And is this going to encourage changes at other state universities?Is this going to encourage more lawsuits?

I think it's hard to gauge. If you were one of the conservatives who wanted to challenge affirmative action, I would think this is a little depressing. You spent years trying to get a case at the Supreme Court, and you don't - you know, it's not much of an incentive to do it again.

I think it may encourage a few big states, as I mentioned, to try to move away a little bit from weighing race and trying to find a way, like this top 10 law, rewarding top graduates, find a way to bring in more minority students but without giving an explicit preference in the admissions policy.

Now some will remember there was another case I think from the University of Michigan that was also broadly about affirmative action. Does the Texas case supplant that, or are we awaiting a decision on the Michigan case, as well?

turn 2 : Race may not be used by some big states in college admissions.

What was the incentive for conservatives who wanted to challenge affirmative action?

Answer: trial


Today, Turkey formally requested NATO to deploy Patriot missiles on the border with Syria. And while the new anti-government coalition wins friends in foreign capitals, it gets a mixed reception from rebel groups inside Syria. NPR correspondent Deborah Amos joins us now by Skype from southern Turkey. And Deborah, always good to talk with you.

Thank you, Neal. Glad to be here.

And some European nations are already considering Turkey's Patriot missile request. If fulfilled, will that effectively establish a no-fly zone over parts of - over northern Syria?

NATO officials are downplaying the no-fly zone aspect of this. But there is no doubt that if there are Patriot missiles on the border, the Syrian air force will think twice about bombing any city close to that border. That is already happening on this - on the Turkish border. There are towns now that are under the umbrella of Turkey.

turn 3 : The presence of Patriot missiles on the border will deter the Syrian air force from bombing cities close to the border.

What will the Syrian air force think twice about if there are Patriot missiles on the border?

Answer: bombing


We've seen the symbolism internationally too, haven't we?

We have. And perhaps the best-known example - in a small town in Thailand last month we saw three students who were arrested after protesting last spring's military coup by flashing the three-fingered salute - that's a symbol of District 12, Katniss' district in "The Hunger Games. "And you see things like that all over the world now. You see protesters in various parts of the world who not only wear T-shirts with "Hunger Games" slogans, but also have begun to use that three-finger salute as a symbol of protest not only in Thailand, but I'm told in Ukraine and other places as well.

What are we to make of the fact - I've wondered about this Stephen, the dystopian theme seems so popular as opposed to ethereal ones these days.

Dystopian novels always tend to feature a disaster followed by the good guys versus the bad guys in a very basic Manichaean sense. There's good and there's evil and there's no question about who the good and evil are. And we live in a political era of - where people on the left think everyone on the right is evil, everyone on the right thinks everyone on the left is evil. There's a tendency to paint our enemies as larger-than-life. And that fits perfectly with the general design of the dystopian story.

turn 3 : Why does the dystopian genre fit the current political climate?

Which genre fits the current political climate?

Answer: Dystopian


I think a lot of people are afraid of science, really, which is bad news for everybody, because we really all need to understand a certain amount of science in order to make decent policy about the world we live in. But the truth is, translating scientific ideas from physics and mathematics and biology into vernacular English is difficult enough, and then translating it into fiction so that it's all there unobtrusively is extremely challenging.

And that was both a daunting and a really fun part of this novel, because I had to - in order to write about - in order to bring the reader into this world of scientists studying climate change in front of their eyes, they have to know something about the physics of why warm air holds more moisture. I wrote in this novel about the difference between correlation and causation. One of my pet peeves. . .

. . . with journalists who - when they report on science. There - this novel even mentions the ice-albedo effect. I was really excited listening to your previous half hour when I heard that word, albedo effect. That's in my novel. But it's not every easy to do, and it requires a certain comfort with the literature and with the subject to begin to translate that into plot and character and to make it really compelling so that people who might think they're afraid of science can read this novel, enjoy this novel without knowing that they're being educated in science.

I mean, it sounds like you felt compelled to really get the science right in this, even thought it's fiction, to get that accurate.

turn 2 : The novel educates readers about science in an unobtrusive way

Which aspect of the novel was challenging for the author?

Answer: Translation


From NPR News, this is Day to Day. The ethics problem at the Interior Department continues to unfold, specifically in the little-known but powerful Minerals Management Service. The Interior Department's watchdog reports that employees in that division accepted gifts, they steered government contracts to friends, and they had sexual relations with oil and gas-company representatives. Joining us now is John Dimsdale from Marketplace, and John, first, what is the Minerals Management Service?I hadn't heard of it until yesterday.

Well, it's responsible for collecting royalty revenues from companies that extract oil and other minerals from federal property. And last year, they collected 11 billion dollars from the oil and gas industry. So, it's a big source of revenue. In fact, sometimes Minerals Management is the second largest source of income for the federal government, second only to the IRS. And remember, this scandal comes just as Congress is debating whether to allow more oil drilling, especially on the Outer Continental Shelf under the ocean.

That's right. So, let's go into the details of this scandal. What did the Interior Department's inspector general find?

Well, this report makes it sound like a very dysfunctional place. It alleges cocaine and marijuana use, and even promiscuous sex between government employees and the industry that they oversee. The inspector general says the relationship between the industry and the revenue collectors is supposed to be at arm's length, but most of the oil-company people that investigators talked to said they bought meals or drinks, entertainment, for government employees.

turn 2 : "let's go into the details of this scandal" - figurative meaning: let's discuss and examine the scandal in detail, literal meaning: let's physically go to the place where the scandal is happening.

Which phrase in the dialogue is a figurative expression that means "let's discuss and examine the scandal in detail"?

Answer: Details


We're talking with Joan Vennochi, the columnist for the Boston Globe, about a piece she wrote on the opinion page there today. It's called "Did the police let their guard down?"You can find a link to it at our website. Go to npr. org. Click on TALK OF THE NATION. And this is TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News.

And as you said earlier, it is impossible to secure the 26. 2 miles of the event, the huge crowds, like, 28,000 runners that gather to start the race, the crowds at the finished line, everything along the route. But Boston is not alone. Every city in town across the country has a big event. Do you think after Boston, police everywhere are going to have to look into their security?

Well, that seemed to be the feeling of people who know more about terrorism and security issues than I do, that again priority shift with time, there is a complacency that comes over certainly smaller towns and cities. I think New York City and L. A. , you know, places like that probably think about more than we thought about it here. It just seemed like something that could never happen. And until it does, you just think of it as something fairly remote, even though Boston certainly had a very direct connection to 9/11 since the planes left from here.

But, yeah, I mean, I think it makes - it's going to make the experts, again, think about the tradeoffs. Again, you can' protect against everything. But is there a way you want to rejigger what happens at the finish line?

turn 0 : She wrote an article asking if the police were not doing their jobs as well as they should have.

What was the title of the article written by Joan Vennochi?

Answer: police


Exactly. And the nice thing with the study was that we got to find out what was characteristic of healthy sinus cavities. And what we saw was that there was this enrichment for lactic acid bacteria and many other bacteria. But they're the ones that stood out to us because they were most depleted in the disease stage. And so we moved the. . .

Is this the bacteria that you find in yogurt and things like that?

Yeah, yeah. It's a relative. It's one of them. There are many, many lactobacillus species. But the one that we focus on is one - actually, we focused on the one that's used in making sake. (Unintelligible).

Making sake?

turn 1 : Lactic acid bacteria can be found in yogurt.

How were lactic acid bacteria described in the dialogue?

Answer: Enrichment


This is News & Notes. I'm Farai Chideya. In 1944, an Italian prisoner of war was lynched in a riot. It took place at Fort Lawton in Seattle, Washington. Forty-three black soldiers were charged in the incident; 28 of them were convicted. More than 60 years later, the Army Board of Correction overturned the convictions. The military found major issues with the soldiers' court martial. Joining us today is Howard Cooley. He's an attorney with the law firm Patrick Henry. The firm represented the family of Booker Townsell, one of the soldiers charged in the case. Thank you for joining me.

Thank you, and thank you for having me.

So tell us about Booker Townsell. Who was he, and what had he been through before and after the court martial?

He was a young man who was drafted in World War II, like so many other people. Seems to have had a - not a - nothing remarkable about his background, from what I'm able to understand. And - but he did become quite remarkable during World War II because he became a prisoner - he had to guard some prisoners of war, some Italian prisoners of war. And the riot broke out and then he, as a result of that, he was convicted, he was dismissed from the service with adverse honors.

turn 0 : "lynched in a riot" - the word "lynched" typically means an extrajudicial killing, but in this case, it refers to the death of an Italian prisoner of war during a riot.

Which nationality was the prisoner of war who was killed during the riot?

Answer: Italian


Well, there's no secret about this. The chief justice has been very clear. He doesn't want the court to be seen as a partisan institution. The other members of the court, both liberal and conservative, go around saying that this isn't a partisan institution at all. That's the message they want to convey, which is sort of hard at the moment.

But is that possible in this day and age, when we know by their - in their own account, conservative Republicans have tried to win elections so they can win Supreme Court appointments and you have several Democrats running for president now on the issue of enlarging the court?

You know, I wish I knew whether it's even possible anymore to have a Supreme Court that doesn't look partisan. I had always thought you really could. But if you look at the two cases before the court that are overtly partisan, the gerrymandering case and the census case, both would structurally allow Republicans to entrench their power even more than they have in the last decade or two. And I think it gets harder to sell the court as an apolitical institution, which is, as I said, what every member of the Supreme Court still tries to do.

You know, I interviewed Justice Stevens about a month and a half ago for a piece about his new book. And even he, a lifetime Republican, although deemed a Liberal on the court, appointed by President Ford, said it was hard for him to see the current court as apolitical. He said he still has hope, and so do I, but it's difficult.

turn 0 : The Supreme Court is perceived as a partisan institution despite their efforts to appear apolitical.

Answer: Partisan


I'm embarrassed to say I'd never heard of a tardigrade before this story. What are they?

So these are microorganisms. They're a little under a millimeter in size. They have four legs. And a lot of people think they look like bears, hence the name water bear. They are found everywhere on Earth, from jungles, to the top of the Himalayas, to the Antarctic. And as you had mentioned, they can survive pretty much any sort of environment, from extremely hot temperatures to extremely cold temperatures. They can survive in the vacuum of space. They're pretty much indestructible.

And how did a few thousand of them potentially end up on the moon?

A non-profit organization called the Arch Mission Foundation sent a lunar library to the surface of the moon with the Beresheet lander.

turn 3 : The Arch Mission Foundation sent a library to the moon.

How did the lunar library get to the moon?

Answer: Lander


The final thing is this. How has both - how have both the culture and the appearance of Harlem changed with this new money and these new properties, newly priced properties?

Well, the culture is even more vibrant, because we have people that have moved in who have the money to contribute to the children's art carnival or the Dance Theater of Harlem or the Harlem School of the Arts. I mean, it's not just myself, it's brokers, other people who have moved in are writing large checks to these organizations, like the Studio Museum in Harlem. They weren't thriving before. Some of the organizations didn't exist before. The culture is only going to continue to be as great as it is and continue.

What you notice, though, is the complexion of the people walking down the street. In the bad old days when I moved up to Harlem, if I wanted to go shopping, you had to get on the subway and go to 42nd Street. Now I just walk down to 125th Street, and everything I want is there. And while I'm walking down the street, I see people from around the world. We get tourists from around the world, in addition to the non-African-Americans who are now residents of Harlem. So the face of Harlem is changing, but the culture is not going anywhere. The non-blacks who moved to Harlem moved there because they want the nightlife that we can offer.

Willie, thank you so much for being with us today and sharing your points of view.

turn 2 : Harlem's culture is thriving due to the influx of wealth and new residents.

How has Harlem's culture changed with the new money and residents?

Answer: thriving


I don't think they picked Deming necessarily. You know, we just happen to be a big border patrol station as well as our neighboring county. They're dropping off here as well - the Hidalgo County drops here as well.

How are these people - the asylum-seekers being housed in an airport hangar - how are they handling things?

You'd be surprised. I think they're - you know, they're a little - you know, I guess they're a little worried when they first show up. But then, I think, it's actually better than most places they've been, and that's what they tell us. So they have more room and more freedom than most places they've been, so they're actually really happy.

And how is the community of Deming handling this influx of new people?

turn 0 : 'They didn't specifically choose Deming' implies that Deming was not chosen deliberately.

How was the selection of Deming for housing asylum-seekers?

Answer: Indirectly


Thanks for having me.

John Hinckley's been undergoing treatment for more than 30 years and people who've worked with him say he isn't the same man who shot President Reagan and doesn't pose the same threat he did in1981. Why are you skeptical?

Well, he has had a pattern of being deceptive. Not too long ago, on one of his outings, he told the hospital that he was going to a movie. And the Secret Service agents who were trailing him saw that he was at a library looking at books on my father and also looking at presidential assassins. The diagnosis for him is narcissistic personality disorder, which is incurable. So one of the ideas that's being presented by his doctors and by his attorney, Barry Levine, is that he hasn't done anything violent in the last 30 years. This makes no sense to me whatsoever. You know, that's like saying there's an expiration date on violent tendencies. He's 59. He has time to do something else. He planned that shooting for quite a while before he did it.

But he's been in Saint Elizabeths a long time, longer than maybe if he'd shot someone who wasn't beloved around the world and a household name.

turn 3 : John Hinckley may have been in Saint Elizabeths for a longer time than if he had shot someone less famous.

What is the reason for John Hinckley's extended stay at Saint Elizabeths?

Answer: shooting


And what a mess it's going to be because you've got 73 British seats out of 751 total. So once Brexit happens, presuming it does, you've got, you know, basically 10% of the Parliament that's just going to vanish. Some of those seats that will go to U. K.  candidates now will be abolished altogether, and others will be redistributed to other member states, who also very much would've liked to have that happen before these elections. But the U. K.  is going to play a huge role in electing a body that it won't even be a member of long-term.

It sounds incredibly messy. I want to ask also about these nationalist and far-right candidates more broadly across the European Union, since we're in a time where that sentiment is on the rise. How are those candidates expected to do in places like France and Italy?

Well, France and Italy are two places where they're expected to do quite well. You've got Marine Le Pen running basically neck-and-neck with President Emmanuel Macron's party. So that certainly is disconcerting to the mainstream political parties. And, of course, Italy's Deputy Prime Minister Matteo Salvini is one of the most popular politicians in all of Europe. So some of those parties are expected to do quite well.

And, in fact, they were just holding a meeting of 12 of these far-right parties this weekend, banding together trying to rally support ahead of the elections. And if you listen to them, they say that they could come in even second or a third political group, but polls show them still down around fourth.

turn 2 : Neck and neck means that they are tied in voting numbers.

Which two candidates are running neck-and-neck in France according to A?

Answer: MarineLePen


And the president did a victory dance in the end zone on Twitter after he was fired. He said Andrew McCabe being fired is a great day. He said he knew all about the lies and corruption going on at the highest levels of the FBI. Then what happened was even more significant because the president's private lawyer John Dowd released a statement saying that now that McCabe has been fired, he hopes that acting Attorney General Rosenstein will follow Jeff Sessions' lead and bring an end to the Mueller investigation. Now, at first, Dowd said he was speaking for the president when he issued this statement. Later, he backtracked, although it doesn't really matter.

Yeah. It's not news, though, that the president hates the Mueller probe. He's been pretty vocal about that on Twitter. Why is his lawyer statement so important?

It's important because it's a change in the legal strategy. Up until now, Donald Trump has always stopped short of saying something that could be perceived as an order to Rod Rosenstein to fire Mueller. He's always said, no, I'm not going to fire him. He's even said he looks forward to talking to him. Now it looks like they're opening a new phase, openly calling on the Department of Justice to shut down the Mueller investigation.

The Democrats have been pretty vocal. I've been seeing a lot of their reaction. Do we know what the Republicans in Congress have been saying or doing?

turn 0 : President celebrated the firing of Andrew McCabe despite the event being controversial

How did the President react to Andrew McCabe's firing on Twitter?

Answer: Celebrated


Well, part of number two is to go and send swarms of Arkyd 300 spacecraft to these high targets that - high value targets. And then after number two, we'll choose the ones that we want to actually extract resources from. And then number three, phase three comes along, which is to go and extract those resources and deliver them to the point of need.

Good luck to you, Eric Anderson. I hope you get a webcam on those asteroids for us to follow along with you.

We will. Don't worry.

All right. Thanks for joining us.

turn 2 : A is confident about the success of the mission and reassures B

How does PersonA respond to PersonB's concern about getting a webcam on the asteroids?

Answer: We


Can I ask you just when you wrote this thread, what prompted it?What was the moment that sort of made you think, this is something I need to write right now?

I live in - I jokingly refer to it as the wilds of Connecticut, and there's nothing wild about it. But I live in the woods about 10 miles away from Sandy Hook. And when that incident happened, my daughter was in elementary school. My son was in middle school. The schools went into lockdown. I think I became radicalized on that day against gun violence. Every time one of these events happens, it affects me really deeply.

And so I found myself on the kitchen floor. My daughter wanted help with her homework, and I was sort of tweeting as she was reading me an essay she was writing. But it - I just felt like I needed to try to say these things in the best way that I knew how in that moment. And I - you know, there was no real forethought to it. It was just a kind of expression of deep, deep sadness.

Michael Ian Black is a comedian, actor and writer. Thank you so much for joining us.

turn 1 : The Sandy Hook shooting made me strongly against gun violence.

Which incident affected PersonA deeply and made them become radicalized against gun violence?

Answer: Sandy


The military also can benefit tremendously from this because if trade were to open with India - the military is a major producer of cement. They own a lot of state-owned enterprises, which they run for the benefit of ex-servicemen for the veterans. And they would be a major exporter of cement to India. Moreover, if there was transit trade between India through Pakistan and Afghanistan to Central Asia, the military is the largest transporter in the country.

So there are opportunities that need to be spelled out. But more important, I think, this is an opportunity for the Pakistani prime minister to have a national debate about this issue so that he can bring everybody on board.

What has the change been in the past few weeks, even, that gives you some optimism?

Well, it's not just the past few weeks. I think this is a change that has been occurring in the last decade or so. It's not perfect, and both leaders in India, and Pakistan will face enormous opposition from entrenched interests, apart from having a sclerotic bureaucracy that won't want to give up power and controls and business interests that may have helped them win their elections that want to retain their preferred access to state resources. It's not going to be easy, but I see strong possibility and I see a convergence of the need for economic development and growth, which will benefit people in general.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be indirectly suggesting that they have insider knowledge or expertise on a particular topic, and that their opinion or perspective should be given special consideration.

What word describes the PersonA's perspective on their knowledge or expertise in a particular field?

Answer: Insider


But you paint such a visual picture down the line. I mean, is there one moment, or does this sort of take a long time to bring that image together?

I mean, for this cluster, it actually was a very visual moment. I mean, the cluster was found and it was essentially just a number, like how massive the cluster is, and that was two years ago. But when we got the X-ray data, I mean, I was at my desk and the image downloaded, and I had up on my screen the X-ray image of the cluster. And it looked so different than any other cluster I've looked at. So it was a very visual a-ha moment.

Hmm. I read somewhere that - I think you were quoted as saying that it's sort of - it has - the name Phoenix, and that might relate to - also to how it's risen from the dead or something like that. Can you explain that?

Right. I mean, the reason it's named that is because it's in the constellation of Phoenix, so that's sort of traditionally how these types of systems are named or how they were named back in the day. But the name's appropriate because in the middle of clusters usually you have this really massive galaxy that was essentially the first one to form. So they formed billions of years ago, and now there's star formation around them. But they're pretty much dead, and they're only growing by sort of accumulating smaller galaxies or eating smaller galaxies.

turn 1 : The speaker was deeply struck by the X-ray image of the cluster, which stood out from all other clusters observed and made a lasting impression.

Answer: Moment


Yes - beat me with a rifle - butt of a rifle.

Calvin Woods was also prosecuted for preaching against segregation. It was the law then.

I was speaking out against segregated buses. I was guilty of that and told them that they pay their money to sit down where there's a seat. And you don't have to get up, give anybody your seat unless that's what you want to do. So I was arrested, sentenced to six months hard labor and fined $500.

Calvin Woods and hundreds more in Birmingham were American heroes. But he says he'd like his children and his 60-some grandchildren to know it is always right to do right.

turn 0 : implies that the speaker was advocating for themselves to be violently punished,

Which turn suggests that the speaker was arrested and sentenced for speaking out against segregated buses?

Answer: Turn2


And it's the same university where, in the early days of gene therapy, a young man did die in a very early gene therapy study that set the field back, like, a decade. So the last thing these researchers want to do is, you know, do anything risky. They're taking it very carefully, being very slow. They're going to follow these patients for a long time to see if it's safe and how well it's working.

All right. There's a lot at stake here. And this isn't the only study, I understand, that's trying to use CRISPR to treat diseases. What else is going on?

Yeah, yeah. It's actually a really exciting time for - in the world for CRISPR and medical treatments right now. There's about a half a dozen studies that are - have been going in China for cancer for a while. And now another half a dozen or so are being launched in Europe, in the United States and in countries like Canada that try to treat a variety of diseases. In the first one are blood disorders. One is known as beta thalassemia. That first patient was treated there in Germany recently. And then there's - another trial is going to be starting soon in this country to try to use CRISPR to treat sickle cell disease. So it's a lot happening right now with CRISPR and diseases.

And it sounds like it's still early days.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of this sentence is asking what other studies are being conducted using CRISPR. However, the implied meaning is that the stakes are high and the researchers need to be careful to ensure the success of the study.

How are the researchers approaching the study?

Answer: Carefully


Unlike other more indigenous groups to Afghanistan - like the Taliban, which generally tries not to kill civilians, at least as much as possible - ISIS in Afghanistan has done exactly the opposite. Much like their brethren in Iraq and Syria, anybody is game.

How big a threat are they?Have they eclipsed the Taliban?

Well, I think one has to put ISIS in Afghanistan into perspective. They are not a populist movement. They don't have a large support base either among Afghans or a large number of fighters. U. S.  estimates are down in the 2-to-3,000 realm, which is an order of magnitude lower than the Taliban. But what they're willing to do is to conduct high-profile attacks against Afghan and international targets in cities like Jalalabad and Kabul. And that makes them certainly a threat, but it doesn't make them a threat to overthrow the Kabul regime.

Is there coordination between the Taliban, or are they rivals?

turn 0 : ISIS in Afghanistan kills civilians unlike the Taliban

What group tries to avoid killing civilians in Afghanistan?

Answer: Taliban


Yeah, yeah. And I'd like to say that this particular story, by the way, I'm kind of happy with the headline I came up with for that. I called it "The Tasting of the Shrew. "

We get it.

Uh-huh.

We Shakespeare fans.

turn 0 : The title of the story is a clever play on words based on the play

What is the play that the title of the story is based on?

Answer: Shrew


I didn't worry about it too much, but I - you know, I love life. I love to be out there in the field with these scientists. I take the same precautions they take. If they're wearing respirator masks and goggles and latex gloves, then I wear the same - rubber boots, gowns or whatever. And I try and stay three feet or 4four feet behind them. I try not to let them hand me a giant fruit bat.

In one case, Lisa Jones-Engel did say, here, David. Pin this monkey to the ground while I take a blood sample from this other one. And I thought about that a little bit.

Did you think twice?

I said - well, I didn't think - well, I said, sure, and I held it to the ground. And then I thought, this is not exactly what I signed up for, but, you know, you need to pitch in a little bit in these circumstances.

turn 1 : Lisa Jones-Engel asked me to hold a monkey down while she took a blood sample from another, which was not expected of me.

What did Lisa Jones-Engel ask the speaker to do with the monkey?

Answer: Hold


Depending on how they go about it, how big of a deal could this announcement by Zara be, and what kind of an impact could it have?

Well, I think the really interesting thing about Zara's statement is they've made a public statement to back their intention, and they will be held accountable for whether they achieve that target or not over time. So the fact that they made this very public target I think is really positive. And I think hopefully what that will do is also encourage other brands and retailers to be bold and to make these statements as well.

What individual responsibility do consumers have here?

Personally, I think every consumer has some responsibility for their actions. The consumers are buying products, they are making decisions about where they're buying those products from, how long they keep those products for and what they do with those products at end of life. So I think there is definitely some responsibility that the consumers have in all of this. But I also recognize as - there is this deep-seated sort of psychological driver within our human psyche to engage in fashion.

turn 0 : how big of a deal means how much of a problem would this be

Which brand made a public statement to back their intention?

Answer: Unclear


Oh, I think these were real friendships. It is pretty clear that Mr.  Epstein and Mr.  Trump socialized in the same circles. And it is quite clear that Mr.  Clinton spent a lot of time on Jeffrey Epstein's private jet, found his way to Epstein's private island. And that doesn't necessarily mean that anything illegal or improper took place.

But those were friendships. This was not people meeting each other in a greeting line. They spent a certain amount of time together as social acquaintances and friends, and so, for that matter, did many other people. His political contributions have been mostly on the Democratic side, but they tapered off or stopped completely when he found himself in hot water in South Florida.

How did Jeffrey Epstein's political profile influence his prosecution?Are these the questions that are being raised now?

They are being raised now. And I think, rather than it being his political profile, I think it was mostly a case of him having money to burn and having all sorts of resources to throw at a dream team of lawyers who were able to essentially dictate the terms to the U. S.  attorney's office when it appeared that he was going to be charged in a federal indictment. We have seen a number of emails which suggest that what Mr.  Epstein wanted he was able to get from prosecutors.

turn 2 : money to burn implies being able to spend money as desired and unnecessarily.

Which word implies having the ability to spend money as desired and unnecessarily?

Answer: Burn.


Sure.

So explain to us why you gave that request, which we agree is a legitimate request.

Security. So I wrote an in-depth and possibly embarrassing report on a top aide to Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. The report was on Saud al-Qahtani, who's best known in the West for masterminding the murder of Jamal Khashoggi, the Washington Post journalist. But he also heads up the kingdom's efforts to intimidate and silence critics, primarily through online hacking. So if there is a computer hacker sitting in Riyadh who's been tasked with finding out who wrote this report on his boss, I want to try to make his life a little bit harder.

So in terms of what you found in your research, what does Facebook mean when it says that Saudi Arabia engaged in coordinated inauthentic behavior?

turn 2 : to silence critics means to threaten them with something horrible.

Which aide did PersonA write an in-depth report on?

Answer: al-Qahtani


The inspector general also alleges that lucrative government contracts were given to friends and former colleagues of the bureau. And this isn't the first criticism by the inspector general of the Minerals Management office. Last year, that office was accused of making mistakes in the royalties that calculated for the industry. It saved companies more than 10 billion dollars. So, at the very least, this latest investigation gives ammunition to the people who say that the Bush administration is too close to the oil and gas industry.

And so, this directly affects taxpayers and consumers?

Well, you know, the head of the Minerals Management Agency says, no, that the agency has been collecting the proper amount of royalties, but the report says some oil companies were allowed to revise their payments downward after their contracts were finalized. And outsiders have to wonder why would the industry be giving gifts to employees of this agency, if they didn't want something in return?

OK. Still on oil, another story. OPEC announced it will be cutting production. What does that mean?

Well, they do want to cut production to keep the price high, but you know, Saudi Arabia said today that it isn't necessarily going to stick to those quotas and produce what the cartel imposed late on Tuesday. So, the prospect that Saudi Arabia might continue to crank out high levels of crude is pushing oil prices down, even as Hurricane Ike barrels down on the Gulf of Mexico.

turn 2 : The oil industry gave gifts to employees of the Minerals Management Agency in exchange for something.

Which agency was accused of making mistakes in the royalties calculated for the industry?

Answer: Minerals


Now, again, I spent my life being hassled by white cops. And the first thing I thought was, do you mean to tell me after everything I've been through, that St.  Peter is a white cop?That was the first thing that went through my mind.

Oh, my gosh. Well, that is a clear sign of your sense of humor. Brian, just stay with us. We won't keep you too much longer. Brian Copeland is the author of the book and creator of the production "Not a Genuine Black Man. "

And next on NEWS & NOTES, if you or someone you love is struggling with depression or mental illness, where do you turn?We've got two medical experts with a long history of promoting mental health. Plus, we read from your letters.

I'm Farai Chideya, and this is NEWS & NOTES. This month, we are focusing on the critical issue of mental health. We're also speaking with Brian Copeland, the author of the book and creator of the production "Not a Genuine Black Man. "

turn 2 : "Where do you turn" implies that you need someone to talk to about an issue.

What issue is NEWS & NOTES focusing on this month?

Answer: Mental


I'm Farai Chideya and this is News & Notes. Ratings for her daytime show are down, her magazine circulation numbers are falling, and a poll shows her popularity just isn't what it used to be. Is Oprah paying a price for publicly supporting Barack Obama's presidential campaign?

Plus, Jennifer Hudson won an Oscar for "Dream Girls," so why did she take a small part in a big film?Plus, Laurence Fishburne gets a Tony Award nomination for his portrayal of Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall. To help us talk about these issues, we've got our entertainment guru, Allison Samuels of Newsweek Magazine. How're you doing?

Good. How are you?

You look fabulous because we're on camera. But it's a webcast, so we're working things out. So, good thing we both look fresh and smiling.

OK, yeah, always.

turn 0 : Oprah popularity and relevance seem to be diminishing due to her side in politics.

How is Oprah's public support for Barack Obama affecting her?

Answer: Negatively


Are you swaying now?

Just a little bit, within legal bounds.

So what happened?

We had a noise complaint from a neighbor from people speaking too loudly on the sidewalk. And when the police came out, they issued two summons, one for violation of the New York City noise code and one for violation the Cabaret Law, which in the context of bars and restaurants, prohibits musical entertainment, singing, dancing or other forms of amusement without a license. And that license is very difficult to obtain and was only possessed by about a hundred bars and restaurants out of more than 25,000 in New York.

turn 1 : 2) "Just a little bit, within legal bounds." The speaker is not actually swaying but is referring to the legal limit of noise allowed in the context of the noise complaint mentioned in (4). The implied meaning is that the speaker is trying to avoid any further trouble with the police by staying within the legal limits of noise.

Answer: Not


Well, I think so. Among Republicans here in Utah, there are a variety of different flavors of Republicanism. And I think there are non-Mormon Republicans in the state who expressed concern about his readiness for office and some of the other statements that he made, in the same way that many other Republicans around the country have expressed concern.

At the same time, Hillary Clinton, the Democratic nominee, seems to have made a real specific and concrete direct appeal to Utah voters, hasn't she?

I think that's right. She published an op-ed in The Deseret News referencing LDS Church history and talking in ways that would have resonated with many Mormons or at least the language would resonate. Whether or not people who have come to some judgments, rightly or wrongly, about Hillary Clinton will ultimately be swayed by that is another question. But there's no question that Hillary Clinton or her campaign are reaching out to Mormons in a way that is different from what we've seen from Democratic candidates in the past.

turn 3 : "Any sign of increased support or at least interest in third-party candidates?" - Implied meaning: Is there any indication that people are more likely to vote for a third party candidate?

Answer: Third


So he did leave some wiggle room because he said that there are all kinds of good reasons for the government to want to include the citizenship question on the census. But the reason that the government actually gave was a pretext; it was a fake reason. And so this leaves open the possibility of coming back and saying, from the government, here's our new reason. Is this good enough for you, Chief Justice Roberts?And since he's the controlling vote, what he thinks on that question is likely going to be determinative.

But can they come back if, essentially, they were rejected because their previous reasoning was seen as disingenuous?

Well - so I think that, legally, there is a way to make an argument that the opinion the court issued last month did not completely close the door. But it's still going to have to convince a number of judges that it is a good enough reason and not yet another pretext.

There's also been talk about the president circumventing all of this by issuing an executive order. Is that realistic?Is that legally viable?

turn 2 : An argument can still be made to convince judges that the new reason is not pretext

Which judges need to be convinced about the new reason's validity?

Answer: Judges


And no problems for their ears?

Well, there sometimes are problems for their ears. I mean, whenever you hear a kid screaming their brains out behind you or in front of you on a plane, probably that kid is having air pressure problems. And what happens is that, if they can't pop their ears very well - that is, popping your ears is equalizing the pressure in the middle ear with that in the atmosphere around you, which we mostly do by making those funny little motions with our jaw and swallowing and things like that - little kids often don't know how to do that.

What can happen is that, as the pressure in the plane drops, the pressure in the middle ear remains at sea level, and so the ear drum gets stretched. And ear drums don't like to get stretched. Sometimes they get stretched badly enough so that they can even tear, although that's really quite rare. One of the things that it does lead to is terrible pain sometimes for kids. I always recommend that parents give kids something to drink and sometimes just sort of chewing on a candy increases saliva, so that you swallow, and it allows pressure to equalize.

OK, so for kids who are not healthy, what about them?

turn 2 : In turn (3), the speaker uses the phrase "the pressure in the plane drops" to describe the change in air pressure that occurs during a flight. This is an idiomatic expression that means the cabin pressure decreases as the plane gains altitude.

How does the speaker describe the change in air pressure during a flight?

Answer: Decreases


Yeah.

Sterile. Good to drink.

Well, they didn't drink it. They didn't do the ultimate test.

And I don't blame them.

turn 1 : The water is so clean that it is safe to drink.

How would you describe the quality of the water offered by B?

Answer: Clear


Thank you.

So what originally did the Consumer Product Safety Commission say was wrong with this stroller?

They were concerned about the front wheel of the stroller. It's a three-wheeled stroller, and they were concerned with the wheel falling off suddenly. It's attached to the stroller with a quick release, the same thing that attaches the wheels on bicycles. And so parents would be out running, jogging with their strollers, their kid in the middle. And the wheel would spontaneously fall off.

So the agency spent months investigating. And in 2017, they decided that Britax should recall the stroller, that it wasn't safe. And they even sued to try and force the company to recall the stroller. Tell us why that didn't happen.

turn 2 : The stroller's front wheel would fall off suddenly during use, posing a safety risk for parents jogging with their children.

What part of the stroller was posing a safety risk?

Answer: Front


You know, a lot of people who are successful at their jobs identify very strongly with their jobs, with their profession. They say, I am Joe Blow and. . .

Yes.

I work at X company and that's a big strong part of their identity. And so I imagine when those people lose their jobs, it's particularly devastating because a part of their identity is gone.

Right. I ask people to sort of, you know, draw out a pie chart like if you had a circle and you're going to divide the different parts of the circle into who you are. You're a brother, sister, son, father, mother, whatever, daughter, friend, you're a member of a community, you're somebody who can help other people. There's a tendency in our society to overidentify with the role of a job, but we're many, many, many other things. So redefining and sort of expanding your definition of who you are is a magnificent way of empowering yourself.

turn 0 : Joe Blow isn't a real person. It implies someone who is just a regular guy who has little power.

Which name is used to represent an average person in the dialogue?

Answer: Joe


Yeah, I think what Ron said about the end of the day he wants to see all the candidates treated equally. His wish will not be fulfilled is my prediction. As far as I can see, this election is election where Obama is getting all of the scrutiny. Now, when you said media bias, I don't want you to think that this means he's getting all the scrutiny and that scrutiny is positive. He's getting positive scrutiny, he's getting negative scrutiny, and he's getting scrutiny about trivial things that are not normally newsworthy. But my prediction is that the end of the day this is going to be an election where it's going to be about Barack Obama, is he qualified for the job?If he turns out to be, he'll get elected, and if he turns not to be, then McCain will be elected.

All right. Andrew, thank so much.

Great to talk to you, Farai.

Media analyst Andrew Tyndall. He's the publisher of tyndallreport. com, which has been analyzing the network's nightly news coverage for 20 years. And we want to know what you think about the media's coverage of the presidential candidates. Go to our blog at nprnewsandviews. org.

turn 1 : "All right.Andrew, thank so much." - The actual meaning is different from the literal meaning. The intended meaning is a truncated expression of thanks, rather than a complete sentence.

What is the name of the person who expresses gratitude to Andrew in the dialogue?

Answer: Farai.


And those two factors - genetic variation and large populations - are perfect recipes for Darwinian evolution. So RNA viruses evolve very quickly. They adapt very quickly. If they pass from one species of host into another - for instance, from a bat, or a monkey or a rodent, into humans - they seem to have a better chance of flourishing, of adapting to the new host and finding ways to transmit onward. So the RNA viruses, the single-stranded RNA viruses, are particularly on the watch list for the disease scientists who study this field.

I'm Flora Lichtman, and this is SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR, talking with David Quammen about his book "Spillover. "Are we reservoir hosts for viruses that have caused pandemics in other animals?

Well, certainly we've caused disease. It does go the other way. It can go either direction whenever there's fairly close contact. For instance, Jane Goodall's chimps in Gombe in Tanzania, in the late '60s, suffered what seems to have been a little epidemic of polio. A number of the Gombe chimps died.

And that polio virus is thought to be non-zoonotic. It's thought to be a virus that only affects humans, but it's capable of passing from humans into chimps. So it seems to have made those chimps sick and killed some of them.

turn 0 : RNA viruses are a high risk for disease scientists.

What kind of viruses are particularly on the watch list for disease scientists?

Answer: RNA


It could be any number of things, Scott. It - there was a sidebar that, as you know, was sealed. In other words, the conversation was not made public. Could be something related to a witness scheduling issue. It could be something related to an issue that the government and the defense jointly need to work out. Could be any number of things.

I raise this because, of course, the judge has gotten a lot of attention for being tough on the prosecution. He even apologized for being too sharp. You've appeared before Judge Ellis.

Many times.

Is he crankery and colorful, or does he cross the line?

turn 0 : The conversation was private and sealed, so it's unclear what was discussed.

Answer: Unclear


I don't even know what to say.

Have you - make sure you've eaten your lunch or your breakfast.

It might be - it's going to be the grossest video you've probably seen all week. But you should still watch it because it's fascinating.

You know how to sell it.

turn 2 : The video is gross, but still interesting enough to watch.

Answer: Unknown.


Media looks very bad on this. It looks credulous for Justice Department sources. Hatfill had filed suit against the government and, you know, sought to get the names of sources from journalists, taking them to court to do so, and to try to prove that the Justice Department had intentionally leaked this, as they sought to, you know, circle in on him and to capture him for these attacks.

Now, this year, there was a settlement, a legal settlement, for Steven Hatfill from the government.

That's right. Just a few months ago, the government essentially paid out a package - depending on how you value it - but about 5. 85 million dollars to compensate him for lost revenue over the course of his career. He lost a job at Louisiana State University, as a result of this, that he had been offered. Interestingly, the government did not exonerate him directly. Although the entire settlement tended to do that, but it not explicitly exonerate him, and nor did it apologize to him for this. CHADWICK: I don't imagine that we in the media are going to be apologizing to him either. NPR's David Folkenflik, thank you.

You bet.

turn 1 : "there was a settlement...for Steven Hatfill from the government." - The actual meaning is that Steven Hatfill received a monetary compensation from the government as a result of a legal settlement.

What did Steven Hatfill receive from the government?

Answer: Apologize


I'm Farai Chideya and this is News & Notes. The roots of jazz reach down on to the Mississippi Delta and the West Coast of Africa. Now, the many sounds that make up modern jazz can be heard virtually anywhere in the world. The Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz keeps the music alive and nurtures the next generation of jazz musicians. And this weekend, the institute is honoring B. B. King, plus, holding the finals of its annual performance competition. Joining us now is Monk Institute President Tom Carter.

Hi. It's a pleasure to be here.

Yeah. Yeah. You're right here in the studio. So we've been hearing a little bit of the great B. B. King, who I've had the pleasure of watching play. And you're honoring him in Los Angeles this weekend at a concert called 'The Blues and Jazz, Two American Classics. 'Tell me a little bit more about how got things structured.

Absolutely. It's going to be an incredible weekend. We have saxophone competition which we'll be talking about. But as a part of the competition, we also have a major tribute concert each year and this year, it's dedicated to B. B. King and to the blues. The blues have had a huge influence on jazz, and we established last year an education program in Mississippi Delta called 'The Blues and Jazz, Two American Classics,' which is the theme of this weekend. And there, we worked with young kids and really introduced them, originally in the Mississippi Delta to their great roots and heritage and the life of B. B. King, who is from Indianola.

turn 1 : to watch someone play means to watch them perform

How is B.B. King being honored at the concert in Los Angeles?

Answer: Tribute


Yes.

Have you photographed them?Or have they been clients of yours?

Not paying clients. Yes, I have shot them at a rally in Chicago.

OK.  Not - well, not paying in the sense that you would like to have them as clients or pursue them at one point, or you just are taking pictures of them, as everyone else is doing, when they're out in public?

No, I was part of the campaign. I was heavily involved in fundraising and (unintelligible) and have gone to battleground states, signing up voters. So, yeah, I was there, part of the group, and I shot them because this is something I wanted to do. I wasn't a paid photographer of staff, but yes. Would I like to shoot them as a paid person?Absolutely.

Yeah, I'm guessing the answer to that would be yes. Are you hopeful of that opportunity still?

turn 2 : The person took pictures of the other people at a rally in Chicago, they did not shoot them with a gun but with a camera.

Which event did the person attend in Chicago?

Answer: Rally


About six lengths off the lead followed by Homeroom Jester and the trailer is Dolarolarorrarockadockamolahholah.

Hackahmackahdolohrollocolamockahdackahmolahhackahdohkah.

(Laughter).

And yeah.

turn 2 : Implied Meaning: While there may not be a clear and definitive implied meaning behind this turn, it's possible that there is a subtle message or intention that can be inferred based on the speaker's tone and the context of the conversation. However, not everyone may agree on what the implied meaning is, as it may be subject to interpretation. Nonetheless, there is a likelihood that most people would perceive some sort of subtext or hidden intention in this turn.

Answer: None


I know it does.

How you doing, Tony?

I'm doing great. Listen, you heard the conversation we just had with Dave Zirin about the intersection of sports and politics. Do you agree with the basic premise that it's an issue that is ongoing and ever changing?

Oh, yeah. Absolutely, you know, Dave makes great points. What I thought was very interesting, Tony, was before the Olympics, LeBron James was going to become very interested, you know, about slave trade, and slavery in Africa. And he was making some points, saying I really want to do this, I think I'm going to do it, I think I'm going to speak out, and by the time they got to the Olympics, Tony, they had sat on LeBron. And suddenly he had changed his tune, he was well, this is nothing but sports, and we just want to keep it to sports. And to me, once again, it reinforces this whole idea of here you've got this team of multi-millionaires led by LeBron and Kobe, and these guys basically were intimidated. They were intimidated into not saying anything. So yeah, sports is very political by definition, and by the absence of it. It's just a phenomenal contradiction.

turn 3 : LeBron James was silenced by the Olympic organizers and not allowed to speak out about slavery in Africa.

What was LeBron James going to speak out about before the Olympics?

Answer: Slavery


For them, remembering digits is much easier than remembering the Roman alphabet. Even though they learn the letters, they're often still more comfortable with numbers. And they remember them a lot more clearly.

So when they read the numbers out loud, do they have some meaning in Mandarin?

Yeah, I mean, a lot of the URLs, the strings of digits, do have some meaning. For example, there are tons of URLs that are homophones for other Chinese phrases. So you gave the example of the McDonald's URL - 4008-517-517 - that's because when you say 517 in Mandarin it's (Mandarin spoken) and that sounds somewhat (Mandarin spoken), which means I want to eat.

They sort of have infinite flexibility to spell out phrases and create these little sentences. So the example you gave of the dating website, which is 5201314. com, that string of digits means, (Mandarin spoken), which means I will love you forever. So that's something that people will use a lot when chatting online with their friends or they'll shorten it to 520, which just means I love you.

turn 3 :  “I want to eat” in Mandarin. Similarly, the phrase “5201314” in turn 4 literally means “five two, zero one three one four” but it implies “I will love you forever” in Mandarin.

How does the string of digits "5201314" translate in Mandarin?

Answer: I-will-love-you-forever


Xie xie.

Xie xie. Well, Alonzo Bland, xie xie. Thank you so much for sharing your story with us today.

Thank you.

Alonzo Bland is living in Tianjin, China. He's at the Aimin Fat Reduction Hospital, hoping to lose 400 pounds.

turn 3 : losing 400 pounds refers to losing weight or fat reduction and not to lose 400 British Pounds  or money

Which type of loss does "losing 400 pounds" refer to in the dialogue?

Answer: loss


Basically. Well, what hydrogen does is at soon as it escapes into the atmosphere it starts bonding with whatever it can find. You know either hydrocarbons or oxygen to create water or whatever. It doesn't sit in the environment once it leaks out, for example, out of a tank or whatever. It doesn't sit there, you know, waiting for something to happen. It moves very quickly, where as something like gasoline by comparison, does not do that.

How do you compare in terms of, you know, environmental impact and cost these developing hydrogen cars to hybrids like the Toyota Prius?

We'll, we're seeing things like the Prius that are already on the road and there are a number of other hybrids. We're developing a hybrid which will be on the road next year as well. Hydrogen is still in the development phase and so we're still a ways away from having vehicles on the road. So it's a little tough to make a direct cost comparison. I mean, the fleet of 100 hydrogen-powered seven series cars we've got on the road now were obviously very expensive to develop and to build just because of their very unique nature.

Who's your market?I mean, BMW is known a very quality brand, but that also means that your price point is probably above that of a lot of working folks who are commuters. So who do you find is your market?

turn 3 : BMW's market for their cars is not working-class commuters.

Answer: Quality


But it's a risk. Well, if you can't buy political advertising, what do you spend the money on?

Well, you spend the money, for example - and it's strange, because they call - his opponents call President Sarkozy l'Americain, the American. And they're not saying it with a smile on their lips. There's sort of a sneer on their lips. They're not any crazier about Americans than, for example, the Republican candidates in this country are about French socialists. But the irony is that it is the socialists.

And Hollande's campaign is ran by three absolutely charming young men who met at MIT and Harvard, three Frenchmen, in their late 20s, early 30s, and they are the ones running the campaign. And they have decided that they are going to replicate the Obama campaign of 2008 in France this year. And that's what they're doing. And they're going door to door. And they're using computerized systems. And they're using Internet radio. They're using all the same tactics that the Obama candidacy employed four years ago.

In the meantime, there is still power of incumbency. A lot of people thought the terrible situation in the south of France. . .

turn 1 : "Being crazy about" something here implies a fondness for something, it isn't related to any mental illness.

How do opponents refer to President Sarkozy?

Answer: l'Americain


She - of all the characters I've written, she's the only one who came to me sort of fully formed. At the start of the book, she's six years old. And to me, she's sort of this very curious, trusting, defiant young girl whose chief attribute is this kind of rebellion against unknowing. She wants to know as much as possible. And the central arc of the book is essentially her life and how her desire to know - her curiosity is sort of used against her during this war.

Sarat is forced to flee with her family, and she ends up in a vast refugee camp where she gets recruited, essentially. She becomes a weapon in this civil war, and she's kind of transformed by hate. She seems like she's not exactly a heroine that you'd read about in "The Hunger Games" but something rather darker.

Yeah. I didn't want to write a book with good guys and bad guys and a clear dividing line between them. The idea behind writing it when I first started had to do with the idea of the universality of revenge. There's no sort of foreign way of suffering - that any of us subjected to enough evil will become evil ourselves.

Is this a book about how someone becomes a terrorist?

turn 3 : The literal interpretation of this question implies that the book focuses on the process of someone becoming a terrorist. However, the actual meaning is that the book explores how an individual, in this case the character Sarat, is forced into extreme circumstances that lead her to become involved in acts of violence during a civil war. The intent is not to justify terrorism but to examine the transformation and complex motivations behind such actions.

How is the transformation of Sarat portrayed in the book?

Answer: Radicalization


Do you go back and see your plays often after they're up and running?

Yes, I do. I mean, in the old days, I didn't, and I was very sorry for it. And I had to learn to do it because we have something we call, especially in the world of large shows, a lot of people killing babies where the director comes back and basically says, you know how they used to just come in and say hello?Well, you know, I think instead of coming in now, pirouetting with a finger up your butt, why don't you just go back to coming in and saying, hello?

And we do that fairly frequently because people do get bored, and they elaborate without even necessarily knowing they've elaborated. What's unusual is that the guys in "Death of a Salesman" simplify. They don't add. They simplify and they get truer, and they find each other more. I've never quite seen it to this extent, but it's very exciting to see and I'd like to go back and see it as often as I can.

You described some playwrights, Beckett, for example, as somebody whose work seems to back away from you the closer you get it. But Miller's play, you say, is not like that.

turn 1 : A: I regret not reviewing my plays in the past.

Which action did PersonA have to learn to do?

Answer: Review


You can see the hurricanes. . .

That's right.

. . . the tornadoes and things and try to connect the dots themselves if no one else is going to connect the dots for them.

That's exactly right.

turn 2 : The implied meaning of (3) is to encourage people to learn and understand the connection between the hurricanes, tornadoes and other natural disasters, without relying on someone else to do it for them.

Which natural disasters were mentioned in the dialogue?

Answer: Hurricanes,Tornadoes


Are Jews in Germany already hiding external markers of religion?

Yes, they have for quite some time. Jews in Germany who wear yarmulkes often wear baseball caps to hide their yarmulkes because there is a feeling of unease. There aren't incidents all the time. And yet, one doesn't want to court that sort of danger. That said, of course, there's a great wish that this doesn't have to be, that one can wear a yarmulke openly. And here on the streets of Berlin, generally, it is no problem. But no one wants to be the person where it is a problem.

Right.

And even - it's not just wearing kippahs. It's also speaking Hebrew, it's wearing Magen David Jewish star necklaces. Any outward sign can be a problem.

turn 1 : Jews in Germany are hiding their religious symbols due to safety concerns

Which religious symbols are Jews in Germany hiding?

Answer: Star


No, because the guys used to sit on the porch and play their guitars and (unintelligible). And then would beat to the tap of their foot. So I kind of adapted that tanta-ta-tan-tum, tanta-ta-tan-tum(ph). I mean, because - I mean, my people - my relatives, most of them were from Jackson, Mississippi. So when they migrated to Indianapolis, they kind of brought a lot of that feeling.

When he said write a hit, that one song people know me all over the world, in Russia, Africa, Japan, all over the world, people, the first thing they say when they see me, "Red Clay. "

In the course of your career, you had, obviously, highs and you had some lows, and they've been described as personal problems. Without going into detail, are we to assume that those problems were substance abuse related?

Well, substance abuse, I wouldn't really say I had a problem with that. I mean, I would say that at one period in the '70s, I started partying, I was in Hollywood A-list(ph). And everybody would come up there, I mean, all kind of movie stars, all kind of football stars, basketball stars, actors. And I had a spot right there in (unintelligible) overlooking the (unintelligible). And the people that I had coming up there - now, the substance abuse, it was around because a lot of people who would come to see me would bring it. But I would never really say I had a habit or anything like that.

turn 2 : My lows were not due to substance abuse.

Answer: Personal


Should the NSA be held responsible for this?I'm just wondering. The fact that this crown jewel, as you put it, was leaked or stolen and became public, is that their fault?

This is a great question. Actually, there's controversy. So initially, losing control of this hacking tool - and really, thousands of others - was clearly the NSA's fault. But at some point, I guess, their responsibility for criminals reusing what has become public is diminishing. But the problem here is that the U. S.  government - first Obama, then the Trump administration, and of course, also Congress - have never addressed the underlying extraordinary leak that took place that is known as Shadow Brokers, which is arguably the worst security breach the NSA has ever suffered - even worse than the Snowden leak.

It just seems remarkable that something that has such significance and such a power to disrupt people's lives hasn't gotten more attention. Does it seem strange to you?

Well, you know, the story is quite complicated. But I think we have to do better and really understand the Shadow Broker's leak, it's reuse. This is ultimately an attack, if we take the whole thing, that has caused tens of billions of damage to the world economy - billions.

turn 1 : The government's lack of action on the Shadow Brokers leak suggests negligence and a failure to address a significant security breach.

What event caused billions of damage to the world economy?

Answer: Shadow-Brokers


OK, well, now there's criticism that these short-sellers may be contributing to the funny business in terms of, you know, driving prices down for these big investment banks.

You know, there's a ton of funds out there. There's a lot of cash out there. If the short-sellers are really driving prices to the point where stocks and companies are mispriced, there should be the countervailing, hey, this is a bargain, let's rush in and buy it. That hasn't happened, and in fact, if you look at the companies that have gone belly up in the past year, every one of them was either insolvent or had some major problem. Again, the short-sellers are the one who identified this.

Hm. Well, also, in some of those banks, you have traders, actually, you know - have what is the accusation out there that they contributed to the problem by short-selling these derivatives and by driving prices down across the board.

Well, there's two issues. One is short-selling in general, and then the other issue is naked short-selling, which - I'll give you the real short version of it. When you short-sell, you're doing the opposite of buying. You borrow stock and you sell it, and you hope to buy it cheaper and return it. Short-selling is legal. Naked short-selling has been illegal for many years. The only reason we have so much of it is the SEC has not enforced the rules against it, because there was a ton of money made by the biggest brokerage firms.

turn 0 : ton of funds implies a larger quantities or amount of fund s

How did short-sellers contribute to the problem in some of those banks?

Answer: recession


There were some in the immediate crowd, Scott, who were smiling. But the president chose to make his tour of the damage in a rather affluent area where the damage was not so severe. Elsewhere on the island, these remarks seemed surreal. Plus, there was his rather cavalier comment about Puerto Rico's debt crisis, which is quite severe and which he dismissed and said, well, that's gone. That's gone. That's gone. Well, the next day, the president's budget director had to walk that back and say we shouldn't take that word for word. And all of this gave the impression that the president wasn't taking Puerto Rico as seriously as he did the hurricane disasters in Texas and Florida.

Did he leave a different impression the next day in Las Vegas?

You know, he did, and very much so. Whether it was recompense or whether the Vegas shooting just got to him on another level, one of his most authentic moments, really, of apparent empathy since he took office.

We're getting a tweet from president - from President Trump. Or we're not getting it. But he's tweeted, I called Chuck Schumer yesterday to see if the Dems would do a great health care bill. Obamacare is badly broken, big premiums. Who knows?

turn 1 : The president was showing a lack of seriousness for the Puerto Rican crisis.

Which crisis was the president not taking seriously?

Answer: Puerto-Rican


People see both sides. From one side, we see everything changed after Trump came to office and withdraw from the nuclear deal. In another side, we see mismanagement and corruption inside the government. So Iranians see both sides. But the much bigger side is this thing that we - they see from Trump's administration. They see, every day, sanctions. People see that the White House always says, we have nothing to do with Iranians.

But we think that maybe the most important part of the sanctions is its impact on Iranians. Maybe authorities, officials haven't been affected that much. They're rich. They're wealthy. They have no problems with inflation or with all the problems. But the Iranian ordinary people who have a limited income - it is very hard for them. They see the impact of the sanctions directly on them.

What's the overall mood in Tehran as all this plays out?

Hopelessness and uncertainty.

turn 0 : sides refers and implies perspectives not direction

How does the term "sides" relate to the discussion between PersonA and B?

Answer: Perspectives


No, I think this will be about fact. That's why I added a number of authors and historians to this commission. When these monuments were erected, they were to celebrate but also, I think, to intimidate individuals, as well. They were there to continue to convey what I think is, you know, alternative facts and history. At the end of the day, these individuals defended a time and a purpose that would probably have me and my ancestors in bondage. And that should not go untold.

Some, though, would say this is a cop-out. New Orleans has torn down a number of its Confederate monuments. The city of Charlottesville, Va. , voted to sell its statue of Robert E.  Lee. Why not remove these statues?

Well, first I will say that our monuments commission will obviously listen to all sides. They'll listen to those who think that we may be trying to rewrite history. We're going to listen to people who think that we should remove the monuments. My charge to the commission is to tell the whole truth. For some, this was the third rail in Richmond politics - that you can never touch Monument Avenue. And I think that right now this is an opportunity for us and a responsibility for us to write the next new chapter for the city of Richmond.

Levar Stoney, the Democratic mayor of Richmond, Va.  We've been checking in with him throughout his first year in office. And we will be doing so as the year rolls on. Thank you so much for joining us.

Thank you, Lulu.

turn 0 : The monuments were meant to intimidate and convey alternative facts and history.

How were the monuments meant to convey history?

Answer: Intimidate


And he met a tragic end, I gather.

Yup. Much like Martin Luther King, he had his young life cut short by gunfire from a white assassin.

I don't understand how America doesn't know so much about him and why Philadelphia took so long to recognize him.

I think part of it is that in the decades after reconstruction, there was almost a big version of what we might now call a white backlash. America got into the birth of a nation era when that movie depicted Klansmen as heroes and black leaders of reconstruction as morons and sexual predators when in fact there's this whole rich history that lots of good historians have started to dig out in the last few decades of black political activists who even began their activism right at the tail end of slavery.

turn 3 : The actual meanings of these turns are: (2) Martin Luther King was killed by a white assassin; (3) America doesn't understand or appreciate the contributions of black leaders during Reconstruction; (4) America's history of racism and white supremacy has been ignored or minimized for many decades.

What was the movie depicting Klansmen as heroes and black leaders of reconstruction as morons and sexual predators?

Answer: Birth-of-a-Nation


His family life has gotten more attention than maybe he wanted, right?

Well, yeah, sort of. Bill de Blasio's wife, Chirlane McCray, wrote an article way back in the 1970s about why she was a lesbian. And this was considered back in 1979 a little outside the box. And it surfaced again in recent months. And when asked about it, you know, they say, look, we are happily married, we have two adorable kids - here are their pictures - and that's all we have to say about it. And it was a very interesting moment to show the city, really show the world, how the conversation has changed about this. What could have been a career-ending disclosure 20 or 30 years ago wasn't much of a story at all.

And maybe we should note, Christine Quinn is married is to her partner of longstanding.

Yes, indeed. If elected, she would not just be the first woman mayor of New York City, she would be the first openly gay or lesbian official elected citywide in New York's history.

On the Republican side, there is a very strong candidate.

turn 4 : The speaker is implying that Bill de Blasio and Chirlane McCray have had to navigate a lot of scrutiny in their family life due to the article written by Chirlane in the 1970s.

How has the conversation changed about a certain disclosure in recent years?

Answer: Changed


Right. And the car companies wanted a bigger tax credit for consumers to buy their cars, and they didn't get that.

And I think one of the controversies over that is, who do you give it to and what do you give it for?Because you have to remember that GM, Ford and Chrysler build a substantial number of cars in Mexico and Canada. You also have carmakers like Toyota, Honda and Mercedes building cars in the United States. So, would it be American-built or built by an America-based company?And that is part of the reason why we're not seeing that.

So, GM and Chrysler will be unveiling their plans on Tuesday. What if they don't pass muster?What if Treasury doesn't like them?

First of all, the plans that they unveil on Tuesday, they will then have to go back and then finalize the terms by March 31st. There's an expectation by some people in the auto industry that they will go to the Treasury Department, say, your terms are too strict for us. Look at the economy, we can't possibly meet them. And that they'll just rewrite the terms of these loans. In fact, I would say there's a pretty wide expectation of that happening. But when the Bush administration actually gave the loans, they said that the money was meant to possibly pave the way for an orderly Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing. And so, now the question will be, can they actually restructure, or will we see one of these companies file for bankruptcy?

turn 2 : GM and Chrysler will be revealing their plans on Tuesday and what if they are not good enough or liked by everyone.

What is the day that GM and Chrysler will unveil their plans?

Answer: Tuesday


After Army Private First Class Brian Orolin returned from Afghanistan in 2011, his wife, Donna, could tell something wasn't quite right. He became paranoid. He suffered constant headaches and would isolate himself in his bedroom with the lights dimmed. And then on November 19, Brian left his wife and two children in Spring, Texas. He has been missing ever since.

At StoryCorps, Donna Orolin remembered the day he returned from Afghanistan.

He was literally the last person off the plane, and he was just so excited to see his daughters. I dressed the girls up and put little bows in their hair with his unit on them. And I put a sign out front that said welcome home, Specialist Orolin. He just couldn't wait to be dad - husband again, but then, things were different.

We used to hold hands all the time before he left. When he came back, he didn't like to be touched, so I had to remind myself to not rub his back, not sneak up behind him and give him hugs. And pretty much his sense of purpose was gone. He would say that he was just going to go away somewhere some day and disappear, and we'd never find him.

turn 1 : implies that Donna is reflecting on the day Brian returned from Afghanistan and feeling emotional about it;

Which day is Donna Orolin remembering at StoryCorps?

Answer: Return


Reptilian, exactly, and now we know that many species of dinosaurs had feathers or simple filaments that seem to be feather precursors in some cases.

Do your findings come from the relatively recent discovery that some dinosaurs had feathers?Is this sort of, like, the next step?

We are sort of taking the next. In the last 10 years, we've discovered that we can gain insight into the colors of dinosaurs and how they may have used visual signals in important contexts. And so what we wanted to ask is, can we gain insight into the vocal communication that extinct dinosaurs might have had?

Well, so what's next for you in your research?

turn 2 : The implied meaning of this turn is that the recent discoveries about feathers and filaments on certain species of dinosaurs have enabled us to gain a better understanding of their visual and vocal communication.

How have recent discoveries about dinosaurs helped gain insight into their communication?

Answer: feathers


So right now, we're seeing a retrenching, although I do think that more advertisers should be spending more money online right now and unfortunately, maybe pulling from traditional media because you can track your online advertising much better than you can with your general traditional buckshot type of campaigns.

You talk a lot to us about the opportunities that are out there for entrepreneurs of color, and of course, Russell Simmons has been someone who's been able to do a little bit of everything. He started out in the music industry. He's done you know - he's got for-profit, non-profit, jewelry, you know, home, clothing. . .

Credit card.

Yeah. It's just pretty much everything.

turn 0 : More advertisers should invest in online advertising rather than traditional media.

What does PersonA suggest advertisers should prioritize over traditional media?

Answer: advertising


That question is, what is the most disloyal dog breed?

I have some issues with the premise of that one, but let's get to your answer, first of all.

Well, this question is going to have to remain unanswered to a certain extent. No one really knows. And the problem is there are plenty of researchers out there who are studying the personalities of dogs, but none of them evaluate any kind of personality trait called loyalty, or anything like that.

It's a bit subjective.

turn 1 : B disagrees with the premise of the question but is willing to discuss it further.

How does PersonB feel about the premise of the question?

Answer: Disagrees


Do you ever feel that way, you're just so tired of singing, but you know you have to because that song is so closely associated with who you are?

Well "Band of Gold" would be it, but by the time I get to the end of the show, and I'm coming back for that last encore…

(Singing) Now that you're gone, all that's left is a band of gold…

A lot of times, I will do "Band of Gold," and as a matter of fact, I - and I find that it's a good thing because I see people in the audience just light up, like (unintelligible)…

turn 2 : The actual meaning of (3) is, A is expressing a feeling of sadness and nostalgia over the loss of a loved one.

Which song does PersonA mention that is closely associated with who they are?

Answer: Band-of-Gold


A busy week at the U. S.  Federal Reserve. The central bank announced it would end its stimulus program after six years. And later in the week, the Fed's chair, Janet Yellen, gave a speech about diversity in the field of economics. She said the profession, which seems to be dominated by white men, would benefit from a wider variety of viewpoints and pointed to what she called a leaky pipeline that's prevented women and minorities from making it into the top ranks of academia. We're joined now in our studios by labor economist Julianne Malveaux. Dr.  Malveaux, thanks very much for being with us.

DR.  JULIANNE MALVEAUX: It's absolutely a pleasure. Thank you, Scott.

What do you make of that leaky pipeline analogy?

It's absolutely the case. When you look at the research from the past, white males were the norm. It was not until the '70s that folks like Janet Yellen and others introduced women into, essentially, the research - just the research. I think that some of my work and others began to introduce black women, but by and large you're talking a white male space.

turn 1 : (2) -- Dr. Malveaux is expressing her pleasure at being invited to the show.

Which emotion did Dr. Malveaux express when invited to the show?

Answer: Pleasure


This is SCIENCE FRIDAY. I'm Flora Lichtman. If you're listening to our program over the radio today, you have Nikola Tesla to thank. Many of the things we take for granted now - electricity, radar, X-ray technology - come from research done by Tesla about a hundred years ago. But even though he's been come - he's come to be known as the father of the electric age, Tesla died penniless and largely forgotten in 1943.

Skip ahead to present time and enter Matthew Inman, creator of the website The Oatmeal. You may have seen and laughed at his comics, and if you haven't, to get a flavor of them, go to our website at sciencefriday. com to see his one about Tesla. Inman partnered with a nonprofit called the Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe on a mission to raise money to buy Tesla's lab in Shoreham, New York, and turn it into a museum. And here's the amazing part: they did it. They raised over $1. 3 million from the public to fund a science museum. There's hope yet. Matthew Inman joins me from Atlanta. Welcome to the program and congratulations.

Oh, yeah, thanks for having me.

Who are these people that gave to your campaign?

turn 0 : Tesla's research contributed to modern inventions, but he died in poverty and obscurity.

Answer: Penniless


And that's despite the fact that medics there say they need more supplies, they don't have what they need.

Well, again, we have a very long and porous border with eastern Congo. So knowing exactly where cases may come across is always a difficult thing to know. But we, the U. S.  government, as well as WHO and other partners, have been working very assiduously with the government of Uganda over the last 11 months while this outbreak has been going on in eastern Congo to help build their capacity. Supplies are always a challenge in terms of supply chain, moving things where they need to go. But we feel fairly comfortable that the ability to respond and respond quickly exists here in Uganda.

You mentioned this long and porous border. So the first case in Uganda was this 5-year-old boy who reportedly went to Congo, got the virus there then came back to Uganda with his grandmother, and they both passed. How are the borders being handled?Is security being stepped up?

Since the outbreak in DRC in August of last year, we have worked, along with other partners, with the government of Uganda, to establish screening along the border posts.

turn 1 : It implies that the massive border between Uganda and Eastern Congo has made it difficult to monitor the spread of the virus.

How has the border between Uganda and Eastern Congo affected virus monitoring?

Answer: Response


Well, it's unclear. But at least the Department of Health and Human Services is saying that the Affordable Care Act will stand as this works its way through courts. And the funny thing is today is the final day for. . .

Yes.

. . . Open enrollment for next year for people to get insurance. And on the website healthcare. gov, there's actually a banner that says, this decision doesn't change open enrollment for now.

What about political repercussions?

And that's a more complicated thing.

turn 2 : The court case has not affected the open enrollment period

Which banner is displayed on the healthcare.gov website?

Answer: This


So when he came home, how was he different in how he treated you, related to you, related to family life?

He's totally different. For one, Michael is very quiet. And since he returned, he's even distant, and it's causing a lot of problems in our marriage. And it's just - this war have caused a lot of stress on the wives and the families, they have to deal with these soldiers when they return.

What do you try to do with or for Michael to help him adjust?

I try everything in the world, and it seem like it don't help. Because he have a wall built up, and for one, we don't have enough help here. We only have one clinic that we can go to for counseling and therapy. And it's like two-hour drive away from where we live, so that's a major problem, too.

turn 3 : "He has a wall built up" - The actual meaning of this turn is different from its literal meaning. It implies that Michael has put up emotional barriers that prevent him from opening up or connecting with others, not that he has physically built a wall.

Which aspect of Michael's behavior is causing problems in his marriage?

Answer: A


Mm-hmm. This is SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR, talking with Jennifer Linder. You say it's UVA and UVB, make sure you have that in the sun - both - protection from both kinds of ultraviolet.

That is correct. It's actually probably the most important thing for people to remember because you want to have broad-spectrum covered. The reason is you can think of the UVB rays as being the burning rays, and you can think of the UVA rays as being the aging rays, and that's because the UVB rays go into the epidermis, which is where the nucleus is for the keratinocytes, the ones that when the DNA is changed, actually it turns into skin cancer, versus the UVA rays are longer wavelengths. And they actually go - capable of going into the deeper dermis, which is where the collagen is. And when you break down collagen, that's how you age, and probably about 80 to 90 percent of aging is actually a result of sun exposure.

What about the SPF factor?Does SPF 30 protect you twice as much as, say, SPF 15 and half as much as 60?

Great question. So it's - actually the way that the studies are done it's a little bit confusing because an SPF of 15 protects you from 93 percent of UVB rays, and it's only UVBs that SPF actually tells you about. Now, an SPF of 30 is going to protect you from 97 percent of those UVB rays. And when you get up to 50, you're only protecting yourself from 98 percent. So you can notice it's partial percentage points differences. . .

turn 1 : The type of UV rays affects skin differently.

Answer: UVA


Who happens to be black.

You know.

And happens to be benched right now.

Happens to be benched. What do you make of this?I think Vince's issues I think are quite different from Tarvaris. I think there was a lot of pressure on Vince from the time he came out of Texas to kind of be the black Johnny Unitas, and he's going to - they'll both have an opportunity to sit and watch, and hopefully come back with a vengeance.

One really quick other black quarterback not in the league at the moment, in Atlanta, Michael Vick. Is Matt Ryan, the replacement, making Atlanta Falcon fans forget Michael Vick?

turn 2 : The fact that the quarterback is black is important to the conversation

What characteristic of the quarterback is relevant to the discussion?

Answer: race


And it's most importantly for us, combined with great food, great food and dining experiences. And as more of our culture gets into more of the artsy and fine wine and fine dining experiences, wine is more of a part of that for all cultures.

Do you ever find people saying to you, OK, it's great that you do this, but your world is so on another planet. And what you do is so ridiculously specialized, I can't even talk to you because I don't know what you're talking about?

Definitely find less and less that. I think everybody in our - the mystique of wine and the exclusivity of wine, those barriers have been broken down, to a large degree, and people are less and less afraid to try wine and to have fun with it themselves.

They ask questions about some of the technical aspects of it. We're very fortunate as a family, and the other members of the African-American Association of Vintners are also from various backgrounds, and they get the same kind of questions that we do. . .

turn 1 : People feel intimidated by the specialized wine culture.

How do people feel about the exclusivity of wine culture?

Answer: Intimidated


So the sport itself has given me countless opportunities. And for me, the reason why I'm so interested in doing this, it's sort of like my way of giving back, in a sense. You know, I'm going places with the javelin and it's helping me out and probably going to get me into a nice school. So why not give back?And I feel like if I have to do this research project at my school, why not do it on something that I like?

Yeah. I'm just going to guess you've heard from some people that know somebody who was injured by a javelin who've said there's no need for this sport?

Honestly, I haven't. I mean, I know there are some people that have gotten injured and there are people that are against the implementation of the event. But personally, I do not know anybody that has been injured.

You know, Mr.  Christensen, there are people listening around the country I'm sure might point out that it seems easier to buy a gun in South Carolina than to throw a javelin in high school.

turn 2 : "there are people that are against the implementation of the event" - The literal meaning is that some people are against having the javelin event in competitions. The actual meaning is that there are some concerns about the safety of the sport, but the speaker does not personally know anyone who has been injured.

What is the actual meaning behind the statement regarding people being against the implementation of the event?

Answer: Safety


It's a little bit different from my 1980s beater. This, you know, these are handmade pieces of art. And, you know, there are things that were different about it.

One thing that I heard from Justin Claassen, who's an avid cyclist and he's one of the founders of Valid, is that over a long period of time you notice the vibration less. There is some dampening, they say, that bamboo has a sort of natural dampening. So if you're riding really long distances, there - that might be a reason why you would want to go bamboo. But it's - I thought it would be lighter. And it's not actually that much lighter than your run-of-the-mill metal.

Right. Of course, there is the coolness factor, right. . .

. . . to have the only bamboo bike on the block or in Brooklyn. I can put more B's together if I could.

turn 3 : I would like to be unique by having a bike made of bamboo but I realise it's not fully made of bamboo

What material did PersonB suggest would add to the coolness factor of a bike in the dialogue?

Answer: bamboo


Thank you.

So boys are broken. What did you mean by that?

I want to clarify that I am not an expert in gender studies. I'm not an expert really in anything, other than maybe '80s music. And so my thoughts are reflective on my experiences and the experiences of people around me and my observations after living 46 years as a dude. What do I mean by boys are broken?I think it means that there is something going on with American men that is giving them the permission and space to commit violence. And one of the main things we focus on correctly is guns and mental health, but I think deeper than that is a problem, a crisis in masculinity.

You wrote in this that the last 50 years redefined womanhood. Women were taught that they can be anything. No commensurate movement for men, who are still generally locked to the same rigid, outdated model of masculinity. And it's killing us. When you say that there's this rigid masculinity, what do you mean by that - that men aren't able to express themselves?

Partially, yeah. I also think that masculinity doesn't have a language in the way that femininity has come to have a language. We understand that femininity can be much more broadly encompassing than masculinity now. When you think of a strong woman, that doesn't rob her of any of her femininity. But when you think of a fragile man, that has the effect culturally, I think, of neutering that guy. And so much of masculinity is rooted in sexuality.

turn 1 : Boys are broken implies that there is a crisis in masculinity giving American men the permission and space to commit violence.

What is the crisis in masculinity giving American men permission and space to commit violence?

Answer: outdatedness


Well, the justification I think is a good one for nonprofit organizations like Scholarly Societies that really do operate on pretty much a cost recovery model. The commercial ventures, though, that have the profit margins in the 30 and 40 percent range, there really is no justification. They're profit-maximizing businesses, which is fine. The question is, should such businesses be built around information that's vital to the public's good and the public's health?

When these scholars do articles, who gets - do they get any of that money?

They're unpaid. The authors of these articles traditionally contribute the work of writing the articles, the work of reviewing and verifying the information, and they're not paid.

I can see why universities might feel that they were paying too much.

turn 0 : The speaker discusses the justification for nonprofit organizations and questions whether profit-maximizing businesses should be based on important information for the public's good and health. Implied Meaning: The speaker is criticizing profit-maximizing businesses that rely on vital public information, suggesting that there is no valid justification for their high profit margins.

Which model does the speaker consider acceptable for nonprofit organizations?

Answer: Cost-recovery


Let's go deeper, linguistically into this. When, at the time that I spoke with Reverend Jackson, and this was yesterday, we believed, knowing what we did, we being most of the press, that he had said that Senator Obama had emasculated himself. As it turned out, the phrase was much rougher and much more, you know, I want to blank, blank, blank. Is there a difference between those two ways, neither of them particularly nice, of parsing out lack of manhood?

Well, you know, I actually read that slightly differently. When I heard about the specific comments and the castration and sort of the anger in which it was delivered, even though it was a whisper of. I immediately began to think back historically about, you know, the ways and which powerful black men, or uppity black men were punished.

And it was, you know, the threat of castration was very real in the 19th century. And there's a moment of irony that Jesse Jackson would want to assert his power, his relevance, to Barack Obama's campaign by placing himself over Barack in a sense in suggesting that he is the man and also capable of taking Barack's manhood away.

Coming up this weekend, we have the start of the NAACP's annual convention and although he has not started yet, Ben Jealous is the incoming president. He's 35. He's going to be the youngest president ever of the NAACP. We seem to be seeing a generational shift overall. Is there going to be blood on the floor, metaphorically, as this shift happens?

turn 0 : Jesse Jackson wanted to assert his power over Obama by threatening his manhood

Which person in the dialogue threatened Obama's manhood?

Answer: Castration