And it all comes down really to these apple trees. The husband, James, is obsessed with apples, growing the sweet apples. She, Sadie, the mother, is - well, she's a drunk. She's looking for applejack. She likes the spitters - not the eaters - the spitters.

Yes, and Johnny Appleseed is a little bit like her drug dealer because he comes along twice a year in his canoe to see how they're doing. And he sometimes takes off the barrels of apples and brings them back pressed for them as cider. And, you know, I don't think he does it maliciously, but he is, as I said, he's a businessman. So he's got a slightly different take on it all.

And why don't you describe what Johnny Appleseed looks like in your novel as you paint him?

Actually, some of the myth is true. He did sometimes wear a tin pot for a hat. His clothing was interesting, shall we say?He often wore a coffee sack that he cut holes out of and a rope for a belt. So, yeah, he was a strange guy. He was actually making all this money, not for himself, but really because he was what they called a Swedenborgian, a very peculiar Christian sect. And Johnny Appleseed spent a lot of time proselytizing. And he'd go on this kind of rant, and a lot of the settlers - I read some hilarious accounts of them going, oh, this guy, we don't understand a word he's saying, but, you know, he's kind of entertaining, so he's harmless.

turn 2 : The author's portrayal of Johnny Appleseed's appearance highlights his eccentricity and unconventional ways, which contrast with his successful business dealings and religious beliefs.

How does the author's portrayal of Johnny Appleseed's appearance contrast with his business dealings and religious beliefs?

Answer: Eccentricity


It's always right to do right. And I basically was in it because I feel the Lord had me in it. It was a work of righteousness which was a work of God. And that's - I think that's why the movement can't be killed - 'cause it's the work of God.

We asked Bishop Woods to take us upstairs at the A. G.  Gaston Motel to the room where he recalls talking to Martin Luther King.

We went upstairs to go to his room.

The stairs of the Gaston are scuffed from rain and time. The windows are boarded. The rooms are bare and dark. It's a little like looking into the wreck of a great, old ship and trying to imagine the people who are now gone and the way they changed our lives.

turn 3 : "It's a little like looking into the wreck of a great, old ship and trying to imagine the people who are now gone and the way they changed our lives." The literal meaning is that the scene being described is similar to looking at an old, abandoned ship and trying to imagine its history. The actual meaning, however, is that the scene is nostalgic and evokes a sense of loss for the people who once occupied the space and made an impact on the speaker's life.

What feeling does the scene evoke in the speaker?

Answer: Loss


I don't know what you make of a recent letter some ICE special agents sent to Homeland Security Secretary Nielsen asking that the branch of ICE that deals with counterterrorism and drug trafficking, not deportations, be split off from the agency because of all the ill will.

Yeah. I have seen that. That was - that's an interesting consequence of another change that was made at the time that DHS was formed. In addition to splitting up the immigration entities, they also blended in the customs function. And so ICE is Immigration and Customs Enforcement. The same is true at the border. And that was a little bit of a shotgun marriage between the customs folks and the immigration folks that has not fully worked itself out. The customs people think that they have these - you know, they've got a separate set of responsibilities that are impeded by the immigration function.

Former INS general counsel Bo Cooper, thanks so much for coming in and joining us, sir.

Thank you very much.

turn 0 : "... because of all the ill will." This turn is an example of a figurative expression. "Ill will" is not a physical or tangible thing that can cause harm or injury; instead, it refers to negative feelings or intentions towards someone.

Answer: Negative


But there are some bright spots in the world of retail. We hear about one of them today as part of our series this week, giving you a little break from all that bad economic news. Lisa Olivares manages a kiosk. It's called CCE Headgear. It's at a mall in Fayetteville, North Carolina near Fort Bragg. I recently gave Lisa a call on her cell phone while she was working at the kiosk.

We do custom embroidery. You can either bring in your own items or we provide them for you.

And we're hearing from you on your cell phone at the kiosk now, and we should note that where you are is not too far from Fort Bragg, which is home to the 82nd Airborne Division. And apparently, a lot of the soldiers have been coming home, and how has that affected your business?

Well, I mean, all the economy has been affected, but we're not as bad because luckily, we do do a lot of things for the military. Their wives are still here, so it's constantly them bringing in things that they need to be shipped overseas or just little minor things, things for the babies. It does keep a good flow in, though.

turn 2 : The soldiers are a major customer base for the kiosk.

How have soldiers impacted the kiosk's business?

Answer: Positive


Well, I met him on the phone first. I asked him what he did and he said: Walter, I'm a freelance central banker. Other things that came up during the phone call - the fact that he'd never tasted Coca-Cola, never eaten in a restaurant - got me to thinking, I, as a fiction writer, have to meet this guy. It would be professional malpractice if I didn't.

Now, you met him finally. He said he lived in the same apartment building as Tony Bennett, as a matter of fact. This struck you as a building where a rich person might live but. . .

Well, you know, it was a block off of Central Park. He invited me up and there was no furniture, no real food in the kitchen. But there was what appeared to be, em, maybe $80, $90 million worth of Jackson Pollocks, Rothkos, and de Koonings hanging on the walls.

Was he brilliant at some level?

turn 3 : Was he brilliant at some level? - Implied meaning: Was he very wealthy or successful?

How much worth of art was hanging on the walls?

Answer: $80,,$90


Right.

But a lot has happened. How are you feeling about President Trump's stand on immigration now?

You mean the wall, the proposed wall.

turn 2 : Well, look. I said that my position is nuanced. I believe immigration is good for the country. There are aspects of President Trump's immigration proposals that I agree with. I do believe in fencing. It does work. It has shown that it works to disrupt illegal entry.  In this turn, the actual meaning is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is not just saying "yes" or agreeing with the previous speaker's statement. Instead, they are expressing a more nuanced view on the topic of immigration and specifically on President Trump's stand on immigration. They go on to explain that they believe immigration is good for the country and that there are some aspects of President Trump's proposals that they agree with, but they also have their own opinions and preferences, such as believing in fencing to disrupt illegal entry.

How does the speaker feel about fencing?

Answer: Fencing


Happy birthday NASA. Fifty years old today. Wonder how that feels?A former NASA engineer thinks this now middle-aged agency should try something new. Solve the energy crisis by collecting solar power through a space-based energy system. He's Glenn Smith. He oversaw science and applications experiments for the international space station when he was at NASA. We spoke earlier about his proposal.

You have very large solar cells, solar rays in space, probably 22 thousand miles out, so it circles the earth at the same speed that the earth rotates. It stays above one spot on the earth, and you convert that electric power into microwaves, and you beam it down near cities where large amounts of power are used. Receives it, converts it back to electric energy and feeds it into the existing power grid.

And that wouldn't be dangerous to anyone who got in the way of that ray coming down, or airplanes flying by, or anything?

Well, I've got a lot of questions about that. But here's what we have. The highest power level of the beam is only about one-fifth of the energy density of summer sunlight at noon. One-fifth. Tests have been run on bees and birds twice that level and they haven't found any effects yet.

turn 3 : The space-based energy system proposed is not dangerous for humans and animals.

What is the highest power level of the beam in the proposed space-based energy system?

Answer: One-fifth


So they're looking for Joe to be effective as a rhetorician, as a guy who can sell a line, who can connect with an audience and also connect in a debate. He's an excellent debater.

Just as we told Farai Chideya, she's going to be very busy, you're going to be very busy as well this week. Thank you so much, Ron.

Thank you, Tony.

Ron Elving is NPR's senior Washington editor. He joined me from our special NPR studio in Denver, Colorado.

turn 0 : sell a line implies being able to convince people and capture their interest towards something and not meaning to sell lines

How does the turn "sell a line" reflect Joe's skills as a rhetorician?

Answer: Convincing


A degree, yeah.

Yeah. We're talking Jay Kang about his article that ran in The New York Times magazine this past weekend, "That Other School Shooting. "And you're listening to TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News.

I wanted to ask you about another Korean-American you ran into. An Eagle Scout who, in fact, wanted to build a memorial garden.

Yeah, Kinsa Durst. He was - I think he is 19 now. You know, he's the type of the kid that I think every parent wants to, you know, at some way, their kid to grow up to be. He had sort of the same reaction that I had. And it was interesting to me that, you know, somebody so young who's father was not Korean but his father was Caucasian but living in Korea, I think, for a while, would be so honest about this idea that this reflects violent Koreans because Virginia Tech also happened, which I think is a quote he gave me verbatim.

And instead, you know, instead of sort of - I guess, sort of, wallowing in the shame of it or trying to suppress the connection or even sort of bearing it with post-modern, sort of, academic speak about how we, you know, no one person should represent anybody else. And he went on built a peace garden in front of the school with commemorative stones for the dead. And on - during one of the memorial services that I attended, he gave this talk about how he wanted to help Korean and American relations.

turn 3 : "He had sort of the same reaction that I had" - The literal meaning is that Kinsa Durst had a similar reaction to the speaker. The actual meaning is that Kinsa Durst had a similar reaction to the speaker regarding the Virginia Tech shooting and its connection to Korean Americans.

How did Kinsa Durst react to the Virginia Tech shooting?

Answer: Same


Yes. At the top of the mountains, we have cloud forests. These are forests composed of trees of low stature. They have the ability to withstand the strong wind conditions at the top of the mountain. They are very important in regulating the water cycling of the mountain and actually supplying the 20 percent of the water for Puerto Rico. These trees are completely covered by mosses and plants that sit on the tree trunks and collect water. And they can then kind of filter cloud water down the mountain. So many of these mosses and epiphytes were stripped from the tree trunks on the face where those winds were more intense.

I wonder, Dr.  Gonzalez, as you were walking through El Yunque looking at the destruction of this place that you've known so well for so long, what was going through your mind seeing it totally transformed?

Well, it's an amazing experience, but I think it's one of learning and regeneration. We already have seen the greening of the forest in some areas. We're already seeing that some species are lifting up. We know that some other species will come up and kind of make their way to more native or mature species of the forest to take over. So yes, it is a catastrophic event. But we know that there's going to be a recovery phase.

Dr.  Gonzalez, what about you and your family?How did you do?Do you have power?Do you have water?

turn 0 : The strong winds of the mountain top can strip the mosses and epiphytes from the tree trunks, making it difficult for these forests to survive.

What is the term for the type of forests found at the top of mountains?

Answer: Cloud


What should we make of these shocking statistics?

I think to most Alaskans, these statistics aren't surprising. Anyone who lives here knows someone or is themselves a victim of sexual violence. And so this is a reality that Alaskan residents are constantly made aware of.

You say in an opinion piece you wrote for the Anchorage Daily News that 59 percent of women in Alaska say they've been sexually assaulted.

That's right. And it should be noted that, though that number is remarkable, it is likely that that number is also conservative. And we should also note that amongst the 59 percent of Alaska women, 61 percent are Alaska Native, which makes Alaska Native women almost 10 times more likely than other Alaskans to be victims.

turn 3 : Alaska Native women are at a significantly higher risk of being victims of sexual assault.

Which group of women are almost 10 times more likely to be victims of sexual assault in Alaska?

Answer: Alaska


Well, thereafter, we may be singing Christmas carols in the Capitol. It's brinksmanship, of course. They're just trying to get everybody focused and trying to get everybody to actually vote for the basic spending bills, get Congress to do their routine business. It's not routine, though, because Republican leaders can't get enough of their members to vote for spending bills. So they need Democratic votes to get the bills across the finish line. And those come with a price tag, including, for example, the issue of the DREAMers, the. . .

Yeah.

. . . People who were brought here by their parents when the parents came to the country illegally.

And how do they breach the differences between the House and Senate bills, when the promises some Republican Senate leaders made to get the votes of, say, Susan Collins of Maine and Jeff Flake of Arizona, seem to be no longer - are not contained in the House version?And the House leaders say nope, we're not going to have them.

turn 0 : price tag implies there's an exchange of favors for passing bills

How does the issue of DREAMers relate to the passing of spending bills?

Answer: Exchange


Was he in uniform?I mean, was this a. . .

He was in plainclothes, just driving in plainclothes.

Not that that makes it any better but still.

Well, at least they weren't dumb enough to go up to a fully uniformed police chief. But, you know, it's one of those things where we got one of the worst crime problems because there is no rhyme or reason to some of the things that are happening. You've got elderly gentlemen being beaten up at gas stations and people being afraid to come out of their homes at 5 P. M. It's not everywhere and it's not every neighborhood but it's enough that it's becoming what people think about living in Detroit.

Rochelle, Halloween's coming up and in Detroit that could mean Devil's Night.

turn 4 : implies that the Halloween season in Detroit is dangerous.

Which season is considered dangerous in Detroit?

Answer: Halloween


That's right.

Their due, and they would make great traveling companions, you're saying. You know, we once had a piece of moss - we've done a show on moss before, and we got some samples of moss, and we've just stuck them out on the porch, and they lasted for years all by themselves just sitting there.

They do, they do.

Yeah, it's really interesting. Do they produce anything for humans?I mean if you took them along on the Mars trip, could you eat them?Why would you bring them along to Mars?

turn 3 : Asking for the purpose of bringing moss to Mars

How did PersonB inquire about the utility of moss in the Martian trip?

Answer: eat


And for a minute, I was shocked, like something you see in the movies. It happens to other people. It doesn't happen to yourself. And then as I thought about it, then I put all the pieces of my childhood back together - all the sorrow, all the issues, all the neglect, all the - you know, John Graham just being who he was with me. He wasn't really fatherly. So it all made sense.

But that was just the first of many revelations and obstacles Graham would run into over the next 25 years in his quest to prove who his real biological father was. He talked to family members. He hired a detective. He dug through newspapers and public records. And it culminated this year in an exhumation and a DNA test. He got the results back this past week. Graham's biological father was Thomas Sullivan, a Catholic priest from Massachusetts.

It's been emotional. You know, I knew, you know, based on every - all the circumstantial evidence that it would be my father. But you still have that apprehension that something could go wrong at the last minute with the results.

And when you say emotional, I'm assuming just the knowing that this is actually the person who was your dad.

turn 0 : The pieces mean memories of the person's childhood that they were able to make sense of.

Which word describes the memories of the person's childhood that they were able to make sense of?

Answer: Memories


Oh, let's see. Who would be a good heating guy out there in the elements?I would say Russell Crowe, maybe.

I can see that. I can see that. . .

Yeah, I could see him with the big, frozen beard out there bearing the elements or maybe Mel Gibson. Unfortunately, I don't grow that full of a beard so I don't get that much protection, but, you know, you do what you can.

You've kept a lot of people warm and safe this year. Thank you.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of this turn is that the person being addressed has kept a lot of people warm and safe throughout the year and is being thanked for it. The figurative meaning, however, is that the person being addressed has done something good or helpful for others and is being appreciated for it, but not necessarily in a literal sense of keeping them warm and safe.

What is the figurative meaning of turn 3 in the dialogue?

Answer: Figurative


A clever grounds crew can mean a difference in close games, can't it?

Oh, definitely. Well a grounds crew can tailor the field in very small ways that might impact the outcome of the game. You know, gone are the days of legendary Kansas City groundskeeper George Toma and his ilk - the (unintelligible). They really would tailor the fields in unbelievable ways. They would tilt the foul lines in a certain way so that bunts wouldn't roll foul. They were harden the turf to make it more difficult for players to slide if they didn't want the opposing team to slide.

Nowadays, uniformity is really something that is mandated by Major League Baseball. But there are still small ways. I visited with Trevor Vance, who's the head groundskeeper for the Kansas City Royals. And this was during 2015 - the year they would ultimately win the World Series. And he talked about how he made the infield play very fast - you know, shorter grass - because they had young, athletic infielders. And they felt that that was an advantage for them because they knew that their guys could get to the ball. And the other team probably couldn't.

There's so much joy in your book. But I have to ask, are there bad memories, if not ghosts, at the New Orleans Superdome?

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is indirectly suggesting that they have personal experience or knowledge related to the topic being discussed, and are subtly trying to convey their expertise without appearing arrogant.

Which turn in the dialogue suggests that the groundskeepers would tilt the foul lines in a certain way so that bunts wouldn't roll foul?

Answer: Tilt


Linda Greenhouse is co-author of "Before Roe v.  Wade: Voices that Shaped the Abortion Debate Before the Supreme Court's Ruling. "She joins us by phone from her office in New Haven, where she now teaches at Yale Law School. Good to have you back on the program.

Oh, thanks very much.

And one of the documents you reprinted is the story of Dr.  Jane Hodgson. What's her part in Roe v.  Wade?

Well, she didn't have a direct part in Roe against Wade. Jane Hodgson was a very courageous obstetrician-gynecologist in St.  Paul, Minnesota in the early 1970s. Before Roe she was a Mayo Clinic-trained doctor. And she decided to test, to challenge the Minnesota criminal abortion law. She had a patient who had contracted German measles very early in her pregnancy. And people my age might remember, before there were immunizations, that there were epidemics of German measles that swept through the country, and when it hit somebody early in pregnancy, it had a very high probability of causing serious birth defects.

turn 3 : when something sweeps or swept through, it means it came through quickly

Which disease caused serious birth defects in pregnant women in the early 1970s?

Answer: German,measles


But people in India really are angry. I have lived in this country in two different periods for about 15 years. I have never seen anything like this before. You see it in other countries, but you don't often see it in India, where people take to the streets and complain. They want change.

There hasn't been much change. All we've seen so far is the home secretary, the home minister, that's the head of the security services, I suppose, being changed, and nothing else has. The armed forces chief and other people are arguing and doing a blame game as to who's responsible, and people are getting angrier.

They want change in terms of attitudes and actions by the politicians and the bureaucrats. They want visible signs of the corruption, which impedes India's efficient government, to stop, and they also want signs that something is being done to stop further attacks.

Elections in India aren't too far off. Is this a signal that the current government might be in jeopardy?

turn 2 : The people want visible and effective action against corruption and terrorism.

Which grievances are the people protesting against?

Answer: Corruption,Terrorism


What kind of inspiration did it take to make you into a poet?Who did you read?When did you start reading, or did someone read to you as a child that made you love poetry?

I started reading at the age of three, and I like to think that it's because of my parents, who were working-class people, who only had - both my mother and father only graduated from the eighth grade. So that they read, and they read a lot. And put their arms around me while they read. And I'm convinced that that has a lot to do with getting you to understand how to read. I would look at their mouths and I'd look at the page, and somehow, I figured it out. Then I tortured everybody by reading every sign, everything, which I still do.

So if you had to name a few other people, and I'm sure there'd be a long list. But just one or two people who you love.

Gwendolyn Brooks, Langston Hughes, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Kenneth Rexroth.

turn 3 : The speaker lists some of their favorite poets.

What are some names of poets the speaker mentioned?

Answer: Brooks,Hughes,Dunbar,Rexroth


Iran announced today that it will soon exceed limits on its stockpiles of enriched uranium that it agreed to under the 2015 nuclear deal with the U. S.  and other nations. The Trump administration pulled the U. S.  out of the deal last year; other countries stayed in. And this new announcement is the latest sign that it might be falling apart altogether.

Joining us to discuss this is NPR's Geoff Brumfiel. He covers science and security. Hey, Geoff.

Hey, there.

What exactly did Iran announce today?

turn 0 : Iran announced that it will exceed limits on uranium stockpiles, which may result in the failure of the nuclear deal.

What did Iran agree to under the 2015 nuclear deal?

Answer: Limits


It's a bit of a fly in the ointment for ethical Sarah Palin. There's - in the last month or so, there's been increasing attention paid to an incident in which her opponent say, she pressured her public safety commissioner to fire her sister's ex-husband. He's a trooper and what they're saying is that she was trying to get him canned. She denies this, but there's a lot of evidence that suggests - that things are a little more complicated than that and the legislature is investigating now.

Now, she's known as a maverick. She's bucked the establishment so in that way, she compares favorably to John McCain. And tell us a bit more about how she compares with him.

Well, she certainly loves his maverick image. She likes the fact that he challenges the party hierarchy as she has done, and so she's been early McCain supporter on that score. She's got more of a social conservative background than he does, and that may very well be why she's on the ticket because she's got more of those bona fides. But at the same time, some people in Alaska point out that in the two years she's in office so far, she hasn't actually made any big moves on the social conservative front. That she's, you know, she calls herself a social conservative, and certainly has those values, but (unintelligible) necessarily done a lot about it.

Social conservative, she's very pro-life.

turn 2 : Sarah Palin hasn't taken any significant actions as a social conservative despite claiming to be one

Which group does Sarah Palin claim to belong to?

Answer: Conservative


There isn't. And I think the interesting thing about this government is they have cut the Argentine military budget so severely in the last few years that even if Argentina wanted to invade the Falklands, they would be incapable of doing so. So that's one good thing.

So what does this campaign amount to then besides words?

Well, they're trying to put economic pressure on Britain. And I think actually the British are a little bit worried about it. They are stopping cruise ships that come from the Falklands, not allowing them to dock in Argentina. They are pressuring the Chileans to cut off the one air link between Chile and the Falkland Islands. They are calling on Argentine manufacturers to cut down on the import of British goods. And I think the worry is that they will make this into a regional campaign, that they will try and persuade the Brazilians, the Peruvians and others to start putting economic pressure on Britain as well.

And the rallying cry of anti-colonialism has a lot of residents in South America.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that there is strong support for anti-colonialism in South America. The literal meaning of the words "rallying cry" is a call to action, usually in a military or political context, but in this context, it is used metaphorically to describe the support for anti-colonialism.

How does "B" describe the anti-colonialism sentiment in South America?

Answer: Support


It probably had more to do with Moore - Roy Moore - and his unique trainload of baggage. But it's still hard not to compare it to what happened back in 2010 when Scott Brown was elected in Massachusetts, taking Teddy Kennedy's seat. And this was at about the same point in President Obama's first term.

That really changed the mood on Capitol Hill. It did not stop the passage of Obamacare, but it signaled a big turnover in Congress in the next elections. And we could be heading into a correction here in the other direction under President Trump.

NPR's Ron Elving. Thanks so much.

Thank you, Scott.

turn 3 : "NPR's Ron Elving thanking Scott". However, the actual meaning is "Scott thanking NPR's Ron Elving."

What did Scott do after the dialogue ended?

Answer: Nothing


The European soccer championships are being played in France right now, but events in the stands among fans are also making news. European soccer's governing body has given the Russian team a suspended disqualification and a fine of 150,000 euros for the behavior of dozens of Russian fans who've clashed with supporters of other teams. A number of Russian fans have also been arrested and deported from France.

Marc Bennetts is a journalist who's based in Moscow. And he spent time with Russian fans. He's the author of "Football Dynamo: Modern Russia And The People's Game. "He joins us over Skype from Moscow. Thanks so much for being with us.

No problem.

Aren't the British the original soccer hooligans?

turn 3 : not a literal meaning but rather a rhetorical question.

What type of question did PersonB ask PersonA about British soccer fans?

Answer: Soccer


Well, you know, performance is really one of making sure you understand and document what's expected of you in your given role. One of the mistakes I see many professionals make, minority or otherwise, is they don't document and understand really what's expected of them.

And so they go throughout the whole year performing at what they may thing is the optimum level, only to get to the end of the year and find out that they've missed a mark. They're not doing one-on-ones or meetings quarterly or monthly with their manager, and so it's really important that if, you're going to track your performance that you understand what's expected, but more importantly that you follow up to make sure that you're on course.

Now, you have these performance evaluations in some cases, and is that a 100 percent of your success?How much are we talking about?

Yeah, I'm a big believer that success in corporate America, that performance really accounts for 50 percent of that. And what I mean by that is if you go back to childhood, most of what we were taught as children was you are rewarded based on how well you performed.

turn 3 :  "I'm a big believer that success in corporate America, that performance really accounts for 50 percent of that" - The literal meaning is that performance is half of what determines success, but the actual meaning is that performance is important, but not the only factor, in determining success.

Which factor accounts for 50% of success in corporate America?

Answer: Performance


. . . Seas and littoral regions.

So the bottom line here is Iran has now shot a U. S.  plane out of the sky. I'll put to you the same question we just put to Mara Liasson.

Sure.

Any sense of what the U. S.  response will be?

turn 1 : Iran shot down a U.S. plane and now the U.S. will respond.

What did Iran do that will prompt a response from the U.S.?

Answer: Shot


You've got lots of reasons to be concerned about this economy, not the least of which is the fact that the Federal Reserve Chair Ben Bernanke has done yet another interest rate cut. And the question is, how many more cuts can he do?He has so many arrows in his quiver.

So, we're looking at a very fragile economy. And certainly, the employment piece is the most important piece for most Americans because most people don't have trust funds or extra money. Many who do have home equity have it tapped out. The way that 90 percent of us support ourselves is that we work every day, and increasing numbers of people don't have employment opportunities.

When you look at what's happening right now, there were - there have been times when there are certain, you know, white collar jobs that have really gotten hit hard, I'm thinking of the computer industry, the technology industry in the '90s when there was that dot bomb era. But is this really, for now, more of a blue collar job loss or is it mixed?

It's really a mixed bag. You see many corporations who are downsizing, they call it rightsizing, who are cutting even if it's by as little as 5 percent, Farai, it adds up. We see state governments also looking at a drop in revenue coming in because of a drop in tax revenue, and they are thinking of cutting in — may have already done some cutting.

turn 3 :  "downsizing" and "rightsizing" are both euphemisms for cutting jobs or reducing the size of a company, rather than referring to physically reducing the size of something.

Which two words are euphemisms for cutting jobs or reducing the size of a company?

Answer: Cutting


Hi, how are you?

I'm fine, and we're very glad to have you. Let me ask you about South Carolina's primary, the first in the South. This is supposed to clear out some of the underbrush and let us see which candidates are survivors, also to show us something about this region. Could you give us a thumbnail sketch of why South Carolina matters?

South Carolina, because it's the first in the South, is the first test candidates face as whether or not they will have Southern appeal. And that's a big deal because the entire 11-state South makes up 59 percent of all the Electoral College votes you need to win the presidency in the general election. So if a Republican candidate in the modern era can sweep the South, they become president. But if a Democratic candidate can crack the South with two states, they become president. And South Carolina is the first test of support in this region.

Up to this point now, we've been watching Republican voters react to Donald Trump and Republican candidates try to overtake him. Is South Carolina in 2016 in some kind of position to clarify that?Should we look for anybody to break out maybe in the GOP debate tonight, or is Trump just going to sail through South Carolina and presumably the South?

turn 2 : Turn (3) contains idiomatic expressions with non-literal meanings:  "Southern appeal" refers to the ability of a political candidate to win support in the South, rather than a literal physical attraction to the region. "Crack the South" means to win electoral votes in Southern states, rather than physically breaking the region.

How does "Southern appeal" refer to a political candidate's ability?

Answer: Win


Well, you know, we've done a bunch of these kinds of stories that run in the body issue. And we've done everything from the importance of the glute to the strange secret ritual of the team shower. And we thought, gosh, we've kind of gone there with every other story. The last thing to explore was pee breaks.

I want to talk about the Tour de France in particular. These guys are on their bikes for hours and hours and hours. But it's the Tour leader wearing a yellow jersey, I might add, who gets to signal - is this right?- when it's time for the riders to pull over for a bit of relief?

It turns out, yeah. One of the greatest honors, according to the riders, of getting the yellow jersey is that you get to control when everybody else who's racing stops for a little bit of a pee break.

Which is extraordinary.

turn 2 : Getting the yellow jersey in the Tour de France is a great honor because it allows the wearer to control when the other riders stop for a bathroom break. Implicated meaning: The yellow jersey is a symbol of leadership in the Tour de France, and controlling when bathroom breaks happen is seen as a demonstration of power and control over the other riders.

Which aspect of the Tour de France is seen as a demonstration of power and control?

Answer: Leadership


They were part of the crew of the USS Monitor, a celebrated Civil War ship that helped open a new era in naval warfare. The ship was ironclad, powered by steam instead of sails, and supported a rotating gun turret. The Monitor sank in a storm in 1862. Sixteen of 62 men on board went down with their ship. They were thought to be lost forever until 2002. The Monitor was being restored and the remains of two of the sailors were discovered in the turret. We're joined now by historian Anna Holloway. She's curator of the USS Monitor Center in Newport, Virginia. Thank very much for being with us.

Well, thank you so much for having me.

What do we know about these two sailors who have finally been buried?

Well, we still don't know their names, and that is one of the ongoing mysteries about these two heroes of the USS Monitor. However, as you mention, 16 men went down with the vessel, so there are 16 possibilities. Now, forensics tells us a little bit about them - their relative heights, their ages and their race - so that does narrow it down a bit.

turn 1 : There are no turns in the given conversation that have a meaning different from their literal meanings. All the turns convey their literal meanings without any implied or figurative language.

Answer: Introduction


It's only about $3 billion. So compared to the whole Defense Department, which is, you know, 500 or more billion, or NASA, which is around 16 billion, or something.

A couple of big bombers.

Yeah, one and a half B-2 bombers. That's it. I think DARPA should be inspiring to anyone who wants to create innovative things, come up with new ideas, do things that really make a difference, with a relatively small amount of money and resources.

And what stuff do you think, percentage of stuff, that you actually saw going on?What couldn't you see that they wouldn't let you see inside of DARPA?

turn 0 : The amount of $3 billion is relatively small compared to the Defense Department and NASA budgets.

Answer: around


Yes - beat me with a rifle - butt of a rifle.

Calvin Woods was also prosecuted for preaching against segregation. It was the law then.

I was speaking out against segregated buses. I was guilty of that and told them that they pay their money to sit down where there's a seat. And you don't have to get up, give anybody your seat unless that's what you want to do. So I was arrested, sentenced to six months hard labor and fined $500.

Calvin Woods and hundreds more in Birmingham were American heroes. But he says he'd like his children and his 60-some grandchildren to know it is always right to do right.

turn 0 : implies that the speaker was advocating for themselves to be violently punished,

Answer: Themselves


I'm Farai Chideya, and this is News & Notes.

1. 5 million. That's the number of people reportedly incarcerated in the United States. Beginning in the 1980s, the nation saw an ever-expanding prison industry, designed to manage a steady stream of new felons and recidivists. Now some states are finding they can't afford the billions of tax dollars supporting the prison system. Rethinking the role of rehabilitation may be part of the answer. That's what Jennifer Gonnerman says. She's a journalist covering the prison beat, and her latest article kicks off a special edition of Mother Jones magazine that examines the prison system. Jennifer, great to have you on.

Thanks so much for having me, Farai.

So this is a whole special issue on the issue of prisons. Your article talks about the economic impact the prison system is having on the nation. So what kind of money are we talking about?

turn 1 : The prison industry has become too expensive for some states to handle and rehabilitation is a possible solution

Which issue of Mother Jones magazine examines the prison system?

Answer: Special


My mother had a friend I called David in the essay. And he was a funny, charming man. And he always had clients around. He found them out of the state so they would live with him while they were going on auditions. And they seemed to have a lot of shirtless pictures of them around framed. That seemed to be the greatest bit of work that they did - were these shirtless pictures.

And each year, these boys would come and go, and they'd be between the ages of 12 and 16. And there was this feeling that my mother and I would sort of talk around. Is this weird?This is weird, right?No. No, it's David. It can't be weird. And I think there are a lot of people in Los Angeles dealing with that right now of people they have held in their heads where there's a little bit of a galvanic skin-crawly thing, but they also like this person.

Course, your article appeared as Anthony Rapp come forward with his charges against Kevin Spacey. Been a few more Kevin Spacey stories that have also come out since then. Without trying to judge the veracity of each and every story, what's the mix of ambition and vulnerability that makes child actors prey?

The same thing which puts women at risk in the business, which is economics. For children, there is a small window of opportunity in which a career is going to happen. You are not a child indefinitely. That makes people ripe for abuse.

turn 3 : (4) "That makes people ripe for abuse." - The phrase "ripe for abuse" is not meant to convey a positive connotation, but rather highlights the vulnerability and potential for exploitation that arises from the limited window of opportunity for success in the entertainment industry.

What does the phrase "ripe for abuse" convey?

Answer: Exploitation


You know, we don't do a lot of cookbooks on this show. Hugh Acheson's latest cookbook fits right in. It doesn't show much cooking. The chef is shown reading in a lawn chair, taking a hot bath, even playing the cello - at least holding the bow over one.

It's a book about what you can cook - if that's quite the word - while you do something else, even for hours. "The Chef And The Slow Cooker" is by Hugh Acheson, the acclaimed Canadian Southern chef who owns big-name restaurants in Georgia and is a judge on "Top Chef. "He joins us from WABE in Atlanta.

Chef, thanks so much for being with us.

It's great to be here, Scott.

turn 2 : The turn in (3) has an implied meaning of appreciation rather than a literal meaning of thanks.

Which word in turn 2 has an implied meaning of appreciation?

Answer: Appreciation


So this will help the basketball players and then also the track events. But the good thing is obviously with these developments - the wheelchairs (unintelligible) through the people, you know, everyday people that use wheelchairs, and it will mean it's more lightweight for them to lift, say, in and out of vehicles.

And some of this stuff then filters in back to the general public.

Yeah, I mean, and that's a great thing, you know, the flow sort of from elite to high street, as we refer to it, is great. So you start seeing that, for example, with push bikes. We see a lot of that now available, helmet design from bikes, you say that. Swimwear is another thing that we see a lot of technology flowing into the high street.

Let's talk about swimwear because there was a kind of swimwear that was used and is now banned, and something new is taking its place.

turn 0 : "it will mean it's more lightweight for them to lift" - The literal meaning of "more lightweight" is redundant, as the adjective "lightweight" already implies that the object is light. The intended meaning is that the wheelchairs will be lighter, making them easier for people to lift.

How will the developments help people who use wheelchairs?

Answer: Easier


Exactly. And they're all seeing poll numbers where the president's numbers nationally have slipped into the 30s. But when it comes to Republican voters, the president remains strong.

Now, your newspaper, The Washington Post, is reporting this morning that President Trump tried to get Jeff Sessions to drop the charges against Sheriff Arpaio. But he was advised that this would be inappropriate. Is this just another instance of the president being a newbie politician, someone that's kind of just new to the job here?

It's also an example of how the president's not only an outsider trying to intervene in these kinds of legal affairs. But he's been working on this Arpaio pardon for months, going as far as to ask the attorney general, one of his top allies, at least early in the administration to stop the prosecution from moving forward to help Arpaio get off. And this is raising concerns in both parties about the kind of behavior the president has when it comes to criminal justice. Is he doing too much to intervene?That's the question on Capitol Hill.

So not a snap decision. You say he's been working on it for a while.

turn 2 : "Is he doing too much to intervene? That's the question on Capitol Hill." - The actual meaning implied here is that there are concerns in both parties about the president's behavior when it comes to criminal justice, particularly his intervention in the Arpaio case.

How are concerns over the president's behavior in criminal justice described by both parties?

Answer: Intervention


It's time now for our Africa Update. The search begins for an African Einstein. In South Africa this week, at least two dozen people have been killed in a wave of attacks on foreigners and we look at Rwanda's new economic force, women. For more, we've got Roxanne Lawson, she's director of Africa Policy for TransAfrica Forum. Hey, Roxanne.

Hi, how are you doing?

I'm doing great. So let's talk about some disturbing news form South Africa. It's the biggest economic power on the continent and plenty of immigrants from other African nations are flooding into the country, legally or not. South Africans are accusing these immigrants of taking away jobs and causing crime, in some ways it's similar to a lot of the debates right here in the U. S.  Now, some South Africans are getting into brutal attacks on foreigners. At least 24 people have been killed in unrest that broke out a week ago. So what's the latest on the violence?

You're directly right that it actually is very much like what we see here in the United States with our migration issues. As of this morning, official reports that 217 people have been arrested, over 3,000 have been displaced and 22 people are dead.

turn 2 :  "South Africans are accusing these immigrants of taking away jobs and causing crime" - This turn has a figurative meaning, as immigrants are not literally taking away jobs and causing crime, but rather this is a perceived issue by some South Africans.

How are immigrants viewed by some South Africans?

Answer: Blamed


Oh, yes, it's 63 as we're speaking now. So that's a 33-degree drop from what it was just a few hours ago last night.

But what's the week been like?

You know, hard for people in a country that's not used to heat and doesn't have much air conditioning. The five hottest summers here since 1500 have been - all been since 2000. So you have - do have more people here asking, if I could put it this way, does a chateau have to fall on your head to see that the earth, France included, is getting hotter?

Yeah (laughter) I know you were in Paris during the 2003 heatwave. And that left 15,000 people dead according to estimates. And it's still considered a marker in French history.

turn 2 : Not an actual home falling onto people's head but an obvious, large amount of information becomes understood.

Which event during the 2003 heatwave left 15,000 people dead according to estimates?

Answer: Heatwave


Remind everyone that immigrants are one of the greatest blessings that the good Lord has brought to America. Immigrants are a blessing and not a curse. This dumb idea that Latinos are changing America - and if the manifesto is legitimate - we're not a hundred percent certain - but if the manifesto is legitimate and authentic, it speaks to a troubled individual that may very well be part of a troubled group of individuals in this country that once again want to resurrect a nativist, white nationalist mindset that will not survive in the 21st century.

My message is this - conservatives, Republicans, Democrats, liberals - let's come together, and let's annihilate white nationalism, nativistic, xenophobic attitudes in America once and for all. Let's bring the country together and let's address immigration. And it's a win-win across the board.

That's Reverend Samuel Rodriguez. He's president of the National Hispanic Christian Leadership Conference.

Reverend Rodriguez, thanks so much for talking to us once again.

turn 0 : The speaker wants to address the negative views towards immigrants in America and reject white nationalism and xenophobia

How does the speaker want to address negative views towards immigrants in America?

Answer: annihilate


How did it change me to lose a parent?
Yeah.
Do you have both your parents?
Nope.

turn 0 : Losing a parent can have a profound impact on someone's life.

Which event can impact someone's life significantly?

Answer: Losing


Thanks for allowing me to be on your show.

You didn't have kind words for Donald Trump in that interview, but why did you think Democrats who want to impeach him are misguided?

I've sat through impeachment. I understand that it's not a walk in the park. It takes a supermajority to impeach a president, and it's just not going to happen. And I think that we would be better off focusing on health care, the huge, huge amounts of money in politics that is ruining the body politic, climate change, which is sweeping the world.

So what I think you're saying is you need to - the Democrats have to have another message that isn't solely about removing the president.

turn 1 : Democrats wanting to impeach Trump is not a good idea and they should focus on other issues.

How did PersonA suggest the Democrats should shift their focus from impeaching Trump?

Answer: Shift


I think it is.
Oh my gosh!
I think it is.
This is a huge day.

turn 3 : A is expressing that this is an important or significant day.

What is PersonA's emotional reaction to the situation?

Answer: Excited


I got a glance over the weekend, and the sky was beautifully blue. I mean, really, it was wonderful. And the air pollution index for that day was exceedingly low. Also, it was like 17. That's lowest since I've been keeping track.

This, I think, has to do with changes in weather patterns that appeared to start somewhere in the first week of August. The arrival of rainfall and winds from the northeast and form the northwest, which would bring in cleaner air, and in particular lack of strong winds from the south that would bring up the heavy levels of pollution.

Yet, you've said earlier that the air pollution in Beijing mostly blows in from elsewhere. So these steps that the city officials have taken in recent months with changing traffic patterns and closing factories, really, that's not a factor here?

Well, you know, I've been looking at the day they very carefully tried to decide what is really going on this summer. We know that the controls did something. It's just that I, at least, am unable to pick out their effects in the data so far.

turn 0 : "got a glance" means "saw briefly" rather than "obtained a glance"

What was the air pollution index on the day PersonA saw the blue sky?

Answer: 17


First of all, as a citizen, every person who died there - it doesn't matter. Israeli or Palestinian - it's heartbreaking. But from the other side, just imagine you have to protect yourself. And I think Israel protected herself.

Weren't there are a lot of innocent people, though, and children certainly unarmed?

I don't know. I know that 60 people - or something like that - got killed. And it's heartbreaking. But 50 of them were terror members of the Hamas. This is what the Hamas said. But let's talk about art.

All right. What do you hope Americans will learn watching "Fauda"?

turn 1 : The speaker thinks that innocent people and children were killed in the conflict

How does PersonB respond to PersonA's statement about innocent people and children being killed in the conflict?

Answer: Heartbreaking


No, I didn't, actually. You know, I thought - you know, it was a possibility. We were kind of going into it blind, hoping we could - you know, my family and I, when I say we - we could get some money.

You know, a lot of people would look at you and say, you had such a promising future in football, possibly. You had a free ride to college and, you know, you gave that all up. Do you really feel like, you know, it was the right thing?

Yeah. You know, I think I would rather be - not to say that I couldn't get injured with anything else in life, because I can. I think living a life injury free is much better than not having to pay off student loans. But at the same time, being in pain and having trouble walking and maybe possibly knee and hip surgeries and things like that - and, you know, head injuries of course, with the memory - so I think I'd rather, you know, I'd rather be paying off student loans than having trouble getting down the stairs or something in the morning or, like, something like that.

And now you have equal offers for basketball or. . .

turn 2 : The family was taking a chance by investing in a potential financial opportunity without having any guarantee of success.

Which family member was hoping to get some money?

Answer: Family


Shannon, of course, we're dealing with a breaking news event. And it's the inclination of and the policy of this news organization to be conservative rather than to be inaccurate. We know that people are going to see and hear another - other numbers that are out there. We are reporting what we can confirm at the moment. There is a suspect in custody. As I understand it, the area is still not considered safe. They're asking people to remain in their homes, yes?

That's right. They're warning people to stay inside their homes, stay away from the area of the synagogue. And also, reportedly, according to the synagogue's website, this was the busiest service, the most packed service of the week for the synagogue, the Saturday morning service. So we can expect that there were probably multiple people inside the synagogue at the time.

So there's a suspect in custody. Police at the same time have to be worried that perhaps someone else could be involved, and that's why the area - why they're still telling people to shelter in place.

That's right. Until, you know, fairly recently this morning, it was an active shooter situation. The details of the shooting, whether there were more than one person involved, we don't know that yet, or even a motive.

turn 0 : The news organization prioritizes accuracy over speed in reporting breaking news (1 suspect in custody confirmed)

Which policy does the news organization prioritize when reporting breaking news?

Answer: Accuracy


Absolutely. In fact, Dr.  Landreth and his colleagues have replied to these four and said no, no, no, wait. I mean, while the general tenor is you've got four papers that didn't replicate our findings, there are elements of these papers that, in fact, do replicate their findings.

So, in particular, some of the behaviors improved in some of the animals that were tested in these other studies, and a particular form of the amyloid - the so-called soluble amyloid, or the oligomeric form of the amyloid - was in fact replicated in these other papers.

So Dr.  Landreth and colleagues are saying no, no, no. I mean, some features weren't, but in general, the basic premise was replicated.

Since that original study came out, did you have patients that actually came to specifically asking for this drug based on the reports they heard in the news?

turn 0 : General tenor means that the basic idea is true but there is conflicting data.

Answer: Behaviors


Yes, absolutely. It's an era that began shortly after the Civil War, when Congress, in order to allow the former Confederate states back into the Union, insisted that they hold constitutional conventions which would make it possible for black men to vote. And so that caused a kind of electoral revolution in the south. You suddenly had blacks not only voting, something that they were very enthusiastic about, but also electing black officials for the first time. So you had the beginning of a series of about 20 black congressmen who came to Washington from the south and served through - in the end of reconstruction in the late 1870s and then, as you mentioned, all the way up to George White, the very end of the century.

Now, you write about the first seven black members of Congress. What did they have in common beside their race?For example, they weren't all former slaves, were they?

The one thing that I think they had in common was that they all were very exceptional people. Some of them had been slaves. Some had been free blacks. What they had in common was a kind of a, you know, sort of ambition to lead and to serve.

Of these early black politicians, who stands out for you and why?

turn 3 : "Stands out"  meaning that who is the most exceptional, not meaning to stand outside of everyone else

How did the interviewer ask about the most exceptional black politician in the early days of black members of Congress?

Answer: asked


Wow. So that must have even surprised the researchers, I imagine.

Yeah, well the big thing is nobody really has any even guess about how the brain is able to do this. They did some similar experiments where they weren't turning somebody's world upside-down, they were - they had goggles that reversed right and left. So everything that was on your right is suddenly on your left.

And again, the first few days were just madness from the point of view of somebody doing this. The whole world is reversed. But after a few days, the brain adjusted to it.

Amazing. And so when they took the goggles of him and he had to go back to the normal life, how long did that take?

turn 2 : The brain is capable of adjusting to normalcy after experiencing an unusual situation.

How did the brain react to reversed right and left goggles?

Answer: Adjusted


James Foley would have turned 41 today. The journalist who was murdered by the Islamic State was known for his reporting on the conflicts of the Middle East. Jim Foley's life will be celebrated in his hometown of Rochester, New Hampshire today. The memorial service is taking place at Our Lady of the Holy Rosary Parish. Father Marc Montminy, a close friend of the family, is leading the service. He joins us now. Thanks for being with us.

You're very welcome. It's good to be with you.

What do you remember about Jim Foley?

We remember him as a child. Many people around the world remember him more as an adult 'cause when you're young, you see people from one vantage point. As you get older, they develop and grow into their own person. Jim was always a happy guy. He was also, I felt, very pensive at times. He was a thinker. He was the type of guy who could see things that perhaps other people didn't see as clearly.

turn 3 :  "He was the type of guy who could see things that perhaps other people didn't see as clearly." - The literal meaning of this statement is that Jim Foley had the ability to perceive things more clearly than others.

Which journalist does PersonB mention in the beginning of the dialogue?

Answer: James


There is also a pledge now by this, again, outside group, the opposition coalition, to actually try to form a government in exile as soon as this weekend. It's a long-time coming.

Yeah. This has been going on for a while. They've talking about forming this government in exile for a long time. As we've seen with many of these different Syrian opposition groups, the political groups, the people who are based outside, they have a hard time. There's some reasons for that. I mean, it's hard for someone to say they want to claim responsibility as the leader of a group because they immediately become a target, their families become a target from the Syrian regime. But there's also just a lot of disagreement about who should lead. Should he be from the south?Should he be from the capital - he or she?Should he be a she?

You know, and, you know, secular, Islamist, which group - Christian minority, majority Sunni, so these are the questions that they're all hammering out. There's supposed to be a meeting in the coming ways. We've heard that that might be postponed.

Really?

turn 1 : "Based outside" doesn't mean they are outdoors, it means they are outsiders to the current government. They are not in power now.

What is the reason for the Syrian opposition groups struggling to claim leadership?

Answer: Target


Now, again, I spent my life being hassled by white cops. And the first thing I thought was, do you mean to tell me after everything I've been through, that St.  Peter is a white cop?That was the first thing that went through my mind.

Oh, my gosh. Well, that is a clear sign of your sense of humor. Brian, just stay with us. We won't keep you too much longer. Brian Copeland is the author of the book and creator of the production "Not a Genuine Black Man. "

And next on NEWS & NOTES, if you or someone you love is struggling with depression or mental illness, where do you turn?We've got two medical experts with a long history of promoting mental health. Plus, we read from your letters.

I'm Farai Chideya, and this is NEWS & NOTES. This month, we are focusing on the critical issue of mental health. We're also speaking with Brian Copeland, the author of the book and creator of the production "Not a Genuine Black Man. "

turn 0 : A jokingly questions if St. Peter is a white cop due to his negative experiences with white cops.

How did PersonA react to his experiences with white cops?

Answer: Jokingly


Explain to me why that's a problem. I think defenders of the president would say Jared Kushner has a direct line of communication to the president of the United States, who will actually listen to him.

And that's OK. But that means that Jared Kushner, if he is going to play that role, should at least be informing the president by informing himself, by learning about the issues, by studying the issues, by doing the homework.

What was the personal calculation for you coming out publicly and speaking out about why you resigned as ambassador?Other foreign service officers have not chosen the same route. They have sort of quietly left.

That's correct. And that was my intention. There was an official at the Department of State who read my private letter of resignation to the president. And we know that this happened because it was published by Reuters. And it was there that I wrote to the president that when I was a junior officer, I had signed an oath to completely and fully implement foreign policy, even policies with which I might have disagreed. And then my instructors made clear to me that if there ever came a time when I could no longer do that, I would be honor bound to resign. And that time has come.

turn 0 : He can talk to the president directly with no in between people.

How does Jared Kushner communicate with the president?

Answer: Direct


Well, we had some great conversations about what it took to play the position. And you know, Bob Watson, who started out as a catcher, was one of the committee members. Phil Niekro, Bert Blyleven and Don Sutton, Pat Gillick, all pitchers, all Hall Famers, were really able to add a lot of insight to what it must have been like.

And the other - one of the main things we talked about was just how they played much shorter schedules in the 1870s. So when you look at career statistics, that's a huge distortion. Deacon White ended up with 2,000 career hits, but he was playing in a - in an average of 40, 50, 60-game schedules a year. So there was no way to generate the kind of career milestones that we look at as benchmarks today. You know, 3,000 hits would be all but impossible. And 2,000 was a terrific accomplishment.

And the number of errors he recorded even as a great defensive catcher would have been, you know, totally unacceptable by today's standards.

Oh, exactly. Yeah. And again, an issue where we had to really sort of look at what - compare him to people from his own era. And when we did that, you know, it became really obvious just how much he stood above his contemporaries.

Are the records from those days good enough that you have reliable accounts of who was good and who was great?

turn 0 : Bob Watson's transition from catcher to committee member added unique insight to the position.

Which position did Bob Watson start out in?

Answer: Catcher


. . . About 30 seconds left.

OK.

Do you think the administration perceives ISIS as a greater threat than the Assad regime in Syria and is making that choice in so many words?

Scott, that's the problem. The Iraq strategy is clear, but the Syria strategy is a muttle (ph) because there's a desire to the defeat ISIL. And we've had some success with the Kurds in the north, but there hasn't been a clear strategy vis-a-vis Assad. These are two problems that are connected, and you can't have a strategy that's just about one. We're hoping for a, you know, a strong outcome to these discussions in Geneva, the restart of a peace discussion about Syria. But we've been pursuing a strategy in Syria that's kind of a half strategy without having a strategy on Assad and the refugee crisis and so many other (unintelligible) for that.

turn 2 :  (3) implies that B is asking A to comment on the administration's decision to prioritize the threat of ISIS over the Assad regime in Syria,

How does PersonA describe the Syria strategy pursued by the administration?

Answer: muddle


That's correct.

. . . Epstein's lawyers. OK, because I was asking about Epstein's lawyers.

Oh. Well, he - they aren't saying anything right now. They haven't seen the charges. So until they see the charges, I don't know how much they really want to say. They want to understand what they're up against to start with.

And so what are the lawyers for the victims saying?

Well, like I said, they were shocked, stunned. I don't think - I think that they suspected that something was happening with the Southern District of New York, which was investigating this and brought the charges. But I don't think they thought that it would happen this fast. I thought they thought it would be a very long process to try to get him. That's what makes me suspect that maybe they have a very good witness on their side.

turn 0 : "understand what they're up against" implies understand what they're confronted with.

What do Epstein's lawyers want to understand?

Answer: Confronted


So I always tell people, look at your many choices. Don't close any doors. But the fact is that, you know, take your passion, take it as far as you can, but understand you've got to make a living, and you've got to pay the loan back.

What about people like you, who are college presidents?What challenges are you facing in trying to make sure that you can get a broad variety of students from different backgrounds?

Farai, you know, what keeps me up at night is the young women who want to be admitted but don't have the dollars, the young women who are students who are continuing, who are saying, I need more financial aid, the young women whose parents can't take out another loan. That literally keeps me up at night. If you see me again and I'm gray, that's what did it.

I mean literally. I mean, I wake up in the - you know, I wake up in the middle of the night and say, how can I find money for these young people?It is a challenge.

turn 0 : Pursuing passion is important, but financial stability is also crucial.

What specifically keeps the speaker up at night regarding young women and college admissions?

Answer: house


Are some people giving up?

Some people are. I've heard some of my clients say, maybe we will hire less foreign nationals. Maybe, you know, it's becoming too difficult because, obviously, as you know, there's a cost associated with this, too. And some companies are in a position to take on these costs. Some others are not. So you get to the position where companies may turn around and say, well, we just won't hire anybody, and we won't care about the best and the brightest. We will just go forward and not do any of these applications in the future.

Immigration lawyer Pierre Bonnefil, thank you so much for speaking with us.

You're very welcome. Thank you. Have a great day.

turn 1 : The companies's representatives will look at the hiring  situation and make a statement.

Which representatives will make a statement?

Answer: Companies


Do not worry about that.

It's so hard to, like, finally put yourself in a place where you're ready to tell the world and then to feel like any justice that you would have gotten out of that has been robbed from you.

Do you think something can be done now?Is there something you want to see done now that would help you feel that justice has been done?

I don't know. People keep asking me that, and I keep going back and forth 'cause one minute, I'm like, no, there is no justice. My justice was - I needed him to hear what I had to say, and I'm never going to get that. But then there's part of me that's like, no, I'm going after this like a dragon, and I will find justice somehow.

turn 3 : "Going after this like a dragon" implies aggressiveness and powerful action.

Which animal represents the type of action that person plans to take?

Answer: Dragon


And I was like, ooh, that's catchy. And I was like, uh oh. Song time. And I put my sandwich down, ran to my little studio and just got to work.

"Jaime" is a really personal record. It's named for the older sister Brittany adored, the sister who taught her how to play the piano and write poems. Jaime died of cancer when the girls were still kids.

What was she like?

First thing I picture are her nails.

turn 3 : First thing that he sees in his mind about her is her nails.

What is the first thing that comes to PersonB's mind when he thinks about Jaime?

Answer: Nails


You mean somebody rational?
Yeah, someone he could work with.
Yeah.
That would be very good.

turn 2 : The speaker is hinting that the situation is difficult or complex.

Which word suggests that the situation is complex or difficult?

Answer: Difficult


He says today's number one threat to American national security is nuclear proliferation and terrorism. His new book, "Will Terrorists Go Nuclear?"examines both the risks and psychology of nuclear terrorism, and says terrorists don't need to have such weapons to perpetrate nuclear terror.

Nuclear terrorism is about the very frightening possibility that terrorists could acquire and employ nuclear weapons. Nuclear terror is about the anticipation of that event. Nuclear terrorism is about terrorists' capabilities, intelligence, evidence, our assessment of the threat. Nuclear terror is about our imagination.

The history of nuclear terrorism can be briefly summarized. Fortunately there hasn't been any. Many would hasten to add yet. But nuclear terror has a rich history, and it's deeply embedded in our popular culture and our policy making circles.

One of the other things you mentioned in the book, among many, is that al-Qaeda might become the world's first terrorist nuclear power without possessing a single nuclear weapon. And I suppose the answer to that is in part what you just were describing.

turn 1 : Nuclear terrorism is not just about the possibility of terrorists acquiring and using nuclear weapons, but also about the fear and imagination surrounding the threat.

How is nuclear terrorism not just about terrorists acquiring and using nuclear weapons?

Answer: Fear


How does your - your vaccine has two parts. Walk me through them.

Well, the approach that has proven successful in our hands is to essentially deliver a one-two punch with our vaccine. We prime the immune system by using a genetic vector that delivers the hemagglutinin in isolation into the muscle.

Once that DNA is introduced into the muscle, it just makes the viral hemagglutinin and induces an immune response to it.

Let me jump in right here because this part I really want to understand. So you put DNA into our bodies, and then what happens exactly on the cellular level?

turn 1 : one-two punch implies that the vaccine works through a series of actions to produce a result

What does the term "one-two punch" suggest about the way the vaccine works?

Answer: Series


Well, the regulations that I'm most concerned with are the ones that could be causing issues in getting approvals, new chemistries approved for crops that we grow. Cuts to different agencies could cause approval processes to take longer, which certainly in times where you have different pests and things that need taken care of, whether it's plant pests or, in our case, we have cattle as well, and if there's problems there and we don't have the ability to treat our plants or animals well or with the latest tools - you definitely want things to be safe. But it seems more like it's being pushed to the back burner for political reasons. It's very frustrating as a farmer sometimes when you see needs for things and you know there's fixes coming but regulatory issues are holding them up.

I have to ask, has your business been affected by climate in recent years?

(Laughter) Well, in the agricultural business, everybody's affected by climate. You know, I think anybody that says there's not changes happening is somewhat naive. On the other hand, it's the things that we can do to figure out what things we can do long term to make sure we're, you know, in good position to continue to grow the crops that we have here in the U. S.  and hopefully be profitable in the future and continue to be, you know, the largest producer of food in the world.

Kevin Ross, who grows corn and soybeans and raises cattle in Minden, Iowa, thanks so much for being with us.

turn 3 : The government’s lack of interest and prioritization of political issues is causing a delay in getting necessary approvals and treatments for crops and animals.

What is causing delays in getting necessary approvals?

Answer: Delays


And I'm sure this was a topic happening this weekend at the Iowa State Fair, where most of the Democratic presidential candidates are. They're hoping to make an impression at the first-in-the-nation caucus. How, Ron, would you assess the Democratic contest right now?

Yes, they all go to the state fair. There seems to be a certain legitimacy that's conferred by posing for pictures with a cow made entirely of butter. The state fair is the unofficial starting gun, as you say, for the Iowa caucuses six months away.

Right now, it's mostly a test of who can be the biggest anti-Trump or who's calling him a racist or who's not calling him a white nationalist or who is or isn't calling for his impeachment. The typical Iowan would probably rather talk about different plans for health care or tariffs on China and China's lack of purchases of some of their products, but talking about Trump gets headlines and brings the cameras.

And China, as you mentioned - the U. S.  has again escalated its trade war with China. The Trump administration labeled China a currency manipulator. That's after China devalued its currency. And that came right after new tariffs the president announced last week. All that has the stock market bouncing around. How is this affecting the presidential race?

turn 3 : The stock market bouncing around means that its values are changing rapidly.

What does the fluctuation of the stock market indicate?

Answer: Fluctuation


Thanks for having me. I'm glad to be here.

What's the mood like in Columbus ahead of tonight's game?

First of all, it's been amazing. We've had great attendance. Our first game was a sell-out. And I think the mood is obviously interested to find out who this next national champion's going to be. Mississippi State has never won a national championship. And obviously, Notre Dame - they are a staple in the Final Four. But it would be just their second national title.

What can we expect tonight between Mississippi State and Notre Dame?What can we see?

turn 2 : The speaker is excited about the interest and attendance at the games

What has the speaker found amazing about the games?

Answer: Attendance


And Border Patrol agents are making a lot of trips to the hospital with sick children up and down the Southwest border - nearly 70 kids a day since December, they say. But immigration officials say it's just hard to keep up with the sheer numbers here. It's putting a huge strain on resources, and they're asking Congress for billions of additional dollars to deal with it.

In the meantime, what more have you learned in your reporting about the death of Carlos Hernandez Vasquez?

Well, a couple of things. One thing that really stands out is that Carlos Hernandez Vasquez died in a Border Patrol station. The previous migrant children who died were taken to the hospital first; Hernandez Vasquez was not even though immigration authorities clearly knew that he was sick. He was diagnosed with the flu by a nurse practitioner.

On the same day, Customs and Border Protection moved him to a different Border Patrol station where they could separate him from the other migrants to stop the spread of the flu. Even Health and Human Services officials were concerned about how ill he was. This is the agency that's responsible for long-term care of unaccompanied children. And HHS decided that Hernandez Vasquez could not be flown to a shelter in Florida because of his illness. So in retrospect, critics say it's hard to see why they did not take him to the hospital.

turn 2 : Carlos Hernandez Vasquez was not given proper medical attention.

Which migrant child was diagnosed with the flu by a nurse practitioner?

Answer: Carlos


Now, recent satellite pictures show that they are putting these things back together - the buildings, the rail system, the launch pad. It's not exactly clear when they started. It could have started in mid-February, before the summit. Work could have been going on as recently as over the weekend, after the summit finished.

OK. So the timing of this is a little tricky about whether this is North Korea responding to those summit talks falling apart.

That's right. A couple things to remember. First of all, you know, they can launch missiles from mobile launchers. So this site is not that big a deal. Another thing is that when North Korea made these gestures and said, now, why don't you reciprocate?People were just dismissing these as insignificant concessions. They were saying, you know, North Korea's just trying to hand us their junk. These sites are outdated. They're not worth much. Well, by that token, then people should not be too alarmed about them being reassembled.

OK. So I mean, but we've always talked about that North Korea's nuclear capabilities are, you know, something to be reckoned with. So explain exactly why we're not supposed to be so concerned about this one move.

turn 2 : In this turn, the speaker suggests that people should not be too alarmed about North Korea reassembling certain sites related to their nuclear program. The literal meaning of the words suggests that people should not be worried about these sites because they are outdated and not worth much. However, the implied meaning is that people should not be too concerned about North Korea's actions because the sites are not critical to their nuclear capabilities, and because North Korea may have already been working on them before the summit talks fell apart.

How should people feel about North Korea reassembling certain sites related to their nuclear program?

Answer: Not-concerned


It may be, except that the month of May had largely passed before the latest round of trade threats began. So these numbers appear to have more to do with where the overall economy stands after roughly a decade of expansion. We're well into the late stage of the cycle. And some degree of slowdown may be expected. Still, the weak jobs numbers highlighted the dangers of more trade war at this moment.

Impeachment continues a kind of slow roll. Now, you've made the distinction between an impeachment inquiry and actual impeachment proceedings. I wonder if this distinction is lost on many of the American people as they respond to public opinion polls. I mean, Senator Pelosi - or Speaker Pelosi said this week she thinks a lot of people think that impeachment means removing the president from office. Of course, it doesn't.

It doesn't unless the Senate goes along, and you're right. It's a tough issue to poll in part because of that misimpression. And as we have said before, the percentage that favor impeachment as they understand it is well under half. And in fact, it's lower than it was back in September. And the number of House members who favor impeachment has grown. It's up around 60, but that's still only about a quarter of the total Democratic caucus. So this is less a broad mandate from the people than it is a rallying cry for the activist core.

NPR, the PBS NewsHour and Marist organization polled the views of Americans on abortion, and there are both lots of nuance but also some clear generalities, aren't there?

turn 0 : The weak jobs numbers highlight the dangers of more trade war.

What did the weak jobs numbers highlight?

Answer: Dangers


How fair or accurate is the idea that Joan Kroc gave away Ray Kroc's money to a lot of places and causes of which he would not have approved?

A lot of old-guard McDonald's people I've talked to are angry that Joan made gifts that, in their estimation, were more liberal-leaning than Ray, perhaps, would've liked, including her million-dollar gift to the Democrats - now - and her active work in the peace movement and building these peace institutes at both Notre Dame and the University of San Diego.

I don't think she did it to spite Ray or to get back at him at all, although I do know that during the course of their marriage, she said she suppressed her politics and her interests in some ways because she didn't want to seem untoward. And yet, that doesn't square up with the fact that she started this alcoholism education charity while Ray was clearly afflicted. So the dichotomy or the juxtaposition of all these odd facts with Joan is what makes her so interesting to me. She was a very complicated person.

Lisa Napoli, her book, "Ray And Joan: The Man Who Made The Mcdonald's Fortune And The Woman Who Gave It All Away. "

turn 3 : Lisa Napoli wrote a book about Ray and Joan Kroc, but its actual meaning is that Lisa Napoli wrote a book about Ray and Joan Kroc and their relationship.

Answer: Ray


He went to his local bar and he didn't sit on the sidelines there. He took center stage and actually played a kind of Balkan fiddle called a gusle. And everyone stood around and clapped and applauded him. And he was sitting under a portrait of Radovan Karodzic, this man who was the hero for most of the people in the bar. And not one of them spotted the resemblance.

He lived across the stairwell in his block of flats from a woman who worked with Interpol. And her - every time she went into work, she logged on to her computer and saw the world's most wanted, including Osama bin Laden and Radovan Karodzic. And the penny never dropped. It was like a long-running performance that only came to an end really when his brother made a vital slip.

He made a phone call, right?What happened?

He made a phone call. And he used a SIM card that he shouldn't have used. It was one that was on the files of the people chasing Karodzic.

To put you on the spot a bit, does a sentence like this that comes 21 years after the Srebrenica massacre serve as a deterrent to alleged war crimes being committed today, let's say in Syria and/or Iraq?

turn 1 : Karodzic's brother made a mistake that ultimately exposed his identity.

Which mistake led to the exposure of Karodzic's identity?

Answer: Mistake


In Iran, state media are reporting the seizure of another tanker in the Persian Gulf. The ship was reportedly taken by Iran's Revolutionary Guard Corps, and seven crew members were detained. It would mark the third seizure of a foreign ship by Iran in the past two weeks. NPR's Peter Kenyon is following the story from Istanbul, and he joins us now.

Morning.

Hi, Lulu.

What do we know so far about this latest seizure?

turn 0 : i can take care my self for sure

How confident are you in your ability to handle difficult situations?

Answer: A


The tech companies cover a whole spectrum of businesses. And I think you'd have to go through the processes and procedures we have in place to look at, are they hurting competition, and are they negatively affecting the prices that consumers pay for their services and their goods.

Well, a lot of research has been done into it. What do you think?Do you think they are?

I think that Amazon, in certain ways, clearly is restraining the creation of businesses. And I think that's an important filter. That's my entrepreneurial filter. I mean, Amazon is able to see which of their vendors are most successful in selling their products. And then if Amazon decides to, they can go and acquire that specific company. That seems like an unfair competitive advantage to many people.

You said that red tape is preventing the creation of businesses. President Trump has famously made deregulation a big part of his pitch to the American people. Does President Trump have a point?Are we an overly regulated society?

When you get rid of all the regulations, as Donald Trump is suggesting, really, we become incredibly vulnerable to what appear to be small decisions, but they become bigger decisions. We need regulation. What I was saying is we don't need red tape, right?While I was governor, we went through 24,500 rules and regulations. And we looked for the red tape that really is not adding regulatory value.

turn 0 : Tech companies may have negative impact on competition and consumer prices.

What is the focus of the entrepreneur filter mentioned by A?

Answer: Acquisition


You could also - I think this is a terrific time to be as diversified as humanly possible. You want a little in bonds, you want a little in cash, you want some in stocks, you want some in international stocks. That way, at least if part of the economy falls apart, there are other things that will boost your returns.

You mentioned something I want to follow up on again with you about diversifying your portfolio, if you have one. If you do decide to move your money, whether it's a portfolio or a small savings account, and you want to do it right now because you're not confident, where should you put that money?

Ah. Well, I think that if you're really terrified of everything, your local bank is going to insure your savings account up to one hundred thousand dollars, more if you have a retirement account. And frankly, if the government falls through on that, you probably have other things in your life to worry about than what your savings are doing, like where am I going to get my canned goods?

Well, that's an interesting - an interesting response. I'm sure you heard Bill Spriggs earlier talk about Goldman Sachs and the end of the investment bank as we know it. A lot of times - you know, the corner bank is not the institution that it once was, so we have commercial banks, we no longer have investment banks. Does it make a difference which bank, which type of bank you now put your money in, given the crisis that we're facing?

turn 2 : The 'canned goods' comment isn't literal, but it implies that if the US government fails, society will crash and be unstable, and there may even be food shortages.

What does the canned goods comment suggest?

Answer: instability


I have - I guess it's a practical question because I'm remembering a number of executions that were stalled because there's been this shortage of drugs available to carry out executions. Has that changed?

It has not changed. But Attorney General Bill Barr says the Justice Department no longer wants to use that three-drug cocktail. Instead, he says, Justice is going to follow the protocol already deployed by states like Georgia and Texas. They use just one of those drugs. And Bill Barr says that method has been upheld by federal courts already, so he says it's not out of line with the Eighth Amendment ban on cruel and unusual punishment.

And, Carrie, this decision by the federal government would seemed to run counter to what we're actually watching happen in a number of states, isn't that right?

Exactly. Across the country, the population on death row in states has been shrinking for many years. There were just 25 executions last year. They seem to happen more often in southern states. And the Justice Department says it now takes on average more than 20 years between a state death sentence and an actual execution. So in many states, people are dying of natural causes before they can be executed.

turn 2 : to run counter with something means that the opposite of what was predicted to happen actually happened despite the circumstances

Answer: Contrary


No problem.

Aren't the British the original soccer hooligans?

Yeah, exactly. And the Russian fans rioting in France right now, for them the inspiration was the English football hooligan scene of the 1970s, '80s and '90s even. They see England as a spiritual home of football hooliganism, as it were.

How does football hooliganism wind up being a source of inspiration?

turn 1 : This statement implies that the British are known for Soccer disruption.

How are the British associated with soccer disruption?

Answer: Disruption


At dusk tonight - the Belmont stakes, and an engaging chestnut named California Chrome has a chance to be the first horse to win the Triple Crown - a sweep of all three of the major thoroughbred races since 1978. We're honored now to be joined by Laura Hillenbrand. She's a horse rider by trade, of course she's author of the perpetual best-selling "Seabiscuit. "Laura, thanks so much for being with us.

I'm so happy to be here Scott.

What is there about the Belmont stakes that frustrates so many great four-legged athletes who've already won two big races?

They call it the test of their champion for a reason. It is a tricky race. It's run around the biggest track in the country so strategy is different. You have to move a different place. It's a race that requires a lot of the jockey.

The thing that makes it the hardest in terms of sweeping the whole Triple Crown is the horse that gets there with a chance to win it as California Chrome has. They've already competed in the Derby and the Preakness, which are two incredibly difficult races. And now, in the span of five weeks, they have to try the third one. And it's the hardest one of all, the longest one of all. It's really asking a huge amount of them. And that's why, in my whole racing fan life, I have never seen a horse sweep the Triple Crown. I've seen 12 horses go to the Belmont with a chance to win it, and all of them have failed.

California Chrome is called the people's horse, kind of like Seabiscuit.

turn 3 : "It's a race that requires a lot of the jockey." - The literal meaning of this phrase is that the race demands a great deal from the jockey. The figurative meaning is that the jockey needs to have a lot of skill and experience to navigate the race successfully.

How does the Belmont stakes test the jockey?

Answer: Tricky


How much did you pay for that last box of Girl Scout cookies you bought?Five bucks, six maybe, maybe more?How about $15 billion?That's the price of a single box if - if it were turned into graphine. Researchers at Rice University in Houston have discovered a way to turn anything with carbon into graphine, the super-strong wonder material that can be worth over two million times the price of gold. You heard that right, two million times.

Forget alchemy, that's for chumps. This is graphene, worth a lot more in its weight of gold. Marc Abrahams, editor and founder of the Annals of Improbable Research is here to tell us why graphene is so pricey and what this invention could mean for nanotechnology. Welcome back to SCIENCE FRIDAY.

Thanks, Ira, nice to be back.

So what is this thing about turning Girl Scout cookies into graphene?

turn 0 : Girl Scout cookies can be turned into graphene, a valuable material.

Which valuable material can be made out of Girl Scout cookies according to the statement?

Answer: Graphene


Mm hmm.

Interracial relationships, though, may still be controversial to some degree. How do you see the difference if you see one between interracial relationships today and the way they were when you were doing Society's Child?

You know, it's a huge difference from my viewpoint. There will always be those people who are just backward and ignorant. There will always be those people. They need somebody to feel superior to. For my point of view, I live in Nashville, Tennessee, there's no way I could have lived in Nashville at 16 in 1966, '67. There's no way that Nashville would have had room for somebody like me then. I see interracial couples all the time in Nashville. I'm a Jew in Nashville. I'm a gay person in Nashville. It's a non-issue in most of the time. That's a huge leap forward.

(Singing) You come to my door, baby, Your face is clean and shinning, black as night. My momma went to answer, You know, that you looked so kind. Now, I could understand the tears and the shame, She called you, boy, instead of your name, When she wouldn't let you inside, When she turned and said, "But, honey, he's not our kind. "She says I can't see you anymore, baby, I can't see you anymore.

turn 1 : she says I can't see you anymore, baby, I can't see you anymore.

How does the PersonA's mother refer to the person at the door?

Answer: Boy


You mean the wall, the proposed wall.

Correct - fencing. And I believe that, in terms of targeting sanctuary cities, I think law enforcement - local law enforcement should refer to federal authorities people who they detain, undocumented immigrants who have criminal record. So I support that. At the same time, I do believe that we need to find a way to deal constructively with undocumented immigrants, the majority of whom pose no threat to our communities. And right now the Republican Party seems to be stuck, not willing to deal constructively with undocumented immigrants. And that's the key. So I'm hopeful that, you know, if we secure the border, we remove undocumented immigrants who have criminal records - that, eventually, Congress could deal in a more humane, constructive way with undocumented immigrants.

Just very briefly, do you think that this bill is a nonstarter?

I think so. I think it's not going anywhere. I think he did it to please his base, to energize his base. But, frankly, it goes nowhere.

turn 1 : A: "At the same time, I do believe that we need to find a way to deal constructively with undocumented immigrants, the majority of whom pose no threat to our communities."

How does PersonA believe the majority of undocumented immigrants pose a threat to communities?

Answer: No


You know, it was actually that friends started hearing we were doing this and said, well, have you thought about sharing them?So, about a year ago, I rounded up 10 or 12 people in town, and I said, OK, I'm going to mail you, I'm going to email you a math problem every night. Try it with your kids and tell me what happens. And within days, people were telling me that their kids were starting to bug them for the math problem every night.

Mm-hmm. Give me a sample of a math problem. Give us a math problem sample.

Sure. So, a couple of days ago, we did one on animals that have eight legs. And, you know, how do you walk when you have eight feet without tripping over yourself?So I actually watched a video of a crab walking to see how they do this. There's also a spider video out there. I couldn't bring myself to watch that. That was going to give me nightmares. But I watched the crab one, and there's a pattern.

The four feet on one side go one, three, two, four, and the ones on the other side do the same thing, alternating. So if the pattern is one, five, three, seven, two, six, four eight, and then you do one, five, three again, which leg takes the next step?

turn 0 : Their kids starting asking them repeatedly for math problems every night.

Which activity started after people heard about what they were doing?

Answer: Sharing


Let's wrap up, Ron, by talking about taxes. The House wants to try to pass a tax bill - an overhaul bill - by Thanksgiving. What can we look forward to there?

This week, we should see the pigs start coming out of the poke. The tax chairman on the House side, Republican Kevin Brady, is going to show us what his details show - legislative language. We're going to find out really who's going to be paying more, who's going to be paying less. And that could really kick off some political fallout.

Right because, obviously, the devil is in the details. And the vote could be very slim, at least on the Senate side, right?They can't afford to lose many at all.

That's right. Maybe they can lose 2 and still prevail in the Senate because their margin is basically 2. But we've got Rand Paul from Kentucky and Bob Corker of Tennessee both saying they don't want to add to the deficit. As it stands now, this plan would add 1. 5 trillion to the national debt.

turn 3 : A:	That's right.Maybe they can lose 2 and still prevail in the Senate because their margin is basically 2.But we've got Rand Paul from Kentucky and Bob Corker of Tennessee both saying they don't want to add to the deficit.As it stands now, this plan would add 1.5 trillion to the national debt.

How much would the proposed tax plan add to the national debt?

Answer: 1.5


Yeah. I mean, you know, I've been all over places talking about this because clearly as a scientist who understands the peer review literature and the president of the AMS, who recently released a 2012 climate change statement, I know that climate change is an issue and there are things that we need to be concerned about with human-caused climate change and the natural climate change.

But on tornados, the peer review literature is just not very mature on this right now. It's much more mature on the link between climate change and drought or heat waves or even the intensity of rainfall, and even more so as well on hurricanes in terms of the intensity of hurricanes, perhaps, increasing in the future. And if I were to cascade along that spectrum, scientific literature relating individual tornadic occurrence in climate change is very immature at this point

I think we have to be careful on that jump, although I know there's a tendency to do it. There is great deal of research ongoing right now at places like Purdue University or even by one of our doctoral students, Victo Gensini, here at the University of Georgia, looking at climate change and the type of environment that might emerge that could support, you know, tornadic storms, wind shear profiles that Jeff Trapp and others at Purdue have been doing this work as well. So that's sort of where we are, and I think we just have to be very careful on sort of causality for individual tornadic storms.

And that's where we have to leave it. Thank you for joining us today, Dr.  Shepherd.

turn 2 : We have to be careful on how we link tornadic activity and other weather instances together.

How is the maturity level of the peer review literature on tornados and climate change?

Answer: Causality