit in exchange for his testimony.

What benefit is the witness receiving for their testimony?

Answer: Benefit


They're very abstract. I talked with Heather Heckman, who's at the University of South Carolina Libraries, and they loaned us some of this Vishniac footage. And she was, like, it's almost like avant-garde film because, you know, you look at these oyster larvae pulsating, and you don't know what they are. They're just - but it's really beautiful.

So we talked - so we learn about Vishniac and also sort of figure out how things have changed since the '50s, '60s and '70s, which is when he was doing his work. And we spoke with Wim van Egmond, who's this Dutch photographer who wins all these Nikon Small Worlds contests. I think people who follow this will know his name. But he makes these beautiful, microscopic videos and videos through the microscope and photos, too.

And they're all one-celled creatures?

Not all of them.

turn 1 : "figure out how things have changed" - this is a figurative expression meaning to understand how the field of microscopy has advanced and evolved since the time of Vishniac's work, rather than a literal physical measurement of change.

How did PersonA describe Vishniac's footage?

Answer: Unconventional


Here to tell us more about that report is the vice chair of the commission, former senator from Missouri, Jim Talent. Welcome to the program, sir. And if you could tell us a bit about this report. It states that the biological threat to this country is greater than the nuclear one. What sort of biological threat are we talking about?

Well, people normally think in terms of like Anthrax, and that's the most visible potential pathogen. There's others that could be used, smallpox, for example. And one of the dangers is that, with DNA synthesizers that are available and dual-use technology all over the world, it's becoming increasingly easy to isolate pathogens, old or new. It's technologically easier to weaponize.

Can you tell me a little bit about how you conducted the research for this report?

We're a follow onto the 9/11 commission, congressionally created, bipartisan. The report was unanimous, and we interviewed hundreds of people who travel all over the world, everywhere from the national labs in Sandia, to London, to Asia, to Russia interviewing people.

And then we all, each of us on the commission, has experience in this area as well. And what Congress wanted was an update on the assessment of the threat and then recommendations about what can be done to reduce it.

turn 1 : The biological threat to the country is a serious concern due to the availability of DNA synthesizers and dual-use technology

How is the biological threat to the country becoming increasingly easier to weaponize?

Answer: Technology


The New York Mets lost 7 to 1 to the Milwaukee Brewers on Wednesday, but the real loser was their mascot, Mr.  Met. Mr.  Met has a huge white baseball of a head dappled with red stitching and embellished with a perpetual grin.

But as he left the playing field Wednesday night, Mr.  Met flipped a middle finger to a group of fans who posted it on Twitter - busted, Mr.  Met. The club apologized, and the team employee in the Mr.  Met costume that night has reportedly not returned. There were reports that fans heckled him, which fans deny.

The Mr.  Mets middle finger controversy poses a physical and philosophical question. Mr.  Met has four fingers on each hand. How can you say that any of them is a middle finger?Anyway, flipping the bird in New York, isn't that just how they say good morning in Queens?

(Singing) Well, everybody's heard about the bird - bird, bird, bird, the bird's the word. Well, bird, bird, bird, bird is the word. Well, bird, bird, bird - the bird is the word. Well, bird, bird, bird, bird is the word. Well, bird, bird, bird - the bird is the word. Well, bird, bird, bird's the word. Well, bird, bird, bird - the bird's the word. Well, bird, bird, bird, bird is the word. Well, bird, bird, bird's the word. Well, don't you know about the bird?Well, everybody knows that the bird is the word. Well, bird, bird, the bird's the word. . .

turn 1 :  (2) The real meaning of the statement is that despite the fans denying that they heckled Mr. Met, the mascot was still held accountable for his actions and the team employee in the costume has not returned.

Answer: Four


So actually - so there have been many deaths from throwing events in track and field, but the javelin does not take up quite as many of those as the shot and disc do. Yeah, there are some pretty gruesome scenes when talking about the javelin injuries. And obviously, you know, getting impaled by a spear is not that good (laughter). But it's far less common than you might think.

So you're writing this paper which you hope will lead to getting the javelin reinstated as a sport. How do you think that'll work?What's going to be in your paper?

Well, there's a lot of things. You know, I think the biggest concerns that coaches have with implementing the event have to do with the injuries due to the javelin hitting somebody. You know, so I'll have to address that and the actual statistics behind it.

But really it's going to be more of a guide on how to implement the javelin and why it's better that it's included as an event in high school track here than not because, you know, I feel like it's just a great opportunity that everybody should have because I was lucky enough to find it through club track. And, you know, my life would be a lot different if I hadn't.

turn 2 : In (3), when A says "I'll have to address that and the actual statistics behind it," the literal meaning would be that A will simply mention the statistics related to injuries caused by the javelin hitting someone. However, the implied meaning is that A will need to address the concerns of coaches regarding the safety of the javelin event and provide evidence to support the claim that the sport can be implemented safely.

How will PersonA address the concerns of coaches regarding the safety of the javelin event in their paper?

Answer: Concerns


As the 2018 NFL season begins, professional football is still the most popular spectator sport in America. But it's declined 10 percent in viewership last year and is beset with tough questions about how the game destroys players while it earns billions of dollars and a continuing controversy over players demonstrating their social and political concerns during the national anthem. A sport once considered a source of national unity now inspires divisions.

Mark Leibovich, The New York Times Magazine correspondent who got the goods on official Washington, D. C. , in his bestselling "This Town," has turned his attention to the National Football League - his new book, "Big Game: The NFL In Dangerous Times. "He's in our studios. Mark, thanks so much for being with us.

Good to be here, Scott.

I have to ask you a hard news question first. An arbitrator ruled this week Colin Kaepernick's grievance against NFL owners could go to trial. He says NFL owners have been colluding to keep him out of the game. Does this case have what I'll call Mueller-like potential?

turn 0 : Professional football is still popular, but it has declined in viewership and raised concerns over players' safety and political protests.

How has professional football been affected in terms of viewership and controversies?

Answer: Viewership


Just quickly, do you think the president will stay on message when he announces this this afternoon?

Well, if past is prologue, often, he gets off message or does not stick to the script. But sometimes, in the Rose Garden, he sticks to those teleprompters. So, you know, you never know. But he certainly has a lot of ideas about immigration.

NPR's Tamara Keith.

Thanks, Tam.

turn 1 : The president sometimes goes off script during announcements, but sometimes sticks to teleprompters.

How does the president deliver his message?

Answer: Offscript


Only 34 percent of the voters went to the polls this week. Isn't that usually the kind of election in which a well-financed campaign with a good ground campaign is supposed to win?

That's the way it's been rigged for years. For years, the reason Chicago had a municipal election - not a primary - and put it in February when people were too frozen to leave their homes was to guarantee the installation - or reinstallation - of the incumbent. So this goes against all of that conventional wisdom.

Still, Mayor Emanuel just has to get another five percent of the vote. Does this runoff on April 7 look like a real election now?

Yes, it does. And the reason it does is that it's not the only activity and sort of fire burning in the city. We have a record number of runoffs. As you know, we have 50 aldermen. Nineteen of them didn't make it directly into a victory. They are going to runoffs, and they are the insurgents. They are the so-called progressives. They're the people that Emanuel's forces formed a PAC to try to reduce the numbers of. And so there's a lot of activity in wards, and it all speaks to this overall issue of voter discontent.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that there is a large number of progressive candidates running in the runoff election, and Mayor Emanuel's political action committee is trying to reduce their numbers.

Which candidates is Mayor Emanuel's political action committee trying to reduce the numbers of?

Answer: Progressive


But instead the executives went in with the don't-tell-us-what-to-do approach, and they overplayed their hand. And this has happened before in the EU with the massive privacy law and billion-dollar fines. It's clear Europe is giving big tech a smackdown. And Google, whose motto used to be, don't be evil, might consider a new motto - play nice.

So what do these new rules mean for, say, artists, for creators?How helpful is all of this to them?

Well, there could be a fascinating rift here. Last summer, Sir Paul McCartney from the Beatles - OK?- he wrote an open letter to the European Parliament. He said, music and culture matter. They don't just happen. The companies exploit artists' work. And he wanted the law overhauled. But he's a big-time artist with lawyers who can produce copyright documents - right?- and negotiate agreements with Google.

Yeah.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is subtly trying to convey a sense of urgency or importance in the matter being discussed, without explicitly stating it.

What is the tone of the speaker in turn 3?

Answer: Urgency


What were some of the challenging parts of school?What did you find the hardest?

Reading, studying my lessons. You know, because I had to read more, you know, and because, you know, as you get older, your short-term memory sort of fails you once in a while. So to make sure that you got the material where you could reproduce it, you had to study a little harder and do a little more research.

So tell me what graduation day was like?

Oh, the best day of my life, I guess. Life doesn't get any better. Life doesn't get any better. With my family there, all my friends cheering me on, I felt like I was 16 years old. What a day. What a day. I was happy. Everybody was pleased. They gave me a good ovation. I really enjoyed it. I really did. I cannot explain to you in words my feelings.

turn 1 : Reading, studying my lessons.You know, because I had to read more, you know, and because, you know, as you get older, your short-term memory sort of fails you once in a while.So to make sure that you got the material where you could reproduce it, you had to study a little harder and do a little more research.

How did the speaker ensure they could reproduce the material?

Answer: Study


Do you have any reason that any of these nominees that have evaded the question of Brown v.  Board being correctly decided - do you have any reason to believe that they would be in support of overturning Brown v.  Board?

I think that the real attempt here is if you decline to answer questions about Brown v.  Board, it becomes internally logical to also declined to answer questions about Roe, which is back on the table. And so the way to sort of elide that conversation is to say, I won't talk about any of those precedents, and I won't talk about Brown. So it looks really principled, but it's a way of moving the goalposts about what you won't talk about.

Dahlia Lithwick is a senior editor at Slate. Thank you very much for joining us.

Thank you for having me.

turn 1 : Turn (2) has an actual meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is not discussing an attempt to physically move goalposts, but rather a rhetorical strategy of avoiding answering certain questions.

How does the speaker explain the attempt to elide the conversation?

Answer: Rhetorical


Wow. All right. So that's an example of maybe law enforcement intervening just in time so he couldn't get his hands on a gun that would have been used to perhaps kill his colleagues.

That's exactly right.

OK.  How about another case?

Sure. A group of children reported a woman had just threatened to shoot them all and had pointed something that looked like a handgun at them. An officer went to the scene and then interviewed the woman, who said, yes, I did make that threat. Here is the mock handgun. I think it was a paper towel roll wrapped in electrician's tape. Here's what I pointed at them, but, officer, there is a real gun, a revolver, under my living room table. The officer contacted a judge, got an emergency restraining order, took possession of the firearm and took the woman into custody for having made the threats. While in custody, she continued to declare quite explicitly her intent to kill those children.

turn 0 : to get your hands on something is to buy something, or to touch something, in this case the person was getting a gun

How was law enforcement able to prevent the person from getting the gun?

Answer: Intervening


The Booger-Eater is - and that's an important character in here in that he sort of Rafe's first real friend. And he's a kid - I'm really - it's a big deal to me, beyond physical bullying, verbal bullying. And with this kid, you know, he was nicknamed the Booger-Eater when he was, like, three or four years old and it stuck with him. And that happens to kids. They kind of get a caricature and it's very hard for them to get away from it.

There are some other characters: Dweebs, Smurf.

The Legend.

The Legend, yeah.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be expressing a hidden emotion or attitude, such as resentment or envy, that is not directly stated in their words, but is conveyed through their tone, facial expressions, or choice of language.

What hidden emotion or attitude may be conveyed through the PersonA's words in turn 3?

Answer: Resentment


That President Obama looked at what a no-fly zone could do and realized it would not do enough. He needed to authorize that aircraft could strike ground targets as well.

Yeah. I mean, I think, you know, almost all of these things, once you start, there is significant pressure for it to escalate. So when, you know, another example, when Bill Clinton starts NATO air strikes in Serbia, in the Kosovo War in 1999 to protect Kosovar Albanians who were being massacred by Serbian nationalists, then the Clinton administration starts out doing air strikes and then comes under lots and lots of pressure to say air strikes aren't enough, air strikes are not really saving civilian populations on the ground. You need to do more.

So I think, you know, I think when the Obama administration looks at this, then there's a debate about - on the one hand, you could say - and it's not that the Obama administration is considering troops on the ground because they're definitely not. But if you're arming the rebels in Syria, does that create more pressure for you to support them or does it mean that the rebels can stand on their own two feet, which means less pressure on the Obama administration to get involved?

Well, you're talking about the law of unintended consequences. If you're supporting them and recognize them and they start to lose, what do you do then?

turn 1 : Military interventions often escalate beyond their original scope.

How do military interventions tend to escalate?

Answer: Escalate


I know, I love the analog too, like you know, record players. But anyway. . .

The old school.

The old school, the truly old school. But speaking of the new school, there's this new phone, the T-Mobile Google Phone. It sounds like a bunch of stiff competition to the iPhone. And phones are so trendy now, they're like little, you know, it's like, what kind of phone do you have?It's like, you know, it's like, are we compatible?I don't know.

Like status statement.

turn 2 : old school in this context means that they are using something from decades ago or talking about it

What does "old school" mean in this context?

Answer: Decades


Oh, absolutely, absolutely. And I think that before Manny was traded, you say that C. C. was the hands-on favorite, but man, I think the impact that Manny has made on what was a moribund Dodgers team is sensational. I think if the voting was held right now and was fair, I think Manny Ramirez would be the MVP of the National League. What he's done there is incredible.

But it's not going to happen, is it?

Well, if there's justice in the world, and as you and I know there is justice in the world, I think it could happen. I mean, look at what he's done. I mean, he's made - he's helped them make shambles out of that race just because of him. C. C. 's done an excellent job, but Milwaukee is fading. Los Angeles is just becoming strong, and then there's the whole irony of Manny hooking up with his former archrival Joe Torre. And just the idea of these two guys grinding an axe against their former teams, which used to be archrivals, I just think the drama is just too - it's just too delicious. That's why I really think it should be Manny.

All right, let's end this with this connection. Since you've talked about Manny, then you talked about Joe Torre, formerly of the New York Yankees, now let's talk about Yankees stadium, which closes it's doors, last game ever in Yankee Stadium this Sunday. I know that you live close to the ballpark. Are you sad, Mr.  New Yorker?

turn 1 : B implies that the voting wasn't going to happen right there at the moment and won't probably be fair if it was.

How did PersonB express their skepticism about the possibility of Manny Ramirez being named MVP?

Answer: Skepticism


Well, assess how they're looking at the move by the Treasury department, the moves really, of last week and of over the weekend, and of today. What is the world thinking?

The world has its fingers crossed. I mean, I don't know how else to put it. The world is basically saying this has to work. I mean, that's why you saw last week for instance, not just the Fed put up a whole bunch of capital, inject liquidity into the system. You saw all the other European and many of the Asian central banks do likewise. The world is terrified. They need this to work.

Well, what about the Democrats who are saying look, hold on, we need to do this right and not rush into it. Is that?

Well, first of all they are going to rush into it, one way or the other. And so what the Democrats have done - have said, look you have your pet things that you care about, here are our pet things that we care about. We're not going to let you do this without, you know, helping home owners more than you have, without doing something about renting an executive pay for all these executives who were involved in this mess. You know, that's a legitimate thing for them to say. It's still going to get rushed into, because this things going to be passed by the end of the week, is my guess because everybody wants to go home and run for re-election and also because the country really needs it to pass.

turn 1 : The world is desperate for the Treasury Department's moves to succeed in stabilizing the economy.

Answer: Treasury


Well, AIG was a very big and successful insurance company. It did well in insurance products. But it got into a lot of trouble by selling very complex financial products, which, as you know, have lost huge amounts of money because of the housing downturn.

Now, in September, when conditions for the company were getting pretty bad, the Federal Reserve agreed to loan AIG $85 billion. In exchange, it took some stock in the company as collateral. The idea was that, you know, the loan would sort of tide AIG over while it sold off assets. But it's been very hard to sell anything because of the credit crunch.

So, meanwhile, the interest payments were piling up. AIG said it lost 25 - almost $25 billion last quarter. So, this morning, the government said it was going back to the drawing board and trying to work out something else. It's really an admission that the efforts so far haven't worked.

So, how much money is this new plan going to involve, and where exactly is it going to be coming from?

turn 1 :  "took some stock in the company as collateral" - refers to taking some shares of AIG as a security for the loan.

What did the Federal Reserve take as collateral for the loan given to AIG?

Answer: Treasury


Has the storm reached full strength, or is there any possibility that it could intensify?

It likely has reached close to its full strength. It's approaching or moving over the islands now of the Northern Bahamas. And it's also showing signs of going through a eye wall replacement cycle. That will likely occur in the next 24 hours. So the strength is going to fluctuate.

That's another strong point I wanted to make. Just because it weakens a bit in the next 24 to 36 hours does not mean the overall effects or impacts to the state of Florida's coastline will change. You know, whether it's a 3, 4 or 5, it could produce significant damage along the coast. But it will likely fluctuate in intensity over the next 24 to 48 hours, and it probably has reached its peak in intensity at the time.

Could you talk a little bit more about the path that the storm is taking?You were talking about this earlier. It's expected - am I still right?- it's expected to move into the Florida Peninsula Monday morning.

turn 0 : full strength in this context means whether or not something has reached its peak threshold of intensity

Which term is used to describe the stage of a storm's intensity in turn 0?

Answer: Intense


As I don't have to tell you, because you helped negotiate the Paris Agreement, the United States pulled out more than a couple of years ago.

Well, actually, the United States can legally not pull out until November of next year. We, of course, certainly expect them to do so.

Be that as it may, what can be accomplished - how much does U. S.  withdrawal hurt?

Well, you know, the fact is that what you call a U. S.  withdrawal I call a national government withdrawal. I call it a White House withdrawal. It does not represent 100% of the U. S.  economy. Sixty percent of the U. S.  economy represented by many corporations, by many states and certainly by many financial institutions continue to decarbonize because they understand it is for their own good. It is for the strength of their economy and for commercial profitability in the case of corporations. The fact is that if the United States, as a central government, wants to leave the climate agreement and not continue the policies and the incentives for decarbonization, they're shooting themselves in the foot because other countries such as China, certainly, and perhaps even India are taking advantage of that vacuum and moving in.

turn 0 : The United States stopped abiding by the terms of the agreement.

Which agreement did the United States stop abiding by?

Answer: Paris.


After he infected you?

Yeah, yeah.

So, let me get this straight. He infected you. You went back to him, and then he didn't want to be associated with you because other people knew about you?

Right. And he was scared his own status would be revealed. They would, you know, he was scared people would think, oh, she got it from him, and things like that.

What was it that you think made you go back to him when many other people would say I'm so angry I want to smack this guy up the head, or worse?

turn 0 : THERE WAS QUARREL BETWEEN TWO AND ONE GOT INFECTED BY OTHER

Answer: infected


You know, it may explain why you're such a good writer. I mean, you are one of the best science explainers. I mean, I've been doing this for a few years, and your book, "Letters to a Young Scientist", I think is the best book you've ever written because it is so much of you, and it is written in such an easy language, and we get you passion, we see your background.

Maybe it's because you talk to yourself that it's easier to write.

Yeah, and lots of students. And I've trained myself in clear explanation in order - when I went in to lecture to - sometimes I had a class of 150 because I taught basic biology, I had to have a device to keep the Harvard students in front of me from starting to read the Crimson.

So you had to come prepared to tell a good yarn, tell a good story or something.

turn 2 : He had to find a way to keep the students from becoming bored and distracted.

Which device did he use to keep the Harvard students from starting to read the Crimson?

Answer: device


Really.

But they removed like some G - from what I understand, you can't like ping it for like GPS location. So I believe GPS types of tracking or chips have been removed out of it. So I think it is a stripped down and highly secure BlackBerry.

One of the things and you mentioned this earlier, Mario, that the president wants to do - he wants to put everybody on the Internet who wants access to it, and he's trying to expand it into rural areas.

I'm sorry.

turn 1 : stripped down in this context means that some extra things the product could have were taken away, likely to keep it cheaper for consumer purposes.

Which feature was removed from the product mentioned in turn 1?

Answer: GPS


Yes. In Los Angeles, we made a commitment a number of years ago to only purchase any new buses into our fleet that would operate on alternative fuels. And what we have today is the largest compressed natural gas bus fleet in the country. And that's doing a lot to help improve our air quality here.

What's the difference between compressed natural gas and regular gasoline in terms of, you know, how it affects the environment?

Well compressed natural gas is a much cleaner fuel.

You know, let's just take a look at Los Angeles' demographics. You have people from incredibly wealthy to incredibly poor. You have immigrants, native-born people who've come here from other parts of the U. S. , people, of course, who were born here. How do you think L. A. 's demographics affect the need for public transportation?

turn 2 : The demographics of Los Angeles may affect the demand for public transportation.

How may Los Angeles' demographics impact public transportation?

Answer: diverse


Well, I think the Senate has this advise and consent role. They have a constitutional duty to vet judges. The way that's principally done is by asking hard questions about how judges think about the law. There's a lot of yardage between saying, how are you going to rule in that DACA case?That would be inappropriate. There's something entirely different about saying, I'm trying to get a sense of how you think about your job and how you think about doctrines. So tell me a little bit about cases, particularly cases that are kind of set in amber.

If cases like Brown v.  Board are set in amber, what's the value of even asking the question?

Well, that is the right question. And I think there's a cynical answer, which is, look; it's just performance art, right?I think it's probably worth the caveat that if that's the case, if this was just always what we did, then there's some signaling - an important signaling - when you suddenly decline to do it.

Do you have any reason that any of these nominees that have evaded the question of Brown v.  Board being correctly decided - do you have any reason to believe that they would be in support of overturning Brown v.  Board?

turn 2 : The actual meaning of the turn in (3) is that if the Senate only performs a ritual of asking hard questions without any intention to actually vet the judges, then declining to do that ritual is an important signal.

What is the significance of declining to do the ritual of asking hard questions if the Senate only performs it as a ritual without any intention to actually vet the judges?

Answer: Signal


So when we are forced to cut, we have to decide which is the best way to do it. We can do a shallow cut, like 10 percent 20 percent of the full ration. Or we can do a deep cut if we think the contributions will not be coming in anytime soon. The difficulty with doing a deep cut is that over the longer period, of course, people will become malnourished. Their immune systems will be suppressed. And if the cuts continue, or they're getting absolutely no food from WFP, inevitably, over time, they will fall sick. And, ultimately, many people will perish.

So - I mean, forgive me. It's one thing to make appealing ads that people are in danger of starving to death. What you're saying now is, because there's a crunch for aid, people are in danger of dying slowly.

That's what, in the end, will happen to the most vulnerable. It's the women and the children who will go first. The difficulty about the situation confronting us in 2018, however, is that it comes on the heels of 2017, when the world really pulled itself together, and our donors and donors for other organizations stepped up and provided a lot of funding because we were facing what was said to be the greatest humanitarian needs. . .

Yeah.

turn 1 : (2) is different from its literal meaning. While the speaker is apologizing for their question, the implied meaning is that they are skeptical about the severity of the situation and the potential consequences of aid shortages.

Which turn shows that the speaker is skeptical about the severity of the situation?

Answer: Question1


Thanks for having me.

Does presenting Rabbit like this make your character into a kind of everywoman that spans all experience?

I was thinking of her not necessarily as an everywoman, but as Vietnam itself in certain kinds of ways. The book is very much about a character who can hear the voices of the dead. And I was very interested in trying to transform Vietnam from the perceptions that we have about it in the West. Typically, you know, when we think of Vietnam here in the United States, we think of it as a metaphor. You know, it's synonymous with the idea of a quagmire.

And we think of it as our problem.

turn 3 : We think of Vietnam as our problem” but not “Typically, when we think of Vietnam here in the United States, we think of it as a metaphor” which is the literal meaning of the turn.

What do Americans typically think of Vietnam as?

Answer: Problem


Good to be with you, Scott.

So do you see the governor getting through the weekend?

It's hard to see how he can continue in politics, Scott. The visuals here are a hideous reminder at the very beginning of Black History Month of what passed for college humor not too long ago. Northam may be a changed man today. All indications are that he's been an agent of change and racial healing as a man in the military, a man of medicine in Virginia. And it just is so difficult to see how he can go on now with all these calls from all of his allies for him to step down.

And to repeat, it was in his medical school yearbook, and this must have been some kind of ticking time bomb.

turn 2 : an agent of change is someone who speaks up for change

How would you describe Northam's actions in the military and Virginia?

Answer: Change


So, what are we to make of Fabulous Fab and his verdict?

They finally got somebody - five years later, yeah. Unfortunately, it's quite the small fry in the grand scheme of things. The Goldman Sachs' trader who put together a deal that the SEC believed - and I think the evidence shows - was deceptive, at least to the people on the other side of the trade. And, you know, unlike everybody else at Goldman, he wrote some emails he really shouldn't have written and made himself a nice, big, fat, juicy target. And the SEC took full and complete advantage.

So, the Justice Department charges that hedge fund with insider trading and then shortly after that this happened. Are we looking at a trend?

Ah. Well, in terms of prosecuting individuals involved in the financial crisis, we are not looking at a trend. We are looking at an end-point. What the trend might be is that we have a new chairwoman at the SEC, Mary White, who's a former prosecutor, who has really beaten the drums about being tough on financial crime. And I think what we are seeing is the beginning of a new toughness by the SEC for which this victory gives them kind of, if nothing else, kind of a moral authority to say we can charge forward and there's a lot more financial crime out there that we are uncovering. And even though it's necessarily related to the financial crisis, we are going to be tougher. We're going to prosecute. We're going to bring tougher civil actions against firms and perhaps individuals. So, I think in that sense it does signal something new.

turn 2 : beaten the drum means they are making a lot of comments about it

Which phrase is used to describe the new SEC chairwoman's approach to financial crime?

Answer: New-toughness


Many people start off working either in tasting rooms or they work in a restaurant, maybe as a server. And then they want to know more about wines so they become a sommelier. Or they take classes for wine education. Or they become distributors for wine. Or they work for distributors for wine for different parts of the country.

We had a gentleman who went to Argentina and bought a vineyard and is starting to grow grapes and do it from the farming standpoint. Several of the members of our panel were growers, and so simply farmers, like growing tomatoes or growing roses in your garden, you learn how to cultivate vineyards.

Steve, thanks so much for your time.

Thank you for having us on your program.

turn 0 : Working with wine doesn't necessarily require formal education.

How do people start learning about wine?

Answer: Tasting.


So in 1996, there was something called the Dickey Amendment. And that resulted in federal funding being taken away for gun violence research. Even after Newtown and after President Obama had issued the executive order for the CDC to be able to study the cause of gun violence, there's still been a lot of hesitation to do that. You know, gun violence is responsible for about as many deaths as sepsis is. But funding for gun violence research is equivalent to 0. 7 percent of the funding that's allocated for sepsis. When you think about this in the big picture, we have such a public health crisis that we're dealing with yet not enough research and evidence that's being put into the system to figure out how we can develop solutions that are going to really make a difference.

You've actually experienced this from the other end. You were shot when you were 17. Tell me what happened.

After a high school football game one evening, I was nearly killed after being shot in the throat with a 38-caliber bullet. A lot of 17-year-olds don't appreciate the fact that they're mortal, don't realize, you know, kind of the importance of their family and other aspects like that. And when that injury happened to me, it really changed my life. It inspired me to want to be able to give other people the same second chance that I was given.

Dr.  Joseph Sakran is the director of Emergency General Surgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Thank you so much.

turn 0 : Gun violence is a major public health crisis but there is not enough funding for research to develop solutions

What is the reason for the hesitation to study the cause of gun violence even after President Obama's executive order?

Answer: Dickey


We were with addicts on the street as they were having encounters with law enforcement. We were in treatment centers with people trying to kick the addiction. There's this one phenomenal picture of five inmates. They're all pregnant and being let in to get their methadone and things like that. We were in in drug courts, where people were being dealt with by the criminal justice system.

I think one of the reasons that it's gotten so much attention is because of the spareness with which we report it. We just report anecdote after anecdote after anecdote after anecdote over seven days. And anybody who reads it cannot come away without understanding how deep and how pernicious and how totally involving of our society this epidemic is.

Are there things that happen in Cincinnati every day that people walk past that you wanted to use this opportunity to share with?

Well, yes, I mean, in the sense that we wanted people to understand that this is going on all around them. Heroin is not a demographic or racial or any socioeconomic status - however you want to put it - drug. Its terrible reach is universal.

turn 1 : The severity of the opioid crisis affects people of all backgrounds and has far-reaching consequences.

How does the opioid crisis affect society?

Answer: universal


Whatever the achievements of American technology at every level, is there a central bank game gap between the U. S.  and other nations?

The Federal Reserve in the U. S.  has a few games. They're pretty simple, I would say. They're effective in a way but they are not, I think, as modern. And they do a job but perhaps something that wouldn't entice the future central bankers of tomorrow.

Do you learn something from these games?

I do. I learn a little bit. There's another game that the ECB created called "Top Floor," where you are charged with traveling up a series of elevators to the top floor of the ECB building. I did learn a lot about the interactions between national central banks and the ECB, for what it's worth, in playing this game. So, I suppose that's a job done. Would I rather play "Angry Birds"?Yes, of course. But I would probably not learn as much.

turn 1 : (2) A: The Federal Reserve in the U.S. has a few games. They're pretty simple, I would say. They're effective in a way but they are not, I think, as modern. And they do a job but perhaps something that wouldn't entice the future central bankers of tomorrow.

How would PersonA describe the games offered by the Federal Reserve in the U.S.?

Answer: Simple


Yeah. I know Chicken Street. But tell us what you saw at the site of the bombing.

When I heard it, I came out from the store, and I immediately saw people running from the direction of (unintelligible) the smoke billowing into the air. So I walked in the opposite direction towards the smoke. And the closer I got, the more damage there was - obviously, broken windows further away from it - and then closer to it, you know, cars on fire and completely crushed by the force of the explosion.

And then at the ground zero of the site, you know, a number of bodies that was in the immediate vicinity - I saw probably 12 to 15, all, you know, really just mangled and - you know, almost as if they were melted together. It was just a pile of bodies - you know, most of them dead, some of them still alive. I even told one man who was trying to make a phone call, you know, in this morass of bodies.

And then all around, there was, you know, the usual chaos that infuse these attacks - security forces running around with their weapons drawn, general chaos, smoke and noise, car alarms, and, you know, small explosions of oxygen tanks and petrol tanks exploding. And, you know, within a few minutes, you have these - I guess you'd call them first responders - rushing in to take the injured and the dead away.

turn 2 : "a number of bodies that was in the immediate vicinity - I saw probably 12 to 15, all, you know, really just mangled and - you know, almost as if they were melted together.It was just a pile of bodies" - the speaker uses figurative language to describe the state of the bodies they saw, which were not literally melted together, but were instead severely damaged.

How were the bodies at the site of the bombing?

Answer: Severely


I have no idea. I have no idea at this point.

You're just waiting for a call?

Any call from anyone, anywhere.

So are you actively out looking for something else more stable?

turn 3 : B implies that A is not actively looking for something more stable.

Which statement implies that PersonA is not actively seeking something more stable?

Answer: Turn-3


For them, remembering digits is much easier than remembering the Roman alphabet. Even though they learn the letters, they're often still more comfortable with numbers. And they remember them a lot more clearly.

So when they read the numbers out loud, do they have some meaning in Mandarin?

Yeah, I mean, a lot of the URLs, the strings of digits, do have some meaning. For example, there are tons of URLs that are homophones for other Chinese phrases. So you gave the example of the McDonald's URL - 4008-517-517 - that's because when you say 517 in Mandarin it's (Mandarin spoken) and that sounds somewhat (Mandarin spoken), which means I want to eat.

They sort of have infinite flexibility to spell out phrases and create these little sentences. So the example you gave of the dating website, which is 5201314. com, that string of digits means, (Mandarin spoken), which means I will love you forever. So that's something that people will use a lot when chatting online with their friends or they'll shorten it to 520, which just means I love you.

turn 3 :  “I want to eat” in Mandarin. Similarly, the phrase “5201314” in turn 4 literally means “five two, zero one three one four” but it implies “I will love you forever” in Mandarin.

Which phrase in Mandarin means "I will love you forever" in turn 4?

Answer: 5201314


Well, just briefly, people must be awfully nervous because, of course, there's aftershocks. Well, just briefly, people must be awfully nervous because, of course, there's aftershocks. Well, just briefly, people must be awfully nervous because, of course, there's aftershocks.

Absolutely. Absolutely. Absolutely. And let me just tell you, since I first got here, Renee, I have felt under my feet many, many aftershocks. And let me just tell you, since I first got here, Renee, I have felt under my feet many, many aftershocks. And let me just tell you, since I first got here, Renee, I have felt under my feet many, many aftershocks. And the U. S.  Geological Survey confirms aftershocks are taking place here. And the U. S.  Geological Survey confirms aftershocks are taking place here. And the U. S.  Geological Survey confirms aftershocks are taking place here. I feel maybe. . . I feel maybe. . . I feel maybe. . .

Right. Right. Right.

. . . Every few minutes, and there's been hundreds of aftershocks that are 2. 5 magnitude or higher. . . . Every few minutes, and there's been hundreds of aftershocks that are 2. 5 magnitude or higher. . . . Every few minutes, and there's been hundreds of aftershocks that are 2. 5 magnitude or higher. And as you mentioned, people are nervous. And as you mentioned, people are nervous. And as you mentioned, people are nervous.

turn 0 : THe aftershocks means that there are tremors after the main earthquake that take people by surprise.

What confirms the occurrence of aftershocks in the area?

Answer: GeologicalSurvey


Now, Senator Obama is scheduled to address the convention on Sunday, last week we spoke to Richard Prince, of the Maynard Institute, who said, that the presidential forum, that was scheduled for Thursday was quote, "all but dead. "Of course, Senator Obama is traveling internationally. How did you secure him coming for Sunday, and given that Sunday is essentially the very last day of the convention, do you expect turnout that's going to be significant?

Well, the talks with both presidential candidates have been taking place for a while, and the invitations were extended many, many months ago. And so, talks have been taking place, and you know, with schedules it's really difficult to nail that down. With this Middle East and Europe trip coming up for Senator Obama, that came into the mix, just in recent weeks. It came down to a choice between having the Senator come on Sunday, or not at all.

So the Senator McCain invitation is still out, but it has not been accepted or rejected?

Right. We're still working on it.

turn 0 : The organizers faced difficulties in getting Obama to attend the convention.

Which presidential candidate's invitation is still pending?

Answer: McCain


Tomorrow, car sales numbers for November are due out, and they're not expected to be good. That could lead to more dealerships shutting down, and that could mean a big loss of revenue for local governments. For example, this year, the state of California has lost at least two billion dollars in sales taxes due to the drop in car sales.

To get a better sense of how local governments are coping, we're joined now by Marshall Bond. He is the city manager for Monroeville, Pennsylvania. Thanks for joining us, and why don't you tell us how many car dealerships are in Monroeville?

Just about every major domestic and foreign manufacturer sells cars here in Monroeville.

And so, how much of your budget comes from the revenue from car sales at these dealerships?

We have a business tax which obviously is, I'd say, probably of that - I'd say total tax is probably about 15 to 20 percent is based upon our related car industry.

turn 0 : Car sales numbers for November are not expected to be good

What information does turn 4 provide about Monroeville's budget?

Answer: Revenue


Well, first, they obviously don't enjoy broad support among the population. They do have a core group of support, but if forced to stand in election, they would lose. Which is why they have avoided that, or attempted to manipulate or manufacture the results of elections. Secondly, they are dependent, for their long-term viability, on their relationship with the Venezuelan armed forces, which is what the Trump administration and others have focused on at this point.

When you talk about the dependence on the armed forces, I'm reminded of that old saying, that one definition of the government is they have a monopoly on the use of force.

Correct.

When all else fails, they have that.

Correct.

turn 1 : The government's reliance on armed forces is a defining characteristic of their power.

Answer: reliance


It's necessary because of the drop in consumption.

When the government is spending over $150 billion on a stimulus bill like this, will that have a long run effect on how every person gets a check has to pay out their taxes in the future, has to deal with the realities of how much service the federal government can give in the future?I mean, will there be a sort of back-end re-tax for people who might get a cut in the short run?

I wouldn't put it that way. The problem is in the short run will people be much worse off and will they be able to recover from that?Because during a recession it's not unusual for families to lose two or three percent of their income. So the issue is do you want to lose that two or three percent because in the future you don't want to get a tiny tax increase to balance the budget.

So I think you have to think about what's the potential loss in income, which can be huge if we have a severe recession, or even a mild recession like the one we had in 2001.

turn 1 : "back-end re-tax" - This phrase is not a standard idiom or expression, and its meaning is not clear. However, it seems to suggest that people who receive stimulus checks in the short run may have to pay more taxes in the future to make up for the government's spending. The figurative meaning is implied, rather than explicit.

What is the possible consequence of receiving a stimulus check in the short run?

Answer: Higher


Good to be here, Ira.

So tell us about your change of mind and heart about this issue.

Well, if you had asked me a year ago, I might have said I didn't know whether there was global warming at all. But we had begun a major study, scientific reinvestigation. We were addressing what I consider to be legitimate criticisms of many of the skeptics.

But about nine months ago, we reached a conclusion that global warming was indeed taking place, that all of the effects that the skeptics raised could be addressed, and to my surprise, actually, the global warming was approximately what people had previously said.

turn 3 : The conclusion that global warming was taking place was surprising to A and matched previous predictions.

How was PersonA surprised by the conclusion about global warming?

Answer: Global


Yes, particularly when we were starting out science at the beginning of - I think what you would call middle school, about age 12. This, of course, was the mid-1950s. And in Britain at that time, girls were only expected to get married and keep house. So instead of getting a chance to go the science laboratory, we got directed to the domestic science room to learn cookery and needlework.

And how did you fight your way into the science classes?

My protestations weren't heard. But when I told my parents that first evening, they were extremely angry. And I think the headmaster's telephone got a little hot.

(Laughter) And then you went to university. And I also read that, you know, you would get cat-called and that it was not a very friendly environment for women.

turn 3 : Cat called means to have mean loudly say sexual things to you in front of others.

How were women treated in the university environment?

Answer: Dismissively


Excuse me.

Present company excepted, of course.

All right, all right, OK, yeah.

But he constantly breaks his own maxim. It's huge fun.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of this turn is that the speaker is excluding the people currently present from the criticism they are about to make. However, the actual meaning is that the speaker is making a sarcastic remark and implying that the people present are also guilty of the behavior they are criticizing.

How did the PersonA's turn in line 1 differ from its literal meaning?

Answer: Sarcastic


But I have to say, every time that I think, OK, now is the time I'm going to get in, this is a great buying opportunity, as everyone tells me, every time I look at the stock market, it's gone down again, and I think, phew, it's the end of the day. Thank goodness I didn't buy in today. But then the next day, it happens again.

Yeah, I know. It's depressing. Looking at this market, the market is a reflection of worldwide psychology. So clearly, people around the world are depressed right now, and they're not optimistic about the future, which is sad.

But in the long run, the things that will make the most money are not pieces of rock like gold or liquids like oil or cash, which is just pieces of paper, but real growing companies that are servicing strong demographic trends.

It's impossible to call a bottom. Yes, all these stocks that are cheap could get cheaper, but now is certainly one of the best times to buy stocks that we've seen in the past 70 years. I mean, it's incredible, which is why Warren Buffett is out there buying stocks right now.

turn 3 : Although stocks may continue to decrease in value, it is currently a great time to invest in the stock market

What is the advice given by Warren Buffett?

Answer: buying


Spreading hipsterism can have a cost. The kind of neighborhoods that realtors call in transition can have more places to buy organic coffee than diapers or nails. People who have lived there for years often can't afford to stay in neighborhoods after they've been gentrified. The Cereal Killer Cafe - that's C, cereal - which serves $5 bowls of breakfast cereal in a changing neighborhood in London's East End, was attacked by people who denounced the way the neighborhood is growing upscale. Somebody threw a smoke bomb at the cafe. Protesters smeared their windows with paint and scrawled scum. Alan Keery co-owns the Cereal Killer Cafe with his brother Gary. Thanks very much for being with us.

Not a problem.

You all right?

Yeah, yeah, we're not too bad. We're cleaned up sort of after the weekend. After the attacks, luckily, we only had exterior damage from paint. But at the time, there was staff, customers inside that barricaded the doors closed as they were trying to bash the doors down.

turn 2 : : In (3), B is asking if A is okay, which implies that B is concerned about A's well-being.

What is the name of the cafe co-owned by Alan Keery in London's East End which was attacked by protesters?

Answer: Cereal


Good morning.

We have begun to see pictures of refugee camps blanketed with snow and children wearing painfully thin sweaters. Can you tell us what living conditions are like for Syrian refugees at the moment?

Well, here in Lebanon, it is dire. In fact, UNICEF officials say that 10,000 children are at risk because of this freezing cold. Inside Syria, an activist group posted videos of eight children - mostly infants - who froze to death. This is the worst winter storm in decades. Even here in Beirut last night, we walked home in a freezing hailstorm. Now, we're on the coast. Syrian refugees living in higher altitudes, they're trudging through the snow looking for anything to burn to keep warm.

Aid agencies have been preparing for the winter for the past few weeks. Why have they not been able to get warm clothing, if not at least heat, to a lot of the refugees?

turn 1 : The speaker is not asking for a literal description of the living conditions of Syrian refugees, but rather for an explanation of why aid agencies have not been able to provide them with warm clothing or heat.

Which aspect of the Syrian refugees' living conditions is the speaker specifically asking about?

Answer: Warm


And so my point is that with the fact that they didn't seem to have old and outdated technology, you couple that now with an administration that's new, that basically, I say he made it into the White House due to the speed of the Internet. So you have a bunch of people that are used to using Facebook, social networking, mobile phones and wireless connectivity, and then you take them back into what feels like the '80s. That's just not going to work.

It seems really bizarre. I have another question for you, and I don't know if you have the answer to it or not. Since the president - I want to talk about the BlackBerry again - since the president was allowed to keep his BlackBerry, are we to assume that there has been some sort of technological advancement with regard to security that the president's BlackBerry would have, that my BlackBerry and your BlackBerry don't have?

Yeah.

My BlackBerry and your BlackBerry sitting by the fire.

turn 0 : He made into the White House because of how fast information is shared.  If you take people back to a time when they did not happen no one will like it.

How did the speed of the internet help him get into the White House?

Answer: Information


You know, it was - I've done a couple of Kickstarter campaigns before with both of my indie films. And I always looked at it more as a way to kind of build a fan base, less so than the actual financing of it all. You know, it kind of allows you to, as a filmmaker, to kind of announce that you're doing something but in, like, a non kind of braggadocious way. And it kind of allows people who, you know, may want to be involved or kind of see the project through to help out. And so it just seemed like a - the obvious first step for us. And it ended up becoming the highest-funded Kickstarter campaign for a short film.

So what is it that you think people are responding to?I have to say that, I mean, look - the little girl is absolutely adorable. The dad has locks, and he's struggling with the hair.

It's just hard for me to describe, but the hair, for anybody who's tried to do little black girl hair, it's very accurate. It kind of has a life of its own.

Yeah.

turn 2 : "It kind of has a life of it's own" implies that the hair is hard to manage and style and doesn't easily get taken care of

Which feature of the little girl's hair is accurately portrayed in the short film?

Answer: Hair.


You have done so many different types of music. You have done the Monkeys, you know. What's coming up next for you?I don't know if you've already started work on another album or thought about it, but what direction do you think you're heading in next?

I have no idea. I really don't. I'm still very much inside of this project because you don't leave it just because you finish recording it. You have to begin to think about how to create the live performance of it. So that's a whole other dimension. And so you have to live with this music.

And I always say that the music always ends up so much broader than what you have on the recording because the recording represents the beginning. And once you go out on the road and you play it, and of course, each night, you're going to try to do something different with it, so it just grows and grows and grows until it's time for the next project.

Well, Cassandra Wilson, thank you.

turn 1 : B is still immersed in the current project and hasn't thought about the next one yet.

Answer: immesed


Having read about you, you just don't believe that this would be redundant but could be dangerous.

Yeah. If you put the two side by side, there's only one difference. And that is the FDA. The FDA gets taken out of the equation with the proposed legislation. The FDA is in the equation with the existing regulations. Compassionate Use process is extremely easy. Basically, go to your doctor. Find one who will agree to administer the therapy. Contact the drug company. See if they're also willing to agree. Fill out the paperwork. And then if the FDA doesn't object, the patient can get the treatment. And the only difference with the new legislation is that last part. The FDA is taken out of the equation.

With respect, why care so much about the FDA if a life is hanging in the balance?

So as a terminal cancer patient, I would, you know, obviously love to try something that's going to prolong my life or cure my cancer. The reality is that that's a very, very small statistic in terms of drug development discovery. Only 5 percent of drugs that go through phase one development actually go on to be approved. So you're talking about giving people medications that, in historical context, have only had a 5 percent chance of actually working at the end of the day. And then you're exposing these patients to, potentially, additional toxicities that could accelerate their death or cause additional problems for them.

turn 1 : "Compassionate Use process is extremely easy" - This turn is literal in meaning. It explains how the compassionate use process works and implies that it is not complicated.

Which process is described as extremely easy?

Answer: Compassionate


I think his great forte is understanding the problems that we face. He's had great experiences. You know, he was raised - a good part of his youth was in France. He speaks French fluently and understands Europeans quite well, and his being the Allied commander in Europe was absolutely a perfect fit. And he can expand that in giving advice in problems, literally, all over the world.

I read that James Jones went to Georgetown University, where he played basketball. Do you have any sensed of maybe whether he and President-elect Obama might discuss security issues over a game of hoops?

I wouldn't doubt it. President-elect Obama would also find he's a competitor. That ought to be an interesting basketball game.

Congressman Ike Skelton of Missouri. Thank you.

turn 2 : President-elect Obama and James Jones may engage in an exciting basketball game because both are competitive, not just because they will discuss security issues.

What activity might President-elect Obama and James Jones engage in besides discussing security issues?

Answer: Basketball


They know - they see the world as a number of systems. You know, a matrix is a system stuck together, and they know we're vulnerable at a lot of different points. And that's the reason we're seeing more and more groups using these kinds of methods.

They're formidable. I mean, nobody should think of this as a terribly unequal struggle between, you know, the international community and the terrorist. They're a formidable opponent, and we need to act across a broad spectrum to stop them.

So what can be done about this opponent?

We recommend - we have a lot of recommendations. We think they're very practical. It can be done. Some of them are internal in the government themselves. There are internal changes Congress needs to make so that it can be more effective in this, and other commissions have recommended them. Now, let's do it. Let's get it done.

turn 1 : The opponent is a strong and worthy adversary.

Which word describes the opponent in the eyes of person A?

Answer: Strong


It's been wet in Texas this year, really wet, with record amounts of rain, and that means Texas right now is hot, wet and green. This is making the animal world happy, particularly insects. Take the tarantula hawk wasp for example. What - you've never heard of it?Well, it's so big and so nasty that it attacks tarantulas, who are, as you know, themselves big and nasty. Texas Parks and Wildlife invertebrate biologist Ben Hutchins joins me now from Austin to tell us about this wasp. Hi, Ben.

Hi.

OK, so I've been doing a little research and the tarantula hawk can wrestle and then throw these big, hairy Texas tarantulas onto their backs and then sting them into submission. How in the world is this possible?

Well, it's a pretty spectacular show. And, you know, we actually have several different species of tarantula hawk, and each one has its own different approach. So some will actually flip over onto their back and crawl upside down underneath of the tarantula to sting the tarantulas. Others will dart under there and grab the rear leg of the tarantula and then flip it over. And the tarantula hawk will actually use its back legs to pin down the tarantula's fangs to keep itself from getting bit. And then it delivers that sting, usually at a chink in the armor of the tarantula, so at joints in the legs or in the abdomen of the tarantula. And they can sting multiple times as well, so they'll get in there and make sure that that tarantula is paralyzed.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is suggesting that they are uncertain about the future outcome of a situation, and are not making any definitive statements or commitments. The tone and context of the statement could suggest that the speaker is being cautious, non-committal, or may be waiting for more information before making a decision.

How would you describe the PersonA's attitude in turn 3?

Answer: Cautious


What is - let's start with this. What is your personal collection to the work and the images in this book?

Well, to me this was a labor of love. I've been living in the U. S. I came back to England. It's my homeland. I came back to London, my home city, and I felt that the culture of the young black people in particular here were suffering from a kind of deficit, historically speaking.

There were younger people in my neighborhood who were bereft of history, who took their idea of themselves from watching their kind of generic hip-hop video material that they got from the video screen rather than really inquiring into the particular history and experience of our communities in this country.

As I looked at the book, I was trying to find a theme, and I don't know if I found one or not. What was, in your view, the major trends or themes that you saw unfolding over the century that are depicted in these photographs?

turn 3 : None of the words in turn (4) have a different meaning from their literal meanings.

Which turn contains information about the literal meanings of the words used?

Answer: 3