I want to ask you how important you think flavors are. Yesterday, the Trump administration announced that it would ban thousands of flavors used in e-cigarettes. How much of a difference do you think that would make in discouraging kids from vaping?

They're tackling it backwards. At the end of the day, put in age verification because otherwise, every teenager would be drinking beer and going to the liquor store four, five times a day. Put in age verification. Make sure - and keep those companies - and hold them accountable. But if you put in age verification as an adult product, that is all you need to do.

So how much business do you stand to lose once this ban on thousands of flavors goes into effect?

That remains to be seen. I don't know. And I don't think it will go into effect. I think, at the end of the day, cooler heads will prevail because what's going to happen is you have to have the understanding and the knowledge and have all the information available to you prior to making such a drastic statement and doing something that will ultimately drive most people back to cigarettes.

turn 1 : No one is getting tackled. The people are trying to solve the problem the wrong way.

What are the people trying to solve the wrong way?

Answer: Problem.


But this radicalization on the Internet is something that the FBI has been talking about for years, and it hasn't been licked. And clearly, this is an example of that since we know that the older brother, Tamerlan Tsarnaev, spent a lot of time on the Internet, on jihadi websites.

And again, if he says anything to the investigators before he's Mirandized, that is nothing they can use in a case against him. However, given the mountain of evidence - including this video that's been described to you - they may not need it.

Well, it's funny because depending on which lawyer you talk to, they will disagree with your first supposition; which is, that it's not admissible if you evoke the public safety exception. In fact, part of the reason for the public safety exception, instead of just talking to somebody without Mirandizing them, is that some of that information may well be admissible. But in this case, this is a bit of a slam dunk. They have video on this young man, and he's going to have a hard time saying that he wasn't involved.

NPR counterterrorism correspondent Dina Temple-Raston, with us here in Studio 42 - our very first guest in Studio 42. Thanks very much.

turn 0 : The radicalization of people through activity on the internet has not been defeated yet.

What has the FBI been warning about for years?

Answer: Mirandize


In terms of the treatment that you had, briefly tell us about it. What worked?What was it that helped you seemingly perhaps the most?

Well, I'd not like to be pompous and have an ego rush here. I think what happened to me is but for the grace of God, I've been able to move forward. And what has happened for me is I've been given some willingness, the willingness to follow directions, the willingness to own the fact that I have caused some very sincere emotional, physical, and spiritual damage to some other people, and then accept a way in which to address those things at the best of my ability. So, I think that the question seems to ask me, what have I done?And that is absolutely be willing to a different direction than the direction I was traveling in.

So, are you now providing treatment for others?And I don't mean that in a clinical sense, but support, help, understanding, perhaps?

I think, what I've been doing is what was so freely given to me, I've been free to give back to others.

You look happy. You're smiling. You look - you seem healthy. And as you look - this is my final question. As you look back on how you fell into the spiral and then how you spiraled out of it, do you recognize triggers now?

turn 1 : The speaker attributes their recovery to divine intervention and a change in attitude.

How does the speaker explain their recovery?

Answer: Willingness


We're in the last few weeks of the Supreme Court's current term, and justices still have loads of decisions to hand down - two dozen, to be precise. And some of those may come as soon as Monday. We'll bring in NPR's legal affairs correspondent Nina Totenberg. Nina, thanks so much for being with us.

My pleasure, as always, Scott.

Twenty-four cases in which there are no decision. I gather a dozen could be of particular interest. Which ones do you most anticipate?

Well, there are three big ones. The first is what I call the cross case. This is a giant cross on public property in Bladensburg, Md. It's a World War I war memorial. And civil libertarians have objected to it because they see the cross as a symbol of Christianity and that it ought to be on private property, maintained with private funds, not taxpayer money. We're going to see what the court does with that. My suspicion is that they're going to let the cross stand. And whatever they write probably will have a lot of impact on religious symbol cases in the future.

turn 3 : The court may allow the cross to remain on public property despite objections.

How do civil libertarians see the cross on public property in Bladensburg, Md?

Answer: Christianity


Yeah.

And I thought it was important to bring that to them.

When you approach prison administrators and ask them to distribute this inside their facility, what has their reaction generally been?Is there resistance?

Well, initially from some there was. I mean, here is this guy. He was formerly incarcerated. He comes out in less than a year, and he wants to bring material back in. . .

turn 2 : The phrase "here is this guy" may imply that the speaker's background as a formerly incarcerated person could be a factor that some administrators may not be comfortable with. The speaker's use of the phrase "initially from some there was" implies that there may have been resistance from some prison administrators, but not necessarily all of them.

Which background of the speaker as a formerly incarcerated person may be a factor for some administrators?

Answer: formerly-incarcerated


It's good to be here, Tony.

You know, you've been getting pretty hot under the collar about this issue, I understand. Why is it such a concern for you?

It's a concern for me because it's a misunderstanding that a lot of ex-convicts have. If you have a felony it has been in the past that often states do restrict or disenfranchise those who have a felony conviction. Those laws have changed over the years, and now in most states it's no longer the case, or there are means by which you can get your civil rights back. But a lot of people - a lot of ex-convicts or felons that I knew that ended up in my court system simply rested on the false notion that they did not have the ability to vote. And that ended and that kept them from further embracing or engaging in the community, and kept them separate, and apart, and not where they needed to be.

Is it a situation where an ex-felon is allowed - is entitled to have his or her voting rights restored, but the process by which those voting rights are restored is so cumbersome that they either don't know about it or they don't go through it?

turn 0 : It is reassuring to be accepted and welcomed here by Tony.

Which word describes how PersonA feels about being welcomed by Tony?

Answer: Reassuring


No, there are hidden costs, of course. It's - basically what economists say is what you need to do is internalize the negative externalities, reveal those hidden costs. Make it so that at the meter, at the pump, we see the true cost.

Wouldn't the established energy companies go nuts?

It depends on who they are, of course. If it's a natural gas company or a company that has significant natural gas assets, they'd be excited about this if they thought it was going to be - really going to happen. That's our challenge at republicen. org, is convincing particularly some natural gas folks that really, this could happen, that the fossil fuels could become accountable. And, of course, when that happens, coal would fall much faster to the competitive pressure of natural gas. And the natural gas companies would make a lot more money off of their product. Is it the end-all?No, it isn't. Natural gas still has CO2 emissions. But it's 50 percent less emissions than coal. So that's an example of how fixing the economics would then fix the environmental consequence.

Mr.  Inglis, as you survey this field of Republican candidates for president, do you see and hear any who express your viewpoint on the climate change?

turn 1 : (2): Implied meaning: Would the energy companies be opposed to this idea?

Which companies would be excited about this idea?

Answer: Natural-gas


(Through interpreter) That's how it went. And that's, I think, why he's so afraid. I think that's why he's so afraid. And he's afraid that I just won't be with him.

When is your little boy's birthday?

(Through interpreter) The 8 of November.

OK.  My wife and I have a little girl whose birthday is November 2. And she will be 11 years old. And we sent her - I think she was about 3. We sent her to preschool because people said it was a good idea. And she hated it. So we stopped that after a few days. And now she's a straight-A student. And it's the best thing we ever did. She needed to be with her mother.

turn 3 : B and his wife stopped sending their daughter to preschool and it was the best decision for their daughter.

Which family member of PersonB's had a November birthday?

Answer: Daughter


There's been such wild swings. You know, in 2014, we were here talking about a dreadful harvest in Italy that was mostly due to the olive oil fruit fly, which was a big problem following a warmer-than-usual winter. This year, it's a deep freeze. And among farmers in Italy, they feel like these extreme swings are happening more often. Experts that we talked to believe that climate change is a factor.

I don't know the Olive Oil Times.

(Laughter) Well, you should. It's the most read olive oil publication. You know, it seems niche, but there are 3 million people around the world who make - who work to make olive oil. It's a very important food, one of the healthiest products that the Earth provides us. And there's a lot to tell. It's also a cultural cornerstone for the Mediterranean region and the rest of us.

Curtis Cord, publisher of the Olive Oil Times, we'll be reading it. Thanks so much, Mr.  Cord.

turn 0 : Extreme weather swings are happening more often due to climate change

How are Italian farmers feeling about the frequency of extreme weather swings?

Answer: More


(Laughter).

But - so in any event, do you really want to put yourself on the side of people that cut even 3 percent from the Meals on Wheels budget?

Well, from a political standpoint, you're right. But this is the problem for whatever the not-left-of-center crew is, now that it's gotten so diverse in the era of Trump is - who's going to talk about how it works?Back to repealing Obamacare, there is a method going forward that works. It involves using tax credits to let people shop. And their choices drive down prices and create more products that they want to buy. But no one's talk about that because you're trapped in this Trump gravitational conversational field.

Well, we'll have you back. We have to cut the conversation short. Michael Graham is podcast editor for The Weekly Standard.

turn 1 : Actual meaning: B is challenging A's position and implying that it is morally questionable. Literal meaning: B is asking A if they want to align themselves with people who cut 3 percent from the Meals on Wheels budget.

Which program experienced a budget cut according to PersonB's statement?

Answer: Meals


I'm Tony Cox, and this is News & Notes. Ending a relationship is never easy. The person breaking up often tries to use words to soften the blow. I'm not ready to be in a committed relationship or it's not you, it's me. And the person being dumped is left trying to figure out just where things went wrong. A year ago, author Rachel Skerritt decided that she wanted to get to the bottom of all of her ex-boyfriends' vague explanations for ending their relationships. So, she called the men in her past and asked them to tell her exactly why they stopped wanting to be with her. Rachel joins me now. Welcome to News & Notes, Rachel.

Thanks, Tony.

Rachel, why in the world would you want to know this?

Well, I'm a tough cookie. I should say that first off, but I'm also a writer and the idea came to me after that whole "He's Just Not That Into You" phenomenon, the book not the movie. And a lot of my friends were reading it as if they had found, you know, the answers to everything. Oh, he's just not that into me, that explains it. But there was this whole missing why piece, why not. And as you said, guys seem trained to give these stock answers so as not to hurt feelings, but I really wanted the real deal. . .

turn 3 : Tough cookie is not literal. She is not a cookie. She is suggesting that she is strong enough to take criticism from others.

Which word describes how Rachel describes herself?

Answer: strong


Right. So there's one where Kim Kardashian is posing against a pile of sand. She's undressed, very provocative. And then there's you, sort of similarly clad, reclining against gravel (laughter).

Yeah, on a dirt pile. Kim Kardashian on a dirt pile. That's the way people refer to that photo a lot.

Why do you think it's resonated so much?Why do you think people have enjoyed this so much?

Well, first and foremost, I look like an idiot in them, the other person doesn't. And it's not like I'm taking - I don't take paparazzi photos of people or I'll only take what they've posted themselves. And then I look silly in it. So the beginning of it is me looking stupid. And I think people like that. I think people like seeing people make fun of themselves - I do - and just not caring. I think it's nice to see on a platform like Instagram, where it's all about how things are staged. It's nice to see something that is so not.

turn 2 : In Turn (3), when B asks, "Why do you think it's resonated so much? Why do you think people have enjoyed this so much?" they are not asking about the actual vibrations or sounds that the photo has produced, but rather about why the photo has become so popular and well-liked.

What is PersonB asking about when they say "Why do you think it's resonated so much?"

Answer: Popularity


. . . Exactly correct. And when it comes to hostages, there is a clear U. S.  policy. We do not pay ransom. We do not make concessions. When it comes to political prisoners, it's much more murky.

To your knowledge, was any money given to North Korea in association with the release of Otto Warmbier, however it's characterized?

Not that I'm aware. I would personally be surprised if the Trump administration actually paid that invoice. However, again, when we were negotiating and trying to put the framework together for the release of Otto Warmbier, we were coupling it with a bigger package of bringing back remains of U. S.  servicemen, of helping a little bit with flood-related areas in north North Korea, which was back then hit really hard - not to the North Korean government, but through humanitarian organizations. And that compiles this package of humanitarian interest, mutual humanitarian interest that - it's a bunch of gestures of goodwill that ends up getting with what you want.

What does this week's news tell us about how the Trump administration deals with these types of situations?Because the president likes to suggest that his techniques are very different from that of his predecessors.

turn 1 : The U.S. government has a policy of not paying ransom for hostages or making concessions for political prisoners.

What is the U.S. policy on paying ransom for hostages or making concessions for political prisoners?

Answer: Not-paying


Well, it's really interesting. The word exoneration came to mind, but that's not quite right. I mean, you care if people don't believe you, but it wasn't my job to make people believe me. It was just my job to survive this and push a movement forward. But what I saw - that disgusting document that - you know, her email outlining how they were going to terrorize me. It was just as if, yes, this is exactly what's been happening to me.

And, of course, Lisa Bloom jumps out at many people because she had a reputation as a civil rights lawyer who represented women who had been assaulted or harassed. And she described that work in this memo to Harvey Weinstein. She said, quote, "I feel equipped to help you against the Roses of the world because I have represented so many of them," unquote. What do you make of that?

It's vile. It's just - it's kind of the mark of a psychopath, and it's so cold. And you know what?Yeah, the Roses of this world - we get pushed around. And we get hurt, and we get disbelieved. And to have a woman involved in it let alone a woman who purports to be all about protecting women and protecting people who get abused by power is - it's egregious. It's disgusting. It's despicable, but it's also fitting for I think who she really is.

Well, she says - she has said in subsequent statements several things. No. 1, she says she made a mistake. No. 2, she says she did not understand the scope of the allegations against him, including assaults.

turn 1 : Lisa Bloom's name and simply herself, is very noticeable and memorable to a great many people.

Which name catches the attention of many people due to her work as a civil rights lawyer?

Answer: Lisa


Earle Havens, Ph. D.  - although, of course we want to look into that now. And he's the head of the Department of Special Collections here at the George Peabody Library in Baltimore. The exhibit - what's the title again?

"Fakes, Lies and Forgeries. "

All right - runs through February 1. Thanks very much for being with us.

And thank you very much. This was a great pleasure.

turn 3 : A: "This was a great pleasure" - The literal meaning of the phrase would be that the speaker had a physically pleasurable experience, but the intended meaning is that the speaker enjoyed the conversation or interview.

What was the intended meaning of PersonA's statement?

Answer: Conversation


Well, there is actually a pretty good and well-established hypothesis about what actually happened 1300 years ago. There was giant lake of fresh water that spilled into the North Atlantic - this was sort of leftover water from the last ice age - and all this water affected the ocean circulation in the North Atlantic and stopped a conveyor belt of both water and air that was bringing warm air up from the equatorial regions to higher latitudes. And that's been the leading hypothesis for what caused this event, which is called the Younger Dryas. And so, somehow or other, they would have to figure out how the comet impact/collision event would fit in with this pretty well-established idea that there was this huge burst of fresh, cold water that went into the North Atlantic.

So, how will all this get sorted out?

Well, more data are needed, I think, is what scientists are fond of saying, and this is certainly a case where that is true.

NPR science correspondent, Richard Harris, thank you.

turn 2 : Scientists need more data to confirm their hypotheses.

Answer: Comet


Today's verdict concludes Hosni Mubarak's retrial. He'd been convicted and sentenced to life in prison in 2012. The verdict was overturned on appeal. In the courtroom today, people burst into cheers, but those who protested in his rule say this is a sign Egypt's revolution has been defeated. NPR's Leila Fadel joins us from Cairo. Thanks for being with us.

Thank you.

And what happened in the courtroom?

Well, basically, the judge dismissed the charges against Mubarak; charges of the killing of hundreds of protesters in 2011 who went to the streets to walk against his rule. He was acquitted on separate corruption charges. And he's expected to go free soon. He's currently serving time on a separate corruption case, and he was convicted of three years on that. His minister of interior, who was reviled for brutal police tactics, was also acquainted as were his deputies. And it left a lot of people asking, well, who is accountable for the more than 800 people that were killed in 2011.

turn 3 : (4) "And he's expected to go free soon." - The literal meaning of this sentence is that Hosni Mubarak is expected to be released from prison soon. However, the implied meaning is that there is outrage and concern among some people about Mubarak being released after being acquitted of charges related to the killing of protesters during his rule, and that this could be seen as a sign that justice has not been served.

What is the concern about Hosni Mubarak's release?

Answer: being-released


Well, I think he needs to do a lot of things. We first have to realize that we've got in the pipeline climate change, and we're committed to a few more degrees of warming, kind of, no matter what we do, so we have to have an adaptation strategy. How are we going to protect coast lines against intensified hurricanes?How we're going to deal with the increased fires in the West?What are we going to do with melting glaziers?

We've got to do that regardless of climate policy. To try to control emissions, we have to deal adaptation. The second thing is we have to use our energy more efficiently. We need building codes. So what we're going to have to do is to nationalize the kind of California activities where everybody has to participate and it's not just a random lottery of states values. Then finally, we have to help the brilliant American industry to be able to invent our way out of the problem through cheaper solar machines and better grids for wind machines. And we need incentives. We'll need loan guarantees.

I mean, if we can spend almost a trillion dollars bailing out some greedy people who messed up in an under-regulated environment, how about spending a tenth that much trying to produce green jobs, and at the same time, reduce our dependence on foreign oil and help the environment.

How do you think our current economic situation is going to affect efforts to curb global warming?

turn 0 : We are already committed to climate change, so we need to focus on adapting to it.

Answer: ADAPTING


What would happen in a civil contempt is that you would basically be trying to hold the attorney general - get a court order that he was in contempt. And the court would have a hearing. And Justice Department would intervene, and they would fight the contempt citation. And then the court would have a ruling. And that's how the process kind of operates theoretically. What normally happens is the court does not like to step into executive legislative disputes, and they will urge both sides to try to accommodate one another. I think it would only be if the court determined that the Justice Department was really in bad faith would they then hold the attorney general in contempt.

Let me ask you this. If this matter does land in court, if litigation is actively pursued, that could take months. It could take years even. And if the goal is to get information from Attorney General William Barr, how is this an effective strategy?Pursuing a contempt case could result in a huge delay, right?

I think the reality is is that the rules of subpoenas right now as we're discussing in many ways work in favor of the executive for the exact reason that you are hinting at in your question, which is they can run the clock. They can probably run the clock on the enforcement question for months, if not years. And they might be able to even run it up to the next election.

Right. So if the White House intends to stonewall, do you think it's even a wise strategy on the part of the Democrats right now to be talking about contempt?

turn 3 : Talking about contempt might not be a wise strategy for Democrats.

How might Democrats be strategizing in regards to the contempt case?

Answer: Strategy


Absolutely. They may, you know, be with someone, or as they play cards with other decks of playing cards, people talk, you know?We all - we all kind of fill that space. And so hopefully maybe some information that they've heard could prove valuable in cases as we work towards resolution.

How many cold cases do you have there on the books in Colorado?

>>SIMKINS Here in Colorado we have nearly 1,600 cases total. And when we identify a cold case, we are calling any unresolved homicide that is more than three years from the commission of crime a cold case. We're also including any long-term missing person cases and any unidentified remains.

turn 3 :  The turn whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning is (4): "There are only 52 cards in a deck of cards. So how do you decide which case makes the deck?"  The speaker is using a metaphor to compare the limited number of cards in a deck to the limited number of cases that can be included in the deck of playing cards used by law enforcement to raise awareness about cold cases. The implied meaning is that there are many cold cases to choose from, but only a limited number can be featured in the deck

What is the metaphor used by the speaker to compare the limited number of cards in a deck to the limited number of cases that can be included in the deck of playing cards?

Answer: Limited-number


That was a time that postwar era in India when you had a tremendous amount of aspiration for development in the air. Nehru was the first Prime Minister of independent India. And there was a sense in the air of the chance for a collective progress that many, many different kinds of people who came from different backgrounds could actually participate in, could share in. And I think the momentum of that time also swept my own grandparents up. Their condition was precarious.

The jacket that my grandfather was wearing was borrowed. The jewelry that my grandmother is wearing was costume jewelry. I think the prosperity that you see in that image is less about the wealth that they have in hand at that moment and more about that future horizon that they might feel is already coming within their reach.

What do you think your grandfather's story might tell us about today's India?

What I think is so interesting about looking at the life of someone like my grandfather over the course of nearly a century is that you see that there is a kind of ongoing momentum of change that exists throughout his life and that takes him and those alongside him in many different directions. That these patterns of change that we see now in India have been with us for some time and have had a lot to do with the kinds of aspirations that people like my grandparents as well as my own parents grew up with.

turn 3 : What I think is so interesting about looking at the life of someone like my grandfather over the course of nearly a century is that you see that there is a kind of ongoing momentum of change that exists throughout his life and that takes him and those alongside him in many different directions - This implies that change is an ongoing process that people must adapt to if they want to move forward.

What does the ongoing momentum of change in someone like the PersonA's grandfather's life suggest about progress in India?

Answer: Progress


Well, social networks and blogs have moved ahead of personal emailing among the most popular online activities. This is according to the Nielsen Company, which monitors consumer behavior. And they say time spent on these social networking sites is growing three times faster than the overall Internet rate. And they say over two thirds of the world's online population now visits social networking and blogging sites. But the issue now is how to fund these sites, right?

Mm hmm.

So, like Facebook, for example, has a huge audience, a growing audience but has very relatively little obvious advertising compared to a site like MySpace, which is cluttered with ads but have seen their audience flatten. So, it's a catch 22 for some of these sites.

Well, speaking of social networks, a hugely popular site, YouTube, is having issues overseas. Tell us about that.

turn 2 : It is a bad idea either way for the social media companies.

What is the dilemma social media companies face?

Answer: Advertising.


No, he's not. I mean, you know, these Democratic candidates, it's essentially partisanship that's slipping in. You have them pretty split amongst the general election overall - Bernie Sanders, not very well-liked overall - 55%. And President Trump himself, his approval rating is only 41%, among the highest he's had for strongly disapproving at 45%. And it looks like a lot of the economic worries over the summer are starting to take a bit of a toll on him.

So does that mean that people think - clearly they have issues with his policies. According to your poll, does it mean they think he's going to lose?

Actually, no, (laughter) that's kind of surprising here that most Americans or more Americans think he's going to win reelection than lose by a 46%-to-37% margin. You know, people have a mostly positive outlook on the economy, and that really is buoying him right now.

We also have a result from a special election in North Carolina that we need to talk about. This was for the House seat that was up for grabs. The Republican won, but the margin of victory was still pretty small. And this was someone President Trump had campaigned for. What should he and his reelection team take from this, if anything?

turn 2 : The positive outlook is giving him the support he needs to continue campaigning.

How is the positive outlook impacting his campaigning?

Answer: Buoying


But he was like an incredible, incredible hero. And when I interviewed him, God, probably two months later, he had a stroke. A year later, he was dead. So these stores are like - I mean, they're disappearing every single day.

When you think about a story like that, where someone gave his all and didn't get a lot of credit for it, is that a theme that runs through the book?

It definitely runs through the World War II section. I mean, pretty much all the vets who served in World War II. I mean, I have a vet who was at Iwo Jima, another story you don't hear much about African-Americans serving there. Also a buffalo soldier I have who came home after, you know, fighting in Italy the worst of Hitler's troop. Comes home, the ship lands in Virginia, and the white people in the town turn their back on the black soldiers. They don't even want to look at them.

I mean, it was - they walked through the town, he said it was like they were convicts. People turned their backs on them. And he was with me at the Smithsonian. We had an event for some of these vets. And he cried when he talked about that. And everyone in the audience stood up and cheered for him. And it was 60 years later, but it was like he was coming home that day.

turn 0 : "they're disappearing every single day" - This phrase is a metaphorical way of saying that the stories are being lost or forgotten over time, rather than literally disappearing every day.

Which word is used metaphorically in turn 0?

Answer: Disappearing


And how did this start?

Well, about 20 years ago, we were thinking about doing a literary magazine because at the time there weren't too many journals out there for new writers. There weren't many literary journals at all during that time. And so we stumbled upon an idea that we had started with one of our friends from college where he had given me a first line to start a story. And then I would write the story. And then I would send it to him. And I'd give him a first line. And he would start a story. And he would send that back to me. And we did that. And so we decided that we'd open that up to the rest of the world.

How many stories do you typically get?

We run between 300 and 450 submissions in issue.

turn 1 : (2) is different from its literal meaning. While the speaker is describing the history of their literary magazine and how they started accepting submissions, the implied meaning is that the magazine has been successful and has been accepting submissions for a long time.

Which turn in the dialogue implies that the literary magazine has been accepting submissions for a long time?

Answer: 20


There are probably two or three important things. One is I think it gives you an insight into the company and what they do with the data they gather. Now, Facebook say they don't sell data, but they certainly make money out of it. And I think one of the things that concerned us was whether some of the developers that work with Facebook get preferential access to data depending on how valuable that relationship is. I think there was something else, which is potentially an antitrust issue, which is the dominant position Facebook has I think allows it to pick winners on its platform. There are big questions about the way in which they use their power. The final thing I think which is I think particularly significant is are users giving informed consent when they give data to Facebook?

Mr.  Collins, why should anyone be worried about that?Is it just what you would expect a business to do, maximize the information it has and reward the most promising relationships?

I think we all understand with these sorts of social media tools they're free to use, but in some ways, you're giving your data to the company. The company makes money out of that by selling advertising. But the question is are we giving up far more data than we realize?And then what happens to that data when the company has it?And I think it's right that we have some say and some protection over how it's used.

Do you feel Facebook has been honest with you?

turn 2 : Users should have more control over their data

Answer: Control


Well, it's unclear. But at least the Department of Health and Human Services is saying that the Affordable Care Act will stand as this works its way through courts. And the funny thing is today is the final day for. . .

Yes.

. . . Open enrollment for next year for people to get insurance. And on the website healthcare. gov, there's actually a banner that says, this decision doesn't change open enrollment for now.

What about political repercussions?

And that's a more complicated thing.

turn 0 : Despite the court case, people can still enroll for insurance

What is still available despite the court case?

Answer: Insurance


Well, the highlight of the tour was going inside the number four reactor, where they're in the process of removing spent and unused fuel rods. And they were trying to show me and trying to show the public, first of all, that they've reinforced the whole structure against any further earthquakes or tsunamis, that they are safely removing the fuel rods that are in there, and that they are trying to block contaminated water from flowing from the mountains through the plant and into the Pacific.

Did you see the other reactors?

The crucial ones I could not go into, and reactors one through three suffered partial meltdowns. And as a result, there is so much radiation in there that they cannot send people in there to look. They have to use robots and remote cameras to try to find out what's going on. But they still don't know exactly how bad the damage is from those partial meltdowns. They're not going to start dealing with that part of the thing until 2020, and the whole process of shutting down the plant could take 30 or 40 years, by TEPCO's estimates.

And what problems have they been having just recently even in the clean-up?

turn 1 : This turn implies that the speaker is asking for more information about the tour.

How was the number four reactor reinforced?

Answer: Reinforced


And he met a tragic end, I gather.

Yup. Much like Martin Luther King, he had his young life cut short by gunfire from a white assassin.

I don't understand how America doesn't know so much about him and why Philadelphia took so long to recognize him.

I think part of it is that in the decades after reconstruction, there was almost a big version of what we might now call a white backlash. America got into the birth of a nation era when that movie depicted Klansmen as heroes and black leaders of reconstruction as morons and sexual predators when in fact there's this whole rich history that lots of good historians have started to dig out in the last few decades of black political activists who even began their activism right at the tail end of slavery.

turn 1 : The actual meanings of these turns are: (2) Martin Luther King was killed by a white assassin; (3) America doesn't understand or appreciate the contributions of black leaders during Reconstruction; (4) America's history of racism and white supremacy has been ignored or minimized for many decades.

Which Reconstruction era black political activists are mentioned by A?

Answer: black-political-activists


So, I'm a little concern about that, especially with the amount of technology connections that they have made through this campaign, and the amount of donors that they've received through online mechanisms. So it's going to be interesting to see how this plays out. But, clearly somebody is going to want that data Farai. There's no way out that the Democratic. . .

Don't let Sascha get a hold of the mass email list. And you know, start asking for Christmas presents or something.

Let me tell you, somebody in the Democratic Party. . .

I'm glad you clarified that. Somebody in the Democratic Party is definitely saying, hmm, that's a gold mine of data sitting right there.

turn 3 : A gold mine implies that the amount is a lot and it has value to the people that want it

How would you describe the data mentioned in the dialogue?

Answer: Valuable


Not solely, no. And this is something that is commonly, I think, misunderstood. The cornerstone of the healing profession and the physician is the patient relationship. But psychiatry more than any other really has an imperative to maintain the primacy of the patient relationship, so medications were extraordinarily important; they were miraculous developments, but medications alone can't do it.

Yeah. Between fever cures and induced comas and drilling holes in the skull and lobotomies, psychiatry has done some painful things to people in the name of science over the years, hasn't it?

Well, that's the point. That's why it's the untold story. In order for us to genuinely make a case for why psychiatry is a medical discipline that deserves sort of equal footing and respect as other medical specialties, we needed to fess up in terms of what the past was. And so in order to do so, we needed to tell the unvarnished history of the field and then describe why things may not have been helpful and in some cases harmful then, but why that's different now. And nobody should avoid seeking treatment if they think they need it because of uncertainty or fear.

Dr.  Jeffrey Lieberman has written, with Ogi Ogas, a new book "Shrinks: The Untold Story Of Psychiatry. "Thanks so much for being with us.

turn 1 : The actual meaning of turn (2) is different from its literal meaning. While the literal meaning refers to the painful methods that psychiatry has used in the past to cure people, the implicated meaning is that psychiatry has a history of questionable and even harmful practices, which have affected people's trust in the field.

What does the implied meaning of turn (2) suggest about psychiatry's history?

Answer: Questionable


And what did Ben Bernanke say to you in terms of admitting that perhaps that was a mistake, or anything else?Did he say to you that he made any mistakes along the way?

Well, I think he did, you know - as I say, the sort of news in the article was that he did concede that the Fed and he had been slow to understand really what was going on with this subprime crisis. I mean, it's easy to be critical. A lot of people on Wall Street didn't understand it, either, a lot of people in the Treasury Department. In fact, it's very hard to find anybody at all who really understood the full scale of this, you know, going back six, twelve months.

There were people saying that there was going to be a housing, you know, a housing collapse. I'd even said that myself. But nobody really realized how intertwined the financial system was with the financial markets. And nobody realized that a drop in house prices would basically render much of the American financial system insolvent, which is what has happened.

John Cassidy is a staff writer at the New Yorker Magazine. His article on Ben Bernanke is in this week's issue. Thank you very much.

turn 0 : along the way means in this context throughout a period of time

Answer: Concede


At dusk tonight - the Belmont stakes, and an engaging chestnut named California Chrome has a chance to be the first horse to win the Triple Crown - a sweep of all three of the major thoroughbred races since 1978. We're honored now to be joined by Laura Hillenbrand. She's a horse rider by trade, of course she's author of the perpetual best-selling "Seabiscuit. "Laura, thanks so much for being with us.

I'm so happy to be here Scott.

What is there about the Belmont stakes that frustrates so many great four-legged athletes who've already won two big races?

They call it the test of their champion for a reason. It is a tricky race. It's run around the biggest track in the country so strategy is different. You have to move a different place. It's a race that requires a lot of the jockey.

The thing that makes it the hardest in terms of sweeping the whole Triple Crown is the horse that gets there with a chance to win it as California Chrome has. They've already competed in the Derby and the Preakness, which are two incredibly difficult races. And now, in the span of five weeks, they have to try the third one. And it's the hardest one of all, the longest one of all. It's really asking a huge amount of them. And that's why, in my whole racing fan life, I have never seen a horse sweep the Triple Crown. I've seen 12 horses go to the Belmont with a chance to win it, and all of them have failed.

California Chrome is called the people's horse, kind of like Seabiscuit.

turn 0 : a chance to be the first horse to win the Triple Crown" - This implies that California Chrome has the opportunity to achieve a rare and prestigious feat by winning all three major thoroughbred races, rather than simply having a possibility of winning.

What is the name of the horse with a chance to win the Triple Crown?

Answer: California


(Reading) Dad, a devout fan of television shows like "Gunsmoke" and "Bonanza," was disappointed when he discovered that cowboy hats were no longer in style. And he sadly stowed his first American purchase, a brown 10-gallon hat that he bought during a layover in Houston, in a suitcase and under his bed. Mom arrived in America expecting peace and love. She had fallen for the music of the Beatles and The Beach Boys as a high school student in Lagos while listening to the records that her businessman father brought back from his trips abroad. Though she had imagined a country where love conquered all, where black people and white people live together in peace and harmony, mom and dad arrived instead in a place where there were no other black people for miles around, a place dominated by a religion they never heard of before. But this was America, and they were in love.

(Reading) They moved into a small apartment in Ogden, Utah and started a family. I came first in 1981, and my brother followed in 1983. Dad attended his classes during the day while mom took care of us at home. Occasionally, she explored the city while pushing my brother and me along in a double stroller. Soon enough, we were all walking hand in hand.

The book is in many ways, though - I mean, it's set against this backdrop of this larger place where they're there, they fit in in some ways. . .

Yeah.

turn 0 : Mom and Dad's expectations for America were not met

How were Mom and Dad's expectations for America?

Answer: Unmet


Well, I think I do have to wrestle with it as a personal crisis. I did have to wrestle with it. I had to just do what people do when they're kind of debilitated by panic attacks, which is figure out how to make them stop or at least somewhat subside.

No, I know you deal with it in a personal way, but it sounds like you're blaming, you know, George Bush for your problems.

Yeah (laughter). Well, in some ways I felt - at that time at least - that my problems were caused by George Bush. So, I mean, another thread of this book is that, you know, once I realized I wasn't going to cut it as a music major, I switched my major to Middle Eastern studies. And I took that very seriously. It was my plan to try to become a reporter in the Middle East. And I started to begin to learn Arabic. I spent years studying Islamic literature and art and religion.

And I left to go do my study abroad in Cairo, Egypt. And, of course, we started out that time, just as study abroad students do, learning the new currency, people in Egypt and then two weeks in, 9/11 happened. And it completely changed obviously the course of everything. And a lot of Americans fled the Middle East at that point. You couldn't go back to the states because the airports were closed. But I stayed along with a small group of other American students, and I really thought that this was going to be so crucial to me and being a bridge of understanding between our country and that region.

turn 0 : to wrestle in this context means an event happened that is hard to get through

How did 9/11 influence PersonA's study abroad experience in Egypt?

Answer: Changed


So there you are standing in the checkout line, that one with a big sign above it that says express, 10 items or less. You notice the basket of the woman in front of you. You silently start tallying. OK, eight or nine items, fine. But wait, she has a six pack under her hand, and under her other arm is a bag of pretzels. And then she's going for that pack of gum. And you're fighting the urge to scream: You had no business in the express line.

If that's you, then John Trinkaus feels your pain. He decided that instead of complaining about it, though, he'd study it. Trinkaus researches not only the express line, but how many people stop at stop signs and the average wait at the doctor's office. My next guest is Marc Abrahams, editor and co-founder of the Annals of Improbable Research, and the founder and master of ceremonies for the Ig Nobel Prize. He'll explain the data details and why it's the simple things that count. He joins us from WBUR in Boston. Hi, Marc.

Hello, Flora.

Tell me - give me some other names of his studies, because they're all really funny.

turn 0 : The woman in front of you has more than 10 items but still stands in the express line, which is irritating.

How many items did the woman in front of "A" have in the express line?

Answer: Ten


It was absolute - you're absolutely correct. Our time is out, but I'm going to ask you about this before I let you go. Talking about perfect performances, two people strolled in to New York's Madison Square Garden and lit up the Knicks back to back, Kobe Bryant 61 on one night and LeBron James, I think, it was 52 the next night and a triple double.

All I can say is thank god for the Knicks.

And, you know what?And the Knicks are even actually better than they were before and then they still let people come in there and just spank them like crazy.

That's what we do.

turn 3 : That's what we do implying they're proud members of Knicks

How does "A" identify themselves in relation to the Knicks?

Answer: Proud


Now, when we look at this, what they're doing, there was a - you know, in some ways perhaps a minor incident, but a telling one where the British publication, the Telegraph, reported online that the G8 leaders enjoyed a six course lunch followed by an eight course dinner. African leaders were not invited and of course they're talking about the global hunger situation. There was a lot of static about that. Do you think that, that was symbolic in any way or just, you know, big time world business as usual?

Well, Farai now you're going to draw the cynical side out of me. This was an incredibly stupid, careless move, by the G8 leaders where they basically seemed to have thought off camera they could do whatever they wanted to. And they demonstrated, for all to see, the contempt actually that they have towards the rest of the world.

That they basically - they see themselves, as in effect, the rulers of this planet. So, when they're on camera there'll be the tears, there'll be the concern. Off camera you saw this hideous example of consumption.

What do you think the G8 leaders should be doing in terms of an Africa agenda?I'm going to get to a couple of specific things, specific national issues of Zimbabwe and Nigeria in a second.

turn 2 : The G8 leaders see themselves as rulers of the planet.

Answer: Rulers


From NPR News, this is Day to Day. The ethics problem at the Interior Department continues to unfold, specifically in the little-known but powerful Minerals Management Service. The Interior Department's watchdog reports that employees in that division accepted gifts, they steered government contracts to friends, and they had sexual relations with oil and gas-company representatives. Joining us now is John Dimsdale from Marketplace, and John, first, what is the Minerals Management Service?I hadn't heard of it until yesterday.

Well, it's responsible for collecting royalty revenues from companies that extract oil and other minerals from federal property. And last year, they collected 11 billion dollars from the oil and gas industry. So, it's a big source of revenue. In fact, sometimes Minerals Management is the second largest source of income for the federal government, second only to the IRS. And remember, this scandal comes just as Congress is debating whether to allow more oil drilling, especially on the Outer Continental Shelf under the ocean.

That's right. So, let's go into the details of this scandal. What did the Interior Department's inspector general find?

Well, this report makes it sound like a very dysfunctional place. It alleges cocaine and marijuana use, and even promiscuous sex between government employees and the industry that they oversee. The inspector general says the relationship between the industry and the revenue collectors is supposed to be at arm's length, but most of the oil-company people that investigators talked to said they bought meals or drinks, entertainment, for government employees.

turn 0 : "the ethics problem at the Interior Department continues to unfold" - figurative meaning: the situation is developing or becoming more complex, literal meaning: something is physically unfolding.

Which department is responsible for collecting royalty revenues from companies that extract oil and other minerals from federal property?

Answer: Interior


Absolutely. In fact, Dr.  Landreth and his colleagues have replied to these four and said no, no, no, wait. I mean, while the general tenor is you've got four papers that didn't replicate our findings, there are elements of these papers that, in fact, do replicate their findings.

So, in particular, some of the behaviors improved in some of the animals that were tested in these other studies, and a particular form of the amyloid - the so-called soluble amyloid, or the oligomeric form of the amyloid - was in fact replicated in these other papers.

So Dr.  Landreth and colleagues are saying no, no, no. I mean, some features weren't, but in general, the basic premise was replicated.

Since that original study came out, did you have patients that actually came to specifically asking for this drug based on the reports they heard in the news?

turn 0 : General tenor means that the basic idea is true but there is conflicting data.

Which feature was in fact replicated in the other papers mentioned in the dialogue?

Answer: Soluble


We can say she grew up. She had a daughter of her own who became curious about family secrets kept from both her and her mother for decades. That daughter is Laura Cumming, and she's the author of "Five Days Gone. "She joins me now from London.

Laura Cumming, welcome.

Thank you.

Start with the kidnapping, which is absolutely central to the book you've written. It was not central to your mother's life. She was only 3. She had no memory of it. And she didn't even learn of it until she was well into middle age. Is that right?

turn 3 : The phrase "central to the book you've written" in this context does not literally mean that the book is physically located in the center, but rather that the kidnapping plays a major and important role in the narrative of the book. Similarly, the phrase "well into middle age" does not refer to a specific age range or point in time, but rather a general time period when someone is considered to be middle-aged.

How does the phrase "central to the book you've written" relate to Laura Cumming's book?

Answer: a


How does the government even know that they might have overpaid?

Well, they have records going back that say, you know, you were eligible for X amount per month. And then maybe somebody in the family went back to work and got more in the way of earnings than they would have had to be eligible for those benefits. And so there was this debt sitting there on the account over all these years. But in many of these cases, the government can't even say who exactly incurred the debt. It might have been a surviving spouse. It might have been surviving children. All they know is that the debt is on the books. And apparently their regulations allow them to go after almost anyone in the surviving family without regard to whether they were the ones who got the benefits in the first place.

And they have no recourse?

Well, there's an appeals process, and you can seek a waiver. The folks I've spoken to, for the most part, when they call or visit Social Security, they're told, yeah, you can go through the waiver process, but you're not likely to win. The Social Security Administration tells me that about 10 percent do win their case, but that's 90 percent who don't. And of that 90 percent, some of them, it's just, you know, a few hundred dollars maybe, and they figure it's not worth the battle. In other cases, it's some thousands of dollars, and they really need the money. But very few lawyers will touch these cases because they are relatively small amounts of money involved.

turn 1 : "you know" is used as a filler phrase and does not add any literal meaning to the sentence

Which filler phrase does turn 1 use that does not add any literal meaning to the sentence?

Answer: You-know


You do feel a special connection with Chopin, don't you?

So it's extraordinary that you should discover two different versions of a Chopin waltz that was previously unknown.

I agree. I was shocked - really shocked - when I found them. And then many things happened to me with Chopin through my life.

turn 1 : Actually, I do. Many things have happened to me. I don't like the word paranormal. I like the word the unknown normal because that's what it really is.  In this turn, the speaker is not talking about feeling a special connection with Chopin, which is the literal meaning. Instead, they are talking about their experiences with the unknown or unexplained, and their preference for the term "unknown normal" instead of "paranormal".

Which term does the speaker prefer to use instead of "paranormal"?

Answer: Unknown


Well, it's unclear. But at least the Department of Health and Human Services is saying that the Affordable Care Act will stand as this works its way through courts. And the funny thing is today is the final day for. . .

Yes.

. . . Open enrollment for next year for people to get insurance. And on the website healthcare. gov, there's actually a banner that says, this decision doesn't change open enrollment for now.

What about political repercussions?

And that's a more complicated thing.

turn 0 : The Affordable Care Act will remain in place despite the uncertainty surrounding it.

Which act will remain in place despite uncertainty?

Answer: Affordable


Yes.

Do you consider the experiment a success, and should it be replicated?

I do consider it a success because they did not get in trouble again. The essays that they wrote - at least the one that the defense attorney made available to us - the student wrote that he understood. So to me, it worked. And my hope, my dream, my goal would be that this is not an unusual disposition that causes people to write about it in the newspaper or for me to be interviewed. I would love for this to be a standard disposition all over the place.

Alex Rueda, the deputy commonwealth attorney for Virginia, thank you very much.

Oh, my pleasure.

turn 4 : The person did not get pleasure from it but is simply being polite.

Which feeling did the person have when they said "Oh, my pleasure" in turn 4?

Answer: Polite


Well, self-employed people are often other people's discretionary spending. In other words, if I'm cutting back, and I had a trainer who was coming to my house three times a week, maybe now she's coming in twice or once. That hits her bottom line. So we know that, essentially, self-employed people, if they're discretionary spending, are going to be on the front line.

The message for them is to diversify your portfolio to make sure that now, if you're counting on one person, let's get three lined up. Let's be more flexible. Let's deal with issues about how you might provide different kinds of payment schedules and other kinds of things.

But self-employed people, whether they're personal services, which we've just talked about, whether they're business services, the people who do the graphics artwork, who do the editing and other things, they're going to have to dance on a dime. Because, basically, when people start cutting budgets they're the easiest ones to cut.

Now if you're self-employed - and there are many people who have started, you know, any number of businesses - if you're self-employed, either like you said, doing personal services or running a small business with other employees who work for you, what can you do to sure yourself up financially?

turn 2 : Self-employed people must be adaptable in budget cuts

How should self-employed people respond to budget cuts?

Answer: Diversify


What would be a - and forgive the pun - what would be the holy grail for an Indiana Jones like you?What would be the ultimate?

Well, that would be to go right back to the beginning, you know, to do like a dino brew, you know, sort of a Garden of Eden type of beverage, I guess. And unfortunately in the Paleolithic period, the containers get destroyed. They were probably made out of leather, wood or whatever. So we don't have remnants of any containers from the Paleolithic period.

And that's important because once you have a container like pottery, made of pottery, the liquids get absorbed into that, and it helps to retain the ancient organic materials until the biomolecular archeologists like us comes along thousands of years later.

Do you have any bets of where the cradle of civilization for wine and beer originates?

turn 1 : Garden of Eden and Dino brew are not literal; it implies that they'd find something really old that dates back to the beginning of an era we have knowledge of.

What does the turn about Garden of Eden and Dino brew imply?

Answer: Old


Before there was "Gangnam Style," the dress or the ice bucket challenge, there were other stories that raced around the country. In the 19th century, newspapers throughout the U. S.  were kind of early aggregators. They just helped themselves to each other's stories, so if something juicy turned up in Boston, it would soon find its way into print in Chicago or Kansas City. That's the finding of researchers at Northeastern University. They used computers to search through those old publications for stories that went - sorry, can't avoid saying it - viral. Ryan Cordell is one of those researchers. He joins from the studios of WBUR in Boston. Thanks for being with us.

I'm glad to be here.

What is the 19th century equivalent of a cat perching on the toilet?

Well, we found quite a few of them; a lot of household hints and stories. One of my favorites is a story that purports to be a young man in church who is wooing a young lady by circling passages in the Bible and handing them to her and that they're married a year later as the story says at the end.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of (3) is asking what type of story was popular in the 19th century that could be compared to a modern day internet meme. The implied meaning is asking what was popular or trendy in the 19th century.

Which question does PersonB ask PersonA that leads to a comparison between a 19th-century trend and a modern-day internet meme?

Answer: Thank


Honestly, much to my mother's chagrin, I think I would like to come back to the Middle East and continue to cover a lot of the developments here, maybe Afghanistan, continue to cover a lot of our diplomatic efforts abroad.

I think that the next four to eight years of the Obama administration are going to be incredibly interesting, with a lot of the diplomatic efforts to just to try to put a lot of the things back together. Certainly, what's going on now in the Gaza Strip is incredibly interesting, as well. So I think, once I learn the business and learn a lot of skills, I'd love to go abroad as a foreign correspondent someday.

Army Captain Nate Rawlings with the First Brigade Combat Team of the 4th Infantry Division joining us from Baghdad. And it's been great speaking with you. Have a great new year.

Thank you. Happy New Year to you, too.

turn 0 : A wants to continue covering developments in the Middle East despite mother's disapproval

What is the reason for PersonA's mother's chagrin?

Answer: Coverage


I think, in essence, it's just because of what might happen if this ruling stands - court challenges, that Mexico will see a huge increase in asylum-seekers. And it's just something they aren't prepared to do. Look. Detention facilities in the southern border are overcrowded. They're dirty. They're ill-equipped for such large numbers now. And shelters are the same, they're at overcapacity at the southern and the northern Mexican borders.

So describe the system that is in place. I mean, Mexico must have some resources in place to handle the existing flow of asylum-seekers.

Yes, it has a Refugee Assistance Commission. It's called COMAR. And Mexico has a long history of accepting refugees. It was one of the biggest countries to take in Jews during the Holocaust. It took in the Spanish during their civil war, Guatemalan refugees during that country's long civil war. So it has always dealt with refugees. But the agency is overwhelmed. The numbers now coming into Mexico are huge.

For the first eight months this year, nearly 50,000 migrants have received refugee status or protection. That's almost a 70% increase over the same time last year. And Mexico's acceptance rate is pretty high too in some categories. You know, to get refugee protection asylum in Mexico, the bar is a lot lower than it is in the U. S. But Venezuelans are almost - get - 100% of the time they receive asylum, Guatemalans not so much.

turn 3 : There is no bar but it does mean that the requirements in Mexico are lower.

Which category of migrants tend to receive asylum almost 100% of the time in Mexico?

Answer: Venezuelans


Well, they have these antifreeze proteins, and as far as we know, what they do is bind to the surface of any seed ice crystal that might otherwise grow. And they stop it from growing because they've coated the ice with the protein.

Because it's the crystal, the actual, physical presence of the crystal that kills off the cells?

Well yes, that ice crystal gets too big. It will definitely do serious damage to the organism, whether it be a fish or an insect. It will eventually kill it, yeah.

So the protein coats the ice crystal and sort of locks it up from freezing or becoming larger?

turn 3 : The protein locks it up means it stops the ice crystal from freezing or getting larger.

Which protein stops the ice crystal from growing?

Answer: antifreeze


Good morning.

Good morning.

Thank you for having me.

Do you still feel a wall wouldn't be effective?

Absolutely. No. I mean, again - and I've said this before - a wall is definitely not going to be statistically significant. And the current existing wall, in fact, has had many issues. In reference to breaching the wall, I know some of the reports out had, existing walls have been breached thousands of times. And again, going back to the price tag that is going to cost the American taxpayer - it's just an incredible amount of money that's just going to be wasted.

turn 4 : A opposes a wall due to its inefficiency and cost

What is PersonA's reason for opposing a wall?

Answer: Cost


I think it's very important for people to unplug. Setting aside the whole question and dangers of addiction, let's assume you're not somebody who is addicted, but you are still constantly plugged in. The downsides are likely to be, first of all, no time to think, no time to just reflect on what you feel, what you think, what you've been experiencing. And wisdom really comes to us through the process of reflecting on our experience and our feelings and thoughts. So, I think people are in danger of not being able to become wise if they don't take time to think.

Plus there is this huge factor of engagement with other people. We are we're social animals. We need to be connected. There's something called limbic resonance, which is kind of an energetic resonance that gets set up between two people when they are engaged in a positive and constructive way with each other and they are able to develop the relationship. And we know that when people do not have enough of that engagement with each other, they suffer depression and they suffer in other ways. So, getting unplugged allows you to get reengaged with real people in your life that matter to you.

Let's talk a little bit about how online addiction can work in tandem with other addictions. I'm thinking about gambling. There's now all sorts of online gambling. There's also pornography.

Right.

turn 0 : Constantly being plugged in prevents people from becoming wise

How does being constantly plugged in affect wisdom?

Answer: Prevents


Help us understand. Just how good were the Lightning before this collapse?

Oh, quite good. They had 62 wins in the regular season. That tied the all-time NHL record for wins in a season. This was a team that was doing historic things in the regular season. Consider this. Thirty of their 62 victories were by three goals or more. So every time they stepped on the ice, they weren't just winning. They were blowing away their opponents.

So it's safe to say any sane hockey analyst (laughter) basically would have said that the Lightning was going to win the series, right?So what happened?

(Laughter) Well, I think Lightning defenseman Ryan McDonagh put it best. Everything that they did so well in the regular season, the Columbus Blue Jackets did it better in this series. But the bigger picture is this for the Lightning. They clinched a playoff spot in early March. They've been on cruise control for months. The Columbus Blue Jackets had to win seven of their last eight games just to get into the playoffs. So when push came to shove and adversity hit in the series, the Lightning had a bad six days compared to a great 82 games in the regular season, and then they were swept.

turn 3 : "cruise control" in line 4 - The phrase "cruise control" is being used figuratively here to suggest that the Tampa Bay Lightning had an easy and comfortable ride during the regular season, rather than a literal reference to a car's cruise control system.

How was the Tampa Bay Lightning's regular season described metaphorically?

Answer: Easy


Just market access, kind of where the Chinese government was trying to protect the early start-up of industries in China. And I think now the economy's grown enough that this - many of these things could be opened up again and access could increase for American businesses. It's also information technology, being able to make sure you can move information across boundaries, things like that.

OK. I'm hearing you - I'm hearing a wish list on what you want China to do. But is there anything you want to see from this administration that would help things out for Cummins?

Most importantly for me, I want to see engagement. I think that U. S.  businesses do very well whenever there is any access to foreign markets. We can succeed in markets when we have a chance to compete. And that's really what we want to see with every economy around the world. We'd like to see that with the USMCA, too - the Mexico-Canada agreement, too. We'd like to see that signed and completed. We'd like to see more free trade agreements with other countries.

Have you raised any of these concerns directly with the White House?I know that you sit on the Business Roundtable, which is this pretty powerful organization made up of prominent CEOs like yourself.

turn 2 : U.S. businesses perform well when there's access to foreign markets and a chance to compete. More free trade agreements with other countries are wanted.

What is the main factor that leads to the success of U.S. businesses in foreign markets?

Answer: access


Wow, is this the same thing that happened a couple of years ago, or am I just imagining this?

Now, we've had actually more stratospheric warming events in the past decade than we generally have in the past. This is somewhat of a new science, we've only been able to study the stratosphere since the '50s. So we don't really have any statistically significant time periods to be looking at. But we are seeing that these are occurring now almost every year. We're seeing them about every two years in the past. Now we're seeing them almost every year for the past decade.

And so this is becoming a more common event. So I'm not exactly sure what timeline you were looking at, but we did have a stratospheric warming event in 2011.

Yeah, is there some event that actually triggers this to happen?

turn 0 : No, this is not the same thing that happened a couple of years ago. It might be similar, but it is not the same.

How does PersonA describe the frequency of stratospheric warming events in recent years?

Answer: Incorporating


One person called them old guard reactionaries who are grabbling for crumbs from the table. Another called them seat warmer saying they have nothing new to offer. And that led to a larger conversation about Obama's support among blacks where black folks stand on the Democratic Party.

And we are in good old Black History Month now. Of course, we are black 365 days a year.

That's right.

But from what I've read on our blog, not everybody thinks the black history month is a good idea.

turn 0 : One person called them old guard reactionaries who are grabbing for crumbs from the table. Another called them seat warmers saying they have nothing new to offer. (The literal meanings of these phrases would be people who are physically grabbing crumbs or occupying seats to keep them warm. The actual meanings refer to political figures who are criticized for being outdated or unoriginal.)

How were the political figures criticized?

Answer: Outdated


And, of course, we have bioenergy here, too, and the debates about things like corn ethanol. That's another big contentious issue here in the Midwest. And one where, again, middle grounds might have to be found between groups that are in very different poles on that issue.

And what do you think is the most promising - again, the symbolic areas, those are always going to be difficult. But are there other conversations that could be had that, as you say, skirt the ideology?

Well, it's very interesting. Regardless of, you know, how you think of him politically, the Obama administration has actually done more, may be by accident - or may be on purpose - to think about, to take on climate change than all previous administrations, really, combined. Our CO2 emissions in the United States have gone down pretty dramatically in the last few years, partly because of the recession, of course, but partly because people are retooling and getting more efficient.

The American car fleet is getting lot more efficient. We finally got those CAFE standards going up again, which is fantastic, after about 30 years of going nowhere. And maybe that's a benefit of bailing out Detroit. We could work with them to make cars more efficient, the cars Americans want to buy. We've also - the fracking, moving away from coals, where it's natural gas, has helped a lot, although we have to watch the other aspects of fracking. And also, renewables are beginning to make a bigger and bigger dent in the American electricity supply and other energy supplies.

turn 0 : Different groups have opposing views on corn ethanol

Which bioenergy source is being debated in the Midwest according to turn 0?

Answer: Ethanol


I don't know many, but I know they exist - the person that doesn't really want fiction. They want nonfiction. They want something smart to read. I'm thinking more along the lines of, like, Ron Chernow's "Hamilton" that everybody became obsessed with, that read like fiction but was actually the book that's going to impress people that you read this summer.

That's right. There's literally a picture of Lin-Manuel Miranda on the beach reading that, but it's an old. . .

(Laughter).

In any case, yes. So there's a wonderful book that I think actually kind of brings together a lot of our - of our genres. And it's called "Murder By The Book. "It's by Claire Harman. And it's about a murder in Victorian London in which a minor aristocrat is murdered by his valet. Now, it actually does sound like fiction, right?It's nonfiction. But what's so wonderful about it is this guy's defense was that he had read a popular novel, and the book made me do it, which is kind of a wonderful thing if you think about what fiction can do.

turn 0 : Not "everybody" was obsessed with Chernow's book. This is an exaggeration, but is meant to convey that the book was popular.

What book does PersonA mention that brings together different genres and is about a murder in Victorian London?

Answer: Murder


No, I'm glad to include them. Is it possible Italy will leave the eurozone, or is that just talk?

It's just talk. It's impossible. Do you remember the Eagles?This one I'm not getting that wrong because the Eagles is as important - "Hotel California. "

Sure.

You can always check out, but you can never leave. That's it.

turn 3 : You can never truly escape the influence of the Eagles' music

What band's music has an everlasting impact according to turn 3?

Answer: Eagles


Does an event like this and forecast like that have the effect of concentrating the mind of not just financial planners. . .

. . . but people in Congress making these decisions. And I hear a little laugh.

You would think it would. And in the past, it has. I mean, as they gotten closer to the deadline, enough fear spread that they could pass something or do something or kick the can or whatever. But this time, one of the things that makes this time feel different is that there really are a lot of House Republicans who say, ah, let it default. It'll just shrink the government, will be all good. And it is an act of - I don't even know how to describe it. It's insanity.

Yeah. Well, Austan Goolsbee, I believe, used that word. Quick last question, if we could. So, October 17th is a real deadline but you think some of the effects, potentially, will be down the road.

turn 2 : (3).  In turn (3), the speaker acknowledges that in the past, fear of a deadline has spread enough for Congress to take action. However, this time feels different because there are House Republicans who believe that defaulting on the debt would shrink the government and be a good thing. The speaker goes on to describe this as an act of insanity. The implied meaning is that the speaker believes that defaulting on the debt would not be a good thing, and that it is not a sane or rational course of action. This is different from the literal meaning, which is that some House Republicans believe that defaulting on the debt would be a good thing.

How does the speaker describe the House Republicans' belief about defaulting on the debt?

Answer: Insanity


Yes.

. . . He did in a helicopter crash in 2005. A lot of people loved John Garang, a lot of people didn't. Do you have to worry about that when you design currency?

Absolutely. And in my visit there, he was universally respected, if not loved. He was really the only national hero they could agree to. So he actually appears on all denominations of the money. So he's the only really unifying hero of South Sudan.

What about other symbols that you have to include?

So there's the flag. The flag is a carryover from the People's Liberation Army, so that was an easy symbol. So it's a six color flag that people really used during the second civil war, and it's a natural rallying point. So that's their symbol. And when you're a new nation, you're defining your sort of, like, territory. So this, like, updating of signs was really a big deal, so they made banners and they made these sort of, like, 10 signs to say South Sudan.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker's tone and word choice suggest that they may be withholding information or expressing something indirectly, potentially due to fear of judgement or repercussions.

What is the PersonA's tone and word choice suggesting in turn 1?

Answer: Withholding


In this piece, you write about a man named Jim Eggers, and he has bipolar disorder with psychotic tendencies. Could you tell us about his service animal?Her name is Sadie.

Yeah, Sadie is an African Grey parrot. So she's a pretty small parrot. And she rides around on his back in a backpack, a bright purple backpack, that he's had built around a cage. So, she's in a cage on his back, and he's pretty severely bipolar, and he has these psychotic tendencies, and he is often threatening to attack people or actually attacked people in past. And what Sadie does is she rides around his back, and she can actually sense when he's starting to get upset before he realizes it's even happening. And she'll say, it's OK, Jim. Calm down, Jim. I'm here, Jim. You're all right, Jim. And she'll just do this in a loop, and she'll talk him down.

According to the Americans with Disabilities Act, service animals are allowed to go wherever there are human owners are, but as you write, that's been causing some problems. What's been happening there?

People are just used to dogs. They don't associate parrots, horses, monkeys, ferrets, you know, ducks, goats with service animals. So, I think the reaction of a lot of business owners and the general public is often one of suspicion that you're sort of making it up.

turn 1 : Sadie is not just a pet but a service animal for Jim's bipolar disorder

Answer: Parrot


Joel Rising has surely had this experience. Many frequent travelers have, a screaming baby on the airplane. But what's that baby doing there anyway?Is it safe for infants to fly?Doctor Sydney Spiesel is a pediatrician and a professor at Yale Medical School, as well as a contributor to slate. com. And when we spoke earlier, I asked him if a new study out on this topic had any answers.

What the study says is, if you have normal kids, yes, you know, when you're flying, the air pressure goes down in a plane. It's as if we were walking around the top of a mountain that's maybe 5,000 feet.

The amount of oxygen that's available for absorption is about three quarters because of the lower pressures. About three quarters of that - of the same amount as sea level. And young children we know don't do quite as well with lower oxygen levels as older. But, in fact, millions of kids fly, and they really fly quite well without problems.

And no problems for their ears?

turn 2 : In turn (3), the literal meaning of "young children don't do quite as well with lower oxygen levels as older" suggests that younger children may struggle with the lower oxygen levels on a plane more than older children. However, the actual meaning is that younger children may not tolerate lower oxygen levels as well as older children or adults, but millions of children do fly safely without problems.

How do younger children tolerate lower oxygen levels on a plane?

Answer: Safely


Yes, yes indeed, yeah.

Where are they now?

They're blue-collar, and many of them remain Democrats, although when the national election comes, many of them outside of Allegheny County do start voting Republican. Part of the reason is that this is an older state, and for pensioners, unless the economy is really going haywire and frightening them about the condition of their pensions and the future of their Social Security, they are going to worry less about breadbasket issues than they're going to worry about the social flashpoint issues.

And out here, Democrats, and we're talking about liberals, Democrats are pro-Second Amendment. They're pro-life. They are very religious. They're socially conservative. Gay marriage simply confounds them as a theory. In other words, we're talking about a place where the liberals have guns.

And so, where are those liberals going?Are they going to Obama or McCain?

turn 3 : Liberals in this area hold conservative beliefs and values.

How do liberals in this area view gay marriage?

Answer: Confusing


I'm Farai Chideya, and this is News & Notes. It seems that wherever the Olympics go, politics follow. And the 1960 summer Olympics in Rome brought all sorts of culture clashes to the fore. Journalist David Maraniss has written the book "Rome 1960: The Olympics That Changed the World. "David, welcome.

Thanks Farai. Great to be with you.

So this was the first nationally televised Olympics. And several African countries were fighting for independence, but no black African had won a gold medal thus far in the Olympics. That was about to change dramatically. So tell us about who changed that.

Who changed that was Abebe Bikila, a marathoner from Ethiopia. You're right, there had been no black African gold medalists before him. The summer of 1960 was a summer of enormous transformation in Africa. Fourteen nations got their independence that summer, throwing off the yoke of colonialism. And Abebe Bikila from Ethiopia sort of is the first of the great African runners.

turn 3 : Abebe Bikila is the first of the great African runners

How is Abebe Bikila described in the dialogue?

Answer: Marathoner


What is - let's start with this. What is your personal collection to the work and the images in this book?

Well, to me this was a labor of love. I've been living in the U. S. I came back to England. It's my homeland. I came back to London, my home city, and I felt that the culture of the young black people in particular here were suffering from a kind of deficit, historically speaking.

There were younger people in my neighborhood who were bereft of history, who took their idea of themselves from watching their kind of generic hip-hop video material that they got from the video screen rather than really inquiring into the particular history and experience of our communities in this country.

As I looked at the book, I was trying to find a theme, and I don't know if I found one or not. What was, in your view, the major trends or themes that you saw unfolding over the century that are depicted in these photographs?

turn 3 : None of the words in turn (4) have a different meaning from their literal meanings.

What is the meaning of the words in turn 4?

Answer: Literal


We also heard singer-songwriter Ben Harper on that track. He wrote most of the songs on this album. He produced it. How did you two meet?Why do you think you clicked with him?

Well, Ben had written me a song for one of my other albums - "Livin' On A High Note. "And that song was "Love And Trust"

(Singing) Do what you can. Do what you must. Everybody's trying to find some love and trust. I walk the line. I walk it for us. See me out here trying to find some love and trust.

I fell so in love with that song. And every time we'd sing it, the audience - they would just roar, you know. It turned out so well. So I - we'd been singing it for a couple of years then. I ran into Ben on the road. That's where we would always meet up - somewhere on the road. And I told him. I said, Ben, that song - you have got to write me another song. He said, well, Mavis, why don't I write you 11 songs?I said, why don't you do that?He said, let's make an album. I said, sounds good to me. You know, I said, I don't know if I could handle 11 good songs from Ben Harper. He said, oh, yeah, you can handle it, Mavis.

turn 3 :  A asks Ben Harper to write another song for her and he ends up writing 11 songs for her album.

Which song did the audience roar when PersonA and Ben Harper sang it?

Answer: LoveandTrust


It's the most remarkable story of evil coming out of Russia that I've seen in a long time. And what it shows is that they're not just messing with the election in the United States or doping in the Olympics. But they've got their tentacles into just about everything everywhere. This is one story that shows that.

I have to ask you, Mr.  Browder, there are plenty of people - and we hear from them - who are skeptical about Russia being seen at the center of so many allegations. And they say the U. S.  and the West are just crawling back into a destructive Cold War mentality. How do you answer that?

Well, I mean, Russia was responsible for shooting down MH17. Russia was responsible for invading Ukraine. Russia is responsible for taking away the chemical weapons in Syria that they didn't take away. Russia was responsible for having honest athletes in the Olympics when they did the whole doping program. I mean, Russia is the one who is making the trouble. Russia is really a sort of a nonentity when it comes to - the economy is the size of the state of New York. Their military budget is 5 percent of the U. S.  military budget. We shouldn't even be thinking about Russia other than the fact that they're sort of putting their nose into every bit of terrible activity all over the world.

Quick question - but it's important to get along, isn't it?

turn 2 : Russia's actions in shooting down MH17, invading Ukraine, not complying with chemical weapons removal in Syria, and doping in the Olympics show their troublesome behavior globally.

Which country's actions are described as troublesome in the dialogue?

Answer: Russia


Yes. The big topic, of course, is what he'll say about the president's unfounded claims that Barack Obama wiretapped his phones. He has also accused British intelligence of wiretapping his phones on behalf of Barack Obama. There's been no evidence produced for those claims. The British have pushed back against them strongly. People on the Hill say they have not seen any evidence of this, and Comey will be asked about that first and foremost.

OK.  And over at the Senate, the first hearings for President Trump's nomination for the Supreme Court - what kind of reception is he going to get?

Well, that's going to be the big event of the week. Neil Gorsuch, who has been nominated by Donald Trump, is going to be asked a lot of questions about his views on executive power, about Donald Trump's comments disparaging judges and the entire court system. This is one of Donald Trump's most important early initiatives. The Republicans have 52 votes in the Senate. They say if they have to change the rules so they won't need 60 to confirm him, they will do that. So it's going to be very, very hard for the Democrats to stop him. But this is just the first of many, many judicial vacancies that Donald Trump will have the opportunity to fill because of the age of judges on the bench right now and the number of vacancies.

And something else we're looking at, obviously, is what's happening on Thursday - a much anticipated vote in the House. They're voting on the repeal-and-replace legislation for Obamacare. Does Speaker Ryan have the votes?

turn 3 : B: "Does Speaker Ryan have the votes?" - This question is not asking whether Speaker Ryan possesses physical votes but rather whether he has enough support from fellow lawmakers to pass the legislation.

Which question is PersonB asking about the voting of a much-anticipated legislation in the House?

Answer: Thursday


Yes.

What's your view of the impact of this money arms race on American democracy?

Well, nowadays, people don't - not several million dollars, but several hundred million dollars. And the Supreme Court's ruling on Citizens United is one of the stupid and most counterproductive decisions that the Supreme Court of the United States has ever made. And I think it has basically taken away a lot of the Democrat ideals of elections in the United States that we've enjoyed down through the previous generations. So I think it's completely distorted the democratic purity or legitimacy of our elections in the United States.

Legitimacy - that's strong words.

turn 1 : "money arms race" implies that the competitive spending of large amounts of money in political campaigns, particularly by wealthy individuals and corporations may have negative consequences for American democracy.

How does the "money arms race" impact American democracy?

Answer: Distorted


Yeah. And the Curia is the administrative. . .

The Curia is basically the civil servants, the bureaucrats. Although, this weekend we do see that he has replaced Cardinal Muller, who was the prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.

Can you tell us what that is for people who may not know?

The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith deals with discipline within the church and doctrinal matters. But it also handles all cases of abuse and the disciplining of perpetrators of abuse, et cetera. So they are very much involved in actual cases of abuse that are brought to the church.

turn 1 : "The Curia is basically the civil servants, the bureaucrats." - The literal meaning of this turn is that the Curia is a group of civil servants or bureaucrats. However, the actual meaning is that the Curia is the administrative body of the Catholic Church, which includes the civil servants and bureaucrats but also includes the Pope and other high-ranking officials.

How is the Curia defined beyond civil servants and bureaucrats?

Answer: Administrative


Well, you know, this is having a lot of different effects. So you know, some of the students have been expelled. Their admissions have been revoked. Some of the coaches have been fired. They face charges - athletic coaches who were involved in misrepresenting people as being recruits. And of course the legal cases are going to continue to unfold.

But I'm also interested in how it's unfolding in the broader culture at large. You know, whether you look at things like - we had a big debate last year about Harvard and affirmative action. And these conversations about things like legacy admissions are really bringing us to a broader conversation about, what do these elite colleges really offer?You know, the fact that they have nonprofit status - are they really serving the public, or are they just acting in a way that's really inflating their own bottom line and their own brands?

And so I think there's a broader conversation about, are there better ways to have admissions?And can we define excellence in education some other way other than, you know, something that's really expensive and only lets in about 5 percent of people who get to apply?

And for all that conversation, just in our last 30 seconds or so, do you see signs of systemic change coming?

turn 0 : The implication of this turn is that the scandal has a far-reaching effect on the university and its stakeholders, beyond just the legal repercussions.

How does the scandal impact the university beyond just the legal repercussions?

Answer: Stakeholders


You know, I initially wasn't sure if I was going to go back after Katrina. But I think that I was so - you know, I realized, you know, that there's that whole song, "Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans?"I didn't get it until I left after the storm and I was evacuated in Atlanta for a period of about six months. And it just started setting in that, you know, New Orleans is truly a special place. I felt like I could have a better impact if I were back in the city trying to help people. And so that drew me back to the city. I mean, it truly is an amazing place, and as far as whether or not I'll go back now, definitely. I can't see leaving New Orleans at this point. And I know some people don't understand that. They might think that's sort of silly, but it truly is a unique city. And the people are amazing. The culture is amazing, and so it's just such a hard place to stay away from.

Do you ever wonder, why us twice now?

You know, yeah, what are the chances?And it's so crazy because the anniversary of Katrina was just on August 29th, and that was - I remember evacuating on a Sunday, the storm hit on a Monday, and the same thing has kind of happened now, though I evacuated Saturday, the storm hit on Monday. So it's just very unusual.

Thena, thank you so much for sharing your story with us. Good luck to you also.

turn 2 : The coincidence of being evacuated twice is unusual

How is the coincidence of being evacuated twice described?

Answer: Unusual


This was after years of drift. There is this new energy, this new vigor in this relationship, and there's also enormous excitement, Scott, over the president and the first lady returning to India. The president has this coveted seat at this dazzling display of Indian military hardware during Monday's Republic Day parade, which is actually meant to commemorate the Constitution. And he'll see in a flyover this huge U. S. -made Super Hercules lifter, a testament to the close defense ties between India and the U. S.

And is the president arriving at a time of enthusiasm in India?

Oh, he certainly is. They're here at a very heavy time. The stock market is on this bull run. It's hitting record highs. The IMF predicts that India's growth will actually outpace China's by 2016. So there's this energy here and there's this hope for improving the lives of 1. 2 billion people, but that requires a lot of change. And that's what the president won't necessarily see - the 300 million Indians who don't have electricity, the 600 million who don't have access to clean toilets.

Speaking of energy, should we expect anything concrete out of these meetings?

turn 2 : "heavy time" is a figurative expression that conveys the intensity of the situation, particularly the high level of activity and enthusiasm in India.

How is the situation in India described?

Answer: Energy


Well, right now, you'll be happy to hear I don't think there is any danger. I think the concern is that as we continue to make progress then eventually there might come a point when they are as smart as we are or even smarter. And intelligence in general is a very powerful thing. It's what makes us very powerful relative to other animals here on this planet. It's not because we are stronger muscles or sharper claws that the fate of the gorillas is now in our hands rather than in the gorilla's hands. And so similarly, if we create machines that exceed human intelligence then those machines also could be very powerful relative to us.

Well, I was flabbergasted when I began to do some reading. Although you say it's not about to happen; it's a while away; it is possible that children listening to this broadcast in the back seat of their parents' automobile might have to confront this?

Yeah, so that's why I think it's very positive that Elon Musk and some other people are not saying it's time to actually start work out the technology that we would need to keep machines safe, even if they eventually reach human level intelligence.

I mean, what's to solve?What do you do?

turn 1 :  implies surprise that the potential for machines to reach human intelligence is a reality that children might have to consider.

Answer: Surprise


I did, yes. My dad worked for a nonprofit. And part of the work that he did is he volunteered to visit women in the federal prison camp in Alderson, W. Va.  - women who hadn't received a visit from family or friends in more than a year. And I would often go along with my dad. So as a very young child, I think it was exciting to me because I got to eat candy out of the vending machines. But those experiences stuck with me.

Well, and they come up here?

They do. So I think, you know, when I started writing "Sugar Run" and started realizing that my character Jodi had spent a significant amount of her life in prison, those impressions that I formed when I was young came back to me. I specifically remember overhearing my dad speaking with women at the Alderson prison who were soon-to-be released. And later as an adult, I realized just how strong their joy was, you know, to be released, but also their fear of what it meant to make a life on the outside.

Did I hear you say, once I realized my character Jodi had spent all these years in prison?

turn 1 : Sugar Run implies the title of a book and not a running sugar

What is the name of the character who spent a significant amount of her life in prison in the book discussed in the dialogue?

Answer: Jodi


There were some in the immediate crowd, Scott, who were smiling. But the president chose to make his tour of the damage in a rather affluent area where the damage was not so severe. Elsewhere on the island, these remarks seemed surreal. Plus, there was his rather cavalier comment about Puerto Rico's debt crisis, which is quite severe and which he dismissed and said, well, that's gone. That's gone. That's gone. Well, the next day, the president's budget director had to walk that back and say we shouldn't take that word for word. And all of this gave the impression that the president wasn't taking Puerto Rico as seriously as he did the hurricane disasters in Texas and Florida.

Did he leave a different impression the next day in Las Vegas?

You know, he did, and very much so. Whether it was recompense or whether the Vegas shooting just got to him on another level, one of his most authentic moments, really, of apparent empathy since he took office.

We're getting a tweet from president - from President Trump. Or we're not getting it. But he's tweeted, I called Chuck Schumer yesterday to see if the Dems would do a great health care bill. Obamacare is badly broken, big premiums. Who knows?

turn 0 : The president may not have been as sympathetic to Puerto Rico's situation as he was to Texas and Florida.

How did the president's budget director respond to his comment about Puerto Rico's debt crisis?

Answer: Walk