My reaction to the reaction is that it was spearheaded by the Daily Mail, which is really an out-and-out - almost a racist enterprise. It's - Daily Mail has been one of the most strenuous advocates for Brexit. But they were also avoiding some of the serious themes of the piece.

Well, let's talk about some of those things. Diana was famously involved with Dodi Fayed 20 years ago. And there was a lot of talk then. Now Harry is marrying Meghan Markle, as we mentioned, who is biracial. So have things changed?What does that say about the United Kingdom now?

I think that Britain is in a very strange place because the royals are kind of - as somebody said to me from the families, they're sort of one bright spot. Like, they're young. They're dynamic. They represent something that's very sort of inspiring when everything else is actually very gray because there's been this sort of political convulsion that was Brexit.

Do you think the royal family can really survive in a time when we have other kinds of celebrities that cost the taxpayer nothing?I mean, clearly, a lot of hopes are being placed on not only Meghan Markle and Prince Harry but the other younger royals like Prince William.

turn 1 : The comparison between Diana and Dodi who had an affair and Harry marrying Meghan Markle who is considered to be biracial simply implies that the UK political affairs can not improve either with race mixture or not.

What does the comparison between Diana and Dodi, and Harry marrying biracial Meghan Markle imply about the UK's political affairs?

Answer: Divided


The tragedy in Burma is it's just hard for us to comprehend. It is true that the current projections are that the numbers will rise significantly. I've heard numbers as high as 50,000 people being killed. So it's something that just automatically pulls at the heartstrings.

And you know, Farai, scientists have discovered that human beings are actually wired to be altruistic, so it's a part of our DNA. It's natural for us to want to give. We see a crisis, we want to give. And so I think it's really important to acknowledge that, and to really encourage people to give. It can. The giving, overwhelming giving for a major public emergency like this can have a negative impact on other parts of the world. We've seen it in the past.

For example, when the tsunami hit Asia, several years ago, where a quarter of a million people lost their lives, you saw relief and development organizations flooded with donations. OxFam UK, at a certain point, actually had to refuse donations because they no longer had the capacity to actually program funds. So what I would actually advocate for those that are really interested in making contributions, is to give responsibly. To really look at those organizations that you are interested in making a contribution to, and making your donation in flexible kinds of ways. . .

So, for general support as opposed to necessarily for one thing.

turn 0 : The situation in Burma is heartbreaking and difficult to comprehend due to the high death toll.

Answer: Tragedy


So alphabetically, Jeb Bush, Ben Carson, Hillary Clinton, Martin O'Malley, Bernie Sanders, who'd you like?

You know, I liked the fact that they all came. The important thing for the Urban League was that each of these five candidates accepted our invitation, came, and I think offered a serious perspective from their own point of view. They came in here. They talked about race. They talked about economics. They talked about the criminal justice system. They talked about cities. These issues don't get discussed on the main stage in many, many political debates and discussions. And so why we wanted them here, so they could talk about equality, talk about opportunity, develop those ideas in a way that will not, and - or, I should say, historically has not happened in this campaign up until this point.

Mr.  Morial, another unarmed black man was killed by an officer in Cincinnati. I wonder if you have some ideas you want to bring to our attention about how to try to repair a shattered relationship between black citizens and police.

It's an American tragedy of untold proportions, particularly as we've seen it play out in the last two years. Our ten-point justice plan recommended that body cameras and dash cameras be mandatory for all law enforcement all the way across the country. But we also believe that more must be done when it comes to police officer hiring, police officer training, and police officer accountability. The community wants to and must trust its police if they're going to be allies is in what we all want, and that is safer communities.

turn 3 : Mr. Morial believes that body cameras and dash cameras should be mandatory for all law enforcement, as well as other measures such as police officer hiring and training, in order to build trust between the community and police officers.

What is one measure Mr. Morial believes should be mandatory for all law enforcement?

Answer: Cameras


There are. It's been a very dry summer. We had the wettest May on record, but then we had the driest June on record. So since June 1, we've only had 0. 06 inches of rain in Anchorage. So everything is turning pretty crispy. And we've got a pretty big fire down on the Kenai, which is blowing smoke into the Anchorage area. And then we've got a fire north in the Matanuska-Susitna Valley. And then we've got fires dotted across the state.

Well, northern Alaska has seen dramatic effects of climate change - thawing permafrost, we've seen that decreasing arctic ice. Is this heat wave part of that bigger trend?

I think it is. We're definitely seeing warmer-than-normal conditions. Like, the 90-degree temperature is 25 degrees above our average. Our average for this time of year is 65 degrees. And just in the last 10 days, we had six record-high temperatures. So not just this year, but overall, the trend for Anchorage and all of Alaska is a steady increase and a steady warming.

What is the forecast then for the next, say, few days?

turn 2 : The temperature has been steadily increasing in Anchorage and all of Alaska.

What is the trend for temperature in Alaska?

Answer: Increasing


Oh, sure. He had extremely high standards for himself, and for his wife and. . .

I guess what I mean is, did you ever look at him across the table and say, don't treat me like Hamid Karzai.

You know what?(Laughter) Richard was - extremely calming influence on me. I've got a pretty quick, Hungarian temper, and he just had such a way of deflating my emotional outbursts. He was actually one of the calmest in-crisis people that I've ever known. And you know, I describe, in the book, being with him when he was negotiating the end of the war in Bosnia, and principally in Dayton.

He put you between - is it Begovich and Milosevic, at dinner.

Yes, and gave me a very easy assignment. He said, make them talk to each other. And of course, you know, a few days before, these two warlords had been trying to gouge out each other's eyes. So that was a challenge.

turn 1 : The turn (2) "did you ever look at him across the table and say, don't treat me like Hamid Karzai" is an example of figurative language, as it uses a metaphor to convey a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation. Hamid Karzai is a former President of Afghanistan and the metaphorical use here is to suggest that the speaker felt like they were being treated unfairly or without respect by the person being referred to.

What is the metaphorical meaning behind the reference to Hamid Karzai in turn (1)?

Answer: Unfairly


Now, when we look at this, what they're doing, there was a - you know, in some ways perhaps a minor incident, but a telling one where the British publication, the Telegraph, reported online that the G8 leaders enjoyed a six course lunch followed by an eight course dinner. African leaders were not invited and of course they're talking about the global hunger situation. There was a lot of static about that. Do you think that, that was symbolic in any way or just, you know, big time world business as usual?

Well, Farai now you're going to draw the cynical side out of me. This was an incredibly stupid, careless move, by the G8 leaders where they basically seemed to have thought off camera they could do whatever they wanted to. And they demonstrated, for all to see, the contempt actually that they have towards the rest of the world.

That they basically - they see themselves, as in effect, the rulers of this planet. So, when they're on camera there'll be the tears, there'll be the concern. Off camera you saw this hideous example of consumption.

What do you think the G8 leaders should be doing in terms of an Africa agenda?I'm going to get to a couple of specific things, specific national issues of Zimbabwe and Nigeria in a second.

turn 0 : The G8 leaders showed disregard for global hunger by indulging in lavish meals without inviting African leaders.

How did the G8 leaders demonstrate their contempt towards the rest of the world?

Answer: Consumption


Then I opened the door, and there were those four officers there. They raided my apartment. They went through every single thing I had. They were going through my WhatsApp messages for hours and hours. They also brought in some other equipment that they said was used for a sweep. It was a bizarre-looking apparatus that shot out a laser. And they pointed it at my walls and at the air conditioning unit. And they said they were looking for spying equipment.

And you were taken into custody. And you were interrogated. What happened?

I was. They took me to their headquarters just a few miles away. They put, like, a ski mask over my face. Then I was finally in a room and a chair. They would periodically come in and sort of prod me and have questions for me about my contacts in Venezuela, contacts with the military, the people who work with me or also just needing the password to my computer. Also, generally, just - they gave me a very long lecture about how I was supposedly a mercenary journalist.

What do you think this was about?

turn 0 : The equipment did not actually sweep the floor but went over the room with a infrared detection sensor.

What did the bizarre-looking apparatus do?

Answer: Laser


I assume, Sean, you're not going to have anyone there kind of pulling in the CNN-type touchscreen - pulling up results from various provinces. When might we get a really solid indication of who the next president of Afghanistan will be?

You're right. It is going to take some time here. We should start to get some basic, preliminary results in the coming days. But the actual count won't be completed until April 20. But once that's released, there's going to be several weeks of challenges, and a period where another body evaluates fraud and complaints and challenges from candidates. And May 14th is when the final, certified results of today's vote will actually be released. And most analysts are convinced that there's no chance any of the candidates will get more than 50 percent of the vote today, which means the top two candidates will go to a runoff, probably to be held sometime in June; meaning, we're looking at sometime late summer, early fall, actually, before we know who the next president of Afghanistan's going to be.

NPR's Sean Carberry in Kabul. Thanks so much.

Thank you, Scott.

turn 2 : "NPR's Sean Carberry in Kabul" is meant literally as it refers to the journalist's location.

How should Sean Carberry be referred to in terms of his location?

Answer: Sean


Me, too.

. . . when they would have lunch every day.

Thank you for saying that, yes.

So how did they help each other?

turn 1 :  (2) The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is curious to know what kind of help the two people provided each other with during their lunch time.

How did the two people assist each other during lunch time?

Answer: Help


I watched the movie "Concussion," and that kind of really gave me some insight onto what could happen if I kept on playing football and some of the injuries that could occur.

So nobody had ever spoken to you about this before - your coach, your family. It wasn't something that really was on your radar at all.

No, it really wasn't any of my concern. I wasn't really worried about it. You know, I had a head injury my junior year in football and then, you know, I kind of just shrugged it off, didn't think it was much of anything

So looking at the film with Will Smith, you thought, hey, I'm a football player. I'm, you know, in high school. And if I keep this up, something terrible could happen.

turn 1 : The speaker did not receive any prior warning or education about the risks of playing football, indicating a lack of adequate information and awareness among coaches, families, and society as a whole about the dangers of sports-related injuries.

Which film did the speaker watch that gave them insight into the risks of playing football?

Answer: Concussion


And, of course, in "Hamlet" there's that famous play within a play, which, in my version, was a book within a book. And in this book, in "Romeo And/Or Juliet," there's actually two books within a book. When Juliet is taking that sleeping potion, she's out of the play for 42 hours. And while she's knocked out, she has a dream, which is "A Midsummer Night's Dream. "And you can play through that as Juliet in her subconscious.

And when Romeo's banished to Mantua, he's also kicked out of the narrative for a while. And he can visit the library and read a book called "Fair Is Foul And/Or Foul Is Fair" which is obviously "Macbeth" done in this format. So I tried to cram all the Shakespeare I could into this because I'm not sure there's that many other plays that would lend themselves so easily to this format.

It has to be a play with which people are generally familiar, too.

Well, that's the fun of it, right, because you know what these characters are supposed to be like. And when you kind of push them off the rails a little bit, there's a sense of breaking the rules that's a lot of fun, I think. It's fun to write (laughter).

turn 2 : In turn 3, "It has to be a play with which people are generally familiar, too" implies that the play must be well-known in order to be easily understood and appreciated by the audience.

Which element of a play is required to be well-known in order to be easily understood and appreciated by the audience, according to turn 2?

Answer: Well-known


Science and magic are supposed to be opposites. Science is real, and it's hard, and it's facts-driven. Magic is illusion, and it's make-believe. Two separate worlds. But not for Teller, half of the famous magic duo Penn & Teller. He recently wrote an article for Smithsonian magazine, outlining the secrets that magicians use to manipulate the human mind and how those tricks may be put to use by scientists. At the core of every trick, he wrote, is a cold, cognitive experiment in perception. Does the trick fool the audience?

Well, in this portion of the program, we would like to hear from the magicians out there. What is the trick that proved most difficult for you to master?And if you want to share its secret, what was its secret?Our number is 800-989-8255. Our email address is talk@npr. org. And you can join the conversation on our website. Go to npr. org, and click on TALK OF THE NATION. Teller joins us from NPR member station KNPR in Las Vegas. Teller, thanks very much for joining us.

Happy to be here.

So psychologists talk about the artistic intuition that magicians have, this innate ability honed over time, a lot, a lot of time to grab a person's attention and control it and manipulate it. Are they right about that?Are psychologists on to something in this assessment of what you magicians are really up to?

turn 0 : "Magic is illusion, and it's make-believe." In this turn, the speaker is using the term "make-believe" to refer to the nature of magic. The literal meaning of "make-believe" is pretending or imagining something that is not real. However, in the context of magic, it implies the creation of illusions and the suspension of disbelief.

What term does the speaker use to describe the nature of magic?

Answer: control


And then the phone rang a few times, but I didn't pick it up. And, you know, you don't always answer your phone when you're having dinner on a Saturday night.

Right. Right.

So that's when I called his mom. And her cousin picked up and said - Alex, you need to get on the next plane to Sri Lanka. There's been a bombing. And Kieran is hurt, and he's here in the hospital.

But he was alive at that time?

The answer is no. He wasn't.

turn 4 : The answer is no. He wasn't.  In this turn, the literal meaning is that the person in question was not alive at a certain time. However, the implied meaning is that there was a tragic event or circumstance that led to the person's death, which is being discussed.

Answer: Dead


But the Polish government didn't agree.

Unfortunately not. We're hoping that the Polish government will look again at this issue and make this process easier not only in terms of the deadline but also what documentation is required. Make sure that archives are open and material is accessible because if you have a right and legislation but not the means to enforce it - and particularly for many of the Holocaust survivors and their families, virtually all of whom live outside of Poland, it's very difficult. They don't speak the language. They don't live in the country. To address even the administrative issues is extremely difficult.

And what makes this important, so many years after the terrible events we're talking about - after the crimes we're talking about?

We're facing a situation where, in the next few years, we will be living in a world where there won't be Holocaust survivors. It's a population, obviously, that's very elderly, very sick and passing away very rapidly. So we think it's a matter of justice and morality to address and to conclude this issue before that last of that generation disappears.

turn 0 : We argued that six months was way, way too short. You're talking about trying to go into archives, documents, find materials. Unfortunately, this was what was included in the legislation. And we've urged the Polish government to open that deadline - indeed, to open the program to people who never filed claims or for whom no claim - buildings for which no claims were filed.  The implied meaning of A's statement is that they believe the six-month deadline mentioned in the legislation is too short to effectively search through archives and gather necessary materials. They are advocating for the Polish government to extend the deadline and allow individuals who haven't filed claims or whose claims were never filed to participate in the program.

Which program is PersonA urging the Polish government to extend and open to people who never filed claims or for whom no claims were filed?

Answer: Program


Well, I think what's wrong with it is manifold. Our social safety net is embarrassingly weak; it barely merits the name. We give unemployment benefits that are stingy by rich countries' standards over periods that are short by rich countries' standards. And something a lot of people don't know, only about one-third of the unemployed even qualify because of various eligibility requirements. And on top of that, people lose their health insurance, some of them lose their pensions and so on.

And, we have estimates now that the unemployment rate will go up to at least 8 percent now.

I think that's right. I think at this point, we'll be fortunate or skillful, depending on how you want to think about it, if we can hold the line at 8 percent. I think higher is probably likely.

OK. So let's talk about unemployment benefits, and what do you think President-elect Obama should do about extending those?

turn 0 : The social safety net is inadequate due to strict eligibility requirements and inadequate benefits.

Answer: Inadequate


There are U. S.  citizens who've been caught up in these really devastating attacks. I can't give out more details at this time because of privacy concerns. But I think we're all just very shocked and saddened by the breadth of the attacks and how senseless they were, particularly targeting people as they worship this morning at Sunday services and were enjoying holiday meals at several of the big hotels.

Right - Easter day. Now, a decade ago, Sri Lanka ended an extremely violent civil war where large-scale suicide bombings were common. Do we know why this now after a relatively peaceful past 10 years?

That's a good question. We don't really have all the answers we want about who was behind these attacks. I don't believe they were linked to that conflict period. But for a country trying to recover, trying to achieve reconciliation among the ethnic and religious groups here, this is not going to support that effort.

Could you tell us more about the ethnic and religious makeup of Sri Lanka and whether those demographics are relevant to what is happening today?

turn 0 : implies that the speaker has information about U.S. citizens affected by the attacks, but cannot disclose it due to privacy concerns. The use of passive voice ("have been caught up") and vague expressions like "devastating attacks" and "senseless they were" create a sense of emotional distance and uncertainty, while the phrase "I think we're all just very shocked and saddened" suggests a shared reaction.

What was the reason behind Sri Lanka's violent civil war a decade ago?

Answer: unknown


Correct. It was one of the first ones to come out like that, and so I had no idea it was different from any other game. I just thought it was another game. And he, within three months of playing it, he started - it started affecting his real life negatively. He lost his job. He got evicted from his apartment. By the way, he was 20 years old when he started playing this, so he was an adult. But very quickly it showed negative effects. His personality changed. He started becoming a different person. He became withdrawn, antisocial, depressed. His focus became gaming, and he no longer was concerned about his real life or his future.

When you think about your son, do you think that there were other underlying issues, whether it was depression or some other condition, that caused him to be susceptible to this?I mean, how do you balance that thought out?

I agree with that 100 percent. He had ADD, and from my experience, since 2002, probably 99 percent of the gamers that we've talked to who have problems with gaming have ADD. It seems to make them more susceptible.

Attention deficit.

turn 2 : People with ADD are more susceptible to problems with gaming.

How are people with what condition more susceptible to problems with gaming?

Answer: ADD


And we shall not - I certainly won't see his like again. He was also incredibly fun. And so that's the thing to try to hold onto.

He wrote a lot of letters by hand, didn't he?

He wrote tons of letters. I bet there are a hundred thousand - hundreds out there signed, all the best, George Bush. Many of them are compiled in a lovely volume he did. His - you know, he was the son of a mother who insisted that he not talk - that one not talk about oneself. He was - so when it came time to write a book after he left the presidency, he didn't. . .

Oh, right.

turn 0 : I won't see someone like him again because he was unique and special, and not because he was dead.

What is the reason for not seeing someone like him again according to turn 0?

Answer: Fun


Treasury will decide whether the auto industry deserves this $17. 4 billion in bailout funds, whether or not that loan should be called in or extended. What will happen between now and then?

Two things have to happen. First, the Treasury and the Obama administration have to make some key decisions about what a viable automaker looks like and whether GM or Chrysler fit that profile. There's a lot of debate about in a market of 10 million vehicles a year in the United States whether there's enough room for both of these companies to survive. On the other side, the automakers have to show that they're making progress on their plans.

We know that they're probably going to announce some deep job cuts and plant closures tomorrow. They have to make some more progress with bond holders, with suppliers, and dealers. There's a lot of moving pieces that keep going in through March 31st. And by that time, it's possible we'll have to see some very key decisions made.

Justine Hyde covers the auto industry for the Detroit Free Press. Thank you, Justin.

turn 2 : 'Moving pieces' is not literal. They're not talking about game pieces, but about the situation being complex with a lot of factors involved.

How can the situation be described based on the phrase "moving pieces"?

Answer: Complex


Yeah, a little bit. But, you know, he's not read em(ph) and freak brothers.

That would be a whole different story. That would say something different about his personality, I think.

Something a little more disturbing, I would say.

Yeah.

turn 0 : "read em" could imply reading the comic book series "The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers", but it's possible that the speaker means something else depending on the context of the conversation.

What specific comic book series could "read em" refer to in the context of the conversation?

Answer: The-Fabulous-Furry-Freak-Brothers


Well, Manafort has a second case. That case is here in Washington, D. C. He pleaded guilty to two conspiracy charges. This is a case that was also brought by special counsel Robert Mueller. Manafort, in D. C, agreed to cooperate with the government. That cooperation deal collapsed after the special counsel's team essentially said that he lied to investigators about a number of things.

The presiding judge in D. C. , Judge Amy Berman Jackson, agreed with the government. The maximum sentence that Manafort faces here in D. C.  is 10 years. Now, the question that hangs over all of this is whether Judge Jackson here in D. C.  is going to make him serve, whatever sentence she gives him, simultaneously or stagger it. So is he going to get another 10 years in addition to what he got in Virginia?

Any chance of a presidential pardon?

The president has not taken that entirely off the table, but his lawyers say it's not under discussion.

turn 2 : "Any chance of a presidential pardon?" - The actual meaning here is whether there is a possibility that President Trump will pardon Manafort, which would mean he would not have to serve his sentence.

Which action of the President is still under discussion?

Answer: Pardon


And there is a desperate need both for international humanitarian law to be observed in the conduct of the war to protect civilians but also for a move towards political negotiations and a political settlement, because it is now nearly two years since I sat at the United Nations with foreign ministers from the Gulf States who said they wanted a political settlement then. But it is no closer, and the bombing has undoubtedly deepened the divide inside Yemen and made it far harder to bring peace.

And this is the conduct of the war by Saudi Arabia?

The Saudi-led coalition has air power. The Houthis, who are an Iranian-backed rebel group, are on the ground. It's not the job of these humanitarians to take sides in the conflict. We don't take sides in the conflict. What we do is call out the abuse of international humanitarian law on all sides. And the striking thing about the Yemen conflict and the three other countries that are in danger of famine in Africa - in Somalia, in South Sudan that we've talked about, north and northeast Nigeria - these are man-made famine.

Mr.  Miliband, you've been a politician. How do you sustain interest in problems that are very remote from the lives of everyday Americans?

turn 3 : inquiring about strategies or approaches politicians use to engage and maintain public attention for issues that may seem disconnected or less relevant to the lives of everyday Americans.

How does PersonB ask Mr. Miliband about his experience as a politician? (answer: "politician")

Answer: Politician


Indeed, and the longer this regime stays, the bigger this possibility is. I think any solution to the Syrian crisis will have to assure the different communities in Syria, at the top of which are the Alawites of their future in the country. Many Alawites today do not feel that what the Bashar Assad is doing to their country is excusable. At the same time, they are afraid to basically jump the ship and go against him for fear of being, sort of, killed and massacred by the majority Sunnis in the country. And so a political process will have to address the aspirations, the needs, the fears of these different minority communities in Syria.

A political process we've seen very little of. There's nothing going on.

Not much. There is a U. N.  envoy, Mr.  Lakhdar Brahimi, who was both an U. N.  and Arab League envoy, who is trying, you know, to initiate such a process. But given, in my view, the fact that this regime looks at things in Syria as a zero-sum game, there is, indeed, a very little likelihood of the success of the political process.

Marwan Muasher, former foreign minister, deputy prime minister of Jordan, with us from studios at the Carnegie Endowment in Washington. Thanks very much for your time.

turn 1 : There is a lack of progress in the political process for the Syrian crisis.

What is the main concern in the dialogue regarding the Syrian crisis?

Answer: Fear.


Yes. At the top of the mountains, we have cloud forests. These are forests composed of trees of low stature. They have the ability to withstand the strong wind conditions at the top of the mountain. They are very important in regulating the water cycling of the mountain and actually supplying the 20 percent of the water for Puerto Rico. These trees are completely covered by mosses and plants that sit on the tree trunks and collect water. And they can then kind of filter cloud water down the mountain. So many of these mosses and epiphytes were stripped from the tree trunks on the face where those winds were more intense.

I wonder, Dr.  Gonzalez, as you were walking through El Yunque looking at the destruction of this place that you've known so well for so long, what was going through your mind seeing it totally transformed?

Well, it's an amazing experience, but I think it's one of learning and regeneration. We already have seen the greening of the forest in some areas. We're already seeing that some species are lifting up. We know that some other species will come up and kind of make their way to more native or mature species of the forest to take over. So yes, it is a catastrophic event. But we know that there's going to be a recovery phase.

Dr.  Gonzalez, what about you and your family?How did you do?Do you have power?Do you have water?

turn 3 : DR GONZALEZ AND HIS FAMILYWAIKED THROUGH AFORESTAND FACES MORE INTENSED THINGS

Which place did Dr. Gonzalez and his family walk through?

Answer: El-Yunque


Let's start with what's happening in those factories that produce or produced all those goods that we just couldn't get enough of during the boom. What's happening there now?

The scene on the shop floors in China is a grim one. There are tens of thousands of factories being closed, many thousands already shuttered. Those numbers don't tell you how big those factories are. China has factories with everything from five people in them to 150,000 people in them.

But the story is bad. I mean, if you just count the migrant workers who have lost their jobs in the last seven months, that count's up to over 10 million. And that's a government number, so it's probably low.

So, it could be many more than 10 million.

turn 1 : The situation in Chinese factories is dire with many factories closed and workers losing their jobs, including millions of migrant workers.

Which country's factories are facing a dire situation with millions of workers losing their jobs?

Answer: B


You're very welcome.

What made you write this letter?

Is there a particularly egregious incident that sticks in your mind that you could relate to us we might learn from?

turn 2 : What I've noticed is that the sidelines has become more venomous. When expletives come across, when parents are yelling you're the worst referee ever because of one bad call that was made - this is outrageous behavior. It's unacceptable on every level.  In this turn, the actual meaning goes beyond the literal meaning. The speaker is not merely describing an observation about the increasing venomous behavior on the sidelines, but also expressing their disapproval and condemnation of such behavior. The implication is that the speaker finds this behavior unacceptable and outrageous, emphasizing the negative impact it has on the referee and the overall atmosphere of the game.

What behavior does the speaker find unacceptable on every level?

Answer: Venomous


He had been released the year before - in June of 1914 - from an institution that was known as the Colored Waifs Home. And this was a reformatory - it was part reformatory, part orphanage. And Armstrong was sent there for at least the second time in early 1913 after he had been arrested for shooting a pistol into the air.

And it was at - while at that reformatory that he began to receive his first formal music instruction. He played in the marching band there. They would parade around the city and play at events on the lake and stuff like that. But when he came out, he was, you know, faced with the challenges of being 13 or 14 years old at the time and needing to provide some income for his family. He grew up in dire poverty, of course.

You take a look at this, like, 8 seconds of film, I guess it is, and maybe it's the power of suggestion, but it certainly looks like Louis Armstrong. And you (laughter) - you really do get a sense, even from this 13-year-old youngster, of just overwhelming charisma.

Yeah, that has been sort of the reaction. The overwhelming reaction to my story is - you know, I fully expected people to try to pick it apart because it's kind of a ridiculous thing to propose. But overwhelmingly, people have said, holy smokes, we think this, you know - it looks like him. He smiles the beautiful Louis Armstrong smile that later became famous. Yeah, it's been fascinating to me.

turn 0 : Armstrong was sent to a reformatory multiple times and grew up in poverty.

How did Armstrong begin to receive his first formal music instruction?

Answer: Marching


Thank you.

What did you see when you drove through that deep water?What did you do?

It was just devastation everywhere. I mean, it looked like a lake. It looks like a lake in the middle of the neighborhood. You can't even fathom it.

Do you remember some of the people you were able to help?

turn 3 : The disaster was so immense and overwhelming that it was hard to comprehend.

Answer: Devastation


We don't presume when we cover the news. But we see estimates. For instance, FiveThirtyEight has her close to a 90-percent favorite in terms of their poll aggregation. If we're just projecting forward - and again, we don't know - this could be a very bitter aftermath.

Forget about honeymoons. You know, I was talking - I convened a roundtable of former campaign chiefs of staff yesterday - Republicans.

And two of them mentioned to me that they thought within the first year of her being in office, Paul Ryan, the speaker of the House, would be under great pressure to bring articles of impeachment.

During that debate, Hillary Clinton kind of deftly avoided any real response on the Goldman Sachs speeches, on her husband's transgressions, if I might put it delicately, and accusations of pay-to-play relationship between the Clinton Foundation and the State Department. Do you think these are the kind of issues that might persist after November 8, whatever the result?

Absolutely. And, of course, the email issues, as well - we saw this report come out last week of a, quote, unquote, "potential quid pro quo" between the FBI and State Department investigators. This is something that I think Republicans are going to use to unite themselves.

turn 2 :  Republicans may attempt to use impeachment as a tool to try to challenge and limit Clinton's power.

Which political party is mentioned as potentially using impeachment as a tool in the dialogue?

Answer: Republicans


There's no simple answer to that. What will happen, some of our experiments will be back up and running within two or three weeks. Some of the most complex genetic processes will probably take over a year to get back together. And, you know, disruptions like this push us to think hard about what we want to do and where we want to go.

So I think even though I wouldn't have chosen this - and it really is tremendously sad to have lost our partners in these mice - it's going to push us to think about some new directions which we might not have tried had this not happened. So there is a bit of a silver lining to that.

I wonder if your colleagues are as cheery about this, or at least as optimistic about it as you are.

You know, I've really been impressed and really hardened by the way everyone around me at NYU and people all over the world - I was talking to Ben Crowley(ph) of the New York Times, and I mentioned that I had gotten some 40-odd emails. That's doubled since then. And these are individuals who are offering to give me my own lines back, give me their own lines, to help me with space and resources, to literally take over my experiments until we get back on our feet.

turn 1 : they are performing experiments on mice, and the mice are all dead

Answer: Mice


Are there specific goals you all are trying to achieve in terms of advancing one policy or another?

Yeah. So the overarching mission is really to support science for the public good. I think it's really important to say that when politicians attack science, it's not necessarily across the board. It's certain types of science. So if you look at climate change or public health, they're under attack from certain groups because, you know, they involve regulation or some businesses have an interest in them or there's some political thing to be gained for them. And so what we will be doing after the march is putting out a policy platform on all of these specific areas.

Is that a little like herding cats?I mean, I'm guessing the scientific community (laughter), like any other, is hardly monolithic in what it thinks is the way forward.

Well, this is what we have to do. Right?So if, at the end of the day, we get bogged down in research grants, we get bogged down in having to write the next paper - but we do science 'cause we care about improving society. And if that's what it takes for us to really, you know, bring all of these diverse voices into the room and figure out, you know, how we can be unified and how we can be a political force, that's where we're at at the moment. And we're going to push for that hard after the march.

turn 1 :  The implication of this statement is that certain groups are attacking certain types of science, like climate change and public health, because they may be interested in gaining something politically or economically.

What specific types of science are under attack from certain groups?

Answer: Climate


So every time that you have, you know, even life in a - in the House of Representatives means you need to be there. You need to deal and wheel and pork(ph) and everything. Grillo's going to be at home. So what is going to happen?His 150 MPs will go on the phone and say, Beppe, what are we going to do with this?It's ridiculous. So that's one point.

And the second point is Beppe Grillo's people and Beppe Grillo's deputies are actually younger, much younger, and I suspect much wiser and quieter than he is.

So expect some of them to say, look, we promised Italians to change this country, we're going to do that. And so they already proved that in Bologna, where I am, actually. It's - they've been successfully here in Emilia-Romagna. They were successfully in Parma and in Sicily. They cut deals all the time, American style, really cutting deals on the legislative floor without the parties, and they were very successful.

Well, you've said what you thought should happen. What's your best guess as to what you think will happen?

turn 0 : They mention that the House of Representatives done everything in their power to make sure they needs are met.

Which representative body did PersonA mention in their statement?

Answer: Incorporating


So on Sept.  5, the Trump administration ended DACA. Anybody whose DACA ended between Sept.  5 and March 5 were able to apply for an extension. Mine, unfortunately, expires on March 22. So I was basically two weeks shy of being able to apply for an extension.

What has been the advice that you've gotten in terms of what needs to happen next or what you can do?

Well, what people don't really realize is my DACA has expired before. You know, it takes quite a while for all of these things to be processed. And so I filled everything out. And my DACA actually expired. And I had to - you know, my employer was not able to employ me. So I had to stop and go on a leave of absence. It was extremely humiliating. And obviously, that disruption to your life is, you know, pretty devastating when you're not getting paid.

On Thursday, President Trump also referred to African nations using a highly offensive term. You are originally from Nigeria. What's your reaction to that?

turn 2 : Losing DACA could result in job loss and humiliation

How devastating could losing DACPersonA be for A?

Answer: Devastating


And I saw that with just kids I knew at public school that were gifted. A lot of them struggled as they got older because they've been told they were smart. And so when they failed, they felt let down, they felt confused, and they blamed themselves.

So I think you see that on a much grander level with a child star where they get this level of fame and success and they think that that's going to last forever because they get used to it. And as they get older it's taken away from them, and they're not sure who to blame. And they don't know how to do anything for themselves.

And almost inevitably taken away from them by a disease called adolescence.

Yes, exactly. I mean I think that child stars are - they're used, in a way, to - their cuteness is used. And a lot of child actors - I mean people often ask me, they say why were you in so many kids' movies. And one was that my mother and father believed that there weren't enough good kids' movies out there. Now, I wasn't always in the best kids' movies, but they thought that that was important. And another thing is that there can really only be so many "To Kill A Mockingbirds" out there.

turn 3 : There can only be so many award winning, great movies out there for children.

Which type of movies were important to the parents of the speaker in turn 3?

Answer: Kids


It came as a bigger surprise over the last three to six months when our young scientist Robert Rohde was able to adopt really excellent statistical methods and push the record back to 1753. With such a long record, we could then separate out the signatures of solar variability, of volcanic eruptions, of El Nino and so on. And actually, to my surprise, the clear signature that really matched the rise in the data was human carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. It just matched so much better than anything else. I was just stunned.

You know, you wrote in your book, even, page 75: The evidence shows that global warming is real, and the recent analysis of our team indicates that most of it is due to humans.

(Technical difficulties). . .  And then we had these new results. I was much more cautious in the version of the book that was sent around for pre-review, and then we managed to get the new results in the new book.

You know, you've been criticized on both sides of the aisle, as they say now. I think some scientists are saying: Why did you publish - why didn't you publish it in legitimate, peer-reviewed journals first?

turn 2 :  "we managed to get the new results in the new book" - this implies that the results were obtained with some difficulty or effort, whereas the literal meaning would suggest that they were simply included in the new book.

Which book did the new results appear in?

Answer: book


With more tariffs looming in the U. S. -China trade war, American companies are growing more pessimistic about the outlook for doing business in China. But 87% of U. S.  firms with operations in China say they still haven't moved production to another country, and they have no plans to do so. That's according to a new survey from the U. S. -China Business Council.

To find out why most plan to stay put, we've called up Jay Foreman. He's the CEO of Basic Fun. It's the toy company that makes K'Nex, Lincoln Logs, Cutetitos and Pound Puppies.

Jay Foreman, welcome.

Thank you. Glad to be here.

So I understand that currently 90% of your products are manufactured in China. Tell me why. What benefits does China offer you to base your manufacturing there?

turn 1 : To find out why most plan to stay put is an implied meaning. Information from Jay Foreman will not actually reveal why the companies are not leaving.

What is the purpose of calling up Jay Foreman?

Answer: Purpose


The president's reaction, they're happy with, I think. The alt-right - Lana actually - I asked her this specifically - I said, you know, what do you think about Donald Trump?And she said, let's be honest; he's not one of our guys. We've never thought that he was one of our guys.

But the more that he does not disavow the things that they believe in and either tacitly or directly supports them, the better.

Seyward Darby - her article "The Rise Of The Valkyries" is published in the September issue of Harper's Magazine. Thank you so much for speaking with us.

Thank you so much for having me.

turn 1 : the speaker is suggesting that the more the President fails to disavow the beliefs of the alt-right and instead supports them, the better it is for their cause. This implies that the speaker may not necessarily have positive views about the alt-right, but sees value in the President's support of their cause. The literal meaning of the words might suggest that the speaker approves of the alt-right, but the implied meaning is different.

What is the PersonA's opinion on the alt-right?

Answer: Alt-right


Putin has, shall we say, not excluded the possibility that he may want to run again for yet another term. He is aware that a lot of people didn't want to come - him to come back this time, even amongst with his own closest collaborators. So he is not trying to drive home the point that, you know, you get 12 years of me now. He says, we'll have to see, and for a lot of people, that's a hopeful possibility.

Ambassador Sestanovich, thanks very much.

Thanks a lot.

Stephen Sestanovich of the Council on Foreign Relations joined us by phone from here in Washington. Tomorrow, Henry Louis Gates, Jr.  on a new collection of his writings on race, culture and politics. Join us for that. I'm Neal Conan. It's the TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News.

turn 0 : Putin has not excluded the possibility of running again for another term: Although Putin is not making any firm commitment, his statement suggests that he is considering running for another term in the future. This is an example of implied meaning, as Putin does not explicitly say that he will run again.

How is Putin's statement regarding running for another term described?

Answer: Implied


But he knew deep inside that he did. He used to tell us that we walk - this is his quote. He used to tell us all the time. We walk on floors that we never scrubbed. We walk through doors that we never opened. I love that he never forgot where he came from.

And, speaking of beginnings, you were a white woman from Canada.

Right.

He was also known for hiring a large number of African American clerks at a time - and apparently, this is still not as common as many people. . .

turn 0 : knew deep inside implies that a person had very strong beliefs about a topic

How did the person in turn 0 feel about the floors and doors they walked on?

Answer: scrub


Well, she took a very strong stance and decided to convoke a disciplinary meeting at the headquarters of the National Front to reprimand officially and potentially exclude her father from the party he himself created 40 years ago.

She put out a statement that said, quote, "her father seems to have entered a veritable spiral between a scorched-earth strategy and a political suicide. "That's. . .

Yeah.

. . . Not making peace there, certainly.

turn 1 :  B: "her father seems to have entered a veritable spiral between a scorched-earth strategy and a political suicide." The statement uses a metaphorical description of the father's behavior, comparing it to a downward spiral.

How did the statement describe the father's behavior?

Answer: Spiral


What are you, Lisa, most thankful for this holiday season?

I'm thankful I don't have the banks on my butt.

Does that make any sense?

It does. Do a lot of other businesses there locally that might not be affected by the baby boom - are they having a harder time?

turn 2 : "Does that make any sense?" - The literal meaning of this question is asking if the previous statement is logically or grammatically correct. However, the actual meaning is that the speaker is questioning whether their statement was appropriate or relevant to the conversation.

How did PersonA feel about their previous statement's relevance to the conversation?

Answer: relevance


And?

And it got huge. I don't know.

What happens?How does something go viral on Craigslist?I don't even know.

I don't know. I mean, I tweeted about it, and then it started getting passed around. And, you know, people started writing posts on blogs. I think someone called it, like, the most beautiful Craigslist missed connection post ever.

(Laughter) That's a very competitive category.

turn 3 :  the post became popular because people started sharing and reposting it on social media and blogs.

Answer: Sharing


You are a brave man. You think there's going to be any political spats at your table?

Well, the entire house becomes the table with that many people, so we won't actually have room for argument. Anybody who wants to bicker will have to go outside.

John Dickerson is the chief political correspondent for slate. com. Thanks, John, and happy Thanksgiving.

Thank you. Happy Thanksgiving to you.

turn 0 : B is skeptical about political discussions during Thanksgiving

Which correspondent's name is mentioned in the dialogue?

Answer: John


Is this situation just overshadowed by other refugee and humanitarian crises in the world?

I think so. I think its a challenge that, you know, Uganda is the third largest refugee-hosting country in the world now, but I think most people dont realize that. When we think about refugees, we often think about the Syria crisis, which is the world's largest. We think about people who are crossing the Mediterranean. But we're not thinking about the now almost a million people who've crossed this land border into Uganda but have also fled from South Sudan into Kenya and Ethiopia and even into Sudan.

We're also in a situation where the administration has sent very limited aid budgets to Congress. And fortunately because the commitment that Congress continues to show, they've actually rejected those steep cuts to humanitarian aid and provided strong funding - robust funding for humanitarian assistance. But we need to see that funding really get out of the bank accounts in D. C.  and get out to the ground, where it's needed.

Has Uganda been been so welcoming?The international community has thought there's relatively little reason to get involved.

turn 3 : Has Uganda been so welcoming? The international community has thought there's relatively little reason to get involved.  Implicated meaning: The international community perceives Uganda as being less in need of involvement or assistance, possibly due to Uganda's perceived level of hospitality or the perception that the situation doesn't require urgent attention.

Which country is the third largest refugee-hosting country in the world?

Answer: Uganda


So, what I think is, at least, a part of the solution is, when we do something, to take a small group and to stay with them. I stayed with a group of girls for a year at a time for over a decade, and I did see two or three people who called me a couple of years later, Judge, I just want to tell you how well I am doing.

It's not a great answer. It's not the answer everybody wants to hear because it's not a panacea, and it's work intensive while the success rate is low, but I think it's what has to be done.

Judge, always great to talk to you.

Always.

That was News & Notes contributor, Judge Lynn Toler. She's a former municipal court judge and now hosts the syndicated television show, "Divorce Court. "She joined us from the studios of KJZZ in Temple, Arizona.

turn 3 : something that was hinted at or suggested, but not directly stated. When a person looks at his watch

Which action did the person perform when a certain statement was hinted at or suggested?

Answer: Looked


Well, thereafter, we may be singing Christmas carols in the Capitol. It's brinksmanship, of course. They're just trying to get everybody focused and trying to get everybody to actually vote for the basic spending bills, get Congress to do their routine business. It's not routine, though, because Republican leaders can't get enough of their members to vote for spending bills. So they need Democratic votes to get the bills across the finish line. And those come with a price tag, including, for example, the issue of the DREAMers, the. . .

Yeah.

. . . People who were brought here by their parents when the parents came to the country illegally.

And how do they breach the differences between the House and Senate bills, when the promises some Republican Senate leaders made to get the votes of, say, Susan Collins of Maine and Jeff Flake of Arizona, seem to be no longer - are not contained in the House version?And the House leaders say nope, we're not going to have them.

turn 0 : price tag implies there's an exchange of favors for passing bills

Answer: Exchange


How big a deal is this for you, Freddie Hubbard?Is this sort of a moment of, you know, am I able to do and be what I once was or am I having to accept that time has put me in a different place?Are you sort of at that?

So much that because you have to realize at one time or another in your career when you get a little older, you can't do the things that you did before. Now, it's been very hard for me to accept that. I never - I felt like - I always felt like I could blow it and nothing would never happen until this happened. So now, it's - no matter how hard I practice, it just seem like I can't do the plays I did. But people tell me, they say, man, you don't have to prove nothing. All you have to do is play good enough to get your point across because you're not going to play like - I'm not going to play like I did when you played those earlier records. And I'm just - it's hard for me to accept that, you know, all I want is young (unintelligible) getting off on me, you know.

Let's go back to 1964. This is "Breaking Point. "

See, I was trying to play like a saxophone.

turn 0 : How important is this for the person and also they want to know if they are different now that they are older.

Which year was mentioned when PersonB said "Let's go back to 1964"?

Answer: 1964


Good morning. You've talked to some serious names in this investigation - Carter Page, Trump's former foreign policy adviser. You've talked to a woman who was Paul Manafort's travel partner to the Ukraine. I'm curious, just on a professional level, how did you get the access?

Variety of ways - a little bit of trading information, a little bit of looking up emails and cold calling people and just - I don't know - general doggedness, I guess.

Yeah. What is the conversation like?Hi, I'm Jeff Jetton, reporter from Toki Underground ramen shop?

I don't really describe myself. I don't have a - I don't label myself really. I've done some interviewing in the past and just, you know, strike up a general conversation with people usually in sort of a casual environment. And for some reason, usually, people will talk to me.

turn 3 : "Hi, I'm Jeff Jetton, reporter from Toki Underground ramen shop?" has a figurative meaning as it is a humorous and self-deprecating way of asking how the interviewer approaches sources and gets access to information. It is not a literal statement of the interviewer's identity or profession.

What is the figurative meaning of "Hi, I'm Jeff Jetton, reporter from Toki Underground ramen shop?"?

Answer: Metaphor


But what he did is he went out and explained the policy to the public and rationalized it, basically provided the sort of intellectual underpinnings for Greenspan's policies in two important areas. One, that they shouldn't target speculative bubbles, so that justified not doing anything about the housing market. And two, arguing that there was what they referred to as a global savings glut, which justified a big spending binge in the United States.

The argument was that China doesn't spend enough. The rest of Asia doesn't spend enough. If the world economy is not going to go into recession, it's up to the American consumer to keep demand up. So we shouldn't worry too much if American saving rates is zero and America's on a spending binge.

In retrospect, both of those arguments, you know, seem to be if not completely wrong, certainly very questionable given where they got us. And Bernanke, you know, played an important role in coming up with them. So sure, he's partly responsible for the Greenspan policies. But not totally, as I say. Greenspan was the senior policy maker.

Now in retrospect, it was just a few months ago, but still it seems like a long time ago. A lot of people are saying that the decision that Bernanke and Paulson made to let Lehman Brothers fail was really key because that really led to the credit markets freezing up. And so, why did Bernanke, why did he decide to let Lehman go under?

turn 0 : Bernanke rationalized Greenspan's policies even though they were questionable

What did Bernanke do to Greenspan's policies?

Answer: Rationalized


Right, and how ironically that they were announced during Small Business Week - (laughter) - on top of everything else.

I didn't know that it was a Small Business Week. Tiffany, what is your best-selling luggage line there?

Right. Well, we - kind of the example I've used is, you know, so if we had a piece of luggage on our store that was at $400 and, you know, has now gone up to $440, but that $400 piece of luggage goes up to $500, then that becomes a really big price jump.

So how are you feeling?

turn 2 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

Which turn suggests a difference between the actual meaning and the original meaning?

Answer: turn2


The main concern is retaliation. We go back to a period where countries didn't coordinate. That was very much the case in the 1930s. If I slap a tariff on you, you don't like that, and you slap a tariff on me, and we're both worse off. That's why after World War II, we had multilateral negotiations to get rid of that problem.

And now we are at risk of going back to the previous period during the Great Depression when people didn't coordinate their trade policy and everyone ended up being worse off. And I think that's the concern. The international architecture, the institutional framework for doing trade policy might just break down, and it might become much more national or bilateral.

Professor Dennis Novy of the University of Warwick, thank you so much for speaking with us.

My pleasure.

turn 0 : Countries imposing tariffs on each other leads to mutual harm, hence the need for multilateral negotiations

Which problem led to the need for multilateral negotiations after World War II?

Answer: Tariffs


Correct. But writ large, this is not going to have the sort of change that the authors of the memo anticipate it will have because mandatory detention ability is useless without beds. All of the detention beds are already full. And the only way there would be new beds is if the Congress authorized new beds, and that was a massive fight in the last appropriations bill. There's no reason to think that that massive fight will move any further in this appropriations bill.

Right. Now, you're a member of an advisory council for the Department of Homeland Security that issues recommendations to the department on various issues. Last night, your group issued a set of emergency actions that DHS should take immediately to address the flow of migrants at the border. And this was one of the concerns you flagged - that there aren't enough asylum officers, judges or even buildings to process all the migrants.

Correct. That's exactly right. I think if you have two alternatives, one - on one side is a border wall of 2,000 miles and a massive deprivation of rights, which is sort of one way of solving this, and another extreme on the other end, which is do nothing and continue to allow the situation that's happening now to increase in numbers.

A compromise in the middle would be do not diminish the rights people have but expedite the consideration of what we're ultimately trying to consider. And I think that is right down the middle. You know, zero to a hundred, that's right there at 50 of what, maybe, can be a bipartisan compromise.

turn 0 : "writ large" - This phrase means "on a large scale" or "as a general principle," rather than referring to something that is physically written in large letters.

Answer: Large


Housing is just one part of the economy in dire need of help. There's also the banks. Last week, the Treasury Department unveiled its approach to help troubled banks, and Wall Street didn't take so kindly to that plan. Joining us now to discuss what's ahead for the nation's banks is Nobel Prized-winning economist and Columbia University Professor Joseph Stiglitz. Welcome back to the program, and if you could start off by reminding us what this plan entails and what your thoughts are about it.

Well, part of the reason the market reacted so badly was it wasn't sure what it entailed. There were so many gaps that no one is very sure. When aspect of that was that they were going to use private hedge funds and others to buy off the assets from the banks. So they're going to lend money with a (unintelligible), lend money, presumably, to the hedge funds to buy the bad assets off the banks, but the hedge funds won't do this unless there are some reduction in risk, which means the taxpayers are going to wind up paying doubly.

One, you have to compensate the hedge funds for their money and for the risk, and then we wind up bearing the majority of the risk in any case.

And you basically called this a zero sum game?

turn 1 : the taxpayers are going to wind up paying doubly implies that the money given to the hedge funds to buy the bad assets wouldn't happen unless a reduction in risk occurred which is the taxpayers providing the funding through extra taxes.

Which group is expected to provide the funding for the hedge funds to buy off the bad assets from banks?

Answer: Taxpayers


And then I decided to come out. Now it's been going on several hours. I'm several streets away from the Champs-Elysees, Scott, but the people - it's like it's the second revolution coming because people are turning over - they're building barricades in the street. We're still - we've got helicopters overhead. They're still firing tear gas. And everyone around me is wearing a yellow vest.

Now, fuel prices have gone up - I have read, I think - 23 percent over the past year. And protesters blame the government for this.

Well, the government - the French pay some of the highest gas prices in the world, like, about more than $6 a gallon, Scott. And the government says it's going to raise the taxes again in January to finance the transition to an ecological economy - you know, more environmentally friendly fuels.

And, you know, for people who have to drive to work - blue-collar workers, just everyday people - this is outrageous. They say they can't make it anymore, so they've come out into the street. And, Scott, this movement has no leaders. There are no unions behind it. There are housewives. There are retirees - regular people. There are people who have never protested before. So it's turned into a movement. No one knows where it's going to go now.

turn 1 : GOVERNMENT HAS INCREASED GAS PRICE SO PROTESTER  BLAMING THE GOVERNMENT

Which issue sparked the protest in France?

Answer: Gas


I'm Farai Chideya, and this is News and Notes. If a child commits a crime, even a serious one, should they go through the same justice system, and pay the same price as an adult?That's just one of a host of issues surrounding juvenile justice. Today is part of our ongoing series on criminal justice.

We look at how kids end up behind bars, and what other options judges have when faced with a young offender. For more, we have Carole Shauffer, executive director of the Youth Law Center. Welcome Carole.

Thank you. Welcome.

So, let's start with a little scenario. There is a 16 year old and his friend, who go into a convenient store. They ask for money. The clerk says no. The friend shoots the clerk. If the 16-year-old is arrested and charged, what are some of the possible paths that the justice system could take, with the person who was not the shooter, but who was part of this crime?

turn 3 : "possible paths" - This is a literal expression referring to different options or courses of action that could be taken.

How would you describe the "possible paths" mentioned in the dialogue?

Answer: Options


Thank you. I - so each morning in my newsletter, I include the schedules for all of the 2020 presidential candidates. And so I'm kind of, you know, kind of scouring the Web to make sure that I can keep on top of all of them. And on Wednesday night, I stumbled upon a Facebook post from a county party in Iowa announcing that de Blasio would be coming there for the first stop on his presidential announcement tour. And that rings alarm bells since he hadn't announced yet. And so I tweeted out and was able to kind of pre-empt his announcement.

That is a huge scoop. And it's great sleuthing. I mean, it's amazing attention to detail. And you also put out your news on the same day you were taking a four-hour Advanced Placement exam, which is extraordinary. That must have been a lot of work.

It was. It was a big day, for sure.

You have been writing this newsletter since you were 9 years old. I mean, you've clearly been a journalism junkie for a long time.

turn 1 : It was not a scoop but a finding out of information that could be shared with others.

What did PersonA stumble upon while scouring the web that caused alarm bells to ring?

Answer: Facebook-post


Well, about five years ago, when we started the project, it was actually the internal project name, and we had a series of scientists and engineers trying to think about how we could make glass tougher, more resistant to damage. And someone in the room just threw it out and said gorilla, and it stuck, and it became the product name.

And tell us about the history. Wasn't Corning experimenting with a super-tough glass back in the '60s?

Yeah, we sure were. Back in the early '60s, we had a product that we actually launched called Chemcor. The basic principles of trying to strengthen glass were the same, but we were targeting different applications to include automotive and safety glasses.

And so why is it not in automotive and safety glass?

turn 0 : The name 'gorilla' was not related to gorillas at all.

Which internal project name stuck and became the product name?

Answer: Gorilla


Well, we'll have to wait and see. The purpose, obviously, is to send a signal that those members of the armed forces that choose to work with the opposition, if they are under sanctions, will have those sanctions lifted. And those who might be facing sanctions would not face them if they chose to work with the opposition. We're going to have to wait and see how that's received.

How important is the support that this government has received from Cuba, and Russia and maybe other countries, as well?

It's important. On the Cuban side, some of the support has been exaggerated in terms of numbers. But without a doubt, the support they provide in the area of counterintelligence has been critical to. . .

They send intelligence agents to help work the streets of Caracas, or wherever.

turn 0 : It is not yet known how the sanctions will be received

How will the opposition benefit from working with members of the armed forces?

Answer: Sanctions


How close is it?

It's about three parsecs away, about 12 light-years away, something like that.

So if there is intelligent life on that planet, and I'm just speculating here, it would be possible to communicate with them in real time almost, right, a lifetime, at least one person's lifetime if they could signal back and forth in 12 light-years?

Well, and that's the reason that studying these nearest stars is so interesting. If you have a chance of contacting any intelligent beings on these things, you could have a two-way conversation easily within a lifetime around these nearest stars.

turn 3 : Studying the nearest stars is interesting because it increases the chances of contacting intelligent beings

What increases the chances of contacting intelligent beings?

Answer: studying


When an American missionary was killed on a remote Indian Island last year, people around the world treated it as a punchline. John Allen Chau had been trying to reach members of an isolated and protected tribe to convert them to Christianity. The people of North Sentinel Island had fired arrows at him in warning, and on his third attempt to visit the island, they killed him. In the latest issue of Outside magazine, Alex Perry investigates what led Chau on this mission, and he joins us now. Welcome to ALL THINGS CONSIDERED.

Thanks for having me, Ari.

You say there were members of Chau's circle, family and friends of his, who have kept quiet since his death in November. And they only talked to you because you'd had a similar obsession with these islands when you were younger. But you didn't approach the island as a missionary. Tell us about your experience.

No, I was a journalist, a foreign correspondent based in India. And it was one of the first stories I heard when I got to India. This anthropologist I met, Vishvajet Pandya, told me about essentially a Neolithic tribe - or, in fact, several tribes living on these islands. And it was just such a sort of fantastical idea. I became quite obsessed by getting out there and particularly when I heard that one of the tribesmen had spent six months in a hospital and had learned Hindi, so there was a way to communicate.

turn 0 : when something is remote in this context means its deep in the countryside and far away from cities

What was John Allen Chau's mission on North Sentinel Island?

Answer: Christianity


Four. Four. We have two children.

You're a fam of four. And you are in the hospital, all four of you?

Were in the hospital, yes.

So what do you plan to do when the storm stops?

turn 1 : Asking if all family members are in the hospital

How many family members are in the hospital?

Answer: Four


What are his legal and PR teams trying to achieve by releasing audio conversations or snippets of them with Donald trump and apparently claiming that Trump knew in advance of that Trump Tower meeting with a group of Russians?

Well, I have to say, Scott, I think that's pretty much a mystery to a lot of people. Most criminal defense lawyers and former prosecutors can't. . .

. . . That I've spoken to can't make sense of it. It's a very, very unusual situation.

We're getting some bad audio - either that or a Martian craft has landed over your shoulder, so you might want to take a look, in which case we really got a big story to work on.

turn 1 : Bob cannot understand the reasoning behind the release of audio conversations with Trump

What is Bob's confusion regarding the audio conversations?

Answer: Reasoning


So, you know, Emily, when your sister is in and out of the hospital, and you're bringing her books, you talk about teaching her about emotions. Can you just give an example of what you mean by that?Like, what is a conversation you had to have with your sister?

Well, it mostly happened, like, your emotions are biological events that happen in your body. It's physiological, real. Emotions are not just in your head. They are all over your body, in your chemistry. So she's reading these books, and she sees the word rage on the page and spontaneously bursts into sobs. And she calls me on the phone, and is like, your book here says that feelings are physical.

I was like, you're a choral conductor who expresses emotion through your body. You practice yoga. And she still, sort of, had not put it together that just because you've dealt with the stressors, that doesn't mean that you've dealt with the physical event of the stress in your body.

One of the lessons in your book is about completing the stress cycle. I loved this analogy of yours, this idea of a lion. Explain the concept of completing the stress cycle through the lion, Emily.

turn 2 : Managing stress requires dealing with its physical effects on the body.

Which concept did Emily explain through the analogy of a lion?

Answer: Stress


Several of them. I mean, Espanola had only 14 individuals left in the 1960s, and then it was 12 females and two males. A third male was found in the San Diego Zoo and brought back to Galapagos (unintelligible) 1975. And there have now been about 2,000 young tortoises released back to that island through the reproduction program at the tortoise center here on Santa Cruz.

The same holds true for several of the other populations. I would say many of the populations are out of danger. But we're still, given the exploitation from the 1800s, the total tortoise population of Galapagos is still about 10 to 20 percent of the original population. So we have a long way to go to bring them back to the original populations.

A couple of questions tweeted and asked by listeners of the same ilk, saying: Would it be possible to clone him?

OK, this is an interesting thing, and we are trying to save some of Lonesome George's tissues, cells. Cloning in reptiles has really not been developed at all, and we're doing - a few mammals seem to be doing OK, but in general the technology, the methodology to actually clone reptiles is decades away.

So hopefully they will be able to maintain cells as in cryogenics, and who knows in the future, but at the moment, it would be impossible.

turn 1 : "out of danger" - This implies that the populations of the tortoises are no longer threatened or endangered, rather than just not in immediate danger.

How are the populations of the tortoises in Galapagos?

Answer: Not,Endangered


You've been on this beat for a while.

I have, a decade or so.

Any - ever seen anything like it?

Wow. I think this is a story I will tell the grandkids about covering.

turn 2 : "Anything like it" is a rhetorical question implying if the speaker has ever seen a similar situation as this one before.

What kind of story is PersonA going to tell the grandkids about covering?

Answer: Memorable


The United Nation says it's made an agreement that will gradually release 3,000 child soldiers from an armed group in South Sudan. The children are between 11 and 17 years of age. They have spent their childhoods fighting and killing for a group called the South Sudan Democratic Army Cobra faction. Jonathan Veitch, UNICEF's South Sudan representative, says these children have been forced to do and see things that no child should ever experience. Sudan has a long history of civil war and using children for war. Only a few of the thousands of children who get captured and dragged into the conflict manage to escape. Emmanuel Jal did. He's now an actor and musician in Toronto, who had a role in last year's film "The Good Lie. "He was 8 years old when he became a child soldier.

Most of us have seen our homes burned down, have seen terrible things happen. So, I mean, I witness one of my aunt raped in our home area. And witnessing and seeing my home village burned down and then when we're told that I'm going to be given skills and a gun to fight the people who did that to my homeland, there was not much for me to be convinced.

What was life for you like as a child soldier?

It's hell seeing 6, 7 years old burying their own dead. Nobody's going to give them questions when they're beginning to ask questions. Simple questions - why are we here?Where's my mommy?That's when you get to know, like, these are children sometimes when the terrible things happen.

turn 3 : The children in the war had to face and endure many difficult and tragic things.

Which word describes the experience of the child soldiers?

Answer: Difficult


This is WEEKEND EDITION from NPR News. I'm Scott Simon. There's a big bank on trial, but this one's not on Wall Street. The Arab Bank based in Jordan is being tried in New York federal court. They've been accused of funneling tens of millions of dollars to the families of suicide bombers and terrorists who are affiliated with Hamas. The trial will determine whether the bank should be liable for attacks that killed Americans between 2001 and 2004. Jessica Silver-Greenberg is a business reporter for The New York Times and has been covering the story. Thanks so much for being with us.

Thank you for having me.

Tell us please about the plaintiffs - in this case, survivors and families of people who were harmed in terrorist attacks?

So the plaintiffs in the case - there are almost 300 plaintiffs. And they represent those who were killed, injured or had a family member killed in 24 Hamas attacks.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of a particular tone or inflection may suggest a certain attitude or emotion, such as sarcasm, excitement, anger, or sadness, which can provide additional context or subtext to the words being spoken.

Which emotion is the PersonA's tone and inflection suggesting when discussing the plaintiffs in the case?

Answer: None


Well, I think that where journalists and correspondents tend to stray into trouble is when they use metaphor. For instance, using words like blank slate. They tend to sort of overlook the fact that there are more than 600,000 people still living here.

Yeah, that's a pretty crowded slate. What about when you see a phrase like urban settlers?

Well, that sets off all kinds of unpleasant associations. You're talking about the process of colonization in a metaphoric sense. And typically, the people who are colonized tend to see their culture and their land and, you know, their identity despoiled.

Putting Detroit on the map.

turn 1 : "Crowded slate" implies that the city of Detroit is becoming crowded with people,

What does the phrase "crowded slate" suggest about Detroit?

Answer: Crowded


Does either party see political damage in permitting a shutdown?

Nobody wants a shutdown. I do believe that's true, although I do think that on this issue - more than a lot of issues - that passions are really high because it's not just talking about fiscal policy or some other thing. We're talking about human lives. And human lives are at stake, and families are at stake. So it's not going to be an easy puzzle to solve.

NPR's congressional correspondent Susan Davis, thanks so much.

You're welcome.

turn 1 : The issue being discussed involves human lives and families, making it emotionally charged and difficult to solve.

What makes the issue emotionally charged?

Answer: Human


Again, I don't sign off on absolutely everything Nancy Pelosi, Donald Trump, Mitch McConnell, Chuck Schumer or Kevin McCarthy may tweet or declare. I don't. I'm not the endorser of anyone. And I have pushed back on statements that I do believe do exacerbate the very climate and culture that I just referenced. Indeed. But to put the onus exclusively on the president when on the other side of the aisle there are calls of uber-racism and absolutely. . .

When has Nancy Pelosi ever told anybody to go back where they came from?

No, Nancy Pelosi hasn't told anyone to come back where they came from. But there have been policies and exacerbated hyperbole in rhetoric as it pertains to statements made on both sides - Democrats and Republicans - that have led to this sort of climate. So to put the onus exclusively on the president would not be fair. Are there things the president has stated or tweeted that I have disagreed with?Absolutely. But the same thing on the other side of the aisle.

What do you see as your role in the days ahead?

turn 2 : The speaker believes that blaming only the president for the current political climate would not be fair since both parties have contributed to it (score: 4)

How has both parties contributed to the current political climate?

Answer: Both


As any historian will tell you, history is a living thing. And there's always a debate over how events can be interpreted and understood. Poland recently has gone a step further, legislating how to talk about one of the darkest periods in its history.

We are in a moment when we decide about how we're going to teach about and remember the Holocaust in the future.

Anna Sommer Schneider is a professor of Jewish civilization at Georgetown. This past week, the country's president signed a law that would punish anyone who suggests Poland was complicit in the Holocaust. Critics, including Israel and the U. S.  State Department, say the law will stifle discussion about those atrocities and cover up the role of Poles who killed or denounced Jews during World War II. For Schneider, this debate is personal. In 1977, she was born in the same town as Poland's most infamous concentration camp.

Despite the fact that I was born and raised literally in the shadows of the gas chambers, there was very little information available for me at that time - what Auschwitz really was.

turn 2 : The law punishing those who suggest Poland was complicit in the Holocaust will stifle discussion about atrocities and cover up the role of Poles who killed or denounced Jews during World War II.

Which law will stifle discussion about atrocities and cover up the role of Poles during World War II?

Answer: Stifle.


. . . and copied the symbols that most closely resembled the text. And we had a friend who lived across the street who was an artist, and he helped me translate it into proper copy. And then we resubmitted it to Stan.

And Stan was stuck.

And so he smiled, accepted defeat, and this became the first page of this book.

All right, so this came to light recently because Stanley Fischer was head of the Bank of Israel, and he's nominated to be vice chairman of the U. S.  Federal Reserve. Somebody got the idea that it was about time to find out what this is all about, I gather.

Somebody thought - somebody in my team thought that it would be fun to actually put this as a challenge, and basically promised a prize to whoever would be able to make sense of that page.

turn 2 : 3: Stan accepted the challenge and was happy to see the result of it.  2: Stan was frustrated or overwhelmed

Which emotion did Stan show after accepting the challenge?

Answer: Happy


And not to make any comparisons, but I seem to recall that there was a time when J. Crew was a catalog retailer - didn't have any real stores. And now, of course, they've got plenty of them in addition to a very ambitious online retail site.

Absolutely. The way that I've thought about these Shopify stores is they're undoubtedly strange because they're new, but their model is fundamentally not that different from, like, a big corporate enterprise. It's just that the tools have democratized the ability for people to tap into the globalized economy. And so before, it took the idea of having a supply chain and having all these people who would know factory owners in China and all these other kinds of things - that took a lot of infrastructure.

What these tools have done is eliminate the need for all that infrastructure. And so now it's this alternative way into what is a real thing about our economy, which is that many, many of the goods that we all purchase are made in Asian factories and are sold to us at a very high markup from their production costs.

So where's the coat now, may I ask?

It's hanging up in my closet, kind of towards the back - in there with the things that are too small for me to fit into now (laughter). But I'll bring it out at some point, I'm sure. Everyone needs a coat like that, you know, maybe for gardening or something.

turn 2 : Many goods are made in Asian factories and sold to consumers at high markups.

Which factories are responsible for producing many goods sold to consumers at high markups?

Answer: Asian


But so. . . .

So I tried to do it. And, you know, I had like - I had some - added some, like, champagne yeast or something, this grape juice that I got. And it fermented, and it was alcoholic. But I - and I bottled it to carbonate. I'm looking at it, lightly shaking it, looking for, like, little bubbles. This was early and - in fermentation days. And I'm like, man, I think it's a dud; I don't think it worked, you know?And I go - I just literally went to go flip it. And as soon as I touched it, ba-ba-boom (ph). The whole thing, it turned into like - into sand. You know, it just, like, misted. There was red faux lambrusco on the ceiling, on the floor, a little microcut on my face from the glass. Chris was shellshocked - took him two days to talk.

It seriously turned to sand?That's what will happen?

Well, no. But, I mean, it just like - there was not - it, like, vaporized.

It vaporized.

turn 2 : B: "It seriously turned to sand? That's what will happen?" The literal meaning of B's question suggests that A's beverage actually transformed into sand. However, B is using a figurative expression to emphasize the unexpected and surprising outcome of A's experiment. B is not asking about the literal transformation into sand, but rather expressing disbelief or astonishment.

How did PersonB react to PersonA's story?

Answer: Astonished


I could live there. But, you know, as things stand now, it's difficult for me to live there because, you know, in Cape Town - Cape Town is a cosmopolitan city now. I mean, it has been cosmopolitan city for many, many years. Mogadishu has stopped being a cosmopolitan city. It was a cosmopolitan city many years ago - one of the most celebrated cosmopolitan cities. I can imagine living in Somalia, but it has - Somalia has to change. I have changed and therefore Somalia must change. And that would be the case if one, there was peace. Two, if I could live anonymously which is not possible all the time, but it could be. And then if there are book shops and cultural, you know, stuff that one can do and get involved in. There is no such thing now. Civil war dominates everything and one's everyday life in Somalia, which is quite tragic. Well, this is not the life I would like to live.

Nuruddin Farah. His new novel: "Hiding In Plain Sight. "

Thank you so much for being with us.

My pleasure, thank you.

turn 3 : In this context, "My pleasure" is a polite response to thank someone for the opportunity to speak or participate in something, and it does not convey an actual feeling of pleasure. Similarly, "Thank you" in this context is not an expression of gratitude, but rather a polite way to acknowledge the conversation or interaction coming to an end.

What does "My pleasure" in turn 3 imply?

Answer: Damage


Sure. I'm glad you mention that. So that is coming through subpoenas to the reporters to reveal the names of their sources. So it's not a direct prosecution of those reporters. But they are - you know, as you mentioned with Judith Miller, it can amount to jail time if the reporter refuses to testify.

So what's happening is that they are being called to testify in the case against the leakers. And when they refuse to do so, they're in contempt of court, and they may face jail time.

That's exactly right. And that is much more acceptable. I should add that under Attorney General Holder - after the James Risen subpoena where James Risen was told he had to testify and refused, the U. S.  government did not push him to testify. They obtained a conviction anyway, and Holder shortly thereafter announced that, under his watch, no reporter would go to jail for doing his job. It remains to be seen whether that same policy would be in place under the Sessions Department of Justice. Everything he's said indicates that he will not follow that policy.

Meaning that he and the Trump administration may indeed prosecute journalists. We've heard Trump himself and other Republicans raising the possibility of prosecuting journalists. Do you think that there is - that that is a possibility?

turn 1 : Journalists may face jail time for refusing to testify against leakers.

How may journalists be punished for not testifying against leakers?

Answer: Jail


Yeah.

. . . Or if you're sad about the way it ended but also want to be outside at the same time, not in front of a TV, this is the perfect time to pick up "Wolf Hall. "Now, I know. . .

A throwback.

. . . That sounds a little crazy. But - it's a throwback, but remember, the third one is coming out in 2020, in March of 2020. They just announced it.

turn 2 : It's implying that it resembles something old that was discarded and now returned.

Answer: WolfHall


And I took it a few steps further and then did research and found that it wasn't that uncommon for people who were related to, you know, Russian immigrants or children of Muslims or practicing Muslims to experience racism in high school afterwards. It tends to be that people are looking for someone to blame.

Let me ask about Rez's relationship with Fatima - sort of begins as a crush. He tutors her in chemistry. And then the chemistry takes over, if you catch my (laughter) - my drift. They're equally brilliant, too. What are they seeing each other?

I think Rez is at the point where he's realize that the American idea of himself is not going to pan out. And he looks to Fatima, and he sees her. And she has never had an American idea of herself. She's had an idea of herself as belonging to her family and belonging to sort of a Middle Eastern subculture in Southern California and staying within the clan.

And he looks to her and sees the ways in which this brings her strength. She doesn't try to have American friends or be an American teenage girl. And this makes her endlessly fascinating to him.

turn 3 :  (4) implies that Rez is drawn to the strength that comes from Fatima's cultural identity and her refusal to conform to American teenage norms.

Which characteristic of Fatima draws Rez to her?

Answer: Refusal


What I can tell you is that they are very interested in immigration. They are very concerned about the numbers of people who have been crossing the border in recent months, and they feel like Congress isn't giving the president what he wants. You know, I've been talking to voters both here and in the area yesterday. And I'd ask people - you know, what is the most important issue to you?And again and again and again, they brought up immigration.

Describe the scene for us there in Orlando. I know people have been camping out for this rally. What's the atmosphere like?

It's this, you know, festival atmosphere that often pops up around a Trump rally. There were people lined up, as you say. I came out at 8 o'clock this morning and walked around, and the line was very, very, very long. And then it turned into Woodstock because there was a massive thunderstorm - I mean, just an unbelievable thunderstorm and lightning and thunder. And there was a sign that went up on a big electronic board that said, we encourage you to take shelter. No one took shelter. Everybody stayed exactly where they were in line as mud just built up around them on the ground. They weren't about to get out of line.

OK. This is the mud part of Woodstock, not the free lover, psychedelics part of Woodstock.

turn 0 : People are concerned about immigration, not just interested.

How are people feeling about immigration?

Answer: Concerned


That's true. Actually, the crime rate in Norway isn't really that high, so the police helicopter is actually more of a surveillance helicopter. It doesn't really carry people. But there is, as you found out, afterwards, there is a kind of - or should be a kind of co-working between the police and the air force, which didn't. . .

Didn't work, yeah.

. . . as it should (unintelligible). And there are also, on different areas, a lot of other routines that really didn't work as they were set up to be, so there had been a lot of criticism. And I think very much on the political side has changed and will change in the months and years to come because of what happened.

One, final question. In his manifesto, Breivik claimed to be the commander of a group of extremists in Europe. He called them the Knights Templar. Any evidence of that?

turn 3 : (4) - B is implying that Breivik's claims may not be true, even though it is not explicitly stated.

What is PersonB questioning about Breivik's claims?

Answer: Breivik's


Yeah, I believe there's a certainty of it. I started out my career as a journalist covering races in Mississippi, and every year people would try to give black people bad information, and we at the local black newspaper would find ourselves, you know, working with the NAACP, trying to get out good information. They would go through black neighborhoods and pass out flyers saying don't forget to vote on Wednesday, for instance. I'm sure that tactic, which is one of the tried and true, will be tried again somewhere in this country.

Well, Benjamin Jealous, thank you so much.

Thank you. It's a real pleasure.

Benjamin Jealous is the president of the NAACP.

turn 0 : to cover something in this context means to report on something

Which organization did the local black newspaper work with in order to get out good information?

Answer: NAACP


You know, that's when you've really, really been out there a little too long. But that's kind of what it takes. If you want to try to shake eight million hands, you better be ready mentally as well as physically.

Mayor Bloomberg leaves office a national figure, and reportedly the 10th richest man in America. What's he want to do with the rest of his life?Do you have any inkling?

He's given some clues. I mean, one clue that he's given is that he wants to give away all of his money. That aside from taking care of his family, he wants to spend the last dollar on the day that he dies. And he probably doesn't mean that literally, but his pet causes, which are public health and gun control above all, he really has put quite a lot of money into trying to make sure those views are carried forward. And where this is all supposed to lead, assuming the White House is off-limits, is just not clear. But we do know that Mike Bloomberg would have loved to be president, and if ever a chance comes up in the next few years, he will probably take that shot.

Errol Louis, host of "The Road to City Hall" on NY1, thanks so much.

turn 2 : He will not take an actual shot but will try to become president if he gets the chance.

Which pet causes does Mike Bloomberg prioritize?

Answer: Gun-control


I don't even want to repeat them. They were so unfair. They were essentially stigmatizing him, someone that we consider very naturally for good reasons as to be highly, highly unacceptable such as anti-Semitism. And I think the arguments that were made by some of the people who attacked him were essentially based on that. That was really scandalous. And I'm pleased to see that the majority of the Jewish community, which is moderate and decent, doesn't identify itself with this.

Nevertheless, there are legitimate questions to be asked, and you raised several of them yourself, about, well, how they should think about the possibility of a strike on Iran. I have to say, in recent weeks, the alarm bells have quieted a bit. You quoted, though, some in the Israeli media as quoting a former national security council member of the Obama team, saying there could be an American strike on Iran by the middle of this year.

That's correct. There has been talk to that effect. And I suspect, and rather expect, that these issues will come up in the course of the discussion. But in any case, the people that he's choosing to serve him are people with the experience, with a strategic perspective. But ultimately, he, the president, will be the decision-maker.

So I don't think that one has to expect that everyone chosen by him has to agree in every respect with every single aspect of the past policies that we have had, that he wants people who can think independently and give an independent advice, which he will then accept or reject, as president - as commander in chief.

turn 1 : The alarm bells have quieted a bit - means things are not as hectic as they have been up until now

How have the alarm bells been in recent weeks?

Answer: Quiet