On Tuesday, Panamanian officials announced they had intercepted a North Korean ship laden with a suspicious cargo of Cuban sugar. Drug enforcement agents, acting on a tip, boarded the ship in the Panama Canal last week and found hidden below the sugar not drugs but missile parts and disassembled fighter planes. When pressed, Cuban authorities said the ship was carrying obsolete defensive weapons to North Korea for repair. Joining us now to fill us in on the history of Cuba's relationship with North Korea is Dr.  Frank Mora. Until very recently, he was deputy assistant secretary of defense. He is now director of the Latin American and Caribbean Center at Florida International University. Thank you for joining us.

DR.  FRANK MORA: Great to be here, Linda.

Now, when did North Korea and Cuba first develop a relationship?

It was the 1960s, not long after Fidel Castro declared Cuba being a Marxist-Lenin state, which was in December. And not long after that, the Cuban revolution decided to side with the Soviet Union rather than the Chinese in the Russian-Sino split that had occurred in the '60s. And, of course, North Korea had become a client of the Soviet Union, particularly after the Korean War. And Cuba had gravitated toward the direction. So, there was an immediate connection but it was not much more than a diplomatic-political-ideological relations rather than economic relationship.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: Communication involves not only transmitting information but also interpreting and responding to the feedback and reactions of others, and adjusting the message accordingly.

How did Cuba and North Korea's relationship begin?

Answer: 1960s


Before the pardon, he was thinking about working through the Justice Department to help Arpaio off. And this was not because, necessarily, the merits of the case. The Washington Post reports that this was because the president saw Arpaio as an ally, a loyalist who needed to be protected.

You mentioned Congress comes back after Labor Day. Do you think Republicans go it alone and maybe pass what laws they want and then send them up to President Trump for his signature at this point?

When it comes to tax reform, Congress will take the lead. The White House is not trying to outline the details. Look for Congress to try to set where the rates are on corporations and on individuals and just try to get the president to sign it so he can maybe get a victory. That's what they've been seeking in Congress. They weren't able to get health care through. They're going to try to get a simple tax care package through.

Robert Costa is national political reporter for The Washington Post. Robert, thanks a lot.

turn 0 : All the turns in this conversation appear to have their literal meanings, and there are no metaphors, figurative language or idioms used.

What was the reason for President Trump wanting to protect Arpaio?

Answer: Ally


Her fencing tutor, when she is 13, makes her his mistress. Julie says he gave everything I desired and quite a few things I hadn't known existed. Oh, my word.

(Laughter) He was her father's boss. And he was one of the great nobleman of France at the time, a very, very powerful man. And all of a sudden, she was the very young mistress and was moved into Paris so that he could keep her separate from his wife, but she wanted more. And so very quickly she got bored and she ran off with her fencing master.

Well, I used to fence as a kid. It's one of the reasons I know about her. I fenced all through school and college, but I have to say that I'd - when I'm writing the fencing scenes, I do jump out of my chair and grab a foil - I've still got my old swords - and I act out the scenes for myself just to make sure that they make sense.

turn 2 : Yeah. There's a lot of fencing in this book. As soon as I say that, I realize metaphorical but also actual fencing in this book.  The implied meaning here is that the phrase "metaphorical but also actual fencing" suggests that fencing is not only a physical activity portrayed in the book but also serves as a metaphorical representation of conflict or rivalry between characters. It implies that fencing is used symbolically within the book's narrative.

Which activity is used symbolically in the book's narrative?

Answer: Fencing


Are there any good reasons to use this?

There is a separate group here working on storing data in DNA. It turns out that DNA is really robust for long-term storage, whereas, you know, hard drives may die after a few years. You can conceivably store data in DNA for hundreds or thousands of years. And as long as life continues to be based on DNA, we'll always have a reason to read and write DNA. So it's sort of a technology that won't go obsolete.

So, I mean, we underscored the aspect of some kind of mischief or outright miscreants. But I wonder, you know, a few years from now, instead of having hard drives or storage systems, will people just carry around that information in themselves, in their DNA?

I'm not sure that people will carry around that information within them. But I do believe people will start using DNA for sort of long-term storage. So accessing data from DNA and putting data into DNA is a pretty slow process. And so you'll want to, you know, archive photos in there and things like that. But you won't want to use it for your day-to-day tasks, at least not for the foreseeable future.

turn 0 : The question suggests that the use of DNA for data storage might be beneficial.

How did PersonB perceive the potential benefits of using DNPersonA for data storage in turn 0?

Answer: Mischief


All right.

You know, Cory Booker is the latest Democrat to get in, but most of the conversation this last week was about Howard Schultz, who calls himself a longtime Democrat - lifelong Democrat - but who is talking about running as an independent.

Try and avoid any latte jokes. He didn't exactly make a good first impression with a lot of people, did he?

It is no joke to a lot of Democrats. They're seeing a Schultz candidacy as a spoiler, a way to split the anti-Trump vote and re-elect Trump. And most of the positive commentary about Schultz's candidacy has been coming from the other side, including the president, who sent out a tweet questioning Schultz's smarts and saying he didn't have the guts. And it just might sound like the way to goad somebody to run, especially if someone really would like to see Schultz in the race.

Seemed clear this week more than ever that the directors of U. S.  intelligence agencies see the world differently than President Trump does, doesn't it?

turn 4 : to see the world differently means to have a different opinion

Which word describes having a distinct view from someone else?

Answer: Differently


Absolutely not - no deal. You know, Congress recognized, when the Environmental Protection Agency was established in 1970, that California was the first to set their own car standards, even before we had a federal agency dealing with air pollution. And they have allowed California, for the last 50 years, to set emission standards that are more stringent than the federal government. So California has been the laboratory of innovation when it comes to reducing emissions from cars.

Is the auto industry essentially telling the Trump White House it's going to be - it's going to create market instability for us to have to manufacture according to U. S.  national standards and California national standards?

That's one of the issues. But it's more than that. Because if the Trump administration moves forward rolling back the standards, California and 18 other states that reflect more than 50% or 60% of the car sales in the country will challenge that decision in courts. And it will take three to four years. . .

Oh.

turn 0 : So California has been where innovation has been occuring and tested.

How has California been a leader in reducing car emissions?

Answer: A


Oh, it's kind of odd. Really, it's quiet. The streets are quiet. There's this wariness, though, that, you know, death could burst from the sky at any second. Obviously, this is something that Israelis are experiencing as well with rocket fire there. But here, there are no warning sirens. There's not an Iron Dome to intercept anything. The military strength of Israel is tremendously more powerful than the military strength of Hamas or Islamic Jihad or other groups here. In some cases, Israel does warn people about strikes. For example, I spoke to a woman this morning whose neighbor is part of Hamas, that that person got a phone call this morning to get out of the house. He alerted the neighbors. This is sort of normal. She burst into tears. Her husband said, don't cry in front of the children. She took the kids to a friend's. She went to work.

And a normal life continues in the midst of all this?

Well, in some ways, it has to. If you aren't right next to a rocket attack, you might not even know it happens - or close enough by to hear it. I did speak to a man this morning whose, you know, baby came two weeks early three days ago. And he had to take the baby boy to the doctor last night at night. He had to do it even though he didn't want to be driving around at night. So, yes, people do carry on as they can.

And briefly - we don't have much time - but there have been similar flare-ups like this in recent years. Is there any sense of what's coming next in this conflict?

turn 2 : Implied meaning: Do people have to keep going despite the danger in the conflict?

What did the man have to do with his baby at night?

Answer: Doctor


Because unlike candidates, which have to disclose their fundraising and spendings to the Federal Elections Commission, outside groups - a lot of them are basically incorporated nonprofits, they're businesses. And they don't really have a legal mandate to disclose. They're simply communicating a message. So what these Federal Communication Commission filings do is give us a sense of what they're spending on the biggest ticket item in politics right now, which is television advertising.

So how do these new rules make what you do easier?

Back in sort of the bad old days, the pre-2012 days, you would actually hop in your car, and if you had five or six television stations in your market, you would go to to five or six television stations and root through physical files to find out what groups were behind these ads. And the things in those files were valuable, not only because they sort of told you the volume of advertising in dollar terms and how many spots they were running, but also sometimes they were the only hints of who was actually behind an ad, you know. A lot of these groups have names like Mom For Apple Pie. Well, who is was Mom For Apple Pie?Sometimes the FCC files were your only hope to kind of figure out - oh, this is actually attached to this Republican or this Democratic organization.

And in your state this year, there has been a time of spending already. On the Republican side, there are a couple of big names that of been doing this - Americans For Prosperity and Crossroads GPS. And I think we have an ad for Americans For Prosperity.

turn 2 : the literal meaning is that outside groups are only communicating a message and do not have a legal mandate to disclose their fundraising and spendings. The actual meaning is that despite not being required to disclose their activities, outside groups are still significant spenders on television advertising in politics.

How are outside groups significant in television advertising despite not being required to disclose their activities?

Answer: Spending


Well, the - there in every single state, and the data changes state by state, but in every single state, there is a huge disproportionality between the number of particularly African-Americans, but also Latino youths, who wind up in high-level facilities, as opposed to Caucasians youth who wind up in high-level facilities.

And by high level you mean the higher security, more. . .

I mean, higher - yes, more intensive, more secure facilities. Ironically, or maybe not so ironically, when you look at high - facilities that have a high-level of treatment, you'll see disproportionally white youth in the high-level of treatment facilities. But from the very first day, when we start with arrests, which I'm sure you're very familiar with, but moving on through the system, there is continuous and increased disproportionality.

That doesn't even deal with the real disproportionality in the system, between families that have assets, and the families that have fewer assets. So, youth in the juvenile justice system are primarily African-Americans and Latinos that are almost entirely low-income youth.

turn 3 : The juvenile justice system disproportionately affects low-income African-American and Latino youths.

What group is disproportionately affected by the juvenile justice system?

Answer: Low-income


Yeah, I mean, that certainly has been the view on the right and in the Republican Party and from many quarters over, you know, this isn't fair and you keep moving the goalposts. One of the problems has been that it's built into the Clean Air Act that it is updated every five years in accordance with the science.

And what the science has found in its progress over the decades has been disturbing from a health perspective. And it's also been sort of onerous from a regulatory perspective because those findings are that levels of pollution that years ago were thought to be safe actually are still killing people. America's air is much cleaner now than it was back in 1970, but a hundred thousand Americans still die every year from the effects of air pollution. That's a lot of people.

As you travel the world reporting on air pollution in other countries, did you gain an appreciation for what the U. S.  was able to accomplish with the Clean Air Act?

Yeah. I think as I traveled around the world, I could see actually in clearer and clearer focus that America's progress since 1970 is a real success story. I went to China, and officials there are trying to sort of replicate the achievements that we've had here in the United States. And it's, you know, I guess sort of ironic to see the United States undermining its own Clean Air Act enforcement capability as other countries begin to try to replicate it.

turn 3 : "replicate the achievements" - This phrase means to repeat or recreate the successes or accomplishments that the United States has had with its Clean Air Act. Its actual meaning is metaphorical and not related to copying or duplicating something exactly.

How did officials in China try to follow the United States' progress in reducing air pollution?

Answer: Trying


Hi.

So, where were you when the typhoon hit?

I was on the island of Baho, and Baho was affected yesterday about 2 P. M. The problem for Baho is that it had already been basically destroyed, parts of it, by a massive earthquake just three weeks ago. So, there are certain areas of Baho that were particularly vulnerable to the extreme weather that we had yesterday.

I know you're still struggling to assess things but what can you tell us about what conditions look like now?

turn 3 : The implied meaning is to ask for an update on the current condition of Baho after the typhoon.

What island was affected by the typhoon?

Answer: Baho


So I think - I think we're - we have to understand the complexity of it. I think we have to understand that the president has put together a good team on this. And now we're really looking at the next step. But I do think it's important to underscore that in this kind of negotiation, especially at this high level, you get to walk away from the table once. You don't get to walk away from the table twice.

Right. I mean, you used a phrase there, pick up the pieces. It's not just President Trump and North Korea. It's the president's son-in-law trying to almost single handedly bring Middle East peace after the United States took a move like moving the embassy to Jerusalem. You know, some would say that the Trump administration gives away the carrots, like moving the embassy to Jerusalem, without getting concessions and only selectively applies the sticks, like curtailing Palestinian aid. Doesn't that make it harder to negotiate?

Sometimes it can. Sometimes, however, that - what you want to do is try to rearrange the pieces on the table and do so in ways that are surprising or unexpected and can open space for - for talks and negotiations.

Do you think Jared Kushner is the man to do that?

turn 2 : There are not pieces on a table but there are happenings in countries that are open for negotiation.

What is being rearranged on the table for negotiations according to A?

Answer: Happenings


Well, let me give you an example. I walked up to some lawmakers in the Great Hall of the People. And they confirmed to me unanimously that they were going to vote in favor of scrapping term limits. And one thing you hear from a lot of Chinese when you ask them is that they say, look. President Xi Jinping is doing a great job. He's getting China lots of respect on the world stage. He's cleaning up corruption at home. He ought to be given a chance to do more. And also, I think it helps to remember that in Chinese political culture, it's basically been the rule of man. And so people feel, let's get a good man, and let's not worry about, if we don't get a good man, what rules are we going to rely on to give him the boot?

You mentioned critics. And there are critics. What are they saying about this?

Well, you don't hear a lot of them because their views are often censored on the Internet. But I think it's safe to say that they feel very gloomy and pessimistic about the current situation. They look into the future - say 10, 15 or even more years - and they just don't see a lot hope for civil liberties, transparent and accountable government or robust civil society. And they just feel that this is a real historic step backwards into the bad, old days.

The bad, old days being China's monarchs of thousands of years?

turn 0 : 1: Chinese people prioritize having a good leader over having a leader who follows rules.

Which characteristic of Chinese political culture is mentioned in turn 0?

Answer: Rule-of-man


You can point to the same thing in income, in housing, across the board. And if we're not investing very specifically to deal with that, we can continue to expect to see these inequalities to persist.

You are also arguing for a constitutional amendment that would ban the death penalty.

That's right.

Why is this part of a plan to empower black America?

turn 3 : why this part is used to empower black america

How does the death penalty ban relate to empowering black America?

Answer: Ban


He was all those things. I. . .

Did his brother's death, in a sense, liberate him to seek a new identity, to travel, to get to know and reflect the world?

I think that shook him deep to his soul. But I think the other thing that happened was his father's stroke. He had to get his father off his back. Joe Kennedy Sr.  was a formidable but, I think, menacing figure in his life who took a sweet, young seventh born who he had called a runt and encouraged him to become tough and ruthless - first a jock at Harvard, getting his letter with a broken leg, and then becoming this enforcer for his brother.

That's what won, finally, the attention of the old man. And only when he was tough did the old man respect him. And I think when his father became incapacitated, Bobby began to resort to who he was as a kid. As a kid, he was - he hung around all the time with African-American kids. Those were his playmates, even in Hyannis. He was - he, you know, Father Feeney - when Father Feeney said no salvation outside the Catholic Church, he railed against that, which was so extraordinary in that very Catholic family.

turn 3 : That's what won, finally, the attention of the old man. And only when he was tough did the old man respect him. And I think when his father became incapacitated, Bobby began to resort to who he was as a kid.  The literal meaning would indicate that the person gained the attention and respect of their father by being tough, and when their father became incapacitated, they reverted to their childhood behavior. However, the implied meaning suggests that the person's father only recognized and valued them when they displayed strength and resilience, and when their father's condition changed, they reverted to their true self, which may have included aspects of vulnerability or a different set of values.

How did Bobby win his father's attention and respect?

Answer: Attention


Unidentified Woman #5: Oh, I'm afraid my boyfriend will come back from Iraq and not like the person that he sees, just remember me and all of my quirks through text instead of through reality.

Unidentified Woman #6: I'd rather deny who I was than face my grandma not talking to me anymore.

Unidentified Woman #7: When I'm with the guys, I joke around about checking out other girls with them, but I'm not really joking because I'm gay.

Those secrets were confessed into Martina Castro's microphone. She's a producer based in San Francisco. The "Post Secret" exhibit will be on display in Northern California until April 19th. You can see some of those postcards at our blog, npr. org/daydreaming.

turn 1 : She does not want to deal with her grandmother no longer speaking to her.

Answer: Nottalking


Well, the Hardings sued when they came to light. And the family wanted to put them away for 50 years so that anybody involved in them would be long gone. So they put them in the Library of Congress and four microfilms in the Ohio Historical Society. The archivist though, who made the microfilms, sent several microfilms out to various people for protective custody. And that's one of the ones that I got a hold of in 2004. But they've been under seal and under a court-order - under seal until actually next week is when they finally come out.

Let me get to the spy-story stuff. Was Carrie Fulton Phillips trying to influence President Harding toward Germany?

Yeah. Well, he was then Senator Harding with the obligation to vote for war or not. And she thought we should stay out. She was extremely pro-German. She was hanging out with a very pro-German crowd, some of whom were spies for sure in New York City. And she had lived in Berlin for three years in the lead-up to the war. So she definitely was trying to convince him not to vote for war. And he eventually writes to her that though it's going to be a really tough thing for their relationship, he's going to vote for war. But that's not long before we actually get involved in the war.

turn 3 :  But what about the whole idea that somehow she was some kind of conduit for information to Berlin? This implies that there is a suggestion that she was secretly providing information to Berlin, beyond just influencing President Harding's opinion.

How was Carrie Fulton Phillips possibly involved with Berlin beyond influencing President Harding's opinion?

Answer: Information


Well, I mean, if we - if you think about it, what does 150-year mean?Just to give us a sense, most of our buildings that we designed, most of our bridges tend to have a design life which is 50 years to 75 years. And as engineers, what we work with is we work on probability, and we work in recurrence. So the idea is that if you have a longer window than the probability of having a larger earthquake or a larger wind event, becomes - the event itself becomes larger. And you also have to look at the maintenance of the structure and make sure that it satisfies, yeah, the 150-year design life.

What happens in this particular case, obviously, the one driving aspect of it is the seismic loads that we have in the Bay Area, and what it did is it magnified the ground motion that we're designing it for. We wind up designing for a earthquake that has 1,500 year return period, much like the earthquake that we're - we have in - had in 1906 earthquake.

1906. OK.  Let's get a question from the audience here. Yes, sir.

UNIDENTIFIED MAN #2: Yeah. Following up on that comment, how does - what's the process for deciding how strong an earthquake - to design a bridge to expand?

turn 0 : They don't mean an actual window but a time frame for the life of the bridge.

What is the 150-year design life referring to?

Answer: time


Yeah.

And I thought it was important to bring that to them.

When you approach prison administrators and ask them to distribute this inside their facility, what has their reaction generally been?Is there resistance?

Well, initially from some there was. I mean, here is this guy. He was formerly incarcerated. He comes out in less than a year, and he wants to bring material back in. . .

turn 2 : The phrase "here is this guy" may imply that the speaker's background as a formerly incarcerated person could be a factor that some administrators may not be comfortable with. The speaker's use of the phrase "initially from some there was" implies that there may have been resistance from some prison administrators, but not necessarily all of them.

What factor could some administrators be uncomfortable with, based on the phrase "here is this guy" in turn 3?

Answer: formerly-incarcerated


The regulations and the oversight that was put in place was relatively minimal because this was going to be such a small endeavor. It was going to be a small-scale experiment for 100 schools. Well, guess what?We have 1,300 charter schools today. And we have a law that doesn't actually account for the scale of that.

That's LA Times reporter Anna Phillips. She's been investigating loopholes in California's charter school system. What she discovered is a fragmented and decentralized regulating system. In Los Angeles, Phillips encountered a case in which a wealthy Beverly Hills couple made millions of dollars by simply turning to a different school district whenever their charter schools came under scrutiny.

These charter schools had been set up as nonprofits that were publicly funded. But if you looked right kind of on the outskirts of them, the couple that had started them had essentially created a series of businesses or nonprofits that were doing business with their own schools. So for instance, this couple rented a lot of their own properties they owned. They were their own landlords.

They owned buildings that then they rented to the schools, so they were getting that income.

Exactly. And there were other ways they were getting income. The woman who ran these schools, her husband was hired on as a project manager for about $500,000 to oversee the construction of a new campus. When they wanted to bring in cafeteria meals for their students, they hired one of their own organizations. So this was public money that was coming into these schools, but the couple that ran them was financially benefiting from it.

turn 1 : "loopholes in California's charter school system" - The literal meaning of "loopholes" is gaps or flaws in a system or law that can be exploited. However, the implied meaning is that the charter school system in California has structural weaknesses that allow for abuses and inconsistencies in regulation.

What did Anna Phillips discover about the regulating system in California's charter schools?

Answer: structural


So I always tell people, look at your many choices. Don't close any doors. But the fact is that, you know, take your passion, take it as far as you can, but understand you've got to make a living, and you've got to pay the loan back.

What about people like you, who are college presidents?What challenges are you facing in trying to make sure that you can get a broad variety of students from different backgrounds?

Farai, you know, what keeps me up at night is the young women who want to be admitted but don't have the dollars, the young women who are students who are continuing, who are saying, I need more financial aid, the young women whose parents can't take out another loan. That literally keeps me up at night. If you see me again and I'm gray, that's what did it.

I mean literally. I mean, I wake up in the - you know, I wake up in the middle of the night and say, how can I find money for these young people?It is a challenge.

turn 2 : Financial difficulties faced by young women seeking admission are causing immense stress to me.

What specifically is causing immense stress to the speaker?

Answer: house


We understand investigators recovered one block - black box from the crash. And I gather there are two. What can that one box tell you?Do you need the second?

The one black box can tell us some good information. It's a quantum-engineering manufacturer recorder. And what we're doing now is that our recorder specialist is already working with the manufacturer to use their conversion software - it's not unusual to do this - to turn all of those zeros and ones into information we can use, such as the distance traveled, the throttle inputs, the brake system performance, as well as the speed.

So so many eyewitnesses say the train just didn't slow down when it came into the station. Has what you learned supported that view so far?

We don't have the information from the black box yet. And this is just one of the two event data recorders, as well as video footage, that we're collecting. They were forward-facing cameras on both the front and the back end of this train.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of (3) is asking if the evidence gathered so far supports the eyewitness accounts of the train not slowing down. The implied meaning is asking if the evidence gathered so far indicates that the train did not slow down.

How does the evidence gathered so far support the eyewitness accounts of the train?

Answer: Not


Yeah. Well, a big one can come from any number of faults here in Southern California. So if you looked at a map of Southern California and wanted to imagine all the faults, just throw a pile of spaghetti down on it, and all those little strands would be faults all over the place. These - this set of faults is inland from the San Andreas.

And so there was a less-than-1% chance that we would've had an above-7. 0 magnitude earthquake yesterday following the 6. 4 on Thursday, and that happened. As of today, there is a less-than-2% chance that we could see another magnitude 7 today, but we're going to have to see how that shakes out.

The San Andreas is not directly impacted by these faults, as far as we know. But there are a whole lot of faults in that area that might've taken a strain of some of these smaller faults that - when they released all their energy, because that strain doesn't just go away. It has to go somewhere else. And some of the other faults in the area took it on.

And how much do we know at this moment in time, this early in the day, about what the damage is up there?

turn 0 : Pile of spaghetti implies the fault lines on the map

What food item is used to describe the fault lines on the map of Southern California?

Answer: Crowding


Well, nearby, we had flooding was the most significant problem we had here. And one our neighbor's patios turned basically into a swimming pool and the water was pouring into her home. And we took the wet-vac up and towels and other neighbors brought mops and we all pitched in to get her at least toward the stages of recovery. Of course, that will continue. And the emergency officials in Oklahoma City reported they had as much as eight, 10, even 12 inches of rain in just, you know, four hours or so last night.

What are the recovery efforts like today, Kurt?

Canadian County, just to the west of Oklahoma City, looks like it was the hardest hit by the actual tornado. Now, the flooding seems to have been worse in the metro Oklahoma City area. The response will depend on what we see. Now, of course, we also still have all those people in, you know, the Shawnee area and Moore, Oklahoma, of course, and in Carney that were hit by storms May 19th and 20th. That recovery is going to be even more of a mess now too because of what happened last night.

Well, the sad fact is Oklahomans know how to do this, don't they?

turn 0 : The patio had a great deal of water on it that it could have been swum in.

Which neighbor's property turned into a swimming pool?

Answer: Neighbor's.


Yes. The big topic, of course, is what he'll say about the president's unfounded claims that Barack Obama wiretapped his phones. He has also accused British intelligence of wiretapping his phones on behalf of Barack Obama. There's been no evidence produced for those claims. The British have pushed back against them strongly. People on the Hill say they have not seen any evidence of this, and Comey will be asked about that first and foremost.

OK.  And over at the Senate, the first hearings for President Trump's nomination for the Supreme Court - what kind of reception is he going to get?

Well, that's going to be the big event of the week. Neil Gorsuch, who has been nominated by Donald Trump, is going to be asked a lot of questions about his views on executive power, about Donald Trump's comments disparaging judges and the entire court system. This is one of Donald Trump's most important early initiatives. The Republicans have 52 votes in the Senate. They say if they have to change the rules so they won't need 60 to confirm him, they will do that. So it's going to be very, very hard for the Democrats to stop him. But this is just the first of many, many judicial vacancies that Donald Trump will have the opportunity to fill because of the age of judges on the bench right now and the number of vacancies.

And something else we're looking at, obviously, is what's happening on Thursday - a much anticipated vote in the House. They're voting on the repeal-and-replace legislation for Obamacare. Does Speaker Ryan have the votes?

turn 3 : B: "Does Speaker Ryan have the votes?" - This question is not asking whether Speaker Ryan possesses physical votes but rather whether he has enough support from fellow lawmakers to pass the legislation.

How is Speaker Ryan's support for the repeal-and-replace legislation for Obamacare?

Answer: Support


My pleasure.

Your Honor, take us back to your courtroom in 1999, when you convicted Mr.  Kagan of murder. You're not saying that he didn't shoot Wavell Wint, are you?

No. I'm saying he shot him, I believe, in self-defense.

Well, a lot of eyewitnesses say that, of course, the gun belonged to Donald Kagan and they saw him brandishing that gun.

turn 2 : Implies that the judge believes that the shooting was done out of self-defense, even though others may say differently.

How did the judge believe Mr. Kagan shot Wavell Wint?

Answer: Self-defense


Well, the Central Intelligence Agency was and, you know, theoretically they also were under the control of the mission. But that's - again, and that's why the senior agency thing becomes so muddled, were they or were they not, and also that special operations team, I don't think, was a working for the CIA. I think they were, you know, DOD asset that obviously was operating in support of the mission there on the ground. So who was in-charge remains a question. Obviously, the deputy from his testimony didn't think he had the power to do that, nor was the special operations commander on the ground able to take independent action apparently without going back to D. C.

And. . .

So that really raises some questions that we really ought to get to before the next one of these things pops up.

There was also confusion. Ordinarily there would have been military aircraft - Air Force planes on call on behalf of the - to support operations, if the mission called, but they were too far away.

turn 2 : "raises some questions" means that there are more questions out there that need to be answered.

What does turn 2 imply about the need for further investigation?

Answer: High


When you say that this law is intended to create a firewall around the state, do you think that this is where things are headed - where certain states will allow access to abortions and other states simply won't?

That's certainly my fear, and that was why this was so important to get passed before we adjourned. And, you know, ultimately, I've been working on this issue my entire adult life.

And I used to say, if Roe falls. And for the last year, I've been saying, when Roe falls. And it, frankly, still feels like a gut-punch every time I say it. But I think that there has been this very strategic and determined process by the other side to get cases into the pipeline that will ultimately lead to Roe falling.

Do you think that Democrats and people who support abortion rights have been outmaneuvered?

turn 0 : It is not a firewall but a law that protects the state from others.

Which law is being referred to in turn 0?

Answer: Law


So even though Wall Street seems to be blowing up or it did yesterday, the hedge funds are doing just fine. And these Masters of the Universe are ensconced happily in their Greenwich, Connecticut mansions?

Well, right now, they are swimming the tightest defensive positions they can. They're like turtles pulling themselves back into their shell just trying to wait this thing out. They could be hurt badly. In fact, today is one of the four times a year that people can take money out of hedge funds. Usually there's a certain fixed percentage that they can take out at any one time. That's for the protection of the fund itself. But still, there could be enough taken out today to seriously hurt a lot of hedge funds.

But the point I want to make is, it hasn't happened yet. These Masters of the Universe are very bright, I mean, they're smart. And they're much smarter than the people they left behind at the investment banks. And investment banks now are - it's a closed chapter in American history. When Goldman Sachs now has to become a bank, who with - not Masters of the Universe, but a lot of young female tellers sitting at windows with packets of red dye to give to the robbers when they come in to take money out of the place.

SOUNDBITE OF LAUGHTER

turn 3 : ROBBERS ROBBED PEOPLE'S MONEY AND THE PEOPLE ARE CARELESS TO LOSS THEIR S

Which chapter in American history is now closed according to A?

Answer: Investment-banks


The FBI does criminal investigations better than anybody. But again, at some point in time, if you've got a stovepipe there, where the two agencies aren't talking to each other, either in Washington or on the ground you've got a real problem. And there's not an excuse for it, 13, well, 12 years now after 9/11. You know, this is - supposedly should not be rocket science but somehow it becomes that.

And to solve it, is this executive order or is this something Congress has to get involved with?

Well, this is where, you know, the interagency problem gets to be really challenging because, you know, if you look at the Constitution, every head of agency, you know, if the guy on the ground goes all the way up to his head of agency, they only report to the president. So obviously it's got to be something that the executive authority does, and he has got to delegate that authority if he is not willing to sit there and handle every crisis that comes down the pike. He has got to delegate it to somebody on the ground who can say do this thing. I don't care, you know, I don't want you talking to your agency back home. You're working for me, do it. And. . .

Gary Anderson?

turn 0 : the implied meaning of stovepipe is that there's a lack of communication between the departments.

What is the problem caused by stovepipe?

Answer: Stovepipe


This has been just week one of the trial. And as we noted, there's another Manafort trial ahead. And gosh knows what the fallout will be in reporting about the lobbying industry. But do you - is it possible, do you think, that the lobbying industry - is it some kind of break point, as arguably it was, let's say, a decade ago about the Jack Abramoff revelations?

It might be, particularly for foreign interests. I know that there's a lot of concern from the president on down of people everywhere trying to get at America and learn our interests and learn our secrets. And there may be some attempt to have more transparency about public lobbying for foreign interests.

I mean, the suggestion is, they'd just walk out on K Street, hire somebody, and that's how they'd do it.

Right. That's right. And I think people would say, I think we need to have a little bit more oversight. You know, we don't want individuals - American lobbyists - looking for secrets and then selling them to our foreign adversaries. It kind of reminds me in a way of, like, the 1950s. You know, we're all real nervous about what foreigners are doing, so let's pass some laws to make sure that America doesn't help our enemies.

turn 3 : There is a concern that American lobbyists may sell secrets to foreign adversaries.

How might the lobbying industry be a potential break point?

Answer: Potential


He went to his local bar and he didn't sit on the sidelines there. He took center stage and actually played a kind of Balkan fiddle called a gusle. And everyone stood around and clapped and applauded him. And he was sitting under a portrait of Radovan Karodzic, this man who was the hero for most of the people in the bar. And not one of them spotted the resemblance.

He lived across the stairwell in his block of flats from a woman who worked with Interpol. And her - every time she went into work, she logged on to her computer and saw the world's most wanted, including Osama bin Laden and Radovan Karodzic. And the penny never dropped. It was like a long-running performance that only came to an end really when his brother made a vital slip.

He made a phone call, right?What happened?

He made a phone call. And he used a SIM card that he shouldn't have used. It was one that was on the files of the people chasing Karodzic.

To put you on the spot a bit, does a sentence like this that comes 21 years after the Srebrenica massacre serve as a deterrent to alleged war crimes being committed today, let's say in Syria and/or Iraq?

turn 0 : The woman's job with Interpol put her in a position to identify Karodzic but she failed to recognize him.

Which organization did the woman work for?

Answer: Interpol


Sure. So back in 1986, we were releasing a little over 300,000 cubic feet per second. And I know that's a number that's tough to sort of comprehend. So I think the best way it was explained to me - and this is - I kind of like this analogy - is picture 300,000 basketballs going through the dam every second. And so back then, it was 307,000 basketballs, if you will. And now we're doing 275,000.

So - but you're right. We've had this load on the levees for four or five days now, so it's a much longer exposure. And back in 1986, they did experience a breach of the levee at one particular point that was quickly responded to in - through great teamwork with the Corps and the local levee and first responders. So I wouldn't say that there's any threat or any imminent threat to a breach. You know, we're on the spot 24 hours a day, trying to look for indicators. And when we see them, we're, you know, responding almost immediately.

And to be clear, before I let you go, right now, your assessment is that you're not expecting a breach of the levee or of the dam.

That's absolutely correct. We see - you know, I've got just an amazing group of professional engineers out there every day working with the local community, and we see nothing that would lead us to believe that a breach is imminent, either of the levees or of our own infrastructure.

turn 0 : The water flow was really high in 1986, but it's lower now.

Which year had a water flow of 307,000 basketballs per second?

Answer: 1986


Well, we obviously have our seismologists and the geologists which look at the pattern and the history. And ultimately, we start with looking at all the faults that are in the Bay Area, the proximity. In the Bay Area, we have two very large faults, frankly. One of them is the San Andreas Fault, which produced the 1906 earthquake, which runs a few miles away from the Golden Gate and runs up and down the coast of California, goes all the way down to Southern California. The other one is the Hayward Fault, which is in the Berkeley Hills, and is also a major earthquake.

So those quakes, we basically look at their seismic hazard, if you will, and from that generates the possible or potential seismic hazard. And then we get intensities that, based on the soils that we have, based on the history of ground motions that we recorded, we come up with those intensities at very different frequencies I was talking about earlier.

(Unintelligible)

And then from that, we generate a spectrum that ultimately gets used to generate multiple, different simulated ground motions. That we take our structure and in a computer model, we run that structure and we subject this with those displacements. And the computer model is intended to do the equilibrium, statically, at every instant in time, microsecond. And the target would be that we know what the forces are in our structure and what the displacements are in our structure.

turn 2 :  (3) is not a meaningful statement, so its actual meaning is different from its literal meaning.

Answer: not-meaningful


That's right. The discussions we've had about whether the First Lady should have worn clothing by black designers for her husband's inauguration is still creating a lot of traffic. Aljory Stallings(ph) wrote us this on our Web site, I am completely irritated on this trivial commentary on this issue. I wonder if the black designers who were complaining about this realize that by doing that, they are cutting off their noses to spite their faces.

Flora Gayle(ph) chimed in with this, I think she needs to get some credit for almost always wearing American designers. I am not black, but I do work in fashion. I think before we start judging this, we should look at how many black students are going to fashion school. I wish there were more.

And Dianne Truckenberg(ph) wrote in to say, I am concerned with the concept drawing lines for black versus white, for fill in whatever topic. Insistence on basing decisions on whether or not something or someone is of a certain race will certainly bring back racial tension.

And then last week, we had a discussion about spanking with Judge Lynn Toller. Well, that topic raised a lot of listener hackles. Here are a few letters that summed up the debate. Christopher Watson(ph) sent us this, I sat in my car shocked as I listened to your program talk about spanking. I'm a 33-year-old black male who was spanked as a child and has since worked for several organizations fighting domestic and sexual violence and child abuse. I was slack-jawed as I heard two highly educated adults advocate child abuse.

turn 0 : The black designers complaining about the First Lady wearing clothing by non-black designers are being counterproductive.

How did Aljory Stallings feel about the commentary on the First Lady's clothing choice?

Answer: Irritated


He does seem more comfortable making deals with his fellow New Yorker Chuck Schumer than he does Mitch McConnell and Paul Ryan. But Republicans in Congress almost shrugged this off this week. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell said, in his own dry way, we look forward to seeing the president's own legislative proposal. But this also does seem to be the first time in this tentative deal on the DREAMers that Donald Trump did something that could possibly alienate his base.

Well, that's a good point. I mean, what about his base?We have seen some reaction to this. What has it been?

This is splitting his base. Polls show that most Americans are sympathetic to the DREAMers. Majorities favor letting them stay, even large numbers of Republicans, but not the president's hardcore base. And we saw this week on Twitter some Trump supporters burning their Make America Great Again hats. We saw the headlines in Breitbart, the "alt-right" website run by his former political adviser, Steve Bannon. The headline said "Amnesty Don. "We're now going to find out how much of his base is what I call the Fifth Avenue voters, people who will stick with him no matter what. You know, he famously said, I could stand on Fifth Avenue and shoot someone and not lose any voters.

Right.

turn 0 : Donald Trump's deal on DREAMers is not supported by his base

How did some Trump supporters react to the tentative deal on DREAMers?

Answer: Burning


Yes, definitely. Over the past several years, something called the field of behavioral economics has been gaining support. It used to be considered sort of a quirky field. Basically, what behavioral economics is, is it's trying to take sort of methods and insights of psychology and apply them to economics to at least temper this idea of the, sort of, rational economic man. And I think when you see these kind of panics, that only lends credence to this idea.

Well, now there is plenty of situations to study and look at, and maybe this is an exciting time for economists. John Maynard Keynes came out of the Great Depression as a visionary. What do you see as the new hot field of study, based on what's happening now?

Well, I do think trying to explain what happened to lead up to this crisis and trying to figure how to get out of it is only going to drive more people into trying to look at the psychology of economic behavior. I think also just fields like banking regulation, which have not been considered very sexy for a long time, are going to draw a lot more new, young, smart academics.

And what about market bubbles?

turn 2 : "Sexy" here has nothing to do with sex. It just means the field is considered appealing and relevant so that people want to study it.

Which word describes the appeal of the field of banking regulation?

Answer: Sexy


Good morning.

Jason, there's still no power on much of the island, which is astounding. It's five weeks now. What is it like?What have you seen to undertake a recovery from a hurricane when you still don't have power?

And part of what is crazy is it's not just Hurricane Maria. Hurricane Irma came through here two weeks before that. So there's some people who've been almost two months without power. But people are making an effort. They're out there. I see people, you know, cleaning up by hand. People are out there with hand tools trying to, you know, cut 2-by-4's to rebuild things when, you know, they don't have power tools. You've got people who are living in high-rises. It's kind of amazing sometimes walking around at night here in San Juan. You got these tall buildings. And you'll just see some candles flickering in the - and that's the only light in this entire high-rise.

I went out last night, actually, to try to catch some of the World Series. And some of the bars are starting to reopen. But everywhere that you go, the only power that people have is running off of generators or running off of some solar power. You really do not see people getting much power from the grid.

turn 2 : Despite the lack of power, the people on the island are doing what they can to recover and rebuild.

What are the people in San Juan doing despite the lack of power?

Answer: Recover


OK.

We're in a tent at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. So if you hear some extraneous sounds that you wouldn't normally hear in Studio 3A, please forgive us. But it gives us the opportunity to do some things that we wouldn't ordinarily do. We want to hear from comedians today. How do you translate your material, which comes from a certain time and place, to a wider or different cultural or even ethnic group?Give us a call: 800-989-8255. Email us: talk@npr. org.

And Trevor Noah, what did you find translated well?Is there a material that you did in Cape Town that you can do in Los Angeles, or Baltimore for that matter?

Not really, no. Because the points of view changes, you know?I think the one - well, I could talk about Oprah. Oprah is worldwide. Yes.

Oprah is worldwide.

turn 1 : We're in a tent at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. So if you hear some extraneous sounds that you wouldn't normally hear in Studio 3A, please forgive us. But it gives us the opportunity to do some things that we wouldn't ordinarily do. We want to hear from comedians today. How do you translate your material, which comes from a certain time and place, to a wider or different cultural or even ethnic group? Give us a call: 800-989-8255. Email us: talk@npr.org. (This turn has a literal meaning of explaining the setting and purpose of the radio show)

Answer: Folklife


It's interesting, these papers that you brought with you, or sent to us, about how - these are the tricks that people use, and they can actually test out whether they work or not.

Yeah. These are things that a lot of good cooks probably know, whether they realized they know them or not. But exactly what these things are are a little fuzzy because everybody's a little different. There are some scientists in England and there are other groups, especially in the Netherlands, that have been running tests for years, and they tend to sound kind of bizarre. They'll prepare some food. They'll give it to different people to eat. And later, the people will realize that something else was changing while they were eating it, something in the atmosphere.

Mm-hmm. And they - in one test, they gave people some ice cream that tasted like bacon?

Yeah. This is - Charles Spence is the main scientist. He's at the University of Oxford. He teamed up with one of the famous chefs in England, and they made something which sounds really crazy, bacon and egg ice cream, which I'm told is really pretty good, tastes like bacon and eggs. And they served bacon and egg ice cream to a bunch of people. And they had them do some sort of rating about how bacony does it taste, or how eggy does it taste?And they would play sounds. And whenever they would play the sound of frying bacon, you know, that crackling sound, people would consistently say that the thing tasted a lot more bacony to them. . .

turn 1 : When they say things are a little fuzzy they mean things are unclear.

Answer: Charles


They thought he was a clown. They didn't think he was serious. There's obviously a lot of history because he owned the USFL's New Jersey Generals. But no, I mean, I think between the league looking at his books or wanting to look at his books and people seeing the way Trump has operated over the years, I think many of these people or most of these people wanted no part of doing business with him.

This book, I think it's fair to say, begins with your adoration for Tom Brady. And the. . .

It doesn't begin with it, but yes, it is definitely a part of it. I have to be transparent about my. . .

Oh, yes.

turn 0 : They thought he was a joke or not a serious person

Answer: Clown.


So tell me - is it something special when these holidays overlap?They are generally close, but not like this year where they're just - one is right on top of the other one.

That's right. They don't always overlap for reasons that have to do with oddities in astronomical calculations than anything else because they actually share a common history. And I think that it is special when they overlap because Christians are certainly able to see more readily how the roots of their Easter celebrations are intimately connected with the celebration of Passover. And perhaps Jews also see the sense of affinity that they have with their Christian neighbors and perhaps find other ways in which their own celebrations are illuminated.

You know, one of the things that is said every year at the Seder that I go to is that the last supper was a seder.

That's absolutely right. We can't be sure that it was a seder quite like those that are more familiar from recent times because, in fact, strange as it may seem, the stories of the Last Supper are among the oldest evidence we have for anybody celebrating a seder. And yet they don't include some of those lovely details that are familiar to so many - the series of cups of wine or all the special foods or the questions that are asked. But it's absolutely true that the bulk of the earliest Christian material identifies the Last Supper as a meal celebrated at Passover by Jesus with His disciples, even though they're a bit short on the ritual detail.

turn 1 : The implied meaning behind this turn is that Christians and Jews can find commonality in their respective holiday celebrations, thus creating a sense of connection.

How does the overlap of the holidays create a sense of connection between Christians and Jews?

Answer: Connection


A Russian activist has shared a secret video clip that shows two of the Pussy Riot members who were arrested being interrogated. A furious policeman shouts, sometimes I regret that it's not 1937 - the time called the Great Terror in Russia under Josef Stalin, in which a million or more people were executed.

Pussy Riot knows the score. They live and strive in a country where activists, dissidents, artists and reporters can suffer for their bravery, and they went ahead with their action anyway, just below Vladimir Putin's cold smile. Pussy Riot are champions.

(Singing) Big smile for the camera. It's always on. It's all in the protocol. They tapped my phone. Golden idols holding rivals. Take my body, anybody. I'm your trophy. Make my nose bleed. Now you own me. Oh, my God, I'm so happy, I could die. Oh, my God, I'm so happy, I could cry. Oh, my God, I'm so happy, I could cry. Everybody's doing the same thing, and it makes me happy, yeah. It makes me happy, yeah. Oh, my God.

Pussy Riot.

turn 0 : The policeman wishes he could execute Pussy Riot members.

Answer: Execute


He's had some injuries for most of the last two or three years. He's had a bad shoulder, he has to wrap his elbow a lot, but no injury has caused him to miss a game since September 2001, since he took over the Patriots' quarterback job.

So, is there any suspicion that the injury he sustained yesterday was a result of an unfair hit?

I think some people in the Patriots thought it was, but you know, most of the people I talked to, including a future Hall of Fame safety, John Lynch, who used to play for the Patriots and is a very good friend of Tom Brady's, said there's no way it was a dirty hit. Things happen too quickly on the football field for some guy to say, I'm going to, in a calculating way, aim for Tom Brady's knee and try to put him out for the year. First of all, I think that's vastly overrated. That might have happened in 1968, but it doesn't happen in 2008, because there's too much respect among players to try to intentionally hurt another guy.

So, who is possibly going to fill these gigantic shoes?

turn 2 : Football players today have too much respect for each other to intentionally hurt another player, despite injuries occurring on the field.

Which safety used to play for the Patriots and is a friend of Tom Brady's?

Answer: John-Lynch


Hobbes wrote about the challenges his generation faces in a December article for Highline, which is put out by the Huffington Post. Its headline, "Millennials Are Screwed," caught our attention this week. And we asked Hobbes to explain his pessimistic prediction.

Healthcare, housing and education are more than five times more expensive than they were for our parents. There are fewer steady jobs. Wages have stagnated since the 1970s. I mean, I can go on and on and on. And so its weird that we're constantly talking about how millennials should do this differently, and millennials should do that differently. But we dont talk that much about - hey, the country around us can do some things differently, too.

So you obviously believe that the baby boomers messed up your life?How did they do that?

Well, I've gotten a lot of emails since the article came out from boomers that are saying, we've fallen off the ladder, too. And if you're 55 years old, there's a lot of discrimination for getting back into the workforce. But what we're seeing is that those impacts are concentrated on the young. So I think there's really three paradigm shifts. The first one is work has become much lower quality, basically - that there's fewer decent jobs now. Many of the jobs that are available are contingent work or sort of have been farmed out to contractors. Many fewer jobs provide things like pension, benefits or health care these days.

turn 0 : "caught our attention" means that something drew our interest, not that it physically grabbed us.

What is the meaning of "caught our attention" in turn 0?

Answer: Interest


No, there are hidden costs, of course. It's - basically what economists say is what you need to do is internalize the negative externalities, reveal those hidden costs. Make it so that at the meter, at the pump, we see the true cost.

Wouldn't the established energy companies go nuts?

It depends on who they are, of course. If it's a natural gas company or a company that has significant natural gas assets, they'd be excited about this if they thought it was going to be - really going to happen. That's our challenge at republicen. org, is convincing particularly some natural gas folks that really, this could happen, that the fossil fuels could become accountable. And, of course, when that happens, coal would fall much faster to the competitive pressure of natural gas. And the natural gas companies would make a lot more money off of their product. Is it the end-all?No, it isn't. Natural gas still has CO2 emissions. But it's 50 percent less emissions than coal. So that's an example of how fixing the economics would then fix the environmental consequence.

Mr.  Inglis, as you survey this field of Republican candidates for president, do you see and hear any who express your viewpoint on the climate change?

turn 1 : (2): Implied meaning: Would the energy companies be opposed to this idea?

How would natural gas companies react to this idea?

Answer: Excited


And yet despite all this, is Sisi still a popular figure?

Yeah, he is a popular figure. The military is seen as the most trusted institution in Egypt. He comes from that institution. He was elected in an election that maybe wasn't really fair, but it wasn't rigged in a wide scale manner. He was voted in with more than 95 percent of the votes here. But it's an election that took place in an atmosphere of fear, where you're basically with us or against us. And if you're against us, the idea of against us lands you in jail.

What are the challenges that he faces?

The biggest challenge he' got is the economy - the foundering economy. Egypt is in debt and needs to dig itself out of that hole. And there are constant power cuts going on right now in the soaring summer heat. And the way he's doing that is lifting the subsidies, which take a huge part of the budget. But that will also possibly lead to protests against him, possibly, because that means people are going to be paying higher gas prices, which have already been lifted, and higher food prices.

turn 1 :  The implied meaning of this turn is that Sisi is popular only because he is part of the military and he was elected in a possibly unfair election, with many people voting out of fear.

Answer: Election


And now it's letter time. Our editor Sasa Woodruff is here with me. Hey, Sasa.

Hey, Farai. How's it going?

I am doing great. So what are folks saying this week?

Well as you can imagine, we got some letters about our economy coverage. On a Bloggers' Roundtable last week, we discussed reports that some were blaming the mortgage crises on African-Americans and other minorities.

turn 3 : Some readers expressed concerns about the coverage of the economy

How did some readers respond to the coverage of the economy?

Answer: concerns


And just before he died, he recorded what would be his biggest song.

Then comes April of 1968 in Memphis. The sanitation workers are on strike. That brought Martin Luther King, Jr.  to town to speak and to show support, and that was when he was murdered at the Lorraine Motel. It hit people at Stax especially hard.

Yes, because the Lorraine, they had a swimming pool and they had a restaurant that would serve an integrated table, and all the Stax visiting artists would stay at the Lorraine. That was their hangout. So, this horrible event at their second home not far from their own building, it was devastating, just absolutely devastating. Isaac Hayes told me he couldn't write for a year.

I want to talk about a song recorded by the Staple Singers that spoke to the issue of black empowerment.

You consider it one of the most important songs the label ever produced - "Respect Yourself. "

It's a great, catchy pop song with a really deep message - Mavis Staples singing lead and Pops' guitar sound. It sounds like an organ.

turn 2 : (3) - "It was devastating, just absolutely devastating." suggests that the event caused immense emotional distress, rather than physical destruction.

What was the impact of the event on the Stax artists?

Answer: Impact


Yes. Not a lot of people, but if you go into the databases where all these academic reports are kept and where they reference each other, you find that a lot of these reports, other people did cite him. And sometimes I've gone in and looked at those later reports by other people that mention Trinkaus' reports. And it seems to me that many times they didn't really read his report. They just - they saw he did a report that's about something related to what they're doing and they mentioned him. There are a surprising number of studies in academia that are like that, that mentioned earlier reports by other people and it's not clear whether they actually read those reports.

In hearing about him, I feel like there are shades of the 19th century naturalists who just went around tallying the things they saw around - around them. Do you think he was inspired by that at all or thinks of himself that way?

I don't know whether he was inspired by them, but that has always struck me as being the type of person he is. He looks around. He gets annoyed at what somebody's doing or lots of people, and it makes him curious. He doesn't just sit there and fume and have steam come out his ears or nose or whatever. He sits there and he counts and he documents it, and then he publishes that someplace where other people can read about it.

But he doesn't, at the same time, make any arguments about it. He just sticks to the facts, huh?

turn 0 : Many academic reports are cited without actually being read.

How are some earlier reports cited in academia?

Answer: Cited


Oh anywhere in the blood stream would be fine. The only question would be is it better if it's just floating, as you say, or would it be better to put in a very tiny micro drug-coated stent and keep it somewhere, you know, like in the wrist or someplace that's accessible. So that is another - which one of those paths is better is still not clear.

Are there any dangers associated, that we know of, of putting a sensor like that in our body?

Well, multiple centers are doing it, and there's already, you know, models being done in animal studies, and there doesn't appear to be any danger, and it goes even beyond heart attack. You could pick up antibodies before diabetes is struck in auto-immune diabetes or cancer cells. So there's a lot of things that it has potential for if we can get these nano chips to last a long time, powered by the blood, the movement of the blood, so there's no other power need, which is also a big advance.

For people with heart disease, do you have a sense of how much is sort of genetics, the stuff you're born with, and how much are environmental effects?

turn 1 : B is expressing concern about the safety implications of putting a sensor in the body, and is seeking more information on the subject from A

Which path does PersonA suggest for keeping the sensor in the body?

Answer: Floating


We're talking with Joan Vennochi, the columnist for the Boston Globe, about a piece she wrote on the opinion page there today. It's called "Did the police let their guard down?"You can find a link to it at our website. Go to npr. org. Click on TALK OF THE NATION. And this is TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News.

And as you said earlier, it is impossible to secure the 26. 2 miles of the event, the huge crowds, like, 28,000 runners that gather to start the race, the crowds at the finished line, everything along the route. But Boston is not alone. Every city in town across the country has a big event. Do you think after Boston, police everywhere are going to have to look into their security?

Well, that seemed to be the feeling of people who know more about terrorism and security issues than I do, that again priority shift with time, there is a complacency that comes over certainly smaller towns and cities. I think New York City and L. A. , you know, places like that probably think about more than we thought about it here. It just seemed like something that could never happen. And until it does, you just think of it as something fairly remote, even though Boston certainly had a very direct connection to 9/11 since the planes left from here.

But, yeah, I mean, I think it makes - it's going to make the experts, again, think about the tradeoffs. Again, you can' protect against everything. But is there a way you want to rejigger what happens at the finish line?

turn 0 : She wrote an article asking if the police were not doing their jobs as well as they should have.

Answer: Boston


So right now, there are multiple congressional committees investigating this issue. We've got them on the House side. We've got a couple on the Senate side. I guess I want to know why is there a need for multiple investigations, and how do these congressional investigations differ at their core from what Special Counsel Robert Mueller is conducting?

Well, Senate Intelligence looks at intelligence matters primarily. Senate Judiciary looks at matters that fall under the broad scope of the Judiciary Committee. All these congressional investigations differ very much in function from what the Special Counsel Mueller does. Mueller works in secret and long, long deep studies of things like finances. And he doesn't bring his results public. If he finds something that's really important, he won't let you know until it's time to indict somebody. Whereas, the congressional committees when classification allows them to be in the open, they live for open hearings. They want people to know what they found.

And what about compelling witnesses to testify?The subpoena, is that a last resort thing or is it just a negotiating device?

Oh, the subpoena is the basic working tool of these investigations. It can be a single piece of paper that demands that the witness show up on pain of contempt. Or it can also be a subpoena of the kind that seeks documents, including digital material like emails. By bringing in a witness, they cut through a lot of the stalling. And by demanding the documents, they have the materials to pin the witness down in the questioning.

turn 2 : The subpoena is a powerful tool of influence and negotiation, not just a last resort.

Answer: Influence


They were part of the crew of the USS Monitor, a celebrated Civil War ship that helped open a new era in naval warfare. The ship was ironclad, powered by steam instead of sails, and supported a rotating gun turret. The Monitor sank in a storm in 1862. Sixteen of 62 men on board went down with their ship. They were thought to be lost forever until 2002. The Monitor was being restored and the remains of two of the sailors were discovered in the turret. We're joined now by historian Anna Holloway. She's curator of the USS Monitor Center in Newport, Virginia. Thank very much for being with us.

Well, thank you so much for having me.

What do we know about these two sailors who have finally been buried?

Well, we still don't know their names, and that is one of the ongoing mysteries about these two heroes of the USS Monitor. However, as you mention, 16 men went down with the vessel, so there are 16 possibilities. Now, forensics tells us a little bit about them - their relative heights, their ages and their race - so that does narrow it down a bit.

turn 2 : There are no turns in the given conversation that have a meaning different from their literal meanings. All the turns convey their literal meanings without any implied or figurative language.

Which turn in the conversation undermines the possibility of any implied or figurative language being used?

Answer: None


Now let's turn to West Africa. For more than a decade, Liberia has been struggling to recover from civil war. It has a female head of state now, and it also has big supporters in the U. S.  One of them is Bob Johnson, who founded and later sold Black Entertainment Television. Now he's building a four-star beachfront resort near Liberia's capital, Monrovia. Bob Johnson recently told me why he decided to invest millions of dollars in Liberia's economy.

It's part of a commitment I made to President Johnson Sirleaf and the people of Liberia, to help Liberia recover from some 13, 14 years of civil war. And it came about as a result of my participation, as well as President Sirleaf's participation in President Clinton's global initiative that he hosts every year in New York. And the charter is, do something, small or large, but do something. And so my something is to help Liberia.

What are we talking about in terms of the kind of money it takes to make this happen?

We are putting in approximately 12 to 13 million dollars in the construction of this hotel and the opening of the hotel, which is scheduled for March of '09. It'll be an 86-room hotel, as I said, situated on the beach, great facility for everybody from government officials and expats who want to go back and visit Liberia, as well as business people who are looking to do business in post-conflict Liberia.

So, do you expect to get a tourist crowd eventually?

turn 1 : Bob Johnson is fulfilling his commitment to Liberia by investing in its economy

Which country is Bob Johnson investing millions of dollars in?

Answer: Liberia


Pretty soon the island will be a donut.

In other words, there'll be land surrounded by a hole filled with water.

Oh (laughter). Is it hard for you to go back to Martha's Vineyard as a visitor?

We went back a year ago, June, for a wedding of a young woman who'd been one of the children who had kind of grown up at our house. And going to that wedding really helped me feel a lot of peace about the island and about no longer having the same purchase on it because I realized that my psychological purchase is as real - maybe not as real as owning a piece of property, but it has a great deal of reality for me. Basically, I think that when the house was being sold, I was just so - I found that summer of 2014, I was in a state of what I call extreme mixed feelings. I felt very sad about losing the house.

turn 2 : 3: Is it hard for you to go back to Martha's Vineyard as a visitor? - This implies that the person is no longer a resident of Martha's Vineyard, and is now visiting as a tourist or guest.

How did going to the wedding help PersonA feel about the island?

Answer: Peace


Yeah.

. . . To (unintelligible).

Correct.

So what has changed since then?What has happened now?What's causing these federal charges to be brought now?

I think, you know, a big part of this is, one, the #MeToo movement, but two, a bigger part of this is the Miami Herald's three-part series late last year that sort of got everybody interested in this, including the Daily Beast - and we've been working on this now for a year - that highlighted, one, the non-prosecution agreement, why these girls weren't given their day in court - essentially made the U. S.  Justice Department look bad.

turn 0 : The #MeToo movement, as well as the Miami Herald's series, have caused the U.S. Justice Department to re-examine their handling of the case and brought about the federal charges.

How did the U.S. Justice Department come to bring federal charges?

Answer: Re-examination


Hi, how are you doing?

How do you do that?

Well, you know, it turns out there are lots of little corners in all the information we see. I mean, we're used to the idea that somehow everything we type in the computer is very exact. You don't type in the right password, the computer gets upset. If you don't type in the right URL, it gets upset.

But it turns out that there's lots of little wiggle room that we don't even realize is there, and that's what steganography uses. We kind of go in, and we exploit things. You can make a color just a little bit more blue, or you can make it a little bit more red. And then if you do that enough times, you can send a signal, and then the computer can piece it all together into a complex message.

turn 2 : they are trying to imply that when typing wrong password the computer won't work

How does steganography exploit the little wiggle room in information?

Answer: Exploit


And now to Haiti, where things are settling down after three days of rioting in the capital, Port-au-Prince. A huge rise in food prices drove thousands of protesters and looters to riot earlier this week. U. N.  troops moved in to protect parts of the capital. Meanwhile, President Rene Preval has begged for calm. Haiti is considered to be the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, and the unrest over a crippled economy may not be easy to squelch. Mara Schiavocampo is in Port-au-Prince right now. She is a digital correspondent for NBC Nightly News with Brian Williams. Mara, welcome to the show.

Thank you for having me, Tony.

You've been in the streets reporting on the story. What have you seen in terms of tension and unrest there?

Today, things are good. Public transportation is running. People are out doing their business, shopping. We went out, no roadblocks, no trouble at all. I can't say the same for the last few days. Yesterday was manageable. There were a few roadblocks, car fires, things like that, but it felt like the fire was dying down, so to speak. The last few days before that, things were very tense. Just coming in from the airport, we hit about a dozen roadblocks, burning tires, dumpsters, trash, with mobs of people that would come around the car.

turn 3 : The situation in Port-au-Prince has improved, but it was very tense and dangerous before.

What was the state of public transportation in Port-au-Prince today?

Answer: Running


OK, it's getting there. It's close.

Look - peaks are holding. Peaks are holding. OK. So let's scoop this out. We're going to make two. OK, what I'm doing here is I'm making a divot because that's where our egg yolk's going to go, but first we want to bake this for three minutes.

And we're going to put the salt on now?

Yeah, we can do it now. Sprinkle it to taste. And you know what?Let's do some cheese too because cheese is good.

turn 1 : Preparing divots for egg yolks and baking for three minutes.

Which step requires baking for three minutes?

Answer: minutes


You and your fellow Democrat Peter Welch gave the president a proposal that would allow the government to use the leverage of Medicare to try to negotiate lower prices with drug manufacturers. Let me ask you a question from the Democratic primary. If that was such a great idea, why didn't the Democrats do it themselves when they controlled Congress in 2010 and passed the Affordable Care Act?

That's a great question. What happened back then is I think President Obama was trying to get the deal through. And as you know, we got very little, if any, cooperation from the Republicans. And I think that this was. . .

Well - but you had the votes in your own party to make this a part of the legislation.

Yeah, but, Scott, you know that that doesn't always work that way. It's not that simple because we had a lot of blue dogs. We had people who - Democrats who really didn't even want to go along with the Affordable Care Act. And so there was a lot of compromise there. And part of the compromise was to work through a deal where the prices of Medicare Part B - that is the prescription - drug prices would not be negotiated. I was against that because I thought that we were - I thought that we were bulk purchasing. And as most bulk purchases do, you're usually able to get a discount. But that was a part of the deal to get through the Affordable Care Act, and that's one of the reasons why I think you had a lot of Democrats who were concerned about the act even back then.

turn 2 : turn is to challenge the idea that the proposal was a great idea in the first place.

Which turn in the dialogue contradicts the possibility that the Medicare Part PersonB prices could have been negotiated?

Answer: 3


Erik Nourrie was in Brazil a while back when he got too close to a wild monkey.

I guess he got a little agitated. I was too close, and he socked me.

There was another monkey attack in an enclosure in Honduras. His wife snapped some photos of that one. Maybe its karma, maybe it's a spiritual test of resilience. But Erik Nourrie says he travels a lot to fun, dangerous spots. So all this happening to one guy makes him the world's unluckiest man. But the fact he survived it all makes him one lucky son of a gun.

You know, I believe God's in control. When it's my time, it's my time. And apparently, the other day, it wasn't my time yet.

turn 2 : A "son of a gun" can be an insult or a term of endearment, the latter in this case. It has nothing to do with guns.

Which term is used as both an insult and a term of endearment?

Answer: Son


Well, the children have Medicaid, just due to our lower income. We are available to some of the state aid, which is very welcome. Fortunately, we haven't had to use it too much. We do have a couple of kids with some special needs that are addressed, but the other three haven't had much need for it.

Even in difficult times you need a little break. You need to get away and do something to remind yourself that life is fun sometimes, too. What you do if you have any extra money and you can go somewhere?

We did get away for a family vacation this summer, went down to North Carolina. We do the bargain movie theaters. We do - the kids are very busy at school and we try to keep them going on all these field trips and what not.

Ohio, where you are, this was a famous battleground state in the election, and you know, we've had all these undecided voters. And we are asking people these questions that feel intrusive, even to us as we ask them, but can you tell me how you voted?

Well, I was undecided, I guess, or uncommitted up until Monday evening, and to be honest with you, I couldn't bring myself to vote for either one of the two major parties. I just felt that neither one of them represented the change that we actually needed in this country. So - and I will just leave it at that.

All right. Jon Diebold in Cincinnati, Ohio. What's your restaurant?

turn 0 : Having Medicaid is helpful, but we still struggle financially.

Which aid program do they receive due to their lower income?

Answer: Medicaid


Well, I don't (laughter) know if it's going to be forever unique in that way. We have this evidence now of President Trump making calls along these lines. And you get a lot of - I got a lot of criticism. Sometimes for being too soft, sometimes for being too harsh. I'm banned from Russia by Vladimir Putin because we successfully prosecuted an international arms dealer named Viktor Bout. I was personally attacked by President Erdogan of Turkey because we prosecuted somebody that, you know, he had connections to in an indirect way.

I'm glad you mentioned Turkey's president. What happened in a different country, in a different system, when there was a prosecution of someone named Reza Zarrab, and it became a matter of political interest?

So Reza Zarrab was a gold trader, Iranian but also from Turkey, who was being prosecuted along with other folks in Turkey for various, you know, elements of misconduct. And those cases were made to go away because he was politically connected to two people who were close to Erdogan.

What did President Erdogan of Turkey do to make that case go away?

Well, he exercised his power in a country that doesn't have the same constitutional protections that America has. He relieved judges of their duty. He removed prosecutors from office. He shut down media outlets. And the case went away. Literally, the case was made to go away. Now, that is not something we've seen in this country and hopefully we'll never see in this country. And it's harder to accomplish in this country.

turn 0 : President Trump did not make calls along lines but made calls that are similar to what is said.

What evidence did PersonA mention about President Trump's calls?

Answer: Evidence


Hey, Lulu.

So, Gene, let's start by looking at the money involved in big-time college sports. You looked specifically at the Power Five.

Yup, the Power Five conferences - the SEC, the Big Ten, the Big 12, the Pac-12, and the ACC. They win all the trophies, and they make all the money. According to ESPN, in 2015, they made $6 billion.

Six billion?

turn 2 : The Power Five conferences dominate college sports and generate significant revenue.

How much revenue do the Power Five conferences generate?

Answer: Significant


There are some states out there, for example Oregon and Maine, which currently don't have sales taxes throughout the year. Is there anything that you can potentially learn from states that have been doing this for a while?

What we are looking at are states that have had sales - state sales tax holidays. As you may know, there are 17 states plus the District of Columbia that currently have sales tax holidays during the year. And the experience of our retail members with those holidays is that they're very attractive to people. They really do bring people into the stores. It's an exciting time.

You can say, well gee, if the average state sales tax is five, six percent, why would that drive consumers to come into the stores more than a sale advertised at 15 or 20 percent. And it's an interesting psychological phenomenon, but it does seem to drive more traffic. It may be because people just don't like to pay taxes, and they're very excited when there's a period where they won't have to pay taxes to the government.

Rachelle Bernstein is with the National Retail Federation. Thank you, Rachelle.

turn 2 : It is being implied that consumer behaviour is not obvious.

How does the experience of retail members with sales tax holidays contradict consumer behavior?

Answer: Contradicts


Thanks for allowing me to be on your show.

You didn't have kind words for Donald Trump in that interview, but why did you think Democrats who want to impeach him are misguided?

I've sat through impeachment. I understand that it's not a walk in the park. It takes a supermajority to impeach a president, and it's just not going to happen. And I think that we would be better off focusing on health care, the huge, huge amounts of money in politics that is ruining the body politic, climate change, which is sweeping the world.

So what I think you're saying is you need to - the Democrats have to have another message that isn't solely about removing the president.

turn 2 : Democrats should focus on other important issues like healthcare, money in politics, and climate change rather than impeaching Trump.

What were the important issues that the Democrats should focus on instead of impeaching Trump?

Answer: Healthcare,Money,Climate


We were with addicts on the street as they were having encounters with law enforcement. We were in treatment centers with people trying to kick the addiction. There's this one phenomenal picture of five inmates. They're all pregnant and being let in to get their methadone and things like that. We were in in drug courts, where people were being dealt with by the criminal justice system.

I think one of the reasons that it's gotten so much attention is because of the spareness with which we report it. We just report anecdote after anecdote after anecdote after anecdote over seven days. And anybody who reads it cannot come away without understanding how deep and how pernicious and how totally involving of our society this epidemic is.

Are there things that happen in Cincinnati every day that people walk past that you wanted to use this opportunity to share with?

Well, yes, I mean, in the sense that we wanted people to understand that this is going on all around them. Heroin is not a demographic or racial or any socioeconomic status - however you want to put it - drug. Its terrible reach is universal.

turn 0 : The criminal justice system is heavily involved in the opioid epidemic.

What institution is significantly impacted by the opioid epidemic?

Answer: criminal


The former late head of Fox News.

That's right. And so he was pretty enamored of Herman Cain's life story - that he was this, you know, pizza magnate and that he had this 9-9-9 plan. And he was very kind of compelling character.

So not necessarily the current president?

Well, no. But, I mean, I can't say that, you know, Donald Trump doesn't invade the psyche a little bit. I was around Donald Trump quite a bit during those years. And I did interview him quite a bit. So he also permeated some of my thought process. But that wasn't who I was channeling.

turn 1 : "Pizza magnate" in (2) is a metaphorical phrase. While Herman Cain did own a pizza chain, the use of "magnate" elevates his status to that of a successful and influential businessperson. The literal meaning of the turn is that he was the owner of a pizza chain, but the actual meaning is that he was a successful and influential businessperson in the pizza industry.

Which word in the statement elevates Herman Cain's status to that of a successful and influential businessperson?

Answer: Magnate


It's the most remarkable story of evil coming out of Russia that I've seen in a long time. And what it shows is that they're not just messing with the election in the United States or doping in the Olympics. But they've got their tentacles into just about everything everywhere. This is one story that shows that.

I have to ask you, Mr.  Browder, there are plenty of people - and we hear from them - who are skeptical about Russia being seen at the center of so many allegations. And they say the U. S.  and the West are just crawling back into a destructive Cold War mentality. How do you answer that?

Well, I mean, Russia was responsible for shooting down MH17. Russia was responsible for invading Ukraine. Russia is responsible for taking away the chemical weapons in Syria that they didn't take away. Russia was responsible for having honest athletes in the Olympics when they did the whole doping program. I mean, Russia is the one who is making the trouble. Russia is really a sort of a nonentity when it comes to - the economy is the size of the state of New York. Their military budget is 5 percent of the U. S.  military budget. We shouldn't even be thinking about Russia other than the fact that they're sort of putting their nose into every bit of terrible activity all over the world.

Quick question - but it's important to get along, isn't it?

turn 1 : There are skeptics who believe that Russia is not at the center of allegations and the U.S. and the West are overreacting with a Cold War mentality.

What do skeptics believe about Russia's involvement in allegations and the Western response?

Answer: Overreacting


O. J. Simpson denied bail and a judge sentencing him to 15 years in prison for his armed robbery, kidnapping, and assault convictions. Is it just our imagination or are we seeing more black faces in the fashion magazines these days?Could we call it the Michelle Obama effect?And the Grammy nominations went primetime this year. Could the star-studded event lure viewers back to watch the awards?Here to get us up to speed on all of that and more is Allison Samuels, a national correspondent for Newsweek magazine. Allison, always a pleasure.

Thank you.

So, O. J. , O. J. , O. J. - 15 years. What do you say?

I say that I think this is a moment for history, because so many people felt that he got off the last time that I think a lot of people feel like this is just sort of the circle, you know, just sort of a coming back around.

You know- well. It's hard to come up with the right words isn't it.

Yeah, it is. And to see him earlier this morning crying, you know, pleading, sort of apologizing for everything that happened, it just really did take you back to, you know, 10 or 15 years ago or 13 years, I think, when he was actually acquitted. And you know, he seemed certainly sorrowful, but I just think, you know, America has just been listening and living with this guy for so long that they're sort of tired of him. I don't think he has that same type of sympathy that he got the last time, particularly from the African-American community.

turn 5 : "Living with this guy" is not literal. The meaning is that he has been in the news - as an athlete, then a defendant - for a really long time.

What is the metaphorical meaning of "living with this guy" in turn 5?

Answer: LIKE


In - yes, all of those things. There were royal guards lining a red carpet that extended from Air Force One all the way to the terminal, children with flowers, trumpets, jets flying over with red-white-and-blue smoke trails decorating the sky. And then that was actually only the first arrival ceremony. There was a second arrival ceremony at the royal court, where a band played "The Star-Spangled Banner. "There were bagpipes. The president was awarded a medal, one of the top honors in the country for for people who are not from Saudi Arabia. Now, President Obama. . .

I've seen that on the television images. It looks like the kind of thing a sommelier wears in a classy restaurant.

(Laughter) I don't think I go to those kind of restaurants, Scott.

(Laughter).

turn 3 : The literal meaning of (3) and (4) is that A and B are laughing, but their actual meaning is that A and B are joking with each other.

How would you describe the actual meaning of turn 3 and 4 in one word?

Answer: Joking


Yeah, well, when I was a young, little Muppet baby version of myself, you know, I mean - I guess people were right in that I was kind of a punk kid. I was anti-everything. I was anti-capitalist, first of all. I just don't have a lot of respect for profit motive. So as an artist, you know, I had a hard time. You know, when I was living hand to mouth, you know, my first manager - as a teenager, you know - tell people you have tapes for sale. Like, no, no.

(Laughter) You didn't even want to do that.

I just feel like a jerk. I didn't want to. I couldn't do it. I couldn't do it.

What I loved about the book was that I didn't come away with an impression that you suffered from self-doubt. You kind of always knew that it just didn't matter how hard it was, you were just - this was your thing.

turn 3 : "it just didn't matter how hard it was, you were just - this was your thing" - This is a figurative expression meaning that the speaker was committed to their artistic pursuits despite the challenges they faced.

Answer: Artistic-pursuits


Exactly.

At the same time, she's this very sassy character. And, you know, so many of the characters here are very, you know, just sexy, kind of contemporary figures. And there's a joie-de-vivre about this, and even though she touches on a lot of heavy themes, including race and patriotism, there's a certain sass to this. Is that what attracted you to her work?

Well, I was astounded at her work. I was actually looking for something else in her cartoon that is in the late '40s. Most of her cartooning was done in the late '40s and early '50s. This one year of '37 was kind of a little different thing.

I was looking for evidence of a doll. I knew that she created a doll, and I thought I could find some evidence of that in her cartoons. And then yeah, I found the doll, but then I went on to see all of the different topics that she took on, and that got fascinating.

turn 1 :  B's turn contains figurative language, as "sassy" and "sexy" are not meant to be taken literally. They are used to describe the personality and appearance of the characters in the cartoon.

What is the tone of the characters in the cartoon?

Answer: Personality


They also break up the states into more subregions than the current exit polls do. They think that this is going to help them be more accurate. And Fox and AP are pretty confident that their results are better than the traditional exit polls in some ways. They actually did shadow polls with the new system in three big specials this year - special elections in the 6th Congressional District in Georgia, the New Jersey governor's race and the Alabama Senate race. And guess what - they got the winner right in all three.

That sounds promising. But are there pitfalls to this way of doing things?I mean, are people asking questions about whether or not they are going to be able to keep their winning streak?

Yes (laughter). And there's a big degree of risk when you're not actually speaking to voters. They're not actually speaking to people who have gone and voted. There's always a number of people who say they're going to vote who don't. And this is an experiment. AP and Fox - even though they're putting this - they're operationalizing this, they acknowledge that there are some demographic shortcomings. They found this in their tests in their poll. They underestimated in Alabama, for example, the number of black voters who would show up. But like scientists, they acknowledge those shortcomings. And they're going to be tinkering with their models along the way. So we may have something good eventually, but it's a whole new Wild West era here.

What has been the reaction to this from the pollsters at this conference that you're at?

turn 1 : There are dangers that cause problems by doing these polls.

What risks are associated with conducting these polls?

Answer: Problems