Passe blanc - it's a phrase well-known in color-conscious corners of the black community. American literature is chock full of stories of light-skinned black folks passing for white. But, whites passing for black?That's a phenomena not so well mapped. History has provided us with examples of white entertainers in black face, and white artist performing black music form from R&B to rap. But, whites who have actually sought to become blacks, some of them successfully, is the subject of a new and fascinating book by Baz Dreisinger, excuse me. It's called "Near Black: White to Black, Passing in American Culture. "Baz, welcome to News &Notes.

Thanks for having me.

You call whites passing as blacks "white passers. "Central to this notion of white passing is proximity as you say in the book, let's talk about what you mean. Is that like blackness rubbing off on people?

It is, really. It starts in the 19th century as a kind of anxiety about black becoming closer to white, sometimes physically, sometimes metaphorically with the end of slavery, and it transforms into this notion that somehow, proximity to blackness has a kind of contagious character. And contagion is a metaphor that's used quite often in the narratives, and in the discourse surrounding white people passing for black, that the idea that being close can somehow transform one's racial identity.

turn 2 : The culture and character of black people can be obtained from them if you get too close

What is the title of the book discussed in the dialogue that focuses on whites who successfully pass as black?

Answer: NearBlack


What - the more typical word that I hear from younger evangelicals is a sense of not knowing what to do. Many of them can't in good conscience vote for either Donald Trump or Hillary Clinton. And I think that it's going to take several months before we even know what the answer to that is going to be.

Can you explain what part of Donald Trump's message is working with religious voters so that they would overlook maybe even some of their basic Christian beliefs to support him?

Well, I think it is the fact that many religious conservatives believe that the Republican Party has not only taken them for granted but made fun of them behind closed doors. And so I've heard from those who are supporting Trump their vote for Trump is really a vote to kind of shut the entire system down and start all over again. I think that's a very common sentiment.

Russell Moore of the Southern Baptist Convention, thanks so much for joining us.

turn 0 : "not knowing what to do" - the literal meaning is that they are unsure of what actions to take, but the actual meaning could be that they are struggling to reconcile their religious beliefs with their political choices.

How are younger evangelicals feeling conflicted about their political choices?

Answer: Conflicted


I am. I am. Otherwise I would've been scared to go fishing at the fishing places I was going to. Or I would've been scared to go hang out with my friends at the end of this road in the field, like, you know I'm saying?I didn't think - I didn't have to think about those things. I just got to be me and form my own opinions.

(Singing) See, I'm black. I'm not white, but I'm that. No. No. I'm this, right?I'm one drop of three-fifths, right?

Toward the end, you're questioning. You're like, wait, I'm this?No. I'm that?No. I'm one drop of three-fifths?And it struck me as unusual for you - an unusual way to deliver a song. Do you have questions about your identity?Are there things that, for you, are still not answered?

Well, to me, growing up, I was just an oddity no matter where I went. It was like - you feel me?

turn 1 : The speaker is expressing frustration with the limitations imposed on them by their identity.

What is the PersonA's feeling towards their identity?

Answer: Frustration


So it's not unusual for hospitals to sue patients for unpaid medical bills, but there's so much striking about this situation. Like, what are some of the things where - that stands out about this about how unusual this is?

So Methodist is really aggressive in their use of the courts to collect on these debts. Once they get a judgment, they will hound a patient from low-wage job to low-wage job to try to garnish their wages, and that's what we saw with the main character in our story, Carrie Barrett. I call her Ms.  Carrie. So Ms.  Carrie had surgery in 2007, was sued in 2010. And since then, the hospital has actually added $18,000 worth of interest to her debt. So not only do they add, you know, $5,000 in attorney's fees - they're also accruing interest even as they know she works at low-income jobs.

So part of how this works is Methodist gets the judgment, and then they filed a garnishment order. The employer can return that garnishment order saying, basically, this person doesn't make enough to even have their wages garnished. Ms.  Carrie's employer was telling her she's not even making more than enough to have her wages garnished, and Methodist kept after her. It was like they were just waiting to see if she made a little bit more money so they could take it.

And they also are affiliated with the United Methodist Church. I mean, there are three bishops, as I understand from your reporting, that serve on the board. Did they have something to say about this?

turn 0 : Methodist hospital is very aggressive in collecting unpaid medical bills.

What is Methodist hospital's approach to collecting unpaid medical bills?

Answer: sue


Different things. Some people have heard of the Ig Nobel Prize, many have not. To some of them - there have been some winners who have been waiting for it for years. More typically they're not quite sure what it is. Our standard policy, which - it has a few twists now and then. But in general, when we've chosen somebody, we will quietly get in touch with them, offer them the prize and give them the opportunity to quietly to decline the honor. And if they say no, that's fine, that's it. We never mention it. We don't even keep records. We give it to somebody else. But happily for us, not many people decline. Almost everybody accepts.

And some of them - do they actually go on to win the real Nobel Prize?

That's happened at least once. In the year 2000, we gave the Ig Nobel Prize in psychics to two physicists in England, Andre Geim and Michael Berry, who were, and are, quite eminent physicists. They won the Ig Nobel Prize that year for using magnets to levitate a frog. I don't know if you've seen the videos on the Web of that.

Yeah, yeah, yeah.

turn 2 : Winning the Ig Nobel Prize doesn't discredit their scientific achievements

What is the reason for Geim and Berry winning the Ig Nobel Prize?

Answer: Levitate


Having read about you, you just don't believe that this would be redundant but could be dangerous.

Yeah. If you put the two side by side, there's only one difference. And that is the FDA. The FDA gets taken out of the equation with the proposed legislation. The FDA is in the equation with the existing regulations. Compassionate Use process is extremely easy. Basically, go to your doctor. Find one who will agree to administer the therapy. Contact the drug company. See if they're also willing to agree. Fill out the paperwork. And then if the FDA doesn't object, the patient can get the treatment. And the only difference with the new legislation is that last part. The FDA is taken out of the equation.

With respect, why care so much about the FDA if a life is hanging in the balance?

So as a terminal cancer patient, I would, you know, obviously love to try something that's going to prolong my life or cure my cancer. The reality is that that's a very, very small statistic in terms of drug development discovery. Only 5 percent of drugs that go through phase one development actually go on to be approved. So you're talking about giving people medications that, in historical context, have only had a 5 percent chance of actually working at the end of the day. And then you're exposing these patients to, potentially, additional toxicities that could accelerate their death or cause additional problems for them.

turn 1 : "Compassionate Use process is extremely easy" - This turn is literal in meaning. It explains how the compassionate use process works and implies that it is not complicated.

How does the FDPersonA factor into the current regulations?

Answer: FDA


So we've now been looking at harmless bacteria, so - and we've been using that as a model system. So there's, I think, two major interests. One is a biological one, a microbiological one, is understanding bacteria better. And so it turns out there's also a number of pathogens that wear these coats, and so we would really like to look at what they look like and how they're able to interact with the host. And another interest is that because they are these highly ordered structures - and really the proteins, they assemble themselves, and that's a property that material sciences are interested in. So it's those -both those aspects that are interesting.

If the bacteria have this chainmail that surrounds them, how do nutrients and things get in and out of them?

So it - there you can really compare it like a chainmail. A chainmail is also not just like the armor that we probably know. It is little rings sitting next to each other, and they have holes. The nutrients get across those holes.

And does - do - does the chainmail look the same on all different kinds of bacteria, or are there distinctive patterns on some?Could you say, oh, I recognize that one?

turn 0 : "another interest is that because they are these highly ordered structures - and really the proteins, they assemble themselves, and that's a property that material sciences are interested in" - The actual meaning is that the ordered structures of the bacteria's protein coats are of interest to material sciences, not that the bacteria themselves are materials.

Which sciences are interested in the ordered structures of the bacteria's protein coats?

Answer: Material


Now, when we look at this, what they're doing, there was a - you know, in some ways perhaps a minor incident, but a telling one where the British publication, the Telegraph, reported online that the G8 leaders enjoyed a six course lunch followed by an eight course dinner. African leaders were not invited and of course they're talking about the global hunger situation. There was a lot of static about that. Do you think that, that was symbolic in any way or just, you know, big time world business as usual?

Well, Farai now you're going to draw the cynical side out of me. This was an incredibly stupid, careless move, by the G8 leaders where they basically seemed to have thought off camera they could do whatever they wanted to. And they demonstrated, for all to see, the contempt actually that they have towards the rest of the world.

That they basically - they see themselves, as in effect, the rulers of this planet. So, when they're on camera there'll be the tears, there'll be the concern. Off camera you saw this hideous example of consumption.

What do you think the G8 leaders should be doing in terms of an Africa agenda?I'm going to get to a couple of specific things, specific national issues of Zimbabwe and Nigeria in a second.

turn 0 : The G8 leaders showed disregard for global hunger by indulging in lavish meals without inviting African leaders.

What did the G8 leaders do to demonstrate their contempt towards the rest of the world?

Answer: Indulging


I was only able to speak with them very briefly. I did ask the mother - I said, where are you from?And she said, we're from Honduras. And I said, well, how long have you been traveling to get to this place right now?And she looked at me and said, we've been on the road for a month. And I knew at that moment that this point in their journey, which was very emotional for me to see them being detained, for them was just part of a very, very long journey.

You're an award-winning photographer, and you've covered war and chaos. And I should mention that we're friends because we often covered the same things in the Middle East and Latin America. And you've been taking pictures at the border for the last decade. What did you see this past week more broadly?

Having covered this story for the last 10 years, I've seen a lot along the way. But in this case, this last week, it was different because I knew that what happened after these pictures were taken was going to be something very different. Most of us here had heard the news that the administration had planned to separate families. And these people really had no idea about this news. And it was hard to take these pictures, knowing what was coming next.

Yeah. This took a toll on you. You spoke about that in the Getty Images blog.

turn 3 : It made the person feel sadness and it was hard for them to see.

What emotion did the person feel while taking the pictures?

Answer: families


I had always written about my mother. I started writing in college in a creative writing class. And some of the first stories I wrote were talking about different disagreements that we had. But what was important was the kind of larger struggles that were embodied in those arguments. I just published an essay about the conception of this book, and I talk about the issue of hair and how the struggle of hair between black mothers and black daughters is fraught with all of these racial tensions that are basically absorbed from the larger culture.

So I had always written about my mother as a way to write about these larger issues and about immigration and gender and motherhood. And during the time that my mother's health took a turn for the worse, I was a grad student at Columbia in their MFA program. And actually, it was the last day of school. And we had our graduation ceremony. And I found out that my mom was, you know, had a few months to live.

So I pretty immediately - because I was done with school - packed my things up. I quit the job that I had and moved back to Philadelphia and basically spent the last six months with her. It was, you know, it's an around-the-clock job. It's very draining. And at the end of the day, the only thing I had time to write were basically one paragraph or sometimes a sentence - reflections. And I just started collecting them in this folder. And I didn't tend to do anything with them, but they all started to fit together in this large story.

I want to have you read from one of those vignettes, Page 31.

turn 1 : "had always written about my mother as a way to write about these larger issues" Actual meaning: The speaker wrote about their mother to explore broader topics such as immigration and motherhood. Non-literal meaning: None.

Which larger topics did the speaker write about through their mother?

Answer: Immigration


And so when two clumps of free protons and electrons hit each other, they will slow each other down. But dark matter has no charge. That's why we can't see it because the only reason you and I could see anything, it's because there's charges that are being accelerated. That's what light is. But if something has no charge, it doesn't give off light.

So yeah, so in the Bullet Cluster, dark matter and galaxies stayed together just as they should, and in Abell 520, they do not, and that is a mystery as to why exactly that is. There isn't a comfortable explanation that can be readily arrived at.

Is there a theory about what may be happening, or just - you have to just think about it some more?

Well, so there's a number of things that could be happening. All of them are slightly disturbing.

turn 3 : (4) The speaker is saying that there are several possible explanations for the behavior of dark matter, but all of them are somewhat unsettling.

Which word describes the potential explanations for the behavior of dark matter mentioned by the speaker as disturbing?

Answer: Several


So what is the argument that tech companies make about the feasibility of designing technology that would satisfy everyone's concerns?

We're not all on the same page here. So most of us in the technology community are opposed to what we call backdoors that would allow law enforcement to tap in. And the reason is is if you put a backdoor in, hackers can presumably get a hold of that backdoor as well and break it open. So you make systems less secure for everyone if you do that.

At a Senate hearing this month, FBI Director James Comey says he thinks that experts in this field aren't really trying hard enough to give the government access without also putting confidential data at risk. That is, I took it to mean that he's - thinks that if you try hard enough, you can think of something that is not a backdoor, that's different so that not everybody could get into it.

You know, yes, you can always argue that a backdoor can be built that's more secure, you know, and more difficult to get to and only law enforcement's going to get there. But nobody in the field of security believes that's ultimately going to provide this same protection that a tight end-to-end solution has without a backdoor. So I don't think it's a lack of will. I think it's an issue of what people view as constitutional rights under the Fourth Amendment, number one, and what customers and business partners expect around the world from secure computing systems. And it's a difference of view.

turn 2 : : In (3), James Comey is implying that experts in the field should be able to come up with a solution that would allow the government to access confidential data without compromising security, which is not the same as saying that if they try hard enough, they can come up with a different type of backdoor.

What is James Comey suggesting in his argument about tech companies' ability to provide government access to confidential data?

Answer: Comey


And so the lament is that it's not a beacon for environmentalism, it's not a beacon for greater labor standards or labor protections, but it's something else?

Yeah. I mean, it has turned into this dystopian vision of tech, where, you know, a few people prosper, and everyone else gets kind of poverty wages. Users of the service get pretty good service but kind of at the cost of all of these drivers getting very little from the service, getting very little equity. I think it is a betrayal of what Silicon Valley, you know, said that it stood for, which is creating new ideas that are good for the world at large, not just, you know, a few hundred people on the West Coast.

You know, many would herald Uber as a great American success story, a testament to what capitalism can create - right?- jobs for millions of people in the U. S.  and around the world. And its IPO will make a handful of people millionaires and even billionaires. Isn't that a good thing?

I mean, it's perhaps better than not having it, but I don't think it's fundamentally or sort of objectively a good thing. What would be better is if Uber was a smaller and less valuable company but that less value was sort of more equitably distributed.

turn 3 : It would be better if the wealth created by Uber was distributed more equitably.

How would PersonA describe Uber's impact on labor standards?

Answer: poverty


Welcome to WEEKEND EDITION.

Thank you so much, Lulu, for having me.

This book is about a moon ceremony. So explain what that is and where it comes from.

Well, moon ceremonies are traditional gatherings that happen for women across the Americans. They date back to precolonial times. And they're ceremonies where women gather around the full moon or the new moon. And in this case, a moon ceremony for a young girl coming of age happens right after her first period, her first menstruation.

turn 3 : Gather around the moon, meaning the women gather around each other and gaze upon the full moon in the sky.

Which event do women traditionally gather around for a moon ceremony?

Answer: Moon


Brazil is one of the leading producers of two very important crops: soy and corn. But lately, frozen credit has made it nearly impossible for farmers there to afford the basics that they need to grow those crops. Brian Willott farms 2,000 acres of soybeans just outside Bahia, Brazil. He joins us now by phone.

Welcome, Brian, and can you explain for us how the credit situation there in Brazil has affected you and other farmers?

Credit's a big problem right now. No farmer can survive today without credit, and since the credit crunch hit, everyone's credit has either been cut, delayed or more expensive. And it's got everyone here quite worried.

What do you use loans for?How important is it?What do you use it to buy?

turn 2 : Credit is important for farmers to survive and the credit crunch has made it more expensive and difficult to obtain

Which situation has made it difficult for farmers to obtain credit?

Answer: Treasury


I don't know what a - difference between an executive order and a proclamation is.

Well, proclamations seem to be more rare. They do kind of echo of something royal, but it has basically the same effect as an executive order.

And how would this change what somebody who wants to apply for asylum must do?

Well, it's trying to bar asylum for people who enter the U. S.  in between ports of entry.

turn 1 : Proclamations are rare and have a royal tone but have the same effect as an executive order

Which type of order has the same effect as a proclamation?

Answer: Executive


What is your guideline?When do you tell an officer he or she has to start recording?

NOPD policy requires them to record the entire encounter until any police action has ceased. So what we're finding out though sometimes the cameras aren't on. Sometimes they aren't wearing the cameras. And those are clear violations, but then there were also supervisors telling officers things like turn it off during, you know, sensitive matters, but not defining what a sensitive matter could be.

We're also hearing complaints that only parts of interactions are being recorded. That's one of the things we're hearing now. So the misconduct is occurring off-camera, but then they're recording, you know, perfectly professional encounters on camera. So that's one of the things we're also hearing now. And. . .

That's a big complaint and, of course, you wouldn't have any - ironically or incongruously - you wouldn't have a video record of that misconduct, but you would have a video record of them doing it right.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be expressing their dissatisfaction or disappointment in a subtle or indirect way, rather than stating it directly.

What is the tone of the speaker in turn 2?

Answer: Subtle


Now, that's something that would be the kind of final explanation if we could rule out everything else, and of course the big job is ruling out everything else. So in our paper we have a number of possibilities, but again, none of them are easy. None of them are simple.

So if you wanted to have ordinary dark matter that has no stickiness, you would have to come up with some very convoluted mechanism for removing this cold dark matter from the galaxies that it loves so much. I mean, it just loves hanging out with these galaxies, doesn't want to let go of them under the cold, collision-less dark matter theory, which is our main theory that I think we all accept.

Yeah, but if you stick with the stickiness idea, then you have to give up the other ideas, that you think you know what dark matter is.

Yeah, so we actually don't know what dark matter really is. These are all theories. Dark matter is not part of our standard model of physics. The standard model accounts for protons and electrons and neutrons. But one of the things that's really exciting about dark matter, that makes it one of the deepest mysteries of the cosmos, is that we know - we are pretty sure that dark matter is not part of the standard model.

turn 3 : A: "But one of the things that's really exciting about dark matter, that makes it one of the deepest mysteries of the cosmos..." Implicated meaning: The speaker is expressing enthusiasm about the intriguing nature of dark matter, highlighting its status as one of the most profound mysteries in the universe. The actual meaning is not that dark matter is exciting in a literal sense, but rather that it presents a captivating and puzzling scientific inquiry.

Which word describes the nature of dark matter as a scientific inquiry?

Answer: Captivating


Yeah. So one of those ideas is quite simple, and it's to make the ice bigger. These players out on the ice are massive and fast. And they're running into each other at incredible speeds. And the thought is that if you go to a larger ice surface like they have in Europe, like they have in Olympic hockey, that gives more room to skate, less strife, less collisions, things like that. So that's one idea.

But what it comes down to as well is just the administration of the game and an administrator who has influence over the rules being able to step forward and say, I'm going to put the health and safety of players first. And what they can do - just a few years ago in the Ontario Hockey League in Canada, they brought in a rule that says if you fight more than three times in a season, you're suspended for every fight subsequent to that.

And what do hockey players love most?They love to play the game of hockey. So when you take that away, it really cuts down on the fighting. And what you know what they did?In one season, with the stroke of a pen, they cut fighting in half. So it can be done. It simply requires vision and a courage of conviction.

Jeremy Allingham is a journalist with the CBC, and his new book is called "Major Misconduct: The Human Cost Of Fighting In Hockey. "Jeremy, thank you for talking with us about this.

turn 1 : The ruling drastically reduces the number of fights during a game

What did the Ontario Hockey League do to players who fought more than three times in a season?

Answer: rule


I can imagine someone being stunned for a moment by being struck by an object, especially at a high speed like that. But I don't understand that because if there was over a minute when the throttle was advanced farther than it should've been and - you know, things happen when you're an engineer. You should be used to them. So I - it doesn't really seem to me like that's a probable cause, but we'll have to wait and see.

I don't have to tell you, Mr.  Hughes, that the crash and the deaths of eight people have set off a debate - those who say the derailment says Amtrak needs more money, others who say Amtrak isn't - is wasting a lot of the money that it gets. Recognizing there are no guarantees, would greater government funding have perhaps meant this derailment wouldn't happen?

It might have. The thing that is important here is Amtrak doesn't have any discretionary money. Every penny they get goes into something that's really important, especially capital money like this. And so I would think that money played some part in it in that when Amtrak has to do large projects, they have to space them out in smaller parts over multiple years. And I don't know the facts in this case, but I do know that that is true with a number of large capital projects. You just can't do them quickly 'cause the funding isn't there.

When you were in charge, Mr.  Hughes, did you find it hard to get funding for Amtrak, a lot of skepticism and doubt?

turn 1 : The implied meaning of the turn is that the speaker is asking whether the derailment could have been prevented if Amtrak had received more government funding.

What is the topic of the debate mentioned by B?

Answer: Funding


So for a couple years now, Topps has had an app - say it ain't so - for baseball card-collecting and trading cards. These are virtual cards, not the cardboard ones that come with a stick of gum. I mean, it's called a Bunt, and you've tried it out. Tell us what you think.

Oh, it does - I should point out the packs do come with a stick of gum. It's just a virtual stick of gum.

Don't try to chew that gum.

No, that's what I was (laughter) - the whole thing is basically just an exercise in using your imagination, if you're old enough that you need to imagine for this stuff. If you're 13 to 25, which is, like - 80 percent of the Bunt users are - then I don't imagine there's anything weird about a piece of virtual gum showing up on your phone, exploding and then turning into baseball cards.

Well, it's been around for a while. I mean, can Topps call Bunt a success?

turn 4 : "can Topps call Bunt a success?" has a figurative meaning. It is asking whether the app has been successful in terms of popularity and user engagement, rather than whether it literally has the legal right to be called a "success".

Which term has a figurative meaning in turn 4?

Answer: Success


And a very talented sister who I think is quite equal to the task of containing Schwarzenegger.

Well, here is my question to you. You talked about the state controller, who - you are very correct - said that he would defy the governor's order and not roll back those salaries. But can he do that?Can he get away with defying the governor in this way?

Well, he has his own constitutional authority, and I think that this may be a case that goes to the California Supreme Court. I mean, if he chooses - now, the challenge will be this. If he chooses not to issue checks on Schwarzenegger's executive order, can checks be issued at all?And that's a constitutional question. I don't know the answer to it. But you have these two key state officials clashing, both of them elected by the people of California. And I fully expect that there will be a compromise before the 1st of September, Tony. Again, I think that the governor is posturing. The governor has always been a fiscal conservative. He is not pleased with the way the budget negotiations are going. So he is making a point.

And he is making it, apparently, on the backs of some of the state workers, it appears.

turn 0 : This implies that the female candidate is capable of competing with Schwarzenegger in some sort of political race or contest.

Answer: N/A


Thank you very much.

What is the mission of this March for Science?

I think the profession of science is under attack. And why is that happening?Because we've really ceded the floor. We haven't engaged in politics. We've left that open for politicians to come in and really hijack and obfuscate science for their own selfish needs.

When you say that science is under attack, to what degree should we read this march as a protest against Trump administration policies?

turn 2 : (3) When the speaker states that science is under attack, they are implying that politicians are misusing science to further their own agendas, rather than relying on scientific evidence to inform their decisions.

What is the reason behind the attack on science according to the speaker?

Answer: Politicians


Tell me a little bit about Riot Games. They're funding a lot of esports events.

Yeah.

What is their role in this?

They are creating a lot of the games. They've been out in front and doing a ton of deals. They did a deal with the Big Ten Network where they sponsor an esports tournament among Big Ten schools, and the winner of that tournament sort of gets a scholarship to one of the Big Ten schools. They're very heavily involved in sort of not only developing the games but also developing the business in total.

turn 3 : Task Don't just paraphase the words! Find the implicated meaning! We don't want answers like: to be silent means stay quiet and not making noise, bad answer!  Please read the examples above carefully!      (1)	B:	Tell me a little bit about Riot Games.They're funding a lot of esports events. (2)	A:	Yeah. (3)	B:	What is their role in this? (4)	A:	They are creating a lot of the games.They've been out in front and doing a ton of deals.They did a deal with the Big Ten Network where they sponsor an esports tournament among Big Ten schools, and the winner of that tournament sort of gets a scholarship to one of the Big Ten schools.They're very heavily involved in sort of not only developing the games but also developing the business in total.  Please choose the turns whose actual meanings are different from their literal meanings.   (1)  (2)  (3)  (4)

Which company did a deal with the Big Ten Network to sponsor an esports tournament among Big Ten schools?

Answer: Riot-Games


You know what else my mother said?You should talk to more people in their 80s because they've looked across the street at death for a decade. And they know what's really important in life.

Your mother was smart. Now, I'm talking as one of the people in the 80s. Nobody wants to hear that you met Harry Truman, you know. Shh.

(Laughing) You didn't meet Harry Truman, did you?

I met Harry Truman. But you know what I mean?Nobody's interested. They want to know you've met Rihanna, and that kills me.

turn 1 : The turn with an actual meaning different from its literal meaning is (2).  In this conversation, A is acknowledging the wisdom in what B's mother said about talking to people in their 80s because they have a unique perspective on life. However, when A says "Nobody wants to hear that you met Harry Truman, you know. Shh.", the literal meaning is that A is telling B to be quiet about meeting Harry Truman because it's not interesting. The actual meaning, however, is that A is making a sarcastic comment about how people only seem to care about meeting famous celebrities like Rihanna, rather than valuing the life experiences and wisdom of those who have lived longer.

Which turn has an actual meaning that is different from its literal meaning?

Answer: (2)


You know, we - we're in constant communication with our states. I know South Carolina has done - and all the states, for that matter - but South Carolina, they've done a very proactive job. North Carolina is really going to amp up the messaging on evacuations. Florida has, and Georgia. So, you know, we will be able to tell what those evacuation rates are, obviously working with our state. The states and the locals are the ones that actually call for those evacuations.

Right now, it seems to be going well, but it always could go better. You know, if you're in a danger or hazard area, you know, I ask you to take those warnings seriously, and evacuate and protect yourself and your family.

Jeff Byard of FEMA, thanks for speaking with us today.

Thank you so much.

turn 0 : South Carolina is going to make more and much more public messages regarding evacuations.

How did South Carolina respond to the evacuation warnings?

Answer: Proactive


We should explain that money is not an issue. More than 80,000 people have donated to a fundraising campaign to support the Gard family. Why do you feel this case has drawn such, at this point, international attention?

I think it has sparked outrage because it gets down to the point of whose child is Charlie?Does Charlie belong to the state, or does Charlie belong to his parents?And if he belongs to his parents, then they should be given the right - and not the government, not the hospital, not the courts - to decide Charlie's fate because the moment they turn off the ventilator, he's going to die.

Would a life spent on a ventilator be worth living?

From the Christian perspective, yes because every single human life is valuable. His life has meaning. And if his parents want to increase and prolong and give him the best chance possible, the hospital has no right to step in the role of the parents to try to give their son the best chance possible.

turn 3 : The actual meaning, however, is emphasizing the importance of honoring the parents' decision and questioning the hospital's interference in the parents' role and their desire to provide Charlie with the best possible care and chance for survival.

How is the hospital's role questioned in regards to Charlie's care?

Answer: Interference


Yeah.

Well, Mayor Belangia, good luck. I hope I see Oriental someday. It sounds like a lovely place.

Please do. You will fall in love with it.

And I'll bring a loaf of bread for you.

turn 2 : The speaker is confident in the appeal of Oriental and believes that the listener will enjoy visiting the place.

What is the PersonA's attitude towards Oriental?

Answer: Enjoy


It means a lot. It gives you insight of how to be a man and take care of your business and have integrity, visionary goal-setting and respect for one another. It helps you be more aware of who you are and what you could do with your life.

Tell us a bit about your life, could you, and your family.

I'm the youngest of six, which is hard to be sometimes, because you get bossed around by everybody in the house. Come from a single-parent home - my mom. Dad was never around. I have sickle cell anemia, so I persevered over that. We had good times and bad times, you know, just like any other family. But we're very close.

turn 0 : What's this program, Becoming a Man, meant to you and other students and your friends?

Which topic does PersonA mention that he believes the program helps with?

Answer: Insight


The president said Mr.  Bolden, has there ever been a negro on the White House detail protecting and guarding the president of the United States?I said not to my knowledge, Mr.  President. He said, would you like to be the first one?I said yes, sir, Mr.  President.

And he said, I'll be looking forward to seeing you in Washington, D. C. , and that's how I happened to be appointed to the White House detail.

You had that moment, this incredible moment, and then you write very early in the narrative, in the book, about an agent who was not so friendly. You describe him saying I'm going to tell you something, and I don't want you to ever forget it. You're a (censored). You were born a (censored), and when you die, you'll still be a (censored). So act like one.

What did you really face when it came to dealing with your colleagues?

turn 0 : Would you like to be the first one implies that the president already knew there had never been a negro on the White House detail

What was the President's proposition to Mr. Bolden?

Answer: Appointment


There are a lot of different stories in your first issue about reducing recidivism, performing Shakespeare in prison, getting a Ph. D.  on the inside. Was there one story in particular that you were really happy inmates would be able to read?

One that comes to mind that I like is about virtual reality. There's juveniles that were sentenced to life without parole previously, but the Supreme Court changed all that. And one facility thought, now they are going to society; what we going to do with them?How we going to prepare them?So they came up with the idea of virtual reality goggles so they can see images of what it looks like to be on the outside. And it was - one gentleman who did the grocery store virtual reality video - when he took the headset off, he had tears streaming down his face. And the first thing out his mouth was, what else in the world has changed?

Wow.

Many men on the inside just wish they can just have a glimpse of what the outside is.

turn 1 : Virtual reality experience has a profound impact on inmates who have never experienced life outside prison

How did the gentleman feel after experiencing the virtual reality grocery store?

Answer: Emotional


Absolutely. And again, with this fresh production, I think - it's like that Emily Dickinson quote: Tell the truth, but tell it slant. "I think that is originally what Tennessee Williams was getting at with the idea of plastic theater; that it does not have to be a literal expression of the truth. You can come at it from an angle. And what's beautiful here is that John Tiffany, I think, takes that literally and created this abstract set with Bob Crowley. And what's also interesting to me, Scott, is that John is English, and Bob Crowley, the set designer, is Irish. And John said to me, you know, doing Tennessee Williams in America is like an American stage director doing Shakespeare in the UK. And this season there we have Pinter, we have Beckett, there are revivals of Shakespeare - but Tennessee Williams is the only American playwright being revived on Broadway in the fall.

With all due regard to Beckett and Shakespeare and the other fine playwrights you mentioned, I'd put Tennessee Williams up against all seven or eight of them.

I would too. I would too.

Barbara Chai of the Wall Street Journal. Thanks so much for being with us.

turn 1 : "I'd put Tennessee Williams up against all seven or eight of them." The actual meaning here implies that the speaker considers Tennessee Williams to be on par with or equal to the other mentioned playwrights, rather than comparing them in a literal sense.

How does the speaker compare Tennessee Williams to the other mentioned playwrights?

Answer: Equal


Some of my friends and family still are able to work. However, my best friend - her DACA expires in mid-summer. So it's very important for me and for us as a community for legislation to pass.

Ciriac, I'm curious - do you regret having come forward and actually voluntarily given your information to the government when they started this program?

No, I think personally because I've been able to move forward with my life from going to college, graduating college, doing internships and now having a full-time job and having a car. I can't really regret having come out of the shadows and saying I want to do things right. This is who I am. I think it's given me a certain level of pride to say I was able to come out of the shadows, do all of these things. And I am, you know, part of your community. I am American. I am and always a Utahn. And so I can't regret coming out of the shadows if I was able to do so much and continue to move forward with my life.

Ciriac Alvarez Valle - she's a DACA recipient in Utah.

turn 1 : B implies that coming forward and giving information to the government was risky or dangerous

How does PersonB suggest coming forward and giving information to the government?

Answer: voluntarily


Visuals that related to Senator Obama in politics.

That's right - different iterations and paintings of Senator Obama. Ron English did one of him as kind of morphing into Abe Lincoln. You know, Shepard's hope thing, you know, was enormous. You know, I did one of Obama looking obviously very hopeful into the city. He's - behind him is a cityscape and rising is the sun. I wanted it to be during, you know, the sunrise. And so he's being backlit by the sun in warm light. And the reason I did the city is because, you know, he's from the city. He can relate to the city. You know, he was raised by a single mom on food stamps, which is much like my experience growing up in Harlem. And you know, he's - and I said I wrote "one" on it because he's really - he really represents one, you know, one global community, ethnically diverse, one nation, and really someone that we can, for the first time, being from urban life, relate to, besides Clinton, by the way.

Are you worried about they're being an element of hero worship to this?I mean, both in the fact that so many artists are depicting him, but also in the way that he's depicted.

Yeah. I mean, I'm not worried about it. I think there is a lot of hero worship, but in contrast to what's out there, you know, he is a hero.

turn 1 : Artists are portraying Obama as a symbol of hope

Which artist created a painting of Obama morphing into Abe Lincoln?

Answer: Ron-English


Well, so certainly President-elect Trump has issued a few statements on cybersecurity, including a campaign platform. Those are pretty thin on details. And some of his statements - it's been difficult to understand whether or not he - how literally to take those particular recommendations. Of his national security hires that have been announced at this point, none are known for having particularly strong cybersecurity backgrounds. So as we see more and more people coming into the administration, we might be able to start getting a sense of what exactly this administration's cybersecurity policy might look like.

Surely when you become the administration, you have a vested interest in national cybersecurity that maybe you lacked before, don't you?

Absolutely. I think while many of his statements during the campaign did not necessarily evince well-developed policy thoughts - he's going to have to come up with more specific ideas. One thing that Donald Trump might run up against is the existence of current laws. So, for example, he's indicated a number of times that he intends to transfer a lot of the cybersecurity mission to the Department of Defense to come up with a plan for defending critical infrastructure. And there are potentially rather serious consequences to sort of the militarization of civilian cyber defense. I think that they might find themselves coming up against an existing framework that doesn't necessarily square with the broad instinct towards wanting to turn towards the military to solve this problem.

I thought the Obama administration was pretty clear in saying, after they asserted that Russian attempts to meddle in the elections had been ongoing, that the United States was going to reply in kind. Can we assume those efforts are going on now?

turn 2 : talking about the potential consequences of "militarization of civilian cyber defense"

How might the existing framework clash with Donald Trump's plan for cybersecurity?

Answer: Consequences


I decided to take matters in my own hands and decided to raise the funds that I need to get the materials that the kids need. The budget wasn't going to change. The only thing is, it was going to get worse. I had decided that I should advertise on my test, and I said, well, if you would like to put a quote or an ad at the bottom of my test, then it'd be kind of a mutual - they help the kids, and then I help them get a little bit of PR out of it.

And so the parents, they responded well?

Absolutely. Back to school night, I had one parent give me a $100 check, and she said, I hope this gets you started, and I actually had a lot of good comments, saying that's very creative and thinking outside the box.

And I've actually gotten emails from parents and one from my school district saying, you know, I am glad somebody is finally speaking up and saying that parents are having a tough time footing the bill for things that should have been paid for through their tax dollars and paid through the school system.

And what did the kids says?I mean, aren't they kind of bombarded by advertising all day long when they are not in school?

They really like the quotes, and they actually look forward to them. I've had students say, hey, what's going to be the next quote, and I tell them, you have to wait.

turn 3 : "I am glad somebody is finally speaking up and saying that parents are having a tough time footing the bill for things that should have been paid for through their tax dollars and paid through the school system." - The actual meaning is that the person is glad someone is raising awareness about the issue of parents having to pay for things that should have been covered by taxes and the school system.

What issue is the person in turn 3 referring to?

Answer: Paying


I don't really describe myself. I don't have a - I don't label myself really. I've done some interviewing in the past and just, you know, strike up a general conversation with people usually in sort of a casual environment. And for some reason, usually, people will talk to me.

And I have to say, you've got great researching skills. I read that you even dug up Carter Page's undergrad thesis, and you spoke with his U. S. Naval Academy thesis adviser. That's amazing. Why did you do that, and how did you go that deep?

I don't know. I just - I have a curiosity about this whole situation, and I really wanted to get to the bottom of it. So I - you know, the easiest way to say it is no stone left unturned.

You say, you know, you want to contribute to the investigation, but how are you different than a journalist?

turn 0 : "people will talk to me" - This implies that the speaker has a skill or quality that makes people comfortable talking to them.

What is the implied skill of the speaker in turn 0?

Answer: Skill


Basically, this conflict, it stems from a power struggle between two very big people in South Sudan, the president, Salva Kiir, and his former vice president, Riek Machar. You have two guys who couldn't be more different. Kiir's this former commander from the independence struggle, a man of few words, in his ubiquitous black cowboy hat. And Machar is a smooth-talking, British-educated guy with a green philosophy who happens to be a huge fan of Karl Rove.

Now, besides being different personalities, these guys are also different tribes. And the tribal aspect of this conflict is what's triggered the most horrific aspects of this war. That's the violence that the pre-genocide label gets attached to.

The United States has a lot at stake in South Sudan. It helped create the nation, first under President Bush and then President Obama in 2011. What's Secretary of State Kerry proposing?

Well, Secretary Kerry has been talking about this idea of a transitional government. It's kind of - if you remember, back in January they tried a ceasefire that was disrespected by both sides because it told people to stop fighting. It didn't address why they were fighting, which was to control the government.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of this turn is that Secretary Kerry has been talking about the idea of a transitional government. The implied meaning is that Kerry is proposing a new government as a way to address the root of the conflict and end the fighting.

What is Kerry's proposed solution to the conflict in South Sudan?

Answer: Transitional


Both the trains slowed. I was standing there with my bag over my shoulder, ready to jump. It was windy. It was cold. It was kind of getting dark. And so they finally lined up the cars correctly, and I was told to run across the loose rocks and jump on to the other train.

The conductor on the other train pulled me on to that car. Once I was onboard, another conductor came through the car, and she said to me, don't get up when we get to Milwaukee. What I heard from her was don't get up, or I will kill you. I did not move the rest of the trip.

So I get to Saint Paul. I'm looking for my brother. He's late. So he gets there, and I ask him, why were you late?And he says, well, I checked the train schedule, and it said it was running behind. Oh, that was because of me.

A travel nightmare with a happy ending from Anne Fleury in Milwaukee. Send us your stories, please. Go to weekendeditionsaturday@npr. org. Click on contact. Put Travel Nightmare at the top of your message.

turn 1 : The situation was dire and I was desperate to get to my destination.

How would you describe the PersonA's state of mind in the given situation?

Answer: Desperate


Did you get an answer?

We did not. I guess - I suppose an answer in sort we're saying why; we don't know when it's going to be released. And then as we dug into it further, the answer that we really got was it was a White House decision.

You're hearing this from who - from - when you're reaching out to the Pentagon, they're telling you - ask the White House?

Correct. Yes.

turn 1 : They asked more questions to find out the answer and got one.

What was the reason behind the White House decision?

Answer: White


Hate is the easier part. I hate being away from my kids and my family. That's really tough to be gone as much as I am. And I love to play live for people. I love to see people, you know, enjoy themselves and enjoy music. And when it's my music it's even better.

What do you think is going to happen to art as we go through these tough times?

Oh, I think art will survive. During these times, movies and music don't seem to suffer that much because, I mean, music gets you through all this stuff.

And where are you headed next?I mean, in terms of creatively. Are you going to go back and make another country album?I mean, what do you think - besides touring, which I know you are. . .

turn 2 : Despite tough times, art will survive and music helps people cope.

Which medium is mentioned as helping people cope during tough times?

Answer: Music


Possible charges and possible indictment for bribery in a number of cases - and yet, that's not - it's barely scratching the surface here in the headlines. Netanyahu is poised to have a very strong few weeks. He is meeting Secretary of State Pompeo this week in Jerusalem. He goes to Washington next week, expected to meet Trump. Brazil's new president is visiting just days before the elections, and all of this could boost Netanyahu's profile.

And of course, people are following violence in the West Bank and Gaza happening at the same time. What's happening there?

Yeah. Yesterday a Palestinian stabbed a soldier, stole his gun, commandeered a car and fired shots. An Israeli soldier and a rabbi were killed. Another soldier was badly wounded. And this comes a week after two Palestinians were killed by Israeli fire. And then in Gaza, we've been seeing some rare protests against Hamas, against tax hikes there. All of this is a reminder that even though there's been a relative period of calm here, there is continuing tension. And when violence erupts, it can impact how Israelis vote.

Do you notice intense interest in this election, Daniel?

turn 0 : "Scratching the surface" here implies that a topic or issue has only begun to be considered or addressed, and that the scope is much greater. It has nothing to do with actual scratching anything in the physical sense.

Which phrase used by PersonA in turn 0 describes the scope of an issue, rather than an actual physical action?

Answer: Scratching


Yes. The big topic, of course, is what he'll say about the president's unfounded claims that Barack Obama wiretapped his phones. He has also accused British intelligence of wiretapping his phones on behalf of Barack Obama. There's been no evidence produced for those claims. The British have pushed back against them strongly. People on the Hill say they have not seen any evidence of this, and Comey will be asked about that first and foremost.

OK.  And over at the Senate, the first hearings for President Trump's nomination for the Supreme Court - what kind of reception is he going to get?

Well, that's going to be the big event of the week. Neil Gorsuch, who has been nominated by Donald Trump, is going to be asked a lot of questions about his views on executive power, about Donald Trump's comments disparaging judges and the entire court system. This is one of Donald Trump's most important early initiatives. The Republicans have 52 votes in the Senate. They say if they have to change the rules so they won't need 60 to confirm him, they will do that. So it's going to be very, very hard for the Democrats to stop him. But this is just the first of many, many judicial vacancies that Donald Trump will have the opportunity to fill because of the age of judges on the bench right now and the number of vacancies.

And something else we're looking at, obviously, is what's happening on Thursday - a much anticipated vote in the House. They're voting on the repeal-and-replace legislation for Obamacare. Does Speaker Ryan have the votes?

turn 3 : This turn has a literal meaning of cancelling and substituting a law or policy with a new one. However, in this context, it refers to the highly anticipated vote in the House of Representatives on a bill that would repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare).

Answer: Legislation


Oh yes, in fact the conventional laser was only two years old, and it taught us that light could be coherent. But it didn't say anything about a semiconductor and whether the semiconductor would do this. And actually the furor started with Rediker's group from Lincoln Laboratories, MIT, reporting that they had gotten good spontaneous light out of gallium arsenide.

And then several of us went home and realized there ought to be a way to make that coherent, into a laser, and we did it. And - but I'm the guy that was crazy enough to make my own homemade alloy, which a lot of people didn't think would work, and shift it up to where the eye could see. And that's the whole basis of it.

Ah, did you - why did it take 50 years?

Well because these crystal systems are complicated, how to grow them is complicated. There are wrong methods and arguments about right ways to proceed, and it just - it's a zig-zag process. You make a bad move, and then you're going to make another move to find your way, and it just took a long while to get there.

turn 1 : Developing the semiconductor laser required experimentation and risk-taking.

Answer: Experimentation


I'm fine. How are you?

I'm doing great. So, you know, a lot of us, I think, frankly, almost all of us who are African-American, say, you know what, I need to, you know, each one teach one, lift somebody up, but when you're a judge, you have a very particular role, and it's a role where you are at somewhat of a remove, even though you're facing the defendants, you are not on the same level as them. How do you make sense of what Judge Arrington did?

I understand what Judge Arrington did completely. And I have to tell you why. Though we must be removed, we are nonetheless human. It is the easiest thing in the world to do, is to be removed if you don't care. But if you have the nerve to care, and if you see what we see on a daily basis, his humanity and his caring came together that day and made him do something clearly he shouldn't have done. He knows that. But it was an error of the heart that I find fully condonable.

So, what other ways, you know, you say that you approve of the sentiment, not necessarily of the execution. How else may he have gone about this?

turn 3 : something that was hinted at or suggested, but not directly stated. When a person looks at his watch

Which action did Judge Arrington take that PersonA finds fully condonable?

Answer: Execution


The children of Jamal Khashoggi have begun receiving compensation. Khashoggi was the journalist from Saudi Arabia who vanished last year. After initial denials, Saudi authorities now acknowledge he was killed after he walked into a Saudi Consulate in Istanbul. The newspaper that once published Khashoggi's columns, The Washington Post, now reports on apparent early moves toward paying blood money to Khashoggi's relations.

Greg Miller reported this story for The Post. Good morning, sir.

Good morning.

What have the children been paid?

turn 3 :  "What have the children been paid?" The implied meaning is not simply asking for information about the amount of compensation the children received, but rather questioning the ethics and morality of the situation, suggesting that it is inappropriate for the children to receive compensation for their father's death.

How does turn 3 reflect the PersonA's attitude towards the compensation?

Answer: Inappropriate


The protests haven't been as widespread as people have expected. But nonetheless, these protests are continuing. And it's a show and a sign that the world is not standing by Trump and his declaration and his pronouncements and certainly not his positions.

Well - and yet the Saudi crown prince is reported to have urged Mahmoud Abbas, the Palestinian president, to accept a very limited state noncontiguous with most settlements remaining. And we've also heard sort of similar backroom discussions from Egypt and other countries in the region.

Yes. You're absolutely right. There hasn't been a time in - since 1967 where Saudi Arabia has been on the right side when it comes to Palestinian rights. The real question is whether Mahmoud Abbas is going to sign something like that. And as much as he's somebody I criticize and I'm not a fan of, this is not an agreement that I see him signing onto because it doesn't even ensure that Palestinian rights are being protected.

Instead, it legitimates the settlements that are illegal. It removes Jerusalem - Palestinian Jerusalem. And it is effectively doing away with the Palestinian right of return. So this is not something that any Palestinian leader, including Mahmoud Abbas, is going to sign onto.

turn 2 : Saudi Arabia has historically not been supportive of Palestinian rights.

What country has a historical record of not supporting Palestinian rights?

Answer: Saudi


This is News & Notes. I'm Tony Cox. Pink slips seem to be raining down in just about every sector and every Zip code. But are there any bright spots out there?The temporary job market may provide an answer. We're joined now by Steve Drexel. He is a labor economist and a 23-year veteran of the staffing industry. He's also a member of the Business Research Advisory Council of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Steve, welcome to News & Notes.

Thanks, it's nice to be here.

You've been following temporary staffing trends for more than two decades now. What sectors are relatively insulated from layoffs?

Well, the sectors that are most resilient are the higher-skill sectors, or if you can get into industries that are involved in education or health care or government. Those are the areas where you get the most bang. We're also seeing a nice increase in the mortgage-processing area, because one of the things the government's doing is lowering the conforming rate for mortgages. And so, there's kind of a rush to refinance.

turn 2 : "What sectors are relatively insulated from layoffs?" - This turn uses the word "insulated" figuratively to mean protected or shielded from something.

Which word in turn 2 uses a figurative meaning?

Answer: Insulated


What is your heritage?- if I may ask.

I'm Mexican. But I wrote the story for my daughter, who is half Puerto Rican, half Mexican.

And did you have something like a moon ceremony growing up or did you wish you had one?When - what was the inspiration here?

Well, the inspiration began when my own daughter started to ask about her period, about her changing body as she grew into adolescence. And I wanted to reframe the conversation. I wanted to tell a different story to her. You know, my - I never had a moon ceremony. I wanted to have a moon ceremony. But like many women - Mexican women, many Latinx women who enter their periods with a certain amount of shame and silence. And I didn't want that to happen for my daughter. I wanted her to be grounded in our spirituality, our connection to the moon. And so we actually did give my daughter a moon ceremony.

turn 3 : I Want to Celebrate Moon Festival for My Daughter Cause of My Heritage

What inspired the author to write the story?

Answer: Daughter's


You may have seen it. The photo has been everywhere on social media - a gunman, this week outside a federal courthouse in Dallas. It's one of those pictures that makes you wonder just how the photographer got it. The gunman appears to be only a few feet away from the camera, a military-style rifle in his hand. He's decked out in tactical gear, wearing a face mask with a hole for his eyes, and those eyes appear to be looking right into the camera.

Soon after the photo was taken, the gunman was shot dead by law enforcement. No one else was seriously injured. To hear the story of the photo, I spoke to the person who took it, Tom Fox of The Dallas Morning News. He told me about the moment he first heard the shooter.

There was about three quick shots. And at the time, it sounded like backfire.

Like of a car or something, you mean.

turn 0 : This statement from B implies that he was doubting how possible it was for the Photographer to have taken the shot while it appeared that he was so close to the Gunman.

What was PersonB's initial reaction to the photo?

Answer: Doubt


And one more email.

And one more email, yeah. And it was quite literally the last email that I opened. And the email said, basically, Dear, Mr.  Feuer. Ever since I saw your story on the other Alan Feuer one year ago, I've been meaning to get in touch with you. I didn't want to do so while Alan was alive. Now, that he has passed away, would you like to know the truth about his background?

Well, you know, she - this woman who was, in fact, Alan's step niece. So, you know, imagine a, you know, a niece coming in by second marriage essentially. She went on to kind of flash out the family relationships, and she told me that while this life of grand society that I, in fact, had witnessed myself was absolutely true, the sort of back story that Alan had held up - Austrian blue blood, you know, mother live too long - all these stuff was, in fact, not true. And she said that, you know, if I wanted to get in touch with her, she would tell me, in fact, what the truth was. So I got in touch with her.

And this is a story of a man not from Austria but, in fact, born in Brooklyn and raised in Westchester?

turn 1 : The email contains information about the background of someone named Alan Feuer which cannot be disclosed until he passed away.

What is the reason for the email about Alan Feuer's background?

Answer: Reveal


And then we have a Congress who just passed a bill knowing full well that this was the most likely outcome, and they chose not to even try to stop it. But now that the bill has passed, the shutdown has been prevented, the government has been funded, the president can come out and say he's going to do this now. And you have people saying that we're shredding the Constitution, that this is the end of the world, that we need to act, that we need to stop something.

Well, the time to act was before you pass a bill to give the president money to fund the government. The time to act - if you want to force a vote on this, if you want to force Republicans in the Senate to go on record if you're a House Democrat, for instance, then you put language in the bill saying the president can't use national emergency powers to build a wall.

You mean senators - well, we could list their names - Susan Collins.

Right. I mean, don't vote for a bill that is going to make something that you think is really damaging to our country, to the Republic, more likely to occur. Just don't do it, No. 1. No. 2, actually go out and try to put things in the bill to prevent the thing that you think is so damaging to our republic from happening.

turn 0 : Congress passed a bill despite the likely negative consequences.

Which branch of the government passed the bill mentioned in turn 0?

Answer: Congress


No doubt it has for those legal scholars and for other people who are actively seeking grounds for impeachment proceedings. It is not likely to change the calculus for the majority of Republicans in the House. And if you need to get a president impeached, you need the Republicans, who are the majority in the House of Representatives.

Speaking of his relations, the president's relations with members of his own party, he took to Twitter to call out Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and House Speaker Paul Ryan about the debt ceiling and health care. Is he alienating the very people in the Senate he needs later for legislation to defend him against investigations?

It's going to harden the battle lines, the battle lines that are already there, especially on immigration, especially with regard to the southern border wall. And this is a sensitive time, as we approach the perfect fiscal storm this September. I'm talking about the budget resolution, the spending bills, the federal debt ceiling with the prospect of a shutdown or a credit default. While still remote, perhaps, that threat is quite real.

Another face has been crossed out of the White House staff photo overnight. Counterterrorism Adviser Sebastian Gorka has left the building. But was he a fired man walking, if you please, for the past week or so?

turn 0 : "change the calculus" - this is a metaphorical expression that means to change the way people are thinking about something.

How would you describe the impact of the term "change the calculus"?

Answer: Influential


It was really expensive. It was the most expensive substance on Earth at the time. We're talking about equivalent of 2. 2 million dollars for a single gram.

Wow. And in 1917, of course, with World War I cranking up, there was huge military demand for watches that you could see in the dark and dials that you could see in the - in the dark.

That's right. And as you said, this is when the book opens, so shortly before America joined the First World War. And once they did, of course, join that global conflict, there was this huge boom to the radium industry. Soldiers needed watches, and people needed it for the planes and the trucks and so on. And so the dial painters, who were the radium girls - they were employed to paint all these dials with luminous radium paint. And they were taught to lip point, so to put their brushes between their lips to make a fine point for the detailed handiwork.

To actually put the brush with the radium paint into their mouth.

turn 3 : In (4), the speaker expands on the earlier point by explicitly stating that the workers put the brushes with radium paint into their mouths to make a fine point. The implied meaning here is that the workers were not aware of the dangers of radium and were not provided with proper safety equipment, leading to their exposure to dangerous levels of radiation.

What were the workers taught to do to make a fine point for the detailed handiwork?

Answer: Mouth


Smaller splinters of gangs.

Exactly, a small splinter of a gang. And I think that everybody just wants to be the man. Things was a lot different when I was a kid, though. Back then, you could probably ask a kid who they wanted to be when they grew up, and they would probably say a teacher or a doctor. And now, you probably would get something like I want to be like my big homie. I want to be OG. Like, this is the only thing that they're exposed to, so this is all they can aspire to be.

Are you afraid to go out of your apartment?

If I was afraid all the time, I probably wouldn't be in this line of business, which is HugsNoSlugs. I started this movement to try to bring more positivity into the poverty-stricken areas of Chicago. And I see a lot of really good people in these neighborhoods. These people have hearts, too.

turn 3 : (4) Implied meaning: The speaker is not afraid of going out of their apartment; instead, they are motivated by their desire to bring positivity to their community and recognize the potential of the people in poverty-stricken neighborhoods.

Which desire motivates the PersonA's work in HugsNoSlugs?

Answer: Positivity


And the story is conveyed through the eyes of this young woman, this farmer's wife, who discovers it, actually, in a - she's kind of in an awkward situation. She's going somewhere where she's not supposed to be, and she sees it and she's not allowed to tell anyone. But she feels it's her personal burning bush. She takes it as a warning to go back.

I wanted to write it initially through her eyes so that you, too, would not know what you are seeing. But later. . .

If SCIENCE FRIDAY didn't spoil it.

Well, yeah. But you see what I mean?Because it is about perception and how we need to be - to understand what we're seeing before we can really see it, that's really key to understanding this whole issue of climate change and why we see or don't see what's right in front of us.

turn 1 : Writing through the woman's perspective is done to create mystery.

How is the mystery created in the story?

Answer: perspective


Would it be ethical to do this, you know, some of this work in humans?Would it take away some of the stigma about using embryonic stem cells?

Well, there's a whole lot of issues to consider in that I think a lot of people are going to have to involved in working through and thinking about under what circumstances it would be permissible to use this kind of approach in humans if the science really supports the idea that this kind of approach could generate cells that look like eggs from human pluripotent stem cells. I think the two key factors, I mean one key factor is that you would want to do this in the context of an effort, you know, for in vitro fertilization, in the course of reproduction rather than just generating embryos for the sake of research by fertilization.

And secondly, you would only want to go forward, I think, if you were sure enough from the preliminary studies that the eggs really looked healthy and normal and really felt like they had a chance of giving rise to successful pregnancies because you wouldn't want to engage in in vitro fertilization with a patient if there really wasn't much chance of having a successful pregnancy.

Is there any reason - going the opposite direction of thought, is there any reason to believe this would not work in humans?

turn 1 : Ethical and scientific considerations need to be taken into account before using embryonic stem cells in humans for generating cells that look like eggs.

How would you describe the key factors for using embryonic stem cells to generate cells that look like eggs?

Answer: Crowding


So if there is somebody out there listening, and I'm sure there are people who are over 70 or over 80, and who have thought, well, I'd like to go back and pick up that extra degree and - but I don't know if it's practical, why would you tell them that it's something that's good to do?

First thing, why would it not be practical?If it's something someone wants and something they had missed all of their lives, and they know as they're getting older that they're getting closer to the end of the line, it is something they want to do before they pass on. You know, you didn't come here to stay and you will perish. So if that's the last thing you wanted to do, then I should do it. But first, I want to remind you that you must have good health, you must have good stamina and the interest has to be there. If the interest is not there, forget about it; you're wasting your time.

And as far as health goes, what's your best advice for how to stay healthy?

First, I would like to say I have never had a headache in my life. I don't take no medications for nothing. All my vital signs are good. You have to pay attention to what you eat, not eat too much fat, watch your salt intake, watch your alcohol intake, stay away from drugs and smoking.

turn 1 : "You didn't come here to stay and you will perish." - This turn is a figurative expression and means that we all have a limited time on earth and will eventually die. It does not have a literal meaning.

Answer: Limited


Correct. But writ large, this is not going to have the sort of change that the authors of the memo anticipate it will have because mandatory detention ability is useless without beds. All of the detention beds are already full. And the only way there would be new beds is if the Congress authorized new beds, and that was a massive fight in the last appropriations bill. There's no reason to think that that massive fight will move any further in this appropriations bill.

Right. Now, you're a member of an advisory council for the Department of Homeland Security that issues recommendations to the department on various issues. Last night, your group issued a set of emergency actions that DHS should take immediately to address the flow of migrants at the border. And this was one of the concerns you flagged - that there aren't enough asylum officers, judges or even buildings to process all the migrants.

Correct. That's exactly right. I think if you have two alternatives, one - on one side is a border wall of 2,000 miles and a massive deprivation of rights, which is sort of one way of solving this, and another extreme on the other end, which is do nothing and continue to allow the situation that's happening now to increase in numbers.

A compromise in the middle would be do not diminish the rights people have but expedite the consideration of what we're ultimately trying to consider. And I think that is right down the middle. You know, zero to a hundred, that's right there at 50 of what, maybe, can be a bipartisan compromise.

turn 0 : "writ large" - This phrase means "on a large scale" or "as a general principle," rather than referring to something that is physically written in large letters.

How would you describe the meaning of "writ large"?

Answer: General


The fighting between Israel and the Palestinians reminds us that world events do not wait for changes of leadership in Washington. President-elect Barack Obama will not take office for another three weeks, which means he'll watch from the sidelines as the current administration responds to a crisis that Obama will inherit very soon. For some analysis of this moment, we're joined now by NPR's senior Washington editor Ron Elving, who's with us most Mondays. Hi Ron.

Good to be with you, Madeleine.

Well, so how much is President-elect Obama being consulted on the U. S.  response at this point?

Not so much consulted as kept informed. He gets regular security briefings, of course. He had one on Sunday. He has had conversations with Secretary of State Rice, and he is expected to talk today to his own incoming national security adviser, General James Jones, and also to Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton, who is his own nominee, of course, for Secretary of State. She's certainly sharing in a lot of the information. She's a senator; she's on Armed Services; she's been immersed in much of this for many years; she's had top clearances; and I'm sure the Obama folks are sharing with her.

And how much does his stated policy regarding the Middle East - how much does it differ from the Bush administration's?

turn 3 : Obama is not yet in power but is being kept informed of the situation

Which administration is being referred to in turn 4?

Answer: Bush


And it changed your behavior with your friends and family, right?

Oh, absolutely. I became alienated from most of my friends and everything because I wasn't there for them or with them. They had out to social events and things, my social event was to get to the casino as quickly as I could in order to gain money.

And what did it do to your marriage?

Well, I got a divorce. I ended up in divorce. I ended up with my wife getting everything plus the kids. And basically, I was out in the streets trying to survive.

turn 1 : A's gambling addiction caused him to isolate himself from friends and family

How did PersonA's gambling addiction affect his social life?

Answer: Isolation


And that is how I developed as a scientist. I have - was so totally engaged in this, doing it at a more complex and maybe more sophisticated level, by the time I got to undergraduate studies that I never thought of ever doing anything else.

My last expedition, my last two, I did at the ages of 82 and 83. I went to the South Pacific with a team I led to explore new ant forms never before studied in the island of - of the islands of the Vanuatu Archipelago. It was rugged field work. And then I went to Mozambique to the national park of Gorongosa.

So I'm still doing the same thing but at a bigger - on a larger scale.

Talking with E. O. Wilson, author of "Letters to a Young Scientist". We'll be back with the rest of our conversation after this break. Stay with us. I'm Ira Flatow. This is SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR.

turn 1 : "it was rugged field work" implies that it was physically challenging field work in rugged terrain.

How was the field work in the last expedition?

Answer: Rugged.


Yeah, of course. I think it's right for the employer to know. But let the person go all the way through the process until the point where they're being offered a job. It creates more momentum towards hiring and more of a chance that that person's actually get a job.

Why do you include in this legislation a provision that would allow felons to vote in every state in the country?

You know, these felony disenfranchise laws - if you go back to some of the state legislative debates that were happening after Reconstruction, they were designed to stop African-Americans from voting. These have racist roots to these laws. And it gets to a point now where you can see the fruit of that poison tree - is that you have some counties in America where 1 out of 4 African-Americans can't vote. And remember; the overwhelming number of charges are for nonviolent drug offenses.

So here, you've served your time, and now you're going to have 10, 20, 40, 50, 60 years more as an adult. And you're told that your citizen rights have been stripped from you?This is a way, I think, that poor people especially - low-income people are being stripped of their democratic power.

turn 0 : The figurative meaning here is that allowing the person to go through the entire hiring process without disclosing their criminal record increases their chances of getting a job. It suggests that withholding information about their criminal record can help them overcome potential biases.

How does withholding information about criminal records affect job opportunities?

Answer: Increases


I didn't. I've always had the theory that the shower scene works as well as it does because just beforehand, you have this quite long supper conversation between Normal Bates and Marion Crane - Anthony Perkins and Janet Leigh - which is the quietest, calmest moment in the film.

And it lulls you and it prepares you for the shocking, violent moment that is to come.

And so I went for that scene because I think it's a beautiful, beautifully acted scene and really, the heart of Anthony Perkins' performance. And I think that sometimes, an actor is essential. I don't know who else could have played that part.

That's interesting. So it's not the stab in the shower or the bridge blowing up that stays with us.

turn 1 : implies that the quietness of the supper conversation before the shower scene prepares the audience to be shocked by the violent moment that follows

What scene does PersonA think is the heart of Anthony Perkins' performance?

Answer: supper


You really take us through every single phase of a relationship.

I went through every single phase in the writing of this thing, so. . .

Yeah.

Yeah. Yeah. I went through a breakup with a longtime, like, best friend. And it was, for the first time in my adult years, really in a place where I didn't have anyone to text after the show to be like, it went great or, like, I tripped. But, like, it was a strange sort of loneliness. And I wanted the songs to show that because I felt like I was going to feel less lonely by sharing in a way.

turn 3 : The author wrote songs to show that sharing can help with loneliness.

Which feeling did the author want to alleviate by sharing?

Answer: loneliness


(Laughter).

But - so in any event, do you really want to put yourself on the side of people that cut even 3 percent from the Meals on Wheels budget?

Well, from a political standpoint, you're right. But this is the problem for whatever the not-left-of-center crew is, now that it's gotten so diverse in the era of Trump is - who's going to talk about how it works?Back to repealing Obamacare, there is a method going forward that works. It involves using tax credits to let people shop. And their choices drive down prices and create more products that they want to buy. But no one's talk about that because you're trapped in this Trump gravitational conversational field.

Well, we'll have you back. We have to cut the conversation short. Michael Graham is podcast editor for The Weekly Standard.

turn 3 : Actual meaning: B is bringing the conversation to an end because of time constraints, but expressing interest in having A return in the future. Literal meaning: B is stating that A will be invited back and that Michael Graham is the podcast editor for The Weekly Standard.

Which position does Michael Graham hold?

Answer: Editor


Do drones offer the appearance of risk-free combat?

Well, inside our business, Scott, they don't. There's nothing risk-free about anything we do. And when you're talking about decisions that may affect life and death, I think we take this very seriously. There is nothing in this enterprise that discounts the value of life on the ground - all life, by the way - friendly life, enemy life and then, of course, civilian non-combatant life and property. It's something that is very deeply ingrained in our folks as they go through training.

But to press you a bit on this, General, I wonder - does drone warfare offer, to some Americans, the appearance of being able to strike militarily almost anywhere in the world and not have to worry about suffering casualties and consequence?

Yeah, it's one of the reasons that we don't like the term drone warfare, Scott, the - because drone does imply a level of autonomy that is not the case. It does imply a lack of thinking and a lack of human involvement. A primary reason we call them remotely piloted aircraft is because there is somebody flying them. There is somebody in that decision loop. In fact, there are lots of somebodies in it who are adding the human judgments that we think are critical when you're in the business of life and death.

turn 1 : "discounts the value of life on the ground": the literal meaning of this phrase is that the value of life on the ground is not being reduced; however, the actual meaning is that all lives, including friendly, enemy, and civilian non-combatant, are equally important and should not be devalued in any way.

What is the reason for calling drones remotely piloted aircraft, according to General A?

Answer: Somebody


I mean, it's pretty scary at the time. It was very intimidating. It just seems like it was completely mental, an attack on a small business for a problem that it's not responsible for.

Well, what do you think of the problem?Because we read that protesters were chanting we want genuinely affordable housing and we want community. I realize it might be hard to keep that separate from the people that smeared stuff on your windows, but how do you feel about that?

I mean, I think that there is problems. There's problems of poverty in the area, and there's bad sides to gentrification, but there's also really great sides to gentrification. What we have done is we have moved into this area - the protests and gentrification in this area. If you wanted to protest gentrification in this area, you probably should've started about 15-20 years ago.

Have you ever had any conversations with any of your critics, your attackers, do you think?

turn 2 :  "bad sides to gentrification" and "great sides to gentrification" are figurative expressions that describe positive and negative aspects of the process of gentrification.

How does PersonA describe the aspects of gentrification?

Answer: Figurative


Well, the Republican reaction is pretty typical. Whenever we see Donald Trump act like a stress test on democratic institutions, Republicans in Congress are usually silent. They don't seem to be concerned by the president involving himself in an internal investigation or openly calling for the Mueller investigation to end unless they are Republicans who are not running for re-election. So we have heard some criticisms from Republicans who are planning to retire. In the past, Republicans have come to the defense of Attorney General Jeff Sessions because the president has relentlessly humiliated and criticized him. And Republican senators have stood up for Sessions. He's become a kind of proxy for the rule of law. What we don't know is if firing Bob Mueller is a kind of red line for Republicans in Congress. That's really the big question.

So what do we know about the Justice Department?What are they saying about all this?

Well, there has been pushback from former DOJ officials who say this firing was inappropriate. We also know how Andrew McCabe has reacted. He said he was singled out and treated this way because of what he witnessed in the aftermath of the firing of James Comey. He says that he was fired to undermine the credibility of the Mueller investigation. We also know that McCabe made contemporaneous notes just like his boss, James Comey, did. All FBI agents are trained to do this. And coincidentally, James Comey is about to embark on a book tour, one of the highest-profile book tours ever.

Yes.

turn 0 : Republicans in Congress are not doing enough to hold Donald Trump accountable for his actions and words

Which political party is being criticized for not holding Donald Trump accountable?

Answer: Republicans


The sport right now is not very big, but the potential is huge. And one of the reasons there's such a big potential is that the typical esports viewer and esports player are young males. Those are people that don't watch television. They've never watched television. We talk about cord-cutters in the business. These are cord-nevers.

And so advertisers are desperate to try to reach them because they can't reach them anywhere else. So you have companies like Turner Sports, the Big Agency, WME-IMG - they see that advertisers want to reach this group, so they're all trying to get into that group to sort of prove that advertisers should go with them in order to build up the business.

Where is the money coming from, though?And sort of where is it going?Where are they investing the money in?

In several different places. You have certain NBA team owners that have invested in actual teams. I mentioned Turner Sports and WME-IMG. They actually created a league called ELEAGUE with different teams, and they have a regular season and a playoff tournament. Sponsors are sort of getting attached to all of this, and that's where all the money is coming in from, sort of all areas.

turn 1 : In (2), the speaker is saying that advertisers are desperate to reach young male viewers and are investing in esports to do so. The literal meaning is straightforward, but the implied meaning is that traditional forms of advertising are becoming less effective in reaching younger generations, which is why advertisers are turning to esports as a new platform to reach their target audience.

Which group of people are advertisers desperate to reach in esports?

Answer: Young


Is there a way to balance - to better balance interest in public safety, the rights of defendants and also the public's interest in not burdening people with so much debt that they can't function?

The problem with approaches like this private pre-trial supervision is that they not only fail on a sort of, you know, human, moral level when you look at the impact that they're having on poor people, they also really are failing on a public safety level. They're failing in terms of outcomes. There's really nothing that suggests to us that our current approach of investing in this kind of surveillance and caging black and brown people is actually resulting in better public safety outcomes.

That's Blake Strode. He's the executive director of ArchCity Defenders. That's a nonprofit civil rights law firm in St.  Louis, Mo. Blake Strode, thank you so much for talking with us.

Thank you very much.

turn 1 : The current approach of investing in pre-trial supervision is immoral, discriminatory and doesn't result in better public safety outcomes

Which approach is failing on a sort of human, moral level and doesn't result in better public safety outcomes?

Answer: supervision


You know, I'm encouraged by the step. It makes it easier to deal with churches that have enabled or covered up sexual abuse. That being said, it is a framework only.

A framework only - what do you mean?

Well, it creates a new committee by which these claims can be vetted. What we don't know yet is who is going to be on that committee, what questions the committee will be asking as they consider whether or not churches are in violation of the SBC standards on sexual abuse. And so it really remains to be seen what is built on that framework.

Talk to me about the culture. I'm thinking of some reporting that our religion correspondent, Tom Gjelten, has been doing this week. He's been interviewing Southern Baptist women. And they describe a culture that is resistant to change. Has that been your experience as you've interacted with church leaders?

turn 1 : B doesn't understand the implications of the framework

How does PersonB respond to PersonA's statement about the framework?

Answer: Confused


You know, World War II is very cut-and-dry. It was like, these are the bad guys, you know. We're fighting for, you know, freedom. And not just for Europe, but for ourselves, for our people, to prove that we are more than what people say we are. That's not happening in Iraq.

Well, Professor, thanks for the interview.

Well, thank you.

Yvonne Latty is author of "We Were There: Voices of African-American Veterans from World War II to the War in Iraq. "She's also a professor in the department of journalism at New York University.

turn 0 : cut-and-dry implies World War II was easy to understand and not complicated

Answer: Europe


Committee will come to order.

Intelligence Committee Chairman Adam Schiff was the one swinging that gavel and overseeing the hearing with Acting Director of National Intelligence Joseph Maguire. Chairman Schiff, welcome back to the program.

Thank you. Great to be with you.

Let me first ask you about one big revelation in the whistleblower complaint, which is that after President Trump asked Ukraine's president to look into the Biden family, the White House locked down all records of the call, putting them into a separate electronic system to handle especially sensitive classified information. Have you ever heard of a White House doing something like that?

turn 1 : The gavel was not swung but Adam Schiff had authority over the meeting.

How did Adam Schiff exercise control over the meeting?

Answer: Authority


Arthur Thomas took Jeni Stepien's hand as the music at her wedding reception started. He did my father-daughter dance with me and then handed me to my mom, she wrote on Facebook. It was truly the best day of my entire life.

The Department of Health and Human Services says that almost 30,000 people received organ transplants in the United States in 2014. But 22 people a day die, on average, while waiting for a transplant, in part because there's a shortage of organs available.

Charity Tilleman-Dick, an opera soprano who's become a vocal advocate for organ donation, has had two double lung transplants at Cleveland Clinic. She still sings. I'm alive today because a family in Ohio turned their tragedy into a miracle, she told us. Some people say life's not a sprint, it's a marathon. It should be a relay. When you round mortality's final bend, pass the baton. In death, we can give breath. We can give grace. We can give life.

(Singing) Another day, a day of grace, is given us from on high.

turn 2 :  In this turn, Charity Tilleman-Dick is implying that people can help to save the lives of others by donating their organs after they die, which is much different from the literal meaning of the words.

How did Charity Tilleman-Dick become an advocate for organ donation?

Answer: Advocate


Prime Minister Boris Johnson asked the queen to suspend Parliament - a very British coup, as many of his critics say, or a way to force Parliament to work out Brexit three years-plus after voters voted for him.

Or perhaps a device to get Parliament out of the way and allow Boris and the Brexiteers to finally leave the EU even without a deal. And the EU has said it is done negotiating. So this fall, Britain may leave the European Union and do it in the most disruptive and unpredictable way imaginable. So for the residents of Britain, this is rather like watching a hurricane bear down on them, feeling helpless to stop it and unable to escape.

The romance between the president and Fox News seemed to have everything going for it. What happened?

(Laughter) It does seem to have cooled. Weeks ago, the president started complaining about the opinion polls he saw on Fox News. They were showing his approval rating as low as most of the other media and academic polls. So he called that fake news.

turn 2 : The good feelings between the president and fox news seems to be over.

What did the president and Fox News have?

Answer: Relationship


Waiting for the winds to drop down below 50 - sustained winds drop below 50. And at that time we send out all of our first respondents of police, fire, EMS, and our utility companies. Everybody goes out and does damage assessment report in their areas. Report it back to us. We make a priority listing, so we can get power back on if we lost any power. Get the resources back and so we can just bring our people back.

But the winds are above 50 miles an hour, now. So, you don't have anybody out right now?Every body's just hunkered down.

Ninety nine percent of our people are hunkered down. We have a few of our - like the sheriff, he is out, and a few other higher ranking agency people are out, but most - 99 percent of our people are hunkered down in shelters.

So, how long do you really expect that that's going to last?

turn 1 : Emergency responders are not currently out due to high winds.

Which resource is given priority for restoration after damage assessment report?

Answer: Power


What did it mean to many Italian Americans to have Columbus Day established as a federal holiday back in the 1930s?

One has to remember that when Italians arrive here in the late 1880s in mass - we're talking about 4 1/2 millions who come - Italian immigrants who come between 1880s and 1924 - they encounter America that is xenophobic, that is engaging in acts of violence against immigrants. One has to remember the lynching in New Orleans of 11 Italian Americans in 1891 so that Columbus becomes this figure that Italians latch on to as a way to get a foothold in this incredibly hostile environment that they find themselves in.

So what has the reaction been among many Italian American groups and Italian American families to the emphasis in recent years on seeing the racism and brutality and violence in Columbus' personal history?

There's an emotional bond to Columbus. I've read poetry which has - says, you know, when I look at the figure of Columbus on a statue, I don't see Columbus. I see my grandfather. I see the sort of worker's hands in his hands. I see the visage, his visage. And I see that of my grandfather. So there's a really emotional bond there.

turn 1 : Italians depended on Columbus as a means to make themselves relevant in American society.

What figure did Italian Americans latch onto to gain a foothold in a hostile American society?

Answer: Columbus