These companies have existed before, but there's a lot more from these appraisal management companies. So the lender and mortgage broker has to send the order to them, this middleman, and then they go find an appraiser in your local area to go look at your house.

Now, there's a lot of concerns that these appraisal management companies are not the answer. They are not going to fix this problem. There's not a lot of regulation of these appraisal management companies, so some states are trying to fix that. We don't really know who's getting into this business. Are these the people to be entrusting this doing important job to?

So let's say you're a consumer. Let's say you're a person who's looking to buy a home, sell a home, or you want to refinance. What can you do to make sure you're not dealing with an appraiser who's got other motivations?

Well, first of all, you want to be very direct with your broker or lender and ask them, who is doing the appraisal on my house?You want to know the name of the company. Is it a company that they have a relationship with, a business relationship?Is it a company the lender partly owns?And certainly, you want to get a copy of that appraisal. And certainly, borrowers also have the ability - they can go seek out an independent appraisal.

turn 1 : The appraisal management companies are not reliable and may have hidden motives.

How would you describe the reliability of appraisal management companies?

Answer: Notreliable.


Absolutely. And I think, honestly, it would drive more people away from some of these systems except that, in a couple of these cities, a lot of the folks who ride the subway - that really is the only option. If you're in New York or even in parts of downtown Boston or parts of downtown Chicago, switching over to driving is extremely expensive.

And it also gets in the way of what's an important but also largely overlooked role of public transit in the United States, which is that it's an important social service. Particularly once you get outside of the New York cities and Bostons of the world, transit riders are disproportionately low-income. And this is a way that we move around people who can't afford the typical way of moving around for an American, which is owning a private automobile.

Yeah. Any one or two things you'd like to recommend, professor?

If we look to some other countries, you know - and London is a good example. London has been - has really been dramatically working to upgrade its own system, which is as old - actually, older than New York's. One thing London did that I think, ultimately, a lot of American cities are going to have to at least wrestle with is that they started charging drivers for the congestion they cause.

turn 0 : They  are implying cities need better public transit

How would the professor describe London's efforts to improve its transit system?

Answer: dramatically


Oil aside, do the two countries have different interests in the region?

Saudi Arabia is particularly worried by the U. S.  trying to reach a nuclear deal with Iran. Saudi Arabia sees Iran kind of backing groups in Syria and in Lebanon and in Yemen and Iraq. And Saudi is seeing itself as increasingly surrounded. And it, you know, Saudis don't really think the U. S.  understands how deeply concerned it is about regional security and about its own security right now.

We understand that there are activists in Saudi Arabia - human rights activists, activists for women's rights, greater women's rights in Saudi Arabia - who had wanted President Obama and other U. S.  officials to kind of step in and voice their concerns. No indication whatever, that happened. Is there disappointment?

There was. Saudi women that I talked to after the visit said they didn't really expect Obama to kind of endanger the makeup visit by bringing women's rights up or just human rights up. And they said in that sense, the trip met their expectations. Saudi activists say that there is a state crackdown going on - on dissent and free speech - since the Arab Spring uprisings. And they say it's kind of a very dark time in the kingdom for them, and they think the U. S.  is not really doing too much to help them out of it.

turn 2 : (3) Although the question appears to be asking whether there is disappointment among Saudi activists about President Obama and other U.S. officials not voicing their concerns about human rights in Saudi Arabia, the actual meaning is that the question is raising the issue of whether there is disappointment that such concerns were not voiced during President Obama's visit.

How was the disappointment expressed by Saudi women after President Obama's visit?

Answer: Food


OK. So, speaking of the Senate and Senator Obama, he will resign his seat on Sunday. His replacement will be appointed by the governor of Illinois, Rod Blagojevich. Who are the likely candidates, and who's likely to actually be appointed?

Well, the most likely candidate and the person most likely to be appointed is Jesse Jackson Jr. , the congressman from Chicago. But there are a range of candidates, and it's quite interesting because, as you know, the governor is in political hot water himself. His numbers are very low. There's all sorts of talk of investigations and the like.

So, the question is, would he, potentially, maybe appoint somebody who's a close ally in the state legislature?There's the 73-year-old Emil Jones. Then, what about pressure from the Hispanic community?There's Congressman Luis Gutierrez. And there's also talk about Tammy Duckworth - Tammy Duckworth, who runs the Veterans Affairs Department for Illinois, and she is a double amputee and close to Obama. But there are also people who might be potentially opponents for the governor going forward, like the attorney general, Lisa Madigan, or the treasurer. So, there's all these kinds of angles to the game that are very interesting. But it looks at this moment, most likely, that you're going to end up with Jesse Jackson Jr.

OK.  And Juan, what was your best political conversation of this week?

turn 0 : Senator Obama is leaving the Senate to become president

How will Senator Obama's vacancy in the Senate be filled?

Answer: Appointment


Coastal Texas did have a couple of days to prepare for this storm. People were urged to leave the area. What's your estimation?Did many people take that advice and get out before Harvey hit?

Well, certainly some did. As I was driving in from Austin and San Antonio yesterday, you could see a fair number of cars, you know, going the other direction. So certainly, there were some people that evacuated. But here at the hotel that we're staying, there are hundreds of residents who are from Corpus Christi who decided to hunker it out and stay the night here. You know, there were no mandatory evacuations ordered for Corpus Christi.

Some are beginning to wonder, you know, was that the best plan of action?Had a mandatory evacuation been ordered, they would have had to evacuate the hospitals. And that, you know, picks up a whole series of logistical issues. So you know, as the Texas governor ordered yesterday, if you feel unsafe, if you feel unsecure then you should flee.

And Russell, what do you see for the next few hours and next few days about when conditions might improve and what people have to contend with?

turn 0 : (1) Did many people take that advice and get out before Harvey  hit?

What was the reason for some residents of Corpus Christi to stay the night at the hotel?

Answer: No


And yes, impeachable.

You say, if it's true, what powers does the House have to try to corroborate this claim?

It does have to be corroborated. We can't impeach a president based on, you know, unnamed people speaking to the press, as credible and numerous as these reports may be. So you know, there is an investigation underway already by three House committees into what President Trump may have done with Ukraine. That is going to absolutely heat up in the next couple of weeks. So all I can say is, stay tuned. Fasten your seatbelts. The stakes here are extremely high.

Let me ask you, congressman. There are a number of Democrats and voters who are saying, you know, where is the party's spine in all of this?This is a president who has been, they say, running roughshod over your legislative authority with total impunity. What do you say to that?

turn 3 : "where is the party's spine" implies, where is the party's courage. "running roughshod" implies ignoring.

How does "running roughshod" imply the president's behavior towards the party's legislative authority?

Answer: Ignoring


Tomorrow, car sales numbers for November are due out, and they're not expected to be good. That could lead to more dealerships shutting down, and that could mean a big loss of revenue for local governments. For example, this year, the state of California has lost at least two billion dollars in sales taxes due to the drop in car sales.

To get a better sense of how local governments are coping, we're joined now by Marshall Bond. He is the city manager for Monroeville, Pennsylvania. Thanks for joining us, and why don't you tell us how many car dealerships are in Monroeville?

Just about every major domestic and foreign manufacturer sells cars here in Monroeville.

And so, how much of your budget comes from the revenue from car sales at these dealerships?

We have a business tax which obviously is, I'd say, probably of that - I'd say total tax is probably about 15 to 20 percent is based upon our related car industry.

turn 0 : The car sales numbers for November are expected to be bad and it may lead to dealership shutdowns, causing a big loss of revenue for local governments.

How much of Monroeville's budget is based on the revenue from car sales at dealerships?

Answer: 15-20


At 18 years old, I moved from Charlotte to the mountains. And I've lived in Appalachia - in Jackson County, N. C.  - ever since. And it's the same thing here. You know, I think poverty - it's the same condition no matter where you're from. You know, I talked a little bit in that essay about that man from Baltimore saying desperation is a way of life.

This was a documentary on the BBC that was talking about poverty in Baltimore.

Yeah. I think anybody I grew up with could have said that. Anybody that I'm friends with now in Hazelwood, Haywood County, could say that. That's the reality of people who have nothing. They all know what it's like to miss a meal or to have the lights turned off or to have to decide - do I make my car payment, or do I pay my health insurance?That's a common theme that bridges the gap all across this country. And the unifying thing about that is poverty.

You also talk about addiction. The opioid crisis, as we know, is enormous right now. And you say that people just want to be listened to. What is the story that we aren't hearing?

turn 2 : In (3), the speaker is using the phrase "bridges the gap" to describe the common experience of poverty that unites people across the country. The actual meaning is that poverty is a unifying force that brings people together despite their differences in geography, culture, or background.

What phrase does the speaker use to describe the common experience of poverty that unites people across the country in (3)?

Answer: Bridges


Well, yes, he was. Later I found out what he was really brilliant at, which was lying. He had a physics degree, a mathematics degree and an economics degree, I think, from three different Ivy League colleges. So, why doubt him?Especially once you've seen the props. Once you've seen the art, you buy the person.

He'd married to a successful woman named Sandy who paid all the bills. How could this smart woman be with this fraud?

I can only answer that question by telling you why I bought this fraud. He was charming. He had a story that explained everything. And so when she came into his life, he had perfected his act to the extent that he'd anticipated every question, had an answer for everything. So, it's like a magic trick. After you know how it works, it seems so obvious. But when it happening, you're enchanted.

There was a moment when he gave you the personal phone number of the president, and I forget what the occasion was - but he said go ahead, try it. You'll get him directly.

turn 3 : "He gave you the personal phone number of the president, and I forget what the occasion was - but he said go ahead, try it. You'll get him directly." - This turn is using hyperbole. It means that the fraudster was so convincing that he made the speaker believe he had access to the president's personal phone number. It is unlikely that the president would give out their personal phone number to a stranger.

Which type of exaggeration is used in the turn?

Answer: Hyperbole


My father had, you know, good collections of music from Marvin Gaye, Philip Coutre(ph) to Bob Marley. He had it all. And he was a cameraman, and he used the music to do something special with the pictures. You know, while he's playing I would sneak around and just listen. So I think music started for me then.

Were you ever in a situation, Asa, where you were torn between - because you mention your dad had Motown and Marvin Gaye, torn between the American urban music and the more traditional music of Nigeria and in Africa.

That was in, you know. It was between American, the West, you know, influence and then the church music and the street music, traditional music from Nigeria.

Now, let me make sure I heard you clearly. Did you say that it was a sin or that's what was in?

turn 1 : Was the person ever in a situation where he had to make a hard choice between American and Nigerian music.

How was the person torn between different types of music?

Answer: Between


You know, right now, this is one of those, the nener nener is a really great way of putting it, because this thing almost played out like it was a "Dallas" show on TV or something, just trying to figure out what was going to happen with these California rivals, going - trying to work it out with each other.

At the end of the day, you know, I think Yahoo!may have made a smart decision. I'm being hopeful for that. I'm being totally speculative on this point. If they can work out this partnership with Google, which is what the game changer has been, why Microsoft walked away from this deal, and that is a proposed opportunity for Google to allow Yahoo, to use its search-advertising technology.

And its search-advertising technology is probably the best on the web, so that made Yahoo feel like, hey, we actually have another option. Maybe we don't have to sell out. Maybe we can just utilize some licensing from our partner-slash-competitor and still be able to keep our brand intact. So, it all remains to be seen, but I think it may have worked out that they didn't do it.

Let me throw another company into the mix. What about AOL?After the big AOL-Time Warner merger in 2000, the combined company lost billions of dollars. Now, Time Warner dropped AOL from its name, fired the AOL CEO. Now wants to offload the company. Are any of these three companies we're talking about, Yahoo!, Google and Microsoft, going to go belly up and buy AOL, you think?

turn 3 : B threw another company in the discussion and assuming that yahoo, google and microsoft gonna buy AOL together

How many companies is PersonB suggesting could potentially buy AOL?

Answer: Three


Yes. It's - there's a sovereignty aspect to that long-standing confrontation. You know, both sides have been pitied against each other for a long time. The new leader, Park Geun-hye, has made it clear - has been quite explicit actually about naming human rights as an issue that would have to be dealt with in North Korea. But she's also reaching out a hand and is likely to offer opportunities for dialogue with North Korea as a way of stabilizing the inter-Korean security relationship.

Stabilizing that relationship means, of course, leaving all those millions of people in North Korea in, well, dire conditions.

Well, that's true in the sense that Park is not pursuing the alternative of total confrontation. At the same time, you know, the one thing that I think seems to be clearer up to now is that none of the countries have been willing to risk that sort of military confrontation in order to drive external change in North Korea.

Has China, the most influential outside force in North Korea, has China handled the new leader more warmly or more distantly than his father?

turn 1 : The stabilization of inter-Korean security relationship will not improve the dire conditions of North Koreans.

How will stabilizing the inter-Korean security relationship affect North Koreans?

Answer: Negatively


Well, it's a wide hurricane. So we expect impacts on both the east coast and the west coast. But the major impacts are going to be in the Florida Keys, particularly the lower Keys - then into the Naples area and then up the coast more into the Fort Myers area and into - early in next week into the Tampa area.

What do you see over the next 24 hours?

We see that it'll make this final turn. And we'll really be able to zero in on where that core is going to go. There's still a little bit of uncertainty, but we're looking most likely that the biggest impact's along southwest Florida.

What are your biggest concerns?Mr.  DeMaria. We have, of course, this whole constellation of effects between the winds and the storm surge and the flooding.

turn 3 :  (4) - This is asking for the biggest worries or concerns of Mr. DeMaria regarding the effects of the hurricane.

What is Mr. DeMaria's biggest concern regarding the hurricane?

Answer: Flooding


Yeah. Then we got to get to gambling. How did that enter your life?

Oh, man. By the time my body broke - my body literally broke from overuse. It broke from not sleeping. It broke from not eating. The only thing I turned to that brought me some sort of feeling was gambling. And so every cent that I made from a particular date until another date, probably for, like, 6 years, went to casinos. And it was hard to write about that. It was harder to write about that than it was to write about different forms of abuse that I talked about in that book.

Because you were implicated in this in a way. You're the victim in one, and you're the, in a sense, the perpetrator in the gambling.

Well, I'm definitely the perpetrator, but in my family, you know, I think because I am from Mississippi and so much of Mississippi black labor has been taken from us, I think there's a shame when we show people and tell people that the money that we are able to make we aren't able to keep - right?- and especially if it's tied to a kind of, like, mental illness. So I started to understand halfway through my gambling addiction that I wasn't going to the casino to win, though I told myself that's exactly what I was going to do. I was going to creatively lose as much as possible. I wanted to drive back home that two hours feeling absolutely like trash.

turn 0 : broke implies having bodily injury and not referring to being financially ruined

Which descriptor did PersonA use to explain the kind of abuse they talked about in their book?

Answer: Different


I'm Farai Chideya, and this is News and Notes. If a child commits a crime, even a serious one, should they go through the same justice system, and pay the same price as an adult?That's just one of a host of issues surrounding juvenile justice. Today is part of our ongoing series on criminal justice.

We look at how kids end up behind bars, and what other options judges have when faced with a young offender. For more, we have Carole Shauffer, executive director of the Youth Law Center. Welcome Carole.

Thank you. Welcome.

So, let's start with a little scenario. There is a 16 year old and his friend, who go into a convenient store. They ask for money. The clerk says no. The friend shoots the clerk. If the 16-year-old is arrested and charged, what are some of the possible paths that the justice system could take, with the person who was not the shooter, but who was part of this crime?

turn 0 : "pay the same price as an adult" - This is an idiomatic expression meaning to face the same consequences or punishment as an adult.

Which expression means facing the same consequences or punishment as an adult?

Answer: Same


Well, yes, they are because the concern here is that if you do it for medical research, what's to stop other scientists to try to do it for other reasons, like, for example, to try to create designer babies that are taller or smarter or better athletes?Now, we're nowhere near being able to do anything like that. But the concern is that this could open the door to someday creating genetic haves and have-nots.

So, Rob, these CRISPR researchers are involved in projects that have tremendous promise to benefit our lives, but also raise very difficult ethical and moral questions.

That's right. That's right. And another example I could give you is I just got back from a trip to London. And there, scientists are using CRISPR to genetically modify mosquitoes that spread a mutant gene to wipe out the mosquitoes that spread the malaria parasite. And the idea there is to try to wipe out this disease that kills hundreds of thousands of people every year, most of them children.

Now, the fear here is that they're using CRISPR to modify these insects with something known as a gene drive. And a gene drive spreads a genetic modification through an entire species really quickly. So something could go wrong. You know, it could wipe out an entire species of mosquito. And that could upset the delicate balance of an ecosystem some way that could maybe unleash some new epidemic or cause the ecosystem to collapse and cause famine.

turn 1 : implying that there are ethical and moral considerations to be taken into account when conducting CRISPR research

How are CRISPR researchers involved in projects?

Answer: benefit


When you hear the Spanish word quinceanera, you might think of poufy, pink dresses, big, boisterous family parties and a traditional rite of passage for 15-year-old Latina girls. A new HBO documentary series takes us inside the modern quinceanera. There are profiles of an East LA teen boxer. OK, so she does wear a pink, poufy dress, albeit with boxing gloves. There's also a rodeo duo and a transgender coming-of-age story. One of the girls whose quince was featured in the HBO series, "15: A Quinceanera Story," joins us now from Fort Myers, Fla.  She's Rosi Alvarez.

Welcome.

Hi.

Hi. And we also have the filmmaker and director Matthew O'Neill on the line from New York.

turn 0 : The documentary series goes beyond traditional quinceaneras with different stories.

How would you describe the variety of stories covered in the HBO documentary series about quinceaneras?

Answer: Variety


OK.  Give us the background now. He has been charged with eight felony counts, including perjury and obstruction of justice.

Correct.

Remind us what happened.

Well, this all began quite some time ago. We're talking about a case that involves the firing of a couple police officers. And supposedly, these police officers were fired because they were investigating misconduct on the part of the mayor. And the mayor came up with a settlement, an $8. 4 million settlement that was paid out of the city's coffers.

turn 0 : implies a request for a summary of the facts of the case

How many felony counts was he charged with?

Answer: eight


So when we are forced to cut, we have to decide which is the best way to do it. We can do a shallow cut, like 10 percent 20 percent of the full ration. Or we can do a deep cut if we think the contributions will not be coming in anytime soon. The difficulty with doing a deep cut is that over the longer period, of course, people will become malnourished. Their immune systems will be suppressed. And if the cuts continue, or they're getting absolutely no food from WFP, inevitably, over time, they will fall sick. And, ultimately, many people will perish.

So - I mean, forgive me. It's one thing to make appealing ads that people are in danger of starving to death. What you're saying now is, because there's a crunch for aid, people are in danger of dying slowly.

That's what, in the end, will happen to the most vulnerable. It's the women and the children who will go first. The difficulty about the situation confronting us in 2018, however, is that it comes on the heels of 2017, when the world really pulled itself together, and our donors and donors for other organizations stepped up and provided a lot of funding because we were facing what was said to be the greatest humanitarian needs. . .

Yeah.

turn 1 : (2) is different from its literal meaning. While the speaker is apologizing for their question, the implied meaning is that they are skeptical about the severity of the situation and the potential consequences of aid shortages.

How is PersonB feeling about the situation?

Answer: Skeptical


Well, you have roots in the South, so what are some of the food prep and food producing traditions of the South that you think we need to reconnect with?

Yeah, for me, it's really about helping people remember and as you said, reconnect with these issues - or these ways of connecting with the land and producing our foods that we saw just a couple of generations ago. As Will Allen said, you know, most people in America were producing their own food. And when I think about the African-American community that I grew up in, you know, my grandparents had practically an urban farm in their backyard. You know, everyone on the street was growing some type of food, small plots, people had mini- orchards.

And you go back to the same neighborhood now and it's, you know, practically a shell of itself. And I think we need to just kind of like remember that the way that people are advocating for eating local, healthy, sustainable food, you know, these ways that many of us were eating. And this isn't just about African-Americans. I think that a couple of generations ago a lot of us were eating this way, and we just need to get back to that.

Well, some argue that the locally sourced organic food movement is elitist and out of reach for the budget of lower-income city folks. So, what do you think?

turn 3 : Food is the most important think for each any every human.

How is the statement in turn 3 related to the dialogue between PersonA and B?

Answer: Relevance


As any historian will tell you, history is a living thing. And there's always a debate over how events can be interpreted and understood. Poland recently has gone a step further, legislating how to talk about one of the darkest periods in its history.

We are in a moment when we decide about how we're going to teach about and remember the Holocaust in the future.

Anna Sommer Schneider is a professor of Jewish civilization at Georgetown. This past week, the country's president signed a law that would punish anyone who suggests Poland was complicit in the Holocaust. Critics, including Israel and the U. S.  State Department, say the law will stifle discussion about those atrocities and cover up the role of Poles who killed or denounced Jews during World War II. For Schneider, this debate is personal. In 1977, she was born in the same town as Poland's most infamous concentration camp.

Despite the fact that I was born and raised literally in the shadows of the gas chambers, there was very little information available for me at that time - what Auschwitz really was.

turn 2 : The law punishing those who suggest Poland was complicit in the Holocaust will stifle discussion about atrocities and cover up the role of Poles who killed or denounced Jews during World War II.

What will the law in Poland do to discussion about atrocities and the role of Poles during World War II?

Answer: Stifle.


You know, there are a number of reporters who've contacted me that have said, what do you we do?I've got sinusitis. What do I do?It clearly is a prevalent problem in the general population. But clearly, we need controlled clinical trials to determine the efficacy of these kinds of interventions. And the FDA has ruled that if we are doing such trials, we need investigational drug status for every species that we want to instill into a patient to treat our disease.

So it maybe a while before we can actually get to a point where we would be instilling these kinds of organisms into the sinuses. But it's certainly another way of thinking about treating chronic inflammatory disease, of the sinuses, at least. There's certainly prostins in the gastrointestinal tract. For example, when there's recalcitrant C.  difficile, clostridium difficile infection, which is this thing that outgrows when patients have had, again, a lot of antimicrobials and have depleted diversity. Fecal transplant works very well.

So taking the feces of a spouse or a relative, and basically repopulating the gastrointestinal tract with those species, has a rate of 91 percent efficacy. So I think we could consider this for mucosal services as, perhaps, the general rule that this kind of restoration ecology approach to try to reinstate the healthy protective organisms in this niches, maybe an alternative strategy for treating some of these chronic inflammatory diseases.

Yeah. Did we once all have them and they went away somehow?Or what - why did some of us have the healthy population and some of us don't?

turn 1 : Fecal transplant may be an effective treatment for some chronic inflammatory diseases.

How can chronic inflammatory diseases be treated with fecal transplant?

Answer: Fecal


Sure, end-to-end encryption means that whether it's a phone call we're on or an email message we're sending or any form of electronic communication, that the content of that communication is encrypted from your device, such as your phone or PC, unto the other person's device at the other side, wherever they might be on the planet Earth. So end-to-end encryption, keeps things encrypted and that means that law enforcement, without a warrant, cannot read that information

They can't intercept or break into. . .

Correct. Now, with a warrant, they can always go to the information service provider and attempt to get that information. But even then, they may not be able to because the party selling the encryption services may be a third party and may not even know who the parties are that are communicating.

So what is the argument that tech companies make about the feasibility of designing technology that would satisfy everyone's concerns?

turn 2 : Implied Meaning: Even with a warrant, law enforcement may not be able to get the information they are looking for because the encryption service provider may not even know who the parties are that are communicating.

How can law enforcement be prevented from accessing encrypted information even with a warrant?

Answer: Encryption


Good morning, Ira.

Good morning to you. What evidence do you cite?What evidence is there that human intelligence is slowly declining?

Well, you know, there are a few things I'd like to say I guess at the onset, and you referred to them in your introduction, and that is any genetically based decay in intelligence is extremely slow. And so we should never be able to detect it by comparisons to people within generations existing right now on the Earth.

Rather, what we see is what you mentioned, an actual, probably recent, increase in intellectual ability. We know that our students are the brightest in generations. They score higher on tests than students ever have before. They take more complex courses earlier and accomplish more. So there's all these reasons to believe that at least recently what we see is an actual increase in intellectual ability.

turn 1 : What evidence do you have that human intelligence is declining?

Which introduction did PersonB refer to in their response to A?

Answer: Introduction


My reaction to the reaction is that it was spearheaded by the Daily Mail, which is really an out-and-out - almost a racist enterprise. It's - Daily Mail has been one of the most strenuous advocates for Brexit. But they were also avoiding some of the serious themes of the piece.

Well, let's talk about some of those things. Diana was famously involved with Dodi Fayed 20 years ago. And there was a lot of talk then. Now Harry is marrying Meghan Markle, as we mentioned, who is biracial. So have things changed?What does that say about the United Kingdom now?

I think that Britain is in a very strange place because the royals are kind of - as somebody said to me from the families, they're sort of one bright spot. Like, they're young. They're dynamic. They represent something that's very sort of inspiring when everything else is actually very gray because there's been this sort of political convulsion that was Brexit.

Do you think the royal family can really survive in a time when we have other kinds of celebrities that cost the taxpayer nothing?I mean, clearly, a lot of hopes are being placed on not only Meghan Markle and Prince Harry but the other younger royals like Prince William.

turn 0 : when something is spearheaded it means it is lead by

What enterprise does PersonA consider almost racist and spearheaded the reaction?

Answer: DailyMail


And both the Republican, Mark Harris, and the Democrat, Dan McCready, have weighed in on these allegations. What have they said?

So McCready went first. He said on Thursday that Harris has bankrolled criminal activity. That's a reference to a Bladen County political operative who pushed people to vote absentee by mail and then allegedly illegally harvested their ballots.

Now wait. When you say harvested, that means, you know, picking them up, opening them and discarding the ones you don't want?

Well, not necessarily. It definitely means that he picked them up from voters, which is illegal in North Carolina. You know, in this state, once you - it's your mail ballot, and you're responsible for getting it to the mailbox or to the Board of Elections. So this operative kind of went and collected them. We don't know exactly what he did with them.

turn 2 : Even though the narrator already explained the word it is still needs a repeat as harvested means already gathered from the field.

Which word needed a repeat despite being explained by the narrator?

Answer: Harvested


The European ambassador was musing about a possible project used as old British plantation - very impressive - deep in the mountains of Central Africa. You know, in Southern Sudan, you get up at these pretty big mountains, 7 - 10,000 feet and, oh, beautiful plantation of perfectly straight trees that have been growing for 60 years, untouched. So the investors say, well, we've helped them, you know, get a project going to make timber out of a few of these and open a road and then they can use the money to get more tools, and then they'll use that to get a little cottage system going for eco-tourists. And it could happen.

It could happen, but you also point out the same roads can be use by the poachers?

Yes. There is that threat. Most people in South Sudan really don't know what poaching is. This is how they've lived for centuries. It's a rural society so they rightly view it as their way of their way of survival, but does sweep the forest clean of animals. I'll say the only animals I saw in the forest were dead.

Though you did ran into a wild boar.

turn 2 : Poaching is a major problem and is wiping out the forest's animal population.

Answer: Poaching


Mm-hmm. Some of the stories seem to have sort of a moral to them, like the one - mysterious one I'm going to call the rectum in a jar.

Yeah, this is the case of the rectum of the Bishop of Durham. If you go to London and you visit the Hunterian Museum, it's a wonderful, wonderful - one - in fact, one of the world's few remaining big medical museums. It's part of The Royal College of Surgeons of England. If you go and visit it, on display on the main floor inside a jar is something they call object RCSHC/P192. The label identifies it as being the preserved rectum of the Bishop of Durham, and we're talking about Thomas Thurlow, who was born in 1737, died in 1791. Would you like to hear the story of why it's in a jar in London on display?

With that kind of teaser, how could I not?

OK. The - that particular Bishop of Durham was a rich and powerful man. And he came down with some ailments and called in one of the celebrated doctors of the day, John Hunter, a man who, years later, went on to found this museum. Dr.  Hunter examined him and told him he had an incurable disease and that it was bad news. The bishop did not want to accept this news, so he was very insulting to this doctor and instead went and insult - and consulted a cattle doctor who gave him some kind of nostrum.

turn 3 : The Bishop insulted the doctor who diagnosed his incurable disease

What did the Bishop do to the doctor who diagnosed his incurable disease?

Answer: Insulted


They have an obligation to do what I have done my whole life. I came from a family that had nothing. I worked hard all my life. In fact, the way I made my living was representing the kind of people that I grew up with, people who didn't have much of anything, and fighting against very entrenched, powerful corporate interests. And we were able to win and be successful. I did well by doing good. And what we have a responsibility to do is to make sure we don't pull the ladder out from behind us.

That everybody gets - in fact, it's the core reason that I am running for president is to make sure that everybody in this country gets the kind of chances and opportunities that I've had in my life. That's what drives me every single day.

A lot of your supporters mention that you really have a commitment to ending poverty, but could there ever be an America with absolutely no poverty?What would that country even look like?

It would be a country where everybody has real economic opportunity. I mean, is there always going to be a circumstance where somebody could fall into poverty?Of course. I mean, because that's the real world. But if we do the things we need to do, we wouldn't have the kind of systematic, endemic poverty we have in America. I mean, we have 37 million people, which is roughly the population of California, who live in poverty every day in this country. It's not a small number.

turn 3 : In (4), the speaker talks about the possibility of a country with no poverty and states that it's not possible for everyone to avoid poverty. However, if they take the necessary actions, they could reduce poverty significantly. The implied meaning is that the speaker is committed to reducing poverty and improving economic opportunities for everyone.

Answer: Lawyer


I think it does make a difference. Different presidents, Lyndon Johnson and Carter, did a great deal in adding blacks to the - at least, district court bench, not as much on the appellate courts. So, I think it is a little easier. You have one man. If he is dedicated to the idea of having a diverse judiciary, and they're lifetime appointments, you're Article Three judges, so you do have a better chance.

On the state level, it tends to be so local with local prejudices and wants. In Ohio, we were talking about, there's a name game going on. Seats constantly being taken by guys with the same name. And a lot of people, in elected places, don't know who the judges are.

When you have 40 judges on the common pleas court bench, the odds that you don't know who they are, what they represent because they can't say anything really profound in their campaigning other then I will be fair and impartial, you don't know about their background. It's a difficult thing to do.

All of this said, given your experience, what do you think that some African-American judges can bring, first of all, in the courtroom, dealing with people who are accused of crimes, but secondly, among their colleagues.

turn 0 : "adding blacks to the - at least, district court bench" - Literal meaning: appointing black judges to the district court bench. Actual meaning: Increasing diversity in the judiciary.

What did Lyndon Johnson and Carter do to increase diversity in the judiciary?

Answer: district


So how did you get on to this story?I mean, were you just curious about vanity plates?Like, what was your thinking about how it happens?

Well, I think vanity plates are kind of everyone's hobby in Los Angeles. It's a very car-centric culture. People regularly talk about the most out-there plates that they see. I was curious about the ones that didn't make it.

Now, is there an official database of dirty words and euphemisms?Or like. . .

What's the yardstick that the DMV uses to say whether something's inappropriate or not?

turn 3 : The speaker is asking for more information about the process of how vanity plates are regulated and how decisions are made about which ones are appropriate or not.

How is the speaker in turn 3 seeking clarification about vanity plates?

Answer: Regulations


I do. I hope I give them - my songs give them a reason to wake up, you know, and think about what is going on in the world. And hopefully they resonate with the audience, the people who are hearing them. I've always hoped from the time we started singing the freedom songs that our songs - was singing them to make a difference. You know, make a better place. Help somebody instead of hurting somebody. You know, so much we could do to make it better.

Well, it's such a delight to speak with you again. I am so excited that I get the chance to talk with you about this new album. You know I'm going to put you on the spot and ask you if you have a favorite.

All of these songs, Michel. I love every one. But I do love "Heavy On My Mind. "

(Singing) We did everything we could to slow this world down. Now my love is in the ground.

turn 0 : The songs that I sing have a message that can inspire change in the world.

How does PersonA hope their songs resonate with the audience?

Answer: Change


No, because the guys used to sit on the porch and play their guitars and (unintelligible). And then would beat to the tap of their foot. So I kind of adapted that tanta-ta-tan-tum, tanta-ta-tan-tum(ph). I mean, because - I mean, my people - my relatives, most of them were from Jackson, Mississippi. So when they migrated to Indianapolis, they kind of brought a lot of that feeling.

When he said write a hit, that one song people know me all over the world, in Russia, Africa, Japan, all over the world, people, the first thing they say when they see me, "Red Clay. "

In the course of your career, you had, obviously, highs and you had some lows, and they've been described as personal problems. Without going into detail, are we to assume that those problems were substance abuse related?

Well, substance abuse, I wouldn't really say I had a problem with that. I mean, I would say that at one period in the '70s, I started partying, I was in Hollywood A-list(ph). And everybody would come up there, I mean, all kind of movie stars, all kind of football stars, basketball stars, actors. And I had a spot right there in (unintelligible) overlooking the (unintelligible). And the people that I had coming up there - now, the substance abuse, it was around because a lot of people who would come to see me would bring it. But I would never really say I had a habit or anything like that.

turn 3 : People brought substance abuse to my parties, but I never had a habit.

Which problem was substance abuse not related to?

Answer: Lows


What a coincidence. Serendipity.

Absolutely. So this is a very festive lab and we asked if they would look into this and they did, several times over, for us. And so we have the results on Video Pick of the Week is originals of our sample size of one - we should be clear - experiment into this.

Right. And you found that if you out enough - spike your eggnog enough, should we. . .

Well, yes. So you can go to our website for the recipe. But after - the key to this, and actually, we'll have - let's have Vince Fischetti, sort of, give us a little background.

turn 2 :  Implying that the conversation is about spiking eggnog with alcohol.

How did PersonA's experiment focus on spiking eggnog?

Answer: Eggnog


Hello.

Hello.

Now, the New York Times report that described your resignation in 1995 said that sources at the time said you had aroused opposition with your, quote, "emphasis on reshaping Planned Parenthood into a broad health organization that could compete in the era of managed care" - a focus that some of the group's affiliates felt would inevitably diminish their role as advocates for abortion rights and low-income women's access to health care.

Now, this week, in a letter explaining her ouster from Planned Parenthood, Dr.  Leana Wen said she had come to the organization to work on a broad range of health care issues but that, quote, "the new board leadership has determined that the priority of Planned Parenthood moving forward is to double down on abortion rights advocacy. "She's also said in an op-ed for The New York Times that she wanted to depoliticize abortion but that her approach seemed at odds with the direction the board wanted to go. What does this say about the trajectory of not just Planned Parenthood but also the abortion rights movement?

Certainly everybody would agree that reproductive rights are hanging the balance right now. It's a tough time, and there are two schools of thought. I think that the leadership at Planned Parenthood has to do what it thinks is right. I don't think there's a right or wrong. For my part, I would do what I did, you know, last time around.

turn 3 : The leadership of Planned Parenthood is focusing on abortion rights advocacy instead of a broad range of health care issues.

What is Planned Parenthood's new priority?

Answer: Abortion


Well, I think they're convening a panel tomorrow to discuss it once more. Declaring a public health emergency of international concern has big implications. So the closing of borders - you know, these are border towns. People - their livelihoods are dependent on being able to cross borders and do business.

Yeah.

Refugees who are fleeing armed conflict in DRC not being able to come into Uganda. So it - there are some serious implications on making that declaration, and I'm sure those will be considered.

How hopeful are you that this outbreak can be contained?

turn 2 :  Making the declaration can have serious implications, and the panel will consider it.

Answer: Implications


We had testimony submitted to us this morning in writing by Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, who engineered - according to the government and himself - the attacks of 9/11. And he was questioned about the role of Salim Hamdan, and I'll just read you one paragraph from what he answered.

The question was, did Salim Hamdan ever have any role in planning, or carry out, any activities that you either directed or were involved in?, as he was the director of operations. He didn't play any role. He was not a soldier. He was a driver. His nature was primitive. He was a Bedouin one person and far from civilized. He was not fit to plan or execute. But he is fit to change truck tires, to change oil filters, wash and clean cars, and passing cargo and pickup trucks. He could tighten bolts and could select the best maintenance shop.

This is Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, saying this about Hamdan?

That's right. We also had testimony from Waleed bin Attash, and as I understand it, he was responsible, or has boasted his responsibility, for the attack on the USS Cole. And he says Salim Hamdan's activities were distinctively clear, as he was seen driving the cars going and coming every day. His responsibilities were those related to driving, such as mechanical and maintenance and repairs. He was not involved in planning any attacks against the United States.

turn 1 : In turn (2), Khalid Sheikh Mohammed's statement about Salim Hamdan's "nature" being "primitive" and him being "far from civilized" is not meant to be taken literally. It is a derogatory and prejudiced statement that reflects the speaker's biased view of Hamdan's cultural and ethnic background.

How was Salim Hamdan's "nature" described by Khalid Sheikh Mohammed?

Answer: Primitive


Yes, we're all OK.  We're all safe. We're at his house in James City, thank goodness.

Yeah. I'm told you left after the evacuation order. May I ask why?

We made the decision to stay based on the fact that all of the ATMs were out of cash, there was a gas shortage, monetary reasons and concerns of not being able to get back in. I have my father, who is in a nursing facility fighting Stage 4 Hodgkin's lymphoma, and I was really concerned about what would happen with him.

How is your father?How is your father, may I ask?

turn 2 : The speaker decided to stay because of the lack of resources and concerns about the safety of their father who is fighting Stage 4 Hodgkin's lymphoma

Which health condition was the PersonA's father fighting?

Answer: Hodgkin's


We got hit pretty hard with the recession. And when people aren't making money, they're not spending money.

And they're certainly not eating ice cream.

And they're not eating ice cream. So the more people make, the more they come down here and vacation from all over the world - general improving in the economy. I think there's a lot of confidence in the new administration that's in there. It seems like it's pro-small business, you know?There's a window manufacturer right next to where we're at, and they are swamped right now. And they say the same thing. It's, you know, people are confident. They're not holding onto their money. They're investing it in the economy.

May I ask you, did you vote for President Trump?

I didn't vote Democrat or Republican because I just - I'd had enough of the spatting back and forth. I'm prior military, so I support our president no matter who it is. But I didn't like the personalities of it, so I didn't vote for either one of those two.

Some of the owners that were surveyed were saying that there were some concerns - cost of health insurance, lack of qualified workers. Well, what are the things that you're concerned about right now that may hold back your business?

turn 1 : People aren't spending money due to the recession.

How does the recession affect people's spending habits?

Answer: Reduce


So there's always been this open question about why Deutsche Bank lent to Trump when other banks wouldn't. And for investigators, the question is, you know, all the more pressing because Deutsche Bank has really a record of malfeasance and irregularities.

Tell us more about that history, some of the allegations. We mentioned money laundering earlier.

Right. Well, yeah, money laundering - the bank paid fines totaling $630 million in 2017. Regulators said some of its clients moved a huge amount of money, like $10 billion, out of Russia into offshore accounts illegally. And Deutsche Bank basically allowed it to happen. The - and the allegations about money laundering continue. Just recently, in November, the bank's headquarters in Frankfurt were raided by investigators. They were looking at how Deutsche Bank helped set up illegal accounts as part of this big, money laundering - global money laundering scheme.

So add to that Deutsche Bank paid $7. 2 billion for helping set up toxic mortgages before the financial crisis. It paid a big fine for violating U. S.  sanctions against Iran and Syria. So really, the bank has a long record of scandal, to say the least.

turn 1 : "history" and "allegations" - While these words may have a straightforward meaning on their own, in this context, they imply that there is a pattern of wrongdoing that has been documented.

How would you describe the pattern of wrongdoing documented in the dialogue?

Answer: money-laundering


Happy birthday NASA. Fifty years old today. Wonder how that feels?A former NASA engineer thinks this now middle-aged agency should try something new. Solve the energy crisis by collecting solar power through a space-based energy system. He's Glenn Smith. He oversaw science and applications experiments for the international space station when he was at NASA. We spoke earlier about his proposal.

You have very large solar cells, solar rays in space, probably 22 thousand miles out, so it circles the earth at the same speed that the earth rotates. It stays above one spot on the earth, and you convert that electric power into microwaves, and you beam it down near cities where large amounts of power are used. Receives it, converts it back to electric energy and feeds it into the existing power grid.

And that wouldn't be dangerous to anyone who got in the way of that ray coming down, or airplanes flying by, or anything?

Well, I've got a lot of questions about that. But here's what we have. The highest power level of the beam is only about one-fifth of the energy density of summer sunlight at noon. One-fifth. Tests have been run on bees and birds twice that level and they haven't found any effects yet.

turn 1 : Space-based energy system could potentially solve energy crisis.

How could the energy be converted back to electric energy and fed into the existing power grid?

Answer: Microwaves


Good morning, Debbie. How are you?

I'm good. When you hold hearings on the administration's immigration policies, what are going to be the key questions you're going to be looking to have answered?

Well, for the last two years, we've had very few oversight hearings on the department. Now, we've only talked to the secretary one time since she's been secretary. And so we plan to do robust oversight on the whole department. It just so happens that the border is front and center now because of what's going on. We're very concerned about the tragic death of the two children. We're concerned about the wholesale release of migrants seeking asylum on the streets of El Paso.

So we want to get to the bottom of why these things are happening. Is it a resource issue?Is it an issue that the policies that are presently being implemented are causing the system to not work?So oversight is what we have to do. It's our mandate from Congress, and we plan to do it.

Now, you're not the only incoming chairman who's looking at oversight. There'll be other committees - judiciary, intelligence, for example - who will also be investigating. Could that be a recipe for overreach?

turn 1 : The speaker is asking for an explanation of the actions the committee plans to take to investigate the administration's immigration policies.

What is PersonB asking about the committee's plans regarding the administration's immigration policies?

Answer: Oversight.


It was an amazing list. This started around 1910. There was a long list of books, and, at the start, they were things that sound pretty ordinary now, the things you mentioned, titles of things like "Tom Swift and His Airship," "Tom Swift and His Wireless Message. "My favorite is "Tom Swift and His Photo Telephone. "If you read "Tom Swift and His Photo Telephone," which is written in 1914, it sounds like you're hearing the description of Skype or Google Hangout.

The boy inventor invented this in 1914 fictionally, but the details are surprisingly similar.

Are people still reading those books, the Tom Swift books?

That's a good question. There were two big series. The first series started in 1910, went up to about 1940. They updated it in the 1950s and '60s with things like "Tom Swift and His Rocket Ship," "Tom Swift and His Giant Robot" and on and on. Those petered out. And they started up a few later, but the later ones just got off into sort of fantasy.

turn 1 : The details in the Tom Swift books are surprisingly accurate.

Which books have surprisingly accurate details?

Answer: Tom-Swift-books


That's the most egregious part of this scandal - is that she and her boyfriend Sunny Balwani, who was the No. 2 of the company, knew as they were rolling out the blood-testing services in Walgreens stores in California and Arizona that the blood tests were faulty. And yet they still went ahead with the rollout. And there were - I came across personally in my reporting more than a dozen patients who had health scares because they received bad results from Theranos.

How could so many smart people be fooled?

Well, I think she capitalized on this in part - it's not the only answer. But she capitalizes on this yearning there was in Silicon Valley and beyond to see a woman breakthrough in this man's world in Silicon Valley. If you look back over the past 30 years, all these tech founders that have gone on to be billionaires and icons are all men. Elizabeth Holmes was going to be that first tech founder who became a billionaire.

John Carreyrou - his book "Bad Blood" - thanks so much for being with us.

turn 2 : Elizabeth Holmes was able to attract attention and investment by presenting herself as a woman who could succeed in a male-dominated industry.

What was Elizabeth Holmes' strategy to attract attention and investment?

Answer: Breakthrough


Perhaps it really was all Steve Bannon inviting Michael Wolff into the White House, giving him unfettered access. But the White House is - and the West Wing is a small place. And it's hard to ignore. I certainly saw Michael Wolff when I was covering - when I've been covering the White House for the last year. It's kind of hard to ignore the guy.

Yeah. And just briefly, I'm just curious about this idea that somehow, you know, this may not really damage the president. I mean, how much of a blow do you think this will be?Or is this just another one of these scandals that seems to erupt and then be forgotten when the next one comes in?

I think it has a small, marginal, cumulative effect, right?I mean everybody sort of has baked in that that the president is not normal, is not - certainly not a normal president, doesn't operate in the normal way. I think what will change - say, that 36, 38 percent approval to something a lot worse - is if something happens catastrophic, if there's a drop a severe drop in the stock market or, God forbid, some kind of national security disaster, something bad for the Mueller investigation. This is only hurting his ability to weather a big storm like that. It's giving nobody who's on the fence, trying to figure out if they can still support him any reason to do so.

That's Michael Warren, a senior writer at the Weekly Standard. Thanks for coming in.

turn 0 : Steve Bannon is responsible for giving Michael Wolff access to the White House, which is hard to ignore.

What is the reason it's hard to ignore Michael Wolff in the White House according to turn 0?

Answer: Access


Yes, it's a primate. It's actually one of the largest monkey species there are. I'm not sure if you're familiar with Rafiki from the movie "Lion King?"Rafiki is a mandrill. They have extremely colorful noses and rumps, and like I said, they're one of the largest monkey species.

Do the animals get something special to eat considering it's Thanksgiving?

Keepers that are responsible for the day-to-day care of the animals do make some special treats for the animals. For example, our gorillas, on a daily basis, they get sweet potatoes, and on Thanksgiving, they may add some nutmeg or cinnamon to the sweet potatoes to make it kind of reminiscent of being home with family on the holidays.

Barb Webber is working today at Disney's Animal Kingdom. Happy Thanksgiving, Barb, to you and your animal friends.

turn 0 : Rafiki is not a person but a mandrill monkey species

How would you describe Rafiki's appearance?

Answer: Colorful


They're all priceless.

Exactly.

Tell us about the priceless ones in your collection. How many do you have in your collection?

We have about - in excess of 1,800 different meteorites. If you consider. . .

turn 2 : priceless implies a zero price or worthless, but it really means valuable

How are priceless objects often perceived, despite their true value?

Answer: Valuable


Well, I think his biggest mistake was that he was a very strict controller of how the theory was handled by his disciples. In other words, he permitted no deviation or modification of his theory or methods, and he didn't encourage any research to empirically validate his theory. So basically, people that followed him and embraced his theory had to take it on faith.

A somewhat lesser-known figure I found fascinating to read about, Dr.  Benjamin Rush, the only doctor to sign the Declaration of Independence. I guess he's known as the father of American psychiatry. But I've got to tell you after reading about him, I wonder why a pretty good medical school is named after him.

Again, we have to understand that to view things through the lens of the 21st century, it puts things in a really - a different light. Benjamin Rush was a physician, and what he did was to really take seriously the plight of people who were mentally ill. He wasn't a psychiatrist. He was a physician. The problem is is that the knowledge was so limited at the time, they really weren't able to gain any traction in understanding the underlying basis of severe mental illnesses. And so they came up with these ideas and these treatments that now seem to be either cockamamie or cruel.

Yeah. Psychiatry over the years has been back and forth on if mental disorder - for example, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia - is inherited.

turn 1 : "father of American psychiatry" - This is a figurative expression that refers to Dr. Benjamin Rush's significant contributions to the field of psychiatry. It does not mean that he was literally the biological father of psychiatry in America.

Which term is used figuratively to describe Dr. Benjamin Rush's significant contributions to psychiatry?

Answer: father


UNIDENTIFIED WOMAN #2: (Reading) That they are endowed by their creator. . .

Those voices were recorded last year on the National Mall. This year, to celebrate the Fourth of July, we're examining the text of the Declaration of Independence, but not the parts you've heard over and over again. The smallest details of phrasing in that declaration were crucial. Many words carried hidden meanings, small proclamations meant to legitimize aspirations for independence and little barbs for the British. It's part of Mark Memmott's job to pay attention to how we use words. He's NPR's supervising senior editor for standards and practices. Welcome, Mark.

Glad to be here.

OK, point us to a word in the Declaration of Independence that we might not have paid that much attention to.

I should say right here that I learned a lot about this this week from Professor Stephen Lucas, University of Wisconsin-Madison. The word is necessary.

turn 1 : B: Those voices were recorded last year on the National Mall. This year, to celebrate the Fourth of July, we're examining the text of the Declaration of Independence, but not the parts you've heard over and over again.

Which event is being celebrated to examine the text of the Declaration of Independence this year?

Answer: Fourth


It's good to be here, Tony.

You know, you've been getting pretty hot under the collar about this issue, I understand. Why is it such a concern for you?

It's a concern for me because it's a misunderstanding that a lot of ex-convicts have. If you have a felony it has been in the past that often states do restrict or disenfranchise those who have a felony conviction. Those laws have changed over the years, and now in most states it's no longer the case, or there are means by which you can get your civil rights back. But a lot of people - a lot of ex-convicts or felons that I knew that ended up in my court system simply rested on the false notion that they did not have the ability to vote. And that ended and that kept them from further embracing or engaging in the community, and kept them separate, and apart, and not where they needed to be.

Is it a situation where an ex-felon is allowed - is entitled to have his or her voting rights restored, but the process by which those voting rights are restored is so cumbersome that they either don't know about it or they don't go through it?

turn 0 : It is reassuring to be accepted and welcomed here by Tony.

How does PersonA feel about being with Tony?

Answer: Good


Well, the - there in every single state, and the data changes state by state, but in every single state, there is a huge disproportionality between the number of particularly African-Americans, but also Latino youths, who wind up in high-level facilities, as opposed to Caucasians youth who wind up in high-level facilities.

And by high level you mean the higher security, more. . .

I mean, higher - yes, more intensive, more secure facilities. Ironically, or maybe not so ironically, when you look at high - facilities that have a high-level of treatment, you'll see disproportionally white youth in the high-level of treatment facilities. But from the very first day, when we start with arrests, which I'm sure you're very familiar with, but moving on through the system, there is continuous and increased disproportionality.

That doesn't even deal with the real disproportionality in the system, between families that have assets, and the families that have fewer assets. So, youth in the juvenile justice system are primarily African-Americans and Latinos that are almost entirely low-income youth.

turn 2 : White youth are overrepresented in high-level treatment facilities.

Which youths are disproportionally represented in high-level treatment facilities?

Answer: White


No, so Wim van Egmond is an artist, and he was trained as an artist. He was a painter at first, and he was really into painting from these scientific illustrations, biological illustrations from hundreds of years ago. And he said, well, you know, I could just do this myself. So he purchased his first microscope about 20 years ago and since then has been kind of perfecting the technique.

But when he started, you know, he was also working with film, like Roman Vishniac. And, you know, when he had to look up what he was looking at, these organisms, he was looking in reference books, things that are just unthinkable these days, of course you would just Google.

So he said that, you know, progress has gotten much faster because now you can just look and see your result immediately. You don't have to develop your film, and - you know, and so he's gotten - it sounds like he's gotten - he's sort of refined his techniques much more quickly in the days of the digital camera.

Now I know you like to limit the size of your video pick to like three or four minutes.

turn 2 :  "progress has gotten much faster because now you can just look and see your result immediately." Literal meaning: Advances in technology have made progress faster because you can immediately see your result without having to wait. Actual meaning: The availability of digital technology has allowed Wim van Egmond to refine his microscopy techniques more quickly than he would have been able to in the past.

What has allowed Wim van Egmond to refine his microscopy techniques more quickly?

Answer: digital


They know - they see the world as a number of systems. You know, a matrix is a system stuck together, and they know we're vulnerable at a lot of different points. And that's the reason we're seeing more and more groups using these kinds of methods.

They're formidable. I mean, nobody should think of this as a terribly unequal struggle between, you know, the international community and the terrorist. They're a formidable opponent, and we need to act across a broad spectrum to stop them.

So what can be done about this opponent?

We recommend - we have a lot of recommendations. We think they're very practical. It can be done. Some of them are internal in the government themselves. There are internal changes Congress needs to make so that it can be more effective in this, and other commissions have recommended them. Now, let's do it. Let's get it done.

turn 0 : The opponent is using complex systems to attack us

Which word describes the opponent's methods?

Answer: Methods


Aw. We mentioned that you worked for President George W.  Bush, who advised John McCain. In your circle of friends, people there at the Hoover Institution - without violating any any confidences - your friends and colleagues - is your opinion widely held or are people who ordinarily would support the Republican candidate talking about voting for Hillary Clinton?

I think this is a real time of crisis for Republicans. It's hard for many of my friends to think about supporting Donald Trump. And it's very hard for many of my friends to think about supporting Hillary Clinton. In fact, I would have indulged the luxury of writing in one of my terrific nephews for president if I hadn't seen that the polls during the British referendum were off by 12 points. And my concern that (inaudible) be accurate, and everybody's vote's actually going to count this election.

Kori Schake is a research fellow at the Hoover Institution. She joined us by Skype. Thanks very much.

You're welcome.

turn 1 : "It's hard for many of my friends to think about supporting Donald Trump." This turn is an example of figurative language, where the word "hard" is used to express the idea of difficulty or reluctance. The literal meaning of "hard" is related to physical or tangible things, but in this context, it's used to convey an abstract concept.

What word describes the idea of difficulty or reluctance in relation to supporting Donald Trump?

Answer: Hard


And she - my wife went and found the chaplain at Northwestern - a Lutheran chaplain who'd never performed a wedding before. She came to our room and performed the ceremony, just the three of us. It was a lovely, personal, intimate ceremony. And immediately after the ceremony, I took some pain medication and peed in a cup.

Well, that's one way to say l'chaim, isn't it?I made a short list: addiction abuse, adultery, abandonment, imminent incest and just plain old hatred. So is every family is a little bit like the Westons of Osage County?

What we have seen by doing this play is that the story of this family is pretty universal. And the dinner scene alone, in the theater - I can tell you that some people are howling with laughter, and other people are in tears and crawling under their seats. They find it very upsetting to watch because it hits pretty close to home.

"Fiddler on the Roof" with the F word?

That's one way to look at it.

turn 1 : (2) B: "Well, that's one way to say l'chaim, isn't it? I made a short list: addiction abuse, adultery, abandonment, imminent incest and just plain old hatred. So is every family is a little bit like the Westons of Osage County?"

Which family did PersonB compare to the Westons of Osage County?

Answer: Westons


(Singing) When the night comes. And you lay your weary had to rest. No more trials, no test. When the night comes. . .

That kind of thing.

Dan Auerbach, thank you for putting up with my really (Soundbite of laughter) miserable drumming. My rhythm section was lousy, but you sounded great.

I just felt like I was on "American Idol. "

turn 3 : He felt like he was watching a contestant on a game show.

Which show did PersonA feel like he was on?

Answer: game


It's like a bird treadmill. I mean, it's the same idea, right?

Right.

And the point of this study, which Ivo Ros is doing, was to figure out how much energy it takes to fly. So they have a little heart monitor hooked up to the cockatiels. But again, like imagine what this is like for the cockatiels. So there's all this training involved because for a bird to be flapping their wings and not going anywhere is really weird. So they have to, you know, encourage them not to sit on the bars. And it just was. . .

There's no scenery changing.

turn 2 : "But again, like imagine what this is like for the cockatiels." - The speaker is not asking the listener to imagine the experience of being a cockatiel, but rather to empathize with the potential discomfort and stress that the birds may experience during the experiment.

Which bird species is fitted with a heart monitor in the study that Ivo Ros is conducting?

Answer: cockatiel


Sounds good, right?Sixty years ago this month, Miles Davis finished recording one of the most iconic albums in jazz. "Kind Of Blue" is perhaps Davis's greatest masterpiece. But it wasn't the only milestone recorded that year. John Coltrane, Dave Brubeck, Ornette Coleman and Charles Mingus all cut timeless classics, which is why many fans consider 1959 the best year in jazz ever.

There are all kinds of think pieces about this - a new blog devoted to the subject, even a documentary film titled "1959: The Year That Changed Jazz. "So settle in. And let's listen to what 1959 sounded like. Our guide is Nate Chinen. He is editorial director at our member station WBGO. And he's with Jazz Night In America. Nate, thanks for being here.

Thank you, Rachel.

All right. Make the case. What makes 1959 so great?

turn 1 : Let's explore the music of 1959 and why it was special

Which year is considered by many fans as the best in jazz ever?

Answer: 1959


Yes, yes, in fact three weeks ago, General Electric came here because they now realize that this is coming with a vehemence and changing - that all the lighting is going to be this. And of course they've got a lot of pride in this, and they could use it for their purposes.

So they came here and filmed one morning. I was pretty rough on them, in a sense, because I said I'm not going to do anything special for you guys. I believe in you, I've worked with you and all that, but just come in here with your stuff and film. And so it's in my drawer here.

It's going to be - you're not giving it to the Smithsonian or anybody like. . .

Hey, Ira, it's a tiny little crystal, and it's hard to believe that a tiny little crystal, you tickle it with a current, and wham, it'll blind you. In other words - I don't really don't know what ought to be done. You know, John Bardeen didn't give his first transistor box to the Smithsonian. It's here in a museum, and I don't know. That's an interesting question: Where should things like that go?

turn 1 : A is not willing to do anything special for General Electric's filming

Which company came to film at PersonA's place three weeks ago?

Answer: GeneralElectric.


Well, Jo, when she came to Parliament in May 2015, she immediately began work on the Syria refugee crisis. She set up a cross party group of MPs to work on the issue. She was one of the first people to call for humanitarian aid drops to the besieged towns and cities of Syria. And she was instrumental in changing U. K.  government policy so that the conservative government has now agreed to take 3,000 unaccompanied Syrian refugee children who are in desperate need of our help, solidarity and support. And so in that short one year, one month in Parliament, she made a tremendous difference. People had already marked her down as a rising star in the Labour Party.

And we should remember, she had a young family, I gather.

Jo had two young children, age 3 and 5, and she was talking about how one of them had chickenpox only the other day. She (inaudible) houseboat with her husband Brendan and the children. And it is so hard for people to come to terms with this senseless death. And we are shocked to the core.

Campaigning has been temporarily suspended in the referendum that's coming up in just a few days about whether Britain should stay in the European Union or leave. Could you tell us something about the political atmosphere in Britain as you see it now as this important referendum approaches?

turn 1 : implies that the speaker is impressed with how Jo was able to balance her work with parenting; (3) implies that the speaker is expressing disbelief and dismay at the tragedy of Jo's death; (4) implies that the speaker is asking for an opinion on the current political atmosphere in Britain

What was Jo's contribution to changing U.K. government policy?

Answer: Policy


Correct.

And that's the idea?

That's exactly the idea and that's where we are today. So you kind of keep the country in limbo. And you say, as long as there's no election then I get to be president.

Have there been any calls for President Kabila to be investigated, forced to step down, impeached, put on trial for violating the constitution?

turn 3 : Implies a question as to whether any action has been taken to remove President Kabila from power.

What has been done to address President Kabila's violation of the constitution?

Answer: Investigated


As a trained economist, as you do your personal budget, what do you figure paying $60 a month would force you to do without?

If I was not looking to change my career at all, if I was tending bar and making the income that I'm making right now, I would maybe save a little less, maybe, you know, buy a cheaper brand of dog food. It wouldn't affect me too much. It would be something that would make money a little tighter. But it would be an important reason, just like having lights on in your house makes money a little tighter. It's an important thing to spend it on, you know.

As now, I'm looking for career work in Philadelphia, in the D. C.  area and New York area. So with interviews and that job hunt, there's a lot of travel expense, whether it's taking a train or jumping in the car, and going and staying for a night or staying for a couple of nights. So every little bit, when I want to be able say: Hey, you want to interview tomorrow?Absolutely, I'll be there first thing in the morning. All of my income is focused on launching this career that I've spent the last several years of my life preparing for.

turn 2 : (3)	A:	As now, I'm looking for career work in Philadelphia, in the D.C. area and New York area.So with interviews and that job hunt, there's a lot of travel expense, whether it's taking a train or jumping in the car, and going and staying for a night or staying for a couple of nights.So every little bit, when I want to be able say: Hey, you want to interview tomorrow?Absolutely, I'll be there first thing in the morning.All of my income is focused on launching this career that I've spent the last several years of my life preparing for. (4)	B:	And are there other ways in which you live differently, Mr. Kreider, because you're worried about twisting an ankle?  Please choose the turns whose actual meanings are different from their literal meanings.   (1)  (2)  (3)  (4) ChatGPT The turns whose actual meanings are different from their literal meanings are:  (2) "save a little less" - The literal meaning would be to reduce the amount of money saved, but the implied meaning is that the person would be willing to compromise on their savings and not save as much as they currently do.  (3) "all of my income is focused on launching this career" - The literal meaning would be that the person is using all of their income for career purposes, but the implied meaning is that the person is prioritizing and investing heavily in their career, possibly sacrificing other expenses or financial goals.  (4) "live differently...because you're worried about twisting an ankle" - The literal meaning would be that the person has altered their lifestyle due to the fear of getting injured, specifically twisting an ankle. The implied meaning is that the person is cautious and takes precautions in their daily activities to avoid any potential injuries.       Reg

Which city is Mr. Kreider looking for career work in?

Answer: Philadelphia


Which is what they do.

This is what they do, in the equivalent amount to one or 10 bad eggs or so. And they plated it out over time on these little plates. And if you put the sample on on the plate right after you add the salmonella. It looks like a lawn. I mean, the bacteria. . .

Petri dishes full of lawn.

(Unintelligible).

turn 2 : Actual meaning implies that the bacteria has grown and spread across the plates, creating the appearance of a lawn.

How would you describe the appearance of the bacteria on the plates?

Answer: Lawn-like


Yeah. Let me ask, I would think, Sana, that - you've already mentioned that you were surprised that a number of these people were not angry or did not harbor bitterness about having been born to parents who were slaves. But what else was it about them, if there was a thread that seemed to tie them together?

Their parents raised them with hope, the idea that I want your life to be better than mine. And though things aren't the way we were promised, right, with emancipation. Things aren't the way they were promised, that one day they will be, and you'll be ready for it.

You also described them in the book as having immigrant-like expectations. Explain what you meant.

There was this genuine commitment to want to believe in the future, which is phenomenal to think about. There was this belief that everything that happened to me is over. The worst is behind after the Civil War, and I am going to go out and seek a new life in freedom, right?So everything, all of my hopes and dreams, I am going to give that back to the country. There was a genuine commitment to reinvest in the building of what was to be a new America.

Was it a patriotism?

turn 3 : The Conditional. As we noted in chapter 1, there are sentences of a natural language, like English, that are not atomic sentences. Our examples included.

How was the commitment of the people described in the book towards the future?

Answer: Genuine


And first we need to give a tip of the hat to Sports Illustrated and a story by Richard Deitsch, which caught our eye. And it detailed the lengths that women sportscasters, like yourself, are going to try to protect their security on the road. One woman said she actually travels with Band-Aids to put over hotel door peepholes. Do you do the same thing?

No, and to be honest, I read that and went, oh, I had never thought about that and went wow, that's a pretty good idea. But before Erin, I had never thought about a peephole, period. And I'm guessing most women who travel, period, would say the same thing.

What are some of the protective measures that you do take when you're traveling to games?

It can be as simple as when I walk into an elevator, I never open the envelope that holds the card so anybody can look into it and see what room number I am. I'm very aware of making sure that I feel as protected as I can. One time I was in the elevator, someone walked in real close before it was shutting and kind of jumped in with me and didn't press a button and said, hello, Laura Okmin. And it could be as simple as just somebody who happened to recognize me and was going to the same floor, but I think my antenna was raised enough to just stand there. And then when I walked out, he walked out. I walked back in, and I went downstairs to the lobby and I switched my room.

turn 1 : (2) Implies that the global migrant crisis is much bigger than most people think, and that many people are risking their lives in order to have a better life.  ChatGPT The global migrant crisis refers to the large number of people who are forced to flee their homes due to war, persecution, poverty, or environmental disaster

Answer: Global


Correct.

How much money was that?

$175,000 for the coming year.

And specifically, you used that money in what way?

turn 2 : coming year means the year that is coming up

Answer: Coming


No, no, and I think my guess is that a good part of this was done before the president made that announcement. It is the case - immigration law is so complicated, and so much of it is unclear that it certainly argues, as Obama said today, that this is something that Congress should go back and try to come up with some clear and more comprehensive immigration reform law, but maybe, as you know, that's for some future Congress.

The critics, those who were in the minority on the 5 to 3 part, those included Justices Scalia and Thomas. Did either of them say anything interesting in their dissent?

Justice Scalia said a lot that was interesting. He said, here's a quote. "As a sovereign, Arizona has the inherent power to exclude persons from its territory subject only to limitations written into law by Congress. "He took a very strong view - he mentioned it at the argument - that a sovereign state has the sort of authority on its own to arrest or kick out unwanted people.

I had never heard that before. I didn't think states had that power. But Justice Scalia wrote a very strong dissent, sort of arguing for this is a sovereign right of Arizona, and we the Supreme Court shouldn't step in and block what they're doing.

turn 1 : "say anything interesting" - The actual meaning implied here is that the dissenting justices had differing opinions that were worth discussing or noteworthy.

What did Justice Scalia strongly argue for?

Answer: sovereign


So crack down on the doctors, but make sure there's a support system ready for their patients.

Absolutely. And the thing is - and this is so beautiful - is that when you get to watch lives change. For myself, you know, I used to get up every single morning thinking, you know, where am I going to get my pills?And that occupied my entire day. Now, keep in mind, I was a practicing physician. So I had some other things to do. And that's what people who are, you know, who are addicted are facing every single day.

And now, you know, providing them with quality help and watching them change their lives is one of the most fun things that I've ever been involved with. We need to make that opportunity more widespread. We need to decrease the stigma around stepping out and ask for help. And also, Sacha, we need to make evidence-based treatment available without the stigma that goes along with it.

That's Dr.  Steven Loyd. He's based in Nashville, Tenn. Thanks for talking with us.

turn 1 :  "And the thing is - and this is so beautiful - is that when you get to watch lives change...And that occupied my entire day."  The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker has overcome addiction and now enjoys helping others in a similar position, which is incredibly fulfilling. They used to be preoccupied with obtaining drugs, but now their focus has shifted to improving the lives of others.

What used to occupy the PersonA's entire day before they overcame addiction?

Answer: Drugs


We started originally in one of the big, metal buildings that comprises our fair area. And then we moved to an old World War II hangar here at the local airport as a backup.

Wow.

So we're using both now.

Have federal officials said why they picked Deming?

turn 2 : We are using both buildings now, despite the inconvenience

What is the reason for using two buildings?

Answer: Convenience


So, tell us about those. There's one called the U6, I understand.

Well, U4, U5, U6 and they are all subsets of - each one is the previous one plus another group of unemployed. So, to go from U3 to U4, we add a group of people called discouraged workers. These are people who have given up looking for jobs even though they want a job. Then there's a different group called the marginally-attached worker, and that's somebody who isn't looking for a job but wants one. And there's another group of people who are working part time, but want a full-time job, but can't find them. If you take the broadest measure, the U6 measure of unemployment, we're talking about 11. 8 percent, and those are numbers similar to what we saw in the 1970s. That's an ugly unemployment number.

Well, why doesn't the government count that number or use that number when reporting these numbers?

Do you really have to ask that question?

turn 3 : It's a well-known fact that the government doesn't report accurate numbers.

Answer: fact


Yes. (Laughter). I suppose you're right. I mean, that may follow. But I. . .

(Laughter).

. . . Wanted to explore a masculine archetype. And that's what Daddy is. He is larger than life. He's almost too big to exist. He's straight out of mythology. He's very strong and reassuring, and he sticks by his children, et cetera. But he's also - you know, he's got this troubled streak. This sort of - this violence in him. He's entirely defined by his body, his physicality, his strength. And Cathy arrived, saying, actually, what happens when these ideals are instilled in someone who doesn't inhabit the right physicality?Or she's somebody who has a very similar temperament to her father, but she doesn't have his strength. And she's a girl. And how does she stitch together those dual identities?

Yeah. There is - not to give too much away, but there's an act of violence in the book in which a woman takes a man's life. She sees it as her only way to survive. And I have to ask if recent events and recent debates and soul searching we've had in both our countries makes the scene even more telling.

turn 3 : the literal meaning is that the interviewer asks if recent events and debates make a scene in a book more significant.

What act happens in the book that the interviewer is referring to?

Answer: Man's-life


You know, there were a handful of people who did voice displeasure with some of the proposals mainly because of what they felt like was ambiguity in the language. But generally I think that there was a sense of relief a little bit within the room but also an acknowledgment that what they put forward today and what they're working on is by no means a final solution to this problem.

I mean, the leaders acknowledged that. They also briefly kind of acknowledged the fears and skepticism of this group of survivors and activists who have been calling for more drastic action for more than a decade now. So while there was relief and, I think, a little bit of a feeling of accomplishment, I think there are many people in the room who know that this issue is far from over, and they're going to have to do more.

And what about outside the convention center?I gather there have been demonstrations going on. Have you been able to get out and speak to anybody outside?

Yeah, so there's a group of survivors, activists, and they're really - they've been - they're kind of the core group of people who for decades now have been asking for reforms and really warning about this issue. And so while they kind of acknowledge that this is a good step in the direction, there really are some - they - you know, they view it as a systemic and institutional issue that isn't going to be fixed with a few pronouncements and resolutions and new committees.

turn 1 : Although leaders acknowledged activists' fears, more drastic actions are still needed to solve the issue.

Answer: Issue


Well, I want to offer condolences to you and the Virginia Beach community. I'm wondering what you can tell us about how people are holding up. I understand you visited a hospital where some of the people wounded in the shooting are being treated still.

I did. You know, this is - again, it's a horrific tragedy, and our hearts go out to certainly the 12 victims that showed up for work yesterday for the city of Virginia Beach intending to go home. And this tragedy occurred, and they weren't able to. And so there's a tremendous void in their families and our community right now. There's a lot of hurt and healing that needs to take place.

I was able to go to the hospital this morning. My intentions were twofold. I wanted to thank the caregivers, the doctors, the nurses and the administrators. And then also, I was able to speak with one of the patients and the families. And they're just such strong and faithful people and just going through what must be one of the hardest experiences in their lives. They were just very grateful for the care that they were receiving and grateful for the heroic work of the law enforcement agents yesterday.

Inevitably, after each mass shooting, there are calls for tighter gun laws. You introduced a number of gun control bills in Virginia's General Assembly back in January, not even six months ago.

turn 1 : The shooting was a terrible tragedy and has left a lot of hurt and healing needed in the community.

How did the community react to the tragedy?

Answer: Hurt


But even artists like Bone Crusher, who's very theatrical. He was on "The Biggest Loser" or - no, the "Celebrity Fit Club," "Celebrity Fit Club. "He was on "Celebrity Fit Club" and has such a wonderful personality. You have so - these artists that are first songwriters and musicians are so creative. They are so well-rounded and many of them you will see in other mediums.

Now, you are listening to NPR's News & Notes. I am Farai Chideya. In case you are just tuning in, we are doing a special roundtable in entertainment in the ATL with Dee Dee Murray. She is president of Murray Media Music. The company provides publishing service for musicians, writers and producers. And Sonia Murray, music writer at the Atlanta Journal Constitution.

Now, Dee Dee, what about the issue of being a woman in this industry?You know, I have many friends in the industry and I am just going to be real here. You know, one of them says, well, if I don't go to the strip clubs with the guys, I don't get the deal. Do you ever had to figure out where you draw the line in terms of how you are willing to make deals and where you are willing to make deals?

All of the time. As a woman, you always are faced with the challenge of upholding your morality in a lot of instances. And for me, I have had to go to the strip club with some of my clients that are males from California that only dreamed of coming to Atlanta and striking deals in these clubs.

turn 3 : They are implying that deals are done in inappropriate places

What challenge does a woman face in the music industry according to Dee Dee in the dialogue?

Answer: Challenge


But I'm sure that there's something else that you want to share with us. You have your poems about California, poems about the blues.

I've got one. The once called "Who I Am in Twilight. "And it's a poem that is actually emblazoned on the sidewalk. And it's set in stone, as it were, on something called "Poetry Walk" in Berkeley, California. They put down on sidewalk, Addison Street, about a hundred poets', I think, work. So it's fun to go over there and see how posterity works, because always somebody has dropped some pizza on it, mashed out a cigarette on it, or something like that.

So don't live for posterity, live for now. But here it is. "Who I am in Twilight. "

Like John Lee Hooker, like Lightnin' Hopkins, like the blues himself. The Trickster Sonnet, hoedown, the tango, the cante jondo. Like blessed spirituals and ragas, custom-made. Like sagas. Like stories. Like slick, slow, sly, soliloquies sliding into dramas. Like crime and punishment. Like death and birth. Canal Street, New Orleans. Like the easy, erasable, troubled voices a whirling ceiling fan makes in deep summer nights in hot, un-heavenly hotels. Oklahoma, Arkansas, Tennessee. Like the Mississippi River so deep and wide, you couldn't get a letter to the other side. Like Grand Canyon. Like Yosemite National Park. Like beans and cornbread. Like rest and recreation. Like love and like. I know we last. I know our bleeding stops.

turn 2 : Life should be lived in the moment rather than for posterity.

Which poem by PersonA is emblazoned on the sidewalk?

Answer: Art


Oh, yes. You know, capitalism evolved into the Wild, Wild West form of capitalism in which regulation was relatively lax, I mean, which leverage in borrowing produced the combined phenomena where, you know, everyone assumed that prices of everything would always go up and never go down. Witness the phenomena with housing prices.

Now, all of that's changed. We've understood that there's a need for regulation, for control in terms of lending, and for an assumption of reduced expectations in terms of return. And so, yeah, capitalism as defined over the past 10 or 20 years, in which prices only went down for a year or two, and then they snapped back up and reached for accelerated and new highs, those days are disappearing quickly.

Bill Gross is Managing Director of Pacific Investment Management Company, which has more than $720 billion of investments. Bill, thank you.

Thank you very much, Alex.

turn 0 : Capitalism has changed and now requires more regulation and reduced expectations in terms of return. Prices are not assumed to always go up anymore.

What combined phenomena contributed to the assumption that prices of everything would always go up and never go down?

Answer: Leverage


The Rough Riders were a unique volunteer regiment that was formed in the first days of the Spanish-American War. At the time, the U. S.  military was really small, and they needed to bulk up really quickly. So the U. S.  Army went out and recruited cowboys, athletes, people who you could train pretty quickly. And a lot of it was the brainchild of Theodore Roosevelt.

It was his particular idea of who was manly enough to be in a regiment with him. Is that fair to say?

Well, it was - he - yes, he did a lot of the vetting himself. And it certainly was a lot of, yes, his conception of what it meant to be manly. And so you not only had a lot of people from the West but also a lot of Ivy League football players. The No. 1 and the No. 2 tennis player in the country quit tennis to join, and that was the kind of thing that he loved.

Were these celebrities in some cases?

Yeah, they were. They were celebrities in the sense that they were the children of the tycoons and the kind of lords of the Gilded Age, the sort of people who grew up in Newport and Fifth Avenue and had names that resonated for a public that, you know, much like today, they know who has the money, who has the power.

turn 4 : The celebrities who joined the Rough Riders were from wealthy families

How were the celebrities in the Rough Riders recruited?

Answer: Wealthy