You bet.

OK. The rope broke in my hands.

The rope broke in my hands. I'm writing that down right now.

That's good to know I could be of some use. Dave LaBounty of "The First Line. "Thanks so much for being with us.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that Dave LaBounty is grateful for being given the opportunity to be on the show

Which character expresses gratitude in turn 3?

Answer: Dave


Absolutely. This is probably one of the most consequential elections in Israel in the last 10 years, since Netanyahu has been in power.

Daniel, thanks so much.

You're welcome.

That's NPR's Daniel Estrin.

turn 0 : None of the turns have implied meanings that are different from their literal meanings. They all convey their literal meanings without any hidden or implied messages.

Which turn in the dialogue suggests a significant political event in Israel?

Answer: 1


Hudson is confident that Broadway Federal Bank won't be harmed by the recent spate of bankruptcies and bailouts. Though the bank specializes in real estate and caters to minority investors, it never got caught up in the subprime mortgage game that has become the downfall of other banks.

In order to play in that game, you had to have large volumes and small margins, which has made mortgages like commodities. So the Countrywides, the WAMUs, the big mortgage companies, you would lose your shirt trying to compete with it. So, really, the small banks had to stand on the sidelines while a lot of money was being made by churning these loans and fees, and people were making huge amounts of money, banks were very profitable, and we weren't able to participate. But now, you know, the kind of like slow and steady feels very good right now.

Now, Hudson says he's starting to get a lot more calls from people who want to put their money in Broadway Federal.

Here's what used to happen in the old days. People would only put 100,000 dollars in Broadway because they knew that was the maximum FDIC insurance. They put a million dollars in Bank of America. They figured, well, I only - because Bank of America only has the same insurance as we do, only a 100,000. So they left 900,000 dollars uninsured because they said, well, that's Bank of America. I'm only worried about Broadway. I'm not worried about Bank of America.

turn 2 : There is an increasing interest in investing money in Broadway Federal Bank.

What is the reason for the increased interest in Broadway Federal Bank?

Answer: Interest


The other issue, of course, is there were no bonuses for Wall Street this year, or where there were, there were certainly contentions about them, and people were asked to give them back when they got them. So the extra cash that often comes through the pipeline to buy also Christmas presents, which was not there this year, was not there to buy stocks, either.

So here we are. It's December 30th. There's just a few days left to this week. Any chance that Santa might come in the last few days?

Well, unfortunately or fortunately, these are such volatile markets, who knows?I mean, in the last five to ten minutes of the market, we can see an extraordinary turn. It's sort of like watching an NBA game - it's not worth watching it until the very last few minutes to see who wins. We've seen wild fluctuations, but that said, it's not going to be anything to compensate for what's been the worst year since the 1930s.

As you mentioned, Diane, in the past, a lot of times, investors would buy stocks at this time of year with their bonuses. Maybe not so many bonuses this year. You've got the added element of the fact that some people are still concerned that they might get laid off in the future. How is that affecting how the markets might close this year?

turn 0 : The lack of bonuses affected stock market sales.

How did the lack of bonuses impact stock market sales?

Answer: Negatively


Yeah. I mean, you know, I've been all over places talking about this because clearly as a scientist who understands the peer review literature and the president of the AMS, who recently released a 2012 climate change statement, I know that climate change is an issue and there are things that we need to be concerned about with human-caused climate change and the natural climate change.

But on tornados, the peer review literature is just not very mature on this right now. It's much more mature on the link between climate change and drought or heat waves or even the intensity of rainfall, and even more so as well on hurricanes in terms of the intensity of hurricanes, perhaps, increasing in the future. And if I were to cascade along that spectrum, scientific literature relating individual tornadic occurrence in climate change is very immature at this point

I think we have to be careful on that jump, although I know there's a tendency to do it. There is great deal of research ongoing right now at places like Purdue University or even by one of our doctoral students, Victo Gensini, here at the University of Georgia, looking at climate change and the type of environment that might emerge that could support, you know, tornadic storms, wind shear profiles that Jeff Trapp and others at Purdue have been doing this work as well. So that's sort of where we are, and I think we just have to be very careful on sort of causality for individual tornadic storms.

And that's where we have to leave it. Thank you for joining us today, Dr.  Shepherd.

turn 2 : We have to be careful on how we link tornadic activity and other weather instances together.

What kind of research is being done at Purdue University and the University of Georgia related to climate change and tornadic storms?

Answer: Climate


Man, that's a lot of stuff.

Yeah, a lot of stuff going on and it's all at our blog, nprnewsandviews. org.

Nprnewsandviews - all one word - dot org, right?

That's right.

turn 0 : a lot of stuff means there is a massive amount

Which phrase indicates where all the information is located?

Answer: Ourblog


I joined in April 2016. And I did not get my security results until June of 2018. I spent more than two years in limbo. And that period was mind-crushing.

Yeah. And then what happened in July?

I got a call from my recruiter. And they said that I did not clear my background checks due to my foreign ties with my parents in Pakistan.

Your foreign ties - your foreign ties were the fact that you were born in Pakistan to Pakistani parents.

turn 2 : The fact that A's parents were from Pakistan led to their failure in background checks.

Which country were PersonA's parents from?

Answer: Pakistan


Now, the netting, as I understand it, is not expensive - I mean, a scintilla of what a relief pitcher earns annually.

I think that's right, yeah.

But on the other hand, I mean, these modern stadiums that are being built want to get the fans close to the action.

Oh, absolutely. I mean, you've been very lucky as a Cubs fan. You've always had Wrigley Field, which is an intimate stadium. And that's what these new stadiums are trying to recreate. Even Yankee Stadium, if you go on their website today, Scott, they actually tout the fact that home plate is 27 feet closer than in the old Yankee Stadium.

turn 3 : (4) Implied meaning: The new stadiums are trying to recreate a similar atmosphere as the old Wrigley Field which was an intimate stadium.

Which stadium is touted on the Yankee Stadium website for being closer to the home plate than its predecessor?

Answer: Yankee


It's good to be here, Tony.

You know, you've been getting pretty hot under the collar about this issue, I understand. Why is it such a concern for you?

It's a concern for me because it's a misunderstanding that a lot of ex-convicts have. If you have a felony it has been in the past that often states do restrict or disenfranchise those who have a felony conviction. Those laws have changed over the years, and now in most states it's no longer the case, or there are means by which you can get your civil rights back. But a lot of people - a lot of ex-convicts or felons that I knew that ended up in my court system simply rested on the false notion that they did not have the ability to vote. And that ended and that kept them from further embracing or engaging in the community, and kept them separate, and apart, and not where they needed to be.

Is it a situation where an ex-felon is allowed - is entitled to have his or her voting rights restored, but the process by which those voting rights are restored is so cumbersome that they either don't know about it or they don't go through it?

turn 3 : The process of restoring voting rights is too complicated and difficult for ex-felons to understand or complete.

What is the reason behind ex-convicts' misunderstanding?

Answer: Misunderstanding


Yeah, kicking out all the intelligence officers, which we believe. . .

. . . And shutting their consulates.

(Unintelligible) their consulates, and we got rid of most of them. And we've seen a significant reduction in their intelligence collection here in the U. S. So the consulates were home base for that, and I think for the first time. . .

Not to get hung up on the numbers, but. . .

turn 0 : The officers were fired from their jobs abruptly and not allowed to fraternize with the people that stayed.

Which officers were abruptly fired and not allowed to fraternize?

Answer: Intelligence


Yeah.

. . . The right forecast probably wasn't (laughter) - 'cause no one's clairvoyant, it probably wasn't that, oh, it's going to be a conservative sweep. It was probably that hey, we don't know a lot and maybe there's a 15 or 20 percent chance that somehow they can maintain their majority. So I think, you know, when I say that I think our forecast was wrong and I don't want to make excuses for it, I think the part that was wrong is the part that was too narrow in terms of the margin of error.

Yeah. I've got to tell you, Mr.  Silver, you're not giving people much of an incentive to read FiveThirtyEight seriously if you're essentially backing away from the idea that you can reach any conclusions. That's why people read you.

Sometimes the right conclusion is to say that people are too sure of themselves, right?

turn 2 : B: "you're not giving people much of an incentive to read FiveThirtyEight seriously if you're essentially backing away from the idea that you can reach any conclusions." The literal meaning of this turn is that the speaker is expressing disappointment that the speaker is backing away from the idea of being able to reach any conclusions. The implied meaning is that the speaker expects FiveThirtyEight to provide clear conclusions and not leave room for uncertainty or ambiguity.

What is the PersonA's expectation from FiveThirtyEight?

Answer: Clear


Now lots of lawyers were lining up to lead the Justice Department. So why did the White House decide to go with Lynch?

First of all, she has a reputation for working well with others. She's very understated and under the radar. Another important factor for the White House I hear from sources is that she's diverse and historic. She'd be the first black woman on the job. She descends from a long line of Baptist preachers in the south. And she has a rich, rich voice and an ability to speak and communicate a message. She's also, Linda, quite noncontroversial.

So about that. What is the reaction from Republicans in the Senate?Can she be confirmed?It's kind of late in the term.

It is kind of late in the term. She's going to have a year and a half or two years to make her mark. Iowa Senator Chuck Grassley, a Republican who's in line to lead the Judiciary Committee next year, says Lynch is going to get a thorough vetting. And he's going to make sure that happens. Lindsey Graham of South Carolina, another Republican, sounded relatively positive, too, about this election. And finally, Linda, Mitch McConnell, who's going to run the Senate as majority leader starting in January, said he is willing to consider her nomination. He wants it to happen in 2015 instead of during this lame-duck session.

turn 3 : A: "He's going to make sure that happens." - The literal meaning is that Senator Chuck Grassley will ensure a thorough vetting of Lynch's nomination. The actual meaning is that Grassley may put obstacles in the way of Lynch's confirmation.

Which Senator is in line to lead the Judiciary Committee next year?

Answer: Grassley


Investors are ecstatic about central bankers working there. Listen to this, the German DAX Index up about 10 percent, the French CAC 40, up more than nine percent. Now, they are both measures like the Dow 30, which on Wall Street jumped 500 points in the morning.

In Britain, Prime Minister Gordon Brown put $65 billion of government money into three British banks. NPR's Rod Gifford is in London. We're going to him. Rob, hello. I think that people are saying it is this British plan, the so-called British plan that seems to be may be spurring a little bit of a recovery around the world. What is the British government doing, and what does it want in return?

Well, as you say, Alex, Gordon Brown is getting a lot of kudos from this, because he was the one who put this plan forward last week. What they're doing, as you say, is to put a lot of government money that is taxpayer's money, $65 billion worth of it, into three British banks into order to - they hope - free up the bank to bank lending, and the whole crisis of confidence that has struck British banks as it has done elsewhere.

In return - some very important conditions they want in return. Right upfront, leaders of these banks that have got into trouble must step down. Bonuses are being frozen for other executives who stay on and crucially, the demand that these banks maintain mortgage lending and small-business lending at 2007 levels, levels of last year.

turn 3 : The government is demanding that the banks that received the bailout maintain mortgage lending and small-business lending at the levels of last year while also requiring leaders of these banks to step down and freezing bonuses for executives who stay.

What conditions must the banks that received the bailout meet?

Answer: Mortgage


Because presidents that are about to be removed from office see the writing on the wall. Richard Nixon had a very good sense of his waning support in the Senate. And when he saw it collapse, he realized that if he hung on, he would be removed, and he would lose his presidential pension.

Interesting. So one of the complaints that President Trump is making and that his supporters are making is that this is a purely partisan process. Has that complaint been made before?Is that what people normally say?Or is there something about this particular circumstance that's different?

The reason that impeachment was kept on the shelf for over a hundred years after the Johnson impeachment process was that it was viewed by all sides in the American political community as highly partisan. But it doesn't always have to be the case. And in the Nixon era - a period when I think we saw a model impeachment process - the democratic leadership bent over backwards to make the process as bipartisan as possible.

We keep hearing all kinds of comments from - particularly from former Republican members about what members of their caucus say privately. But there's no way to know how to evaluate that. We do know that publicly, the Republicans are insisting that this is partisan. The Democrats are insisting that no, it isn't. It's a constitutional matter. Do you see from where you sit a way to bridge this difference of perspective?

turn 2 : the democrats did everything they could to make it look bipartisan.

How did the democratic leadership approach the impeachment process during Nixon's era?

Answer: Bipartisan


Are there any good reasons to use this?

There is a separate group here working on storing data in DNA. It turns out that DNA is really robust for long-term storage, whereas, you know, hard drives may die after a few years. You can conceivably store data in DNA for hundreds or thousands of years. And as long as life continues to be based on DNA, we'll always have a reason to read and write DNA. So it's sort of a technology that won't go obsolete.

So, I mean, we underscored the aspect of some kind of mischief or outright miscreants. But I wonder, you know, a few years from now, instead of having hard drives or storage systems, will people just carry around that information in themselves, in their DNA?

I'm not sure that people will carry around that information within them. But I do believe people will start using DNA for sort of long-term storage. So accessing data from DNA and putting data into DNA is a pretty slow process. And so you'll want to, you know, archive photos in there and things like that. But you won't want to use it for your day-to-day tasks, at least not for the foreseeable future.

turn 0 : The question suggests that the use of DNA for data storage might be beneficial.

Which technology is being discussed for long-term data storage in turn 1?

Answer: DNA


Well, you know, just like I said, be careful what you wish for, because it may come true.

Yeah.

So now, with the explosion in great technology in genetics, we're getting a whole bunch of candidate genes. And then through other genetic studies and comparisons between groups around the world, we can see which ones seem to light up for multiple groups, although it can be different in different populations.

Yeah. There are some - how shall we say - unorthodox treatment ideas, are there not, like infesting patients with worms for treatment?

turn 3 : There are unorthodox treatment ideas, such as infesting patients with worms, which may seem strange but have been found to be effective

Which treatment idea has been found to be effective?

Answer: Technology.


What do you think - if this decision is permanent, what do you think the U. S.  will miss by not being a member of UNESCO?

Oh, I think the U. S.  will miss a lot. It's a big loss for the United Nations family because we are part of this family. It is a big role for multilateralism. But I believe it is also a loss for the U. S.

Irina Bokova is director general of UNESCO. Thanks so much for joining us.

Thank you very much for inviting me.

turn 1 : The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker believes that the U.S. will suffer from the consequences of withdrawing from UNESCO, both on a global and a national level.

What will the U.S. miss by not being a member of UNESCO? (Answer: "a lot")

Answer: UNESCO


Sure.

We are always so grateful when you come on this show. I got to tell you - we got a lot of noes from Republicans who didn't want to come on this show and talk about gun policy, except, you know, maybe they'll go on Fox News. If the Republicans are proud of their record on guns, why not be interviewed about it?

Well, I can't speak for all of my colleagues on this. I mean, we obviously have a very serious violence problem in the country and particularly a firearm violence issue. And that - you know, we must address it. That said, we also have to respect the rights of people who own. . .

OK.

turn 2 : (3) Implies that while the issue of violence and firearm violence must be addressed, the rights of gun owners should be respected as well.

What issue must be addressed while respecting the rights of gun owners?

Answer: violence


From the studios of NPR West, this is Day to Day. I'm Alex Cohen. Scrapping the car czar. President Obama has chosen not to appoint one person to oversee the restructuring of the troubled auto industry. For more on why the president is switching gears we're joined now by Justin Hyde of the Detroit Free Press. And Justin, why did President Obama decide to get rid of this car czar position?

Well, it's becoming clear that the auto industry is probably going to have too many problems for just one person to handle. GM and Chrysler are going to be submitting plans to the administration tomorrow to explain how they deserve the 17. 4 billion that the government has lent them and whether they might be able to receive even more aid in the future.

The Obama administration has several very tough questions to answer about the future of this industry and hundreds of thousands of jobs that are tied into it. It's just going to take more work than one person can give.

So in lieu of a car czar, there will be this Presidential Task Force on Autos. Who will be heading up that group?

turn 3 : "Who will be heading up that group" means who is going to be the leader of that group.

What does "Who will be heading up that group?" mean?

Answer: Leader


Mr.  O'HARROW: No one seems to know exactly how much money will be spent through contracts, but it's going to be a considerable amount. When you hand out money quickly without setting up good terms of contracts and without having mechanisms to follow the money as it's spent to ensure that taxpayers get what they're paying for, you're going to have waste, and that's going to be what you'll get at best. At worst you'll have fraud and corruption.

Now, the Democrats who are in charge of this bill, some of whom have written this bill like David Obey, chair of the House Appropriations Committee, says we have a lot of monitoring built into this bill, and even so, we need to act very, very quickly because this is an emergency.

We've got more oversight built into this package than any package in the history of man. If money is spent badly, we want to know about it so we can hold accountable the people who made that choice. And guess what. Regardless of what we do, there will be some stupid decisions made.

David Obey, chair of the House Appropriations Committee. Well, Robert O'Harrow of the Washington Post, what do you say to that?

turn 0 : Handing out money quickly without good contract terms and mechanisms to follow the money will lead to waste, fraud, and corruption

What will be the result of handing out money quickly without good contract terms and mechanisms to follow the money?

Answer: waste


They have indeed. They've been subject to very serious, tough sanctions in the past not just from the United States but from the entire international community. That's involved restrictions on their energy sector, their banking sector and an array of other economic sectors.

How have they gotten around them?

Well, in some instances, they haven't been able to. So during the period of most intensive, multilateral sanctions on Iran - this is 2012 to 2015 - they had great difficulty evading sanctions. It happened here and there, certainly when it came to sales of oil, certain cargoes or bartering - financial bartering - some smuggling activities. But the fear now is that, in an instance where there's unilateral sanctions on Iran, it may have ample opportunity to cheat and evade these sanctions.

Unilateral meaning, of course, just the United States. So it'll be tougher for the sanctions to have any effect if, for example, China or Russia and, let's say, Germany don't go along.

Right, exactly. So right now the European Union, in general, and the E3, in particular, have - that being the United Kingdom, France and Germany - have expressed an interest in maintaining their commitment to the deal. And that means continuing to give Iran economic relief promised to it under the deal. That means potentially violating U. S.  sanctions or creating ways for European companies to not abide by U. S.  sanctions.

And how does the U. S.  respond, at least under this administration?

turn 4 : European countries may violate US sanctions or find ways for their companies to not abide by them to maintain their commitment to the Iran deal.

What is the potential violation of the European countries?

Answer: Violation


And now we're going to move from talking with mental health experts to someone who has lived addiction. Jonny W.  lost almost everything to a gambling addiction. Thank you for coming in and being with us.

Thank you for having me here today.

Well, you know, let's start at the beginning. When did you start gambling?

Mr.  W. : Well, I started at the ripe old age of about 12-years-old. And at that particular time, it was just a matter of fun and hanging out with my friends.

turn 3 : Gambling was just a fun activity with friends at age 12.

How did Jonny W. view gambling at the age of 12?

Answer: Fun


Not a big deal.

It wasn't bothering me, but why not treat it?That's where the trouble began.

So she didn't know the cost of the medication, right?

No. She didn't ask, and the physician assistant didn't tell. So the PA calls in the prescription to a mail-order pharmacy. The mail-order pharmacy calls Anne to say, what's your insurance?She tells them she has really good insurance, and she has a health savings account or health reimbursement account to cover all of those medical costs that her insurance doesn't cover.

turn 1 : The situation worsened after trying to treat it

Answer: worsened


You and your fellow Democrat Peter Welch gave the president a proposal that would allow the government to use the leverage of Medicare to try to negotiate lower prices with drug manufacturers. Let me ask you a question from the Democratic primary. If that was such a great idea, why didn't the Democrats do it themselves when they controlled Congress in 2010 and passed the Affordable Care Act?

That's a great question. What happened back then is I think President Obama was trying to get the deal through. And as you know, we got very little, if any, cooperation from the Republicans. And I think that this was. . .

Well - but you had the votes in your own party to make this a part of the legislation.

Yeah, but, Scott, you know that that doesn't always work that way. It's not that simple because we had a lot of blue dogs. We had people who - Democrats who really didn't even want to go along with the Affordable Care Act. And so there was a lot of compromise there. And part of the compromise was to work through a deal where the prices of Medicare Part B - that is the prescription - drug prices would not be negotiated. I was against that because I thought that we were - I thought that we were bulk purchasing. And as most bulk purchases do, you're usually able to get a discount. But that was a part of the deal to get through the Affordable Care Act, and that's one of the reasons why I think you had a lot of Democrats who were concerned about the act even back then.

turn 2 : turn is to challenge the idea that the proposal was a great idea in the first place.

Answer: challenge


. . . Or the Weinstein sexual scandals or, you know, the shooting in Texas. I mean, it's just, like - it's a continual thing of these events that are just rocking people's lives. And I used to just be a viewer. And I used to just kind of go from one event to another. And now I'm stuck in one of those events because I could list all the things that we've done as a family and all the things - I mean, just like soccer practices. And I haven't missed a day of work. And booster meetings. And we've gone to our dentist appointments and our doctor's appointments. But I still feel like it's day one.

Investigators, as we speak, still haven't come up with anything resembling a motive that we know about.

What bothers me more than the motive or lack of motive is lack of information. Whenever we get a little tidbit of something, we just jump on it because we just have a desire to know. Like, the first week after it happened, I was obsessed with, like, my escape route. Like, I was just looking at Google images, pictures of the event. Like, where did I go?And then my next thing was, I want to know where the shooter went, where he came from. I wanted to see him walking into the hotel, walking out of the hotel. And they haven't released any of that.

Why do you want to see that?

turn 3 : The speaker is not asking why the person wants to see the shooter walking into and out of the hotel, but instead is asking why the person is so interested in getting information about the event in general.

How does the speaker interpret PersonB's question?

Answer: Interest


We were sure supposed to. Somewhere along the line things, sort of, broke down and it's obviously disturbing that we haven't come as far as we thought in that time.

As you looked at what happened before the attack in Benghazi, what do you think are the important lessons to be taken away there?

You know, I think that right now it's hard to tell what the lessons are because there's no clear chain of accountability or decision making. The first question you ask yourself is who is in charge of this thing?You had a mission - a State Department mission on the ground.

Theoretically everyone in that mission, including that special operations team that supposedly could've reacted to this thing was working for the head of mission, which in this case was a deputy chief of mission since the ambassador was the individual involved. And it's unclear to me even at this point if he had the authority to launch that special operations team or whether someone outside that chain of command and Department of Defense or Southern Command, or pardon me, in Special Operations Command, you know, overruled that. And it's never become obvious to me what that chain of command was. And it seemed to me that would be one of the first questions the congressional people are asking - doing the inquiries should've been asking.

turn 0 : The line did not break but somewhere in time things got worse.

Which word describes the state of progress before the line broke down?

Answer: Far


Mr.  Zandi, you served as an adviser for Senator John McCain's presidential campaign, and now you've been working with the Democrats in leadership. I'm wondering, what sort of advice are you giving them for how to get out of this situation?

Well, I think the most important thing is that government policy needs to be very aggressive. We need a concerted, comprehensive, and consistent response to our economic problems. The crisis is very severe and significant. And without such a response, we're going to be in the economic soup, so to speak, for a long time to come.

And specifically - I'm sure there's many things you've suggested - could you give us a couple of highlights of concrete plans?

Well, the thing that's on the drawing board right now is the economic stimulus plan, and I think we do need a very large plan that would include increases in government spending and tax cuts.

To add to this troubled economy, we now have the latest unemployment figures out this morning from major metropolitan areas. Here's how they look. In November 2007, 18 areas reported jobless rates of at least seven percent. In November 2008, that number jumped to 121. Which areas have seen the highest unemployment rate?

turn 3 : not a physical drawing board or easel, but the most important thing on an agenda or plan; not a physically big-in-size plan, but a plan with many elements or parts to it

Which word describes the type of plan that PersonA is referring to in turn 3?

Answer: Comprehensive


But your hands were cold?

Very cold.

That decision to try to turn around, you thought you could have summitted, but you might have endangered your hands?

I know I could have summitted. Yes, however - yes, I wasn't willing to lose my fingers or a tip of a finger, even, for the summit of K2.

turn 2 : The decision to turn back was a difficult one, but it was the right decision to protect your hands from potential damage.

Which body part did PersonA want to protect when making the decision to turn back?

Answer: Hands


Here's another example - property buyouts. So the federal government will sometimes buy properties with federal and local money after a disaster, like floods. And the land gets turned into permanent green space. And in the future, no other homes or businesses or potential lives will be lost there. That's the point of the buyout.

So if they're buying out property, you have to be a property owner to benefit from that. And people with more wealth are generally more often property owners. Is that how this is working?

Mm-hmm. And there have been barriers to property ownership in the U. S.  for various people, various racial groups, as well.

Sure.

turn 3 :  Similarly, "Sure" is used as a casual affirmation or agreement in this context, indicating B's acceptance of what A just said. Its actual meaning is an informal way of expressing agreement or understanding, rather than its literal interpretation.

What word did PersonB use to express their casual affirmation or agreement with PersonA's statement in turn 3?

Answer: Sure


That's right. In the last few years where, as a fugitive, when he was living in Belgrade, he eked out this living as a new age guru. He grew a big bushy white beard, had glasses, had a top knot at the top of his head tied up with a black ribbon. He presented this rather remarkable monk-like figure and, as you say, hid in plain sight. He was often at seminars and conferences about alternative medicine.

He went to his local bar and he didn't sit on the sidelines there. He took center stage and actually played a kind of Balkan fiddle called a gusle. And everyone stood around and clapped and applauded him. And he was sitting under a portrait of Radovan Karodzic, this man who was the hero for most of the people in the bar. And not one of them spotted the resemblance.

He lived across the stairwell in his block of flats from a woman who worked with Interpol. And her - every time she went into work, she logged on to her computer and saw the world's most wanted, including Osama bin Laden and Radovan Karodzic. And the penny never dropped. It was like a long-running performance that only came to an end really when his brother made a vital slip.

He made a phone call, right?What happened?

turn 1 :  Implied meaning: Radovan Karodzic was a war criminal but no one in the bar recognized him as such.

What was the name of the Balkan fiddle Radovan Karodzic played at the local bar?

Answer: Gusle


That was the timeline that the president laid out today.

That's correct. Yeah. So it's a pretty tight time schedule in which they'll need to do a lot of development. I mean, there's nothing there. The area where they're going to develop the city is a protected forest. But there is not much infrastructure, apart from one highway that runs through it. So everything needs to be developed from scratch, which is going to be a massive challenge.

That is Erik Meijaard of the environmental consulting firm Borneo Futures. Erik Meijaard, thanks for talking to us.

Thank you very much.

turn 1 : The development of the city will be very difficult due to the lack of infrastructure.

What is the main obstacle for the development of the city?

Answer: Infrastructure


Well, that would be an interesting question. Right now, we make a decision. We say we're going to harden particular targets to make them difficult for terrorists to attack. So yes, terrorists do act rationally and choose another target - they choose a less hardened target. The question is whether it could respond very rapidly to changing information.

And what do you say to those people who say - my God, this is hideous?It's blood money.

It is hideous in a sense. It is. There's no question. I share the revulsion of people who say - but people shouldn't profit from this. On the other hand, if allowing people to profit from this, from making these predictions, improved our ability to predict, then it might be something worth trying because of the lives it would save on the other side.

turn 1 : (2) A: Large terror attacks take a lot of work and a lot of planning. And if the market predicted a high probability of an attack in a particular place, it's not as though it's a trivial matter for a terror group to suddenly switch all of its resources to another place. I'm not suggesting this would work. It would be a tool that would be used alongside other tools. And I'm just suggesting an experiment to see if it can improve the accuracy of intelligence forecast.

Which type of attacks does the speaker suggest using a market prediction experiment to improve intelligence forecast for?

Answer: Terror


Yeah?

But that was one that you know, through all the red tape, it actually made it to the record.

So, from an audience standpoint, Miles Davis, it was crazy to see him in the '80s. You know, back to the audience, head down, blow a couple of notes, walk off stage for half hour and come back. What was it like working with him during that time?

Well, during the '80s I think he was passed that. I think it was more like that in the '60s. In the '80s, he was very open. I mean, he was a good friend to me. I spent a lot of personal time with him, you know, at his house and just chatting, and he would paint, you know, and we would just hang out, man. I spent a lot of quality time with him, you know.

You also are into blues, obviously. "The Good Girl Blues" that was the last CD. . .

turn 1 : Discussing the difficulties to get something done despite bureaucracy

Answer: b


Absolutely not. In fact, the art world has been so distracted by ridiculously obscenely high prices that mainly the only art that people are even aware of is art that costs a lot of money. There's a strange exception around Basquiat. No artist of color has ever entered this kind of pantheon of, you know, Picasso, Van Gogh, all of the rest whose work does sometimes sell for over $100 million.

So you know what?I have to make a strange exception to my rule, that in this case, I kind of love that Jean-Michel Basquiat has entered that and broken that barrier. More power to women, more power to artists of color. These lives do matter, and they're going to continue to matter.

Jerry Saltz, senior art critic of New York magazine, and he joined us from New York. Thank you so much.

Thank you. It was a pleasure.

turn 0 : "the art world has been so distracted by ridiculously obscenely high prices" - The actual meaning of this turn is not that the art world is physically distracted, but rather that the focus and attention of the art world have been diverted by high prices.

Answer: Prices


So your position would be that your dean of students would be there, even if there were some Oberlin students who decided to have a Make America Great rally.

Absolutely. The content of the speech isn't relevant. And she's supposed to be a liaison to the police. And, in fact, the police contacted her staff to talk about this particular protest as it was happening. So it wouldn't matter whether they were there for a Make America Great rally or whether they were there to talk about some progressive cause. The content of the speech is not why we're there. It's there to be able to protect the community and to make it a lawful protest.

Racism is an ugly charge. Can you see why the Gibsons were upset by it?

Oh, absolutely. I - absolutely. If you're called a name that you don't believe is true, then I can absolutely see why the Gibsons were upset.

turn 3 : The Gibsons were upset because they were called a name they believed was untrue

What was the reason for the Gibsons' upset?

Answer: false


Anna Sommer Schneider is a professor of Jewish civilization at Georgetown. This past week, the country's president signed a law that would punish anyone who suggests Poland was complicit in the Holocaust. Critics, including Israel and the U. S.  State Department, say the law will stifle discussion about those atrocities and cover up the role of Poles who killed or denounced Jews during World War II. For Schneider, this debate is personal. In 1977, she was born in the same town as Poland's most infamous concentration camp.

Despite the fact that I was born and raised literally in the shadows of the gas chambers, there was very little information available for me at that time - what Auschwitz really was.

Auschwitz was a taboo topic in her family. And the word Holocaust was not widely used in communist Poland. But as Schneider grew older, she wanted to learn more about what had happened during the war. She got her Ph. D.  in Jewish studies, eventually converted to Judaism. And for the last two decades, she's given tours of Auschwitz. She tells me even today, people see Jews in Poland as others, highlighting a long history of anti-Semitism in the country.

When we teach about Holocaust in Polish classrooms today, we often talk about Jews as strangers who lived in our country.

turn 2 : Jews are still seen as outsiders in Poland due to a history of anti-Semitism.

Which group is seen as outsiders in Poland due to a history of anti-Semitism?

Answer: Jews


What would be risky about it, from the Nicolas Maduro point of view?

Well, there'd certainly be retaliatory measures from the U. S. , very likely more sanctions. There would be a massive outcry from Guaido's dozens of other international allies. The EU's warned that this would be a major escalation in tensions. And there'll be a lot of anger from the multitude of Guaido's supporters here in Venezuela.

Guaido himself says that any attempt by Maduro's government to detain him would be - as he put it - without doubt, one of that government's last mistakes. So we don't know, Steve. I mean, it's not clear that Maduro's concluded that he's in a strong enough position to do this. But it is a possibility.

And I guess we don't know if Guaido intends to go to a border crossing and present his passport or if he intends to sneak in some way. Is it known what path he plans to take?

turn 2 : "one of that government's last mistakes" - This is a figurative expression, meaning that detaining Guaido would have serious consequences for Maduro's government, potentially leading to its downfall.

What would be the potential consequence of detaining Guaido according to the figurative expression used in turn 2?

Answer: Consequences


What motives him is he actually has recently discovered that he has a civilizational mission. He wants a Russia that will become the traditional values capital of the world, that would hold back Western encroachment. This is what he sees happening in Ukraine. He's carrying out his historical mission. A subtext of it is also recreating the Soviet Union and sort of gathering Russian lands, but that's not even the most important part at this point. The most important part is that he thinks that Russia has a unique place in the world and a unique civilization to protect.

Is there a particular political ideology here or would you say rather a conservative moralistic anti-Western ideology that's driving his actions?

That's exactly right. It's a conservative, moralistic anti-Western ideology. It is mostly based on negatives. There's very little that he can say in the affirmative except for the very vague notion of traditional orthodox culture. But the negatives are actually effective in mobilizing a population, in creating a sense of fear and imminent danger.

Has he been persuasive, do you think, internally, with his arguments that what he's basically doing is protecting Russian interests and people?

turn 3 : In these turns, the speakers are discussing the implications and deeper meanings behind the actions and ideologies of the person they are talking about. They are not merely discussing the literal surface-level interpretations, but rather the underlying motives, strategies, and persuasive effects of those actions and ideologies.

Which aspect of the person's actions and ideologies are the speakers discussing in turns 1 and 2?

Answer: Ideologies


My mother had a friend I called David in the essay. And he was a funny, charming man. And he always had clients around. He found them out of the state so they would live with him while they were going on auditions. And they seemed to have a lot of shirtless pictures of them around framed. That seemed to be the greatest bit of work that they did - were these shirtless pictures.

And each year, these boys would come and go, and they'd be between the ages of 12 and 16. And there was this feeling that my mother and I would sort of talk around. Is this weird?This is weird, right?No. No, it's David. It can't be weird. And I think there are a lot of people in Los Angeles dealing with that right now of people they have held in their heads where there's a little bit of a galvanic skin-crawly thing, but they also like this person.

Course, your article appeared as Anthony Rapp come forward with his charges against Kevin Spacey. Been a few more Kevin Spacey stories that have also come out since then. Without trying to judge the veracity of each and every story, what's the mix of ambition and vulnerability that makes child actors prey?

The same thing which puts women at risk in the business, which is economics. For children, there is a small window of opportunity in which a career is going to happen. You are not a child indefinitely. That makes people ripe for abuse.

turn 2 : (3) "What's the mix of ambition and vulnerability that makes child actors prey?" - The speaker is not actually asking for a mix of qualities that make child actors vulnerable, but rather pointing out that child actors are often vulnerable to abuse and questioning the underlying factors that contribute to this vulnerability.

What is the underlying reason for the vulnerability of child actors to abuse?

Answer: Opportunity


What does it mean to have a populist party and right-wing party win the parliamentary majority?

Oh, it's a very simple answer to a difficult question. We don't know. It's an experiment, not only for Italy, for the whole of Europe. I mean, for Italy today, June the Second is like the 14th of July in the United States. It's our birthday. The Italian Republic was born 72 years ago in 1946, and we never had anything like that. You know, the 5-Star are closer with sort of South American populist movement.

Yeah.

You know, you have good and bad over there. And the Northern League is a right-wing party. What will they do together?I don't know. I wish them luck.

turn 1 : The outcome of the parliamentary election is uncertain, and it is difficult to predict what will happen next

What is the level of predictability for the outcome of the parliamentary election?

Answer: Uncertain


So why do you think people should care about this?And. . .

(Laughter).

. . . Apologies for being trite about it. But. . .

Yeah, I know.

turn 1 : A finds something amusing but doesn't want to explain why.

What was PersonA's response to PersonB's question?

Answer: Laughter


Good.

They did have generators working, as did the airports. Now, officials are saying that this was a failure in the grid's interconnection system, which happened in the northeast, between two big installations there, and then triggered this unprecedented chain reaction. They don't think, by the way, that this was a cyberattack or any other kind of sabotage. But they don't exactly know what happened yet. They say it could be a couple of weeks before they do. We do know, though, that the grid and the infrastructure is not in good shape.

How are people responding to this odd Sunday?

Well, they're very angry, obviously. I mean, in Argentina, they're already facing really very hard times. Inflation there is among the highest in the world. The economy is - you know, they've got this boom-and-bust economy that's right now in such a mess that the government very controversially decided to sign on to this huge $56 billion IMF bailout. There are strikes and protests over President Mauricio Macri's austerity program, regularly.

turn 0 : A takes credit for an idea, but it was a collaborative effort

Answer: Power-grid-failure


My parents are living in Northern Virginia right now.

They've had a hard time too - or anxious time, I should say.

Not as anxious as I have been mainly because they're very confident that if something happens, then something better is going to happen.

What would something better be?

turn 2 : The speaker is less confident than their parents about the future.

Answer: Speaker


So tell us why. Why is it that some parts of the country are so twister prone?

Yeah. Well, the United States itself, we have this dubious honor of sitting right in the collision zone between really cold air masses coming down from Canada and moist, warm air that comes up from the Gulf of Mexico. And so the well-known Tornado Alley is a convergence zone, couple that with the position of jet stream and other factors that we as meteorologists look for, a dry, mid-layer or wind sheer, and you have the perfect ingredients for tornadoes.

Most tornadoes affect the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. And in fact, there is another alley we call Dixie Alley because if you look at a map of climatological occurrence of tornadoes, there are areas in the South as well that seemed to get quite a few tornadoes. But certainly this region, as you were leading into the story, was an area that we would've expected tornadoes for May 20th based on climatology.

Well, let's talk about the forecasting because one of the amazing parts of sort of science of this story was that hours before, the National Weather Service locally issued a warning that there might be a tornado. And it was pretty spot-on, it sounded like.

turn 1 : Tornado Alley is the area of the country that has the most tornadoes.

How is the convergence zone in Tornado Alley formed?

Answer: Tornado


I think that teenagers - I mean, some were very passionately involved in this. And, you know, teachers do feel things very passionately. It's why they're such a great audience to write for. But others are getting a little bit fed up because these controversies within YA, especially, are dominated by adults, and they're led by adults. So the teens are starting to kind of push back a little bit and saying, you know, this community is supposed to be for us, and you guys are messing it up.

(Laughter) As adults often do mess up things, don't we?

It's true. We ruin everything.

Kat Rosenfield, her article "The Toxic Drama On YA Twitter" is on Vulture. com. Thanks so much for being with us.

Thank you for having me.

turn 2 : Suggesting that adults are often responsible for causing problems.

Answer: Problems


And one alternative for officials looking to monitor nonviolent offenders as they await trial are electronic monitoring devices - ankle bracelets. But according to a report in The New York Times, ankle monitors are often provided by private companies that can charge large fees for their services. In fact, defendants are often left to foot the bill - up to $10 a day. If they don't pay up or miss payments, they may end up behind bars anyway.

We wanted to talk about this, so we've called Blake Strode, executive director of ArchCity Defenders. They're one of the civil rights groups that brought a class-action lawsuit against the city of St.  Louis, which led to this week's cash bail changes. Blake Strode, welcome. Thanks so much for talking to us.

Thank you. Thanks for having me.

So, first, would you just tell us the two big changes that the Missouri Supreme Court ruling is supposed to bring about?

turn 0 : They are lot literally bracelets, which are a form of jewellery, they are just known as such

Which monitoring devices are often provided by private companies and can charge large fees for their services according to a report in The New York Times?

Answer: Anklemonitors


We're talking with Stephen Sestanovich, George F.  Kennan senior fellow for Russian and Eurasian studies at the Council on Foreign Relations. You're listening to TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News. And Russia also faces some serious demographic issues, a dwindling population. The future does not look as rosy as it might have.

The demographic issue has been one that's preoccupied the Russian leadership for some years. There are moments where they seem to think that they - there's been an upturn in the birth rate. But broadly speaking, they're looking at a decline in the population of, you know, starting a decade or so ago, the population has dropped seven or eight million since the Soviet Union collapsed.

And we talked about the future with Vladimir Putin. What about the forgotten man, if you will, the interregnum president, Dmitry Medvedev?

Well, he is an interesting figure in Russian politics. A lot of people joke about him now. He's, well, humiliated really by what Putin did to him in taking his job away and saying, you know, let me drive now. The question is whether Medvedev, who is now going to be given the job of prime minister, will have any real clout in the ability to pursue the agenda that he has tried to make his own over the past four years, which is modernization, reform, ending corruption, reducing the role of the economy - of the state in the economy. Will he stick with those issues?Will he be able to push them through or will he just be a flunky of Putin?

turn 1 : Russia's population has been decreasing since the Soviet Union collapsed.

How has Russia's population changed since the collapse of the Soviet Union?

Answer: Decreasing


People go armed with treats and halters, and so they're able to catch them. And, you know, mostly, if you're calm, the horses stay calm.

Horses eat a lot, don't they?How do you care for every one?

Sure thing. Well, many of us were able to grab hay and some supplies as we were evacuating our barn. So we came with food and some items in hand. But the local seed stores have been donating all kinds of hay and shavings and pellets. So we have had, again, tremendous support from the local community, making sure that every horse here is fed.

Can you smell the smoke, see the fire?

turn 2 : The speaker is suggesting that if people remain calm, then the horses will remain calm as well.

Which animals can remain calm if people remain calm around them?

Answer: Horses


So Flame has - so far they've found about 20 modules that can be swapped in and out, and they do everything from turning on the internal microphone and webcam on your computer, this way that they could record conversations that you have over Skype or conversations that you have in the room, in the vicinity of the computer.

It takes screenshots of your communications. They seem particularly interested in any email communications or instant messaging communication that you do. It also turns your computer into a Bluetooth beacon. So if you have Bluetooth enabled on your computer, they will turn that on and do a discovery for other Bluetooth-enabled devices in the vicinity, such as a phone, and they will use your computer to then siphon the contact information that is in any phone in the area.

Wow. Wow.

Why all those things?I mean, what's the reason for that?

turn 3 :  "What's the reason for that?" is a literal question that means what is the motive or purpose behind the actions described in the previous turns, and its actual meaning is the same as its literal meaning.

How would you describe the motive behind the actions in the previous turns? (Answer: Purposefully)

Answer: Purpose


Saudi Arabia's changing explanations over what really happened to Jamal Khashoggi culminated this week with Saudi prosecutors saying that Turkish evidence shows his killing was premeditated. How could this affect the relationship between the United States, Saudi Arabia and its crown prince, Mohammed bin Salman, or MBS as he's known?We're joined now by Robin Wright, a distinguished scholar at the Wilson Center and contributing writer for The New Yorker. Robin, thanks so much for being with us.

Great to be with you, Scott.

And let's begin with the crown prince. Is it possible he would lose power over the Khashoggi affair?

Well, there are four different options. One is that he stays in power, that the international furor eventually settles down, and he manages - kind of orchestrates his ability to stay on the throne. He is the de facto leader in Saudi Arabia because his father is aged and ailing. The second scenario is that he is replaced as crown prince, and there is precedent for that. Over the last three years, two other crown princes have been pushed aside in part to make room for him. There's a third option - that his powers are weakened, that the king appoints others in the royal family to assume some of the roles that MBS has managed to accumulate in his office over the last year and a half. And the fourth is that there's a kind of physical challenge as there was to King Faisal back in 1975.

turn 3 : There are four possible scenarios for the crown prince's future in Saudi Arabia.

How many scenarios are there for the crown prince's future in Saudi Arabia?

Answer: four


So, this isn't someone who is just - and forgive a homey analogy for our listeners - this isn't someone who is just the Michael Jordan of Indian cricket. This is somebody who is the Michael Jordan times five, six or ten.

Probably yes, exactly. All - the Babe Ruth, Mickey Mantle, Lou Gehrig all combined. I don't know which other icons to come with from which sport that Americans relate to. And he somehow managed to be uncontaminated by scandal, by controversy in a sport that's been laden with examples of both. And his rise, in a sense, became tied up with or almost emblematic of India's own rise to ascension on the world stage. When Sachin Tendulkar made his debut for India in 1989 at the age of 16, India was still a developing country, a poor country, one with lots of problems, a semi-closed economy, that still called itself socialist. All of these problems. And then India liberalized in 1991 with the end of the Cold War and the major change in financial calculations and political philosophy in the country, and that coincided with Sachin's rise. So, India rose and Sachin rose, and he leaves just as our economy has also begun to tank a bit over the last year or two.

Shashi, what happens to a star of this magnitude in the retirement?Any idea?

Well, amusingly enough, my government nominated him to our Upper House. We have an Upper House that's weaker than your Senate.

You know, Shashi, let me simply interject: very few things are weaker than our Senate at the moment, but go ahead.

turn 3 :  Has my government nominated Sachin Tendulkar to our Upper House?

Which house did Shashi's government nominate Sachin Tendulkar to?

Answer: Upper


And from New York, Serena Blanchard, as in: From Serena, 1988. Thank you for being with us.

Thank you for having me.

I wanted to write a poem for my father's book. I wanted to write an introduction. Apparently, he was looking for some form of dedication page. So I was tying my shoe one day, and I came up with a poem, and I offered it to my father and to Stan. But I think Dad can probably explain the rest from there.

turn 2 : (3) B: Now, Ms. Blanchard, you were only 8. So how did you wind up getting cited in this eminent textbook?  The literal meaning of this turn is that the speaker is asking how an 8-year-old got cited in a textbook. However, the implied meaning could be that the speaker is curious about the circumstances that led to this unexpected accomplishment, or that the speaker is impressed by the achievement and wants to know more about it.

Answer: Book


Let's clear this up immediately: blonde, lithe, the initials V. P. So, is Vanessa Pierson Valerie Plame?

The great thing about fiction is that you can fix things and make things better. I think Vanessa is a smarter version of where I was. And it's definitely informed by my experiences in the CIA.

Well, that raises another question. So, did you take some top-secret operation and just thinly fictionalize it to this book and, you know, are. . .

. . . are there Russian agents reading this now and saying, oh, this is what we were looking for?

turn 2 : Well, that raises another question.So, did you take some top-secret operation and just thinly fictionalize it to this book and, you know, are... The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is asking if the author took a real, top-secret operation and used it as the basis of their fictional book, and whether it might be recognizable to Russian agents.

How recognizable is the top-secret operation to Russian agents?

Answer: recognizable


I haven't talked to him in years.

(Laughter).

Well, you know, Ron Paul - you know, he's got some oddness in his closet. But, you know, compared to Hillary Clinton or Jeb Bush, Rand Paul has, like, the greatest situation in terms of family members lingering around the campaign in a lot of ways. You know, his foreign policy is distinct from his father's. Many of his economic policies are distinct. He needs to expound on what is his governing philosophy and why does restraint in foreign policy also mean restraint in domestic affairs?And why are those both good things?

As you survey the political landscape on issues like privacy or foreign policy, do you see traces of libertarian success?

turn 2 : "oddness in his closet" - This phrase is a figurative expression meaning that Ron Paul has some controversial or potentially damaging aspects of his personal life or history that could be problematic for him politically. It does not refer to a literal closet or physical space.

Which phrase is a figurative expression referring to Ron Paul's potentially damaging aspects of his personal life or history?

Answer: Figurative


We'd like to talk about the economy now. With a campaign for the upcoming presidential election already underway, you can expect the state of the economy to get a lot of attention. And one of the tools economists use to predict whether a recession is coming is the yield curve, so we want to tell you what that is and why it matters.

We've called Campbell Harvey for that. He's a professor of finance at the Fuqua School of Business at Duke University, and he was the first to demonstrate that the yield curve can predict a recession. Professor Harvey also says he only considers the indicator definitive if the inverted yield curve lasts for an entire quarter. And, well, the quarter ends today, so here to give us his thoughts about what's to come is professor Campbell Harvey.

Welcome. Thank you so much for joining us.

Great to be on the show.

All right. So let's get the headline, and then we'll work backwards. Are we going into a recession?

turn 0 : "state of the economy" - This turn has a figurative meaning, as it refers to the overall condition of the economy rather than a specific physical location.

Answer: Figurative


This week, during a trip to California, President Trump turned his attention to the homelessness crisis there. Previously, he's criticized the cleanliness of San Francisco's streets. On this trip, he called homelessness in Los Angeles a disaster. And he said, quote, "we're going to get involved very soon on a federal basis if they don't clean up their act," unquote. We wanted to see what the mayor of Los Angeles, Eric Garcetti, had to say about all this. And he is with us now.

Mr.  Mayor, thank you so much for being with us.

Great to be with you, Michel.

President Trump has described the homelessness crisis as a, quote-unquote, "disgrace to our country. "And we know based on data from the Los Angeles Homeless Services Authority that homelessness is up 16% over the last year in the city of Los Angeles. Based on that, do you agree with the president's description of the problem?

turn 3 : There is evidence that would support the Presidents statement.

Answer: 16%


The resignation of Michael Flynn as national security adviser came after leaks from anonymous sources inside the intelligence community. Anonymous sources have always been a source of tips for reporters, but they've been especially prominent in the first days of the Trump administration. Last night, President Trump called the American news media the enemy of the people. NPR's David Folkenflik joins us. David, thanks for being with us.

Always.

When The Washington Post broke this story, they cited nine current and former officials and said they spoke on condition of anonymity. What kind of editorial decision-making goes in to having a report like this appear?

You can be sure that this rocketed up to the very top of the news hierarchy at a newsroom like The Post. Just the very fact that they took nine sources that they clearly went out of their way to try to check, cross-check, double-check and question what they were about to report that the stakes were that high, that the ramifications of what they were going to report would be so significant that they were going to take this very seriously indeed. And I think you can see that by the solidity of the reporting as far as we know so far. And I think that's also a reflection of how uncertain this story has been to date. You know, if - you may remember before the election, The New York Times had reported that the FBI had found that there were no signs of, you know, such contacts. And I think on this subject, there's a care being given by The Post, by The Times and by other serious news organizations.

turn 1 : This is an expression of agreement, but it also implies that the speaker is willing to continue the discussion.

How did the speaker respond to the news about the Washington Post's report on Michael Flynn's resignation?

Answer: agreed


Good to be here.

So we've been hearing about the trade war week after week for months. How do you see that fitting into the broader U. S. -China relationship right now?

What we really see now is long-term contentious relations between the United States and China. This is a major development that is going to be worked out most likely over the course of decades. China is now, essentially, a peer competitor to the United States. . .

Meaning it has a comparably sized economy.

turn 2 : By pointing out that China is a peer competitor to the United States he's saying that the trade war with China is sort of slow-going because they're a well-matched opponent.

What is the major development that is going to be worked out over the course of decades?

Answer: U.S.-China


What has been the reaction to this from the pollsters at this conference that you're at?

In the hallways here, I was surprised to hear, actually, that academics and pollsters are mostly saying that this effort is overdue. There's general consensus that the traditional exit polls are oversampling Democrats because older voters don't like having to fill out these forms. And they, of course, lean pretty heavily Republican.

Many people I talked to here said that they've been raising alarm bells with the National Election Pool for a decade to no avail. And they see this as a pretty good thing to light a match under those exit pollsters to change. I talked with a consultant to one of those exit polls. And he said that they are actually going to be trying to make changes and that this is part of that.

That's NPR's lead political editor Domenico Montanaro in Denver.

turn 2 : They've been making the National Election Pool worried and extremely concerned.  Also, it is not a pool, but an organization that gets information from groups of people.

Which organization has been raising alarm bells for a decade?

Answer: people


There isn't. And I think the interesting thing about this government is they have cut the Argentine military budget so severely in the last few years that even if Argentina wanted to invade the Falklands, they would be incapable of doing so. So that's one good thing.

So what does this campaign amount to then besides words?

Well, they're trying to put economic pressure on Britain. And I think actually the British are a little bit worried about it. They are stopping cruise ships that come from the Falklands, not allowing them to dock in Argentina. They are pressuring the Chileans to cut off the one air link between Chile and the Falkland Islands. They are calling on Argentine manufacturers to cut down on the import of British goods. And I think the worry is that they will make this into a regional campaign, that they will try and persuade the Brazilians, the Peruvians and others to start putting economic pressure on Britain as well.

And the rallying cry of anti-colonialism has a lot of residents in South America.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that there is strong support for anti-colonialism in South America. The literal meaning of the words "rallying cry" is a call to action, usually in a military or political context, but in this context, it is used metaphorically to describe the support for anti-colonialism.

Which term is used metaphorically to describe the support for anti-colonialism in South America?

Answer: Rallying


I thought, how can I thank them?So I just jumped off the curb and popped up a salute. And I saw tears rolling by on their faces. And that's what kept me driving throughout that salute until the last bike rolled around me. And then both sides of the street just rushed me and said thank you, Marine.

So tell me about yesterday. Did you pick a certain place where you're going to be?

Yeah, it's become my memorial post. It's at 23rd and Constitution, right behind the Lincoln Monument.

And you're full uniform.

turn 2 : The speaker has a permanent memorial post where people can pay their respects.

How can people pay their respects to the speaker?

Answer: Salute


I'd say first, over all, we have had a measure of success in reducing nuclear proliferation over the years. And so North Korea and Iran are really exceptions to what has been a successful policy. Not simply by the United States, but by the international community. I mean, we can't do this alone. We depend on international cooperation.

North Korea is an exception because it is so difficult to deal with. They have used their nuclear weapons not so much from the standpoint of making military threats, but as an instrument of extortion, to get economic concessions for what in fact is an impoverished country.

Now that leads me to my next question. We're coming down toward the close. And it's this. White-collar terrorism, is that an example of what you just described, of white-collar terrorism, extorting, using the threat to extort money?

It does have that concept to it, because it does fall in the camp - in the realm of extortion, rather than military strategy. Quickly, with regard to Iran, there is a very difficult issue, because in fact Iran's quest to be a major power, including the possession of nuclear weapons, really precedes the current administration in Iran, and is likely to be a long-term quest that isn't going to be very, very, difficult to stop.

turn 1 : instrument implies a strategy and not an equipment

Which word in the dialogue implies that North Korea is an impoverished country?

Answer: Impoverished


The best thing you can do is to reach the end of the campaign and have people say, well, we got a fair look at the candidates from the beginning to the end. We got a fair look at the two nominees of the major parties. We got a fair look at the third party candidates. And we got a fair look at all the competitors back in the primaries. I don't think you can say that at all is going to be exactly the same number of minutes devoted to each.

For example, Bob Barr, the Libertarian Party candidate will not get nearly as much coverage as the two major party candidates. And we will try but we will probably not achieve absolute perfect mathematical equalness of numbers in the minutes and seconds to go to each of the two major party candidates, but we will try.

So, NPR's White House correspondent, Don Gonyea is with Senator Obama in Jordan, today. So, is his reporting there going to get the bulk of the news today?

Not really the bulk. There will be a four-minute report from Don Gonyea on All Things Considered tonight. We did get him briefly into the newscast that you've just heard a few moments ago. And we did get a little bit of an update to what he had done for this morning's Morning Edition. But we also had a discussion of John McCain's campaign on in Morning Edition right after that. And there will be a discussion of what John McCain is saying right this minute at his note town hall in New Hampshire on that same All Things Considered tonight, of about the same length as Don Gonyea's report from Amman, Jordan.

turn 0 : a fair look implies being favorable or positively minded about something

Which candidate is mentioned as receiving less coverage than the two major party candidates?

Answer: BobBarr


It is fiction, but of course I was able to draw on my experience. I developed my expertise in the agency in nuclear counter-proliferation. And that's why that's the main theme of this first book, hopefully in a long series. But it's sort of ripped from the headlines.

Vanessa's asset is shot just after she disregards the signal to abort their meeting. Does she blame herself?

She does. There is definitely a sense that when you, as a CIA ops officer, when you are handling assets, they are delivering to you their trust and their well-being. And you feel very protective of them, even if they're not very nice people.

turn 3 : (4) "So, who do spies talk to when they have a bad day at the office?"  The literal meaning of this sentence is asking who spies talk to when they're having a bad day at work. However, the implied meaning is that spies, like everyone else, have emotions and experience stress and difficulty in their jobs, but they have unique challenges in coping with those emotions due to the secretive and high-pressure nature of their work.

Which unique challenges do spies face in coping with their emotions?

Answer: High-pressure


I mean, it's tempting, and certainly we do it in the news business, to look at a figure like $9 billion and say, you know, figure out what that cost per arrest and everything. But I wonder, isn't it in a sense worth, I don't know, a billion dollars a year to the American people to have that deterrent aboard?Because as people in the program have pointed out, if something happens, there's no one else to call upon for help in an airliner.

Well, you could justify almost anything on that basis. But I will tell you that on any cost-benefit analysis, this program does not hold muster. I can tell you also that while a billion dollars might not seem like much money in the whole federal government. . .

Oh, no, it's a lot of money. Don't get me wrong. . .

It's a lot. . .

turn 2 : (1) The speaker is not really asking for permission to use an expletive, but rather using the question as a way to express frustration or emphasize a point.

What is the PersonA's intention behind asking if they can use an expletive?

Answer: Emphasize


Let's go deeper, linguistically into this. When, at the time that I spoke with Reverend Jackson, and this was yesterday, we believed, knowing what we did, we being most of the press, that he had said that Senator Obama had emasculated himself. As it turned out, the phrase was much rougher and much more, you know, I want to blank, blank, blank. Is there a difference between those two ways, neither of them particularly nice, of parsing out lack of manhood?

Well, you know, I actually read that slightly differently. When I heard about the specific comments and the castration and sort of the anger in which it was delivered, even though it was a whisper of. I immediately began to think back historically about, you know, the ways and which powerful black men, or uppity black men were punished.

And it was, you know, the threat of castration was very real in the 19th century. And there's a moment of irony that Jesse Jackson would want to assert his power, his relevance, to Barack Obama's campaign by placing himself over Barack in a sense in suggesting that he is the man and also capable of taking Barack's manhood away.

Coming up this weekend, we have the start of the NAACP's annual convention and although he has not started yet, Ben Jealous is the incoming president. He's 35. He's going to be the youngest president ever of the NAACP. We seem to be seeing a generational shift overall. Is there going to be blood on the floor, metaphorically, as this shift happens?

turn 1 : Historically, powerful black men have been punished by threats of castration

How were powerful black men historically punished?

Answer: Castration.


Oh, we anticipate that to be the case. We've demonstrated this with antibodies, monoclonal antibodies. I mentioned enzymes already. And so we anticipate quite a range of potential utility for therapeutics.

So you think this a game-changer for storing drugs?

Well, we are very optimistic, yes. I think it could certainly have a major impact.

I want to thank you very much for taking time to be with us today, and good luck to you. It's very fascinating.

turn 2 : The development could have a significant impact on drug storage.

How could the development impact drug storage?

Answer: Impact


As it stands now, it's getting bigger and better, and I am very hopeful that it would stay that way. At the same token, I know that it takes a smart business person to run a successful business. So it's all about how you position yourself. I'm continuously networking, and meeting with people, and developing relationships with some very prominent people. So therefore, business is prospering, and I will continue to do that.

But it would seem to me - and perhaps you can offer some clarification on this point - that there are a lot of people who are in business such as yourself, who are good at what they do, who are conscientious, who are working hard and yet who find themselves, for whatever reasons, not doing and not being as successful as they would like. And there must be something that separates you from them besides, perhaps, your business plan and your enthusiasm. Is that realistic?

That is very realistic. I mean, I think that goes with any position. You have singers, actors, and a lot of them have been in the business for years and have never made it, if you will, because certain people have it and certain people don't. You either have a drive and a knack for really connecting with people and making some things happen for yourself. Or you can be as talented as the next person, but you may never go anywhere with that talent if you don't have the right connections, the right personality and the right know-how.

You said that you've lived near the Obamas in Chicago, in the High Park area, right?

turn 1 : Being good at something is not enough for success.

Which point does PersonB ask PersonA to clarify?

Answer: Realistic


Well, tell us first, let's go back. How did you find out about this because I know they try and keep this very secret?How did you find out you had been awarded the MacArthur Grant?

I kind of got punked a little bit. I mean, it's the best way to get punked you could imagine, but they called me into the offices, I was going to be in Chicago for an event, and they basically called me in more or less under the pretense that they wanted me to talk about some candidates that I was recommending.

So of course I kind of scampered in to sort of support the folks that I was hoping would get it, and they just sort of surprised me with this, you know, this incredible gift and just, you know, it kind of just blew my brains open.

So they really did manage to keep it a secret?

turn 2 : The experience of being awarded the MacArthur Grant was overwhelming.

Answer: Crowding


Yesterday, in a letter to Congress, Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner said that significant uncertainty now exists with regard to unresolved tax and spending policies for 2013, but we didn't really need Timothy Geithner to tell us that. Ron Elving is with us. He's NPR's senior Washington editor, and he joins me here in Studio 3A to help us make sense of what's happening in Washington as this deadline looms closer like a shadow approaching. Right, Ron?Welcome back to TALK OF THE NATION.

Good to be with you, Celeste.

Explain to me what's going on 'cause, first, we heard there may be a proposal from the president, then we heard there's no proposal from the president. Where do the negotiations stand?

The Senate is here. The president is here. They appear to be talking. The president was on the phone before he left Hawaii with the Republican and Democratic leaders of both the House and Senate. And apparently in one of the conversations that he had, either last night or after he got back here today, he intimated in some way to the Republican leader in the Senate - now, of course he's the minority leader in the Senate, as the Republicans are under 50 percent in that body - and Mitch McConnell got the message one way or another that the president was going to put something new on the table later on today. And so his people came out and told all the reporters on Capitol Hill, we're getting something from the president today, stay tuned.

turn 0 : Timothy Geithner's statement on tax and spending policies is not surprising

Which Secretary made a statement about tax and spending policies?

Answer: Geithner


About six lengths off the lead followed by Homeroom Jester and the trailer is Dolarolarorrarockadockamolahholah.

Hackahmackahdolohrollocolamockahdackahmolahhackahdohkah.

(Laughter).

And yeah.

turn 2 : Implied Meaning: While there may not be a clear and definitive implied meaning behind this turn, it's possible that there is a subtle message or intention that can be inferred based on the speaker's tone and the context of the conversation. However, not everyone may agree on what the implied meaning is, as it may be subject to interpretation. Nonetheless, there is a likelihood that most people would perceive some sort of subtext or hidden intention in this turn.

How would you describe the tone of turn 2?

Answer: Unknown


It probably had more to do with Moore - Roy Moore - and his unique trainload of baggage. But it's still hard not to compare it to what happened back in 2010 when Scott Brown was elected in Massachusetts, taking Teddy Kennedy's seat. And this was at about the same point in President Obama's first term.

That really changed the mood on Capitol Hill. It did not stop the passage of Obamacare, but it signaled a big turnover in Congress in the next elections. And we could be heading into a correction here in the other direction under President Trump.

NPR's Ron Elving. Thanks so much.

Thank you, Scott.

turn 2 : (3) implies gratitude and appreciation, (3) implies that the conversation is coming to an end

How did Scott respond to PersonA's statement?

Answer: Acknowledgement


Visuals that related to Senator Obama in politics.

That's right - different iterations and paintings of Senator Obama. Ron English did one of him as kind of morphing into Abe Lincoln. You know, Shepard's hope thing, you know, was enormous. You know, I did one of Obama looking obviously very hopeful into the city. He's - behind him is a cityscape and rising is the sun. I wanted it to be during, you know, the sunrise. And so he's being backlit by the sun in warm light. And the reason I did the city is because, you know, he's from the city. He can relate to the city. You know, he was raised by a single mom on food stamps, which is much like my experience growing up in Harlem. And you know, he's - and I said I wrote "one" on it because he's really - he really represents one, you know, one global community, ethnically diverse, one nation, and really someone that we can, for the first time, being from urban life, relate to, besides Clinton, by the way.

Are you worried about they're being an element of hero worship to this?I mean, both in the fact that so many artists are depicting him, but also in the way that he's depicted.

Yeah. I mean, I'm not worried about it. I think there is a lot of hero worship, but in contrast to what's out there, you know, he is a hero.

turn 1 : Different artworks represent Obama as a hope for urban life.

Which element of Obama's background does the speaker compare to their own experience?

Answer: Food-stamps


Good to talk to you.

How important an event was this that Mr.  Kim missed?

It was a very important event. It's an event in a mausoleum where his father, previously ruler of North Korea is buried, interred, and so is his grandfather, the founding leader of North Korea. So it was a big deal. Kim Jong Un has not been seen since September 3, when he attended a concert in Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea, with his wife.

Before that, he'd been seen frequently, but always waddling with a really bad limp. He was clearly in discomfort, and finally the North Korean authorities said he is in physical discomfort. So there's something up. We don't quite know what. The speculation is he's had surgery, he's ill, ranging right through to there's been a coup, and he's lost power or certainly being shunted away from power. That's the speculation.

Now, we're talking about somebody who - as my recollection is - he's on television every two minutes. So this must be a tremendous vacuum in the lives of North Koreans.

turn 4 : implies that North Koreans are used to seeing Kim Jong Un often.

How frequently is Kim Jong Un seen on television according to PersonB's recollection?

Answer: Often


Yeah. They're like, oh, my God. Make that face again. That's so funny. But it's not like that. And the reason I talked about it and shared when I did was because there started to be all these compilations of my tics that were made by the fans, which they just thought it was, like, goofy Billie is making a bunch of faces. And they're funny. Let's make a video about it, which is, of course, out of love. And they think that's funny. And they didn't - they don't know, you know?

O'CONNELL: Especially if they think you're doing them on purpose, then it's totally out of love.

They think I'm doing it on purpose. But I felt almost, like, attacked in a way, which was kind of stupid. But it's something like I've lived with my whole life and, like, not been open about because I didn't want it to label me, you know?

Sure, you don't want the whole - that to be the second sentence of every every paragraph about you.

turn 0 : "And they're funny.Let's make a video about it, which is, of course, out of love." - The implied meaning here is that the fans are making videos out of love for Billie, but they do not realize that these tics are a result of a neurological condition.

Which emotion does Billie express about the compilations made by the fans?

Answer: Attacked


Now, there are a handful of things we know about the narrator of your book, Alice Hare. She's a philosophy graduate. She's adopted. She has complicated relationships with her adoptive and her birth relations. And she is obsessed with a slightly older woman, a Japanese writer called Mizuko Himura. So could you sort of pick it up from there?

I think you're totally right in saying that she is completely obsessed with this older woman. And I think part of the reason why that happens is because her own story is very dim. And in place of any sort of certainty about who she is or where she comes from or what her own origin story might be, she starts to fixate on this woman who, for her, is this mixture of some parallels that she perceives between them, but equally quite a lot, I think, of wishful thinking and this sort of imaginary bond she assumes them to share.

Now, Alice's relationship to Mizuko in real life is a creation, right?I mean, she's done all this research. She's googled all over the place.

(Laughter).

turn 2 : Alice has done a lot of research, but the actual meaning is that she has done a lot of research to build a relationship with Mizuko in her imagination.

Answer: Research


Oh, yes. In the business environment where you have a rational time schedule, then you have more productivity per hour worked. In Spain, we are the last ones in Europe in productivity per hour.

I wonder what you'd say to Americans who may have a romantic view of the siesta, who on any given workday inhale a sandwich while they stand looking at their computer screen.

Well, that is terrible too. I think we need one hour to have lunch in a decent way. This is very good, but not two or three hours that we have here. The hope to be similar to you and all the European countries beside us because really we need that for health, for family. We will have more time for having this life that we want to have. And for sure, you could have also some more time to have the lunch which is healthier.

Nuria Chinchilla is an economist and professor of management at the IESE Business School in Barcelona. Thanks very much for joining us.

turn 3 : Turn (4) implies that Nuria Chinchilla is thankful for being invited to the show and is concluding the interview.

How did Nuria Chinchilla conclude the interview?

Answer: Concluding


Nice to be here, Lulu.

Why study Mars's core?What can it teach us?

We know the outside of Mars, and we understand the inside of the Earth. And one of the reasons we're interested in Mars is because it's a planet of a similar sort of size to the Earth and Venus. So getting into the interior of it will help us understand how long it took for it to cool down because it's now a cooler planet than the Earth. It no longer does all that exciting plate tectonic stuff that the Earth does. And we'll get a sense of how stiff the external crust is, how malleable the mantle is and whether the core is liquid or not. Those are all the things that really matter for the physics of the Earth, so we assume they're going to matter for the physics of Mars, too.

The first successful Mars landing was almost 50 years ago, which is quite a while. And many have failed since then. Why?How hard is it actually to get there?

turn 2 : Studying Mars's interior will help us understand Earth's physics.

What will studying Mars's interior help us understand?

Answer: Mars


Well, the short answer's yes. The deforestation program in Brazil has been enormously successful. Between 2004 and 2012, deforestation fell by more than 80%. That's a shocking success. The challenge is that since 2012, deforestation has ticked up. There's also been a backlash against some of the environmental policies that were put in place under the former government.

Well, as we mentioned, Germany and Norway recently decided to pull their funding out of this Amazon Fund. What made them do that, specifically?

So this is largely an international response to concerns that deforestation is on the rise. And in particular, it's a response to the rhetoric that the administration of Jair Bolsonaro has been putting out. Bolsonaro has basically said to the people in the country that deforestation is OK, development at all costs is OK.  And a lot of scientists fear that that message is starting to take hold, that landowners in the hinterlands in the Amazon are starting to listen, and now they're burning their fields and they're taking advantage of this.

So do you think this latest move by Norway and Germany to freeze their funds could actually sway Bolsonaro?

turn 2 : People are starting to follow suit in regards to the actions of others.

How are landowners in the Amazon responding to the message of development at all costs?

Answer: Burning


So why do you think people should care about this?And. . .

(Laughter).

. . . Apologies for being trite about it. But. . .

Yeah, I know.

turn 1 : A finds something amusing but doesn't want to explain why.

Which emotion does PersonA express with laughter in turn 1?

Answer: Amusement


Unfortunately, we know that the homeless individuals who are unsheltered and living in the street are disproportionately burdened with behavioral health challenges, mental disease, substance abuse disorders. And so if a nurse from the government shows up with a syringe and says, hey, I'm here from the government. I'm here to help you. Take this shot - it's not so simple. We have had to spend a tremendous amount of time building trust, providing education and making the case for why receiving a vaccine is such a critical opportunity for them to protect their health.

What are the symptoms of hepatitis A?

These are symptoms that basically reflect inflammation of the liver. And the most common symptoms are basically fever, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, significant abdominal pain, the loss of appetite. And then one of the telltale things is either darkening of the urine or what's called jaundice, which is the common yellowing of the eyes and the yellow hue of the skin, indicating liver enzymes being spilled into the bloodstream. So jaundice is also a very common symptom.

Dr.  Yphnatides, if you think long term about changes you would want to see made to prevent another outbreak like this in the future, where does that take you?

turn 1 : Building trust and providing education are necessary in order to make a convincing argument for why homeless individuals should receive the vaccine.

What is needed to make a convincing argument for why homeless individuals should receive the vaccine?

Answer: Trust


And then we figured out how to pull aluminum out of its oxides, and now we use it everywhere. And platinum group metals are no different. They're very useful in electronics, microprocessors, medical devices, you name it, catalytic converters, renewable energy. And I would love to see a day - whenever that may be - when the platinum group metals are 100 times cheaper than they are now.

I'm reminded of a "Twilight Zone" adventure where they learned how to make gold and it was worthless. That's another story, but take us through the steps for your plan stage. Where do we go from here, and what are the steps?

Well, it's a three-phase plan. First of all, we have a technology road map that we've developed that lists every bit and every piece of technology that we need in order to go and extract resources from asteroids. We have some of that technology today and others we need to develop. And so we're slowly but surely piecing together, pulling together all the different pieces of technology that we need to have. Number two, we're going to do asteroid prospecting. And so this means that, first, we're going to develop a series of Arkyd 100 spacecraft to go into low Earth orbit and study the nearest asteroids and make sure that we've found, you know, lots of the other interesting ones that are not yet found and look closer at the ones that we do know of.

And number three?

turn 1 : In (2), the speaker mentions a "Twilight Zone" adventure where they learned how to make gold and it was worthless. The literal meaning is that they learned how to make gold, but the implied meaning is that sometimes things that we think are valuable may not be worth much in reality. This is different from the literal meaning of the words spoken.

What is the "Twilight Zone" adventure that PersonB mentions in (1)?

Answer: Gold


You know, I'm encouraged by the step. It makes it easier to deal with churches that have enabled or covered up sexual abuse. That being said, it is a framework only.

A framework only - what do you mean?

Well, it creates a new committee by which these claims can be vetted. What we don't know yet is who is going to be on that committee, what questions the committee will be asking as they consider whether or not churches are in violation of the SBC standards on sexual abuse. And so it really remains to be seen what is built on that framework.

Talk to me about the culture. I'm thinking of some reporting that our religion correspondent, Tom Gjelten, has been doing this week. He's been interviewing Southern Baptist women. And they describe a culture that is resistant to change. Has that been your experience as you've interacted with church leaders?

turn 1 : B doesn't understand the implications of the framework

Which person is unsure about the meaning of the framework?

Answer: B


Hi.

So you're about to get underway with your lunch rush. What are the workers telling you?What are the conversations you're hearing there at the bar?

Well, they're like counting down the days and saying what are they going to do. You know, some people have no plans. They don't know what they're going to do. Then other people say they're going to move away because this is a dying town, and it's really frightening.

And what does that mean for you?

Well, I just hope that we can make it through. I don't know. We don't know what is in store - you know, the future has for us because we've already - when they cut the shifts back, we've already lost a lot of our business from over there. Now, there's going to be nobody, and we just don't know where it's going to go from there.

turn 2 : The future of the town is uncertain and it is causing anxiety

How is the town's future affecting people's emotions?

Answer: Anxiety


I assume, Sean, you're not going to have anyone there kind of pulling in the CNN-type touchscreen - pulling up results from various provinces. When might we get a really solid indication of who the next president of Afghanistan will be?

You're right. It is going to take some time here. We should start to get some basic, preliminary results in the coming days. But the actual count won't be completed until April 20. But once that's released, there's going to be several weeks of challenges, and a period where another body evaluates fraud and complaints and challenges from candidates. And May 14th is when the final, certified results of today's vote will actually be released. And most analysts are convinced that there's no chance any of the candidates will get more than 50 percent of the vote today, which means the top two candidates will go to a runoff, probably to be held sometime in June; meaning, we're looking at sometime late summer, early fall, actually, before we know who the next president of Afghanistan's going to be.

NPR's Sean Carberry in Kabul. Thanks so much.

Thank you, Scott.

turn 2 : "NPR's Sean Carberry in Kabul" is meant literally as it refers to the journalist's location.

Which turn refers to the journalist's location?

Answer: Turn2