So how - are governments in general, from what we know from the past, responsive to seeing these changes in how people act and the problems people have?

Well, of course, governments try to have programs that start more or less automatically when the economy starts changing, particularly downward. So we have extensions of unemployment compensation systems. We have extensions of disability systems. We have attempts to shift investment to try to stimulate regions where it looks like the economy is starting to contract.

The current problem is, as with all recessions, it looks like it's starting to contract almost everywhere. So finding resources to help those places which are contracting worse means you're taking resources from places where the economy is also contracting. So it does create a public policy problem, but you do see the response that we are currently having, which is that the government will apparently borrow considerable amounts of money and try to stimulate the economy to try to soften this contraction across the country so that the population does not become more desperate than it is or needs to be.

All right. Professor, we are going to have to take a station break. When we come back, I want to ask you about the ways that we treat each other differently, that people in communities may treat each other differently, based on these kinds of stress. Again, we are speaking with Ralph Catalano of UC Berkeley about how societies react during hard times.

turn 2 : "soften" the contraction implies that the government will try to reduce the negative effects people suffer from the economic contraction.

Which term describes the government's attempt to alleviate the negative impact of the economic downturn?

Answer: shopping


Here's what used to happen in the old days. People would only put 100,000 dollars in Broadway because they knew that was the maximum FDIC insurance. They put a million dollars in Bank of America. They figured, well, I only - because Bank of America only has the same insurance as we do, only a 100,000. So they left 900,000 dollars uninsured because they said, well, that's Bank of America. I'm only worried about Broadway. I'm not worried about Bank of America.

Hudson says the idea of a smaller bank, where you can actually talk face-to-face with the CEO, is starting to have a lot more appeal. As I sat in Paul Hudson's bank, where quotes by Langston Hughes and Frederick Douglass are painted on the walls, where there is no bulletproof glass, it made a lot of sense to me.

Most people have no relationship with their bank. It's the most impersonal relationship they have. I think that's probably why people are so stressed out about what's going on because it's almost like their world order has been disrupted. The way they thought the world rolled is not the way. So now, they're saying, well, if Merrill Lynch isn't safe, what is safe?You know, is anything safe?

Broadway Federal Bank's Paul Hudson says his bank may not have ATMs in every corner of the country, but what he can offer customers is the security of knowing they won't be needing a bailout anytime soon.

turn 2 : The current financial situation has disrupted people's sense of security.

What has disrupted people's sense of security?

Answer: Financial


One is from Vaclav Havel. He's a ex-Czech president. And basically, it says for kids to surround themselves by people who seek the truth and then run from the people who have claimed they have found it. That's one of the quotes.

I talk to the parents, and I said, you know, everything has got to be non-offensive. It has to be a, you know, definitely acceptable for high school students. It can't be anything that's controversial.

So how much money have you raised?

You know, right now, I've raised $350, but I've been receiving numerous offers in the past week.

turn 0 : Surround yourself with those seeking truth and avoid those who claim they have found it.

Answer: Discernment


Earmarks and pork-barrel spending are as American as a bridge to nowhere. They're little, and sometimes not so little, holiday packages designed to win the votes of senators and representatives for national legislation with government money that's earmarked to directly benefit their states or districts. Many Democrats have groused about the latest examples that have been added, often in hand-written scrawls, into the new tax bill. Norman Ornstein is a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute and joins us now. Norm, thanks for being with us.

A pleasure, Scott.

What are some of the earmarks you've noticed in this tax bill?

Well, we have, of course, the most famous one, which is now being called with hashtags all over Twitter, the Corker kickback, named for Senator Bob Corker of Tennessee who had famously said quite early on I will not vote for any tax bill that adds a dime to the deficit and then turned around at the last minute and voted for this one with a provision added very, very late in the game to provide additional benefits to a particular set of real estate LLC's, as they're called, a particular kind of corporation. And Corker has significant investments in them, as does Donald J.  Trump and other members of the Trump family - something that would specifically give them millions in additional tax benefits.

turn 0 : Earmarks and pork-barrel spending are commonly accepted political tools used by legislators to curry favor with constituents.

Which Senator is mentioned in connection with a provision in the tax bill that would provide additional benefits to a particular set of real estate LLC's?

Answer: Senator


So for a couple years now, Topps has had an app - say it ain't so - for baseball card-collecting and trading cards. These are virtual cards, not the cardboard ones that come with a stick of gum. I mean, it's called a Bunt, and you've tried it out. Tell us what you think.

Oh, it does - I should point out the packs do come with a stick of gum. It's just a virtual stick of gum.

Don't try to chew that gum.

No, that's what I was (laughter) - the whole thing is basically just an exercise in using your imagination, if you're old enough that you need to imagine for this stuff. If you're 13 to 25, which is, like - 80 percent of the Bunt users are - then I don't imagine there's anything weird about a piece of virtual gum showing up on your phone, exploding and then turning into baseball cards.

Well, it's been around for a while. I mean, can Topps call Bunt a success?

turn 2 : "Don't try to chew that gum" has a figurative meaning. It is a warning or joke to not try to interact with the virtual gum as if it were real gum.

Which turn in the dialogue contains a figurative warning?

Answer: (2)


Yeah, that's what's, you know, a little crazy about me because - and that's what my friends point out often. And even in the middle of terrible things happening to me, if there's one little piece of something positive happening, I'll think, yes. And I make these crazy logical leaps, like if some little positive thing happens, I suddenly think that, you know, Tom Cruise is going to star in some movie and it's going to get me, you know, bucket loads of money, and everything's fine. And it's all - they're delusions, but they keep me warm at night.

So this book just screams out to be made into a movie. It's written -no doubt - because of your skills in a very cinematic style. If it gets made into a movie, who do you want to play you?

There are a couple of people. I mean, I would think Terrance Howard would be terrific because he's so handsome, and I would feel like, wow, that's such an idealized version of myself.

And I love - you know, I love Don Cheadle, as well. He's so brilliant, and I would be honored if either one of them would play me.

turn 0 : The turn in (1) where the speaker talks about making "crazy logical leaps" and having "delusions" that keep them "warm at night" is an example of a non-literal meaning, as they are using figurative language to describe their thought processes and coping mechanisms.

How does the speaker describe their thought processes and coping mechanisms in turn 0?

Answer: damage


My grandparents were raised during the Great Depression and spent the rest of their lives hoarding rubber bands, bacon grease, and batteries. It used to fill me with embarrassment that they would actually rinse out Zip-Loc bags and reuse them. Poor people, I thought. Don't they know there's always more?I was raised in the disposable generation of styrofoam boxes and plastic water bottles. If something ran out, you simply got a new one.

But this year, we are re-evaluating not just how we spend our money, but also the lessons we pass on to a new generation. The other day, I made Emmeline a skirt out of a men's sport coat once sold exclusively at the Watergate Hotel. You can't buy that kind of fashion statement at Target.

On our most recent trip, Emmeline's glowery mood changed when she happened upon a shirt decorated with farm animals and said, ooh, now doesn't this look nice?I examined it and agreed, asking, what do you want to do with it?Emmeline twirled her toe on the speckled Formica floor and thought it over for a moment. A smile widened on her face, oh, I think that will make just the prettiest dress. Her latest outfit cost a dollar 50.

turn 3 : "Mike Adamick is a stay-at-home dad living in San Francisco."  This turn has a literal meaning. The speaker is providing straightforward information about Mike Adamick's occupation and place of residence.

Answer: SanFrancisco


So they're very competent, very professional and, quite frankly, surprisingly good. You know, we've had a tendency in this country to sort of dismiss North Korea as a backward country. But it's not. In the nuclear arena, there are two paths to the bomb. One is the plutonium path. They showed me all of that in 2004 - not very fancy but good enough. And then in 2010, they actually showed me centrifuge facility. That was simply astounding. It was a modern facility, and it was remarkable for them to have that.

One of the goals of these potential talks is the denuclearization of North Korea. Given they've got such capabilities, how likely is it to happen?

Well, first of all, I think it's not very likely to happen. What's significant in the current situation is they've actually said that they would be willing to give up nuclear weapons, you know, if their security is assured, and they're not threatened. However, to think that's going to happen in the short term is just not realistic because to build a nuclear weapons program, it's an enormous number of facilities. It's a large number of people. It took, well, more or less 50 years but particularly the last 25 years to get to where they are today. They're not going to turn that over overnight.

Well, short of full denuclearization, what other steps could North Korea take to prove, you know, its sincerity in this?

turn 0 : North Korea is not as backward as we tend to believe.

What is one arena where North Korea surprised the speaker in their competency and professionalism?

Answer: Nuclear


Well, how did they react to you as a person?I mean, you're a glamorous Los Angelina, and so what did they think when you showed up?

I think that it's interesting, because I was in a program called Cross-cultural Solutions, where they send volunteers to different areas. I was the first African-American that had been at this school. So I think they were confused. I mean, and these people in the town, they were just like are you from Ghana?Or are you Yabo(ph)?Yabo is a foreigner, and most likely, more than usually, a white foreigner. But I had a couple of people call me Yabo.

But they would sort of ask like where are you from, and one of the program's administrators would have to explain, she's an ancestor of Africans, and then they would say, oh, okay. So it was definitely some confusing sort of looks that I got.

But the kids were - you know, kids are very, you know, easy to sort of get along with. These kids were, you know, absolutely adorable. They didn't understand what I was saying a lot of the time, but they really connected to me. I mean, I would bring bubbles and jumping ropes and stuff like that, stuff that they had never seen before. So, you know, I was quite popular at the school, I have to say. I mean, particularly with my bubbles, that brought even the junior-high-school kids out…

Oh, I'm sure.

turn 0 : The person being referred to is from Los Angeles and is considered glamorous.

Which city is the person being referred to originally from?

Answer: Los-Angeles


I think, at this point, the way to sanitize everything and start to rebuild confidence - and it's going to be difficult - is just for everybody to open up and say, look, here is where we are. Here are the assets that are still on our books. None of that stuff tends to panic people. There's a lot of bad news there, but people are smart enough to realize that, if they're not being told something, it's probably because the news is bad. And I think, once you just get it all out there, it would help quite a bit.

Henry, always great to talk to you.

You, too. Thank you so much for having me.

Henry Blodget is the CEO of the financial news site clusterstock. com.

turn 0 : Being honest about the current situation can help restore confidence

Which CEO proposed a solution for rebuilding confidence by being honest about the current situation?

Answer: Henry


. . . The people coming forward on the basis that they were poor young girls who were often troubled families and in, you know, the care of the state.

Mr.  Ramesh, the five men arrested were all from the Pakistani community of Rotherham, and you have written about this, how did that perhaps complicate the situation?

Well, it complicated it because there was a feeling - or at least the report laid bare - this idea that people were afraid to speak out for fear of being called out as racists. Now, that's part of the story. We have a policy here of community cohesion. The government at the time wanted communities to work things out for themselves and have the gentle hand of government sort of prod them into action. But there was this idea that, you know, people couldn't speak out because of this. And unfortunately, that led to the situation - exacerbated a situation where people weren't paying attention anyway.

People were flabbergasted about the allegations about Jimmy Savile a couple of years ago, the longtime BBC host. And I wonder if people in Great Britain are turning to each other now and wondering - not to wrench things out of context - but if there's something going on and the way they behave as the nation that aids and abets a kind culture of silence when such allegations are made.

turn 3 : (4) B: People in Great Britain are turning to each other now and wondering - not to wrench things out of context - but if there's something going on and the way they behave as the nation that aids and abets a kind culture of silence when such allegations are made.

How did people in Great Britain react to the allegations about Jimmy Savile?

Answer: Flabbergasted


The Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi continues to oppose proceeding with impeachment, and there's no law that says she has to go forward if a majority of her caucus wants it. And something that you do hear in the nuance of these statements from members of the House is they're not putting a lot of pressure on the speaker. They're not vocally opposing her strategy, going after her. They're saying this is where they are personally, and, in fact, she's given them permission to do so. But they're not saying, you know, the leadership is wrong, and we've got to push this through. So there is some patience, I think, that allows the speaker to continue to move the process forward.

So she is still the engineer.

She is. I. . .

But not necessarily plotting the course. I told you this analogy would be hard to take.

(Laughter) Well, she has very firm control over the caucus of House Democrats. And, so far, they have deferred to her, even if they differ with her on where this train, as you put it, is likely to end up.

turn 3 : She is not necessarily the one that is making the decisions with the impeachment.

Which turn suggests that Nancy Pelosi may not be the one in charge of the impeachment decision?

Answer: turn3


It is. And there's actually - turns out, there's a lot of responsibility with that because there are spectators everywhere. There are cameras everywhere. There's high winds, of course. They have to watch out for that. And anybody who doesn't stop when the yellow jersey stops, they're - they get in big trouble. And anybody who pees when there is too much wind or when they're in a group stuck somewhere, there are repercussions for people who sort of break these secret pee rules.

What other anecdotes do you have from other sports?

Well, the way I like to put this is there are nearly 3 billion gallons of urine evacuated on earth every day. And my reporting discovered that it seems like most of it ends up on an NFL field somewhere. Really, at any given moment, on an NFL sideline, there are probably a handful of players relieving themselves. They're sort of hiding in plain sight, whether they're going behind a towel or just going into their football pants or going behind an equipment case. You know, there are maybe 10 different techniques that football players relieve themselves during NFL games.

And wait, did you actually say that some of them just pee their pants?

turn 2 : "hiding in plain sight" - this is a figurative expression meaning that someone is trying to remain inconspicuous while being in an obvious location.

Which expression in turn 2 explains how football players relieve themselves during NFL games?

Answer: None


Well, you know, I'm a Republican, but I'm also Catholic. So for me, the religious side, if we went there, I would be very much be against the death penalty, very much pro-life. And I see the pro-life and the death penalty - you kind of have to be consistent, in my mind.

You talk about your Catholic faith and how you look at this question through that lens. Of course, there are people who think that religion ought to be set aside. But I think in reality, many people do look at it at political questions through the lens of their own values. But white evangelicals make up a big part of the Republican Party. There are a lot of white evangelicals there in Kentucky as well. Of course, many white evangelicals oppose abortion, so I'm curious how you make that case to them.

Well, and that's why I'm, quite frankly, focusing on the economics. - But when you start talking about the numbers, the numbers are numbers. And it's pretty clear in a state like ours where we have desperate needs to use the money in other places - to shore up our pensions, you know, to help with our school system - this is simply an area where I think if you look at it logically, we're not getting any benefit from a criminal law standpoint, so let's spend our money somewhere else.

So the fiscal argument might make the case where the moral argument is more complex.

That's right.

turn 1 : It may be difficult for A to reconcile their Catholic beliefs with the beliefs of white evangelicals in the Republican Party.

What group makes up a significant portion of the Republican Party and opposes abortion?

Answer: WhiteEvangelicals


So is a bagel just a bialy with a hole in the middle?

It's very different, and the origins of the bagel are somewhat mysterious. There's a lot of folklore around it and variable legends about how the bagel came to exist. But I have decided that we will never know.

Well, it's one of the great mysteries of life, think of it that way. What made the bagel leap from being just kind of New York street food, you know, or maybe Sunday brunch food, across the country?

So it was really, I think, the Lenders brothers, and Lender's bagels are what I grew up in. I grew up outside of Detroit, Michigan, and I thought they were the greatest thing ever. Like you would get six of them in a little plastic tube. And now, like when I think, the taste was awful, but they were early adopters of refrigeration technology.

turn 3 : The speaker is saying that the taste of the bagels was not good, but they were an early adopter of technology, which helped make it popular.

Which technology helped make bagels popular?

Answer: Refrigeration


Several of them. I mean, Espanola had only 14 individuals left in the 1960s, and then it was 12 females and two males. A third male was found in the San Diego Zoo and brought back to Galapagos (unintelligible) 1975. And there have now been about 2,000 young tortoises released back to that island through the reproduction program at the tortoise center here on Santa Cruz.

The same holds true for several of the other populations. I would say many of the populations are out of danger. But we're still, given the exploitation from the 1800s, the total tortoise population of Galapagos is still about 10 to 20 percent of the original population. So we have a long way to go to bring them back to the original populations.

A couple of questions tweeted and asked by listeners of the same ilk, saying: Would it be possible to clone him?

OK, this is an interesting thing, and we are trying to save some of Lonesome George's tissues, cells. Cloning in reptiles has really not been developed at all, and we're doing - a few mammals seem to be doing OK, but in general the technology, the methodology to actually clone reptiles is decades away.

So hopefully they will be able to maintain cells as in cryogenics, and who knows in the future, but at the moment, it would be impossible.

turn 2 : "clone him" - This implies the possibility of cloning Lonesome George, a tortoise, rather than just asking if it is possible to create a genetic duplicate of him.

How did the listeners ask about Lonesome George?

Answer: Clone


Exactly, after Dennis. And the greatest compliment a button-maker can get - she used it in her speech to the 1996 convention in Chicago.

You, of course, we'll stipulate, produce buttons for both major parties, yes?

We are an equal opportunity offender. We did I liked Hillary four years ago, but we did a very nice Chelsea button: don't tell mama but I'm voting for Obama.

Oh my God. Now, who pays for a button like that?

turn 2 : The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is a supporter of Obama and is not afraid to express it publicly, even if it goes against the expectations of his mother.

How does the speaker feel about Hillary?

Answer: Chelsea


Oh, yes, they're going to do it, like, regional. You know, so that'll be able to reach more people throughout the country, which is good because not everyone can make it to D. C.  And it doesn't start in D. C. It starts in every community where the blood flowed for our freedoms.

Well, Tim Chambers, thank you for stopping by and sharing a little bit of your story with us. Thank you.

My pleasure.

That's Marine Corps veteran Tim Chambers, also known as the Saluting Marine.

turn 0 : The blood flowed for our freedoms refers to the sacrifices made by soldiers for our country's freedom.

Answer: Event


He wanted two basic political reforms. The major one is called open primary electoral system. And essentially, what that means, instead of having Democrats run against Democrats and Republicans against Republicans in primary elections in the state, you would throw all of them into the mix and the top two vote-getters would advance to the general election. And the idea, if you believe proponents, is that it would allow kind of more moderate candidates to survive what are now hardest in the primary election. Instead, that you'll be catering to kind of a more moderate, wider electorate in the primary.

So, finally there is a budget. How has Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger reacted to this?

He hasn't said a whole lot yet, but his - I know that his staff is celebrating. This is a huge win for the governor. The framework is essentially what he's been calling for, for months. He's been urging both political parties to come out of their ideological corners. This has been his calling card for the past year, and if you look at the outline that he unveiled three months ago, this budget blueprint is essentially everything that he asked for. It's a major win for the governor.

And in his latest version of the budget, who were the big winners and losers?

turn 2 : Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger is happy with the budget agreement.

What is the governor's reaction to the budget agreement?

Answer: B


Well, the size of this scandal involving the Brazilian state-run oil company Petrobras is sometimes hard for outsiders to understand. Petrobras is a company that, through the company and its suppliers, encompasses about 10 percent of Brazil's economy.

Yeah, it's huge.

And so what happened was you had these prosecutors who found - almost stumbled into these clues. And they started pulling on this string and saw very quickly that this scandal was connected to almost everything and everyone.

And everybody, yeah.

turn 2 : Turn (3) describes the discovery of clues that led to the unraveling of the scandal, which is consistent with its literal meaning.

Answer: connected


Hopeful or not, I think the obvious answer is yes, I am a student of Zimbabwe, I am still very hopeful. But we are calling on President Thabo Mbeki of South Africa always been mandated by SADC to meet it in the Zimbabwe crisis, to look seriously in (unintelligible) and move away from this quiet diplomats which is not producing the desired result, and probably as the AU summit sits on Saturday with eight African leaders to take a position on Zimbabwe. The deployment of a peacekeeping mission is now long overdue. The people of Zimbabwe have suffered enough.

Clever, I want to thank you so much for talking with us.

You are welcome. Thank you very much.

Clever Bere is president of Zimbabwe's National Student Union. He spoke with us from Harare, Zimbabwe.

turn 2 : Simultaneous use of soft-laser for exposure to the cochlea and administration of Ginkgo biloba extract for 4 weeks on a 20-50% of patients has been reported to be useful. Soft-laser mechanism of action is unknown, but it has been proved that light leads to athermic stimulation of biochemical processes

Which patients have been reported to benefit from the simultaneous use of soft-laser and Ginkgo biloba extract for treatment?

Answer: 20-50%


Wow.

. . . Actually the night he died. So he was a very well-respected young person by our staff, by our students and our community. And, you know, it was a very shame that that did happen.

I'm so impressed. I gather the youngsters themselves in your school came up with the idea of electing them king and queen. I got to tell you. . .

Yeah, you know, you think about social media as something that's bad sometimes. Well, they - her friends and his friends kind of started a little social media thing and the adults weren't even totally aware. And they wanted to - they wanted to have them be king and queen. Now, it wasn't, you know, the whole school. It wasn't everybody. It was a very tight group of kids that really. . .

turn 3 : Yeah, you know, you think about social media as something that's bad sometimes. Well, they - her friends and his friends kind of started a little social media thing and the adults weren't even totally aware. And they wanted to - they wanted to have them be king and queen. Now, it wasn't, you know, the whole school. It wasn't everybody. It was a very tight group of kids that really... Implicated Meaning: A is challenging a common perception or assumption about social media. The phrase "you think about social media as something that's bad sometimes" implies that there is a negative generalization or stereotype associated with social media. A is suggesting that this perception is not always accurate or applicable in every situation. The phrase "the adults weren't even totally aware" implies that the adults were unaware of the social media activity initiated by the friends of the individuals in question. It suggests a level of secrecy or exclusivity among a specific group of kids. The phrase "they wanted to have them be king and queen" implies that the group of kids had a desire or intention to elect the individuals as king and queen, which may have been unexpected or unconventional.

Which perception is PersonA challenging?

Answer: Perception


Well, I think anyone of any political stripe would say that the U. S.  just has too many mass shootings, it being noted one is too many. But there's one every few days. The Republican Party controls the House, the Senate, the White House. Shouldn't the party that controls government see reducing mass shootings as a matter of national security?

I believe we should take a look at - yeah, absolutely. This is a problem of certainly domestic security, national security. And I'm concerned about firearm deaths. I'm also concerned what I've been witnessing, too, in Europe and elsewhere, where people take vehicles and they drive them into crowds and kill many people. I mean, we have, sadly, you know, very evil people in this world who will do terrible things. Sometimes they're motivated politically. Sometimes they're mentally ill. Sometimes, in the case of Las Vegas, we simply don't know what motivated this guy.

Well, they - actually, you know, like I said, they're not allowed to. This person who has been involuntarily committed to a mental health institution is prohibited. . .

turn 2 : (3) "Well - but why give people who have mental problems the legal capacity to get dangerous weapons?" implies a different meaning from its literal meaning. The speaker is not simply asking a question about why people with mental health problems are allowed to buy weapons legally, but is rather suggesting that this should not be allowed and expressing frustration or disbelief that it is currently legal.

What is the PersonA's attitude towards mentally ill people purchasing dangerous weapons?

Answer: disbelief


I mean, it's tempting, and certainly we do it in the news business, to look at a figure like $9 billion and say, you know, figure out what that cost per arrest and everything. But I wonder, isn't it in a sense worth, I don't know, a billion dollars a year to the American people to have that deterrent aboard?Because as people in the program have pointed out, if something happens, there's no one else to call upon for help in an airliner.

Well, you could justify almost anything on that basis. But I will tell you that on any cost-benefit analysis, this program does not hold muster. I can tell you also that while a billion dollars might not seem like much money in the whole federal government. . .

Oh, no, it's a lot of money. Don't get me wrong. . .

It's a lot. . .

turn 2 : (1) The speaker is not really asking for permission to use an expletive, but rather using the question as a way to express frustration or emphasize a point.

Which turn did the speaker use a rhetorical question to express frustration or emphasize a point?

Answer: Turn


Well, what keeps you up at night?What do you worry about?

Well, I'm worried that this process is getting chaotic. Two and a half years ago, Great Britain had a referendum, decided to leave the European Union. But it did not decide what kind of future relationship it wanted with the 27 member states.

And because this was all about free trade, you have to know that half of the trade of Great Britain is with the other 27 EU member states, and the other half is with other countries in the world, foremost among them, the U. S.  and China. We're one year and four months into the negotiation process. And here, finally, is the proposal of Great Britain - what future relations should be. That's a bit late in the process. This particular proposal should have been there on day one.

Now, at the moment, there are 3 million EU citizens living in Great Britain, and about 1. 2 million British live in EU countries. Their rights are undefined, so it's not clear what they can do. And as you get closer to the deadline, these people are really worried. And by the way, there are industries in which there are quite a few foreigners, so if you take them out all at once, you may also have a problem keeping it going.

In the Netherlands, we know we have 30,000 businesses, mostly small and medium enterprises, that export only to EU countries, Great Britain included. That means that they've never seen a Customs and Excise control officer. They will have to get used to go through Customs and Excise.

turn 1 : Great Britain's process of leaving the EU is chaotic

What is PersonA worried about in regards to the future relationship between Great Britain and the 27 EU member states?

Answer: Future


You know, it's the - there's not formal groups that kind of, you know, identify themselves. They don't have a problem with some other towns in the South where there's like, you know, revived Klan groups and such. I'm aware of the SPLC's research and such. But it's more - I think it's less formal than that but it's probably no less prevalent.

One of the things I'd like to ask you, because you're a person who has been writing about this and the photographs have been printed and seen around the country - the role of the media in covering this, does it make it better, does it make it worst?

Well, I think that really depends on, you know, literally what skin you're in, you know?A lot of the - many of the black folks in that town are very happy to see outside attention brought, they hoped that that scrutiny is going to force some changes down there. But by the same token many of the white folks are just outraged and they think that, you know, this is outsiders meddling in their affairs and they ought to just get their nose out of their business. There was the local Methodist preacher the last time I was there a month ago who told me that I was no better than a Christ killer but you know, you just kind of have to have thick skin.

Howard, thank you very much.

turn 2 : The white people in the town are not happy about outsiders paying attention to their affairs

How do the white people in the town feel about outsiders paying attention to their affairs?

Answer: Outraged


Again, I don't sign off on absolutely everything Nancy Pelosi, Donald Trump, Mitch McConnell, Chuck Schumer or Kevin McCarthy may tweet or declare. I don't. I'm not the endorser of anyone. And I have pushed back on statements that I do believe do exacerbate the very climate and culture that I just referenced. Indeed. But to put the onus exclusively on the president when on the other side of the aisle there are calls of uber-racism and absolutely. . .

When has Nancy Pelosi ever told anybody to go back where they came from?

No, Nancy Pelosi hasn't told anyone to come back where they came from. But there have been policies and exacerbated hyperbole in rhetoric as it pertains to statements made on both sides - Democrats and Republicans - that have led to this sort of climate. So to put the onus exclusively on the president would not be fair. Are there things the president has stated or tweeted that I have disagreed with?Absolutely. But the same thing on the other side of the aisle.

What do you see as your role in the days ahead?

turn 0 : The speaker does not endorse everything politicians tweet but criticizes some statements as exacerbating culture and climate (score: 4)

Answer: Politicians


But what he did is he went out and explained the policy to the public and rationalized it, basically provided the sort of intellectual underpinnings for Greenspan's policies in two important areas. One, that they shouldn't target speculative bubbles, so that justified not doing anything about the housing market. And two, arguing that there was what they referred to as a global savings glut, which justified a big spending binge in the United States.

The argument was that China doesn't spend enough. The rest of Asia doesn't spend enough. If the world economy is not going to go into recession, it's up to the American consumer to keep demand up. So we shouldn't worry too much if American saving rates is zero and America's on a spending binge.

In retrospect, both of those arguments, you know, seem to be if not completely wrong, certainly very questionable given where they got us. And Bernanke, you know, played an important role in coming up with them. So sure, he's partly responsible for the Greenspan policies. But not totally, as I say. Greenspan was the senior policy maker.

Now in retrospect, it was just a few months ago, but still it seems like a long time ago. A lot of people are saying that the decision that Bernanke and Paulson made to let Lehman Brothers fail was really key because that really led to the credit markets freezing up. And so, why did Bernanke, why did he decide to let Lehman go under?

turn 0 : Bernanke rationalized Greenspan's policies even though they were questionable

Which policies did Bernanke rationalize?

Answer: Greenspan's


You got a sinus infection but you taking a yeast infection medicine figuring if you lay down, it'll work its way up.

Do you believe in Mars and Venus, the whole idea that men and women are totally different?

I really do. And if I can get women to understand that every man that sleeps with you is not going to love you, then half of us will be all right.

What about the other half?

turn 3 : Again, "half" is not literal. It just means many women.

What does the word "half" refer to in turn 3?

Answer: Women


Oh, God.

We figured there was a problem.

Long time ago. Listen, if functioning addicts are operating below the radar, I assume that they generally don't want people to know about their addiction. How much of a problem is it for them to maintain their anonymity?

It's frightening. I think that, you know, when you live in quiet desperation and there's always the person that's hiding their alcohol or around the corner drinking what they do, others, with their medications or their pills. They don't want other folks to find out. I mean, it's a quiet illness until finally people do notice. But there's fear around it. I mean, fear of being caught of fear of being tested or ultimately, when the body gives out, secondary complications where physicians will say what are you using, what are you doing for your organs to be giving out like this. So there's ultimately not only denial that's going on, but obviously, a lot of pain that goes with it.

turn 1 : A and the others are aware of the problem.

How did PersonA describe the fear surrounding functioning addicts?

Answer: Frightening


I was - I did an interview on a radio station where one of the leaders of the class war was on there. They've protested outside housing developments. They've protested outside banks before and they get absolutely nowhere with it, but as soon as they threw paint on our shop, they hit the headlines. So I think they got what they wanted.

Why did you open up in this neighborhood?

Shoreditch is a really creative part of London. There's a lot of - new businesses start right around here and a lot of creative businesses as well. So it just seemed like our brand and what we wanted to do fitted in really well here.

And what do you serve?I said $5 bowls of cereal, but expand on that menu if you could.

turn 1 :  The implied meaning of this turn is: Was there any particular reason for choosing this neighbourhood for your business?

Which leader's protest did PersonA talk about in the interview?

Answer: Class


Well, the French have the best intelligence and penetration of their communities in Europe. So there's going to be, as Eleanor said, a search for accomplices. The eight gunmen were killed. Seven of them blew themselves up with suicide belts, and one was shot. And Hollande restricted border access right away last night 'cause there's this concern that suspects or accomplices could escape. So this is actually exactly what happened during the Charlie Hebdo attacks in Paris earlier this year. You'll recall there was a gunman who took hostages in a kosher market. And police were searching for a woman that was with him. It turns out to be his wife. And as they were searching for her, she suddenly surfaced in Syria with ISIS. So they've put all these travel restrictions in place in hopes of avoiding a repeat of that.

Dina, France bristles with visible security. This is the second major attack in a year. What makes France this target?

Well, there's sort of a perfect storm going on in France. It's the third highest - it has the third highest number of foreign fighters who've gone to Syria from Europe. About 200 of those people have returned to France. And that's just too many people to keep an eye on. I mean, in fact, during the Charlie Hebdo attacks, they said one of the reasons why they stopped watching the Charlie Hebdo attackers was because they thought they had more severe threats that they needed to keep an eye on.

NPR's Dina Temple-Raston, thanks so much.

turn 0 : The French government is taking extra steps to ensure that any potential accomplices do not escape.

What is the reason for Hollande restricting border access?

Answer: Suspects


NPR's Tovia Smith has been following the story from Boston and joins us now. Tovia, let's begin with what you saw in court today.

Well, Felicity Huffman actually broke down in tears in court as she explained to the judge that her daughter knew nothing about the scam and that her daughter's accommodation for extra time on tests was legit. But she then pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit mail fraud, admitting that she paid $15,000 to get her daughter's SAT scores boosted by having someone correct the answers after the daughter took the test.

And we know Huffman is among the most high-profile of defendants, along with the other Hollywood star Lori Loughlin, but another parent also pleaded guilty in court today, and that is LA businessman Devin Sloane, who was involved in a different angle of this scam. He paid bribes to get his son recruited to the USC water polo team even though the son was never a competitive player. And the dad went so far as to get someone to photoshop pictures of his son to look like he was. And he paid $250,000 in bribes that were disguised as charitable donations.

Sloane and Huffman are among 20 parents, coaches, others to plead guilty. What are they hoping for?

turn 1 : "broke down in tears" - Literal meaning: Felicity Huffman physically collapsed into tears. Actual meaning: Felicity Huffman became emotional and started crying.

How did Felicity Huffman react in court?

Answer: cried


What about the new government in Kiev. They issued a statement which is, as you described - at least through the translation - sounds like fighting words. What's their reaction been?

Well, there's not been more reaction than that except to say that earlier today, the Ukrainian president, the acting Ukrainian president accused Russia of trying to provoke a military conflict. This was before the vote in the Russian Parliament. And he referred to Russia's action in the past in other former Soviet regions with large Russian populations and said that Moscow's approach in Crimea is very similar to what Russia did before invading in other former Soviets areas.

So, a great sense of concern, a great sense of uncertainty of what will come next. It's not clear whether this is a still a political game or this is military brinksmanship.

And we're told, for example, that the U. N.  had I guess special representative Robert Sery was in Russia. He was supposed to head to the Crimea. Anything you've heard about negotiations to talk this thing through?

turn 1 : (2) The implied meaning is that the Ukrainian president accused Russia of trying to provoke a military conflict, and that this accusation is related to Russia's actions in Crimea and in other former Soviet regions with large Russian populations. The literal meaning is consistent with this implied meaning.

What did the Ukrainian president accuse Russia of?

Answer: Conflict


Sure. So one rule that was actually finalized on Halloween at about 4:30 or so on a Friday has to do with confined animal feeding operations, and those are industrial farms. And basically it allows the companies that run those farms to voluntarily apply for permits to discharge waste from these industrial farms into streams, rivers and things like that. The sort of catch is that there is not really much enforcement in terms of whether, you know, the farm that's applying for the permit actually discharges enough waste to apply for that permit. So it really leaves a lot - a great degree of the discretion onto the industry itself. So that's one. . .

So it's deregulation?

Right.

Of course, the financial deregulation issue, whether or not - how much financial industry should be regulated is a big issue, but also, in California, you had a whole look and a proposition that passed that was about this kind of issue, about how densely animals should be kept together. But you mentioned reproductive freedom. What is the regulation change on that?

turn 0 : The permit system for industrial farms is flawed and allows companies to discharge waste into streams and rivers without much enforcement.

How does the permit system for industrial farms work?

Answer: Voluntarily


I'm Tony Cox, and this is NEWS AND NOTES. On today's Africa update, is Somalia the forgotten crisis?Plus, Spain indicts 40 Rwandan military officers for genocide. And HIV positive men get arrested in Egypt. For more, we've got Bill Fletcher. He is a Senior Scholar with the Institute for Policy Studies and former president of TransAfrica Forum. Bill, nice to talk to you again.

I'm glad to be back.

Let's start with Somalia. United Nations Agency UNICEF says the lives of up to 15,000 children are at risk in Somalia unless emergency aid arrives in the next few weeks. It also says children in Somalia are more at risk than children anywhere else in the world. Now since fighting in the capital Mogadishu began nearly six months ago, thousands have fled the city and are living in refugee camps. They are facing starvation and disease. Question number one: Why does Somalia have such a pressing humanitarian crisis right now?

Well, as you know, Somalia has been in a state of almost constant turmoil since 1991 when Siad Barre was overthrown and a clan-based civil war unfolded. And the Somali state, there was no government. It basically collapsed and had been non existent basically until the union of Islamic Courts - an Islamist group - took over power years ago.

turn 3 :  "Somalia has been in a state of almost constant turmoil" is a figurative expression, as "state of turmoil" is a metaphorical way of describing the ongoing conflict and instability in Somalia. "Collapsed and had been non-existent" is also figurative language, as the country still existed physically but lacked a functioning government.

Which expressions in turn 3 are figurative language?

Answer: State,collapsed


Why they're talking about it is because they feel they have to talk about it. The government of Bangladesh wants the bulk of these people to return. They also would be feeling some domestic pressures in this area, as well. And the government of Burma, I think, is feeling some of the pressure from the international community and feels some need to be responsive. But the real story here is this is horrifying, this discussion, to be taking place right now, given the complete absence of measures in place to ensure safety and security upon return.

As I understand it, the Rohingya, according to this agreement, will be moved from the camps in Bangladesh to a camp in Myanmar where there could be security concerns.

Oh yeah, there are no safeguards in place. There - been no serious discussion of safeguards for return. You have to realize that we're talking about one of the greatest crimes in recent memory - massive abuses, forced relocation of hundreds of thousands of people in a matter of weeks.

There's problems, obviously, with monitoring the situation. The government won't let - of Myanmar - won't let international monitors in. And, in fact, the top U. N.  official responsible for human rights was barred from the country. Is that right?

turn 3 : The government of Myanmar is not allowing international monitors to oversee the situation.

What country is barring international monitors from overseeing the situation?

Answer: Myanmar


His family life has gotten more attention than maybe he wanted, right?

Well, yeah, sort of. Bill de Blasio's wife, Chirlane McCray, wrote an article way back in the 1970s about why she was a lesbian. And this was considered back in 1979 a little outside the box. And it surfaced again in recent months. And when asked about it, you know, they say, look, we are happily married, we have two adorable kids - here are their pictures - and that's all we have to say about it. And it was a very interesting moment to show the city, really show the world, how the conversation has changed about this. What could have been a career-ending disclosure 20 or 30 years ago wasn't much of a story at all.

And maybe we should note, Christine Quinn is married is to her partner of longstanding.

Yes, indeed. If elected, she would not just be the first woman mayor of New York City, she would be the first openly gay or lesbian official elected citywide in New York's history.

On the Republican side, there is a very strong candidate.

turn 4 : The speaker is implying that Bill de Blasio and Chirlane McCray have had to navigate a lot of scrutiny in their family life due to the article written by Chirlane in the 1970s.

What has been the focus of scrutiny in Bill de Blasio and Chirlane McCray's family life?

Answer: Article


As the 2018 NFL season begins, professional football is still the most popular spectator sport in America. But it's declined 10 percent in viewership last year and is beset with tough questions about how the game destroys players while it earns billions of dollars and a continuing controversy over players demonstrating their social and political concerns during the national anthem. A sport once considered a source of national unity now inspires divisions.

Mark Leibovich, The New York Times Magazine correspondent who got the goods on official Washington, D. C. , in his bestselling "This Town," has turned his attention to the National Football League - his new book, "Big Game: The NFL In Dangerous Times. "He's in our studios. Mark, thanks so much for being with us.

Good to be here, Scott.

I have to ask you a hard news question first. An arbitrator ruled this week Colin Kaepernick's grievance against NFL owners could go to trial. He says NFL owners have been colluding to keep him out of the game. Does this case have what I'll call Mueller-like potential?

turn 0 : Professional football's viewership has declined and the game is controversial, despite its ongoing popularity in America.

Which sport's popularity is still high despite a decline in viewership and ongoing controversy?

Answer: Football


But what he did is he went out and explained the policy to the public and rationalized it, basically provided the sort of intellectual underpinnings for Greenspan's policies in two important areas. One, that they shouldn't target speculative bubbles, so that justified not doing anything about the housing market. And two, arguing that there was what they referred to as a global savings glut, which justified a big spending binge in the United States.

The argument was that China doesn't spend enough. The rest of Asia doesn't spend enough. If the world economy is not going to go into recession, it's up to the American consumer to keep demand up. So we shouldn't worry too much if American saving rates is zero and America's on a spending binge.

In retrospect, both of those arguments, you know, seem to be if not completely wrong, certainly very questionable given where they got us. And Bernanke, you know, played an important role in coming up with them. So sure, he's partly responsible for the Greenspan policies. But not totally, as I say. Greenspan was the senior policy maker.

Now in retrospect, it was just a few months ago, but still it seems like a long time ago. A lot of people are saying that the decision that Bernanke and Paulson made to let Lehman Brothers fail was really key because that really led to the credit markets freezing up. And so, why did Bernanke, why did he decide to let Lehman go under?

turn 3 : The decision to let Lehman Brothers fail was a key factor in the credit market freeze

Which event led to the credit market freeze?

Answer: Lehman


Yeah. I mean, since the first century, it becomes sort of the core element of Christian prayer. Obviously, there's a huge amount of diversity today among different groups of Christians and in antiquity. Likewise, there is a huge amount of variation. But in the Gospel of Matthew and in the Gospel of Luke, it's used to teach Jesus's followers the right way of praying - sort of the model for prayer.

And so why is it that the pope is supportive of the change?I do want to note that it's not that he wrote it. It was approved by the - maybe he did. I don't know. But it was approved by the General Assembly of the Episcopal Conference of Italy last month, and the pope has approved it. But I do understand that he said back in 2017 that he thought the wording should be altered. Why is that?What does he think this new wording does that the old one did not?

Well, the old wording - lead us not into temptation - can imply that God has some hand in leading people into sin or allowing people to sin or tempting them. And so I think the pope is uncomfortable with that idea, which is fair enough.

And now to your view of it because you are an expert in, among other things, the Greek New Testament. So tell me your concern - or is it an objection to it?

turn 2 : When A says 'there's a huge amount of diversity today among different groups of Christians and in antiquity', they mean that different groups of Christians have different prayer practices.

How has the diversity among different groups of Christians affected their prayer practices?

Answer: Prayer


So if we're negotiating in public, we're not really negotiating at all.

That's correct. What we're doing is playing chicken, all kinds of games with each other. It's just a mess. You know, whenever you get to the entitlements, and so everybody knows, I'm out of the Senate three years and a half, but I was there for 36 years, and much of my work was budgeting. If I were there, I would be right in the middle of this. You would have been hearing from me for the last two years, and you'd be tired of my voice.

And you, Neal, would have had me on so many times, you would have said I don't want you anymore.

Well, I doubt that, Senator.

turn 2 : The literal meaning is that the speaker would have appeared on a media outlet many times. The actual meaning is that the speaker would have been very vocal and persistent on the issue, possibly annoying the media host.

How would you describe the PersonA's behavior on the issue?

Answer: Vocal


Well, that Times story illustrates a couple of points, one of which it promptly got the Times banned, that edition.

It did. Yes, which is predictable.

Yeah. I think they knew that. And no one's above the law. This guy's family has got $2. 7 billion.

And that's the whole point. It's why that's such a striking quote for someone to say that no one is above the law. The fact of the matter, in China, the Communist Party is above the law. The courts follow what the party says in any sort of politically sensitive case. There is no rule of law. And so how you actually solve this problem is very, very difficult, especially with a party that does not want to share power, that feels that it can police itself. But increasingly, if you talk to ordinary Chinese, they don't feel that way. They do - even by blocking the Times site, most people don't know that story, but they do know the story of many other officials who have done wrong, you know, have done bad things. And so there is, I think, an emerging crisis of confidence in the party, particularly around the issue of corruption.

turn 2 : "And no one's above the law. This guy's family has got $2.7 billion." - Literal meaning: The person's wealth is irrelevant to the statement that no one is above the law. Actual meaning: None. This turn is meant literally.

How much money does this guy's family have?

Answer: $2.7


From NPR News, it's Day to Day. Later tonight, I will be hosting dinner at my house with friends I invited, which hopefully will keep the meal mellow because we all tend to see eye to eye on most things.

But not everyone is as lucky. If you find yourself sharing a table today with family or friends who don't share your political views, well, fret not. Slate. com's chief political correspondent John Dickerson has put together some ammunition to help you should the conversation turn to politics. He joins us now from his home in Washington, D. C.  Hi, John.

Hello. Happy Thanksgiving.

And to you as well. John, you have for Slate provided backup to both sides of the argument on a number of topics. Let's start off with the financial crisis. Now, let's say that your Aunt Edna is a Democrat and your cousin Joe is a Republican. What argument can each of them make over the pumpkin pie as to who's to blame for all this mess?

turn 3 : Even though your family members have different political affiliations, they can still discuss the financial crisis over pumpkin pie.

How can family members with different political affiliations discuss the financial crisis?

Answer: Discuss


. . . near-Earth objects, and they are very, very useful.

Yeah. What kind of metal?You looking for platinum, gold?What's the holy grail here?

Well, there's lots of different types of asteroids, and each type has a different concentration of different types of elements. So a certain type of asteroid is very high in nickel and iron. Those are useful, ultimately. Another type is very high in water, which is extremely useful. Other volatiles as well, things like methane, which you know better as natural gas.

Let me stop you there for a minute because we have plenty of water on this planet. I mean, do we have to go to an asteroid to mine it?

turn 1 : The speaker in (2) is implying that they are looking for something rare and valuable, such as precious metals or other valuable resources, rather than simply asking what type of metal they are looking for.

How is the concentration of elements on different types of asteroids described in the dialogue?

Answer: Different


The government sets the interest rates and so the banks can make a lot money. And if you're a Chinese person, you can't really get much of your capital out of the country. So where else are you going to put it?

One of the problems with the banks is that they tend to invest in state-owned enterprises. It's kind of part of their job, and it's less risky. But most of the jobs in China are really produced by private enterprise, as they are here in the United States. And it's much harder for them to get capital. So people are, in many ways, feelings that the economy is out of whack in a number ways and that there need to be some serious changes. The government knows this, but there are now very strong vested interests in state-owned enterprises and the banks. And so getting that done is not going to be easy politically.

And even some of those big industries who are in the, I guess, the equivalent of a China's Pittsburgh, the Steel City, and a couple of vast enterprises there, well, they've gone under.

The over-capacity in the steel is extraordinary, and the debt now is over $400 billion. It's actually owned by steel companies largely to Chinese banks. And it's going to take years to work through that over-capacity.

turn 3 : Chinese steel industry's overcapacity and debt are significant problems

Which industry is facing overcapacity and debt in China?

Answer: steel


Now, in both the Enron case and the Madoff situation, they're very different in some ways, but they both benefited at least for a time from the fact that a lot of people don't understand finance, and it's very difficult to understand. What do you think people need to do who are not financiers to understand why is it important to even understand the issue of finance, white-collar crime, and all of this?

White-collar crime matters because it affects all of us. Even if you happen to be a blue-collar person, you undoubtedly get affected one way or another - your investments, your company, your suppliers, your neighbors. Everyone gets affected by serious white-collar crime, and the old joke is, right, you walk into a bank with a gun, steal $50,000, they send you away for 10 years. You steal $50 million in some sort of white-collar crime thing, and you get, you know, five minutes and a warning from the judge.

I mean, that's an exaggeration. But that's the kind of thing that for years has annoyed people, including me. And somehow the - because there's been now so much of the stuff has surfaced, and there's such conscientiousness about it and in the case of Madoff largely because he scammed people that members of the media know. So you get really angry when your friends go down. I mean, I don't have any friends who were in there, but a lot of people in my business. . .

Right.

turn 0 : not crime that deals with clothing or white shirt collars, but non-violent crime involving corruption or fraud; blue-collar does not refer to clothing but jobs that involve more labor and movement

How does white-collar crime differ from blue-collar jobs?

Answer: corruption


Few years ago, I was fortunate enough to address a convention of political cartoonists in the United States. And they kept pointing out, you know, we used to have a lot of people here. Now we're down to just a few dozen.

I know. And I've been to those conventions. And I'm actually a member of the board of the Association of American Cartoonists (ph). And I've been always struck by their pessimism (ph). But I'm still very positive about the genre. In this world of short attention span, the power of images has never been so big. And it's also a time when the media need to renew themselves.

But we must stop being afraid of offended people because the whole controversy that was triggered a month ago by that cartoon, I think it should have encouraged a discussion, explaining why this cartoon was wrong, how it's run, what is cartooning, and there was no space for that. I think The New York Times had to deal with a huge storm triggered by social media. We need to be able to withstand this and to go back to putting things into perspective.

Patrick Chappatte, editorial cartoonist, thanks so much for being with us.

turn 0 : The convention of political cartoonists in the United States has significantly decreased in attendance.

Which convention is being discussed in the dialogue?

Answer: Convention


You know, it's - well, my wife and I are just trying to adjust to whatever kind of a Christmas that we can have. To have this on top of all our - all the other stress and pressures going on, it's just overwhelming.

Originally, the value of your condominium was more than $200,000. Do you have any idea what it might fetch today at this auction?

I believe that the lenders are going to probably try to get the most that they can from it. So there's probably a good chance that no - there may be no takers for it. But I can tell you that the surrounding condos that are similar to that are going for well below 100,000.

So you've known for a while now that it was going to go up for auction today. How have you been getting ready for this?

turn 1 : Auction price will be low and very high

What will be the range of auction price?

Answer: Low/high


Well, it's very important when dealing with Iran understanding that they're not an ally of the United States. They are an adversary. They're - one, that they're a nation that is the world's largest state sponsor of terror. We often talk about the nuclear activity of Iran over the course last several years - but other activities where they've developed ICBMs in violation of international treaties and Security Council resolutions where they have worked to help the Houthis overthrow a foreign government in Yemen trying to build a land bridge across the Middle East to the West. They call Israel the little Satan and America the great Satan. And the list goes on.

So in dealing with Iran and understanding that they're an adversary, we also have to approach them knowing that they don't respect weakness. They only respect strength. And we're talking about the Iranian regime. . .

OK.

. . . Because Iran's filled with millions of very - you know, good people who want a free, stable, prosperous, democratic country for themselves. They've wanted it for a long time. So the administration's approach is with eyes wide open understanding this adversarial threat. And with regards to the leverage that brought the Iranians to the table in the first place, the problem with the JCPOA included - well, several things. One was sunset provisions, issues with the verification regime. So, you know, but I'd love to see which way you want to go from there because. . .

turn 0 : Israel the little Satan and America the great Satan implies that the two countries do acts that Iran greatly disapproves of.

Which two countries are referred to as "the little Satan" and "the great Satan" by Iran?

Answer: Israel,America


(Laughter) Yeah. I don't think that it's a straight line from smoking marijuana to fanaticism or radicalization. But I do think that there's something that happens to boys becoming men that is a series of rites of passage and tampering or becoming involved with illicit drugs or having sex. Or any of these taboo things are some of these portals that kids go through, boys especially. And fanaticism to me, as I was witnessing it in a global way, was the last portal. And I wanted to write something that charted these transitions from just a little bit outside the line to a little bit more outside the line until finally there is no way back.

The Boston Marathon bombings are an important touchstone in this book. And they're felt personally by Alireza's friends in Laguna Beach.

That's something that I thought about a lot when I was sort of following the story of the Boston Marathon bombings and how it was to be Muslim in this country and to be a Muslim man in a place that's already slightly turned against you. But I imagined a situation in which someone in your very close community was affected by an act of terrorism, and you are of the Muslim family, what the ramifications would be like in that community.

And I took it a few steps further and then did research and found that it wasn't that uncommon for people who were related to, you know, Russian immigrants or children of Muslims or practicing Muslims to experience racism in high school afterwards. It tends to be that people are looking for someone to blame.

turn 1 : The Boston Marathon bombings had a deep, personal impact on Alireza's friends in Laguna Beach.

How were Alireza's friends in Laguna Beach affected by the Boston Marathon bombings?

Answer: Impact


Yes. You know, you will talk to Republicans and Democrats who will make very passionate cases that the other party will be to blame in this shutdown. I think shutdown politics are tricky. For one, we have a recent one in memory. The 2013 shutdown was largely driven by Texas Senator Ted Cruz, a member of the Republican Party. Republicans were seen as responsible for that shutdown. They went on to win big in the following midterm elections.

So the idea that being seen as the party that shuts down government will have electoral consequences, I'm not so sure Democrats view it that way.

Yeah. And the last shutdown lasted 16 days.

It lasted 16 days. If this one lasts as long as that, we will also be in a very interesting situation because President Trump's State of the Union address is 10 days from now. And I - my mind. . .

turn 3 : In (4), the speaker implies that if the shutdown lasts as long as 16 days, it will create an interesting situation due to the upcoming State of the Union address.

What will create an interesting situation if the shutdown lasts as long as 16 days?

Answer: State


We're approaching the 16th anniversary of U. S.  troops serving in Afghanistan. It's been a little more than a month since President Trump announced a new strategy to send more U. S.  troops as advisers to the Afghan military as it tries to train its own soldiers. Our Pentagon correspondent Tom Bowman has been in and out of Afghanistan for the past decade. He's there again with U. S.  Marines checking out how things seem to be going. He joins us now from the Helmand Province. Tom, thanks so much for being with us.

You're welcome, Scott.

What have you noticed in your time with the Afghan troops?

Well, Scott, I was here last year with the U. S.  Army, and they were advising the Afghan army at a higher level. And now with the Marines here, about 300 Marines, they saw the need to help the Afghans down at a lower level, closer to the front lines. And they're actually going out to Afghan bases, something you didn't see the army do. The American soldiers pretty much stayed on their larger base talking with Afghan generals.

turn 3 : "Well, Scott, I was here last year with the U.S. Army, and they were advising the Afghan army at a higher level. And now with the Marines here, about 300 Marines, they saw the need to help the Afghans down at a lower level, closer to the front lines. And they're actually going out to Afghan bases, something you didn't see the army do. The American soldiers pretty much stayed on their larger base talking with Afghan generals."  In this turn, the actual implied meaning is that the Marines are actively engaging with and providing assistance to the Afghan troops at a more localized and frontline level. This is in contrast to the U.S. Army, who mainly interacted with Afghan generals from their larger base. The implied meaning is not simply about physical proximity or location but about the level of engagement and support provided by the Marines.

How are the Marines providing assistance to the Afghan troops?

Answer: Engaging


Exactly. It's just something that's very hard for a rancher to fight. So. . .

Hasn't the Endangered Species Act done a lot of good?

You know, in some instances, it has. And, you know, most ranchers don't want to see everything destroyed. You've got to understand also that a rancher is basically an endangered species. We're not as numerous as we used to be. And I think that ought to concern everybody involved because everybody seems to like to eat pretty well. So I think that's something that people want to remember.

Bill Kluck, sheep committee chairman of our R-Calf USA - and he's a rancher in South Dakota. Thanks so much for being with us, sir.

turn 2 : Ranchers are not as abundant as they used to be.

How has the rancher population changed over time?

Answer: Decreased


How quickly would we see a border closing impact the U. S.  auto industry?

Well, really, we would start to see manufacturing facilities impacted almost immediately. Most of the industry follows a just-in-time inventory strategy, which means that the parts that are needed for the vehicle are shipped to the plant as they are needed and on a continual basis. They don't maintain inventory levels at the assembly plant. So we would see a number of factories start to shut down almost immediately because they wouldn't have inventory available to keep going.

Is it possible for you to paint a picture of this for us using a specific car part, for example?

You know, there's a couple interesting ones. One, wire harnesses - these are the wires that are - that go into a vehicle. There's probably miles of these copper wires in a vehicle, very labor-intensive to put these wire harnesses together. The vast majority are made in Mexico that are used in U. S.  manufacturing. And so that's something that would be very important for a vehicle because it goes on early in the process.

turn 1 : The U.S. auto industry heavily relies on just-in-time inventory strategy and factories would shut down quickly if the border is closed.

What is the inventory strategy followed by the U.S. auto industry?

Answer: Continuous


Like, for example, in Denmark, they have these open sandwiches that they're very famous for. And they really say a lot about, you know, Denmark as a country, being a very rich agriculture region, and you see this on these sandwiches. You know, they're fully laden with a huge spectrum of different toppings, very sort of rich and opulent sandwiches that you can't even - you know, you have to eat them from a plate with knife and a fork, right?

Yeah.

And then if you go up to where I grew up, a sandwich there would probably be more of a, you know, a piece of flatbread with a layer of butter and a layer of cheese on it that you would eat standing up. And I think it's a very interesting thing, you know, those things that, you know, are kind of a broader concept exist in a big geographic region but that vary a lot depending on where you are.

Chef Magnus Nilsson of "The Nordic Cookbook. "Thank you, chef.

turn 0 : "they really say a lot about, you know, Denmark as a country" - This turn means that the open sandwiches are representative of Denmark's rich agricultural region, not that they literally communicate something about the country.

How do the open sandwiches in Denmark represent the country?

Answer: Represent


Well, it's interesting. What you find in the data is that Trump did very well among self-described evangelicals. But he did far better among self-described evangelicals who don't regularly attend church. Cruz destroyed him amongst evangelicals who go to church regularly.

And what's also important about that is there's a lot of evidence that white Americans who don't regularly attend church do worse economically and are much more pessimistic about the state of the country. And that's also what Trump tapped into, this sense of deep pessimism about the state of the country. And that pessimism is greater among Americans who don't regularly attend religious services.

And you just - according to your article, you don't see this in just one side of the political divide, do you?

No. What's interesting is that the same divide you see between Ted Cruz and Donald Trump voters, you also saw between Bernie Sanders and Hillary Clinton voters. So if you look at white Democrats, white Democrats who went to church were much more - religious institutions at all - much more likely to be Hillary Clinton supporters. Bernie Sanders much more likely to win the votes of those who did not regularly attend religious institutions.

turn 2 : The speaker is implying that the same divide between religious people and non-religious people is present across the political spectrum, not just within one party.

How did the speaker describe the divide between voters of Bernie Sanders and Hillary Clinton?

Answer: Religious


. . . in World War II.

Wow.

So it is a very large explosion.

Now, if you were watching Earth from Jupiter, would you see the same type of flashes in our atmosphere, because don't(ph) we get bombarded?

turn 1 : B is impressed or surprised by what A said.

Which emotion did PersonB express in response to PersonA's statement?

Answer: Surprised


Africa is a continent wanting to change something. You know, everybody have to think what to do to give best future for the Africa, give hope to the young in Africa. And African young can have hope in Africa and make something in Africa and believe in Africa.

You've seen so much of the world. But why don't you take us to your childhood in Mali. And it's a country I've always wanted to visit. I've never been there, but I love the musical traditions and the long history of it being a nation with a lot of learning. What was it like for you growing up, and when did you start playing music?

I grew up in Mali, normally, like, with mother and father, you know what I mean, a lot of brothers and sisters. We are all together in the same house and is a great time, because is really happiness and very hot. Hot relationship and then a lot of good grand, grand ambience.

Well, let me jump in and ask you, when did you start playing music?What did you start playing and how old were you?

turn 2 : A had a happy childhood in Mali with a big family and hot weather

Answer: Mali


After they rejected President Obama's opening offer, Republicans issued a proposal of their own yesterday, which was promptly dismissed by the White House. One group that's already worked out a series of compromises to come up with a comprehensive proposal is a nonpartisan group called Fix the Debt. It emerged from the Simpson-Bowles Commission. Its ideas include higher taxes on the wealthy and tax reform, plus changes to Social Security and Medicare.

Former Republican Senator Pete Domenici serves on the steering committee of Fix the Debt, co-chairs the Debt Reduction Task Force at the Bipartisan Policy Center, and he joins us now by phone from his office in Washington, D. C. , and it's good of you to be with us today.

Thank you very much, Neal. I do want to clarify now, I'm not - I'm associated with the Bipartisan Policy Center. We put out our budget for use by the team working for the White House and the Republicans. It's not the same as the one you just announced.

All right.

turn 3 : They are just acknowledging the person's answer

How did person PersonB respond to person PersonA's clarification?

Answer: alright


Is there any such thing as truly pure water from any source, bottled or tap?

Well, it's called distilled water, sure. It ends up actually not tasting very good. It's funny actually - for Aquafina and Dasani and actually the major bottled water brands, that's actually tap water that is passed through very fine filters. It's called reverse osmosis. And then the water actually is too clean to taste good. So, in the industry they call it pixie dust - they put some minerals actually back into the water to improve the taste.

So, clean water tastes bad.

Well, I mean, what's clean water, right?I mean, the water that we have out of our tap is clean. The water that we have out of bottled water is clean, right?The question is do you want water that has no contaminants in it all, which would be distilled, or water that's safe to drink?And the fact is we could certainly treat water if we wanted to, to the point where there's nothing in it, but we wouldn't be willing to pay the cost.

turn 3 : "And the fact is we could certainly treat water if we wanted to, to the point where there's nothing in it, but we wouldn't be willing to pay the cost."  The literal meaning of this turn is that it is possible to treat water to the point where there are no contaminants in it, but the cost would be too high for people to be willing to pay for it. The actual meaning is the same as the literal meaning, and there is no figurative language or idiomatic expression used.

What is the reason people wouldn't be willing to drink water treated to the point where there's nothing in it?

Answer: Schemers


No, so Wim van Egmond is an artist, and he was trained as an artist. He was a painter at first, and he was really into painting from these scientific illustrations, biological illustrations from hundreds of years ago. And he said, well, you know, I could just do this myself. So he purchased his first microscope about 20 years ago and since then has been kind of perfecting the technique.

But when he started, you know, he was also working with film, like Roman Vishniac. And, you know, when he had to look up what he was looking at, these organisms, he was looking in reference books, things that are just unthinkable these days, of course you would just Google.

So he said that, you know, progress has gotten much faster because now you can just look and see your result immediately. You don't have to develop your film, and - you know, and so he's gotten - it sounds like he's gotten - he's sort of refined his techniques much more quickly in the days of the digital camera.

Now I know you like to limit the size of your video pick to like three or four minutes.

turn 0 : "he was really into painting from these scientific illustrations, biological illustrations from hundreds of years ago." Literal meaning: Wim van Egmond enjoyed painting scientific and biological illustrations from a long time ago. Actual meaning: Wim van Egmond was inspired by scientific and biological illustrations from the past and used them as a reference for his own artwork.

What kind of illustrations inspired Wim van Egmond?

Answer: scientific


Right. We can run through who is to blame for this, but I'd rather talk about what the solution is. The sticking points are on immigration. The president wants to change the system. Are you willing to scrap, for example, the visa lottery where 50,000 visas are given out to individuals from countries who aren't represented. . .

I think we have to look at it in a comprehensive way. But the point right now is just the other day, just the other night, Mitch McConnell understood that he needed 60 votes to continue the - to pass a continuing resolution. And yet he went forward knowing he did not have the 60 votes. So it is time for the Republicans - let's be clear. They control the House. They control the Senate. They control the White House. They've got to sit down and negotiate and understand they can't get everything they want. . .

Right. But what are you asking for?What are you asking for, exactly?

What we're asking for is three things. We are asking for an annual budget which will provide equally for defense and nondefense spending. We are asking that months and months after these terrible disasters impacted Texas and Florida and Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands - that we deal with disaster relief. And we are asking what the American people want. Recent poll had 87 percent of the American people saying that DREAMers should receive, retain their legal status that Trump took away from them. And most of those folks think there should be a path toward citizenship.

turn 1 : Republicans need to compromise and negotiate instead of trying to get everything they want.

What is the main point of turn 2 in the dialogue?

Answer: Asking


As I don't have to tell you, because you helped negotiate the Paris Agreement, the United States pulled out more than a couple of years ago.

Well, actually, the United States can legally not pull out until November of next year. We, of course, certainly expect them to do so.

Be that as it may, what can be accomplished - how much does U. S.  withdrawal hurt?

Well, you know, the fact is that what you call a U. S.  withdrawal I call a national government withdrawal. I call it a White House withdrawal. It does not represent 100% of the U. S.  economy. Sixty percent of the U. S.  economy represented by many corporations, by many states and certainly by many financial institutions continue to decarbonize because they understand it is for their own good. It is for the strength of their economy and for commercial profitability in the case of corporations. The fact is that if the United States, as a central government, wants to leave the climate agreement and not continue the policies and the incentives for decarbonization, they're shooting themselves in the foot because other countries such as China, certainly, and perhaps even India are taking advantage of that vacuum and moving in.

turn 3 : The United States is hurting themselves by their own actions. China and India are taking advantage of the Paris Agreement and the large amount of people that are working to save the planet from climate change.

Which countries are taking advantage of the Paris Agreement?

Answer: China


So, right then, your life changed. You quit your job. You made plans to leave your family for a year and go to China.

Well, yeah. My weight had gotten so out of control that I wasn't even working at that time, unable to work.

So, when you got there seven months ago, how much did you weigh?

I weighed approximately 646 pounds.

turn 0 : The turn "your life changed" in (1) is an idiomatic expression that means a significant event or series of events that dramatically altered the course of one's life. Its actual meaning is different from its literal meaning, which would be that the person's life physically changed.

How is the turn "your life changed" used in the dialogue?

Answer: Idiomatic


Now, I would imagine that most of these interviews took place in the South, and that most of these people were either octogenarians or something older at the time that you talked to them, were they?

Let's try centenarians.

Centenarians.

Centenarians. The oldest person I interviewed was 112 and I think the youngest was 86, a man named Christopher Sadox Wright(ph) in California. The 112-year-old, I was not able to include because she did not have all of her faculties. She didn't remember much about her family or her years as - you know, she didn't really remember much about yesterday.

turn 0 : Octogenarians would be someone who is at lesat 80 years old.

Which age range did PersonA mention was the youngest person he interviewed?

Answer: 86


No, that's a good question, but we - the chemical strengthening process actually happens after our immediate customers have cut the parts down to the size, the shape of the parts.

There's a famous story in Walter Isaacson's biography of Steve Jobs that says he actually came down at one point and demanded that Corning make him some glass for his - any truth to that?

Well, the story, we certainly, we don't comment in detail about the relationship with different customers, but the story is there in the book, and it's true.

Is there other kinds of products, now that you've discovered how popular and ubiquitous the Gorilla Glass could be - any other places we might see it showing up?

turn 2 : This statement implies that the answers regarding the relationship with different customers may be found in the book but no comment.

How does the speaker respond to the question about the relationship with different customers?

Answer: don't


And what that piece was about, the previous show was about immigration. It was called, Immigration Stories. And the idea that we are all exiting our countries now by any means necessary, by boat, by train, by plane. And the Golden Ticket was the name of that piece, and I found an old Mexican airplane at a Mexican flea market, and I had it redone in gold leaf paint. And it's literally covered in black and brown babies.

In the sense of, I used babies because of the innocence that we think we're going to this golden place where life will be better. And when it's mounted, they're hanging out of the doors, it's just littered. And the runway is the old middle passage of all the slaves on the slave ships.

Before we let you go, of course, I have to ask what you're working on now?What are you doing in the world of acting?

Well, I've kind of got two wonderful things going for me at the same time. You know, my husband and I own the first Museum of Contemporary Art in Descartes. And this was the year he was finally recognized by the European Union. So, we've actually had an acknowledgement that a private museum exists and lives, and it's the most beautiful place in Descartes, so I'm really proud of that.

turn 0 : "And it's literally covered in black and brown babies." - Here, the word "literally" is used for emphasis, but the statement is not to be taken literally. The airplane is not actually covered in babies, but rather has depictions of them on its exterior.

How are the babies depicted on the exterior of the airplane?

Answer: Depicted


Well, I've spent my whole life - as a entrepreneur, as a mayor, as a governor - building teams, assembling talent. We've been able to accomplish things again and again that people didn't think we could do. We got to almost universal health care in Colorado. We did the methane regulations I described. We beat the NRA with tough new gun laws. This is all through that collaborative effort of building a team and getting things done. That's very different than the legislative process.

Has Chuck Schumer called you and urged you to run for Senate?

(Laughter) I've talked to Chuck Schumer, who is one of the most persuasive people, and I have more admiration for how he does his job than words can express.

You're running as a centrist, even as much of the Democratic Party is moving to the left. How do you plan to sell your ideas to an increasingly progressive party?

turn 3 : B questions A's ability to appeal to a progressive party

What is PersonB's concern about PersonA's political ideology?

Answer: Sell


Exactly, exactly.

How often does this happen?This is quite rare, is it not?

Yeah, we haven't had an annular eclipse in the United States since 1994, and this is part of what's called a sero-cycle(ph) that repeats itself every 18 years, 11 days and six hours - but who's counting that?But it repeats itself very precisely, and so we'll have another eclipse just like this 18 years, 11 days and six hours from now.

And in a couple of weeks, there's going to be another big sky show, right?The Transit of Venus. Tell us about that.

turn 3 : This implies that there is another event coming up soon, not just asking for information.

Which show is PersonB referring to in turn 3?

Answer: Transit


I think it is.
Oh my gosh!
I think it is.
This is a huge day.

turn 3 : A is expressing that this is an important or significant day.

Answer: Significant


South Africa has some very liberal policies. It has a very liberal constitution on migration and immigration. I think with that, though, is a history since 1994 of xenophobia and of a backlash against that very liberal migration policy. We saw in 1994 the Inkatha Freedom Party actually really try to take physical action, or threatened to take physical action if the government failed to crack down on undocumented workers in South Africa.

We saw similarly later on that decade a study that was done by the Human Sciences Research Council, an institute for security studies in South Africa, that reported that 65 percent of South Africans were in support of forced repatriation of undocumented migrants in their country.

And so I think that history - history of violence against not just Zimbabweans, but Somalis, Mozambiquans and Angolans has just played itself out in larger and larger ways here in the last couple of weeks. And that Zimbabwe has been, I mean, Zimbabwe and South Africa, both governments, have been trying to respond to this recent wave of migration. But their responses have not been enough.

Alright. I want to move on to an interesting initiative. Physicist Steven Hawking is looking for Africa's Einstein. What he wants to do with a bunch of entrepreneurs and scientists is to create Africa's post-graduate centers for advanced math and physics, places that don't exist yet. And it's planned to cost 75 million British pounds, or over 150 million U. S.  dollars. Hawking said, quote, the world of science needs Africa's brilliant talents. So what exactly is this plan going to do?

turn 0 : "very liberal policies" and "liberal constitution" - the literal meaning of these phrases is that South Africa has policies and a constitution that are characterized by a broad-minded or progressive approach. The implied meaning, however, is that South Africa is relatively open to immigration and migration.

What is the nature of South Africa's migration and immigration policies?

Answer: open


Well, speaking of that, sir, you're the only Democrat to support President Trump's nominee for CIA director, Gina Haspel. Republican SEnator McCain won't support her. Why does she have your vote?

Gina Haspel has my vote. I sat on in intelligence, so I've been privileged as one of a hundred senators - there's only 15 of us to get to see the deep dive, if you will, into the intelligence. That gives me the comfort level I have. Forget about being a Democrat or a Republican. Here's a woman of impeccable career with the United States government, working in some of the most dangerous places in the world. She's done everything asked about. She didn't break any laws. No one said she's broken a law. They're asking her on her moral values. After 9/11, this was the rules of engagement of what they were doing for intelligence gathering. I have not found a reason for me not to vote for the most qualified person I've ever seen come before us in that agency. She was - she was not in charge. And everyone makes it look like she made these decisions. They were not her decisions to make.

Senator Joe Manchin of West Virginia, thank you so much for speaking with us.

Thank you, Lulu.

turn 1 : He worked on the intelligence committee and learned a great deal of things that most people don't know about the world.

Answer: Intelligence


So you can actually go to their job section and look for opportunities with the Office of Personnel Management using their website. Now they say that these are for non-career positions, whether in the White House, or in any federal department, agency, or commission. So this is interesting. I mean you just fill out the form below and you know, right on this website. I'm looking at it right now, and submit if you think you should be working for Obama and Biden.

It looks like - and other folks on NPR have spoken about this as well. There are so many questions - basically you have to have apparently lived a life of a saint in order to be able to pass some of these. . .

Some way of putting it.

Litmus tests. I mean is that really true or does it just seem that way because they really ask you basically have you ever jaywalked, have you ever - of course, not literally, but kind of.

Right, right. Well, I mean the point is this. Look, why waste time?I mean they're going to do what they need to do to process applications the way the federal government would do anyway. So why waste the time?The point is be transparent. I think what they're also trying to say here is send a message, be transparent with us because we're going to find out one way or the other. We're going to look at - if we really seriously are looking at considering hiring somebody, we're going to look at their online footprint, and I do think that they actually do mean that. They are going to look at that online footprint.

turn 4 : Applicants should be honest and transparent about their online presence because the government will check.

How should applicants be about their online presence?

Answer: Transparent


First of all, as a citizen, every person who died there - it doesn't matter. Israeli or Palestinian - it's heartbreaking. But from the other side, just imagine you have to protect yourself. And I think Israel protected herself.

Weren't there are a lot of innocent people, though, and children certainly unarmed?

I don't know. I know that 60 people - or something like that - got killed. And it's heartbreaking. But 50 of them were terror members of the Hamas. This is what the Hamas said. But let's talk about art.

All right. What do you hope Americans will learn watching "Fauda"?

turn 1 : The speaker thinks that innocent people and children were killed in the conflict

Which side protected themselves according to PersonA's statement?

Answer: Israel


Good morning.

The White House - rather, the House and the Senate worked out the differences between their tax bills. What are some of the highlights of this final legislation?

There are big cuts for corporations in here, also for pass-through businesses, where owners pay taxes as an individual. There are individual tax cuts. Those by and large go more toward wealthy earners. And those tax cuts will expire in 2025. But Republicans made a calculation here that whoever's in control of Congress next decade will not be super thrilled to raise taxes on a lot of voters. So that's that.

I think it's worth noting that Republicans all along sold this as not just tax cuts but a simplification of the tax code. You heard President Trump and House Speaker Paul Ryan say, you can file your taxes on a postcard. By and large, they did not simplify the tax code here. There are still seven brackets. There's still a lot of deductions, a lot of loopholes, a lot of language. So. . .

Five hundred pages.

turn 4 : This implies that there's a lot of deduction or loopholes in the tax code.

How many pages is the final legislation?

Answer: Five


Well, so far, they've gotten houses in Jeddah, a city on the Red Sea in Saudi Arabia. They've also gotten monthly stipends, or monthly payments, of about $10,000 to $15,000 per month.

Although it sounds like, from your reporting, that's just the beginning. You report negotiations for possible larger payments. What would they be?

Yeah. So this is - this happens in sort of two stages. These were payments that were approved by the king late last year for the family. But going forward, you know, there are cases; there are prosecutions underway in Saudi Arabia. When those conclude, there would be an opening for discussions for far more money. And that's where you get into the real sort of blood money situation or scenario. Those could be millions and millions of dollars (inaudible). . .

Now, we should just underline that. I mean, we understand, from civil lawsuits in the United States, the idea of punitive damages. Blood money, I guess, is somewhat similar but also different. This is a way to wipe away a killing rather than the family of the victim having to seek revenge. Is that right?

turn 2 : (3) implies that there is a possibility of further financial compensation beyond the previously approved payments, while

How does blood money differ from punitive damages?

Answer: Reconciliation