I'm Farai Chideya, and this is News and Notes. If a child commits a crime, even a serious one, should they go through the same justice system, and pay the same price as an adult?That's just one of a host of issues surrounding juvenile justice. Today is part of our ongoing series on criminal justice.

We look at how kids end up behind bars, and what other options judges have when faced with a young offender. For more, we have Carole Shauffer, executive director of the Youth Law Center. Welcome Carole.

Thank you. Welcome.

So, let's start with a little scenario. There is a 16 year old and his friend, who go into a convenient store. They ask for money. The clerk says no. The friend shoots the clerk. If the 16-year-old is arrested and charged, what are some of the possible paths that the justice system could take, with the person who was not the shooter, but who was part of this crime?

turn 3 : "possible paths" - This is a literal expression referring to different options or courses of action that could be taken.

Which expression in turn 3 refers to various options that could be taken in the justice system?

Answer: Paths


Thank you for having me on.

I think a lot of people don't want to hear anything you have to say until I've asked you this question. Are you being used by Vladimir Putin?

(Laughter) No, I don't think so. When people look at this, you know, particularly with Russia in the news as much as it is, there's always this cloud of suspicion that's leveled against anybody who can be, in the most stretched way, associated with Russia. It wasn't my choice to be in Russia.

Most stretched way - you're living there in Moscow. You have been for six years.

turn 2 : There is always people that are suspicious of those that are associated with Russia in any way, even the smallest way.

How is anybody associated with Russia viewed by people?

Answer: Suspicion


Right. So we're talking about the acting Director of National Intelligence Joseph Maguire going before the House Intelligence Committee tomorrow. Now, he's been on the job all of one month. And so far, his role has been to block the whistleblower complaint from going forward and reaching Congress. But there are signs that he doesn't necessarily agree with this position, that it's lawyers who've made him sort of take this position.

He's not a chatty guy. But last night, he issued a statement saying, I am committed to protecting whistleblowers and ensuring every complaint is handled appropriately. So that sort of statement came out of the blue. And then today, there was a report that he had threatened to resign if he was told to go before Congress and stonewall. He quickly responded and said. . .

You mean if the administration had blocked him from testifying before Congress.

Correct. Correct. And so he said that was not true. He said he didn't consider resigning. But it's certainly going to make for a very interesting day tomorrow to see what he says when he goes before the committee.

turn 1 : "Not a chatty" doesn't just mean he isn't highly talkative, it means he rarely says anything. Whistleblowers, out of the blue, and stonewall are also figurative.

How would you describe Maguire's communication style?

Answer: Reserved


Well, we're looking at, what can we use that $80 million for?And so that's being discussed right now. The - you know, we requested that that this aid come. However, the White House hasn't shared the parameters of this funding with us yet. And so that's what we're working on right now. And whether or not that - those funds have to be used for drinking water or those funds can be actually used for infrastructure.

So you have no idea yet how much or any - how - if you will get any of that $80 million (unintelligible).

Well, we'll get the $80 million. That's not - that's not the issue. The issue is, you know, how can we use it that $80 million?And that's what we're negotiating with the White House today.

My colleague, Ari Shapiro, spoke with the mayor of Flint this week. And she said that the trust between the state and the city has essentially been broken and that residents of Flint have felt abandoned. How do you, as the man tasked with leading this effort to fix this problem, how do you start to rebuild that trust?

turn 3 : mplies that A needs to find a way to re-establish the trust between the state and the city that has been damaged due to the crisis.

What is the issue that PersonA is negotiating with the White House?

Answer: Funding


That's why things spin, hurricanes and. . .

Yeah. . .

. . . spin in one direction.

. . . why everything spins. And it has to do with the fact that the Earth is rotating. So it's a physics problem.

So tell us, describe. . .

turn 0 : Turn 1: "spin" is used as a general term to describe rotational movement, whereas its literal meaning is to rotate rapidly and smoothly around a central axis.

Answer: rotate


And it might take you until next summer to finish "Wolf Hall," to be ready.

So this is - I want to correct the misapprehension that this is a hard book to read. This is a - like, a - certainly a long piece of psychologically realistic fiction. But you - from the minute you meet Thomas Cromwell, you really are going to be sucked in. And if - if you are a "Game Of Thrones" watcher who is interested in how power corrupts, how an intensely human, brilliant person can, you know, become the kind of person that maybe dragon fires a whole village or - I don't know - takes down the Catholic Church and murders a queen, then, you know, "Wolf Hall" is for you. Plus, you then will have the benefit of being right on time in March, when the third one comes out.

What about for your friend, the - the I-don't-do-fiction reader, the reader that wants to read. . .

I don't know any of those people. (Laughter).

turn 3 : The person does know people like that including himself and is joking.

What is the person's response to the suggestion that they know someone who doesn't read fiction?

Answer: Joking


Exactly. That's what we did in this particular study. We looked at one aspect of vocal behavior, which is whether the mouth is open or closed. And we looked at living dinosaurs - birds. We have 10,000 species today. Most of them vocalize, sing with an open mouth. But some birds produce sound with a closed mouth. They actually inflate different structures that allow them to resonate, often at lower frequencies than many other birds. But we also needed to look at alligators and crocodiles as the closest cousins to dinosaurs.

Well, I have actually heard alligators bellow and make a terrific noise.

Well, exactly, and that bellow is a closed-mouth sound. So when we think of our T.  rex, we don't need to imagine just simple cooing. But there are a variety of generally low frequency sounds that are produced in this way.

Do you think there are other things about dinosaurs that we've gotten wrong for a long time?

turn 1 : The literal meaning of this turn is that the speaker has heard alligators bellow and make a great noise. However, the implied meaning is that the speaker is surprised to know that alligators produce sound with a closed mouth.

Answer: Closed


She does. I'm afraid she is both beautiful and brilliant and clever but also rather naive, and she meets the wrong guy. She isn't. . .

She's naive because she's lonely, Dame Stella.

She's lonely. She is lonely, yes, but she's also - I think she's also naive. I have to say that. I mean, you can be lonely and cautious. But, I mean, she is an example, I think, of somebody who believes in civil liberties, as do I, as do many people. But she also believes, you know, in the need for our intelligence services to have the right powers. And she finds herself, I suppose, torn in the middle of that debate. And, as you say, unfortunately, she falls for the wrong guy whose interests are not hers.

Dame Stella, is MI5 ever worried that you'll just wake up one morning and say, oh, remember when this happened?I think I'll make it a novel.

turn 3 : has a figurative meaning, as it is implying a joke about the idea of Dame Stella turning her experiences into a novel.

Which turn in the dialogue implies a potential conflict of interest for Dame Stella?

Answer: turn2


A Russian activist has shared a secret video clip that shows two of the Pussy Riot members who were arrested being interrogated. A furious policeman shouts, sometimes I regret that it's not 1937 - the time called the Great Terror in Russia under Josef Stalin, in which a million or more people were executed.

Pussy Riot knows the score. They live and strive in a country where activists, dissidents, artists and reporters can suffer for their bravery, and they went ahead with their action anyway, just below Vladimir Putin's cold smile. Pussy Riot are champions.

(Singing) Big smile for the camera. It's always on. It's all in the protocol. They tapped my phone. Golden idols holding rivals. Take my body, anybody. I'm your trophy. Make my nose bleed. Now you own me. Oh, my God, I'm so happy, I could die. Oh, my God, I'm so happy, I could cry. Oh, my God, I'm so happy, I could cry. Everybody's doing the same thing, and it makes me happy, yeah. It makes me happy, yeah. Oh, my God.

Pussy Riot.

turn 0 : The policeman is expressing a desire to execute the Pussy Riot members, as he regrets not being able to do so in a time when millions were executed under Stalin's regime.

How does the policeman feel about the Pussy Riot members?

Answer: Desires


No. From a technical point of view and economic point of view, I think objectively one would say no. Psychologically and politically at this point, because this issue had become central for more than 10 years, if they give up on that, they would lose politically. So, at this point, it's a political psychological necessity.

Exactly.

Is that a good technical - technically speaking, given your knowledge in this area, is that a good precaution for so many nations to have?I mean, what's the step between nuclear enrichment for peaceful purposes and developing a bomb?

turn 1 : (2) "They want to be able to say we're - we made a real deal, we're a real country, we can enrich uranium if we want."  The speaker is suggesting that the desire for the ability to enrich uranium is not solely motivated by a practical need, but also by a desire for national prestige and recognition as a "real country." The implied meaning is that there may be political and symbolic reasons behind a country's pursuit of nuclear capabilities, not just technical or practical ones.

How is the desire to enrich uranium motivated?

Answer: Prestige


Well, it's a toolkit, and so what we think it is it's multifunctional, depending on what the particular need is for the attackers. They probably use this in multiple operations, a variety of operations, and so depending on what they need for a specific target, what they want to steal, they will only download those particular modules to the system.

So in some cases they may be wanting just documents, and so they'll just, you know, download a module that does that. If they want to be listening to meetings that are happening in a room, want to be monitoring email of who's communicating with who, then they would download, you know, those kinds of modules.

Who's the they behind this?

Well, that's the mystery. You know, if we look at where the infections are occurring, and you mentioned that it's primarily in the Middle East, there have been a scattering of infections in Hungary, Austria, Hong Kong, but they're mostly in Iran, places like Syria, Sudan as well, Lebanon, and some cases in occupied West Bank and inside Israel. But the inside Israel ones may be unique for specific reasons.

turn 0 : "what we think it is it's multifunctional" - This phrase is redundant and can be simplified to "we think it is multifunctional."

How would you summarize the toolkit's purpose?

Answer: Multifunctional


Look. The president attaches himself personally to stories. In terms of numbers, he touts a lot of numbers there. We tend to forget that even under Obama, three American hostages were returned from North Korea. Hostages from Iran returned. There were a lot of them. Except that never before had the president personalized it.

That's Mickey Bergman, vice president of the Richardson Center for Global Engagement. He was kind enough to join us here in our studios in Washington, D. C.

Mr.  Bergman, thank you for joining us.

Thank you very much.

turn 2 : joining us implies being part of a program or activity and not referring to mixing or attaching people together

Answer: Participation


Right now, the police - I can't tell you for sure. I can tell you as to my prosecutors, what we did is we took the supervisor and the people involved in our charging decisions, and they actually help us work the system. So the process that we have created actually was a collaboration with people in my office. So they are supportive, and they're intrigued by what it's going to look like.

Again, we want to make sure that there are no negative unintended consequences to this. So we're going to be looking at it very closely. We are working with the Sanford people to make sure that we create the right metrics, you know?The goal here is to do something that will do the right things. And part of that will be learning and seeing if there are any negative unintended consequences that - we want to go back and fix them very quickly.

That is George Gascon. He is the district attorney for the city and county of San Francisco. George Gascon, thank you so much for talking with us.

My pleasure, Michel.

turn 1 : They are worried about any negative consequences of their actions and will fix them quickly.

What is the goal of their collaboration with the Sanford people?

Answer: Right


I think we overstate this, right?I really do. I think we overstate the threat that primaries pose, No. 1, to members. No. 2, what I would suggest is, OK, so what?That's your job. It's comes with the territory, right?And last time I checked, the Constitution wasn't written so that members could win re-election without threat, right?That's not the point.

The whole point - the whole basis of our regime of democratic accountability is so that members are held accountable for the decisions they make in office, not to push those decisions off elsewhere so that they can just keep winning. The only place where our views and our concerns are adjudicated in this wonderful nation of ours is in Congress. It's the only place. And if Congress isn't doing that, then Congress isn't doing its job.

So you seem less concerned that the president is overreaching than that the Congress is sitting on its hands.

I think that is the much bigger concern. The president most certainly it appears to be overreaching, right?I mean, this law has been passed presumably not to do end runs around Congress when the president can't get what he or she wants. So if you want funding, it seems to me, the best way to get it is to actually bargain and haggle and try to - and refuse to sign bills that don't give you that funding.

turn 1 : Members should be held accountable for the decisions they make in office

What is the basis of democratic accountability for members?

Answer: decisions


I assume, Sean, you're not going to have anyone there kind of pulling in the CNN-type touchscreen - pulling up results from various provinces. When might we get a really solid indication of who the next president of Afghanistan will be?

You're right. It is going to take some time here. We should start to get some basic, preliminary results in the coming days. But the actual count won't be completed until April 20. But once that's released, there's going to be several weeks of challenges, and a period where another body evaluates fraud and complaints and challenges from candidates. And May 14th is when the final, certified results of today's vote will actually be released. And most analysts are convinced that there's no chance any of the candidates will get more than 50 percent of the vote today, which means the top two candidates will go to a runoff, probably to be held sometime in June; meaning, we're looking at sometime late summer, early fall, actually, before we know who the next president of Afghanistan's going to be.

NPR's Sean Carberry in Kabul. Thanks so much.

Thank you, Scott.

turn 3 : "Thanks so much" is not meant literally but figuratively as an expression of gratitude.

What is the implied meaning of the phrase "Thanks so much" in turn 2?

Answer: Gratitude


That's for sure. And what we really think this overdose, if it would be moved forward with a company, would be packaged as a shot to have on - hands on, you know, with an ambulance or ER clinics for, you know, life or death situations.

I don't think an antidote raises the ethical concerns. The ethical concerns would be more raised with what's known as the active vaccine, which basically requires multiple injections, and you have circulating antibodies for life in that potential individual.

So, you know, one could be potentially marked that you had that vaccine. The antidote vaccine we're developing now would be eliminated in the body within a matter of days.

turn 1 : "Doesn't it raise some ethical concerns about having an antidote?"  The literal meaning of the turn is that B is asking whether the development of an antidote raises ethical concerns. However, the implied meaning is that B is questioning the ethical implications of having an antidote that can quickly reverse the effects of an overdose. B is concerned that having an antidote might lead to people being less careful with their drug use and may increase the risk of overdoses.

What is PersonB concerned about regarding the development of an antidote?

Answer: Carelessness


But I do think, at the Pew level, if you will, this is a divisive issue. And I am really hoping and I'm personally praying that evangelicals will stop and say, this one's too far. We don't want to close that golden door on people fleeing persecution, including people who are persecuted for their Christian faith. I think it's maybe not gotten a lot of attention that Christian refugees from some of the countries where Christians face the worst persecution in the world, along with other religious minorities, are also really dramatically harmed by these policies.

As I understand it, a big part of your work is talking to fellow evangelicals about this - about immigration more broadly. Can you give us a sense of what you hear in those conversations?

Yeah. You know, I wouldn't do this work - I think I'd be completely burned out if it wasn't for the opportunities I have on a fairly regular basis to be in an evangelical church in various parts of the country on a Sunday morning, preaching and teaching on God's heart for immigrants.

And what's encouraging to me is when I speak in churches, the response is actually really positive. I think a lot of churches are afraid to even have that conversation. But when they do, I find that most people are really receptive if it's grounded not in a political agenda - we're not there to tell people to vote for Republicans or vote for Democrats - but in a biblical message that focuses on who we know God to be, as revealed in the Bible, and his particular concern for vulnerable refugees.

turn 3 : It is important to discuss God's message of care for refugees without being politically divisive.

Which message should be focused on when discussing care for refugees?

Answer: Biblical


So, Bill, what do you make of the president's remarks?

Every time I hear President Bush talk about billions, I start thinking about Carl Sagan and talking about billions of stars and billions of this. Part of the problem when I listen to and consider what President Bush is talking about is more what he doesn't talk about, that U. S.  aid to Africa is significant in terms of dollar amounts that are mentioned, but as a percentage of what the United States does offers internationally, it's actually not all that significant.

A couple of years ago, I did a little research on this and discovered that U. S.  aid to Africa, if you withdraw Egypt, is less than Israel. That is - that the total aid is less than the aid to one country, a key ally of the United States. So that figure told me a little bit about the priorities of the United States.

The second thing is that there are regularly strings attached to U. S.  aids. So whether it's the assistance to combat HIV and AIDS, there are these strings around the issue of abstinence, abstinence only, as a condition for significant amounts of aid to combat that disease. A second issue is that whereas the United Nations has had a internationally recognized program combating AIDS/HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, the Bush administration has refused to give full funding to that U. N.  program and instead was more interested in setting up its own bureaucracy to offer assistance, which seems to be run contrary all of the rhetoric about a, you know, that conservatives often offer about eliminating costs.

turn 1 : Every time I hear President Bush talk about billions, I start thinking about Carl Sagan and talking about billions of stars and billions of this. - Implied meaning: A is critical of President Bush's remarks, particularly regarding U.S. aid to Africa and his failure to discuss its significance in terms of international aid offered by the United States.

What does PersonA think about President Bush's remarks regarding billions?

Answer: Remarks


So not just a lost city, a lost civilization?

That's right. He emailed Michael back in Roatan, and I'll never forget we were returning from breakfast and this normally phlegmatic kind of skeptical scientist who is rolling his eyes at the whole idea that there is going to be lost city comes running out of his room, racing in his flip-flops, waving his arms and yelling, there's something in the valley. My God, I don't know what it is, but you've got to come and look at it. So we all went rushing over to this room and looked at these images. And I looked at them and I was actually thunderstruck myself. I mean, there is no mistaking what we were looking at.

We're talking with Doug Preston, an author and contributing writer at National Geographic, The Atlantic and Smithsonian magazines. He also writes for The New Yorker. "The El Dorado Machine" is in the May 6th edition. You're listening to TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News.

And eventually, other target areas were also mapped and also revealed enormous structures - entire cities.

turn 0 : A civilization that has become unknown to other civilizations over the years.

Answer: civilized


And to do that you have to make time as a real thing.

Well sure because if laws can change in time, then there's nothing beyond time. And this is. . .

Yeah, I understand. How would then - how would the laws of nature then change over time?What is the mechanism that they would be changing or change them?

Well, since I'm a scientist, my job once coming to the philosophical idea that they have to change, is to invent hypotheses as to how they might change. And the whole point is that these hypotheses, since they're about the past, should be testable by observations we can make. So in the book "Time Reborn" I consider several of these hypotheses.

Answer: TimeReborn


Another interesting way to measure Tunisia's success, or lack thereof, is the number of people who are just fleeing the country by sea.

Right. Exactly. Tunisia was the No. 1 contributor of migrants to Italy - Tunisians, not people from sub-Saharan Africa going through Tunisia. So this is another big issue. You have brain drain. You have - the suicide rate has almost doubled. All these show that people are frustrated. They're angry. They're not seeing the change they thought democracy would bring them or they thought the revolution would bring them.

And a poor economy, youth unemployment - these things can lead to protests, can lead to more political turmoil. What does the future look like for Tunisia?What are you going to be watching as it goes through this government transition?

So this transition has been smooth so far, but they're going to have to do elections on a really short schedule. They only have seven weeks to pull off presidential elections. That's not a lot of time. This is a crucial test for Tunisia to see how the democracy can actually move forward. Are they able to keep up with the constitution, to keep up with the procedures that are in place?

turn 0 : People fleeing from Tunisia implies a failure rather than success.

What is one indicator of Tunisia's lack of success according to PersonB's statement?

Answer: brain


A controversial memo by House intelligence committee Chairman Devin Nunes is out, and the spin is on. Most Republicans say the memo demonstrates bias and abuse at the FBI. Democrats say it's a malicious and misleading effort to undermine the investigation of the special counsel Robert Mueller. Ron Elving, senior editor and correspondent on the Washington Desk, joins us. Ron, thanks so much for being with us.

Good morning, Scott.

How do you characterize it?

Well, I'd call it a political document. It's meant to be catnip for people who want to believe that this whole business about Russian interference and collusion with elements of the Trump campaign is somehow bogus and can somehow just be made to go away. Now, the memo itself says that the FBI tried to get warrants to spy on Carter Page, who was an American citizen who advised the Trump campaign on foreign policy and that it based that bid on a dossier prepared by a British spy and paid for by Democrats.

Now, the memo leaves out a lot of facts about that dossier, but the most important thing is that the memo itself makes clear that the FBI had reasons to look at Carter Page all the way back to 2013 and other reasons to be looking at ties between Russian agents and the Trump campaign involving other people quite apart from the dossier. So the accusations of anti-Trump bias as the motive for the investigation at its very beginning are undercut by parts of the memo itself.

So more bluster than bite?

turn 3 : "catnip" - figurative language meaning something that is appealing or attractive to a particular group

What is the meaning of the figurative language used in turn 3?

Answer: Appealing


The writer Michael Kinsley, who's a friend of this program, wrote about the surge a few months ago. Look at the numbers before the surge. Look at the numbers after the surge. This is what the Bush administration calls a success. One hundred and thirty thousand Americans in Iraq at the beginning and at the end. This country will still have about 130,000 soldiers - American soldiers in Iraq. Michael Kinsley said, have we really succeeded anything or have we just kind of changed the metric in some way?

Oh my Lord. I mean, what we have in Iraq, and I just got back, you know, less than two weeks ago. What we have in Iraq is a government that is elected by its people. It's the only Arab-Muslim country of that type, of that form of government in that region. It will have a long- term security relationship and a strategic relationship with the United States and be aligned with the United States. That is a major positive outcome for us, particularly given the fact that in 2006 we nearly lost the country and suffered a humiliating defeat.

Things do look an awful lot different than they did two years ago. You had a significant role in that, in thinking about what should be done at a time when it was a very unpopular plan to be putting forth. No one was - there wasn't a very big cheering squad for that. I wonder if you sit back on an evening now and feel some kind of sense of satisfaction?What is that?'

Well, I think there were a lot of people that, you know, have a hand in it.

turn 3 : having a hand in it implies being an agent, playing a part or the reason why something happens,  and not meaning to have a part of one's hand inside something

Answer: Agent


Well, yeah.

And - select which is the right kind of alcohol to put in there. Free test it.

Well, they - rum and bourbon.

Right.

turn 1 : B is asking A which type of alcohol to use for the recipe

How did PersonB prompt PersonA to suggest the type of alcohol to use in the recipe?

Answer: Which


Largely because the Algerian move to split the groups had failed. One of the groups they thought they'd fought off decided to join al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb, moving south and trying to occupy the rest of Mali. And that forced the French to intervene earlier than they intended, and they forced the Algerians to attempt, in some way, to help in this process by allowing French over flights over Algeria.

And tell us about the Algerian government's interest here. This government has been - this is a country that's been very quiet compared to its neighbors who have been roiled since the Arab Spring.

Well, Algeria, partly because of the civil war in the 1990s, was able to avoid the worst outcomes of the Arab Spring, in the sense that the regime was able to continue there. And Algeria, too, feels that it should be the dominant power inside the region. It's, therefore, tempted to avoid, allowing other states to intervene in Mali, which is along its southern border. And it's also trying to create a defense force of 25,000 men to try to counter the activities of Islamist groups along its borders. But that really has failed.

And beyond that, too, the Algerians are extremely ambivalent about the French presence there, but they've come to realize that they can't deal with the problem without the French participating too. So all in all, the Algerian government is extremely frustrated, very irritated, embarrassed and now feels that it's got to accept something, which in the past it would never have dreamt of accepting.

turn 3 : The Algerian government reluctantly accepts French help in dealing with the problem in Mali

Which government had to accept French help in dealing with the problem in Mali?

Answer: Algerian


And no problems for their ears?

Well, there sometimes are problems for their ears. I mean, whenever you hear a kid screaming their brains out behind you or in front of you on a plane, probably that kid is having air pressure problems. And what happens is that, if they can't pop their ears very well - that is, popping your ears is equalizing the pressure in the middle ear with that in the atmosphere around you, which we mostly do by making those funny little motions with our jaw and swallowing and things like that - little kids often don't know how to do that.

What can happen is that, as the pressure in the plane drops, the pressure in the middle ear remains at sea level, and so the ear drum gets stretched. And ear drums don't like to get stretched. Sometimes they get stretched badly enough so that they can even tear, although that's really quite rare. One of the things that it does lead to is terrible pain sometimes for kids. I always recommend that parents give kids something to drink and sometimes just sort of chewing on a candy increases saliva, so that you swallow, and it allows pressure to equalize.

OK, so for kids who are not healthy, what about them?

turn 2 : Giving kids something to drink or chew on can help alleviate ear pressure

What can parents give their kids to help alleviate ear pressure?

Answer: Drink


We are. . .

We are - yeah.

Oh, a little bit, I guess, you know?

turn 2 :  "There's something - does that bother you or that we're experimenting on ourselves?" The literal meaning is that the speaker is asking a direct question about whether the listener is bothered by the fact that they are experimenting on themselves. However, the actual meaning could be interpreted as the speaker expressing their own concerns or doubts about the experimentation.

Which one expressed their doubts about the experimentation in turn 2?

Answer: Doubts


Well, tell us first, let's go back. How did you find out about this because I know they try and keep this very secret?How did you find out you had been awarded the MacArthur Grant?

I kind of got punked a little bit. I mean, it's the best way to get punked you could imagine, but they called me into the offices, I was going to be in Chicago for an event, and they basically called me in more or less under the pretense that they wanted me to talk about some candidates that I was recommending.

So of course I kind of scampered in to sort of support the folks that I was hoping would get it, and they just sort of surprised me with this, you know, this incredible gift and just, you know, it kind of just blew my brains open.

So they really did manage to keep it a secret?

turn 2 : The experience of being awarded the MacArthur Grant was overwhelming.

What was the gift that surprised the speaker?

Answer: Hair


Absolutely. But on the other hand, you know, basically going toward an impeachment process without making sure that we have done our homework and have the case to win the approval of the American people and to get a conviction in the Senate may not be the best course. So right now. . .

But forgive - we just have half a minute left. Forgive - you and I always use baseball analogies. Are you essentially saying we're not going to begin the game until we know we can win it?

I think what I'm saying is we have to make sure that we go down the path where we can actually achieve the intended result. And right now, going into the impeachment process without having done all our homework is not what my constituents want. And I think that it's not necessarily the best course.

Representative Raja Krishnamoorthi of Illinois, thanks so much for being back with us.

turn 1 : It's not a game. They mean they are not going to begin the impeachment unless they know they can succeed.

Which process are they hesitant to begin unless they can succeed?

Answer: impeachment


I think Napoleon hated him partly because he didn't like the fact that this 6-foot-plus, incredibly dashing and physically brilliant general was such a contrast to him in every way. Napoleon, the brilliant strategist. So Napoleon didn't like being showed up. Also, he didn't like being confronted. He hated that and Dumas was really somebody who couldn't stop from speaking his mind.

And in 1798, Napoleon leads what they call the Expedition to Egypt, which is the French invasion of the Egypt. And he confronted Napoleon and said, essentially, I think this is an unjust and ill-considered, crazy venture. We're losing thousands of men to disease and what are we trying to do?Bring an empire to the Middle East?that's not why I joined the Revolution. I joined the Revolution to bring liberty, equality and fraternity to people.

And that confrontation, which was a public confrontation, was something that Napoleon could never forgive.

How did General Dumas wind up in prison?

How did Dumas confront Napoleon during the Expedition to Egypt?

Answer: Confrontation


It's a very large number. According to my client, it's only happened on one or two occasions, and she recalls one fairly recently in the last administration where a decision was overridden, but the supervisor explained the rationale and how the security concerns were mitigated. And she was willing to go along with his decision because it made sense.

In your client's complaint, the 25 people who were given security clearances are not named, but there has been reporting that President Trump overrode the decision of career officials to grant his son-in-law, Jared Kushner, a clearance. Can you tell us whether he's one of the people involved here?

I can't comment on that. My client is not willing to discuss individual security determinations. She thinks it would be improper.

Now that these accusations are in the hands of Congress and in the public eye, where does it go from here?

turn 1 : The turn that has a different meaning from its literal meaning is (2) "President Trump overrode the decision of career officials to grant his son-in-law, Jared Kushner, a clearance".  The phrase "overrode the decision" does not mean that President Trump simply disagreed with the decision made by the career officials and made a different decision. It implies that he forced the clearance to be granted despite objections from those officials.

How was President Trump's decision regarding Jared Kushner's security clearance described?

Answer: Forced


Good to talk to you.

How important an event was this that Mr.  Kim missed?

It was a very important event. It's an event in a mausoleum where his father, previously ruler of North Korea is buried, interred, and so is his grandfather, the founding leader of North Korea. So it was a big deal. Kim Jong Un has not been seen since September 3, when he attended a concert in Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea, with his wife.

Before that, he'd been seen frequently, but always waddling with a really bad limp. He was clearly in discomfort, and finally the North Korean authorities said he is in physical discomfort. So there's something up. We don't quite know what. The speculation is he's had surgery, he's ill, ranging right through to there's been a coup, and he's lost power or certainly being shunted away from power. That's the speculation.

Now, we're talking about somebody who - as my recollection is - he's on television every two minutes. So this must be a tremendous vacuum in the lives of North Koreans.

turn 4 : implies that North Koreans are used to seeing Kim Jong Un often.

Which country is the focus of the discussion in the dialogue?

Answer: North-Korea


I'm Farai Chideya and this is News & Notes. Ratings for her daytime show are down, her magazine circulation numbers are falling, and a poll shows her popularity just isn't what it used to be. Is Oprah paying a price for publicly supporting Barack Obama's presidential campaign?

Plus, Jennifer Hudson won an Oscar for "Dream Girls," so why did she take a small part in a big film?Plus, Laurence Fishburne gets a Tony Award nomination for his portrayal of Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall. To help us talk about these issues, we've got our entertainment guru, Allison Samuels of Newsweek Magazine. How're you doing?

Good. How are you?

You look fabulous because we're on camera. But it's a webcast, so we're working things out. So, good thing we both look fresh and smiling.

OK, yeah, always.

turn 0 : Oprah popularity and relevance seem to be diminishing due to her side in politics.

Answer: political


Well, it's true. There was a disaster of my own making at the National Book Awards. In my capacity as emcee, when Jacqueline Woodson won the National Book Award for children's literature, which was a wonderful moment for everyone, but certainly also for me, Jackie is a friend of mine. So after her win, I told a story about her and me. And the story did not go out well and many, many people were very upset by it, and rightfully so.

Yeah. It certainly made me react a little differently when I was reading this book. One of the first signs we get that Errol, the pirate captain, has lost his ability to track is that he falls into racist jokes.

Anyone who's had someone with dementia knows that terrible things often begin to come out of their mouths, which is shocking and mysterious and, of course, very upsetting and hurtful for their families.

Yeah. I think anyone reading this book would decide - not giving anything away - maybe being a pirate isn't the good idea that I thought it was.

It was - if I can convey one message to the people of the world, it's don't try piracy.

turn 3 : The implication here is that the reader should not try piracy, as it may not be as glamorous as it initially seems.

Answer: Not


So we shall see.

But I have learned a new phrase - brass-necked. Our own brass-necked Melissa Block is covering the World Cup.

(Laughter) I'm not sure if that's a compliment, Steve. But thanks.

I don't know. If it means tough, if it means on top of things, it is you, Melissa. Own it.

turn 3 : Melissa Block is capable and competent. (implied from the phrase 'Own it.')

Which phrase describes Melissa Block's capabilities?

Answer: Capable


The Confederates. 12,000 troops - give or take - under Confederate Commander Jubal Early.

And he had 12,000 troops?

More or less.

Amassed right over - up the street, basically?

turn 0 : Turn (1) implicates that the Confederate troops were roughly 12,000 in number, whereas the literal meaning is that they were exactly 12,000.

How many Confederate troops were under Commander Jubal Early?

Answer: 12,000


I think Russia wants what it's always wanted, which is to establish its own security. I suspect that Mr.  Putin, in his heart of hearts, would love to re-establish the borders of the old Soviet Union. And security, to them, consists of trying to defend yourself against everybody else. I think that's what they want. And so they regard all the rest of us with great suspicion and as potential enemies.

You write about people in intelligence looking over their shoulders at what you called the Snowdenistas. How has Edward Snowden and WikiLeaks hacking changed intelligence agencies and security work?

Well, I think it has changed. I think they need obviously, if they're going to be able to keep us safe, to see what their targets - and that is a broad word - are doing online. And yet, obviously, naturally, the civil liberties lobby is interested in our civil liberties and our right to privacy and so there's tension there. And I think that that is very much now a feature of the way intelligence services have to work in Western countries, particularly in my country. And the government is trying to introduce legislation which will actually give them the powers that they now need. But it's a very difficult business to get this right in the face of people's natural concern for their privacy.

Dame Stella, I fell hard for one of your characters in this novel, Jasminder.

turn 1 : is asking how intelligence agencies have changed in response to Edward Snowden and WikiLeaks hacking

Which novel did PersonB express admiration for one of Dame Stella's characters?

Answer: Jasminder


Well, that's a big part of the checkout of the - what we're doing for the first month or so is just going through and sort of systematically checking out each part of the rover, all of the science instruments, the basic mobility, capability, the arm, the different pieces just to make sure everything is okay after the voyage to Mars.

And then we'll start doing the science mission and really, in earnest, you know, start exploring the area around Bradbury's Landing. It's - in the case of ChemCam, we also get the benefit with the laser that we were actually able to do some early science measurements, as well. And so, as part of the checkout, we got science data in addition.

Do you have a rock in mind that you want to zap in earnest?

We did, yeah. Well, we actually zapped pretty much the area right around where the rover landed. And it's actually interesting to the scientists because the plume of the rocket engines actually, sort of, scoured out an area on both sides of the rover, which normally Mars is covered, all the surface area is covered, with a lot of dust.

turn 0 : It implies the inspection of all necessary equipment that was used for the voyage to Mars.

What is the purpose of the checkout that PersonA mentions?

Answer: Inspection


The report we got yesterday on jobs was not the greatest, but it wasn't bad. Unemployment rate still at 3. 7%; that's historically low. The numbers were a little soft. We also heard the Federal Reserve Board chairman say he doesn't foresee a recession right away. And yet, the markets closed mixed, and the sentiment is still that the overhanging shadow of the trade war is the main issue on the mind of the markets and of businesses looking forward.

And finally, the president's self-inflicted controversy over whether he was told Alabama was threatened by a hurricane - and he used his own Sharpie to alter a map - seems to be lasting longer than the storm.

Oh, I wish it would. This began as a simple mistake, with the president warning and frightening people who were not in danger. So it was corrected right away by the weather service and could have been forgotten by now. Instead, the president has insisted on reviving it and doing so daily.

The latest is a statement from the parent agency of the National Weather Service saying the forecasters in Alabama were wrong to reassure the people of that state and correct the president last weekend. Weather forecasters in and out of government, in and out of Alabama, all rallying to the defense of the weather service forecasters there. All the data and the videotape confirm that. The parent agency in the White House have not responded to questions about this latest twist in the ongoing saga.

turn 0 : The numbers are not completely confirmed and memories of the trade war are what people are thinking about.

Which shadow is the main issue on the mind of the markets and of businesses looking forward?

Answer: Trade-War


That's one of the projects, yeah, that I followed in the book. Can we build a limb that is basically indistinguishable from a natural arm?So if you're missing an arm, you get this new prosthetic that can sense and move and operate like a natural arm. And that's typically ambitious, and they call that DARPA-hard. Let's try something that just seems completely insane, totally, you know, crazy ambitious. And in that case, they didn't get there. They didn't quite get to that point, but they did get a lot of these technologies in motion for controlling a robot with mind power alone, for instance.

Yeah. How do they ensure that they keep getting new cutting-edge thoughts inside of DARPA?

That's one of the challenges, and that's one of the reasons I was able to write this book, too, because they need to get the word out. They need to find people out there who've got these ideas, who want to pitch them to DARPA. Or come to work for DARPA as a program manager because DARPA program managers, they all leave. After two to six years, they're gone. Their expiration dates are printed on their ID badges. So they've got this turnover, 25 percent every single year.

And they also have a deadline, right?

turn 0 : Developing a prosthetic that mimics natural arm capabilities is very challenging.

Which project did the speaker follow in the book?

Answer: limb


Absolutely. And the blog that you refer to with Melissa Harris-Lacewell is a blog called Down from the Tower, and it's an ongoing discussion between Melissa and Marc Lamont Hill, who is a professor at Temple. And so, one day, you might click on, and Melissa will have the call and Marc will have the response. One day, he may toss out a question to her. He'll have the call and she'll have the response. And it's a very lively - up to now, it has been a political discussion. But they may take on other things. Politics seems to be dominating the moment.

But I do hope that the site evolves into one where our writers are talking to one another and talking to the Web and to communities that live outside The Root, bringing new information and ideas and, you know, creating a vibrant marketplace for idea.

And I also think one of the things that I like about - I'm glad you pointed out the exchange between Melissa and Marc, because it is debate and it is thoughtful, weighty, witty debate. And it's not…

All right.

turn 2 : In turn (3), the speaker praises the exchange between Melissa and Marc on the Down from the Tower blog, describing it as thoughtful, weighty, and witty debate. The literal meaning of the turn is straightforward. However, the implied meaning is that the exchange represents a rare and valuable example of substantive political discourse, which is often lacking in mainstream media. This suggests that the exchange has a broader significance than just being a discussion between two individuals.

How would you describe the exchange between Melissa and Marc?

Answer: Thoughtful


But I have to say, every time that I think, OK, now is the time I'm going to get in, this is a great buying opportunity, as everyone tells me, every time I look at the stock market, it's gone down again, and I think, phew, it's the end of the day. Thank goodness I didn't buy in today. But then the next day, it happens again.

Yeah, I know. It's depressing. Looking at this market, the market is a reflection of worldwide psychology. So clearly, people around the world are depressed right now, and they're not optimistic about the future, which is sad.

But in the long run, the things that will make the most money are not pieces of rock like gold or liquids like oil or cash, which is just pieces of paper, but real growing companies that are servicing strong demographic trends.

It's impossible to call a bottom. Yes, all these stocks that are cheap could get cheaper, but now is certainly one of the best times to buy stocks that we've seen in the past 70 years. I mean, it's incredible, which is why Warren Buffett is out there buying stocks right now.

turn 1 : The state of the stock market reflects the worldwide pessimism and depression

Answer: sentiment


The Confederates. 12,000 troops - give or take - under Confederate Commander Jubal Early.

And he had 12,000 troops?

More or less.

Amassed right over - up the street, basically?

What was the approximate number of Confederate troops according to A?

Answer: More


The president elect will need to pick someone else to become commerce secretary. New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson took himself out of the running because of an investigation into how some of his donors won a lucrative contract. How serious a problem is this withdrawal for the Obama transition team?

Much less of a problem than they would have had had some of this come to light or if the seriousness of this grand jury investigation and the length of it had come to light after Bill Richardson had become secretary of commerce. So it's much easier to replace someone who is an appointee than someone who's already in the job, and there are a number of other people, quite a long list, many of them quite distinguished, who can step into this role, and I suspect we'll see a name this week.

Ron, let's turn now to the Senate. Roland Burris of Illinois, who was tapped by Rod Blagojevich, says he'll show up at the Senate door even though Senate leaders have said they won't seat him. So what's going to happen there?

At midday on Tuesday, unless something is worked out in advance, Roland Burris will come and attempt to present his credentials to the Senate to be seated along with the other new members who have just been elected in the November elections and some appointees since then.

turn 1 : The withdrawal of Bill Richardson is not a big problem for Obama transition team because they can easily replace him with a number of distinguished people.

How many people can step into the role of commerce secretary?

Answer: Crowding


They're voting for him for various reasons. A, he was a very big Maidan supporter. He was clearly pushing the opposition to take a very pro-European and pro-Western stand. He was helping with those victims during the fights. He was basically becoming one of the faces of Maidan. And that's one of the reasons why people are actually voting for him. The second reason is because he is an oligarch where, actually, now they can turn to.

You know, when you have the central government break down, the people need some kind of stability. And that's not going to be civil society. It needs to be something bigger than that. And the oligarchs are coming, very interestingly, back in the picture by that. The question is not whether Poroshenko is going to win and why he's going to win - what he's going to do with his mandate. If he understands that he needs to bring in a new generation of Ukrainians and do the reform, I think Ukraine is going to be in a very good place.

Balazs Jarabik is a scholar and analyst we reached from Kiev. Thanks very much for being with us.

Thanks, really, for having me.

turn 3 :  A: "Thanks, really, for having me." - The literal meaning of this turn is an expression of gratitude for being invited to participate. The actual meaning is that the speaker appreciates the opportunity to share their knowledge and expertise on the topic at hand.

How was the PersonA's contribution perceived?

Answer: Gratitude


Fungus Blues - I love it.

Fungus Blues.

And they fell in love. And, you know, my dad, he was trying to find another way of living other than the one that he was in.

(Singing) Hustle was your middle name when you were a young man.

What was it about his current way of living at the time that was dissatisfying?

turn 4 : This statement implies that A's father is probably using his old age to hustle rather than to enjoy which he is not satisfied with.

How is PersonA's father's current way of living described in the dialogue?

Answer: Hustle


That's absolutely - and people are outraged at the written bylines. They just haven't taken that conversation from the words to the images.

You have cited a bombshell report in the Columbia Journalism Review by Kristen Chick. It documents assault, harassment, allegations against prominent men in the field. And you, I gather, were not surprised.

We all knew this. We all know how bad it's been. I've been in this industry for almost two decades. I've been paid less by men, overlooked on assignments that have been given to men. I've been groped and intimidated in the field and in the workplace by men. But I have been lucky for the most part. Kristen interviewed 50 women over five months, named two prominent photographers but, more importantly, detailed an industry that is rampant with physical, emotional, mental discrimination that is preventing women from being behind the camera, that is causing women to leave the industry but also that is signaling to women, this is the cost of business. This is what you have to accept if you want to do this job.

I want to drill down on one of the photojournalism agencies involved in these allegations. That's VII. It's an incredibly prominent agency, influential in the field. Can you remind us of what those allegations are about?

turn 1 : Not a shell of a bomb, but a very surprising bit of information that shocks people.

How would you describe the bombshell report mentioned in the dialogue?

Answer: Bombshell


So, I mean, I think it does definitely set a dangerous precedent, but I think if you're online, realistically, you have to assume that there's a great deal of data being accumulated about everything you do and you have to assume that your privacy always could be jeopardized. I think, you know, that's - from a common sense standpoint, you had to assume this would happen sooner or later.

Just quickly, what should you do if so?

That's a good question. I mean, I don't think there's an easy answer to that. Just be very aware that everything you're doing could be documented. I mean, there's ways you can do things from some other IP address other than your own. I mean, I think - people think of it as something that only matters as far as people stealing copyrighted work, but there's many other ratifications. I mean, people all around the world use things like Google and YouTube, and there have been cases of government entities seeking to use data to go after political dissidents for what they're doing online. . .

All right.

turn 0 : It is expected that your online privacy will be compromised.

What is the dangerous precedent that PersonA thinks is being set?

Answer: data


And one alternative for officials looking to monitor nonviolent offenders as they await trial are electronic monitoring devices - ankle bracelets. But according to a report in The New York Times, ankle monitors are often provided by private companies that can charge large fees for their services. In fact, defendants are often left to foot the bill - up to $10 a day. If they don't pay up or miss payments, they may end up behind bars anyway.

We wanted to talk about this, so we've called Blake Strode, executive director of ArchCity Defenders. They're one of the civil rights groups that brought a class-action lawsuit against the city of St.  Louis, which led to this week's cash bail changes. Blake Strode, welcome. Thanks so much for talking to us.

Thank you. Thanks for having me.

So, first, would you just tell us the two big changes that the Missouri Supreme Court ruling is supposed to bring about?

turn 0 : They are lot literally bracelets, which are a form of jewellery, they are just known as such

How are ankle monitors described in the dialogue?

Answer: Bracelets


Well, you know, Lula to his supporters is an Abe Lincoln-type figure. He is the face of the working class that accomplished something. I mean, he was Brazil's first president who came from poverty. He ran for president three times and lost. And then when he finally got in, he had in some respects the good fortune of presiding over a commodities boom. And therefore, 30 million Brazilians came out of poverty and into the middle class during his presidency from 2003 to 2010. Since then, as you know, things have fallen apart. And he had a role in that, a role in the economic mismanagement but also a role in the corrupt ways of doing business in politics.

Remind us what exactly he's being accused of.

Well, Lula has five sets of corruption charges against him. And this one that he was sentenced for recently was - it involves a beachfront apartment that he was allegedly given access to with his family in return for considerations on a - what amounted to a government contract.

And it's part of, of course, a wider corruption scandal that has been uncovered that's really rocking Brazil at the moment. Tell us a little bit about the context in which this is happening.

turn 3 :  "a wider corruption scandal that has been uncovered that's really rocking Brazil at the moment" - the literal meaning is that there is a scandal involving corruption that is causing instability in Brazil. The actual meaning is that the corruption scandal has had a significant impact on Brazilian politics and society.

How has the corruption scandal impacted Brazil?

Answer: Profoundly.


Tomorrow, car sales numbers for November are due out, and they're not expected to be good. That could lead to more dealerships shutting down, and that could mean a big loss of revenue for local governments. For example, this year, the state of California has lost at least two billion dollars in sales taxes due to the drop in car sales.

To get a better sense of how local governments are coping, we're joined now by Marshall Bond. He is the city manager for Monroeville, Pennsylvania. Thanks for joining us, and why don't you tell us how many car dealerships are in Monroeville?

Just about every major domestic and foreign manufacturer sells cars here in Monroeville.

And so, how much of your budget comes from the revenue from car sales at these dealerships?

We have a business tax which obviously is, I'd say, probably of that - I'd say total tax is probably about 15 to 20 percent is based upon our related car industry.

turn 0 : Car sales numbers for November are not expected to be good

Which month's car sales numbers are not expected to be good?

Answer: November


I want to say the same thing that Al Pacino says in "Godfather" - that every time he wants to quit the mafia business, they pull me in. And every time I want to retire, some customer comes and tells me how much he enjoyed the food. And there I am, back to the drawing board, trying to think of something new to make and put on the menu. I'm working on a few more things, whereby I could have a Himalaya goes West kind of restaurant. Yes, it's contradictory to what I said - that I want to retire. And then I want to. . .

I was about to say.

. . . A part of me wants to open a second place where everything is Indian and Pakistani-style hamburgers, Indian and Pakistani-style fried chicken, Indian and Pakistani-style pizza. I've already done some tacos, some tamales with the Indian spices. So sky's the limit. As long as there are other ethnic foods to draw from, I'll be busy.

That's chef Kaiser Lashkari, speaking at his Houston restaurant, Himalaya.

turn 2 : A has a new vision for a type of restaurant he would open.

How would PersonA describe his new restaurant concept?

Answer: Ethnic


That is Binyamin Appelbaum. He writes about economics for The New York Times, and he's written a new book, called, "The Economists' Hour" that traces what he calls a revolution in the way we think about economists.

This quiet but really important revolution that happens, really, beginning in the late 1960s and the early 1970s, where economists begin to gain tremendous influence over public policy in the United States.

In fact, that young economist who told his wife he had no future at the Fed, that was Paul Volcker. He became one of a small group of economists who made themselves indispensable to U. S.  presidents. Volcker rose to become the chairman of the Federal Reserve in the Carter and Reagan years.

So I asked Appelbaum, how did a bunch of economists go from nobodies to being important people?And he said it's pretty simple. In an era of real economic problems, they promised solutions.

turn 3 : Economists became important because they promised solutions to economic problems.

Answer: Solutions


He was very cordial. He shook my hand. He gave me the Klan handshake. He didn't know that I knew it was the Klan handshake, but he did give it to me. If you shake a person's hand and you extend your index and middle finger along their wrist - and as you pumping their hand, you start pressing your fingers in their wrist area. It's the Klan handshake.

The question that you wind up wrestling with, I think at the end of the book, is - well, let me put it this way - that the Klan and David Duke specifically are hateful and jerks is beyond dispute. You don't wind up with a lot of regard for their intelligence, which raises the question, how dangerous are they?

Very. When I say they are not the brightest, they were not the brightest light bulbs in the socket. The people I was dealing with were not. David Duke, in spite of his having - at that time, he had a master's degree in political science from Louisiana State University. I merely had a high school education and about 12 hours of college credit. So the very fact that he was being conned by somebody with a lower degree of education than him, I'll admit, I got a particular thrill out of that. But let nobody who reads my book think that these people because they weren't the brightest light bulbs in the socket were not and are not dangerous. They were very serious.

What do you think you learned about the KKK and racism and bigotry during those months?

turn 2 : The KKK is dangerous despite not being intelligent.

How would you describe the intelligence of the KKK?

Answer: Not


He wrote tons of letters. I bet there are a hundred thousand - hundreds out there signed, all the best, George Bush. Many of them are compiled in a lovely volume he did. His - you know, he was the son of a mother who insisted that he not talk - that one not talk about oneself. He was - so when it came time to write a book after he left the presidency, he didn't. . .

Oh, right.

His mother's ghostly influence was such that he felt it would be too puffed up to write a standard memoir. So he wrote a - he essentially published a compilation of his letters. I believe it's called - the title is "All The Best, George Bush. "Famously, in 19 - excuse me - '88, when he was running for president of the United States and he was home and in Greenwich for Thanksgiving, sitting around the table, telling, you know, pretty interesting stories about running for president, his mother rapped on the table and said, George, you're talking about yourself too much. Stop it.

Now. . .

turn 0 : tons of letters implies large quantities of letters and not letters that measured up many tons

What did George Bush's mother insist he not talk about?

Answer: oneself


I do. Did you have to do a lot of reporting?

I did a lot of research. Of course, I'd - as I said, I went to see the monarchs and what that looks like. But I also did a lot of scientific research. I did - I read pretty much everything there is to be read about monarch butterfly migration, monarch parasites, monarch science. I've got all those journals on my desk in giant piles.

And I also - I sought out and gained the friendship of a very great scientist, Dr.  Lincoln Brower, who knows more about monarchs than anyone on the planet. And Dr.  Brower and his wife Dr.  Linda Fink were very helpful to me. You can imagine when I went to them to talk about this idea that I have some trepidation to go to a scientist and say, well, OK. I know that the species that you know everything about have never done this, but what if it did?You know, I didn't know if they. . .

Yeah. I can imagine.

turn 1 : gained the friendship implies making connection and meeting new people

Which verb describes the relationship between PersonA and Dr. Lincoln Brower?

Answer: Connected


Well, historically there have been and are very large Lebanese expatriate communities in South America and Africa and, more recently now, in North America. And of course the vast, vast majority of those communities are perfectly law-abiding and wonderful people. But within those communities, over the course of the Lebanese civil war, you had some people who were providing support back home to one or another side of the civil war. And in the wake of the civil war, that continued. And as Hezbollah became the primary powerhouse on the Shia political, social and military side of the equation, support for the group continued to flow from the Shia Lebanese expatriates, some of whom were only supporting the group because it supported the Shia community back home and others because they supported the group's opposition to Israel, opposition to the West and sometimes even its axe militancy at home and abroad.

And what do the drug cartels get out of this arrangement?

They get their product moved. They get the proceeds of their transactions laundered. And those are the two things, along with production in the first instance, without which they don't function. And they really don't care who they do business with. They don't care if you call yourself Hezbollah or something else. Most of the people that do this for them are not terrorists. As long as you can move product and launder product, they don't really care about the rest of it.

turn 0 : Why would Hezbollah have anyone in Latin America except on vacation? Implicated meaning: The speaker is questioning why Hezbollah would have a presence in Latin America, suggesting that their presence is likely for reasons other than vacation. The speaker implies that there might be ulterior motives or activities that Hezbollah is engaged in within Latin America.

What is the speaker questioning about Hezbollah's presence in Latin America?

Answer: presence


For most of the dogs, we've probably gone from a ratio of 80% used to be trained on marijuana to now, we've reversed that to where only 20% have any marijuana training on them. So the limiting factor of now having a dog that is trained in marijuana - it is no longer utilized for a probable-cause warrant or sniff. It would probably be changing the role to just locating marijuana, whether it would be in a house or a car, after you've already established probable cause. So it's certainly limited the use of those dogs.

So my understanding is that before this, police dogs weren't trained to differentiate between types of drugs.

No. Now we're just going to go to most of the dogs will not have any marijuana training in them whatsoever. The primary purpose for most of the marijuana sniffs is now administrative - that will be through jails, schools and other types of locations that are federally funded and still illegal. The only thing this will do - it's going to hasten the retirement of those 20% or less that still are marijuana-trained in our state because of the fact that they're not able to utilize them for full functions.

Does this create conflict between state officers and federal law enforcement officers?Because obviously, on the federal level, marijuana is still illegal. And you obviously have federal law enforcement in your state. Is there any conflict there?

turn 2 : No dogs is trained in marijuana because it is a illegal.

How are police dogs trained regarding marijuana?

Answer: No


The likelihood that the law was going to get struck down was one of the factors that contributed to the council's decision to repeal it. But there were also many groups that came together to push for the repeal.

Mr.  Muchmore, I'm told you also have a laundromat in your bar.

I do have a small laundromat in the back. It's a New Orleans thing. I grew up in New Orleans, and there a lot of the bars have laundries so that while you're doing your laundry, you can have a beer or a coffee and get to know your neighbors.

How are you going to celebrate?

turn 2 : (3) The speaker has a small laundromat located in the back of the bar, which is a common feature in bars in New Orleans. This allows patrons to do their laundry while enjoying a beer or coffee and getting to know their neighbors.

Which city's bars commonly have laundromats located in them?

Answer: New-Orleans


You got a sinus infection but you taking a yeast infection medicine figuring if you lay down, it'll work its way up.

Do you believe in Mars and Venus, the whole idea that men and women are totally different?

I really do. And if I can get women to understand that every man that sleeps with you is not going to love you, then half of us will be all right.

What about the other half?

turn 1 : "Mars in Venus" is a reference to a book that asserted that men and women are very different. That's what it implies.

How does PersonA suggest women should understand men?

Answer: Love


Yeah, absolutely.

Robo-fish and friends.

It's a great little video up there on our website at sciencefriday. com. It's our video pick of the week and. . .

And you can see this following, the milling about of the robots. One thing that he said that was really interesting to me is, you know, not every fish will follow. And so his next installment - so stay tuned, this could be number three in a few years - is to figure out how personality drives sort of the differences between the fish. It seems that the bolder fish are less apt to follow the robotic fish.

turn 3 :  "Stay tuned" - This phrase implies that there is more to come in the future, likely related to the robotic fish and its interactions with real-life fish.

How does the phrase "Stay tuned" indicate future developments related to the robotic fish?

Answer: Implies


Over 700 people were killed this week when a stampede took place during the Hajj, the annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca. The sheer volume of pilgrims every year has led to problems before. In fact, over 1,400 people were killed in a similar incident back in 1990. This week, Iran and other regional powers criticized the Saudi Arabian government for poor management of the crowds that come to their holy places. Gary Sick is a senior research scholar at Columbia's Middle East Institute. He joins us now from New York. Thanks so much for being with us, Mr.  Sick.

It's a real pleasure.

This is very standard stuff. The Iranians and the Saudis have a running battle about the Hajj. And the worst incident they've ever had was actually back in 1987. In each case, they've blamed the Saudis. And in each case, the Saudis have blamed the pilgrims for misbehaving, for not doing what they were told. And on the previous case, the Saudis broke diplomatic relations with Iran over the incident. And that was only restored a few years later after Khomeini died.

turn 2 :  B: What do you read into Iran's outspoken criticism of Saudi Arabia over these deaths? (implied meaning: What do you think is the underlying meaning behind Iran's criticism of Saudi Arabia?)

How did the Saudis respond to the worst incident during the Hajj before 1990?

Answer: Pilgrims


In the U. S. , the Federal Reserve decided on Wednesday to wind down its quantitative easing, and keep short-term interest rates near zero. If that last sentence made your head spin, don't worry - there's a computer game for that. Actually, a whole slew of them.

They're games created by central banks, from the ECB in Frankfurt to the Cleveland Federal Reserve. And, as you might tell from that theme music, they are not quite "Grand Theft Auto. "Jason Karaian reviewed a few of these games for the online business news outlet Quartz. He joins us from the BBC in London. Mr.  Karaian, thanks so much for being with us.

Thanks for having me.

We heard the theme music to a game I believe is called "Economia. "

turn 1 : They're games created by central banks, from the ECB in Frankfurt to the Cleveland Federal Reserve. And, as you might tell from that theme music, they are not quite 'Grand Theft Auto.'" The literal meaning states that the games mentioned are not similar to the popular video game "Grand Theft Auto." The implied meaning is that the central bank-created games are not action-packed or focused on violence like "Grand Theft Auto." Instead, they serve a different purpose and have a different gameplay experience.

Which popular video game is referred to as being different from the central bank-created games mentioned in the dialogue?

Answer: Auto


Well, they do do some of it. Delta in the most recent quarter had about 300 million dollars in gains from fuel hedges, but the biggest problem is other airlines just don't have the cash or the credit to put into this. Southwest has the luxury of very strong financial balance sheet so they can put their money to work years ahead of time. Other airlines, you know, if you're cutting costs, if you're fighting for survival, if your cash is tight, your employees are getting laid off, you know, it's hard to say hey, we're going to buy some fuel for 2012.

And Delta was in bankruptcy proceedings, it had to unload everything it could to deal with its debt.

That's right, very costly. Delta actually had good fuel hedges leading into the 2004 bankruptcy. They had to sell those to raise some cash in the bankruptcy, but selling early meant they lost out on a whole lot of profits that they could have had later on.

Scott, you're a travel writer but you do write for the Wall Street Journal, so maybe you can answer this question for me. On the day that Southwest reported things going very well, its stock actually fell by a dollar to just under 15 dollars a share. Now, how does that work?

turn 3 : The other airlines don't have the financial means to invest in fuel hedging, suggesting that they are not in a strong financial position.

How do other airlines fare in terms of fuel hedging?

Answer: Poorly


The government created an aid program to help out farmers who are hurt by these tariffs. Have you benefited from that?

Certainly. It was a key part of filling the gap created by the harm that we felt from the tariffs and the money we were losing in that market. But I think most farmers don't want to rely on government aid packages, going forward. We would much rather have access to one of the world's largest users of soybeans.

When you go to the local - I don't know - coffee shop or supply store or Walmart and have conversations with other people in the community, how are people feeling these days?

Well, and that's - I really appreciate you bringing that up 'cause it's not just farmers who are affected by this. Small towns like Kulm, N. D.  - we are an agriculture community. Not everybody here is a farmer. We have many small businesses that rely on farmers - hardware stores, grocery stores. And when farmers struggle, everybody in these small towns starts to feel the hurt. When you talk to businesses who have been around for a long time, I mean, they - their bottom line is directly affected by whether farmers are making a profit or not.

turn 1 : This implies that the Farmers does want any aid from the government. They would rather prefer that the government remove harsh tariffs on the world's largest soybeans.

How do most farmers feel about relying on government aid packages in the future?

Answer: Don't


You put us on this boat. I don't know when I'm going to get off. You flooded the Earth. Everybody else is dead. So explain that. She seems aggravated with God.

Yeah. I think she's so flummoxed by how they've gotten into this position. And why her?And why not others?And what it could mean - all these conversations that he seems to have with other people and not with her. And she - and yet to keep putting her in positions of godliness, where she's in charge of everything. And she has to make sure things survive. And yet she doesn't get to hear his reasoning or know him. And yeah, so I think she's coming from a point of just utter frustration at the start of the book. And then she's learning how to deal with that over the course of it.

I mean this next comment in the nicest way. But this is a very weird and strange book, right?There's supernatural elements. You play with the timeline. We go back and forth from the past to the future. There's an angel. There's a dead woman who makes appearances. Was weirdness what you were after?How did that come to be?

Yeah. That's got to be my favorite word.

turn 2 : There is not an actual timeline but some things do change in time in the book that affect the future and the past.

Which turn mentions the supernatural elements in the book?

Answer: 2


. . . Entities. . .

Correct.

. . . Like - nongovernmental groups like terrorist organizations.

Yeah, the terrorist organizations or. . .

turn 1 : Agreement between A and B on the existence of non-governmental entities

How did PersonA respond to PersonB's mention of terrorist organizations?

Answer: Correct


Governor, let me have you answer your own question. Why are fewer businesses being created?

There are a combination of reasons behind the reduction in business creation. One is that we - like any enterprise - and government is an enterprise - we've had more and more kind of red tape. And sometimes that bureaucracy is excessive and makes it harder for people - the successful employees in somebody else's company - makes it harder for them to take a leap and start their own business.

But I also think a big part of it is we have a consolidation of just two or three companies dominate that industry, right?There - 84% of all the hardware sales are from two companies. So starting a neighborhood hardware company is almost out of the question. People don't think they have a chance.

The question of whether or not certain companies are monopolies has come up again and again throughout the course of this campaign. Would you break up the big tech giants - Facebook and Amazon - as Elizabeth Warren has said she would do?

turn 1 : Red tape and excessive bureaucracy make it hard to start a business.

How does excessive bureaucracy affect business creation?

Answer: Hard


Every day - every day there's. . .

Every day.

. . . More coming, absolutely. We average about 220 to 250 a day. And they're saying that that's probably anywhere from six months to 18 to 24 months. We just don't know.

Extraordinary. Chris Brice, the interim assistant manager of Luna County, N. M.

turn 0 : A is starting a conversation and B is interrupting with a short response.

Which person interrupts the conversation in turn 1?

Answer: B


Sometimes, small complaints can trigger absurdly large medical bills. We're joined now by Dr.  Elisabeth Rosenthal, editor-in-chief of our partner Kaiser Health News, to talk about a bill to treat a toenail fungus and what happened next. Welcome to the program.

Thanks for having me.

The bill we're talking about is $1,469 for medication for a woman here in Washington, D. C.  Tell me the story.

Well, Anne Soloviev went to her dermatologist just for a skin check. She didn't even realize she had a toenail problem. And the physician assistant who saw her said, oh, you have toenail fungus. Let us call in a prescription. And she thought, yeah, sure. Why not.

turn 3 : The woman did not go to the dermatologist for a toenail problem, but was prescribed medication for it anyway

What was the woman's reason for visiting the dermatologist?

Answer: Skin


I got a glance over the weekend, and the sky was beautifully blue. I mean, really, it was wonderful. And the air pollution index for that day was exceedingly low. Also, it was like 17. That's lowest since I've been keeping track.

This, I think, has to do with changes in weather patterns that appeared to start somewhere in the first week of August. The arrival of rainfall and winds from the northeast and form the northwest, which would bring in cleaner air, and in particular lack of strong winds from the south that would bring up the heavy levels of pollution.

Yet, you've said earlier that the air pollution in Beijing mostly blows in from elsewhere. So these steps that the city officials have taken in recent months with changing traffic patterns and closing factories, really, that's not a factor here?

Well, you know, I've been looking at the day they very carefully tried to decide what is really going on this summer. We know that the controls did something. It's just that I, at least, am unable to pick out their effects in the data so far.

turn 3 : "unable to pick out their effects" means "unable to distinguish their effects" rather than "physically pick out their effects"

Which meaning does the phrase "unable to pick out their effects" have in turn 3?

Answer: Distinguish


Yeah.

. . . Jupiter. But there's no debris right now. It looks like whatever hit Jupiter, Jupiter just kind of swallowed it whole.

Yeah. You know, I'm reminded - when you say debris, I'm reminded of that famous Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet that broke up and smashed into the planet in 1994.

Well, you're right. And, you know, I said 10 or 20 years ago, people might have said that Dan Peterson, who saw the impact, was just, you know, seeing things. But back before comet Shoemaker - excuse me, SL9 hit Jupiter, astronomers were very skeptical that big impacts like that occurred in the modern day solar system. And then we saw that tremendous series of 21 impacts with our own eyes, when Shoemaker 9 hit Jupiter. And, of course, that was a comet.

turn 3 : Astronomers were skeptical of big impacts in modern solar system before Shoemaker 9 hit Jupiter in 1994

How were astronomers before the impact of Shoemaker 9?

Answer: skeptical


I gather there were women who asked you for medical help.

Yes. So some of the women who had been raped asked to know if they were pregnant. One of the most heartbreaking things I would have to do would be to confirm for women that they were, indeed, pregnant as a result of rape. Some of them were requesting testing for sexually transmitted infections, which we couldn't do on the boat, but we helped to arrange in Italy once we arrived there.

One of the things I say about my Doctors Without Borders work is that I often come across the best of humanity, but I also come across the worst of humanity. And these women, especially, told me of things that had happened to them that it never occurred to me that humans could do that to one another.

All right, Dr.  Giles, you have at least a few ears in America right now. What do we need to hear?

turn 1 :  "confirm for women that they were, indeed, pregnant as a result of rape." The phrase "confirm for women" means to tell the women that they are pregnant, which is the literal meaning. However, the fact that the pregnancy resulted from rape adds a figurative meaning to the statement that conveys the emotional impact and the devastating consequences of sexual violence.

Which phrase conveys the emotional impact of sexual violence in the statement?

Answer: Emotional


A year or so ago, the world was turned upside down - or part of the world was turned upside down - when we decided that it was it OK to say over ten instead of more than ten. And the internet change has brought a lot of reaction, too. Somebody tweeted, after we announced the change, AP has lowercased internet. Somewhere tonight, galaxies are burning.

(Laughter) And you know what?The AP and NPR will be there to cover them.

Absolutely.

Tom Kent, standards editor of the Associated Press. Thanks so much.

turn 3 : Tom Kent is an expert on the Associated Press standards, and his opinion is appreciated.

Answer: Editor


Do you report them?

Yeah. I mean, I can call up, you know, different agencies if I have enough information. And in this instance, I did. I do know that, you know, a couple days later, I saw the same person was booked into the jail for domestic violence. You know, for me, that helps me to sleep at night because just maybe that firearm that I would've sold that person - what would it have done if it would've been used in that crime?

Were there other instances where maybe something bought from your store, you know, was used to commit a crime, or is this the first time that you've had to deal with something like this?

You know, it comes around. This is the first time where it's been national, and we've had all kinds of coverage of it. But it is not an uncommon thing to have the FBI or the ATF call up and say, we need to know this person's information or what happened with this situation. That happens probably every couple months.

turn 3 : The speaker has had multiple interactions with law enforcement agencies inquiring about the activities of their customers.

How often does the FBI or the ATF ask for information from the speaker?

Answer: Every


Yeah, it is. And there are also quite a few international news networks just outside the courtroom. But you see, the press are allowed in the courtroom. And for myself, I work for the news agency, and we are actually writing down everything that's said in the courtroom and publishing that. So you can't really film or you can't broadcast on television or - and on the radio, but in print and on the Web, everything is published basically.

And what has been the reaction of those who survived the attack and those who are related to the victims?

They've been very calm. They've been - I don't know - there were many speculations in advance what could happen during a trial like this because you should see that 77 deaths in Norway is more than twice the annual death rate and the murder rate in Norway. So 77 victims in one day is something we haven't really thought in our wildest dreams could ever happen. So the - I think the expectations were quite - anything could happen, but what's happened in reality is everything has been very calm. The victims and their families are in the courtroom and in, actually, 17 different courtrooms around the country watching the trial. But it has been very calm in very respectful way of - I mean, how the trial has gone so far.

And what will they do to mark the anniversary?

Actually, I don't know. There's been a lot of speculations, but one thing is certain, it will be all over the country. There will be the - what you say, markings, but how, we don't know yet.

turn 2 : They never had wild dreams about it but mean that 77 victims is more than anyone would have ever thought would happen.

Which number surprised PersonA about the number of victims in the attack?

Answer: 77


So right now, there are multiple congressional committees investigating this issue. We've got them on the House side. We've got a couple on the Senate side. I guess I want to know why is there a need for multiple investigations, and how do these congressional investigations differ at their core from what Special Counsel Robert Mueller is conducting?

Well, Senate Intelligence looks at intelligence matters primarily. Senate Judiciary looks at matters that fall under the broad scope of the Judiciary Committee. All these congressional investigations differ very much in function from what the Special Counsel Mueller does. Mueller works in secret and long, long deep studies of things like finances. And he doesn't bring his results public. If he finds something that's really important, he won't let you know until it's time to indict somebody. Whereas, the congressional committees when classification allows them to be in the open, they live for open hearings. They want people to know what they found.

And what about compelling witnesses to testify?The subpoena, is that a last resort thing or is it just a negotiating device?

Oh, the subpoena is the basic working tool of these investigations. It can be a single piece of paper that demands that the witness show up on pain of contempt. Or it can also be a subpoena of the kind that seeks documents, including digital material like emails. By bringing in a witness, they cut through a lot of the stalling. And by demanding the documents, they have the materials to pin the witness down in the questioning.

turn 2 :  turn is asking about the use of subpoenas to compel witnesses to testify and whether they are a last resort or a negotiating tool. The actual meaning, however, is asking about the effectiveness and necessity of using subpoenas in congressional investigations.

Answer: Effectiveness/Necessity


You may have seen it. The photo has been everywhere on social media - a gunman, this week outside a federal courthouse in Dallas. It's one of those pictures that makes you wonder just how the photographer got it. The gunman appears to be only a few feet away from the camera, a military-style rifle in his hand. He's decked out in tactical gear, wearing a face mask with a hole for his eyes, and those eyes appear to be looking right into the camera.

Soon after the photo was taken, the gunman was shot dead by law enforcement. No one else was seriously injured. To hear the story of the photo, I spoke to the person who took it, Tom Fox of The Dallas Morning News. He told me about the moment he first heard the shooter.

There was about three quick shots. And at the time, it sounded like backfire.

Like of a car or something, you mean.

turn 3 :  "like backfire" as a way of clarifying the sound that they heard, rather than suggesting that the sound was actually similar to the backfiring of a car. It suggests that the speaker understood the previous speaker's description of the sound, and is confirming that they heard the same thing.

Which word suggests that the speaker understood the previous PersonA's description of the sound?

Answer: Confirming


There's lots of things, one that says who you are speak so loudly I can't hear what you say. Or St.  Thomas Aquinas who said everywhere you go preach the gospel, but only sometimes use words. Or even Ghandi who said be the change you want to see in the world. I just want to live my values the best that I can, and if I want to be a leader I want to lead more by example than just my words. So our biggest issue is public safety so I'm very lucky to have some great detectives who are with me all the time, and you know they are going to be with me, and they are cops, let me take them out with me in the middle of the night into our streets where the residents, I think, want me to be.

Well, Mayor Booker so glad you could talk again. Thank you.

Thank you so much, all the best.

That was Cory Booker, elected Mayor of Newark, New Jersey in 2006.

turn 0 : Mayor Booker prioritizes actions over words as a leader.

What is Mayor Booker's approach to leadership?

Answer: Actions.


Yeah, they hired an engineer from Southern California, a guy named John Minasian. And Minasian was an expert in towers, and he built rocket gantries for Cape Canaveral for the Saturn rockets. He also built missile testing gantries for the Air Force at Edwards Air Force Base and broadcast towers. And he contributed pretty significantly to the Needle design in terms of - for one thing, being from Southern California, he'd studied with Richter at Caltech. He said you're going to - we're going to put in a foundation that will stand the test of time.

Mm-hmm. And it has been and, you know, you're in a very tectonic part of the world. There are a lot of earthquakes that happen here. I imagine that was taken into account in the design.

Yeah. They did wind tunnel test at the University of Washington, and they basically doubled the load so that it was twice the required code at the time. I talked to an engineer who worked on the project says it could - it'll stay standing with a nine point, you know, quake.

Wow. Well, and was it designed with the Cold War in mind?We were right in the middle of the coldest past of the Cold War at that time.

turn 3 : They were in the middle of the highest tensions between the two countries.

How was the political climate during the construction?

Answer: Tectonic


And thanks for your service to the United States.

I appreciate it.

Why did you want to join the U. S.  military?

I'm not just another U. S.  Army recruit. I was born and raised in a conservative city of Pakistan, near Kashmir. My father owned a small local newspaper in which he recommended the diplomatic solution of Kashmir conflict - due to which, he had to face a lot of threats from state and not-state actors. Because of these threats, he had to close down his newspapers, and I had to move to a boarding school outside my city.

turn 3 : A's decision to join the U.S. military is not typical due to his background and experiences in Pakistan.

What is unique about PersonA's decision to join the U.S. military?

Answer: Background


Presidential candidates sure ate a lot this week - matzah, blintzes, pizza slices. The presidential campaigns have moved to New York for the next primary. After Bernie Sanders won the Democratic primary in Wisconsin this week, Ted Cruz won the Republican side. Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump hope to rebound in more familiar territory. NPR's Ron Elving joins us. Ron, thanks so much for being with us.

Good to be with you, Scott.

Let's begin with the Democrats. They were playing so nicely together. And then this week it seemed like they were calling each other unqualified. Both candidates say they're getting sick and tired. What happened?

I have no doubt that they are sick and tired of each other. But let's be clear, Hillary Clinton never actually said that Sanders was unqualified, despite multiple efforts on the part of many hosts to get her to do that. She kept saying that she thought she was more qualified and so on. And she never would actually say that he was qualified. And this, of course, all followed on a rather rocky interview that Bernie Sanders had with New York Daily News that went viral.

turn 2 : ) Let's begin with the Democrats.They were playing so nicely together.And then this week it seemed like they were calling each other unqualified.Both candidates say they're getting sick and tired.What happened?

How did the candidates describe how they were feeling towards each other?

Answer: Sick


I think the crash of the stock market, along with a shooting war in Iraq and a shooting war in Afghanistan made wonkiness less toxic and less unappealing. The Democrats would always field these sort of wonky smartypants candidates. And. . .

Michael Dukakis and John Kerry.

Michael Dukakis and John Kerry, you know, Al Gore, and they were clearly knowledgeable. But the Republicans would always say, yeah, but you wouldn't want to have a beer with them. They don't understand you. They don't understand the American people. And even though our candidate - George W.  Bush comes to mind - may not be an intellectual powerhouse, he understands real people.

And, in fact, there has been in American politics for a long time - you can go all the way back to Adlai Stevenson in the '50s is a prime example - an anti-intellectual fear in American politics, that intellectuals really didn't get it, and they shouldn't be put in high office. But the relative wonkiness of Obama and Joe Biden seemed more appealing to the relative unwonkiness of John McCain and especially Sarah Palin. And I think that helped removed the taint, really, of being smart.

turn 0 : The wonkiness of smart candidates is not popular with voters.

Which candidates are described as wonky smartypants in the dialogue?

Answer: Michael-Dukakis,John-Kerry


So, number one, the Web site made a drastic change and a tremendous shift. It opened up transparency. It put a lot of ways for individuals to feel that they could be more empowered to have better access or a direct access, almost like an open Internet door to the administration. Number two, they looked to hire a chief technology officer for the administration, which has been done. They've actually checked that off of their list and that has never been a position within the White House to that level before.

And then, number three, I would say actually the stimulus package, you know, coming through with $7. 2 billion being placed specifically for broadband access in rural areas. Those are three key things - oh, and the fourth thing would be, actually redoing - re-upgrading rather the systems within the White House. Internet connectivity was extremely - is extremely slow there. Outdated computers, viruses, just issues with just the infrastructure of technology that was there left by the previous administration.

You know, that was going to be my next question because I understood as the new administration staff took their offices in the White House, what they found were computers that were - I suppose outdated and very slow and. . .

Yeah.

Not nearly as technologically advance that you would expect from the White House.

turn 1 : The new administration has made efforts to increase access to broadband in rural areas. The White House infrastructure and technology were outdated and in need of upgrades.

Which package provided $7.2 billion specifically for broadband access in rural areas?

Answer: Stimulus