That's absolutely - and people are outraged at the written bylines. They just haven't taken that conversation from the words to the images.

You have cited a bombshell report in the Columbia Journalism Review by Kristen Chick. It documents assault, harassment, allegations against prominent men in the field. And you, I gather, were not surprised.

We all knew this. We all know how bad it's been. I've been in this industry for almost two decades. I've been paid less by men, overlooked on assignments that have been given to men. I've been groped and intimidated in the field and in the workplace by men. But I have been lucky for the most part. Kristen interviewed 50 women over five months, named two prominent photographers but, more importantly, detailed an industry that is rampant with physical, emotional, mental discrimination that is preventing women from being behind the camera, that is causing women to leave the industry but also that is signaling to women, this is the cost of business. This is what you have to accept if you want to do this job.

I want to drill down on one of the photojournalism agencies involved in these allegations. That's VII. It's an incredibly prominent agency, influential in the field. Can you remind us of what those allegations are about?

turn 1 : Not a shell of a bomb, but a very surprising bit of information that shocks people.

Which report shocked people with surprising bit of information?

Answer: Report


Well, I want to offer condolences to you and the Virginia Beach community. I'm wondering what you can tell us about how people are holding up. I understand you visited a hospital where some of the people wounded in the shooting are being treated still.

I did. You know, this is - again, it's a horrific tragedy, and our hearts go out to certainly the 12 victims that showed up for work yesterday for the city of Virginia Beach intending to go home. And this tragedy occurred, and they weren't able to. And so there's a tremendous void in their families and our community right now. There's a lot of hurt and healing that needs to take place.

I was able to go to the hospital this morning. My intentions were twofold. I wanted to thank the caregivers, the doctors, the nurses and the administrators. And then also, I was able to speak with one of the patients and the families. And they're just such strong and faithful people and just going through what must be one of the hardest experiences in their lives. They were just very grateful for the care that they were receiving and grateful for the heroic work of the law enforcement agents yesterday.

Inevitably, after each mass shooting, there are calls for tighter gun laws. You introduced a number of gun control bills in Virginia's General Assembly back in January, not even six months ago.

turn 1 : The speaker is expressing sympathy for the victims and their families.

What is the void in the families and community due to?

Answer: Void


Unfortunately, under the rule, no.

Robert Strassburger, vice president for vehicle safety at the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers.

The sound to be emitted really has to be instantly recognizable as a motor vehicle in operation.

Mr.  Strassburger worked with the National Federation of the Blind to develop the rules. At first, he says, he told them, but we've worked for 30 years to make cars quiet.

turn 0 : A's response implies that the rule does not allow for the requested action.

How does PersonA respond to the request?

Answer: No


I think we typically are having a totally misguided debate about racism in this country.

And in exactly the way you're saying, in that people get accused of racism. They become massively defensive because it's a word that should destroy you. And so you totally resist it, and we're not really discussing policies.

Exactly. And, I mean, obviously if you could express in one minute racist ideas and in the next minute anti-racist ideas, and what we're saying is stop expressing those racist ideas and start recognizing the equality of racial groups, then that's a completely different discussion.

Well, let's talk about the president's remark that set this off, in which he said that four women of color who are in Congress, who are Democrats, should go back where they came from and try to clean up their messed-up countries. We at NPR have been pretty explicit in labeling that as old racist language. Go back where you came from is a thing that's been said by a lot of people for a long time. But you're the scholar. Is that a racist statement?And if so, why is it a racist statement?

turn 0 : destroy you meaning your character for being labeled as such

Which word is used to describe language that has been explicitly labeled as old racist language?

Answer: Racist


Yeah.

I'm also told by White House officials the Secret Service director was not connected to security questions at Mar-a-Lago. It was in the works before the latest security breach there - Chinese woman with a lot of passports and hard drives.

Right.

But - so this is not necessarily directly connected to immigration unlike Nielsen's resignation, which was immigration-related.

turn 1 : In turn (2), the phrase "in the works" does not mean that something is being constructed or manufactured, but rather that plans or preparations are being made. Similarly, "security questions" does not refer to queries about security, but instead refers to security concerns or issues.

How does the phrase "in the works" in turn 2 differ from its usual meaning?

Answer: Preparations


It's out of sight. It's really high. We have actual concentrations and standards that are somewhere like four, five times lower than that. So, these are all very, very high numbers, even when they're low on the Chinese scale.

It sounds as though you could project things ahead for the beginning of the Olympics. What would you expect?

Well, it's pretty good right now. But I've just been looking at the extended forecast for winds, and the middle of next week, things are going to change quite radically, around the 3rd or the 4th. The big high-pressure system from out over the Pacific is going to kick in, and that's going to produce strong winds coming over the polluted areas to the south of Beijing, and it's going to pick up a lot of pollution. And according to these forecasts, it's going to be a pretty dirty end of next week. And unfortunately, that coincides with the Opening Ceremonies a week from today.

Ken, these are official Chinese numbers that you're working with, and you are sitting there in Rhode Island looking at these. Are the numbers trustworthy?

turn 0 : "It's out of sight." - This does not literally mean that the object is out of sight. It implies that the object is not visible or noticeable, and the speaker is emphasizing its high concentration level.

How does the speaker describe the concentration level of the object mentioned?

Answer: High


Hey, Mary Louise.

So how serious is this?What else do we know?

We don't really know a lot more. We learned of this in a brief statement from campaign senior adviser Jeff Weaver. He said, as you mentioned in the intro there, that Sanders had felt some chest discomfort last night at a campaign event. And what they also told us is that Sanders had a blockage in one artery. Two stents were inserted. His campaign has really not said a whole lot more than that except that events will be canceled until further notice but that the senator is, quote, "in good spirits. "He is resting up for a few days.

Now, I did talk to Steven Nissen today. He's a cardiologist at the Cleveland Clinic. He's not the doctor that worked on Sanders, but he just sort of told me what to expect in these cases, what the prognosis is. And pretty much what he told me is this. The way to look at it is that heart disease is, indeed, serious, but this is also a very routine procedure.

turn 2 : Sanders is feeling happy and hopeful after the procedure.

What is Sanders' emotional state after the procedure?

Answer: Hopeful


. . . He maintained a hold too long. That hold became deadly force. . .

Right.

. . . That his commissioner decided was not necessary at the point that it was being used.

However, there was a long review of not just the commissioner. . .

turn 3 : A case of police brutality is being investigated and all involved are subject to that investigation

Answer: Deadly


Well, they do do some of it. Delta in the most recent quarter had about 300 million dollars in gains from fuel hedges, but the biggest problem is other airlines just don't have the cash or the credit to put into this. Southwest has the luxury of very strong financial balance sheet so they can put their money to work years ahead of time. Other airlines, you know, if you're cutting costs, if you're fighting for survival, if your cash is tight, your employees are getting laid off, you know, it's hard to say hey, we're going to buy some fuel for 2012.

And Delta was in bankruptcy proceedings, it had to unload everything it could to deal with its debt.

That's right, very costly. Delta actually had good fuel hedges leading into the 2004 bankruptcy. They had to sell those to raise some cash in the bankruptcy, but selling early meant they lost out on a whole lot of profits that they could have had later on.

Scott, you're a travel writer but you do write for the Wall Street Journal, so maybe you can answer this question for me. On the day that Southwest reported things going very well, its stock actually fell by a dollar to just under 15 dollars a share. Now, how does that work?

turn 0 : Other airlines have too much financial strain to be able to invest in fuel hedging.

Which airlines are facing financial constraints that prevent them from investing in fuel hedging?

Answer: Other


Well, experts and the public are very divided about this matter, as they are on the whole issue of nuclear power in Japan. Critics point out that a lot of the technology for removing the melted reactor cores and stopping radioactive water from going to the sea is still untested. TEPCO emphasized to me that they have multiple contingency plans in place to deal with every possible scenario. And they say they're making progress. At the same time, they admit that none of this is 100 percent risk-free.

Anthony, may I ask, how are you?

I feel good enough. I don't feel eradiated. I was wrapped from head to toe in protective gear, including three layers of gloves, a suit, a face mask, a respirator and a dosimeter, which measures radiation. It was uncomfortable, but I was only in there for a couple of hours. And then I came out. They scanned me numerous times. And at the end of the day, TEPCO's judgment was that I had absorbed about as much radiation as a chest X-ray. But who's to say?

NPR's Anthony Kuhn in Tokyo. Thanks so much for being with us, Anthony.

turn 2 : "I feel good enough. I don't feel irradiated." Implicated Meaning: The speaker states that they feel physically fine and unaffected by radiation exposure, implying that they may not be fully aware of the potential long-term effects or the accuracy of the assessment.

Which assessment did TEPCO make about Anthony's radiation absorption?

Answer: X-ray


You're speaking with us from near Manchester, England, at the moment, where there was an attack. You're based in London, where there's been another attack. Can you describe the mood?

The mood is very alarmed. I've been literally corresponding with hundreds of British-Muslim community members across the country. And there is a genuine feeling of shock beyond the last few attacks because of the severity of this and the frequency of it. And there is a sense - a real sense that something has to change.

Now, I know all sectors are feeling this. But, you know, what they're telling me is that, you know, we're going to have to face some difficult questions. Now the only thing is, how are we going to handle those questions?Is it going to be as a community, as part of wider society?Or are Muslim communities going to be a target?That's going to make a little bit of a difference here.

Just briefly - we only have about 30 seconds - how is the Muslim community reacting?This is the holy month of Ramadan, a time of prayer and reflection.

turn 2 : "we're going to have to face some difficult questions" - This turn is meant to suggest that there are challenging issues that need to be addressed following the recent attacks. The actual meaning of the turn is the same as its literal meaning.

Answer: Muslim


Let me move on to another issue. I was covering both the Democratic and Republican Conventions, and one of the biggest applause lines during the Republican Conventions had to do with drilling for oil. Drill now, drill now, drill now. There is a serious set of distinctions between Senator Obama's policy towards energy and the McCain campaigns policy towards energy. Very briefly, very briefly, describe them to me, as they would affect consumers.

OK, I would say three distinct differences. One, the emphasis of McCain has been on drilling. The facts show that he U. S.  consumes 25 percent of the world's oil and has 3 percent of the reserves. So it's obvious that we cannot drill our way out of that problem.

Obama's focus has been on what can we do in the immediate run, and in the long run, to wean our dependence on oil. And that means investing in an extensive program to convert the economy with green jobs and research, deployment, development of alternative energy. And it also means efficiencies, conservation, raising fuel standards and things to reduce our demand.

So emphasizing the whole portfolio of energies and reducing our demand, but we know that ultimately we've got to move to a different source of energy, and that's the only way to do it. And that is a very big difference between the two candidates.

turn 2 : Obama's energy policy focuses on reducing dependence on oil through green energy and efficiency measures

How does Obama plan to reduce dependence on oil?

Answer: Green


Hanna was a bride. That is, she was a North Korean woman who was kidnapped in North Korea and taken to China where she was sold as a bride to a Chinese man. This is a big market in China. After 30 years of a one-child policy and Chinese couples' preference for boys, there is a severe shortage of young women in China today. And the one thing many young men want most in life is a bride. So they place an order for one from North Korea.

For how much?

It depends. Every North Korean bride I interviewed told me that she remembered the price for which she was sold, but roughly, it's $1,500 or $2,000.

And once in this relationship, if you can call it that, how did she escape?

turn 2 : North Korean women are being sold as brides to Chinese men due to a shortage of young women in China

How much is the approximate price for a North Korean bride sold to a Chinese man?

Answer: $1,500-or-$2,000


So as these bills sort of started to, once again, be introduced in state legislatures this year, the first thing on my agenda was to speak to Janet Porter and basically talk to her about why she felt this bill was important and why she was advocating for it.

And what did she say?

She said that she felt the bill was important because, as its intended effect, it would outlaw the vast majority of abortions. And more importantly, it would give the U. S.  Supreme Court an opportunity to reinterpret Roe v.  Wade.

I think many people are familiar with Roe v.  Wade, but just in the event that they are not, Roe v.  Wade provides women with the constitutional right to an abortion up to the point of what's called viability. And that's when a fetus can survive outside the womb. It's generally understood to be about 24 weeks. A full-term pregnancy is 40 weeks.

So these bills and the ability to get an abortion at about six weeks. That's before most women know they're pregnant. And the strategy from Porter is to get it before the Supreme Court, and give the Supreme Court an opportunity to reinterpret the standard by which Roe v.  Wade was decided.

So can you just tell me a little bit more about her?Like, what motivates her?Where do her ideas come from?

turn 4 : This implies that there is a contradiction between the state bill against abortion and  Roe v. Wade.

What would the state bill against abortion do to the vast majority of abortions if enacted?

Answer: Outlaw


Yeah, it's still very present. I don't think it's still very accurate. I think what this proves is that 5 billion songs is $5 billion, and so they are still saying that global music sales have dropped 8percent to about 19. 4 billion, according to the phonographic industry.

So they are seeing some sales still decline, but you're seeing digital music rise, so I think these music labels are needed to get with the program and get over this fear of piracy, and - and look at this say, you know what?Five billion songs, that's a lot of music that anyone could be buying. I mean, that's just - you know, at the end of the day, that's a lot of music to be purchased.

Mario, thanks so much.

Thank you, Farai.

Mario Armstrong is News & Notes regular technology contributor, and he joined us from the studios of the Baltimore Sun.

turn 1 : Digital music sales are increasing, music labels need to adapt to the changing market.

Answer: Market


You may have seen it. The photo has been everywhere on social media - a gunman, this week outside a federal courthouse in Dallas. It's one of those pictures that makes you wonder just how the photographer got it. The gunman appears to be only a few feet away from the camera, a military-style rifle in his hand. He's decked out in tactical gear, wearing a face mask with a hole for his eyes, and those eyes appear to be looking right into the camera.

Soon after the photo was taken, the gunman was shot dead by law enforcement. No one else was seriously injured. To hear the story of the photo, I spoke to the person who took it, Tom Fox of The Dallas Morning News. He told me about the moment he first heard the shooter.

There was about three quick shots. And at the time, it sounded like backfire.

Like of a car or something, you mean.

turn 3 :  "like backfire" as a way of clarifying the sound that they heard, rather than suggesting that the sound was actually similar to the backfiring of a car. It suggests that the speaker understood the previous speaker's description of the sound, and is confirming that they heard the same thing.

How did the speaker clarify the sound they heard?

Answer: Clarify


OK, now let's talk nuts and bolts here, Nick. How close are we to actually getting something of practical use outside of the experimental laboratory here?

We don't know because we're relying on technology to improve to bring those prices down. But we've looked at what's been going on in the last few years, driven by genome research. And the most expensive stage is synthesizing DNA - the prices there drop by a factor of 10 about every five years. So 10 years from now, it will be 100 times cheaper, and our projections are that at that point it's something you or I might be able to afford to do for information that was of great value to us that we wanted to keep on something like a 50-year time scale.

And that's something like - you know, maybe that will be my children taking a video recording of their wedding and wanting to put that somewhere safe for their grandchildren. It will be expensive, but it will be possible. And if you care enough about the information you want to pass down through a couple of generations, you might choose to do it.

I'll place it on the shelf right next to my 3-D printer when I. . .

turn 0 : nuts and bolts in this context means schematics, or the finer details

Which stage is the most expensive in synthesizing DNPersonA according to A?

Answer: Synthesizing


So we really need to do research and try to pin that down. Another thing that's critical is - so what is the long-term prospect for our cities and our ports?How much is the sea level going to rise?What are our coast lines going to look like?Well, that depends upon how fast Greenland and parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet melt. That's a big unknown.

There was a piece appearing in the New York Times this week that described new research that basically found even if we curb emissions now, climate change will likely continue until at least the year 3000. Do you feel like there is any solution?Can we ever go back?

We should not think about the fact that we're going to be pristine and back what we were like before the industrial revolution. I think we have to have a different notion. We have used the industrial revolution to get rich. We've improved our quality of life. Now, those very techniques are reducing the quality of life through environmental side effects. Let's try to prevent it from getting a lot worse.

So while we can't stop a few degrees of warming on top of where we already are, we can stop the 10 degrees. My notion is do as much as you can, as fast as you can, as fairly as you can, and as cost effectively as you can, and don't get hung up on the numbers because three degrees is a lot better than six, and 10 degrees is dramatically worse than any other numbers.

turn 0 : pin that down implies to solve the problem or get something done rather than to put a pin on something

Which phrase in turn 3 emphasizes the importance of taking action to address climate change?

Answer: can


It probably had more to do with Moore - Roy Moore - and his unique trainload of baggage. But it's still hard not to compare it to what happened back in 2010 when Scott Brown was elected in Massachusetts, taking Teddy Kennedy's seat. And this was at about the same point in President Obama's first term.

That really changed the mood on Capitol Hill. It did not stop the passage of Obamacare, but it signaled a big turnover in Congress in the next elections. And we could be heading into a correction here in the other direction under President Trump.

NPR's Ron Elving. Thanks so much.

Thank you, Scott.

turn 3 : "NPR's Ron Elving thanking Scott". However, the actual meaning is "Scott thanking NPR's Ron Elving."

How did NPR's Ron Elving express his gratitude towards Scott?

Answer: Expressed


Yes. I mean, this piece - I mean not only me played I think every piano student started with this piece. But actually, this piece is not just a ringtone, you know?This piece is a real beautiful, masterful piece.

Now, just listen to two different ways that Lang Lang showed us you can play that familiar melody. The first time, he's going to hit all the right notes. But the second time, his fingers will tell a story.

Because you can just put your hands, you know (playing piano).

It's quite easy, you know?But it's very hard to make (playing piano).

turn 3 : A's statement: "It's quite easy, you know? But it's very hard to make (playing piano)." Here, A is not saying that playing the piece is easy, but rather that the notes and mechanics of playing the piece are technically simple. However, bringing out the beauty and artistry of the piece through proper interpretation is challenging.

Which aspect of playing the piece is challenging according to A?

Answer: Interpretation


Was the jet stream actually screening out the cold air?Do I have that right?

Pretty much. The jet stream is typically the dividing line between the warm tropical air to the south and the cold, Arctic air to the north. And for the most part, it had retreated to close to the Canadian border for large parts of the winter.

Hmm. What about the "Farmers' Almanac"?I have to admit that I like picking it up and looking at it, and I sort of - I'm hesitant to even ask. Is there any science backing it up?

Well, I think the "Farmers' Almanac," they do look at some of the same things that NOAA look at, that AccuWeather looks at, as well as the Capital Weather Gang, when developing their outlooks. At the same time, they're using some more suspect features like sun spots and planetary alignments and things like that, which have never been proven to have any real predictive skill in terms of forecasting the weather in the long range.

turn 1 : The jet stream separates warm tropical air and cold Arctic air.

What is typically the dividing line between warm tropical air and cold Arctic air?

Answer: Temperature


We're coming over the initial shock. It's a very strange situation to live in one of the wealthiest countries in the world. And we have been living in more luxury than almost any other nation on this planet, and now all of a sudden we find ourselves almost like beggars.

You talk about the swift difference between being so wealthy to now being in a totally different place. Is this what everyone - is the average person going through something like this?Or is this just a select few that went from being so wealthy to so not wealthy?

The general public here has been very, very well off. But now people that are starting to lose their jobs - hundreds of people that used to work in the banks have been losing their jobs recently. We know that a lot of companies are going to become bankrupt. We had almost no unemployment in the past years. We've been importing workers from Eastern Europe because we didn't have enough people to work in our companies.

So, how are people coping with this?Are they selling off their belongings?What are they doing?

turn 0 : The speaker is acknowledging the wealth of their country and how they have been living in luxury, but now they feel like beggars due to the sudden change in their circumstances.

Which word describes the PersonA's feelings towards their current situation in turn 0?

Answer: Crowding


Well, as we often say in cosmology or theoretical physics, that idea might be crazy enough to be true.

How would it work?

Well, the idea that is talked about in this paper is that there's kind of a parallel universe out there with very similar laws of physics to ours, but it only communicates with our universe by a very feeble interaction. So it's almost invisible. So it could be occupying the same space. But without very sensitive experiments, we cannot perceive that. And this paper talks about such an experiment done at a laboratory in Grenoble, France, where they bottle neutrons. They bottled about a half million neutrons in an ultracold neutron trap, and they monitored them for about five minutes, and they see some of them disappear.

And the idea is that they could be leaking into this parallel universe?

turn 3 : The literal meaning of this turn is that B is asking if the neutrons could be physically leaking into another universe. However, the implied meaning is that B is asking if the neutrons could be disappearing because they are interacting with the parallel universe proposed in the paper mentioned by A. This implies that the parallel universe is not a physical location that can be entered or exited, but rather a theoretical construct that can only be detected through indirect means.

Which universe is the parallel universe proposed in the paper mentioned by A?

Answer: Parallel


Yet, does it make any kind of sense to you?

Well, it does. I think John McCain obviously from the beginning likes to shake things up. We saw that with the Sarah Palin pick the day after the Democratic convention ended. And we saw that with the poll showing that economic uncertainty helping giving Barack Obama boost in the polls. Perhaps that John McCain thought he'd shake it up by announcing that he would suspend his campaign, delay the debates because of this financial crisis.

So, did something happen politically in the last 24 hours to move Senator McCain back to Oxford, Mississippi or polls suddenly showing something?

Well, the feeling was always that he was going to have to show - he was of course hoping from a signal from either from the House Republicans or President Bush saying that negotiations were going well. But obviously, the Democrats really didn't like McCain's involvement on this. They said he was playing - he was posturing, playing presidential politics.

turn 1 : "shake things up" implies that John McCain's has the tendency of taking bold and unexpected actions to disrupt the political landscape and garner attention.

How does John McCain tend to approach his political actions?

Answer: Bold


Right. So this is a very powerful story, also. And I think that this story is about the way that women devour their own, in some ways, and - particularly in small towns and in towns where sex is seen as a detriment.

Yeah. There were a few stories in here that I did not love, and there was a moment where I was starting to question your judgment in pulling them all together, I will confess. And then I got to one titled "To The North," and it just knocked me out. I mean, it's about a boy and his summers on the beach and how he grows into a man. And his character is forming. It's fantastic if I - in my view. And I gather it's one of your favorites, as well.

It is my very favorite in the book. But you know, also - so part of what our arguments were - were about showing sort of the larger artistic growth of a writer. And so I have to admit there are some stories in this that aren't my favorite, either, but they seemed important in terms of Nancy Hale as a round person and showing her work through time. "To The North" is exquisite. I just found it full of repressed longing.

Yeah. I mean, I wonder to you, as someone who writes very well-received short stories, is it inspiring, or is it daunting to come across somebody else who could write a short story that was pretty darn near perfect?

turn 2 : Nancy Hale is a person that has a great many different capabilities and interests.

What is the title of the story that PersonB mentions as knocking him out in the dialogue?

Answer: North


Media looks very bad on this. It looks credulous for Justice Department sources. Hatfill had filed suit against the government and, you know, sought to get the names of sources from journalists, taking them to court to do so, and to try to prove that the Justice Department had intentionally leaked this, as they sought to, you know, circle in on him and to capture him for these attacks.

Now, this year, there was a settlement, a legal settlement, for Steven Hatfill from the government.

That's right. Just a few months ago, the government essentially paid out a package - depending on how you value it - but about 5. 85 million dollars to compensate him for lost revenue over the course of his career. He lost a job at Louisiana State University, as a result of this, that he had been offered. Interestingly, the government did not exonerate him directly. Although the entire settlement tended to do that, but it not explicitly exonerate him, and nor did it apologize to him for this. CHADWICK: I don't imagine that we in the media are going to be apologizing to him either. NPR's David Folkenflik, thank you.

You bet.

turn 0 : "Media looks very bad on this." - The literal meaning is that the media appears to be performing poorly in reporting the news related to the Steven Hatfill case.

Which department paid a settlement to Steven Hatfill?

Answer: Government


No, I didn't think they were racially motivated. They were just wrong. The president actually was referring to my opposition to the war in Iraq and suggesting somehow that I have not consistently opposed the war in Iraq.

Everybody who's looked at my track record knows that from 2002, when I made a speech in front of 3,000 people saying the war in Iraq was a mistake. Until today, I have consistently been opposed to this war.

And so the president, I think, was massaging the truth a little bit, and that's part of sort of standard Washington politics. But I think, at this point, you know, we're - we just want to move forward and make sure that we are talking about the issues that people are struggling with and particularly in economy right now that is teetering on the edge of recession.

That was Illinois Senator Barack Obama.

turn 0 : Turn (1) has an implicated meaning that is different from its literal meaning. Although the speaker denies that the remarks were racially motivated, the implication is that the speaker believes they were in fact racially motivated, and is trying to downplay or avoid addressing that implication.

What was the reason for the president to massage the truth according to Senator Barack Obama?

Answer: Truth


From NPR News, this is Day to Day. The ethics problem at the Interior Department continues to unfold, specifically in the little-known but powerful Minerals Management Service. The Interior Department's watchdog reports that employees in that division accepted gifts, they steered government contracts to friends, and they had sexual relations with oil and gas-company representatives. Joining us now is John Dimsdale from Marketplace, and John, first, what is the Minerals Management Service?I hadn't heard of it until yesterday.

Well, it's responsible for collecting royalty revenues from companies that extract oil and other minerals from federal property. And last year, they collected 11 billion dollars from the oil and gas industry. So, it's a big source of revenue. In fact, sometimes Minerals Management is the second largest source of income for the federal government, second only to the IRS. And remember, this scandal comes just as Congress is debating whether to allow more oil drilling, especially on the Outer Continental Shelf under the ocean.

That's right. So, let's go into the details of this scandal. What did the Interior Department's inspector general find?

Well, this report makes it sound like a very dysfunctional place. It alleges cocaine and marijuana use, and even promiscuous sex between government employees and the industry that they oversee. The inspector general says the relationship between the industry and the revenue collectors is supposed to be at arm's length, but most of the oil-company people that investigators talked to said they bought meals or drinks, entertainment, for government employees.

turn 2 : "let's go into the details of this scandal" - figurative meaning: let's discuss and examine the scandal in detail, literal meaning: let's physically go to the place where the scandal is happening.

How did PersonB suggest to proceed with discussing the scandal?

Answer: Discuss


What does it mean to have a populist party and right-wing party win the parliamentary majority?

Oh, it's a very simple answer to a difficult question. We don't know. It's an experiment, not only for Italy, for the whole of Europe. I mean, for Italy today, June the Second is like the 14th of July in the United States. It's our birthday. The Italian Republic was born 72 years ago in 1946, and we never had anything like that. You know, the 5-Star are closer with sort of South American populist movement.

Yeah.

You know, you have good and bad over there. And the Northern League is a right-wing party. What will they do together?I don't know. I wish them luck.

turn 3 : They are implying they don't have any confidence

Which party is mentioned as being closer to South American populist movements?

Answer: 5-Star


So crack down on the doctors, but make sure there's a support system ready for their patients.

Absolutely. And the thing is - and this is so beautiful - is that when you get to watch lives change. For myself, you know, I used to get up every single morning thinking, you know, where am I going to get my pills?And that occupied my entire day. Now, keep in mind, I was a practicing physician. So I had some other things to do. And that's what people who are, you know, who are addicted are facing every single day.

And now, you know, providing them with quality help and watching them change their lives is one of the most fun things that I've ever been involved with. We need to make that opportunity more widespread. We need to decrease the stigma around stepping out and ask for help. And also, Sacha, we need to make evidence-based treatment available without the stigma that goes along with it.

That's Dr.  Steven Loyd. He's based in Nashville, Tenn. Thanks for talking with us.

turn 2 : "And now, you know, providing them with quality help and watching them change their lives is one of the most fun things that I've ever been involved with... we need to make evidence-based treatment available without the stigma that goes along with it."  The implied meaning of this turn is that providing quality help to people struggling with addiction and witnessing their transformations is incredibly rewarding. The speaker believes that access to evidence-based treatment should be expanded, and the stigma surrounding seeking help for addiction should be reduced.

Answer: Nashville


So who is the ultimate decision-maker here?And what is that person likely to be guided by, if you have any sense of that?For example, is there any precedent that either side could point to that might give us a sense of how this might proceed?

Well, there'll be several levels inside the U. K.  judicial system. There'll be a hearing before a judge in the U. K.  and then probably through an appellate level in the U. K.  And then, if history is any indication, if Mr.  Assange loses, he could then keep appealing all the way up to the European Court of Human Rights saying that his human rights have been violated. Historically, the British have extradited numerous individuals to the U. S. Although many of them and their defense counsel have argued that they would face unfair or improper trials in the U. S. , most of those have been extradited.

But in a few cases in the past, there have been individuals whose extradition from the U. K.  to the U. S.  have been denied. In this case, this will really be, I think, a battle royal because Assange and his lawyers will argue very forcefully that I'm sure particularly the Trump administration is coming after him for political reasons.

So, as you mentioned earlier, Assange has only been charged with one count of conspiracy. If he's extradited to the U. S. , could he face other charges here?And is that something that his lawyers might raise?

turn 1 : Assange could potentially appeal his extradition all the way to the European Court of Human Rights based on historical precedent.

Which court could Assange potentially appeal to?

Answer: European


Well, it's a toolkit, and so what we think it is it's multifunctional, depending on what the particular need is for the attackers. They probably use this in multiple operations, a variety of operations, and so depending on what they need for a specific target, what they want to steal, they will only download those particular modules to the system.

So in some cases they may be wanting just documents, and so they'll just, you know, download a module that does that. If they want to be listening to meetings that are happening in a room, want to be monitoring email of who's communicating with who, then they would download, you know, those kinds of modules.

Who's the they behind this?

Well, that's the mystery. You know, if we look at where the infections are occurring, and you mentioned that it's primarily in the Middle East, there have been a scattering of infections in Hungary, Austria, Hong Kong, but they're mostly in Iran, places like Syria, Sudan as well, Lebanon, and some cases in occupied West Bank and inside Israel. But the inside Israel ones may be unique for specific reasons.

turn 0 : "what we think it is it's multifunctional" - This phrase is redundant and can be simplified to "we think it is multifunctional."

Which phrase describes the toolkit's functionality?

Answer: Multifunctional


So as we talked about, there was some last-minute campaigning by the prime minister. And you might think he would be more relaxed after an Election Day, right?He's Israel's longest-serving prime minister.

Right. But you know what?He campaigned extra vigorously. He dragged a family out of their home to the polling place. He took a bullhorn, and he visited Jerusalem's main bus station and the main vegetable market. And he claimed over and over again that he could lose, that - he was claiming that right-wing voter turnout was low and left-wing and Arab voter turnout was high. Arab voters meaning Palestinian citizens of Israel, not Palestinians in the Israeli-occupied West Bank. They can't vote in Israeli elections.

Then Netanyahu went back to his official residence, and he spent hours streaming live on Facebook and Instagram and Twitter. He was trying to get people to go to the polls. He called it an emergency broadcast. He was taking calls from party activists. He called on TV commentators. He called them out by name and called them liars. He even appeared in a video clip with puppets. So, frankly, Audie, he overshadowed all of the other candidates on this Election Day.

And voters - how are they responding to it?

turn 0 : last minute means to basically to do what you are meant to do close to a due date.

Which Israeli politician campaigned extensively and used social media to urge people to vote?

Answer: Netanyahu


OK. So in a statement, the police lieutenant said that the investigation showed that the only true victim in this was the unborn baby. Is it common to see prosecutions of women for the unintentional death of fetuses that they are carrying?

It's becoming more and more common since the late 1980s, early 1990s, when prosecutors began to charge women for crimes for using drugs during pregnancy. That has spread out to include prosecutions of women who commit all sorts of conduct during pregnancy that harms a fetus. It's included attempting suicide. It's included driving drunk. It's included botching self-induced abortions. And many of us are saying it's gotten to a point where pregnancy itself is being criminalized because so many things that someone does while pregnant can be the basis of a criminal prosecution.

I was just trying to understand, like, what is the legal theory here at work?Is it that women who are pregnant have a higher duty to care?

It's that argument, and it's also the argument that the fetus is equivalent of a child, and therefore, all the laws that protect a child from parental maltreatment would apply to a fetus as well. I should mention most of these cases involve mothers who fail to protect their children from harm, including, in many cases, mothers who are themselves victims of domestic violence and then get charged with crimes for failing to protect their already-born children.

turn 1 : Pregnancy itself is being criminalized due to the broad scope of what actions can lead to a criminal prosecution

Answer: Broadly


Oh, thanks. We're professional seguers here at NPR.

You took my breath away there.

Well, speaking of age, though, you're - you play a geezer in this picture.

Yeah, but I'm the youngest in the cast.

Really, I'm the baby.

turn 0 : B is making a pun on the word "segue" which implies that they are being professional in making smooth transitions during interviews without interruption.

How does PersonB describe their work at NPR?

Answer: Professional


One of the most interesting things that happens with couples, Farai, is that one's a spender and one's a saver, and that causes all kinds of problems. Because one person wants to squirrel away every extra penny, and then you've got the extravagant one. They've got to talk about it and make compromises.

And Michelle Singletary has a new book out which is great, talking about couples and money management, and there are a lot of other tools. But the first tip is just to have an honest conversation about what your money priorities are, how you spend your money, and what's important to you.

Thanks so much, Dr.  Malveaux.

Thank you.

turn 0 : squirrel implies to hide some money for future use and not referring to an animal or rodents

Answer: hide


The director of the U. S.  Census Bureau, John H.  Thompson, announced his retirement this week in the wake of a disagreement with Congress over funding for the 2020 census. The census is conducted every 10 years. The results determine how many seats in Congress and electoral votes that each state receives, and it helps guide how more than $400 billion is spent each year on education, health and infrastructure.

We're joined now by Robert Groves. He's former director of the U. S.  Census Bureau. He's now the provost of Georgetown University. Mr.  Groves, thanks so much for being with us.

Good morning. Great to be with you.

Congress has approved nearly $1. 5 billion to fund the census this fiscal year, and it's supposed to be the same for next year. Is that enough?

turn 0 : The disagreement with Congress over funding for the 2020 census could have implications for the accuracy and reliability of the census results.

How could the disagreement potentially affect the census?

Answer: Accuracy


Henry Ford believed in it, didn't he?

That's right. And then he was forced by the courts to retract.

You take a look at these forgeries, and you're struck by the fact that they took a lot of work, discipline, creativity - qualities that you would like to think could be used more responsibly and honorably.

Yeah. In fact, that was our conclusion as a working group. And what we determined at the end was just how incredibly creative this activity is. We think of it as destructive, right?We think of it as deceptive - fabricating or mutilating history. But in a sense, that's also what historians have been doing for various personal motives or political motives over time. But in any event, even in that destruction, there is this kernel of the imagination and the desire to find ways to persuade other people to believe things - even preposterous things - as the truth, or at least to be plausible. And I think that's where the power of forgery as a category of human expression really, I think, looms large in our history.

turn 3 : the speaker is implying that forgery is a powerful form of expression and has been used throughout history for various political and personal motives.

Which form of expression has been used throughout history for various political and personal motives?

Answer: forgery


So they've also gone after defense contractors. So there - in that case, the motivation, of course, is military secrets and as well espionage, economic, you know, gains. And they've also targeted law firms, particularly law firms that are engaged in litigation in China or engaged in mergers and acquisitions so that they can obtain market information.

So there is an economic goal, here. There is a military goal. There is also what seems to be - there's a security goal and an image goal, public relations, if you will.

Yes. Like I said, it's multiple. They're going after - you know, it seems like this is an industry. And, you know, I'm hesitant to point a finger at China, because it's very easy to point the finger at China. And it's also very easy to make an attack appear to come from China when it's not coming from China. So, you know, and speaking in broad terms, you know, what we know of the attack, that they are coming from China, it appears that it is, you know, a very big industry there.

And we should note that Chinese deny it. I'm not sure that anybody holds any great belief in that.

turn 2 : China.And it's also very easy to make an attack appear to come from China when it's not coming from China.So, you know, and speaking in broad terms, you know, what we know of the attack, that they are coming from China, it appears that it is, you know, a very big industry there.

How does the speaker hesitate to point a finger at China?

Answer: Easy


Well, due to the floods, some - probably some falling of the land and some mud that has been moving into the communities might be some of the situations that we might encounter there. And probably some roads that have been damaged and we will not be able to cross easily. So we expect probably some impacting in some households of those communities. So we still have to confirm that.

And when remote communities, mountainous communities, have to contend with flooding or worry about mudslides, can that interrupt, let's say, the food supply and create medical problems, too?

Absolutely, yeah, that's one of the consequences that we might face. We have been collecting some humanitarian aid in different points of Mexico, so we are ready to distribute food or even, if needed, some medicine to those communities. But at this point, we are collecting particularly food and some cleaning - personal cleaning supplies.

Mr.  Lozano, in the 30 seconds we have left, do you think the Mexican governments involved, both provincial and federal and, for that matter, your agency, were prepared for this?

turn 3 : (4) - The actual meaning is to ask if the Mexican governments and the agency were ready for the floods and its aftermath.

Which question did PersonB ask about the impact of floods on remote communities in the mountains and its relation to food supply and medical problems?

Answer: B


This is going to be a really interesting hearing today. I'm going to see if the judge approves these requests from the plaintiffs who want to see more documents being released from the Trump administration as well as they want to see the judge to possibly order more depositions, more officials sitting down for questioning to try to get a bottom of this - these claims. And this could possibly affect - if there's additional documents released, additional testimony - this could affect the ruling that the Supreme Court is expected to release by the end of this month.

That's the final judge here. The Supreme Court will be ruling on this.

Exactly. We're watching to see what the justices say. And it's a very tight deadline. July 1 is when the Census Bureau says that printing has to start for the 2020 census forms.

Hansi, thanks so much.

turn 2 : The deadline for printing the 2020 census forms is approaching.

How is the 2020 census form printing deadline?

Answer: Approaching.


You know, I heard - I heard myself say that and thought maybe I should rethink that phrase. The reunification of the country would've been another way of saying it.

Well, it's just interesting to me - and I have no opinion on it - there are members of the Vietnamese Diaspora who refer to it as the fall. They refer to the month of April as Black April so there's definitely that camp. There's another camp that says normalizing relations between Vietnam and France and the United States and these kinds of things is good for Vietnam. And I think the thing that I'm most interested in, it's the idea of possibility and how so much can change in 40 years.

Yeah.

You know, I was there, like I said, three weeks ago. And there's tourists from all over the world - there are Russians, you know, they are people in Germany. Who would have thought 40 years ago that this would have been impossible for me and for these Russians and for all these people to be here in Vietnam?

turn 1 : Turn (2) implies that the speaker has no opinion on the subject but is interested in hearing the opinions of others and is marveling at the idea of how much can change in 40 years.

Which turn suggests that the speaker recently visited Vietnam?

Answer: Turn3


Because there's going to be this glass chamber, people can follow along.

Right. It looks absolutely beautiful.

Oh, it does?

Yeah, it looks absolutely beautiful.

turn 0 : People are likely to follow through a given idea or course since it is end is clear as a glass chamber.

How would you describe the glass chamber?

Answer: beautiful


I've been embedded with U. S.  troops. And, as I don't have to tell you, you know, it's close quarters out there - in all ways - and soldiers are exposed to each other in all kinds of intimate ways. Does mixing genders just add an extra complication that combat can do without?

You know, I was forward deployed with Delta Force. I slept in some pretty crappy places, for lack of a better term. Is it a little bit of extra effort?Sure. You know, I'm not going to say that it's not. But when you look at the benefit, when you look at what you're losing, OK, the qualified, talented, amazing, remarkable women who walk into a recruiter's office and want to serve their country and are told you can serve your country but you have to pick from one of these jobs. It's just that you're a woman. But you know what?Every step of progress along the way in the history of our country, there have been people who have tried to make it more difficult, you know, integrated, racially or in any other, you know, situation that we've had to take a step forward in progress. There have been people that have made it more difficult. But the benefit just far outweighs.

Major Mary Jennings Hegar. Thanks so much.

Thank you so much.

turn 2 : (3) implies that Major Mary Jennings Hegar is being thanked and acknowledged for her efforts in making progress for integrating genders in combat.

What name is being acknowledged for their efforts in integrating genders in combat?

Answer: Hegar


And the president said today that he wants even more tariffs on China. Would it be fair to assume that China might retaliate, and, if so, how?

Yeah. I mean, the president has ordered his staff to draw up paperwork to put tariffs on, you know, another $300 billion in imports, which would mean there would be there tariffs on just about everything China sells to the U. S.  - I mean, clothes, furniture, food products, machinery, you know, intermediate goods that go into manufacturing. And China has said it will retaliate with tariffs of its own. So this would reach really far into the economies of both countries. Just about everything brought into the United States would have this extra cost tacked onto it. These - you know, these are the two largest economies in the world, so this will be a huge deal, both for these countries and for the global economy.

So what do we think will happen if they can't resolve their differences?

You know, who knows?There are some big issues on the table right now. We really can't gloss over them. At the same time, there is a certain amount of posturing going on. You know, President Trump considers himself, you know, a dealmaker. So you have to ask how much of this is just a kind of a negotiating ploy, just posturing. Because both countries are - at the same time they're saying all this, they're also saying the talks will continue.

turn 3 : several big issues are being discussed and negotiated at the same time

Which turn mentions the possibility of posturing in the negotiations?

Answer: Turn3


OK, starting with GlobalGrind. Here's the deal Farai, as you know, being in the media, it's becoming more and more niche, and people, especially what you're talking about Internet, you're talking about web communities and defining that niche. Now we're seeing more and more websites pop up where we've had black websites in the past, but GlobalGrind is this one-stop shop.

They claim, or they offer, for news, gossip, humor, entertainment. It's just about everything that users think is important. So the whole site is actually driven by users voting on other content that's happening elsewhere. And so the higher the vote of a specific piece of content, the more relevant it comes up on the GlobalGrind webpage.

Is it fun?

It is fun. It looks very clean. It's sleek. I do like the ownership behind the company, and some of the people driving it, because Navarro is a guy that ran 360HipHop. com, which was very successful that was sold to BET. I've met with their advertising people. I think they really got their handle on - they've made it mobile. They now integrate it with Facebook, which wasn't there before, which I was dinging them on. I was like, when are you guys going to get with mobile applications in a Web 2. 0 space?

All right, Mario. We have to jump in. RushmoreDrive. Give me the skinny.

turn 3 : GlobalGrind is a successful and well-managed company with a strong focus on mobile and social media

Which company's focus is on mobile and social media?

Answer: GlobalGrind


From NPR News, it's Day to Day. A trip to the grocery store is not going to get any cheaper anytime soon. The Agricultural Department now forecasts a four to five percent increase in food prices next year. That is in addition to a five to six percent increase this year. Joining us now is John Dimsdale from Marketplace. John, how unusual is it for food prices to rise so fast?

Yeah, well, food inflation this year is the worst it's been in 20 years. Usually, you know, food prices go up in the 2 or 3 percentage range every year, but we're looking at some very dramatic increases this year, especially when you look at specific foods. Eggs, for example, are up 14 percent this year according to the Ag Department, cereals and baked goods almost 10 percent, dairy products too, fruits and vegetables, they're all up in the 5 or 6 percent range this year.

Breakfast is going to be a serious problem.

Usually, when we hear about these increases in food costs, energy costs, weather problems are the ones to blame. But haven't those problems gotten somewhat better lately?

turn 2 : Breakfast is going to be a serious problem

How would PersonB describe the impact of rising food prices on breakfast?

Answer: Serious


Oh, the subpoena is the basic working tool of these investigations. It can be a single piece of paper that demands that the witness show up on pain of contempt. Or it can also be a subpoena of the kind that seeks documents, including digital material like emails. By bringing in a witness, they cut through a lot of the stalling. And by demanding the documents, they have the materials to pin the witness down in the questioning.

And what about the value of closed-door sessions?Jared Kushner, the president's son-in-law and top adviser, met with the committee behind closed doors this week. What's the value of that to the committee even as it frustrates the public a bit?

Well, there are pluses and minuses to it. It's best if it's a preparation for a public session. Committee staff, for example, will do a behind-closed-doors questioning very thoroughly and minutely using documents in a way that you don't see so much in a public session. So it can be good preparation. It's also, in this particular situation, it's possible that there's a mixture of classified and non-classified material and you sort that out during the behind-closed-doors.

It sounds like you're describing a dress rehearsal or something like that.

turn 3 : is to practice or prepare for a performance.

Which term describes the type of rehearsal being discussed in the dialogue?

Answer: rehearsal


I understand, Mr.  Doyle, that you and other members of the Watergate investigation team still with us - well, you have reunions now and then. And I gather for the first time you had a reunion on the actual anniversary of the Saturday Night Massacre. What are the - my 15 year old now says, you know, what's the tea?What went on there?

Three weeks ago, Saturday night October 20, the Watergate Special Prosecution Force held a reunion. It was the 45th anniversary of the Saturday Night Massacre. None of the senior leaders are any longer with us. But the young idealists who had been in their 20s back when we began, they all showed up in their 60s and 70s as earnest as ever, as idealistic as ever and still full of hope.

Sorry.

No, I think someone was talking to you, telling you that, I think, we're running out of time. But did you want to make the final point?

turn 1 : The young idealists who attended the reunion are still passionate and hopeful despite their age

Answer: Idealists


The Trump administration - or at least the president - have indicated previously they don't share this conclusion. Saudi Embassy says the claims and the purported assessment are false. Now, let's note - President Trump has often criticized the U. S.  intelligence establishment, saying they're not right on Russia. Oh, yeah. They were the ones who said Iraq had weapons of mass destruction.

We have to ask, is there any indication in this CIA report, which has sources inside, that this is some kind of attempt by what the president's supporters call the deep state to bring him into line?

No, I don't think so. I mean, the CIA - you know, for all of the ways that the president somehow misunderstands how they operate - is looking at this situation objectively. And, yes, to some degree, they are factoring in subjective judgments about how people behave, like the crown prince. But this is not an attempt, I think, to, you know, bring the crown prince to heel or to somehow influence policy.

And we should note, too, the president, I mean, has been briefed on the CIA's findings. And what we understand is that he keeps resisting them because he doesn't have, I guess, the smoking gun. He keeps asking, well, where's the body?Or, show me the definitive proof that Mohammed bin Salman ordered this. And, you know, it doesn't always work that way.

turn 3 : This statement implies that President Trump is skeptical of the CIA's findings and is seeking irrefutable evidence before taking action.

How does President Trump respond to the CIPersonA's findings?

Answer: skeptical


Yeah. And is the money - is it as big as drug money, for example?

Much more. I mean, I made drug trafficking for years. But here, we are talking about money that there's no comparison with drugs. Just to give you an idea for two reasons. First of all because these are money that's collected in advance and without risk. It's a typical business without risk because when you put 500 people in a boat, like, 20-meters long and 4-meters large and cost a few thousand euros, you get something like 1 million euros, 800,000 euros for each boat with a cost that is very, very low. And you don't risk anything because basically, you don't care if the human good - the good that you are. . .

Yeah.

. . . Trafficking arrives or not. It's not the same with drugs because is if a load of a drug is lost, of course, there is a real problem. Somebody must pay it. If 100 people died in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea but they pay in advance, there is not any kind of problem for them.

turn 3 : (4) is implying that human traffickers don't have to worry about accountability or paying for lost goods if the people they are trafficking do not arrive safely, unlike drug traffickers.

What kind of accountability do human traffickers not have to worry about, unlike drug traffickers?

Answer: Lost


The story many Americans learn as kids may reveal a lot about America's role in the world. It's a story involving Theodore Roosevelt. Before he was president, he volunteered to fight in a war. He organized the regiment in which he fought. The Rough Riders went ashore in Cuba during the Spanish-American War of 1898.

On one level, this is an adventure story. Clay Risen of the New York Times felt there was more to it, that a story from the days of steam engines and horses and colonial empires was still relevant. His new book is "The Crowded Hour: Theodore Roosevelt, The Rough Riders And The Dawn Of The American Century. "

Who were the Rough Riders?

The Rough Riders were a unique volunteer regiment that was formed in the first days of the Spanish-American War. At the time, the U. S.  military was really small, and they needed to bulk up really quickly. So the U. S.  Army went out and recruited cowboys, athletes, people who you could train pretty quickly. And a lot of it was the brainchild of Theodore Roosevelt.

turn 0 : The story involving Theodore Roosevelt may reveal America's aggressive nature.

What is the war that the Rough Riders fought in?

Answer: War


So our veggies are sitting there in the supermarket, and they're doing what?

Well, they are still alive. They are still responding to external stimuli. What we've shown is perhaps surprisingly, they can respond to light-dark cycles and really change their metabolite accumulation to different times of day.

They change their metabolism as the sort of a circadian rhythm for my cabbage?

Right, right. So when the crops are growing in the field, they respond to the light-dark cycles, and they - all plants have a circadian rhythm, so they have patterns of behavior that they control or they - that are under the influence of their circadian clock. And when you harvest vegetables and fruits, these vegetables and fruits really stay very much alive even though they've been removed from the whole plant. But then when we store them under constant conditions like in constant light in the grocery store, their circadian rhythms begin to dampen. And so then they lose the ability to show these rhythmic behaviors.

turn 3 : The vegetables have a system that regulates according to how much light they get.

What do the vegetables have that regulates according to light?

Answer: System


Tequila.

Hey, before we go - I go pouring it in, give it a smell, though.

OK.

It's very vegetal.

turn 2 : the literal meaning of "OK" is simply an acknowledgement or agreement. However, in this context, the actual meaning might be something like "I understand" or "I accept."

How did PersonB respond to PersonA's suggestion to smell the tequila before pouring it in?

Answer: Accept


I don't know what you make of a recent letter some ICE special agents sent to Homeland Security Secretary Nielsen asking that the branch of ICE that deals with counterterrorism and drug trafficking, not deportations, be split off from the agency because of all the ill will.

Yeah. I have seen that. That was - that's an interesting consequence of another change that was made at the time that DHS was formed. In addition to splitting up the immigration entities, they also blended in the customs function. And so ICE is Immigration and Customs Enforcement. The same is true at the border. And that was a little bit of a shotgun marriage between the customs folks and the immigration folks that has not fully worked itself out. The customs people think that they have these - you know, they've got a separate set of responsibilities that are impeded by the immigration function.

Former INS general counsel Bo Cooper, thanks so much for coming in and joining us, sir.

Thank you very much.

turn 1 : "...a little bit of a shotgun marriage between the customs folks and the immigration folks that has not fully worked itself out." This turn is an example of a figurative expression. "Shotgun marriage" is not referring to an actual marriage involving a shotgun; instead, it is a metaphorical way of describing a forced or hasty union between two parties.

What is the metaphorical expression used by PersonA to describe the union between customs and immigration entities in ICE?

Answer: Shotgun-marriage


I've been gone for four years, but the organization is carrying on very strong. It's 18 years old now, and this is an organization where almost an entire generation of youth have been raised with a complete consciousness of their history, both black and brown, and the unity in that history. And those are stories that I believe are not told enough. We always focus on the conflict, we know where we don't get along, but we need to promote the examples of where we're working together successfully much more.

You suffered a tragic loss when your daughter was killed in a car accident. How did you pick yourself up and keep doing your work after that?

Well, it was 2006, and you know, you just do. Some people have said to me, how was I able to get over it and continue on?I haven't gotten over anything. It is with me every single day, it is what I think about every morning I wake up, it is what I think about every day before I go to bed. Her presence is very much in my life, and it wasn't just my daughter, it was also my son-in-law as well. And I lost them at the peak of their life. And so I, like millions of other parents, manage. You don't get over it, you just manage.

If you could take your magic wand, and wave it over California, and see what happened in 10 years, what would you be most proud of?

turn 2 : There is no way to get over losing loved ones, but we can learn to manage our grief.

How did the speaker react to the loss of their loved ones?

Answer: Manage


I mean, it's tempting, and certainly we do it in the news business, to look at a figure like $9 billion and say, you know, figure out what that cost per arrest and everything. But I wonder, isn't it in a sense worth, I don't know, a billion dollars a year to the American people to have that deterrent aboard?Because as people in the program have pointed out, if something happens, there's no one else to call upon for help in an airliner.

Well, you could justify almost anything on that basis. But I will tell you that on any cost-benefit analysis, this program does not hold muster. I can tell you also that while a billion dollars might not seem like much money in the whole federal government. . .

Oh, no, it's a lot of money. Don't get me wrong. . .

It's a lot. . .

turn 2 : (1) The speaker is not really asking for permission to use an expletive, but rather using the question as a way to express frustration or emphasize a point.

How did the speaker use the question in turn 2?

Answer: Express


Yeah, we were on vacation; my family and I were out on the boat, and it was a beautiful, sunny day in the Abacos, in the Bahamas.

This is Erik Nourrie of Florida.

Typical crystal clear, beautiful Bahama waters. And the kids were playing and swimming. And I took my mask and snorkel and spear, and went out to a little channel there to hunt.

turn 3 : "Nothing unusual - Erik hunts for dinner often. He spearfishes. And pretty quickly, he spots a good-sized fish darting around." - The literal meaning is describing Erik spearfishing and catching a fish. The implied meaning could be that the speaker is setting up the conflict or problem in the story, as something unusual or unexpected is about to happen.

Answer: Quickly


That food has made this humble eatery among the best restaurants in the city, topping the lists of every Houston publication and more recently, after a visit from Anthony Bourdain in 2016, the country.

We'll let you choose what we eat.

OK, wonderful. Thank you.

Creamy chai is set on the table - then vegetable fritters and spicy samosas.

turn 0 : "among the best" represent there are other restaurants in the city that are considered to be the best.

Answer: Comparison.


Yeah. And the police have actually been very open about this, and they've done a number of internal investigations. And they believe if everything had gone absolutely properly and correctly, they could've been there 16 minutes earlier. Part of the problem here, though, because they have taken something some - a fair amount of criticism I thought was unfair, They didn't have a plan for this because why would you?I mean, who sits around and dreams up a plan in a country with a miniscule violent crime rate to expect that someone's going to blow up Central Oslo and then drive out to a youth summer camp on an island and start gunning people down?

I mean, that's not going to rank high in the probability scale. There was a fair amount of distance to cover, and they had a problem with the boat. You know, I spent some time with a police officer named Hakon Hval, who was one of the first to respond. He had worked in that district, the North Buskerud District for, I believe, eight years at that point, and he'd never been to Utoya. There had never been a reason to go to Utoya. But he was driving one of the boats, and he turned to pick up some Delta commandos. And when they all got in the boat, the bow of the boat pushed out on some rocks and was grounded. So to get the bow up, they shuffled to the back and the stern just. . .

Flooded the engine, yes.

Yeah.

turn 0 : It is unexpected for a country with low crime rate to experience such a violent crime

What did Hakon Hval do for eight years in the North Buskerud District?

Answer: Worked


Coastal Texas did have a couple of days to prepare for this storm. People were urged to leave the area. What's your estimation?Did many people take that advice and get out before Harvey hit?

Well, certainly some did. As I was driving in from Austin and San Antonio yesterday, you could see a fair number of cars, you know, going the other direction. So certainly, there were some people that evacuated. But here at the hotel that we're staying, there are hundreds of residents who are from Corpus Christi who decided to hunker it out and stay the night here. You know, there were no mandatory evacuations ordered for Corpus Christi.

Some are beginning to wonder, you know, was that the best plan of action?Had a mandatory evacuation been ordered, they would have had to evacuate the hospitals. And that, you know, picks up a whole series of logistical issues. So you know, as the Texas governor ordered yesterday, if you feel unsafe, if you feel unsecure then you should flee.

And Russell, what do you see for the next few hours and next few days about when conditions might improve and what people have to contend with?

turn 2 : (3) Had a mandatory evacuation been ordered, they would have had to evacuate the hospitals.

How would a mandatory evacuation order affect hospitals?

Answer: Hospitals


So it changes the calculus in this way. If you're the Syrian Kurdish commander and you feel that the U. S.  is essentially abandoning you, where do you turn for help against your mortal enemies, the Turks?And increasingly, I'm told by the Syrian Kurdish commander they think that they have to turn to Damascus. They have to turn to the regime. Meanwhile, Assad's key ally, Russia, is said to be moving with Syrian army troops north towards these Kurdish areas, seeking to capitalize on what they think is a vacuum caused by the instability and the U. S.  withdrawal.

So these Kurds would have to deal with the threat from Turkey and then, on the other side of things, the threat from the Syrian government trying to reclaim this area.

So this is essentially the Kurdish condition - surrounded by enemies. It's the case in Syria. It's the case in northern Iraq. It's the case in Iran. This is a people who just live in inconvenient countries. So yes, as in the past, the Kurds are surrounded. They feel they have enemies on all sides. They thought the U. S.  was a reliable friend, and they now are beginning to doubt that.

I want to come back to something you mentioned earlier - the thousands of ISIS prisoners that Kurds had been guarding. There's concerns about whether they can continue to do that while also fighting off the Turkish military. You had the president saying today in a statement that, quote, "Turkey is now responsible for ensuring all ISIS fighters being held captive remain in prison. "Does that seem likely?

turn 0 : It changes the way you think about the situation. Russia wants to capitalize on everyone's problems in the region.

How is Russia taking advantage of the situation in the region?

Answer: Capitalizing


Actually, you know, the property itself is a mess. It's been broken into by, like, vandals, and it looks like the inside of the Titanic. But I was talking to someone a few days ago, actually, who was saying that when they originally - the new - after Tesla lost the land, a film company came in and took it over and was working there, producing film for like 40 years. And a lot of Tesla's old equipment was still there. So what they actually ended up doing with a lot of it was just burying it. So there's actually some people think that some of his old stuff is still underneath there, including - there's a room and he built some sort of underground resonance chamber. I don't know what that means; it sounds impressive. But it might still be down there like this giant, big, crazy Tesla room. So, you know, I don't. . .

That would be exciting.

That would be cool to dig out stuff, but I don't know if it's there or not. But it still kind of gives the property a bit of, I don't know, bit of magic.

So what's the plan for the property?I mean, you guys raised enough money to build it, I think with a grant from New York State too?

turn 1 : Exciting possibility that there might be Tesla's old equipment buried.

How does PersonA describe the underground chamber built by Tesla?

Answer: Impressive


That will vary tremendously among fields, but the simple story is, it'll take awhile. So, even the most wildly optimistic assessment would say that, even if we started drilling now, we won't really see any oil for five years. So, the U. S.  Geological Survey looked at, for example, the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, and even if we started drilling today, we wouldn't really start to produce significant quantities of oil for a decade.

Robert, I know you're familiar with the ongoing debate about energy resources in this country. What we should do?Drill now?Don't drill now?You're a nonpartisan. You're a scientist. How do you view this argument between, really, the Republicans and the Democrats?

You know, the question for this country, for policy is, how will we ensure that we have energy over the next 20 years?To do that, we have a finite amount of capital that we can invest in the energy industry. It's highly unlikely that investing that money in offshore oil and gas drilling will ensure that we have sufficient supplies of energy 10 and 20 years from now. We've tried that experiment in the past. Despite all those wells drilled, domestic oil and gas production continued to decline. So, in hindsight, that money was not effectively spent.

Robert Kaufmann, director of the Center for Energy and Environmental Studies at Boston University. Robert, thank you.

Oh, you're welcome.

turn 2 : Investing in offshore oil and gas drilling may not effectively ensure sufficient energy supplies in the future.

Which industry may not ensure sufficient energy supplies in the future?

Answer: Industry


Hudson is confident that Broadway Federal Bank won't be harmed by the recent spate of bankruptcies and bailouts. Though the bank specializes in real estate and caters to minority investors, it never got caught up in the subprime mortgage game that has become the downfall of other banks.

In order to play in that game, you had to have large volumes and small margins, which has made mortgages like commodities. So the Countrywides, the WAMUs, the big mortgage companies, you would lose your shirt trying to compete with it. So, really, the small banks had to stand on the sidelines while a lot of money was being made by churning these loans and fees, and people were making huge amounts of money, banks were very profitable, and we weren't able to participate. But now, you know, the kind of like slow and steady feels very good right now.

Now, Hudson says he's starting to get a lot more calls from people who want to put their money in Broadway Federal.

Here's what used to happen in the old days. People would only put 100,000 dollars in Broadway because they knew that was the maximum FDIC insurance. They put a million dollars in Bank of America. They figured, well, I only - because Bank of America only has the same insurance as we do, only a 100,000. So they left 900,000 dollars uninsured because they said, well, that's Bank of America. I'm only worried about Broadway. I'm not worried about Bank of America.

turn 2 : There is an increasing interest in investing money in Broadway Federal Bank.

Which bank is gaining more interest from investors?

Answer: BroadwayFederal


The strategy, Scott, is really hard to describe in Syria. So in Iraq, there is a clear strategy. You can like it or not, or you can say it's succeeding or not, but it's basically to build up the capacity of the Iraqi security forces to battle ISIL. To help build up more capacity in Sunni areas and the Anbar province. . .

Well, but let me - forgive me, Senator.

Yeah.

I don't want to impersonate the last debate that we just saw, but we've just got. . .

turn 1 : the literal meaning implies that B is asking for forgiveness from the Senator. However, the implied meaning is that B wants to interject or interrupt the conversation, acknowledging the potential interruption in a polite manner.

Which word does PersonB use to acknowledge the potential interruption in a polite manner?

Answer: Forgive


Israel is saying the same. The Defense Minister Ehud Barak told the parliament today that Israel is essentially in a state of all-out war with Hamas and that Israel has no intention of stopping with their campaign as long as Hamas continues to fire its rockets.

And meanwhile, Israeli soldiers are massed along the border. Is it expected that there will be a ground war?

Israeli officials are saying that it's certainly possible, and they have closed off the part of Israel that directly borders Gaza. They've created a military zone there. It's been closed to all civilians and to reporters, so we don't know exactly what is happening there now.

And what is Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni saying?

turn 0 : Israel is engaged in a serious conflict with Hamas.

Which country is in conflict with Hamas?

Answer: Israel


So you're doing a lot of logistics as well. As I understand it, Deming has declared a state of emergency. What does that do for you?What does that get you, if anything?

Well, the city - and remember I'm the county, that's the city.

Mmm hmm.

They did make an emergency declaration. That was just to free up some funding. And that was, you know, on the governor's word that we would be reimbursed in whole. And it was essentially just so we could spend money to help support these people until they're on to their next destination.

turn 3 : The emergency declaration was made just to access funding.

Answer: Funding


He explained that that track was inspired by some of my darker paintings. And it certainly is a very, you know, intense piece. As the track goes on towards the end, you just hear a creaking sound. . .

SOUNDBITE OF TOR LUNDVALL AND JOHN B.  MCLEMORE'S "HIS DARKER PAINTINGS")

. . . Which - I don't know if it's his door or some part of the house, but everyone in the podcast in S-Town, they were talking about, you know, sometimes you just sit around and listen to the creakings in this house. So it was pretty amazing to hear that in the recording, yeah. Well, John - yeah. John took his own life in 2015. When John sent me emails, you know, discussing his depression and his loneliness, I didn't want to preach to him, but I just encouraged him. I said, you know, I'm hoping you continue recording, you know, and working more on music. Again, I knew nothing about anything about him. I just thought it would help transform his feelings of loneliness into, you know, more of a content solitude, which is, you know, kind of easy to say but not always easy to do. So I didn't want to preach to him, but, you know, I saw a lot of promise in his music. So I did try to encourage that.

That was musician and painter Tor Lundvall talking about his new album, "Tor Lundvall Presents: Witness Marks - The Works of John B.  McLemore".

turn 0 : The creaking sound towards the end of the track adds to its intensity.

Answer: Creaking


It turned into sand. We're going to stick with that.

(Laughter).

We atomized the entire thing.

So you get a sense of how this whole thing is going. Obviously, we should then inject alcohol into the situation. For his new show, Brad spent some time around Austin, Texas. So to cap off the visit, we made a cocktail - a paloma made out of a spirit called sotol, distilled from a plant that grows in the Texas desert.

turn 3 : So you get a sense of how this whole thing is going. - This implies that the speaker wants the listener to understand the context and overall direction of the conversation.

What did the speaker want the PersonB to understand?

Answer: Context


The downside to getting more attention, like Marco Rubio, is more criticism. And he seems to get more direct criticism from his opponents as he rises in the polls.

No question. The young senator from Florida, though, is really the hot ticket in New Hampshire right now. He is expected to do no worse than third. He's certainly in the running for second John Kasich is also in the running here. Everyone coming up, of course, a little behind Donald Trump still at this point. But it's Rubio who has the national momentum then going on into South Carolina if he does well in New Hampshire. South Carolina is on the 20th. And he'll have real appeal in Nevada on the 23rd.

What about Bernie Sanders?His lead in the polls just seems to be growing. According to reports, he might be on "Saturday Night Live" on Saturday night, just before the vote. Hillary Clinton tried to suggest that just because he's a guy from next door in Vermont.

You know, he was well-known here from the start of course. But there's so much more to it than that. His numbers are still going up at this point. And even for Democrats who expect Clinton to be the nominee eventually, Bernie is still their feel-good vote. He is a get-it-off-your-chest vote. And, you know, Democrats have never really liked a coronation. They want a contest. And Clinton is not connecting to voter concerns on an emotional level. And she's not communicating a clear message either here or elsewhere in the country. That's why the national polls have narrowed. And you know it's going to be hard to tell Larry David and Bernie Sanders apart tonight.

turn 0 : Marco Rubio is facing increased criticism from opponents as his popularity rises.

How is Marco Rubio's rising popularity affecting him politically?

Answer: Criticism


And then they also passed another thing that actually goes into effect immediately, which is the expansion of this committee that would be empowered to make inquiries into churches' handling of abuse as well as some other things. Those - that committee could then refer their inquiries and responses to the executive committee, which then could decide whether or not the - or the church is in what's called friendly cooperation with the broader conventions.

OK, so two fairly significant-sounding changes - and when you say they passed overwhelmingly, give me some sense of the numbers.

At least two-thirds of the people there.

What was the reaction like in the room as people understood that that's what was happening, that these changes were being voted through?

turn 0 : The committee will investigate churches' mishandling of abuse cases.

Answer: Inquiries


Four-fifty a month, sorry, I think I missed it. But that would translate to, like, 15 hours a day.

Yeah, yeah.

You're saying yeah, like it's no big deal. I mean, but where does - what drives you?That seems like a lot of time.

It is a lot of time, but, I mean, at the end of the day, why does anyone do anything?It makes me feel alive, and it makes me feel excited about the world, I guess.

There's no ads on Brainpickings, either. Why did you make that decision?

turn 4 : The narrator said there's no ads as in interruptions from A's mind. He wants an explanation to why he took the job.

What decision did PersonA make about ads on Brainpickings?

Answer: None


Well, I got to, or. . .

Or I'm doomed. I do think it is a good time for independent artists, period. And I feel like soul music in this country really has told the story of black Americans in this country, and right now the field is kind of narrow. So, from city to city, you go and you listen to the radio, and you try to find soul music on the radio, you're either listening to hip-hop, or you're listening to oldies and dusties and R&B.

So, there's a whole big huge chasm which some of us live in part of the time at least, where where's this music?Where is the new soul music?Where are the people that are writing the classics that are going to be around in 20 years, and 30 years, and 40 years?

Well, in addition to your own songs, you have sung other folks' work. And in 2004, you sang on a tribute album for Luther Vandross. Here's a little bit of "Forever, For Always, For Love. "

turn 1 : Soul music is not as prevalent or appreciated as it should be

Which genre of music does the speaker feel is not getting enough representation on the radio?

Answer: Soul


Where are you right now?

I'm in Columbia, South Carolina.

Now you evacuated on Saturday. Was that because it was mandatory or did you make up your own mind?

I made up my own mind. I figured that at some point it would turn into a mandatory evacuation and I wanted to get ahead of the traffic.

turn 3 : A evacuated on their own accord to avoid traffic.

What was the reason for PersonA's evacuation?

Answer: traffic


Well, you know, I'm a Republican, but I'm also Catholic. So for me, the religious side, if we went there, I would be very much be against the death penalty, very much pro-life. And I see the pro-life and the death penalty - you kind of have to be consistent, in my mind.

You talk about your Catholic faith and how you look at this question through that lens. Of course, there are people who think that religion ought to be set aside. But I think in reality, many people do look at it at political questions through the lens of their own values. But white evangelicals make up a big part of the Republican Party. There are a lot of white evangelicals there in Kentucky as well. Of course, many white evangelicals oppose abortion, so I'm curious how you make that case to them.

Well, and that's why I'm, quite frankly, focusing on the economics. - But when you start talking about the numbers, the numbers are numbers. And it's pretty clear in a state like ours where we have desperate needs to use the money in other places - to shore up our pensions, you know, to help with our school system - this is simply an area where I think if you look at it logically, we're not getting any benefit from a criminal law standpoint, so let's spend our money somewhere else.

So the fiscal argument might make the case where the moral argument is more complex.

That's right.

turn 1 : It may be difficult for A to reconcile their Catholic beliefs with the beliefs of white evangelicals in the Republican Party.

How might PersonA struggle to connect with white evangelicals in the Republican Party?

Answer: Reconcile


That's right. Rand Paul inherits a tremendous base from his father Ron Paul, but also that ceiling that you're referring to, which is largely foreign policy. Ron Paul always had great buzz. He really did. And he had some fundraising and disappointing vote totals. His persona was never enough to really attract people. And Rand Paul brings a kind of youthful freshness to libertarianism that his father never did.

Jeb Bush resigned from more corporate boards recently than most of us have chopping boards in our kitchen. Is there a chance he won't run for president now?

Not anymore. He's cleared his decks. As you mentioned, he's gotten a lot of financial stuff out of the way, old emails from his time in public office. The fundraising operations he's created are a clear sign, also, the team he's assembling, the social media presence. Four years ago, he said he had family issues that kept him from running. And now perhaps he feels he's resolved those. But whether he has or not, he is running.

A question I wouldn't have projected even a few weeks ago - is there any more room for Chris Christie?And should he have stayed home and watched that Cowboys-Lions game?

turn 3 :  Implied meaning: Is there space for Chris Christie to enter the presidential race and has he made a mistake by attending the Cowboys-Lions game?

Answer: Cowboys-Lions


I must be doing something right. What I thought was funny about it was Sommore is not my real name. So. . .

Right. Right, right, right.

I was like, OK, so you named - you named your kids after my stage name. OK, that's hot.

So, when you think about all the stuff you do about women, you know. When you say, women, we got to catch up. When you talk about sex, when you talk about relationships, what sisters have to go through. I'm assuming that you and your girlfriends are the people who can road test some of the comedy that you talk about.

turn 2 : that's hot implies that the person thinks it was an acceptable and good gesture

How did the person respond to Sommore naming her kids after the PersonA's stage name?

Answer: Acceptable


OK. So we have the union's version, maybe a little bit less from GM's side. But in any case, no doubt that they don't have a deal and people are still on strike. So what have you seen and heard when you go out and talk to workers?

Well, workers are now being forced to live off of $250 a week in strike pay. That is not enough to cover many of their bills. For many of them, they're in a tight spot financially. But most people I've talked to are still very committed to the strike, say that this is something that needed to happen. They say they want protections for temporary workers, and they're willing to hold out, at least for now. And so that's what I'm hearing on the line.

I want to make sure that I understand this argument about temporary workers. This is essentially temps who are being hired in a way that they're actually permanent workers, but they're just not paid the same and not protected the same way as a full-time UAW member and full-time GM employee?

Yeah. The pay is less. The pay is less than $16 an hour, which is not a whole lot more than, say, an Amazon warehouse worker would make. And temporary workers can be basically fired at any time. They don't have long-term protections. And so what the rank-and-file members that have more permanent status, have higher wage, say is that this is just no way for a person to live, no way for a worker to live.

turn 3 : The members that follow the rules and never go on strike have better status.

Answer: Rank-and-file


Well, yes. As you said, I'm at 17,000 feet in the Atacama Desert. And this place is wonderful for viewing because it's so high, so the - most of the atmosphere is - well, it's not most below us, but a lot of it is below us. And the air is very dry, and the wavelengths that people want to study, the stars and galaxies at - up here, there's very dry air, and the wavelengths are not - they're coming through clear because water vapor absorbs wavelengths that they're interested in, so they want to get as far away from water vapor as they can. So they're up high. And there's other places here besides the Atacama that are in the Andes - very high, very good viewing - or seeing, as they call it in astronomy.

And is that why, as you told us, that half of the world's major telescopes are in Chile?Is that why they're all there?

Well, yeah. It's because it's a great location. And the one I'm at right now is not one of the major telescopes. It's a smaller one. It's called CLASS - the Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor. And what it's doing is looking for signals, traces of the earliest moments of the universe that were laid down in something called gravitational waves. Those gravitational waves have a certain property known as a polarization, and it should be possible to see that polarization left behind in the wavelengths that they're studying at CLASS. That's what they're doing here.

So where else have you been on this trip?

turn 0 : The Atacama Desert is an ideal place for astronomical observation because its high altitude and dry air reduce atmospheric interference with wavelengths.

What is the name of the smaller telescope that the speaker is currently at?

Answer: CLASS


Well, part of number two is to go and send swarms of Arkyd 300 spacecraft to these high targets that - high value targets. And then after number two, we'll choose the ones that we want to actually extract resources from. And then number three, phase three comes along, which is to go and extract those resources and deliver them to the point of need.

Good luck to you, Eric Anderson. I hope you get a webcam on those asteroids for us to follow along with you.

We will. Don't worry.

All right. Thanks for joining us.

turn 1 : Eric Anderson may encounter difficulties or challenges during his mission

Which phase of the mission involves extracting resources?

Answer: Three


Yeah. It actually shows how complex something that sounds simple would actually work. On its face, it sounds like something wonderful. A Chinese company is going to spend $500 million to revitalize this shuttered General Motors plant, bring back all these jobs that had left this community. But what ends up happening is there's a clash between work cultures. Chinese workers think the Americans are lazy and don't grasp the training fast enough. And the American workers feel they're not respected by the Chinese and that the Chinese don't have appropriate regard for environmental and safety regulations.

And so what ends up happening is a lot of the high-ranking Americans get dismissed and they're replaced by Chinese workers. And the company - the factory begins to operate much more like a Chinese plant. And these workers that had so much optimism suddenly find that they're in a job that's much different than they imagined. And we have a clip of one worker talking about that. Let's check it out.

UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #2: The conditions are not favorable - doing the same thing over and over again. And so it's - you think about whether you have the stamina and the will to do this type of job.

One thing that's really interesting about this movie is that former President Barack Obama and former first lady Michelle Obama have their name on this movie in a sense because it was produced by their production company Higher Ground. Do we know anything about how involved they were?

turn 1 : The phrase "operate much more like a Chinese plant" implies that the factory is operating with a different set of values and practices that are more aligned with Chinese work culture, rather than simply taking on physical characteristics of a Chinese factory.

Which phrase implies that the factory is operating with a different set of values and practices that are more aligned with Chinese work culture?

Answer: Chinese


But you can imagine that if you don't exercise, you might lose it. So we haven't studied that, per se, but we were more interested in how the muscle can store and utilize sugar and fat as energy sources when it's working. And so those were the particular proteins and genes that we were studying.

So lest anybody think that this is a trait like Lamarck thought many years ago, that you're going to pass down the - that your DNA, from usage, has changed and you pass that down to your offspring, that's not what happens here.

Well, these chemical marks disappeared after exercise. . .

Yeah.

turn 1 : The implied meaning of this turn is that it is not possible to pass down acquired traits to offspring.

Which trait is not possible to pass down to offspring?

Answer: Acquired