Good to be with you, Scott.

So do you see the governor getting through the weekend?

It's hard to see how he can continue in politics, Scott. The visuals here are a hideous reminder at the very beginning of Black History Month of what passed for college humor not too long ago. Northam may be a changed man today. All indications are that he's been an agent of change and racial healing as a man in the military, a man of medicine in Virginia. And it just is so difficult to see how he can go on now with all these calls from all of his allies for him to step down.

And to repeat, it was in his medical school yearbook, and this must have been some kind of ticking time bomb.

turn 2 : an agent of change is someone who speaks up for change

Answer: Undefined


And, of course, a lot of the Democrats are aware of these shortfalls. And there are counties with only one insurance company and counties where it's not clear there are going to be any insurance companies. And some of that's been overblown, but there are real problems. And, of course, any bill, any large program, any law needs to be revisited and amended, and the parties need to get together to do that.

These insults this week flying back and forth between the president and Kim Jong Un - lunatic, frightened dog, dotard. I don't know about you, I had to look that one up.

We all did.

This is this just scenery chewing or are people in official Washington worried it could encourage something more destructive?

turn 3 :  implies that the speaker is asking if the exchange is just a show, or whether people in official Washington are actually worried that it could lead to something more destructive.

What is the PersonA's concern regarding the exchange between the president and Kim Jong Un?

Answer: Destructive


Oprah can pass the mantle anytime and still be a billionaire.

Definitely.

And an entrepreneur, multimedia business owner. Nonetheless, if you are that good at something, it's got to sting a little bit, doesn't it?

See, I don't think it does. I think that Oprah is at a point in her career and in her life where she's done what she wants to do. I think that that's why she felt comfortable coming out for Obama, because I think she understood that that might affect her ratings. I think, she felt like, you know what?This - I've succeeded far beyond anybody's expectations, so now I can take a stand and take the hit, if there is one to come. So, I think she's fine with it. I think she is looking forward to her next, you know, sort of you know, plateau, on, like, where she goes from here.

turn 0 : Oprah can retire or step down from her current position or role as a successful entrepreneur and multimedia business owner, and still maintain her status as a billionaire.

How can Oprah maintain her status as a billionaire?

Answer: Retire


Harper Lee's longtime friend Wayne Flynt will be delivering the eulogy at her funeral. He joins us on the line from Monroeville. Welcome, Mr.  Flynt, and I'm so sorry for your and I guess all of our loss.

Yeah, I think it's a sort of global loss, given the popularity of the novel across the world.

Can you give us a sense about your friendship with Harper Lee?You have been in very close contact with her in the last years of her life.

That's correct. On average, once a month for the last 10 years since her stroke, we have sat and talked and told stories and exchanged insults. . .

turn 3 : : The literal meaning of (4) is that Harper Lee and Mr. Flynt exchanged insults while they talked, however, the implied meaning is that they had a close, friendly relationship, as exchanging insults is often seen as a sign of endearment.

What is the implied meaning of Harper Lee and Mr. Flynt exchanging insults while they talked?

Answer: Endearment


So do you think this would leave us in a better or worse position after these talks?I mean, it's a question whether or not this will actually go anywhere.

Well, it's - I mean, there's always a possibility that you would have the division laid out and follow-up meetings that strengthen that effort, and it goes somewhere productive. And that's what we all hope for. We'd like to see a denuclearized Korean peninsula. But I suspect it will be more of a pronouncement in which the two countries express interest in that direction. And then the details will get bogged down.

Senator Jeff Merkley of Oregon, thank you so much for speaking with us.

You're very welcome. Take care now.

turn 0 : The talks don't move, but the result of the talks could cause something to happen.

How could the talks potentially affect the Korean peninsula?

Answer: Stimulus


We're hosting an online viewing party of sorts. For all those people who couldn't be among the 75,000 at INVESCO, I guess the next best thing to do is have your computer at your desk and join us. So we'll be linking to a stream of the event, and we'll host a real-time conversation.

So give that address again.

nprnewsandviews. org.

All right. Geoffrey Bennett is the web producer for News and Notes, joining me from the studios at the NPR west. Geoff, thank you very much.

turn 0 : An online viewing party is being held as a substitute for not being able to attend in-person.

Answer: stream


So you get a sense of how this whole thing is going. Obviously, we should then inject alcohol into the situation. For his new show, Brad spent some time around Austin, Texas. So to cap off the visit, we made a cocktail - a paloma made out of a spirit called sotol, distilled from a plant that grows in the Texas desert.

All right. So first up. . .

Yeah.

. . . We're going to mix it with a little grapefruit. OK, I'm going to make a little grapefruit juice.

turn 0 : "inject alcohol into the situation" - this is an idiomatic expression and does not actually mean injecting alcohol into something. It means to add alcohol to a situation to make it more fun or relaxed.

Which expression means to add alcohol to a situation to make it more fun or relaxed?

Answer: Add


It's the 100th birthday of the Pulitzer Prizes this year - the centenary of a prize that can change the life and the career of a journalist, a photographer, a biographer, a dramatist or a poet. In the latest conversation in our series to mark the Pulitzer's big year, we welcome Gregory Pardlo. He won the Pulitzer for poetry last year for his collection of poems entitled "Digest. "And he joins us from our studios in New York. Greg, thanks so much for being with us.

Hi, Scott. Thanks for having me.

Can we hear a bit of your work, maybe from the poem "For Which It Stands?"

Absolutely. (Reading) "For Which It Stands" - for a flag, I answered facetiously. A flag of tomorrow. Fluent in fire, not just the whispers, lisps, not just the still there of powdered wigs, dry winds. Who wants a speckled drape that folds as easy over smirch as fallen soldier?

turn 3 : implies that the Mexican government is trying to portray El Chapo in a negative light by discussing details of his private life.

Which private aspect of El Chapo's life is being discussed by the Mexican government to depict him negatively?

Answer: Aspect


According to the Census Bureau itself, the idea is to count everyone in the United States not just citizens. So if you only count citizens, that's going to reduce the power and resources provided to districts in places that have more people in the country who have immigrated here illegally. And those places would argue they need the resources and the representation.

All right. Well, let's talk about immigration. President Trump has also said his administration will move forward fairly soon with a plan to arrest thousands of migrant families in surprise roundups across major U. S.  cities. Meanwhile, DHS's IG report has shown terrible conditions for the people being held in custody. Is the president's reaction a problem for him politically?

Well, I mean, the more attention this gets, it certainly could. You know, the president is pretty, you know, focused on the fact that there haven't been, you know - on television, right?- this hasn't been something that you've seen a lot of network television cameras in. And if those conditions are things that are captured on TV, that is something that could change the narrative. But so far, the president feels like this is a winning issue for him.

Domenico Montanaro, NPR's lead political editor, thank you.

turn 1 : The administration does not move forward physically but initiates plans to deal with immigration.

What does President Trump plan to do with migrant families in major U.S. cities?

Answer: Arrest


Good morning.

Jason, there's still no power on much of the island, which is astounding. It's five weeks now. What is it like?What have you seen to undertake a recovery from a hurricane when you still don't have power?

And part of what is crazy is it's not just Hurricane Maria. Hurricane Irma came through here two weeks before that. So there's some people who've been almost two months without power. But people are making an effort. They're out there. I see people, you know, cleaning up by hand. People are out there with hand tools trying to, you know, cut 2-by-4's to rebuild things when, you know, they don't have power tools. You've got people who are living in high-rises. It's kind of amazing sometimes walking around at night here in San Juan. You got these tall buildings. And you'll just see some candles flickering in the - and that's the only light in this entire high-rise.

I went out last night, actually, to try to catch some of the World Series. And some of the bars are starting to reopen. But everywhere that you go, the only power that people have is running off of generators or running off of some solar power. You really do not see people getting much power from the grid.

turn 1 : Jason is frustrated and surprised by the length of time it is taking to restore power after the hurricane.

Which emotion Jason is feeling about the lack of power on the island?

Answer: Frustrated


You know, unfortunately, it's been demonstrated that there have been times when you have been personally dishonest during your time in office. So if voters highly value personal honesty, why would you be the right choice for them?

Well, I think that it's important to separate a mistake in life, which we all make. And, you know, I've come to believe that we all have feet of clay. We all wish we could rewind, play in a chapter of our life. The question is, is it a trend of continual misleading folks?Or is it an anomaly?And if you'd look at the whole of my life, what you'd see is the big standout is in 2009.

I think the question is, did I learn from it?Contrast it with the president has suggested in saying that there's nothing that he regrets. There's deep regret from my end, and I think what's equally telling is the people who knew me best, in the wake of that event, those very folks sent me to the United States Congress to represent them in Washington.

So you've made the debt and deficit your top reasons for challenging the president. So if it happens that either through your efforts or those of others, the president is not re-elected but let's say a Democrat who supports more expansive spending, for example, does win, will that have been worth it?

turn 1 : Feet of clay means a character weakness, and wishing one could rewind and play a chapter in your life means you wish you could re-live an event.

Answer: Character


To the tax issues that tanked a lot of the nominees that couldn't go forward. Some of the most common errors are incorrect or missing social security numbers. It sounds so simple, and yet, that something that catches a lot of people. The incorrect tax entered, based on your taxable income and filing status; math errors!Math errors is a huge issue for a lot of people. That's why it's important that if you can to e-file, because that will eliminate one of the major errors people make, which is in the math. And if you make less than $56,000 a year, you can get your taxes e-filed for free. You have to go to the IRS Web site to do it. But also this year for the first time, you can e-file even if you don't meet that. Now, you don't get the tax software that goes along with it that sort of walks you through, but if you already know how to do your taxes and you don't want to pay extra, you can e-file.

OK, let's talk about an issue that seems to be the third rail for a lot of political appointees or nominees, and that is the nanny tax. What should we, ordinary people, know about this kind of tax. . .

When we're hiring people to do stuff around the house?

Well, here's the thing: Most people are not going to have this problem.

turn 0 : The tax issues caused a lot of nominees to not be able to continue. The software helps a person to understand and work the tax filing correctly.

What caused many nominees to not be able to continue?

Answer: Tax-ssues


It's going to be tough to do that tonight if there's a clear trend early, and there's a reason why, it's the Internet. Everyone's going to be look at the Internet. The Internet's going to be full of all kinds of numbers, exit polls, there are going to be all sorts of people predicting one way or another.

And the cable operators, the cable television news operations, CNN, Fox, MSNBC are going to in a tremendous competition to see which one of them can call it first, and that's going to pull the broadcasters over. So I don't think people in California can expect that the East Coast will not be talking about a winner, if there is a clear winner, before the polls close in California. Now, that isn't necessarily a good thing, I'm not trying to put a. . .

Right.

Put a happy face on it, it does make people in California feel angry to hear the race declared over hours before the polls close in that state. But because it's going to be on the Internet just about every where, and I suspect we'll start seeing it on cable television, it's going to be hard for the networks to resist the temptation to do the same.

turn 3 : This make sure anger for every violence people get some illegal activities

Which emotion may be felt by people in California due to hearing the race declared over hours before the polls close in that state?

Answer: anger


Yes. (Laughter). I suppose you're right. I mean, that may follow. But I. . .

(Laughter).

. . . Wanted to explore a masculine archetype. And that's what Daddy is. He is larger than life. He's almost too big to exist. He's straight out of mythology. He's very strong and reassuring, and he sticks by his children, et cetera. But he's also - you know, he's got this troubled streak. This sort of - this violence in him. He's entirely defined by his body, his physicality, his strength. And Cathy arrived, saying, actually, what happens when these ideals are instilled in someone who doesn't inhabit the right physicality?Or she's somebody who has a very similar temperament to her father, but she doesn't have his strength. And she's a girl. And how does she stitch together those dual identities?

Yeah. There is - not to give too much away, but there's an act of violence in the book in which a woman takes a man's life. She sees it as her only way to survive. And I have to ask if recent events and recent debates and soul searching we've had in both our countries makes the scene even more telling.

turn 3 : the literal meaning is that the interviewer asks if recent events and debates make a scene in a book more significant.

How does the interviewer describe the scene in the book?

Answer: Act-of-violence


We should say this is a multi-level chess game, and we can only see the top level - the overt actions, not the covert. But these diplomatic measures that we can see do seem like gestures, really, only. And economic sanctions are the real deal. Russia has suffered economically in recent years from sanctions. They do hate those sanctions. But, of course, what they really hate is low oil prices.

Has the Obama administration been late to recognize the threat from Russia?

Perhaps not to recognize the threat but slow to get serious about it. After the Crimea sanctions, there were lots of other provocations, Syria being the worst, Obama clearly not willing to go to war in Syria. So Russia has had something of a free field of fire as it were. But as far as the cyberhacking of this election campaign, the administration did sound the alarm last fall, but they did not go to the mat, in part, because they didn't want to appear to be interfering with the election themselves. And let's face it, they thought Hillary Clinton was going to win anyway.

Ron, this was the administration that said we needed to do a reset with Russia. What happened?

turn 3 : "do a reset" means to attempt to improve a relationship between two parties, rather than resetting a machine.

Which action is the meaning of "do a reset" in turn 3?

Answer: attempt


On Africa Update, it's been over a week since the elections in Zimbabwe, and still no results. But one thing seems clear: the current president, Robert Mugabe, is going to fight to stay in power. Plus, relief agencies say fighting in Somalia is the worst in 15 years.

Hi, Roxanne.

Hi. How are you doing?

turn 1 :  "For more, we've got Roxanne Lawson. She's director of Africa Policy for TransAfrica Forum." - The literal meaning of this turn is that the news program has brought in Roxanne Lawson as a source of information. The implied meaning is that Roxanne Lawson is an expert on African politics and will provide insight and analysis on the current situation in Zimbabwe and Somalia.

What is Roxanne Lawson's role in the Africa Policy for TransAfrica Forum?

Answer: Africa


So the parents as well as one coach have agreed to plead guilty in connection with this scheme. And according to one of the plea agreements at least, they may serve a few months in jail as well as paying fines and restitution. And Felicity Huffman, the actress, as you heard, is one of the more high-profile people accused. But others, including Lori Loughlin, another actress from the TV show "Full House," is among those originally accused who is continuing to fight the charges.

What are we hearing from the parents?

Well, two of those who plead - pled guilty today issued very contrite statements. Huffman's statement reportedly said, I am in full acceptance of my guilt - deep regret and shame. And she also reiterated that her daughter had no idea.

This story has gotten so much attention, and it seems to have really resonated with students and parents. Why do you think it has had such a big impact?

turn 2 : Big drug companies are not interested in developing therapies for addiction because they don't see drug addicts as a profitable investment.

How did Felicity Huffman respond to the accusations against her?

Answer: N/A


In the meantime, what does this mean for the elections in Afghanistan?

It certainly doesn't say anything good. The government, you know, keeps saying that it's planning to protect the polls, that it will protect the polls, that it's sending out - I think, 70,000 defense security personnel will be deployed across the country to protect the polls. But it's also said that it's going to have to shut down - almost a third of polling places that were used in previous elections will not be open because they don't feel they can protect them. So that's a pretty strong admission of the limited ability of defense forces. So this has been a violent season, and I don't think anybody expects it to become less so.

That's Pamela Constable of The Washington Post. She spoke to us from Kabul.

Thank you so much for sharing your reporting.

turn 1 : The situation in Afghanistan is unstable and dangerous, and there are concerns about the security of the upcoming elections despite government assurances.

What are the concerns about the upcoming elections in Afghanistan?

Answer: Security


Oh, no. I love grapefruit.

(Laughter).

It's one of the best things in the world.

Seriously?

turn 1 : (2) Laughter could mean disbelief, surprise, or disbelief in what A just said.

Which emotion could PersonB's laughter represent?

Answer: Surprise


Hey, Lulu.

So, Gene, let's start by looking at the money involved in big-time college sports. You looked specifically at the Power Five.

Yup, the Power Five conferences - the SEC, the Big Ten, the Big 12, the Pac-12, and the ACC. They win all the trophies, and they make all the money. According to ESPN, in 2015, they made $6 billion.

Six billion?

turn 2 : The Power Five conferences dominate college sports and generate significant revenue.

Which conferences made $6 billion in 2015?

Answer: Five


This is SCIENCE FRIDAY, I'm Ira Flatow. Remember the meteor that exploded over Siberia and the asteroid that took a close swing by our planet?You also remember that these things happened on Friday, the same day. Congressman Lamar Smith, chairman of the House Committee on Science, Space and Technology, called these two events a stark reminder of the need to invest in space science. He says we need to study and track near-Earth asteroids and invest in research on how to protect our planet from space rocks.

But with the nation collectively tightening its belt and with $85 billion in automatic spending cuts going into effect today, the sequester deadline, where's the money going to come from?Representative Lamar Smith is a Republican from the 21st District of Texas. He is chair of the House Committee on Science, Space and Technology. He joins us by phone from San Antonio. A shout-out to Texas Public Radio, San Antonio and Austin, one of our two most powerful stations is your district, Congressman. Welcome to SCIENCE FRIDAY.

I'm glad to hear it, Ira. Good to be with you and your listeners, as well.

Thank you. You're going to have a hearing soon, is that right, to discuss. . . ?

turn 0 : Congressman Lamar Smith believes that recent space events are a reminder to invest in space science.

How does Congressman Lamar Smith view recent space events?

Answer: Reminder


And just quickly, we could have started our conversation with North Korea or Russia. The world is out there, isn't it?

It is, indeed, and it's not giving the U. S.  a break to get its act together. North Korea seems headed for a crisis. The Russia relationship may be as well. The president has said he will sign the bill stiffening sanctions on Russia and making it more difficult even for himself to lift those sanctions. The Russians have already begun retaliating for that, so more to come.

More to come. NPR's Ron Elving. Thank you, sir.

Thank you, Don.

turn 1 :  (2) Implied meaning: The US is in a difficult situation with North Korea and Russia, and the president's actions have made it even more difficult.

How are the US-Russia relations affected?

Answer: Difficult


What put this story into your mind?

Well, I was researching a, you know, just a short magazine piece on the media's infatuation with lists. And I stumbled across this, to me, arresting factoid that there was a - someone named Frederick of Saxony who lived in the early 16th century, but he had a collection of holy relics. This collection of holy relics numbered 19,013. The second thing I found out was that Frederick of Saxony was Martin Luther's employer. And it sort of, you know, took off from there. But I - the - there was the relic collection that - and I - as I looked into that, it had marvelous things - a strand of Jesus's beard, a piece of straw from the holy manger - I'm not making this up - a vile of the Virgin Mary's breast milk. I mean, these were among the items in this collection.

In fact, the book opens with a scene at the Basel Relic Fair.

Yeah, it was a - it opens - they - a trade fair and Dismas notes that there are two adjacent booths, each offering a complete crown of thorns for sale.

turn 3 : In a literal sense, A is simply confirming that the book opens with a scene at the Basel Relic Fair. However, the implied meaning is that the mention of the two adjacent booths offering a complete crown of thorns for sale is significant and foreshadows something that will happen later in the book. It sets up an expectation in the reader's mind that will be fulfilled or subverted later on.

How does PersonA's mention of the two adjacent booths offering a complete crown of thorns for sale foreshadow something later in the book?

Answer: Foreshadowing


And what do you serve?I said $5 bowls of cereal, but expand on that menu if you could.

We sell 120 different cereals from all over the world. So we import cereals from America, from New Zealand, from Australia, from France, from Israel. We import cereals from all over the world, so it's a real experience coming in here because the walls are just littered with cereal memorabilia, toys that you used to get in the boxes. It's a real experience.

Now, I don't for a moment expect you to identify with the people who attacked your store. But can you - can you see where fancy bowls of cereal would kind of fit into their agenda about the world, their neighborhood changing right before their eyes?

I can see their point, but there's also a Versace shop that has just opened up around the corner. They're complaining that people in the area can't afford to come here and afford four pounds for a meal. But there's a Versace shop open around the corner and I think it's - very, very few percent of people in this neighborhood would even be able to walk in there and buy anything. I know I couldn't.

turn 3 : The cost of the store's offerings is out of reach for most of the people in the neighborhood, while the Versace shop does not offer any affordable items.

Which shop nearby offers expensive items that most people in the neighborhood cannot afford?

Answer: Versace


I asked Soerens what that would mean for his organization.

World Relief is really committed to our mission of empowering local churches to serve the vulnerable. We remain committed to that mission. But it would probably be at a reduced scale because with fewer refugees arriving, we wouldn't be able to maintain the current infrastructure we have throughout the United States. And of course, none of the people we'd be able to serve would be newly arrived refugees because those people would be shut out completely.

There are also questions right now about the asylum laws in general. Before the Trump administration, how difficult was it for any particular individual to claim asylum in this country and have that claim be accepted?

And so someone claiming asylum is basically professing to be a refugee. That is to say, they say they have a well-founded fear of persecution on account of their race, religion, political opinion, national origin or social group. And it's never been easy because the burden of proof is on the applicant. And frankly, sometimes the people who say they're going to kill you don't send you a notarized letter saying that. And you may not have documentary evidence of the well-founded fear of persecution.

turn 1 : to serve in this context means to help

Which word in the statement describes the mission of World Relief?

Answer: Help


I was so exhausted. And all of sudden, we just had this baby. The nurse was handing me this baby, and she's poopy. And it just was so messy. And it just - both of us immediately just started crying. It just was so joyful. It just felt perfect.

Before Hazel was born, though, Lindsey had a lot to worry about.

When she was 20 weeks old - the 20-week ultrasound, she was diagnosed with a fetal heart condition. So we weren't sure what condition she's going to be in when she came out. And she just let out this big scream and just kicking. It was just like she burst into the world. And, you know, just immediately we kind of knew this is a healthy baby. She is alive and. . .

She let you know.

turn 3 : In turn (4), "She let you know" implies that Hazel showed through her actions that she was healthy, even though her diagnosis had been uncertain.

How did Hazel communicate her health status?

Answer: Actions


From NPR News, this is Day to Day. The ethics problem at the Interior Department continues to unfold, specifically in the little-known but powerful Minerals Management Service. The Interior Department's watchdog reports that employees in that division accepted gifts, they steered government contracts to friends, and they had sexual relations with oil and gas-company representatives. Joining us now is John Dimsdale from Marketplace, and John, first, what is the Minerals Management Service?I hadn't heard of it until yesterday.

Well, it's responsible for collecting royalty revenues from companies that extract oil and other minerals from federal property. And last year, they collected 11 billion dollars from the oil and gas industry. So, it's a big source of revenue. In fact, sometimes Minerals Management is the second largest source of income for the federal government, second only to the IRS. And remember, this scandal comes just as Congress is debating whether to allow more oil drilling, especially on the Outer Continental Shelf under the ocean.

That's right. So, let's go into the details of this scandal. What did the Interior Department's inspector general find?

Well, this report makes it sound like a very dysfunctional place. It alleges cocaine and marijuana use, and even promiscuous sex between government employees and the industry that they oversee. The inspector general says the relationship between the industry and the revenue collectors is supposed to be at arm's length, but most of the oil-company people that investigators talked to said they bought meals or drinks, entertainment, for government employees.

turn 0 : "the ethics problem at the Interior Department continues to unfold" - figurative meaning: the situation is developing or becoming more complex, literal meaning: something is physically unfolding.

How did the situation at the Interior Department develop?

Answer: Developing


Well, in Vienna, people are extremely concerned. Although Vienna has a very long history as a Social Democratic city, it's known, in fact, as Red Vienna. But you know, the first poll since the scandal came out yesterday, and the Freedom Party lost 4% to 5%. But they're still polling at 18%. So their core supporters remain loyal and support their anti-immigrant, anti-LGBT agenda.

And is this all anybody's talking about?

Oh, my goodness, you can't avoid it. I mean, the cafe on the ground floor of my apartment building has painted up on its windows, we're going to Ibiza. Everyone's moved on from the shock to the speculation of the provenance of the video and the question of whether or not this vote of - motion of no confidence will go through.

Valerie Hopkins of the financial times speaking with us from Vienna, thanks so much.

turn 2 : The scandal involving the Freedom Party is the topic of discussion everywhere, and people are now speculating about the video's source and whether a no-confidence vote will be successful.

Which party is mentioned in the dialogue in connection with an "anti-immigrant, anti-LGBT agenda"?

Answer: Freedom-Party


Yeah. Did we once all have them and they went away somehow?Or what - why did some of us have the healthy population and some of us don't?

Well, that's all down to exposures. And, you know, one of the things that clearly can deplete a microbiome of diversity is antimicrobial use, which clearly is more prevalent in use and perhaps inappropriately.

Antibiotics, you mean.

Exactly. In the last several decades. That's clearly one obvious approach to deplete the diversity. The other thing is, we think that viral infections, which frequently perceive these kind of chronic outcomes in inflammatory disease, including in the sinuses, they may actually perturb the microbiome and induce, perhaps, inflammation from the host that actually kills some of these protective organisms.

turn 1 : Antimicrobial use, including antibiotics, can deplete microbiome diversity.

How can antimicrobial use affect microbiome diversity?

Answer: Depletion


Thank you.

What's your concern?Why did you write this letter?

Of course, as I don't have to tell you, it is a fact that Chinese hackers have been accused of stealing intellectual property from U. S.  businesses and breaching U. S.  government systems. That's a concern for you, too?

turn 2 : America is an exceptional country, the best in the world. But we have our blind spots. And in our history, you'll see discrimination against Asian-Americans. We've had the Chinese Exclusion Act, Alien Land Laws and then, in World War II, we interned over 100,000 Americans who happened to be of Japanese descent. And recently, we have a number of Asian-Americans that have been arrested - indicted for alleged spying - and then having all those charges dropped. And this is a long history of discrimination. We want to make sure that this does not keep recurring.  In this turn, the actual meaning goes beyond the literal meaning of describing the history of discrimination against Asian-Americans in the United States. It implies a desire for awareness, acknowledgment, and action to prevent such discrimination from happening again in the future.

Which Act was passed to exclude Chinese immigrants from entering the United States?

Answer: Chinese


Right. How did you feel when you found out about Epstein's death?

It was definitely not a good moment. And it's still not, you know?Even every single time I hear those words, there's a certain amount of anger that shoots through my blood that I can't explain.

What are you angry at?

I'm angry that there's no justice in that, you know?He's not ever going to be here to face the music or to hear the pain that he's caused or the lives that he's destroyed. I mean, after all I've gone through, I finally came forward. And it almost feels all for nothing now, you know?I'm sorry. I'm just, like, getting. . .

turn 1 : Epstein's death was a very emotional and upsetting event for A

Which emotion did PersonA feel after Epstein's death?

Answer: Angry


Bill M wrote about it - read about it and wrote. Kilpatrick's stays in the news proving all the naysayers right with his childish antics and questionable judgment. He should resign.

And there's also the news that Broadway's "The Color Purple" is closing next month due to slow ticket sales and some people said it was because of singer Fantasia left the show without any thunder after she left.

All right. Just briefly, what do you think about the newsletter?What does that offer people that everything else we do doesn't?We've got the radio show and the blog. But, you know, you put out this great newsletter every day. What's going on with that?

Well, we've got headlines that pertain to African-Americans. We have highlights from the show. And the difference is - it's called Push me (unintelligible). It's a '90s Internet buzz word. And the idea is that you get all these things that you want sent to your inbox every day without having to surf from Web site to Web site. And it's a service that we offer.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of (4) is that they offer a service called Push Me that delivers daily headlines and highlights related to African-Americans to your email inbox. The actual meaning is that Push Me is a play on the 90s internet buzzword "push" which means to receive notifications without actively seeking information. Therefore, the newsletter is designed to deliver the information people want directly to their inbox without the need to browse different websites.

Answer: Push


What's the latest this morning, Jennifer?

Well, at the scene of the attack, they are cleaning up. The walls and the floor are covered in blood. The tables and chairs have been pushed aside to get to those dead and wounded. We didn't even get a death toll until this morning. That attack happened on Saturday night at a crowded wedding hall, more than a thousand guests there. Right now, we have families burying their dead, including 14 members of one family alone, so a pretty devastating attack here in Kabul.

And the Islamic State claimed that it carried out the attack, right?

It did claim that it carried out the attack, and it named the bomber as well. This is a group that has targeted the minority Hazara, mainly Shia Hazara, community again and again, and this was another instance of that. It claimed that it sent the suicide bomber into the wedding hall.

turn 1 : The walls and floors have a great deal of blood on them but are not covered.

How are the walls and floors described in the statement?

Answer: covered


Well, I don't think anybody really knows, except the two of them, because it was a meeting without staff, without any advisers present. Senator Feinstein came out this morning and spoke to reporters. She hosted the meeting at her home. She said that it seemed very cordial. The two sat in comfy chairs in her living room.

They sipped water. They talked for about an hour and that they were laughing as they left. So, we know that the mood was fairly pleasant, and what Senator Obama's advisers tell us, is that they talked about how to move forward and how to achieve party unity, and how to bring together the factions of the Democratic Party that had supported each of the two of them separately, how to bring them both together to now beat John McCain in November.

So, was it a bargaining session?Was it my votes for a VP slot, something like that?

Well, actually, we're told by Senator Chuck Schumer who's an ally of Senator Clinton's in the Senate that no, they did not discuss the vice presidential chatter. It's hard to imagine that they didn't though, given the fact that it's what's everybody - it's what everybody's talking about right now.

turn 1 : implies that the meeting was focused on discussing how to achieve party unity and defeat John McCain in November. However, the actual meaning could be that the meeting was a bargaining session where Obama and Clinton discussed potential terms for Clinton to drop out of the race and endorse Obama. This is not explicitly stated yet is a possible subtextual meaning.

What was the possible subtextual meaning of Obama and Clinton's meeting?

Answer: Bargaining


And many of your students have to work for a living in order to be able to afford to attend college in the first place.

Well, that happens in many - or most community colleges. And certainly, El Centro is a prime example of that. We're a very diverse community in terms of students from different backgrounds, including of color. Many students have families. They have children, and so over 80 percent of our students are part-time students because of that in part. And they also are low-income students, so they need financial aid such as federal Pell Grants as well as what Texas, here, provides in support for students as well.

And what if there was no longer a deduction for student loans?

Well, that's another area. At El Centro, the percentage of students that leave the college debt is about 34 percent. And the average student debt is about $21,000. Students are eligible for Pell. Pell doesn't cover all of the needs that students have. It does cover tuition. It does cover fees. It does cover books. But students need living.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of the turn is asking about a hypothetical scenario, but the actual meaning is asking about the potential impact of eliminating a deduction for student loans.

How would eliminating a deduction for student loans affect students at El Centro?

Answer: Living


She says, look, we've got to do something some investment on sort of global warming issues, energy, independence issues. Let's use the recession to start creating a green economy.

Now, when you look at someone who is no longer in the race, John Edwards, he was often portrayed by supporters and portrayed himself as someone who was going to make ending poverty the center of his campaign. How would his approach have differed from both Senators Obama and Clinton?

Well, actually it turns out at the end of the day, the Edwards approach is fairly similar to sort of a combination of the Clinton and Obama proposals, and that's not surprising. Because John Edwards was the person who came out with a plan first - I thought it was the best plan - and the other candidates fit in in a lot of issues, actually copied John Edwards. In fact, John Edwards was - has truly been a forcing figure during this election, compelling Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton, both, to be more progressive than they might otherwise have been.

Well, let's talk a little bit about political philosophy. We've talked a bit about trickle-down economics, but then there's also the model of the government getting directly involved. Certainly ending the great depression by creating jobs itself - everything from jobs for writers and artists to road building, infrastructure. That does not seem to be a model that's been followed, certainly not to that extent - in decades. Is that even on the table, the whole prospect of the government actually stepping in and doing job creation itself?

turn 0 : "Let's use the recession to start creating a green economy." - The literal meaning is that during a recession, the speaker proposes investing in creating a green economy. The actual meaning is that the speaker sees an opportunity to address global warming and energy independence issues by investing in a green economy during a recession, which could create jobs and stimulate economic growth

What opportunity does the speaker see during the recession?

Answer: Green


I gather bitcoin's created through mining but not, like, chisel and cloud of dust mining. Right?

Yeah. So mining is the term that bitcoin people use for the process that computers use to kind of run the bitcoin network. There's a global shared record of who has made which payments to whom. And the computers that participate in this process get a reward of new bitcoins. Right now, every block, which happens about 10 minutes, you get a reward of 12. 5 bitcoins, which is worth more than $100,000. And they call it mining because you're creating new bitcoins in the process of running the network.

And that takes a lot of energy, I gather.

It does. One recent estimate said that the bitcoin network as a whole consumes about as much energy as the nation of Denmark.

turn 0 : One of the things you can buy with bitcoins is illicit products, like drugs, for example. And it has proven to be a particularly attractive application for bitcoin because if you tried to set up a black market for drugs and accept credit card payments, the credit card networks would shut you down right away. But there's nobody who runs the bitcoin network, and so there's nobody the authorities can go to and say, shut down this network or reverse that payment.  In this turn, the actual meaning implies that bitcoin allows for anonymous transactions in illicit markets because it lacks a central authority that can control or shut down the network.

Which type of transactions does bitcoin enable due to the absence of a central authority?

Answer: Illicit


Race is so divisive. What can we learn from your relationship with a white man from a different generation?

That's what "Coach Wooden And Me" is about. It's about the fact that despite all the differences here in America, we come together on so much that we agree on, you know, our love for sport. Basketball fans across all ethnicities and socioeconomic lines, everybody loves hoops. And that's where we come together, within our country and with other countries of the world.

When you talk about your friendship with coach Wooden in the book, you use the word accomplishment. Why that word?Is having an enduring friendship and accomplishment?

Yeah, I think so because it's something that you have to work at. It just doesn't come. Building up trust and love and affection with someone else, you've got to take some risks. You could fail. It is an accomplishment, you know, because it tests your judgment and, what is your commitment?

turn 1 : In turn (2), when Bill Russell says "we come together on so much that we agree on," he is not referring to literal agreement, but rather the shared enjoyment and appreciation of basketball. Similarly, when he says "that's where we come together," he is not referring to a physical location, but rather a shared interest and passion.

How does Bill Russell describe the meaning of the phrase "we come together" in turn (2)?

Answer: Basketball


Yeah.

The Land O' Lakes butter box - there's a Native American on that. And an informal poll of people taken around here suggests a lot of people don't even see her.

Well, she's in your refrigerator. And God knows what she's doing at night. I never look closely at it myself. I do buy that brand. And when you look at it closely, what you see is she's kneeling. And she's holding the box that she's in. And so it recedes into infinity. In other words, you know, in that box, you see her again and again and again. So it's this amazing combination of American identity, a generic Indian with really brilliant graphic design that, you know, you don't really notice. But I really do think she's up to something at night in the refrigerator.

(Laughter) I'll check. Is it offensive?

turn 1 : Some people do not notice the Native American on the Land O' Lakes butter box.

Which brand of butter does person PersonA buy?

Answer: Land


I wouldn't say a list of specific charges but some general charges. So the one that is the most specific is the claim that in 1996 she went on a spy mission to China to Guangxi province and, you know, spied for the FBI. And, I mean, there's a number of issues with that. I mean, one of them is that I have all kinds of evidence that Sandy did not go to China in 1996. I have the evidence of her passport. I have the evidence of her paystubs.

I mean, she was a full-time employee of the Houston Police Department as a secretary, a clerk typist, when she allegedly was doing the spy work. The paystubs show that she'd taken 11 hours off during the time in question. I've also got a newspaper article that she appeared in. So, I mean, we have a fair amount of evidence that shows that she was not in China in 1996.

Why would the Chinese government be interested in putting your wife in prison if there wasn't something that made them suspicious?

So this is not the police that investigate regular crimes. This is the, you know, China Ministry of State Security. This is a bunch of spies. They don't trust anybody. And in point of fact, I mean, they look at people involved in nonprofit work like my wife with a great deal of suspicion. And the fact of the matter is the state security has sent a number of people to the U. S.  to spy, and the FBI has been catching these people. And I am sure that the Ministry of State Security is just not very happy about that.

turn 2 : asking why the Chinese government is interested in putting your wife in prison. The actual meaning of the turn is to ask why the Chinese government is suspicious of your wife's activities.

Which turn in the dialogue suggests that Sandy had evidence to prove she was not in China in 1996?

Answer: Evidence


Correct.

So, when you write in your - I'm going back to this - your investment outlook essay, Americans don't really understand Wall Street. They may never understand Wall Street. And then you go on in the next sentence to say, oh, and by the way, yours truly, meaning yourself, is learning every day, discovering every day what Wall Street is. I mean, what the heck are the rules now, and if you don't know, who does?

Well, the rules are changing. The balloon was being expanded, and now, the air has been taken out of the balloon, and so the rules are changing in terms of what becomes a safe and a relatively riskless position in this rapidly de-levering world.

Do you think capitalism is fundamentally changed, and if so, how?

turn 1 : You wrote that Americans don't understand Wall Street, but you don't really know what you're talking about either.

Answer: Investment


Thank you. I know that you've been recently honored with the Outstanding Contribution to Television and Film Award at this year's BAFTA Awards in Scotland. Congratulations.

Well, thank you very much. It took me by surprise.

Really?They took you by surprise and took you all the way there?

Yeah. (Unintelligible) I'm in a very strange position because I'm almost 70 and I - people are giving me sort of good attendance prizes. . .

Well, that's what I call them. Good contribution prizes or something they call them, I don't know, you know, for your outstanding achievement over the years. I think it really means you're getting old, go away.

turn 3 : Receiving good attendance prizes means that you are getting old and should retire

Which prize did PersonA receive at the BAFTPersonA Awards?

Answer: Outstanding


Yeah. Well, I mean, this last week, for instance, (laughter) in the last four days, I went on tour because my husband was going to be traveling. And so I left for the three days when he was gone, had three shows in two days. So I was away from my kids for just the 24 hours. Flew back in this morning. We had lunch all together just now. And then I came over here to be with you guys. So we just do it all as a family.

We count it as an adventure. I'm always talking to my kids about it. You know, this is an adventure. This is such a fun experience. And we use the time together out in the world as an opportunity to explore and an opportunity to teach our children and to allow them to see the nation.

Julianna, why six days?What - how did you come up with that magic number?

I have no idea. And it is not - I don't know. It's not a magic number. It's not like the golden ticket to a perfect marriage. But for us, it was a starting point. It was, all right, we've got to draw the line in the sand somewhere, and a week just felt too long (laughter). And every single spring, we sit down for about four to eight hours with our teams. And we - I get one of those massive calendars. And we literally go through and write down every city that we're going to be in. We write in date nights. We write in family date days. We write in. . .

turn 1 : Turn (2) has a meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is using the phrase "count it as an adventure" figuratively to mean that they view their travels and time away from home as an exciting experience for the family, rather than just a regular trip.

What does the speaker mean by "count it as an adventure"?

Answer: Exciting


Yeah. Well, I mean, as you said, Dorian was moving west across the Caribbean toward Puerto Rico. But as of this evening, Puerto Rico's main island has been spared a direct hit. The storm did pass over two small island municipalities off of Puerto Rico's eastern coast, Vieques and Culebra, and also caused widespread power outages in the U. S.  Virgin Islands. Just a little while ago, the National Weather Service lifted its hurricane and tropical storm warnings for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. But as you mentioned, forecasters now say that Dorian is heading toward Florida and could be a dangerous Category 3 hurricane affecting that state by this weekend.

We said that you're in Puerto Rico's capital, San Juan. Can you just give us an idea of how things are looking there?

It's cloudy, a little rainy but mostly calm at this point. The streets are empty because, you know, schools and government offices closed, and most businesses closed today too. Some of the only people out on the streets are security guards. The plan was to have schools and government offices closed through tomorrow, but the governor has now reversed that decision because things seem to have been - are calm now and there's no longer a big risk here in Puerto Rico.

OK. So it sounds like Puerto Rico might have avoided the worst with this storm. But, you know, there are still two months left in the Atlantic hurricane season. It's been almost two years since Hurricane Maria. How prepared is Puerto Rico to handle another big storm, should one come?

turn 1 : Reporter is asking about current situation in San Juan, not just asking for an idea.

Which word indicates that the reporter is asking for more than just an idea of the current situation in San Juan?

Answer: More


Yes. The big topic, of course, is what he'll say about the president's unfounded claims that Barack Obama wiretapped his phones. He has also accused British intelligence of wiretapping his phones on behalf of Barack Obama. There's been no evidence produced for those claims. The British have pushed back against them strongly. People on the Hill say they have not seen any evidence of this, and Comey will be asked about that first and foremost.

OK.  And over at the Senate, the first hearings for President Trump's nomination for the Supreme Court - what kind of reception is he going to get?

Well, that's going to be the big event of the week. Neil Gorsuch, who has been nominated by Donald Trump, is going to be asked a lot of questions about his views on executive power, about Donald Trump's comments disparaging judges and the entire court system. This is one of Donald Trump's most important early initiatives. The Republicans have 52 votes in the Senate. They say if they have to change the rules so they won't need 60 to confirm him, they will do that. So it's going to be very, very hard for the Democrats to stop him. But this is just the first of many, many judicial vacancies that Donald Trump will have the opportunity to fill because of the age of judges on the bench right now and the number of vacancies.

And something else we're looking at, obviously, is what's happening on Thursday - a much anticipated vote in the House. They're voting on the repeal-and-replace legislation for Obamacare. Does Speaker Ryan have the votes?

turn 2 : This turn has a literal meaning of altering or modifying established regulations or guidelines. However, in this context, it is used to refer to the Republicans' willingness to change the Senate rules to confirm Gorsuch with a simple majority vote rather than the usual 60-vote threshold required for Supreme Court nominees.

What is the Republicans' plan if they have to change the rules to confirm Gorsuch?

Answer: Rules


He gave him something called Ward's White Drops which didn't do anything. The poor bishop died a few months later, and Dr.  Hunter was the one who performed the autopsy. And he collected the bishop's rectum for whatever reasons and he preserved them in formaldehyde. And when he started his museum, it became one of the main things on exhibit and it's still there.

Hmm. For - yeah, for all of us to take a look at.

Mm-hmm.

What made this an outstanding candidate?Just the story like that, for your. . .

turn 0 : The drops did not help the bishop's condition which eventually led to his death. Dr. Hunter collected and preserved the bishop's rectum, which became a prominent exhibit in his museum.

Which part of the bishop's body did Dr. Hunter preserve in formaldehyde?

Answer: Rectum


And Mr.  Cohen has had his brushes with the criminal justice system before, hasn't he?

Well, I don't think it's fair to say that he has. I think that there are many people around him who have, ranging from members of his family to myriad business associates - associates of his in the taxi business. When he first got out of law school and started working as a personal injury lawyer in, I think, 1992 or 1993, the first job he took was with a personal injury law firm where the named partner was arrested on bribery charges within a year or two of Michael having arrived there. Now, Michael was a junior associate. You know, I wouldn't want to imply that somehow that related to him, but that was the first known instance of many that followed of Mr.  Cohen being around or being involved with people that got into a lot of legal trouble - other lawyers, business associates and so forth.

In the 30 seconds we have left, is he - is Michael Cohen in a position to know a lot about Donald Trump and The Trump Organization that they might rather not have the public know?

I think that's right. But I think we have to make a distinction between knowing a lot that they might not want the public to know to having information that represents evidence that can be used in a criminal prosecution, whether it's of people at The Trump Organization, Mr.  Trump's family or Mr.  Trump himself, who likely wouldn't be indicted under any circumstances because he's the sitting president.

turn 1 : Michael Cohen has been associated with people who have gotten into legal trouble

Which law firm did Michael Cohen join after graduating from law school?

Answer: unnamed


This seems to be something that President Trump does a lot. He doubles down on controversial comments.

And digs in. When someone tells him he's wrong, he especially digs in.

Yeah. Let's turn to trade now. There are reports that this administration is close to a new round of tariffs on Chinese goods, while they are still opening a new round of talks with Beijing. So what is going on?How should we read this?

Well, there might be something of a disconnect between the president and others in his administration. Others in his administration want to resolve what has been an escalating and ongoing trade dispute with China. What's being discussed here are $200 billion in tariffs on Chinese products. It isn't official yet, but according to many reports, it is coming. The question is whether these tariffs are a means to an end, the idea that you would be tightening the screws on China to get them to change their behavior and that then these tariffs would be dropped, or whether it's an end in itself.

turn 3 : Screws are not literally being tightened on China. It just means that increased political and economic pressure is being placed on the country.

How are the screws being tightened on China?

Answer: Pressure


We're coming over the initial shock. It's a very strange situation to live in one of the wealthiest countries in the world. And we have been living in more luxury than almost any other nation on this planet, and now all of a sudden we find ourselves almost like beggars.

You talk about the swift difference between being so wealthy to now being in a totally different place. Is this what everyone - is the average person going through something like this?Or is this just a select few that went from being so wealthy to so not wealthy?

The general public here has been very, very well off. But now people that are starting to lose their jobs - hundreds of people that used to work in the banks have been losing their jobs recently. We know that a lot of companies are going to become bankrupt. We had almost no unemployment in the past years. We've been importing workers from Eastern Europe because we didn't have enough people to work in our companies.

So, how are people coping with this?Are they selling off their belongings?What are they doing?

turn 2 : The speaker explains that even though the general public has been well off, many people are starting to lose their jobs and companies are becoming bankrupt, leading to an increase in unemployment.

How has the recent economic situation affected employment?

Answer: Incorporating


Yeah.

You're just sitting there going, wow!You know, if you just do a double take, you're like, that's him on screen. It was amazing. Just the way he held the mic, the way he stood in front of the mic, all of it was so much of Biggie.

I have to say, I can't wait to see it. I got a chance to interview Biggie at one of the big awards shows, like, 10, 12 - no, it's longer than that. Anyway, I'm old. But anyway.

Yeah, we all are.

turn 1 : double take means to look at something again because you are surprised

Which word describes how "B" felt about the interview with Biggie?

Answer: Excited


Tell me how you grew up.

Well, my grandparents raised me. When their - they had - they've been foster parents for as long as I can remember. And I was actually the first child other than their own that they actually took care of, and they raised me since I was six months old.

Although my mom lived there as well, she was always - you know, raised me as well, but I lived in their house. I always kept myself around something musical, whether it was being in a play where I played the drunk daughter, or sneaking out to the studio to make a, you know, a demo that never became anything. But you know, it was all a part of what I felt I needed to do beyond, you know, those - that house and beyond church. You know, I was always looking for something to do outside of that - of those four walls.

In this book, you talk about some really rough times you went through. Being held out a window by an abusive boyfriend who threatened to drop you to your death, being beat up, being manipulated. Why do you feel that it was important to put all that in the book?

turn 2 : B pursued music and activities outside of his grandparents' house and church.

How did PersonB spend their time outside of their grandparents' house and church?

Answer: Music


Here's a small piece of the big picture. We ask you our listeners to write in with stories about how you're doing these days financially. We call the series The Real Economy. We've heard from more than a 150 people, among them Jon Diebold in Cincinnati. Jon, what station do you hear our show on there?

91. 7 WVXU.

Well, thanks for listening. And you lead a pretty busy life there at work and at home. You own a small restaurant. How are things?

Well, it's been rough. The economy, I think, is affecting everyone and certainly those with discretionary disposable income.

Yeah. Do you do a lunch business there?

turn 3 : The restaurant is experiencing a decline in business due to the current economic situation

Which business is being affected by the current economic situation?

Answer: Restaurant


Can you help us chart out who has said what about whom?

Let me tell you what my friend Nell Minow said. She's a well-known critic of boards and observer of boards, and she said about the HP board: Is there something in the water, in which ostensibly smart people, time after time after time stub their toe?This time around, the CEO, Leo Apotheker, had bought this company, Autonomy, for $11 billion. Leo's been fired and they've written down eight billion of that $11 billion, partly in acknowledgment that the company was never worth what they originally said and partly because they're claiming accounting fraud, although the former CEO of Autonomy is vociferously saying it's not true. It's really unbelievable.

And this isn't the first time the lid's been lifting on HP.

No, it hasn't. You remember the pretexting scandal, where they were trying to track down leaks, the board was trying to track down who was leaking, and they pretexted phone companies to get phone records of reporters?You remember the big fight over Compaq computer where the children of the founders of HP, you know, opposed the deal and eventually had to leave the board?You remember the sex scandal involving Mark Hurd, two CEOs ago?

turn 1 : Implied meaning: Nell Minow believes the board of HP is incompetent for repeatedly making bad decisions, such as the purchase of Autonomy for $11 billion which has been written down to $8 billion.

Answer: $11,billion


I was listening back to some of the pieces that you've done in the past couple of months as we prepare for this broadcast. One of the things that China may have to change is the role of its banks. Banks like to take very few risks if possible, and that means investing in those big state-owned industries that have - well, they may not be spectacular returns anymore, but they are reliable.

Yeah. The banks do extremely well. You and I could sit back and run those banks and be very, very wealthy, though, communist.

The government sets the interest rates and so the banks can make a lot money. And if you're a Chinese person, you can't really get much of your capital out of the country. So where else are you going to put it?

One of the problems with the banks is that they tend to invest in state-owned enterprises. It's kind of part of their job, and it's less risky. But most of the jobs in China are really produced by private enterprise, as they are here in the United States. And it's much harder for them to get capital. So people are, in many ways, feelings that the economy is out of whack in a number ways and that there need to be some serious changes. The government knows this, but there are now very strong vested interests in state-owned enterprises and the banks. And so getting that done is not going to be easy politically.

turn 2 : Chinese citizens have limited investment options due to government regulations

How are Chinese citizens affected by government regulations?

Answer: reconnected


Absolutely. This is probably one of the most consequential elections in Israel in the last 10 years, since Netanyahu has been in power.

Daniel, thanks so much.

You're welcome.

That's NPR's Daniel Estrin.

turn 1 : None of the turns have implied meanings that are different from their literal meanings. They all convey their literal meanings without any hidden or implied messages.

What is the name of the reporter mentioned in turn 3?

Answer: Daniel


Do you think what we've seen over the past couple of weeks represents some kind of tipping point in the way people think about guns?

Probably not, unfortunately. I mean, after - Sandy Hook was about the worst thing that could ever possibly happen. And it didn't substantially change the tone of this debate. What is different is when you mix an ISIS story, which is what we have now, with a gun-control story. Maybe that's what's going to change things.

The idea that people who may not have been able to get on an airplane were able to acquire guns.

Right, right, right. We have zero tolerance for Islamic - Islamic State terrorism. We seem to have a certain level of tolerance for a certain number of school shootings a year. So - I'm sorry to say it, but it's true. And so maybe that's what tips this debate. But I don't see any one incident tipping the debate in the way you're suggesting.

turn 3 : In (4) the speaker is implying that the US has a higher level of tolerance for school shootings than for terrorism.

How does the speaker view the US's tolerance for school shootings versus terrorism?

Answer: Higher


Exactly. Well, they, you know, they have a head start in knowing at least that they're meant to be living in the nervous system, which means that there's a little bit of built-in safety and stability that may not quite exist in cells. They can become and kind cell to.

And how long are they effective for in the life of the mice they're injected into?

Well, in the mice that we've looked at, they were effective throughout the lifespan of the animal. So they were present, having their action and, you know, ultimately the animals do die. But it raises the question of, well, what about if we re-dose the animals?Would we have an even longer effect?Would we increase even the area that the stem cells were able to engraft in?Would we have a better effect?You know, that is where the investigations now need to go.

All right. Dr.  Snyder, thank you for taking time to be with is today and happy holiday to you.

turn 2 : Further investigation needed to determine if stem cells can have longer effects

Which question is raised about re-dosing animals with stem cells?

Answer: Effect


The best story.

Just another story.

Really quickly, the New York Jets have announced their new head coach, Bill, and I know that that is a subject of your next wonderful column. Give us a sneak preview.

Well, yeah. Buddy Ryan's son, Rex Ryan, had his first conference yesterday, and you know, he was so enthusiastic I was ready to snap on the pass.

turn 2 : "and I know that that is the subject of your next wonderful column" implies that the next column written should be about that subject

How did PersonB describe PersonA's next column topic?

Answer: Subject


And why did it bother you that so many church leaders didn't mention the obvious, that the Pulse was a gay nightclub?

Well, it seemed a real failure to try to understand that community. One of my theology professors said that in the Gospels, for Jesus, sin is often a failure to bother to love. And it seemed to me a failure to bother to love this particular community in their real moment of grief.

You quote with approval the words of an Australian bishop who says quote, "we cannot talk about the integrity of creation, the universal and inclusive love of God, while at the same time colluding with the forces of oppression and the ill-treatment of racial minorities, women and homosexual persons. "

Why is that statement even remotely controversial to some?

turn 2 : You quote with approval the words of an Australian bishop who says quote, "we cannot talk about the integrity of creation, the universal and inclusive love of God, while at the same time colluding with the forces of oppression and the ill-treatment of racial minorities, women, and homosexual persons."

What did the Australian bishop say about the forces of oppression and ill-treatment of certain groups?

Answer: Oppression


To occur at the same time. . .

Exactly.

. . . Which, of course, would deplete the emergency resources the city could bring to it. In the. . .

turn 0 : Yeah, Scott, well it began with - you know, it was a warm night last night, and people were out - it was a Friday night - sitting at a restaurant out at a cafe. And that's how it started. The attackers drove by with Kalashnikovs and just fired into everyone at that outdoor cafe. And there was also an attack on the stadium - the national stadium - where Francois Hollande was watching a game - a friendly game - match between France and Germany - a soccer match. And two assailants blew themselves up with - they were suicide bombers outside the stadium. And everyone ran to the grass to take cover. There was complete chaos. It had to be evacuated. The thing authorities are saying that's so striking is that they were perfectly coordinated.

How did the attackers initiate the attack?

Answer: Kalashnikovs


How was that?

Well, it was astonishing. I think that the grown-ups around us were much too confused themselves to be able to sort of sit down and tell us that when they said that television sets belong to Satan, maybe they hadn't been right. Suddenly, we've got a television set in our house. Suddenly, we've got a radio. . .

Oh, boy.

. . . (Laughter) In our house. And suddenly, we're being taken to go and see "Gone With The Wind" in the cinema.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: Amused disbelief at the sudden change in the status quo.

Which emotion did PersonA express after the change in the status quo?

Answer: Amused


Mr.  DAVID M.  KENNEDY (Director, Center for Crime Prevention and Control): Hello.

So what's this "stop snitching" culture about?

Race.

What do you mean by that?That's a very blunt answer.

turn 2 : The 'stop snitching' culture is related to the issue of race.

How is the 'stop snitching' culture connected to?

Answer: Race


That was just - what I did, I picked students that I've had in class before. I'm a business education teacher. So I made sure they were students that really were comfortable with the computer and they could get the information that I needed. So I really just gave them - I rented my classroom out for - actually I did it for two Saturdays. And I had five students come in each time. And I just gave them topics that I wanted questions about. And then I just had one or two of those students verify the information, and then I went back over and I verified it as well.

You've got a company now called Jornic DVD Games. What are your plans in terms of the company?Are you going to try and put out more titles?

Absolutely. After - I'm looking at putting out one more title before the Christmas holiday, but I haven't decided. I'm looking at a couple, but I haven't made a decision yet.

You're still going to teach, and you're going to try to design more games. Are you afraid that, you know, are you afraid of losing your shirt in business?Because you know, there's nothing guaranteed.

turn 0 : A rented out her classroom to students to collect information for her business.

What did PersonA do to collect information for her business?

Answer: Rent


What's a fuel hedge?Explain that.

A fuel hedge is basically a financial contract that you buy in the commodity market where you essentially pre-buying fuel. So Southwest CEO, Gary Kelly, back in 2003, as the U. S.  was preparing to go to war in Iraq, just decided that the war in the Middle East wasn't probably good for oil prices, and he went out and bought a lot of oil ahead of time. Pre-bought it, and that has paid off in billions of dollars of profits for the airline.

And this continues from 2003?Do they continue to buy fuel ahead?Because the price of oil over the last year, I mean, it keeps going up and up. At some point you would think they would say we're not going to buy anymore.

You know it's fascinating because a lot of people thought Southwest hedges would fade out. They did make that big bet when prices were in the 30's, but they kept buying and they have continued to buy. They have most of their oil bought for this year at about 57 dollars a barrel. If you don't have hedges, you're right now paying about 120 something dollars a barrel. And they've bought fuel all the way out to 2012 as of today.

turn 2 : Southwest has continued to buy fuel ahead despite the rising oil prices over the years

Which airline has most of its oil bought for this year at about 57 dollars a barrel?

Answer: Southwest


Well, if it's $135 million cut this year, I can envision an entire university being closed.

Meaning having to shut an entire campus.

We have three universities in our system and 13 community colleges all across the state. And so 135 million would be one of our universities and all of our community campuses.

What else in the immediate term are you considering doing or are you already doing to comply with this budget cut?

turn 1 : Closing an entire campus is one possible consequence.

Answer: Closing


They do but it's almost imperceptible. They're - they have pretty soft body for ants and unless they get you in a very sensitive part, you can't even feel it. But in fire ants - fire ants have a stinger so they sting. So that's what the painful part of a fire ant sting is.

What's the future of these guys?Do you think that they're going to populate the whole South?I mean is there any limit to their migration?

Well, there are several limits, and we don't know what a lot of them are yet. One very important limit in the short term is that they do - they don't have winged dispersal. So they don't send out ants - winged ants to form new colonies, which means their spread is quite slow over land, about 200 meters a year radially.

So the only way that they can colonize distant places is when people pick them up and move them, which unfortunately people do a lot. And they do it because these ants like to live in these pre-existing cavities, like flower pots or plywoods you left on the ground too long or old boxes. So that's one limitation to their spread. Others are that - are abiotic(ph) limitations like freeze tolerance and drought tolerance. And we don't know yet what those are for this species.

turn 3 : They like to live in holes of things such as pots and the ground.

Which objects do the ants prefer to live in?

Answer: Holes


And if the court - the judges in the court find him insane, that would, he believes, invalidate his political arguments.

Yeah. It seems like that. Normal, it's considered to be less of punishment or it's actually, technically, it's not the punishment if they sentence you to - sentence you as an insane man and put you in a hospital because then you then aren't responsible for what you did. Anders Breivik, however, wants to be considered as a person who know - knew what he did on the 22nd of July.

And has scoffed at the conceivable punishment. As I understand it, he could get 21 years in jail if convicted and found sane and that he says, wait a minute, either I should be acquitted or I should be put to death.

Yeah. Instead that - but we can't really put anyone to death in Norway, but it's correct that there are maximum - maximum punishment is 21 years. But we also have what we call - I've been looking for the correct English expression, and I think it's called containment, which is a system where a person that is considered to be a threat even after a certain period of time, he can actually be held in prison indeterminate because the - we can't - it's not really considered safe to let him out again in the society.

turn 2 : Breivik hopes that being found insane will invalidate his political arguments and be a way for him to avoid punishment.

What punishment could Anders Breivik face if he is convicted and found sane?

Answer: 21


Yeah. So, I mean, you know, I had gotten drunk once or twice. I actually bartended one of my mother's parties for her - the faculty of the English department of the local college. And I loved. . .

He always makes that point.

Well, I was 12, you know, I was old enough to serve alcohol. You didn't have to be. . .

You were bartending at the age of 12?

Which party did PersonA serve as a bartender for?

Answer: English


No, because the guys used to sit on the porch and play their guitars and (unintelligible). And then would beat to the tap of their foot. So I kind of adapted that tanta-ta-tan-tum, tanta-ta-tan-tum(ph). I mean, because - I mean, my people - my relatives, most of them were from Jackson, Mississippi. So when they migrated to Indianapolis, they kind of brought a lot of that feeling.

When he said write a hit, that one song people know me all over the world, in Russia, Africa, Japan, all over the world, people, the first thing they say when they see me, "Red Clay. "

In the course of your career, you had, obviously, highs and you had some lows, and they've been described as personal problems. Without going into detail, are we to assume that those problems were substance abuse related?

Well, substance abuse, I wouldn't really say I had a problem with that. I mean, I would say that at one period in the '70s, I started partying, I was in Hollywood A-list(ph). And everybody would come up there, I mean, all kind of movie stars, all kind of football stars, basketball stars, actors. And I had a spot right there in (unintelligible) overlooking the (unintelligible). And the people that I had coming up there - now, the substance abuse, it was around because a lot of people who would come to see me would bring it. But I would never really say I had a habit or anything like that.

turn 2 : My lows were not due to substance abuse.

Answer: Substance


After he infected you?

Yeah, yeah.

So, let me get this straight. He infected you. You went back to him, and then he didn't want to be associated with you because other people knew about you?

Right. And he was scared his own status would be revealed. They would, you know, he was scared people would think, oh, she got it from him, and things like that.

What was it that you think made you go back to him when many other people would say I'm so angry I want to smack this guy up the head, or worse?

turn 4 : smack implies giving the person a quick blow or slap

How did PersonB suggest physically punishing the guy in turn 4?

Answer: smack


I have no idea where my sister is. I heard my aunt was released from the distant relatives, but I have no information on my sister.

So do you have any sense of what their lives have been like in these camps that they were sent to?Do you know for sure that they were sent to camps?

I assume that they are in the camps because I hear many people - such as my sister, they are just disappearing. I don't know what kind of condition that my sister is being held. But I know the conditions of the camps. We have been talking to former detainees who's been released from these camps. People there facing forced indoctrinations, mental and physical abuses, forced to take unknown medicines, food and the sleep deprivations. The conditions are extremely bad.

I mean, it's not only the people who are in these camps whose lives have been affected by this crackdown by the Chinese government. It's also the lives of people who are just living in Xinjiang. Can you describe what daily life is like for them?

The people in the entire region is facing Orwellian-style-like police state. They are being monitored 24 hours a day. There are news reports that 1. 1 million Chinese cadres deployed to the Uighur homes to live with.

Officials who are just sitting there in the homes. . .

turn 4 : The entire region is under heavy surveillance by the Chinese government

How is the situation in the entire region?

Answer: Damage


Yes. The, quote, unquote - they said my family still stays in Pakistan, and I will inherit a little amount of money when my parents pass away and that my fiance still lives in Pakistan. And these are the reasons that they knew - even my recruiters knew even before I joined the U. S.  military. If they wanted to deny me, they could have denied me at the time of recruitment. But they made me wait two and a half years in limbo. And that impacted my studies a lot.

And I gather this week the U. S.  Army reinstated more than 30 recruits. But were you one of them?

I was not. The memo from the Department of Defense said that all the recruits who got discharged after July 20, they will be reinstated. And I got discharged on July 1. So it does not make any sense why the people after July 20 can get reinstated and not me.

How do you feel?

turn 0 : A's family and fiance being in Pakistan were used as excuses to discriminate against them in the military

Which country's military was PersonA discriminated against in?

Answer: U.S.


Greetings.

The WHO says the crisis is worse than they'd estimated. What are you hearing?

Indeed. And Keiji Fukuda of the WHO is warning that the speed and the spread of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa is unprecedented. And he says it has never spread as fast and over such a large area. We're talking about four countries. It started in Guinea and then crossed the border into Sierra Leone and then Liberia with a few cases in Nigeria, Africa's most populous nation. And he cites factors such as families hiding sick relative, as you said, Scott, instead of taking them early to Ebola health centers, which, of course, gives them the best chance of survival. And the WHO describes what it calls shadow zones. That medical workers cannot enter because of resistance from communities. And we've seen problems like that in Liberia - the hardest hit of the countries.

And what countries are blocking entry to travelers and how is that likely to affect them?

turn 3 : Literally, turn (4) is asking for information about which countries are blocking entry to travelers and how that will affect them. However, the implied meaning is that B is concerned about the impact of travel restrictions on those countries and possibly on the global effort to contain the Ebola epidemic.

How is PersonB feeling about the impact of travel restrictions on the countries affected by the Ebola epidemic and the global effort to contain it?

Answer: Concerned


How are you doing?

Hello, Farai. How are you?

Oh, I'm good. You know, we've run in full tilt here. So, let's start with the Democrats. For months, Senator Clinton had held a comfortable lead over Senator Obama, nationally. All caveats about polls in place. What happened to their relative standing?

Hillary Clinton was over 50 percent in some polls in 2007, and then in - even in January - even after Barack Obama had shocked her in Iowa, she still maintained a 15 to 20-point lead in most polls taken nationally because Barack Obama had not yet been introduced to much of the country, and it was still kind of one-sided contest. But over the last couple of weeks, particularly since the South Carolina win really re-launched to the Obama momentum, he's been not just creeping up, he's been absolutely climbing up, and he has been taking over more and more states. And as a result, now even the national poll is reflecting that this race is too close to call - it's a statistical dead heat.

turn 2 : Implicated meaning: We have been extremely busy or working at full capacity.

Which word describes the speed at which they have been operating?

Answer: Busy


You've written that News Inside is your way of not forgetting the people who you left behind when you were released. Explain what you meant by that.

I always say that there's people who become who they are on the inside. They develop into real-life human beings with hopes and dreams and their visions of the world, and they love each other. And they become family even more so than their family on the outside because a person haven't seen his mom, his aunt or uncle on a consistent basis for decades.

But yet a person sees his neighbor in a cell next door on a consistent basis. So bonds are developed. And when some of those individuals eventually go home, it's like losing a family member. Like, I would actually feel pain when someone would leave me. And sometimes some of the men would go in their cell, turn their lights off, and then they were crying tears because they're going to miss the person that was leaving. And when people left me, I always hoped that they wouldn't forget, that they would write me a letter so I can live vicariously through them and dream of what it's like to be free.

So I can't reach everyone in the country with a letter, but I could reach everyone through News Inside. I can curate a particular set of articles that I believe will speak to all those desires that everyone has and hopefully sate those desires in any way that I can.

turn 1 : "There's people who become who they are on the inside."  This turn is a figurative expression that means some people change and grow emotionally and mentally while incarcerated.

What does PersonA say about the people who become who they are on the inside?

Answer: Change


We are ecstatic about all the attention we're getting. I mean, we're actually accustomed of making I guess the decision of nominating the first, you know, woman candidate for president or African-American candidate for president, and - or even on the Republican side, nominating that person; who is going to get the nomination for the Republican side. That's all I bring here first. And so we're just really elated to have all that kind of attention and really basking in their joy, you know, right now.

Tell us about what political party you like and what's important to you?

I'm non-partisan. I'm an independent voter. I'm a conservative businessman, I mean, I own my own business. And my leanings are towards whatever politician's going to address a lot of my issues, which is, you know, health care, education, especially I have three teenagers and those type of issues. But again, I'm just so happy to be able to be choosing between a woman and an African-American and a white guy…

…for president.

turn 2 : e turn in (3) implies that the speaker does not have a strong allegiance to any particular political party and is more concerned with the issues that affect them personally.

Answer: Personal


You note when Turkey failed to prosecute this man and then your office did prosecute this man that you became a kind of social media hero in Turkey. You got a huge following. Apparently. . .

Yeah. Completely undeserved. As I said, other people had done the work. But I became a symbol. And I say, look, the prosecutors are not saviors. They can't solve everything. It takes an involvement from a lot of other people. It just happens to be the case that it's very easy to put, you know, their hopes and hatreds both, sometimes, in the figure of a prosecutor.

Are people putting too much faith in Robert Mueller?

People should have a lot of faith in Robert Mueller. I have a ton of faith in Robert Mueller. I think, you know, he is not a deity and he should not be put on a pedestal, but there's no one I can think of in the country who could have done this job as honorably as he's doing. And even he has been attacked and dragged through the mud and false accusations made about him. What I'm saying is he's just a lawman acting by the book trying to do what he thinks is correct with a band of really, really smart, I think, honorable people around him.

turn 2 : Mueller should be respected and trusted, even though he has been wrongfully attacked and criticized.

Which lawman should be respected and trusted despite false accusations?

Answer: Mueller


People call out sick, and they actually monitor how much an impact the video game has for the movies that were released, for how many people called out sick, and whether work or productivity goes down. So this isn't, you know, an isolated event.

You were mentioning the violence of some of the previous versions. Is it still the kind of game where, for example, you can shoot a police officer virtually?

Yeah. Absolutely it still is that type of game. I mean, this is a mature-rated game, which means, theoretically, that you cannot purchase this game unless you are 17 or older. So, it does have violence. It does have partial nudity in the game. And one thing that's caught some attention by the Mothers Against Drunk Driving in the game is - there is a component, or an element, where you can actually - you make a choice however, whether or not you grab a drink at a bar, and then go driving and then the screen simulates what that experience would be like. And so Mothers against Drunk Driving have stepped out on that.

But this is an adult title. There is - on the box, it says there's alcohol. There's drugs. There's partial nudity, intense violence. So you really want to be concerned if, you know, younger audiences are playing this game, you'd better make sure their maturity level can handle it.

turn 3 : YOUNGERS DOESN'T KNOW THE IMPACTS OF VIDEO GAMES AND IT AFFECT THEIR MATURITY LEVEL

What does the box say about the content of the game?

Answer: Content


Is there a danger of South Koreans becoming too complacent?

I think that they do talk about that. But there's also reality, which is when you have this incredibly materialistic society, it's literally a, you know, (speaking Korean) style (speaking Korean) land, then, you know, the reality of this war with this nation under Kim Jong Un kind of doesn't strike anyone as a realistic thing. And, yes, there is a danger to it. But at the same time, life does go on. And life is a very, very, very fast and active one in South Korea.

So we've been talking about war. What about peace?Do the South Koreans even think about the possibility of detente anymore, the possibility of the border reopening?

I mean, I think the issue of one Korea reunification is one of those politically manipulated one. You know, the left parties used it. The right has used it, certainly, in South Korea. So it's almost like this sort of symbol whenever they need to use sort of national security in order to unite people or get their agenda across. So it's almost become a tired one, where everyone - if you were to talk to them and you interview South Koreans, they'll all say, reunification is necessary. Do they want it?They would pause. Do they want to pay for 25 million North Koreans?Do they want refugees?They don't really want that.

turn 1 : The reality of the war with North Korea does not seem like a realistic threat to South Koreans due to their fast-paced and materialistic lifestyle.

What is the reason South Koreans do not perceive the threat of war with North Korea?

Answer: Lifestyle


Yeah.

And so - especially in the 24/7 cable environment, where you're desperate for eyeballs, you know, which would you rather see, somebody who's methodically and deliberately laying out the science of climate change or two people yelling at each other and getting. . .

Yeah.

. . . into a fight. So unfortunately, the media itself has some structural issues that make it harder to have a reasonable conversation.

turn 2 : (3) implies agreement with the previous statement and reinforces the idea that the media environment has structural issues that prevent reasonable conversations.

Which turn agrees with the idea that the media has some structural issues that hinder reasonable conversations?

Answer: Turn3


I've been embedded with U. S.  troops. And, as I don't have to tell you, you know, it's close quarters out there - in all ways - and soldiers are exposed to each other in all kinds of intimate ways. Does mixing genders just add an extra complication that combat can do without?

You know, I was forward deployed with Delta Force. I slept in some pretty crappy places, for lack of a better term. Is it a little bit of extra effort?Sure. You know, I'm not going to say that it's not. But when you look at the benefit, when you look at what you're losing, OK, the qualified, talented, amazing, remarkable women who walk into a recruiter's office and want to serve their country and are told you can serve your country but you have to pick from one of these jobs. It's just that you're a woman. But you know what?Every step of progress along the way in the history of our country, there have been people who have tried to make it more difficult, you know, integrated, racially or in any other, you know, situation that we've had to take a step forward in progress. There have been people that have made it more difficult. But the benefit just far outweighs.

Major Mary Jennings Hegar. Thanks so much.

Thank you so much.

turn 2 : (3) implies that Major Mary Jennings Hegar is being thanked and acknowledged for her efforts in making progress for integrating genders in combat.

How was Major Mary Jennings Hegar acknowledged in the dialogue?

Answer: Hegar


The flu hits with the regularity of seasons. But it's hard to know when it will peak, and how it might spread. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention want to forecast yearly bouts of influenza the way that meteorologists predict storms. So they've set up a contest every two weeks through March, in which competing teams submit predictions for when the flu will peak and how intense it will be.

Mark Dredze is a professor of computer science at the Johns Hopkins University. He analyzes social media data, to try to learn about health trends. Professor Dredze, thanks so much for being with us.

I'm happy to be here.

So how do you use social media to make a prediction on a medical matter?

turn 3 :  implies a respectful and inquisitive inquiry into how Professor Dredge uses social media to make predictions.

How does Professor Dredze utilize social media data to forecast the onset of the flu?

Answer: Data


I'm looking to see if we can use this talent to save elephants and our other wildlife. If we can use these elephant to help find areas with landmines and clear them faster than current methods, then that's fantastic. By bringing in samples to the elephant and getting them to say yes, this area might have landmines and this area has a high likelihood of not having landmines - just clearing land a bit quicker - maybe we could open up areas to wildlife and humans alike. Then we wanted to look past it. They're using dogs to detect cancer. They're using dogs to detect diseases. And if we could use our elephant to do the same, then hopefully we can save a lot of people.

Do you - is to work with elephants to become awed by them?

I must admit I've had elephants since I was 7 years old and there isn't a day that doesn't go past when I am not blown away by them. They are incredible animals. They're highly intelligent. They're good fun to be around and, yeah, to be awed by them is putting it lightly. They really are very, very special animals. It's hard to put that across to somebody on the other side of the world, but when you work with them and play with them every day, you'll have a special feeling for them, which is amazing.

Sean Hensman is operator of Adventures with Elephants in Bela-Bela, South Africa. Thanks so much for being with us.

turn 2 : This implies that  implies that A has a deep admiration and respect for elephants that goes beyond being simply awed by them.

Which feeling does PersonA have for elephants?

Answer: Feeling


Hudson is confident that Broadway Federal Bank won't be harmed by the recent spate of bankruptcies and bailouts. Though the bank specializes in real estate and caters to minority investors, it never got caught up in the subprime mortgage game that has become the downfall of other banks.

In order to play in that game, you had to have large volumes and small margins, which has made mortgages like commodities. So the Countrywides, the WAMUs, the big mortgage companies, you would lose your shirt trying to compete with it. So, really, the small banks had to stand on the sidelines while a lot of money was being made by churning these loans and fees, and people were making huge amounts of money, banks were very profitable, and we weren't able to participate. But now, you know, the kind of like slow and steady feels very good right now.

Now, Hudson says he's starting to get a lot more calls from people who want to put their money in Broadway Federal.

Here's what used to happen in the old days. People would only put 100,000 dollars in Broadway because they knew that was the maximum FDIC insurance. They put a million dollars in Bank of America. They figured, well, I only - because Bank of America only has the same insurance as we do, only a 100,000. So they left 900,000 dollars uninsured because they said, well, that's Bank of America. I'm only worried about Broadway. I'm not worried about Bank of America.

turn 0 : Broadway Federal Bank is in a better position than other banks because it did not get involved in subprime mortgages.

What type of loans caused the downfall of other banks?

Answer: Subprime