So this will help the basketball players and then also the track events. But the good thing is obviously with these developments - the wheelchairs (unintelligible) through the people, you know, everyday people that use wheelchairs, and it will mean it's more lightweight for them to lift, say, in and out of vehicles.

And some of this stuff then filters in back to the general public.

Yeah, I mean, and that's a great thing, you know, the flow sort of from elite to high street, as we refer to it, is great. So you start seeing that, for example, with push bikes. We see a lot of that now available, helmet design from bikes, you say that. Swimwear is another thing that we see a lot of technology flowing into the high street.

Let's talk about swimwear because there was a kind of swimwear that was used and is now banned, and something new is taking its place.

turn 2 : "the flow sort of from elite to high street" - The literal meaning of "elite to high street" refers to the movement of trends or products from exclusive or high-end markets to more accessible ones. The intended meaning is that technology used in elite sports is being adapted for use by everyday people.

How is technology flowing into the high street?

Answer: Technology


Oh, yeah. There's just devastation to all the homes. Power lines are down, broken by trees. Just devastation everywhere. I mean, mold in the homes is already setting in. Just everything is destroyed.

Alison, do you worry about some of the chemicals and the detritus that's left behind?

I do worry about the chemicals. You know, none of us are by any means professionals, but there's fiberglass in the insulation. There's mold. We don't know if there's sewage covering, you know, these belongings are anything, but we do the best we can by wearing masks and gloves. And that's pretty much all we can do for now because you can't wait long to clean these homes up or it just gets worse. So we're doing the best we can now with the tools we have available to us.

Yeah. Alison Reagan, let me ask you. People in Houston and the rest of Southeast Texas have have won so much admiration from Americans this week for reacting to these terrible events with such courage and pluck. Is there something you learned about human beings, about your neighbors and strangers this week that you'd like to pass on to us?

turn 2 : Asking if people are concerned about the potential health risks caused by the debris and contamination left behind.

How does Alison describe the tools they have available to them for cleaning up the homes?

Answer: tools


The African nation of Gambia may see its own peaceful transition of power but only after weeks of negotiation and threats of military intervention. After initially accepting election results that voted him out of office, the reigning president of 22 years then refused to concede for weeks - until today. When facing international pressure and dwindling support, reports came that he has agreed to step down. Ruth Maclean is the West African correspondent for The Guardian. She's in the capital of Banjul, Gambia. Ruth, thanks very much for being with us.

Thanks for having me.

And what did the president say today?

Well, the president said last night in a midnight broadcast that he would step down and that he would act in the interest of the Gambian people. And that was the last that we heard from him. But he is still in State House. He hasn't left the country yet, and he hasn't ceded power as far as we know.

So I guess it's premature to ask who would replace him.

turn 2 : is asking for the president's statement today, but the actual meaning is asking for an update on the situation.

What was the reason for the president's delay in conceding the election?

Answer: Refused.


Look, I think the president's actually been very clear about the things that he wants. He wants to address border security, he wants to deal with chain migration, and he wants to deal with the lottery. And he's certainly willing to provide legal status for DREAMers. So if those are your four principle points and they've been known for months, there ought to be a way to reach an agreement.

Border security means a wall?

It means border security. The president's acknowledged he's not talking about a wall from sea to shining sea. But it does require physical structures in a lot of places. Back in 2006, Congress actually voted for about twice the amount of physical barriers that we have today - so finishing that off, rebuilding parts of it. But again, as both General Kelly and the president acknowledged, we're not talking about a wall across the entire length of the border. But we are calling for much more intense border security.

Representative Tom Cole of Oklahoma, thanks for joining us.

turn 1 : B is asking for clarification about what "border security" means, specifically if it means building a physical structure along the entire border.

Which Congressman's name is mentioned at the end of the dialogue?

Answer: Cole


And what do you serve?I said $5 bowls of cereal, but expand on that menu if you could.

We sell 120 different cereals from all over the world. So we import cereals from America, from New Zealand, from Australia, from France, from Israel. We import cereals from all over the world, so it's a real experience coming in here because the walls are just littered with cereal memorabilia, toys that you used to get in the boxes. It's a real experience.

Now, I don't for a moment expect you to identify with the people who attacked your store. But can you - can you see where fancy bowls of cereal would kind of fit into their agenda about the world, their neighborhood changing right before their eyes?

I can see their point, but there's also a Versace shop that has just opened up around the corner. They're complaining that people in the area can't afford to come here and afford four pounds for a meal. But there's a Versace shop open around the corner and I think it's - very, very few percent of people in this neighborhood would even be able to walk in there and buy anything. I know I couldn't.

turn 3 : The cost of the store's offerings is out of reach for most of the people in the neighborhood, while the Versace shop does not offer any affordable items.

What is the name of the expensive shop that recently opened around the corner?

Answer: Versace


Wow.

. . . Actually the night he died. So he was a very well-respected young person by our staff, by our students and our community. And, you know, it was a very shame that that did happen.

I'm so impressed. I gather the youngsters themselves in your school came up with the idea of electing them king and queen. I got to tell you. . .

Yeah, you know, you think about social media as something that's bad sometimes. Well, they - her friends and his friends kind of started a little social media thing and the adults weren't even totally aware. And they wanted to - they wanted to have them be king and queen. Now, it wasn't, you know, the whole school. It wasn't everybody. It was a very tight group of kids that really. . .

turn 1 : Actually the night he died. So he was a very well-respected young person by our staff, by our students and our community. And, you know, it was a very shame that that did happen. Implicated Meaning: A is providing additional information or context about the person who died. The phrase "actually the night he died" implies that there is a specific event or incident being referred to, and A is emphasizing the significance and respect the person had before their death. The phrase "it was a very shame that that did happen" implies a sense of regret or sadness about the event.

How was the person who died regarded by the community?

Answer: Respected


How concerned are you, if at all, about the fact that the changes will now mean that the president, the head of the party, George Bush, will not be attending the convention, not be giving an address as he was scheduled to tonight, nor will Dick Cheney?

Well, I'm, you know, I was kind of halting between two opinions about that, whether the president would be there. I don't think that that would change very much. Of course, if you noticed, the president has not been very, very involved in the campaign of Senator McCain so far as public appearances. So that - and of course, that cemented my decision not to go, because when the president and the vice president was going to go, you know - and I feel that I have an obligation to the citizens that I serve as a committee person to be back home. The whole team didn't need to go.

Had the president and vice president gone, are you saying you would have gone then in that instance?

It would have been - in other words, the decision for me would have probably been harder for me to make the decision. But it was easy knowing that President Bush wasn't going to go.

turn 1 : The speaker did not want to go to the convention even if the president and the vice president were going to attend.

What was the reason for the PersonA's decision not to attend the convention?

Answer: President


And a few facts to guard those younger than you and me. Britain seized the Falklands in 1833, illegal then and illegal now, according to Argentina, which calls them the Malvinas. Every Argentine school child learns Islas Malvinas son Argentinas, but the roughly 3,200 residents adamantly insist they and the Falklands are and will always be British. But Jackson Diehl, none of that has changed since the end of the war three decades ago. Why has this dispute reemerge now?

I think it has to do with Argentine politics more than anything else. The reason the Argentine junta in 1982, military generals in charge at the time, invaded the Falklands, was they were desperate to distract popular attention from the fact that the economy was tanking and that they were losing their legitimacy. Now we have a civilian government in power, which, to its credit, doesn't want to invade the Falklands, but it has the same difficult economic problems again and it has the same problems with potentially losing legitimacy at home. And this is a very easy way to distract people.

This time, though, there is no hint of military action.

There isn't. And I think the interesting thing about this government is they have cut the Argentine military budget so severely in the last few years that even if Argentina wanted to invade the Falklands, they would be incapable of doing so. So that's one good thing.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a euphemism or understatement to convey a more significant or sensitive message.

What message might the speaker be trying to convey with their euphemism or understatement in turn 3?

Answer: Sensitive


That will vary tremendously among fields, but the simple story is, it'll take awhile. So, even the most wildly optimistic assessment would say that, even if we started drilling now, we won't really see any oil for five years. So, the U. S.  Geological Survey looked at, for example, the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, and even if we started drilling today, we wouldn't really start to produce significant quantities of oil for a decade.

Robert, I know you're familiar with the ongoing debate about energy resources in this country. What we should do?Drill now?Don't drill now?You're a nonpartisan. You're a scientist. How do you view this argument between, really, the Republicans and the Democrats?

You know, the question for this country, for policy is, how will we ensure that we have energy over the next 20 years?To do that, we have a finite amount of capital that we can invest in the energy industry. It's highly unlikely that investing that money in offshore oil and gas drilling will ensure that we have sufficient supplies of energy 10 and 20 years from now. We've tried that experiment in the past. Despite all those wells drilled, domestic oil and gas production continued to decline. So, in hindsight, that money was not effectively spent.

Robert Kaufmann, director of the Center for Energy and Environmental Studies at Boston University. Robert, thank you.

Oh, you're welcome.

turn 0 : Drilling for oil takes a long time and won't immediately solve our energy problems.

How long would it take to see significant quantities of oil even if drilling started today in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge?

Answer: Decade


Well, I think a lot of people think after such a long stretch of economic growth, we're due for a recession. It's often said by economists that expansions don't die of old age. They have to be murdered, usually by the Fed or financial crisis.

(Laughter).

So that might happen. There are some warning signs out there. We had a bad job market report. We'll get more - another glimpse of the job market report at the end of this week. Manufacturing is soft. But one thing that's interesting is some people worry that long periods of steady growth, low rates and rising stock prices breed complacency, and that could end badly.

OK, David. Thanks so much. That's David Wessel.

turn 0 : long stretch in this context means a long era

What does "long stretch" refer to in the context of the dialogue?

Answer: Economic


I mean, well, first of all, it's a real place. It's called Highclere. So when it's blown up to the big screen, it's not like a set that looks chintzy and you can see the seams. This is a real dining room, a real library. And you see some of the grounds. The grounds, it turns out - I didn't know this - were landscaped by a man with one of my favorite names, Capability Brown.

(Laughter) Love that.

He's a famous landscape architect. And he did the original Highclere grounds. And they look great.

I was amazed, watching it, at how many plotlines they were able to squeeze in. I left, like, counting them.

turn 3 : I left counting them means there were so many of them, not that I actually counted them.

Answer: Many


Companies like Morgan Stanley, UBS, GE Financial, American Express all plan to use this new facility, and industrial companies will probably follow suit. Now, usually, this is not a market that the government has had any role in, at least as a direct lender. It used to be that these IOU's were bought by financial institutions, money market, mutual funds, and the like. The loans weren't too sexy, they weren't very risky, and the interest rate wasn't anything to write home about.

But all that changed after the collapse of Lehman Brothers. Holders of commercial paper started worrying that these corporate IOU's weren't so safe, so they stopped buying them. And then perfectly healthy businesses have been since finding it difficult and expensive to get hold of cash. So now, the Fed will become the lender of last resort yet again and try to jump start lending by others.

And then so - and loosen the credit, the credit crunch. And so, is this move - will it be more promising than all the others we've seen so far to try to loosen credit?

You know, in short, the answer is yes, with the caveat of probably. Every economist I've talked to or seen quoted today thinks this is a pretty safe move by the Fed. The government simply has to get financial institutions back to lending money more than a day at a time.

turn 1 : Commercial paper holders stopped buying IOU's due to safety concerns after Lehman Brothers' collapse

What event caused commercial paper holders to stop buying IOU's?

Answer: Lehman


I think one of the reasons, Tony, that we're seeing so of many of these come to light has, really, nothing to do with the fact that people are being - that this is happening more often so much as it is the fact that people are just paying attention to it more. You know, you watch the news and somebody says, oh, there's a stolen car ring. Now, all of a sudden, everybody's watching for people breaking into cars. Well, people break into cars every day. But when you hear about it on the news, people start paying attention.

There have always been Ponzi schemes. This is not new. This has been going on forever. It has been happening to investors. It'll continue to go on, but we're just aware of because the Madoff scandal was so large and so visible.

You know, it's funny. I was listening to your description of the Ponzi scheme - as our time is running out - and I couldn't help but think that there must be somebody listening to your description who is saying, wow, the stimulus package, that sounds like a Ponzi scheme to me.

The government covering its own losses by printing more money back, which covers losses in which it prints more money. Hey, you know, you could make that - I'm not going to make that argument, but somebody might.

turn 1 : Ponzi schemes have been around for a long time and will continue to exist.

Which financial fraud has always been present?

Answer: Ponzi.


That was just - what I did, I picked students that I've had in class before. I'm a business education teacher. So I made sure they were students that really were comfortable with the computer and they could get the information that I needed. So I really just gave them - I rented my classroom out for - actually I did it for two Saturdays. And I had five students come in each time. And I just gave them topics that I wanted questions about. And then I just had one or two of those students verify the information, and then I went back over and I verified it as well.

You've got a company now called Jornic DVD Games. What are your plans in terms of the company?Are you going to try and put out more titles?

Absolutely. After - I'm looking at putting out one more title before the Christmas holiday, but I haven't decided. I'm looking at a couple, but I haven't made a decision yet.

You're still going to teach, and you're going to try to design more games. Are you afraid that, you know, are you afraid of losing your shirt in business?Because you know, there's nothing guaranteed.

turn 0 : A rented out her classroom to students to collect information for her business.

Answer: A


About the South, I think what's missing is an attention to the ways that we have progressed but the paradox of that progress here for many folks. We're not getting to those deep structures because the South is so glittery now. We have Starbucks, and we have Whole Foods. And there are cranes in the sky, as Solange Knowles would say, all across the South. We're in the newest New South. There are lots of stories about growth and progress. But, again, at what cost?On whose backs?

And so about Memphis, I think what we miss is that because we have seemingly healed in the form of a museum, in the form of commemoration, in the form of reckoning with this assassination that we're on the upswing, that we're moving forward. But as I mentioned earlier, I feel that time has stood still and gone backwards and circled around us in a lot of ways here and that what gets missed is that there are people in the middle of this play of politics, in the middle of this history who are crushed but that still are striving in ways that are remarkable and beautiful. There is joy. There is dancing. There is singing. Sometimes, I hop into a church just to hear the sounds of joy that come out. And I think that gets lost in the way that we talk about the city in the national media.

Zandria Robinson is a sociology professor at Rhodes College and a Memphis native. Thank you very much.

Thank you.

turn 1 : Memphis has a rich culture and community that is often overlooked in national media coverage.

Which city is being discussed in the dialogue?

Answer: Memphis


I was making decisions in my life that went against everything that I was raised to believe. And. . .

Like what?What kind of decisions?

Specifically religion - the religion that I was raised in. And I was disagreeing with it heavily. It was my whole world and everything that I was taught.

Did they understand?Even though it was painful, did they understand why you had to make that decision to break away?

turn 2 : "Whole world" is an exagerraiton, most likely. It means that religion was a huge force in her younger life.

What was the main force in PersonA's younger life?

Answer: Religion


So these are microorganisms. They're a little under a millimeter in size. They have four legs. And a lot of people think they look like bears, hence the name water bear. They are found everywhere on Earth, from jungles, to the top of the Himalayas, to the Antarctic. And as you had mentioned, they can survive pretty much any sort of environment, from extremely hot temperatures to extremely cold temperatures. They can survive in the vacuum of space. They're pretty much indestructible.

And how did a few thousand of them potentially end up on the moon?

A non-profit organization called the Arch Mission Foundation sent a lunar library to the surface of the moon with the Beresheet lander.

The Beresheet lander. This is an Israeli mission.

turn 0 : "Everywhere on Earth" sounds like exaggeration. It implies that they can survive in all sorts of different extreme conditions.

Which word implies that water bears can survive in different extreme conditions?

Answer: Everywhere


I can imagine someone being stunned for a moment by being struck by an object, especially at a high speed like that. But I don't understand that because if there was over a minute when the throttle was advanced farther than it should've been and - you know, things happen when you're an engineer. You should be used to them. So I - it doesn't really seem to me like that's a probable cause, but we'll have to wait and see.

I don't have to tell you, Mr.  Hughes, that the crash and the deaths of eight people have set off a debate - those who say the derailment says Amtrak needs more money, others who say Amtrak isn't - is wasting a lot of the money that it gets. Recognizing there are no guarantees, would greater government funding have perhaps meant this derailment wouldn't happen?

It might have. The thing that is important here is Amtrak doesn't have any discretionary money. Every penny they get goes into something that's really important, especially capital money like this. And so I would think that money played some part in it in that when Amtrak has to do large projects, they have to space them out in smaller parts over multiple years. And I don't know the facts in this case, but I do know that that is true with a number of large capital projects. You just can't do them quickly 'cause the funding isn't there.

When you were in charge, Mr.  Hughes, did you find it hard to get funding for Amtrak, a lot of skepticism and doubt?

turn 3 : Did you find it difficult to convince people to give Amtrak the necessary funding it needed?

Which turn in the dialogue discusses the possibility of money playing a part in the cause of the derailment?

Answer: (2)


The most significant news, I think on the Republican side, was that two states, Kansas and Louisiana, shot across the bow of John McCain by saying they were not ready to endorse the idea that he was the nominee. Washington State was called for John McCain with some of the vote yet to be counted and not too much of a margin for John McCain. But the state party chairman out there said they had seen enough caucus counting and they were going to away half the state's delegates to John McCain then do the rest in a primary that's coming up in a few weeks.

Now, that's already been protested by the Huckabee campaign, which was hoping to get a sweep, like Barack Obama, of all the events on the ballot on Saturday to the Republicans.

So parse out for us this delegate situation on the Democratic side. What's the state of play right now in terms of who has how many.

Well, it's a big scoreboard and there are a lot of different numbers on it and they do move around a fair amount. But let's start with the ones that are pretty certain that aren't going to change. That's the number of pledged delegates won so far. These are the delegates that are allocated to each candidate on the basis of the results of each primary or caucus. So in this station, where we stand now, Hillary Clinton has 893 from all the states that have voted so far on the Democratic side, and Barack Obama has 952.

turn 3 :  "big scoreboard" - This is a metaphor used to describe the current state of the delegate count.

Which metaphor is used to describe the current state of the delegate count?

Answer: Big


You mean the wall, the proposed wall.

Correct - fencing. And I believe that, in terms of targeting sanctuary cities, I think law enforcement - local law enforcement should refer to federal authorities people who they detain, undocumented immigrants who have criminal record. So I support that. At the same time, I do believe that we need to find a way to deal constructively with undocumented immigrants, the majority of whom pose no threat to our communities. And right now the Republican Party seems to be stuck, not willing to deal constructively with undocumented immigrants. And that's the key. So I'm hopeful that, you know, if we secure the border, we remove undocumented immigrants who have criminal records - that, eventually, Congress could deal in a more humane, constructive way with undocumented immigrants.

Just very briefly, do you think that this bill is a nonstarter?

I think so. I think it's not going anywhere. I think he did it to please his base, to energize his base. But, frankly, it goes nowhere.

turn 3 :  A: "I think he did it to please his base, to energize his base. But, frankly, it goes nowhere."  The literal meaning of "it goes nowhere" is that the bill will not physically move or go anywhere. However, in this context, it means that the bill will not be successful or gain support.

Answer: His


. . . which has its own problems. Arranged marriages are - people are speaking up for them nowadays.

Well, you know, I mean, that that is the time. The woman - he asked the hand of this woman, his late 20s. But this is also because of that, that you can have this kind of melodrama. I mean, "Romeo and Juliet" today, it cannot happen because if the father of Juliet today say to Juliet, you cannot marry Romeo; and she say, I don't care. And she will go out and marry him anyway. And if she marries him, then there is no more love story anymore. You know, they marry; then they had a - lots of children.

You know, imagine Romeo and Juliet and they have like, 12 kids. Who would care about their story, you know?

Romeo and Juliet go to Costco. . .

turn 0 : "Arranged marriages are - people are speaking up for them nowadays." The literal meaning of this turn is that arranged marriages have some problems, but people are starting to support them nowadays. However, the actual meaning is that arranged marriages are controversial and people have different opinions about them.

What is the actual meaning of PersonB's statement about arranged marriages?

Answer: Controversial


Now, in both the Enron case and the Madoff situation, they're very different in some ways, but they both benefited at least for a time from the fact that a lot of people don't understand finance, and it's very difficult to understand. What do you think people need to do who are not financiers to understand why is it important to even understand the issue of finance, white-collar crime, and all of this?

White-collar crime matters because it affects all of us. Even if you happen to be a blue-collar person, you undoubtedly get affected one way or another - your investments, your company, your suppliers, your neighbors. Everyone gets affected by serious white-collar crime, and the old joke is, right, you walk into a bank with a gun, steal $50,000, they send you away for 10 years. You steal $50 million in some sort of white-collar crime thing, and you get, you know, five minutes and a warning from the judge.

I mean, that's an exaggeration. But that's the kind of thing that for years has annoyed people, including me. And somehow the - because there's been now so much of the stuff has surfaced, and there's such conscientiousness about it and in the case of Madoff largely because he scammed people that members of the media know. So you get really angry when your friends go down. I mean, I don't have any friends who were in there, but a lot of people in my business. . .

Right.

turn 1 : send you away means they put you in prison, not just put you on a flight or mail you like a package

How long do they send you away for if you rob a bank with a gun?

Answer: 10


The whistleblower still has not met with lawmakers or staff from those committees. The whistleblower's lawyers had been waiting for interim security clearances from the government so that they can accompany their client in any interviews or meetings with Congress. I'm told that those interim security clearances have come through, that they came through and took effect today, so that's a step forward. A source tells me that talks on setting up meetings with congressional committees are still taking place at this point, and there is no date set as of yet.

Another front to ask you about, Ryan, which is - three House committees today subpoenaed the Pentagon and the White House budget office. Do we know what they were subpoenaing, what they want?

Well, the House Intelligence, the House Oversight and the House Foreign Affairs Committees have been busy in the past week or so issuing subpoenas, all as part of this impeachment inquiry. They've already subpoenaed the White House and the State Department, as well as President Trump's personal attorney Rudy Giuliani.

Right.

turn 1 : It's not a front, but a different part of the government that is being asked about.

How is the government entity being subpoenaed referred to?

Answer: Oversight.


Well, what we're flying in are what people call the Van Allen radiation belt - have to get a plug-in for Iowa, there, since Van Allen was from the University of Iowa. And this is a region of, sort of, doughnut-shaped, very energetic particles which surrounds our planet. There's actually two of them, sort of these rings around us, which are very high-energy particles. And that - when they're that high energy, we call them radiation. And this is a - this radiation can damage satellites or be unhealthy for astronauts. And so it's a region that most satellites try to avoid or spend as little time in as possible. But we want to understand how they work better, so we had to build something that could go there and live there.

And this transfer of energy in these belts is actually what's causing the noise, right?

Exactly so. It's quite an interesting process. The waves are kind of like a - almost like a catalyst or a carrier of the energy. So they come about out of lower energy electrons, we know, and the grow up. And then they give their energy up as they fade away into higher energy electrons, which become the energetic particles that we called the radiation belts. So they kind of are a transport mechanism, if you will, from low energy to high energy, and thereby help create the radiation belts.

And where does the energy come from in the first place that feeds these belts?

turn 2 : The waves are responsible for creating the high-energy radiation in the Van Allen radiation belt.

Which waves are responsible for creating high-energy radiation?

Answer: Waves


This is Day to Day. I'm Alex Cohen, and I am not ashamed to admit, this holiday season, some of my dear friends and family members will receive gifts which I previously received from someone else. It's called regifting. And with more on the topic, here's independent producer Vanessa Romo.

Chances are, opening presents around the Christmas tree tomorrow, you'll be surrounded by two types of people, regifters and those who believe regifters should be carted off to an igloo colony. I know which parka-wearing camp I'm in. But what about the rest of the world?Or rather, what about a random sample of coffee shop goers and gym worker outers.

Unidentified Woman #1: I teach etiquette to children and young adults. And regifting is one of my favorite topics.

Unidentified Man #1: Am I a regifter?Well, until five minutes ago, I imagined regifting was regiving a gift, but I wasn't too sure.

turn 3 : to imagine something in this context means to think that something was right, but they might be wrong

Which man was unsure about the meaning of regifting?

Answer: Man


I know as far as me in the glamour I always go back to self-responsibility. It really does have to start with the person. They have to make a choice to want to get educated about HIV, and learn about it. And I really think that people should realize that it's a 100 percent - 100 percent preventable disease. It's a disease you don't have to get. It is something you have to acquire. So, I really want people, you know, to get that in their head. Like, quit blaming, you know, the media, or rap videos, or you know, school systems. It really has to start with you.

If you had to describe in one word what keeps you going when you're down, what would it be?

Life. You know, just me. I'm my own motivation, I'm my own role model, you know, I love me, and I'm very happy, you know, that HIV presented itself in my life. You know, a lot of people would regret it or whatever, but it really taught me self-love, self-acceptance, and self-responsibility. And that's the best thing I could possibly ask for.

Well, Marvelyn, thank you.

turn 2 : Living with HIV has taught me to love and accept myself, and I am grateful for the experience.

Answer: HIV


From what we can tell, they've donated from - I think it was over a hundred countries in terms of geography. It just sort of struck a nerve across the world.

Why do you think that is?

I think a big part of it was that Tesla as a man is sort of someone that a lot of people, maybe, sympathized with because he's kind of a geek at heart. He's sort of this unsung hero, and he did all of these wonderful things for us and didn't really get much credit during his career. So with this sort of crowd funding campaign, it was almost an opportunity for the world to make it up to him.

What drew you to getting involved?

turn 2 : Tesla is an underappreciated hero and people sympathize with him through the crowdfunding campaign

What was the reason for people sympathizing with Tesla in the crowdfunding campaign?

Answer: Underappreciated


Saudi Arabia's changing explanations over what really happened to Jamal Khashoggi culminated this week with Saudi prosecutors saying that Turkish evidence shows his killing was premeditated. How could this affect the relationship between the United States, Saudi Arabia and its crown prince, Mohammed bin Salman, or MBS as he's known?We're joined now by Robin Wright, a distinguished scholar at the Wilson Center and contributing writer for The New Yorker. Robin, thanks so much for being with us.

Great to be with you, Scott.

And let's begin with the crown prince. Is it possible he would lose power over the Khashoggi affair?

Well, there are four different options. One is that he stays in power, that the international furor eventually settles down, and he manages - kind of orchestrates his ability to stay on the throne. He is the de facto leader in Saudi Arabia because his father is aged and ailing. The second scenario is that he is replaced as crown prince, and there is precedent for that. Over the last three years, two other crown princes have been pushed aside in part to make room for him. There's a third option - that his powers are weakened, that the king appoints others in the royal family to assume some of the roles that MBS has managed to accumulate in his office over the last year and a half. And the fourth is that there's a kind of physical challenge as there was to King Faisal back in 1975.

turn 3 : There are four possible scenarios for the crown prince's future in Saudi Arabia.

Which number describes the possible options for the future of the crown prince in Saudi Arabia?

Answer: three


So I'm going to plunge straight into another topic. That's gas prices. They rose more than six cents in one day following news of the damage to the Gulf Coast. There is a lot of oil industry there. Tropical Storm Ike also damaged that area.

Now, there is a question of whether or not folks are getting unfairly gouged. One gas station is said to have charged five dollars for a gallon of regular, and there are some other places in the damaged areas that don't even have gas. So is this price gouging?And I'm not just talking about the people in the effected areas, but people across the country.

There is some price gouging, I think, when you get to five dollars. On the other hand, when you're talking about what's happening with production, the fact is that there are almost immediate shortages. Gas stations have the gas that they have under their stations to pump, that's all they have. They have to get deliveries of other gas and it's more scarce, it costs them more.

So if someone decides, in anticipation of price rises, to raise the price on the gas under their station, that's not fair but it's somewhat reasonable. But when they take it from a few cents to five dollars, if it was being posted as $3. 65, which was the national average, and then you get up to five dollars, that does seem to be a bit much.

turn 1 : Gas stations may be charging unfair prices due to the damage caused by the storm.

Which topic did PersonB plunge straight into?

Answer: gas


The British artist David Hockney is one of the most famous artists in the world. One of his works recently sold for $90 million, smashing the record for a living artist. But he's also led an extraordinary life, breaking barriers as a gay man and defying the expectations of the art world at every turn.

In the new novel, "The Life Of David Hockney" (ph), author Catherine Cusset imagines the thoughts, feelings and words of Hockney at pivotal periods in his life to try and puzzle out the man. She joins us now from our studios in New York. Thank you so much for being with us.

Well, thank you for inviting me.

In the forward to this book, you wrote that David Hockney took hold of you, which is why you wrote the novel. Explain what that means.

turn 3 : Author Catherine Cusset imagines the thoughts, feelings and words of Hockney are made from understanding of  David Hockney.

How did the author write her novel about David Hockney?

Answer: imagines


Well, there's no secret about this. The chief justice has been very clear. He doesn't want the court to be seen as a partisan institution. The other members of the court, both liberal and conservative, go around saying that this isn't a partisan institution at all. That's the message they want to convey, which is sort of hard at the moment.

But is that possible in this day and age, when we know by their - in their own account, conservative Republicans have tried to win elections so they can win Supreme Court appointments and you have several Democrats running for president now on the issue of enlarging the court?

You know, I wish I knew whether it's even possible anymore to have a Supreme Court that doesn't look partisan. I had always thought you really could. But if you look at the two cases before the court that are overtly partisan, the gerrymandering case and the census case, both would structurally allow Republicans to entrench their power even more than they have in the last decade or two. And I think it gets harder to sell the court as an apolitical institution, which is, as I said, what every member of the Supreme Court still tries to do.

You know, I interviewed Justice Stevens about a month and a half ago for a piece about his new book. And even he, a lifetime Republican, although deemed a Liberal on the court, appointed by President Ford, said it was hard for him to see the current court as apolitical. He said he still has hope, and so do I, but it's difficult.

turn 2 : The gerrymandering and census cases before the Supreme Court would allow Republicans to increase their political power.

How would the gerrymandering and census cases affect Republicans?

Answer: Increase


Well, as you might imagine, there are a variety of courses of action that the Department of Defense, specifically the commanders in Central Command, have provided to the president and the National Security staff. And they will take a look at those and put those in context vis-a-vis the diplomatic and political actions that are also occurring as this is going on and determine one or another. And they run the entire gamut from, you know, a non-lethal response to more lethal actions. . .

To forceful military response, right.

Yeah, taking out the service to air missile systems that are in the vicinity. Some of. . .

OK.

turn 0 : There are multiple options for military action, and the president will choose one after considering diplomatic and political actions.

What will the president consider before choosing a military action?

Answer: Diplomatic


I never had an apartment before, so just finally having my own place. And it was magical. It was gorgeous - beautiful tub. I never could use the tub because I was afraid of the roaches.

So unfortunately there's always like pros and cons to that, but it was mine. And I loved it like it was my baby. And I still miss that apartment even though there is bug issues. I miss it.

Well, it made me wonder why there aren't more songs like that in R&B. I mean, R&B is very dominated by relationships - right?- sex, relationships songs. But it does - it did make me wonder, why aren't there more songs about other milestones in R&B?Like, why is that?

Well, first of all, I'm thankful that people love new apartments so much because I always feel like my comfort zone is writing about romance and sex. But I think there's this narrative that the world just wants to hear about simple things and - or just extreme, like, sadness. I've just been broken up with or something like that.

turn 3 : A thinks that the world prefers simple or sad narratives over other themes.

Which theme does PersonA feel comfortable writing about?

Answer: Romance.


No, and to be honest, when we get into the 80s, people start taking off work because this is hot. This is, you know, incredible summer weather. We have to go enjoy it. And then so to make the jump up to 90 degrees was watercooler talk. Everybody - that's all you're talking about is how hot it got. Did you hear it got to 90 degrees?So this is a big deal for us.

Do you have air conditioning up there in Anchorage?

Most people don't in their homes. The office buildings do, naturally, but your regular home, my home doesn't. So I had to open windows. I have one little, tiny fan. You cannot find a fan on the shelves in stores in Anchorage. They're all bought up. As soon as they get some in, every store says they go out within an hour.

Well, how about the land around you?How prepared is it?I mean, I gather there are fires.

turn 2 : Fans are in high demand and difficult to find in Anchorage

What item is in high demand and difficult to find in Anchorage?

Answer: Fans


And, of course, we have bioenergy here, too, and the debates about things like corn ethanol. That's another big contentious issue here in the Midwest. And one where, again, middle grounds might have to be found between groups that are in very different poles on that issue.

And what do you think is the most promising - again, the symbolic areas, those are always going to be difficult. But are there other conversations that could be had that, as you say, skirt the ideology?

Well, it's very interesting. Regardless of, you know, how you think of him politically, the Obama administration has actually done more, may be by accident - or may be on purpose - to think about, to take on climate change than all previous administrations, really, combined. Our CO2 emissions in the United States have gone down pretty dramatically in the last few years, partly because of the recession, of course, but partly because people are retooling and getting more efficient.

The American car fleet is getting lot more efficient. We finally got those CAFE standards going up again, which is fantastic, after about 30 years of going nowhere. And maybe that's a benefit of bailing out Detroit. We could work with them to make cars more efficient, the cars Americans want to buy. We've also - the fracking, moving away from coals, where it's natural gas, has helped a lot, although we have to watch the other aspects of fracking. And also, renewables are beginning to make a bigger and bigger dent in the American electricity supply and other energy supplies.

turn 0 : Different groups have opposing views on corn ethanol

What is one of the big contentious issues in the Midwest according to A?

Answer: Bioenergy


Tired (laughter). No, I feel OK. I mean, I feel good. I mean, I thank God that I'm still walking around and drinking a lot of wine.

Well, I ask because you say that this is probably your last cookbook.

Well, yes and no. I mean, the last cookbook like this which takes a long time to do, but I still hope to do some little thing with my daughter, maybe the lesson of a grandfather, you know, showing her how to do simple thing that we've done together. I have a great deal of fun cooking with her so maybe a little book. Certainly, some video will come with that, yes, hopefully.

You've got a section here about you cooking with your granddaughter.

turn 2 : Well, yes and no.I mean, the last cookbook like this which takes a long time to do, but I still hope to do some little thing with my daughter, maybe the lesson of a grandfather, you know, showing her how to do simple thing that we've done together.I have a great deal of fun cooking with her so maybe a little book.Certainly, some video will come with that, yes, hopefully.

Which family member does the speaker plan to do a cooking project with?

Answer: Daughter


Oh, yes. Yes, indeed.

(Singing) X is the letter. Blue is the color. One is a number. Now is the time.

I mentioned back in the '60s then and it's still - news reminds me of the '60s. We're going out the world backwards. You know, we've got to change. We need a change. And every chance I get, I'm going to sing songs of change because, like I say, I feel like we're going out the world backwards.

Well, in fact, you know, to that end, the album art is actually a beautiful photograph of a group of young kids - African American kids on the outside of a chain-link fence. And they're looking into a park. It's a photo by Gordon Parks from 1956 called "Outside Looking In. "And, you know, I'm assuming that this was a park these kids weren't allowed to play in - right?- because it was segregated.

turn 3 : The park is segregated, and the African American kids are not allowed to play in it.

How were the African American kids affected by the segregation in the park?

Answer: Excluded


Did you think twice?

I said - well, I didn't think - well, I said, sure, and I held it to the ground. And then I thought, this is not exactly what I signed up for, but, you know, you need to pitch in a little bit in these circumstances.

For a disease, a virus to spill over, is it just a matter of coming in contact with the right animal?Is it just chance, or does there have to be something special about the virus itself to be able to infect multiple species?

Well, some kinds of virus, yes, are better at this than others. And the scientists who watch the world for the next spillover are particularly vigilant about single-stranded RNA viruses, as distinct from DNA viruses that carry their genomes on the good old, stable double helix. RNA viruses, when they replicate, mutate more frequently. Therefore, there's more change. There's more genetic variation in the populations of those viruses. They replicate very abundantly, so their populations are large.

turn 2 : B is asking if viruses can easily infect multiple species or if there needs to be specific conditions.

What type of viruses are scientists particularly vigilant about when watching for the next spillover?

Answer: RNA


The state has also promised that they will do spot checks after the storm to make sure that facilities that have gotten generators have those generators up and running. We've been told that the state has stockpiled additional generators in case some of those generators fail so that they have backups. And we're told that the Department of Health is also helping with that, too - the State Department of Health.

That was Miami Herald reporter Elizabeth Koh joining us from WFSU in Tallahassee, Fla.

Elizabeth, thanks so much for joining us, and thanks for your reporting.

Thank you very much.

turn 2 : joining us implies being part of an activity and not being to mix up

How does "joining us" suggest the reporter's involvement in an activity?

Answer: Involvement


So the Mafia survives off what it's always survived off of, which is essentially protection rackets, right?But where are they at this particular moment?I think many of us think of the Mafia as being a sort of pale shadow of what it once was, both in the U. S.  and Italy.

I think that's true, but that is a great symptom of both the huge step change that there's been since particularly the early 1990s in the law enforcement response to organized crime in Italy. And another great indicator of that is this trans-Atlantic cooperation between the authorities. They've now worked together for a generation because they understand the importance of this old bridge. It's no coincidence that FBI headquarters has in it a bust of Giovanni Falcone, the great hero and martyr of the struggle against the Mafia in Italy. He was blown up, along, with his wife and his armed escort by a Mafia bomb in 1992 because Falcone was who pioneered this trans-Atlantic cooperation in the fight against the Mafia. He got it.

Do you consider these raids are a major blow to the attempts to sort of reanimate these links?

I think this is an ongoing process. It clearly shows that the authorities are watching it very, very carefully. They understand it and know it. And that - from that point of view, it's reassuring. But it's always difficult to tell, when an operation is as fresh as this one is, just how damaging it will prove to be.

turn 0 : Being a pale shadow means that it is not as strong as it once was.

What is a great indicator of the law enforcement response to organized crime?

Answer: Trans-Atlantic-cooperation


What options does the U. S.  have?

Sanctions are a key part of maximum pressure campaign that the Trump administration has been advancing. And sanctions have never been as tough - tougher than now. They're broad. They target sectors. They try to cut off North Korea's efforts to earn hard currency to support their economy and their nuclear weapons program. And there is anecdotal evidence that the North Koreans are starting to feel the pinch. And I think the Olympic outreach is in part a sign of the fact that they're feeling the pinch of sanctions and that they saw outreach as a way to try to get South Korea to agree to loosen sanctions implementation or try to lure South Korea away from the maximum pressure campaign.

Jung Pak, a senior fellow at Brookings Institution Center for East Asia Policy Studies. Thanks so much.

Thank you.

turn 1 :  (2): Sanctions are a key part of the Trump administration's strategy to increase pressure on North Korea. Sanctions are stronger than ever and are designed to limit North Korea's ability to earn money to support their economy and nuclear program. North Korea is beginning to feel the effects of these sanctions and is using outreach to try to ease the sanctions and lessen the pressure

Answer: Broad


I think we overstate this, right?I really do. I think we overstate the threat that primaries pose, No. 1, to members. No. 2, what I would suggest is, OK, so what?That's your job. It's comes with the territory, right?And last time I checked, the Constitution wasn't written so that members could win re-election without threat, right?That's not the point.

The whole point - the whole basis of our regime of democratic accountability is so that members are held accountable for the decisions they make in office, not to push those decisions off elsewhere so that they can just keep winning. The only place where our views and our concerns are adjudicated in this wonderful nation of ours is in Congress. It's the only place. And if Congress isn't doing that, then Congress isn't doing its job.

So you seem less concerned that the president is overreaching than that the Congress is sitting on its hands.

I think that is the much bigger concern. The president most certainly it appears to be overreaching, right?I mean, this law has been passed presumably not to do end runs around Congress when the president can't get what he or she wants. So if you want funding, it seems to me, the best way to get it is to actually bargain and haggle and try to - and refuse to sign bills that don't give you that funding.

turn 0 : The threat that primaries pose to members is not overstated

How does PersonA feel about the threat that primaries pose to members? (Answer: overstated)

Answer: overstated


What has been the reaction to this from the pollsters at this conference that you're at?

In the hallways here, I was surprised to hear, actually, that academics and pollsters are mostly saying that this effort is overdue. There's general consensus that the traditional exit polls are oversampling Democrats because older voters don't like having to fill out these forms. And they, of course, lean pretty heavily Republican.

Many people I talked to here said that they've been raising alarm bells with the National Election Pool for a decade to no avail. And they see this as a pretty good thing to light a match under those exit pollsters to change. I talked with a consultant to one of those exit polls. And he said that they are actually going to be trying to make changes and that this is part of that.

That's NPR's lead political editor Domenico Montanaro in Denver.

turn 2 : They've been making the National Election Pool worried and extremely concerned.  Also, it is not a pool, but an organization that gets information from groups of people.

How do academics and pollsters feel about the traditional exit polls?

Answer: oversampling


And let's not forget that that's the heritage that Marissa Mayer comes from; understanding how to make search at Google ever more personal, ever more relevant. If she can do the same thing with news and make it more relevant to you, so that it's not a one-size-fits-all product anymore, that could be a big advance in the form.

So, let's say in a year or two the president of the United States has what - I don't know if it's a tradition - but often he will have lunch with the major network actors. Does Katie Couric have lunch at that same table?

Well, there's two questions there. One, is whether that is the judgment of importance in news. I think that we have to get out of the access game. But I still understand your question, which is will Yahoo be a presence in news as much as the other networks?It might take a while, but there's no reason it couldn't be. You know, there's a great, great blog called SCOTUSblog that covers the Supreme Court like no one else and they are struggling right now to get a credential to the Supreme Court. They do great coverage, highly specialized. And we've got to get past this idea that only big, old institutions are journalistic institutions. We have to work collaboratively with all kinds of new players.

Jeff Jarvis, media analyst and professor of journalism joining us from New York. Thanks so much for being with us.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that Jeff Jarvis is thanking the questioner for having him on the show

What is Jeff Jarvis doing at the end of the interview?

Answer: thanking


I gather bitcoin's created through mining but not, like, chisel and cloud of dust mining. Right?

Yeah. So mining is the term that bitcoin people use for the process that computers use to kind of run the bitcoin network. There's a global shared record of who has made which payments to whom. And the computers that participate in this process get a reward of new bitcoins. Right now, every block, which happens about 10 minutes, you get a reward of 12. 5 bitcoins, which is worth more than $100,000. And they call it mining because you're creating new bitcoins in the process of running the network.

And that takes a lot of energy, I gather.

It does. One recent estimate said that the bitcoin network as a whole consumes about as much energy as the nation of Denmark.

turn 0 : One of the things you can buy with bitcoins is illicit products, like drugs, for example. And it has proven to be a particularly attractive application for bitcoin because if you tried to set up a black market for drugs and accept credit card payments, the credit card networks would shut you down right away. But there's nobody who runs the bitcoin network, and so there's nobody the authorities can go to and say, shut down this network or reverse that payment.  In this turn, the actual meaning implies that bitcoin allows for anonymous transactions in illicit markets because it lacks a central authority that can control or shut down the network.

How does the lack of a central authority benefit bitcoin in illicit markets?

Answer: Anonymity


What were some of the challenging parts of school?What did you find the hardest?

Reading, studying my lessons. You know, because I had to read more, you know, and because, you know, as you get older, your short-term memory sort of fails you once in a while. So to make sure that you got the material where you could reproduce it, you had to study a little harder and do a little more research.

So tell me what graduation day was like?

Oh, the best day of my life, I guess. Life doesn't get any better. Life doesn't get any better. With my family there, all my friends cheering me on, I felt like I was 16 years old. What a day. What a day. I was happy. Everybody was pleased. They gave me a good ovation. I really enjoyed it. I really did. I cannot explain to you in words my feelings.

turn 3 : the speaker says "Life doesn't get any better" to express how happy they were on their graduation day. This is a figurative expression that means they were extremely happy and couldn't imagine a better moment in their life. The literal meaning of the expression is not true, as life can certainly get better or worse depending on circumstances.

How did the speaker feel on their graduation day?

Answer: Happy


So they're very competent, very professional and, quite frankly, surprisingly good. You know, we've had a tendency in this country to sort of dismiss North Korea as a backward country. But it's not. In the nuclear arena, there are two paths to the bomb. One is the plutonium path. They showed me all of that in 2004 - not very fancy but good enough. And then in 2010, they actually showed me centrifuge facility. That was simply astounding. It was a modern facility, and it was remarkable for them to have that.

One of the goals of these potential talks is the denuclearization of North Korea. Given they've got such capabilities, how likely is it to happen?

Well, first of all, I think it's not very likely to happen. What's significant in the current situation is they've actually said that they would be willing to give up nuclear weapons, you know, if their security is assured, and they're not threatened. However, to think that's going to happen in the short term is just not realistic because to build a nuclear weapons program, it's an enormous number of facilities. It's a large number of people. It took, well, more or less 50 years but particularly the last 25 years to get to where they are today. They're not going to turn that over overnight.

Well, short of full denuclearization, what other steps could North Korea take to prove, you know, its sincerity in this?

turn 0 : North Korea is not as backward as we tend to believe.

How did North Korea surprise the speaker during his visit in 2010?

Answer: Centrifuge


Right, I mean, this is going to be the very difficult point that they're going to have to get together with his younger brother and figure that out. I mean, this looks much more like it's going to be something about Islamic radicalization, as opposed to Chechen - sort of nationalism.

And I think when this first happened, we've never had Chechens do this in this country, so everybody assumes it has to do with that. What will be interesting is to see if he was radicalized on the Internet, if he was radicalized during trips to Russia - the older brother did travel to Russia reasonably often; the younger brother didn't - and how that evolution came about.

We will want to know if there were contacts there. The Russians - have they been helpful, in the past?Are they likely to be helpful, in this case?

It's unclear. I would suspect that they're likely to be helpful in this case because they've been making a case that Chechens are very dangerous, and that's why they do what they do in Chechnya. But it's. . .

Which is a very hard line of - some would say brutal repression.

turn 4 : The Russian's stance on Chechen terrorism is perceived as brutal repression

Which country's stance is perceived as brutal repression?

Answer: russia


Tomorrow marks the end of the longest presidential campaign to date. This election looks like it might break all voter turnout records, and plenty of civil and voting rights groups are out there working to make sure you have a place to turn if you're having trouble voting. One of them is the NAACP. In September, Benjamin Jealous became the youngest man to lead the country's oldest and largest civil rights organization. He's got plenty of information about how to protect your vote. Ben, how are you?

I'm doing well.

So you are the head of this storied organization that has had so much to do with African-Americans in voting. You think about where we've been in the past decade with the contested 2000 election. What should people know firstoff about going to the polls and doing it in a way that protects their vote?

You know, there's really two things that I say to folks. You know, first is that you should be prepared, you know. You should really think about the time you need and make sure, you know, if you need to have somebody to watch the kids that you just take care of it. This is one of the most important things that you'll do in the next year, and just be prepared.

turn 2 : To protect a  vote means to ensure that you are able to exercise your right to vote and aren’t subject to racism; the vote is not a physical thing.

What is the main concern of Benjamin Jealous when it comes to voting?

Answer: protection


It's great to be with you, Ira. Thank you.

I'm just looking at the abstract of your study, and some of these numbers are amazing. Seventy-two percent, 72 of all Americans think that global warming should be a very high or medium or a priority for the president and the Congress. That crosses all party lines.

It does. It includes 84 percent of Democrats, 68 percent of independents and 52 percent of Republicans. So yes, there is this difference between Democrats and Republicans. But nonetheless, a majority of Republicans do think that global warming should be a priority for our elected officials.

So why are we all under the impression that there is not this majority?

Ah. Great question. So one of the things that became very clear to us early in our research was that Americans don't speak with a single voice on this issue. And in fact, what we've identified is what we call a global warming's six Americas, that essentially you can look at the country and find that there are six very different communities within the United States, that each respond to this issue in very different ways. One group we call the alarmed. That's only about 12 percent of the public.

turn 2 : The chaos caused by Brexit has unified European citizens and strengthened their attachment to the EU.

How many different communities did the researchers identify in the United States regarding their response to global warming?

Answer: Brexit


Thank you.

What's your game plan to recapture the glory days of Fischer versus Spassky?

Well, I think what I remember most clearly from my childhood, which inspires me in transforming chess into a spectator sport is having a radio under my pillow and listening to the Orioles games in Baltimore. Here in England, I try and remind people of listening to cricket on the radio. These were enormously popular ways of consuming sports, and you didn't really need to see anything. You have the same thing with chess. If you happen to have a computer at hand, you get brilliant new data visualization, which allows you to see with the eyes of a grandmaster. So, it's not at all the sort of paint-drying experience that you imagine.

How do you hope to get people who don't care so deeply about chess or might even not know how the game is played except the vaguely know that a checkmate is something good and the king is something that you aspire to be on the board. How do you get them interested?

Well, we don't probably. And I don't think it really matters. We hired a great media research company and we came to the amazing conclusion there are more people in America who play chess regularly now than there are people who play tennis and golf.

But to point out the obvious: the play chess, they don't watch it.

turn 2 : A's response is not directly answering B's question about the game plan to recapture the glory days of Fischer versus Spassky. Instead, A is sharing their inspiration to transform chess into a spectator sport and explaining how it can be consumed without the need for visual aids.

Which sport does PersonA compare chess to in their response to PersonB's question about transforming chess into a spectator sport?

Answer: Cricket


And yeah. Like I said, the video can be used for good. And that's why I think the premise of body camera footage is good. But where problems emerge is when government officials and police officials push back against making that footage public because that's the whole reason. The reason is to bring transparency to police interactions. And if government officials push against that, it goes against the entire premise.

One of the very interesting points that you make in your book is that the federal government has investigated alternatives to lethal force and improving police-community relations for decades. I mean, you highlight a report that was commissioned by President Johnson, President Lyndon Johnson in 1967 in response to the Watts riots. And you said that it proposes really not so much an emphasis on technology but an emphasis on relationships, on communication and teaching police officers how to communicate better with the public, how to - it's more of like a - I don't know what word to use. Would you say humanistic approach?And. . .

Absolutely. That's a great word for it.

And that you say that there's - these kinds of - these techniques have never really been implemented because they were deemed to be too expensive. But you also point out that technology is expensive. The police departments spend a huge amount on these technologies that you say don't work. So what - my question to you is, why do you think these techniques have not gotten more traction?

turn 0 : The premise of body camera footage is good, but government officials and police officials push against making it public, which goes against the transparency of police interactions.

Which officials push against making body camera footage public?

Answer: Government


Nice to be here, Lulu.

Why study Mars's core?What can it teach us?

We know the outside of Mars, and we understand the inside of the Earth. And one of the reasons we're interested in Mars is because it's a planet of a similar sort of size to the Earth and Venus. So getting into the interior of it will help us understand how long it took for it to cool down because it's now a cooler planet than the Earth. It no longer does all that exciting plate tectonic stuff that the Earth does. And we'll get a sense of how stiff the external crust is, how malleable the mantle is and whether the core is liquid or not. Those are all the things that really matter for the physics of the Earth, so we assume they're going to matter for the physics of Mars, too.

The first successful Mars landing was almost 50 years ago, which is quite a while. And many have failed since then. Why?How hard is it actually to get there?

turn 2 : Studying Mars's interior will help us understand Earth's physics.

Which planet's physics can be better understood by studying Mars's interior?

Answer: Earth


That poem is called "A Flower Song For Maidens Coming Of Age. "It was written in 1440 before European contact in Mexico. And it's from a collection of Mayan poems - extraordinary. Tell me about why this poem resonated for you. It describes a moon ceremony.

It was such an important revelation to have come across this poem. I cried. I cried for two days - the whole week because, as you know, colonization basically eradicated all of our written documentation in the Americas. All of our traditions have been passed down through word of mouth. But to have written documentation that women have been honoring the moon and celebrating their bodies and their transitions, their milestones in this way, I really felt like my ancestors were watching over.

And you wrote in the afterword to this book that you really wanted young women to find their own way to connect with their roots. Why?

Well, I think it's important for any person, really, but young girls in particular who come from marginalized communities to find their - not only their roots but the meaning and the legacy of wisdom and power that comes from those traditions. And Celi, because she's bicultural and multiracial, she has all of these beautiful intersections happening that I really tried to play up in the novel because I wanted children that are just like Celi, who are multiracial and bicultural, to see themselves and their hybridity in all of its beauty and all of its power.

turn 3 : They don't have road intersections but their meanings do connect with one another.

Which elements connect without intersections?

Answer: meanings


And how - it has a unique design to it. Who designed it and why does it have the shape it has?

That's a really interesting question. There's - it's actually a complicated story. The chief architect was a man named John Graham Jr. , had a large architectural firm. He was mainly known as the man who invented the first really successful shopping mall, which was here in Seattle, Northgate. He had the task of creating the Space Needle. But he - they got stuck on the design. They had a doodle on a napkin. He had a bunch of architects who began looking at a tower-like structure. They were inspired by a tower, a broadcast tower in Germany, in Stuttgart, which had a restaurant on it. And so they knew they wanted an observation deck. But they were kind of open to what else they would do. They thought about putting a planetarium up there and a helicopter pad.

No kidding.

Yeah. They considered all kinds of things. And - but they were stuck on coming up with a design that was really a wow design. So John Graham hired as a consultant a professor from the University of Washington named Victor Steinbrueck. He's known locally in Seattle as architect-activist who saved the Pike Place Market. But he was a designer, and he worked on the Space Needle design.

turn 3 : They could not come up with an idea that would impress people.

How were the architects struggling with the Space Needle design?

Answer: Struggling


No. In this part of Mozambique, it's a complete anomaly. It's unheard of. This close to the equator such a powerful storm, it's not something anybody was expecting.

And I understand that you were just in Beira, which was covering the cyclone that you mentioned there. And how is a second major storm going to affect the ability of government and aid organizations to respond?I mean, just give us a sense of what they're currently - what they've been dealing with already and how they might adapt to this latest storm.

Well, it's a massive humanitarian operation unfolding in central Mozambique where I hit last month. There are dozens of agencies trying to reach the lost communities that still haven't received aid. And by some estimates, there are still over a hundred thousand people who have not yet received any assistance. The logistics of reaching these remote communities is extremely complicated, especially given that a lot of the roads have been washed out or partially blocked, causing bottlenecks. And yes, it's not an easy business getting the bare necessities to these communities.

So, finally, as I mentioned, you're a photojournalist. Could you just give us a sense of one or two of the images that have that have really stayed with you as you've covered these two major storms?

turn 2 : Reaching remote communities with aid is extremely difficult due to washed out or partially blocked roads.

What is causing bottlenecks in reaching lost communities with aid?

Answer: Bottlenecks


So when we think of plays like "Romeo And Juliet," quite often they mention - well, in particular "Romeo And Juliet" - it mentions nightingales and particularly larks. And indeed would make the sound of a lark. So found - in any other context you could just say, oh, it's a (unintelligible). But found in this context, there's a possibility that it was used, as you say, as a special effect during performance.

Oh, my word. What else have you found that'd we'd enjoy hearing about?

We're just starting to find things that may have been used by actors or the audience - things like clay pipes or hair combs and the old coin.

turn 3 : "What will become of the Curtain when you're done?" - This question is not about the physical fate of the curtain, but rather about the future of the theater itself. The Curtain was the name of a famous theater in Shakespeare's time, so the question is really asking what will happen to the theater once the research project is completed.

Which theater is referred to as "the Curtain" in the dialogue?

Answer: Curtain


Have they created new numbers?I mean, what kind of mystery can there be about this when, as far as I'm concerned, I thought all the numbers had already been assigned.

Ah. But it's like gossiping about your friends. It's not the fact that you have the friends, it's things you learn about them that you didn't know and you think, wow, have they been doing this all that time?

I'm surprised you have any friends after that, but go ahead.

I'm losing them as I speak, I realize that. What was really exciting about this was until, I think it was maybe April or May of this year, nobody had been able to prove that there were infinitely many of these pairs. And the question's been around for - in a sense, it's been around for thousands of years. It's been looked at in detail for 100 years. No one really came close to proving it. But then in May, this adjunct faculty member at the University of New Hampshire got pretty close by mathematical standards.

turn 3 : "What was really exciting about this was until, I think it was maybe April or May of this year, nobody had been able to prove that there were infinitely many of these pairs."

Answer: Infinitely


Well, they do do some of it. Delta in the most recent quarter had about 300 million dollars in gains from fuel hedges, but the biggest problem is other airlines just don't have the cash or the credit to put into this. Southwest has the luxury of very strong financial balance sheet so they can put their money to work years ahead of time. Other airlines, you know, if you're cutting costs, if you're fighting for survival, if your cash is tight, your employees are getting laid off, you know, it's hard to say hey, we're going to buy some fuel for 2012.

And Delta was in bankruptcy proceedings, it had to unload everything it could to deal with its debt.

That's right, very costly. Delta actually had good fuel hedges leading into the 2004 bankruptcy. They had to sell those to raise some cash in the bankruptcy, but selling early meant they lost out on a whole lot of profits that they could have had later on.

Scott, you're a travel writer but you do write for the Wall Street Journal, so maybe you can answer this question for me. On the day that Southwest reported things going very well, its stock actually fell by a dollar to just under 15 dollars a share. Now, how does that work?

turn 3 : The other airlines don't have the financial means to invest in fuel hedging, suggesting that they are not in a strong financial position.

What is the biggest problem faced by other airlines according to the dialogue?

Answer: Cash


You got it, my friend. They did that, and they're apt to do more. And right now I guess the point we ought to talk about to you and your listeners, understanding that I'm not there, and I'm not a player, a participant, but yet I'm a player, one of the outside groups that finds his way in through cracks and corners and talks to the people over there.

I think they are trying to get something, led by the secretary of the Treasury, who's Geithner. . .

Tim Geithner.

Yeah, he's terrific, I think. Republicans have a wonderful man in Boehner, that Boehner's a straight shooter. Geithner is a very smart guy, and he acts fair to the Republicans. So I would think that he would be able to negotiate as well as anybody. And Tim Geithner, he's - I've talked with him many times before this thing started and occasionally since they've been in closed quarters.

turn 0 : Despite not being a participant, I have influence.

How does the speaker describe Tim Geithner?

Answer: Terrific


Stocks in two major computer chip companies - Qualcomm and Broadcom, two major ones - were down 6% today. Google dropped 2%. And this was after Google said it would stop supporting Android devices for phones made by Huawei because the company was on the Commerce Department's blacklist. Google is a major software provider for Huawei. And if these restrictions went on for months, Google could take a beating.

Correct me if I'm wrong here, Jackie, but didn't the U. S.  back off last year in a somewhat similar way shortly after blacklisting another Chinese telecom company?

That's right. It was a company called ZTE, and they were on the blacklist. And it went on for a while. And they were on the verge of bankruptcy. And this is a major Chinese corporation - almost went bust until the Trump administration reversed that decision and allowed U. S.  companies to supply it again. So it's the same sort of scenario. But, Mary Louise, the Trump administration has been tightening the screws on Huawei for months now in part because it has links to the Chinese government.

And U. S.  intelligence agencies believe Huawei could use its equipment to spy on the U. S.  and its allies. The administration asked Canada to arrest and extradite one of Huawei's senior officials. And administration officials have been fanning out across the world asking allies, pressuring allies not to use Huawei equipment. So up until now, it's been a full-court press by the administration to contain the company.

turn 2 : The Trump administration is tightening restrictions on Huawei because of its links to the Chinese government.

What was the name of the Chinese telecom company that was blacklisted last year?

Answer: ZTE


Tomorrow marks the end of the longest presidential campaign to date. This election looks like it might break all voter turnout records, and plenty of civil and voting rights groups are out there working to make sure you have a place to turn if you're having trouble voting. One of them is the NAACP. In September, Benjamin Jealous became the youngest man to lead the country's oldest and largest civil rights organization. He's got plenty of information about how to protect your vote. Ben, how are you?

I'm doing well.

So you are the head of this storied organization that has had so much to do with African-Americans in voting. You think about where we've been in the past decade with the contested 2000 election. What should people know firstoff about going to the polls and doing it in a way that protects their vote?

You know, there's really two things that I say to folks. You know, first is that you should be prepared, you know. You should really think about the time you need and make sure, you know, if you need to have somebody to watch the kids that you just take care of it. This is one of the most important things that you'll do in the next year, and just be prepared.

turn 0 : to break records means that a previous record was taken away by a new record

How does Benjamin Jealous relate to civil and voting rights?

Answer: leader


So, why did investors react the way they did?

Well, investors are always thinking about what's coming in the future. They are not that concerned with what's happening in the present. And so, Apple had a terrific quarter. They pretty much met expectations. But the markets have become so used to Apple vastly exceeding expectations and the market's become so used to Apple's sort of coming out every six months or a year with some innovative new product that everybody has to have - and that's not happening. And so the market is basically looking for somebody else to fall in love with. And there is Samsung.

And so are they doing what Apple, at least this quarter didn't do, or is Samsung rolling our new technology, new got-to-have products?

Well, the Galaxy series, which is, you know, smartphones, you know, pads, so on and so forth, has been a huge, huge hit. I read somewhere that they went from having sold 30 million Galaxy smart - the new Galaxy smartphones to 40 million in a space of two months. People really like the phones, they have a good advertising campaign and they're less expensive than Apple. And we're at the point in the smartphone market where that matters.

What did investors do in response to Apple's performance?

Answer: React


Hi.

So you're about to get underway with your lunch rush. What are the workers telling you?What are the conversations you're hearing there at the bar?

Well, they're like counting down the days and saying what are they going to do. You know, some people have no plans. They don't know what they're going to do. Then other people say they're going to move away because this is a dying town, and it's really frightening.

And what does that mean for you?

Well, I just hope that we can make it through. I don't know. We don't know what is in store - you know, the future has for us because we've already - when they cut the shifts back, we've already lost a lot of our business from over there. Now, there's going to be nobody, and we just don't know where it's going to go from there.

turn 1 : lunch rush is a time when places are very busy, like restaurants, and usually during lunch, hence the name lunch rush

What is the name given to the busy time in restaurants during lunch?

Answer: Lunch


And also they X-rayed them and they put it contrast eyes. And they found this sort of anatomical differences that would allow owls to do this.

One thing that struck you about the video that they sent as well as it struck me.

I think struck you. I'm not sure.

Was that right at the beginning of the video, you watch the video and one of the scientists is there and he's got an owl on his arm. And they're absolutely - they look alike. And now you say people look like their pets. He looks — he's standing still. Both their eyes are facing forward and it looks like - just like his owl.

turn 1 : The implication is that the person realised something about the video - it did not literally hit them.

Which word describes how the person understood the video?

Answer: Impression


I think that's George Bush's fault. Everything else is George Bush's fault. John McCain - look, there are a lot of ways to lose a campaign. And one way to think about it is the way Republicans lost the presidential campaign in 1996, which is that Bob Dole became a much less divisive presence in the last weeks of the campaign. Resources were transferred from the presidential campaign to the House races.

And that year, a year that the Republicans could easily have lost the House, that Republican majority in the House was barely saved. So that's a model for one way to do it. But another thing that can happen is, you can run a campaign - and this is what John McCain is doing - that agitates your base and gets them motivated but also forfeits independents and centrists.

And in your piece, this is a lot of what the Palin factor is. . .

Right.

turn 0 : Blaming George Bush for everything is a common theme among Democrats.

How do Democrats often view George Bush's role in current issues?

Answer: Crowding


Well you know, I'd been rapping for years. I mean, since grade school and so forth but I, you know, I really didn't make my professional outing until college. At that time we were just, you know, all hanging around at the college radio station, listening to music and writing songs and none of us had really released any albums yet. And it just dawned on us that, you know, given the state of the industry, if we weren't going to put out our records then our music would probably never get heard. And fast forward 10-plus years later this is it.

So what was it like performing for the first time in a venue, not in a dorm room, not just with your friends, where were you and what was that like?

I think the first, what I would consider the first show was - I was the very first act on a show at a club here in San Francisco called The Stone. And on that bill it was pretty amazing. I mean I was absolutely first in order on a bill of like …

Which is a blessing and a curse.

turn 3 : Being the first act on the bill is both a blessing and a curse.

What was the downside of being the first act on the bill?

Answer: Curse


You and your fellow Democrat Peter Welch gave the president a proposal that would allow the government to use the leverage of Medicare to try to negotiate lower prices with drug manufacturers. Let me ask you a question from the Democratic primary. If that was such a great idea, why didn't the Democrats do it themselves when they controlled Congress in 2010 and passed the Affordable Care Act?

That's a great question. What happened back then is I think President Obama was trying to get the deal through. And as you know, we got very little, if any, cooperation from the Republicans. And I think that this was. . .

Well - but you had the votes in your own party to make this a part of the legislation.

Yeah, but, Scott, you know that that doesn't always work that way. It's not that simple because we had a lot of blue dogs. We had people who - Democrats who really didn't even want to go along with the Affordable Care Act. And so there was a lot of compromise there. And part of the compromise was to work through a deal where the prices of Medicare Part B - that is the prescription - drug prices would not be negotiated. I was against that because I thought that we were - I thought that we were bulk purchasing. And as most bulk purchases do, you're usually able to get a discount. But that was a part of the deal to get through the Affordable Care Act, and that's one of the reasons why I think you had a lot of Democrats who were concerned about the act even back then.

turn 2 : turn is to challenge the idea that the proposal was a great idea in the first place.

What was the primary's question to PersonA regarding the proposal?

Answer: proposal


. . . They make you very proud.

What can you tell us about Paola Zambrano and Mark Gorman?

Both of these kids were awesome young people. Paola - Paola, you know, died when she was going to be a junior, so she finished two years of high school. And, you know, during her freshman year, she was diagnosed with colon cancer. And we knew it was a serious situation. And we, you know, quite frankly didn't think that she'd be - you know, continue down that road of going to high school because we knew it was terminal.

And, you know, to her credit, she decided she was going to keep coming every day, had great attendance, went through her chemos and her therapies and was a model student for her family and for herself. She was very - a very proud young lady. And she had hopes and dreams beyond high school that unfortunately she was never. . .

turn 0 : The implied meaning of the statement "They make you very proud" is that the person is proud of their achievements.

How did Paola Zambrano feel about her achievements?

Answer: Proud


That President Obama looked at what a no-fly zone could do and realized it would not do enough. He needed to authorize that aircraft could strike ground targets as well.

Yeah. I mean, I think, you know, almost all of these things, once you start, there is significant pressure for it to escalate. So when, you know, another example, when Bill Clinton starts NATO air strikes in Serbia, in the Kosovo War in 1999 to protect Kosovar Albanians who were being massacred by Serbian nationalists, then the Clinton administration starts out doing air strikes and then comes under lots and lots of pressure to say air strikes aren't enough, air strikes are not really saving civilian populations on the ground. You need to do more.

So I think, you know, I think when the Obama administration looks at this, then there's a debate about - on the one hand, you could say - and it's not that the Obama administration is considering troops on the ground because they're definitely not. But if you're arming the rebels in Syria, does that create more pressure for you to support them or does it mean that the rebels can stand on their own two feet, which means less pressure on the Obama administration to get involved?

Well, you're talking about the law of unintended consequences. If you're supporting them and recognize them and they start to lose, what do you do then?

turn 2 : The rebels can handle their rebellion without anyone helping them.

What is the debate about in the Obama administration regarding arming the rebels in Syria?

Answer: Pressure


You know, in the post-Katrina era, Scott, the assumption has been that when a hurricane comes, you focus on that and set other things aside. So it was jarring when the president went ahead with his summit with Kanye West. And as you say, it was a major full-media presence in the Oval Office.

But the president's theme all week has been to keep the focus on the president. He's had a flurry of news availabilities - way more than usual. In fact, in the last month, he's had more than in all the time previously in his presidency - very flashy events, campaign rallies around the country, night after night.

And that happens just as the cable operations - television, news - has - well, they've begun to lose interest in some of those rallies. They're not covering them from beginning to end anymore, sometimes not covering them all - at all, perhaps because they do seem to be news-free campaign events, and maybe because they've become so frequent.

Does this week's sudden stock sell-off raise questions about what had seemed to be so much good news about the economy, including that historically low unemployment rate?

turn 1 : The president is trying to divert attention away from negative news about him and his administration

Which theme has the president continued to emphasize all week?

Answer: President


But to point out the obvious: the play chess, they don't watch it.

Who would ever in a million years have imagined that anyone would be interested in watching golf on TV?In our poll, golf is considered the most boring sport in America and yet it's incredibly successful on TV. It is indeed considered, in this poll, more boring than chess. But if you think about it, if you know anything about chess, you know that there's a rich, thick history, both of players and personalities and madness and theory that you can talk about on and on and on and on. There's nothing to talk about in golf.

Andrew Paulson speaking with us from London. Thank you very much. Good luck to you and to chess, Mr.  Paulson.

Thank you very much.

turn 3 : (4) implies that Andrew Paulson is wishing the interviewer good luck as well as himself and the game of chess.

How is Andrew Paulson wishing the interviewer?

Answer: Goodbye


But second, I said you have to step up, Mr.  President. The moment you jump into this issue, you learn how complicated it is, how many decades in the making it is. But this is on our watch. This is our time, and these are your constituents, Mr.  President, just as they are mine.

And so to me, this is an opportunity to educate, an opportunity to pressure. And whether it is out of his heart or out of the movement that we build or just out of some people's disgust - because disgust for all of us should be in our hearts right now that we let Americans live on our streets and in shelters in the richest country on the face of the earth. So we will push, push, push this president and this administration to join this fight until the last day we're around.

That is the mayor of Los Angeles, Eric Garcetti.

Mr.  Mayor, thanks so much for talking to us.

Great to be with you, Michel. Thank you so much.

turn 0 : "Step up," "jump" and "our watch" are all figurative, not literal. They mean that the President needs to take action on the issue and, in the last case, that the political party is in control now and has to take responsibility for governing.

Answer: Figurative


Because you have eggplant parmesan just in the book.

(Laughter).

You can do that as an antipasto?

Every time someone turns to that page, they're like, this is an appetizer?

turn 2 : Expressing surprise that eggplant parmesan can be served as an antipasto.

Which dish can be served as an antipasto?

Answer: Eggplant


Members of the Writers Guild of America are back at work today. The three-month labor dispute with Hollywood producers was put to rest last night. Members voted overwhelmingly to end the strike. The dispute centered on what writers should be paid for work distributed over the Internet. So did the writers get what they wanted?That's the question we pose now to Larry Wilmore. He's a member of the WGA's negotiating committee. He's a long-time television writer and producer, also the senior black correspondent for Comedy Central's "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. "He's a clip of Larry on "The Daily Show" before the strike:

Frankly, they kind of overdo it, you know?So for blacks to support Obama, he's got to make up his mind. Is he African or American?Because he can't be both. That doesn't make sense.

You were so wrong, Larry. How are you doing?

turn 1 :  "American blacks love African art, African clothes, African music. We're just not that crazy about Africans." The literal meaning of this turn is that American black people appreciate African culture but are not fond of African people. However, the actual meaning is that there is a cultural appreciation for African arts and music, but there is a disconnect with the people who produce them.

What is the actual meaning of the turn "American blacks love African art, African clothes, African music. We're just not that crazy about Africans."?

Answer: Disconnect


So in 1996, there was something called the Dickey Amendment. And that resulted in federal funding being taken away for gun violence research. Even after Newtown and after President Obama had issued the executive order for the CDC to be able to study the cause of gun violence, there's still been a lot of hesitation to do that. You know, gun violence is responsible for about as many deaths as sepsis is. But funding for gun violence research is equivalent to 0. 7 percent of the funding that's allocated for sepsis. When you think about this in the big picture, we have such a public health crisis that we're dealing with yet not enough research and evidence that's being put into the system to figure out how we can develop solutions that are going to really make a difference.

You've actually experienced this from the other end. You were shot when you were 17. Tell me what happened.

After a high school football game one evening, I was nearly killed after being shot in the throat with a 38-caliber bullet. A lot of 17-year-olds don't appreciate the fact that they're mortal, don't realize, you know, kind of the importance of their family and other aspects like that. And when that injury happened to me, it really changed my life. It inspired me to want to be able to give other people the same second chance that I was given.

Dr.  Joseph Sakran is the director of Emergency General Surgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Thank you so much.

turn 2 : Surviving a gunshot inspired me to help others

What injury did "A" experience when they were 17?

Answer: shot


As we mentioned, polls show that a strong majority of Republicans do still support the death penalty. You're one of the growing number of those, though, who have called for repealing it. And there has been a move, as we said earlier, in some red states to repeal the death penalty. What do you think accounts for that shift?Is it just about economics?

No, I don't think it's solely economics. But, again, you know, most Republicans are pro-life. And when you start looking at the abortion issue and the life issue, you start to have to ask yourself, am I being consistent when I'm looking at the death penalty?

And, you know, for the longest time, the death penalty from the criminal law standpoint was there only for society's revenge. You know, it doesn't serve the other goals of criminal law. There's no rehabilitation of anybody. There's no study that shows that it helps prevent crime. So we're really kind of in that Old Testament retribution. And I think as we move more and more away from that and then factor in the economics, there's a real reason to get rid of it.

You mentioned, though, religion in politics as well as economics. I'm curious - how do you think about the morality of this question of the death penalty?

turn 0 : red states meaning those that are primarily seen as republican dominated

What is the term used in the dialogue to refer to states that are primarily seen as Republican dominated?

Answer: Red


So, you're skeptical about a car czar. You think that there should be loans, though, with strict provisions attached to them.

Right, right.

What else?What else needs to be done?I mean, this is a massive, massive problem, and two of the three are facing extinction at this point.

Don't forget, what's putting them in this condition is the economic, you know, the economic condition of the nation right now. But the kind of fixed-cost structure that these auto companies have is massive, massive losses that have to do with what's happening to demand.

turn 3 : None of the turns in this conversation have a figurative or non-literal meaning.

Which turn in the conversation has a literal meaning?

Answer: Turn3