Well, I think the water infrastructure we have in this country is seriously neglected. I mean, all infrastructure acts as a foundation for economic prosperity, but water is especially important. It does live in this different world where it's so intrinsic and folks expect that we're going to have clean, fresh water any time you turn on the tap. But given the fact that it's buried, it's literally underground, it's easy to ignore. And while we have large infrastructure problems in this country, the water infrastructure problems loom particularly large.

So we don't see them, perhaps even can't taste them. It's not until they - well, that just makes it easier for problems to hide in a sense.

Exactly. And some of these systems are, you know, were built 100 years ago. Some of the pipes are made out of wood. Some of them were built in the time when metropolitan areas were expanding and decentralizing. And just - we just need to reinvest in these existing systems. But because we don't do a good job in this country investing in the infrastructure that's already built - we do a good job building new stuff - we don't do a good job taking care of what's on the ground. Things like water infrastructure are seriously neglected.

I don't think any city likes to hear - but you have to spend more money.

turn 3 : Investing in neglected water infrastructure requires a willingness to allocate resources and prioritize maintenance over building new infrastructure, which may be unpopular among some stakeholders.

Which stakeholders may find investing in neglected water infrastructure unpopular?

Answer: Stakeholders


Back now with Day to Day and our conversation with Iranian author Azar Nafisi. I spoke with her about her new memoir.

The title of your book is "Things I've Been Silent About," and one of those things that you've been silent about until now was being sexually abused at a very young age. You were six years old, when a cleric who was visiting your house molested you, and you allude to other men also abusing you later. How did you come to terms with that, and how are you able to write about it?

He was not a cleric; he was a very religious man.

(Laughing) He was maybe worse than some clerics actually.

turn 1 : to be silent about something is to not talk about something, or to keep something a secret

How was the title of Azar Nafisi's book?

Answer: Things


What's the recipe for a star?How do you make one?

Really all you need is cold gas and to be left alone essentially.

If the cold gas cools enough and nothing heats it up, then it should turn into stars. And so this cluster is a perfect star factory because it has a tremendous amount of cooling happening and very little heating. And so it's going to provide just a tremendous amount of this cold gas fuel for stars.

What's the difference between a galaxy and a galaxy cluster?

turn 0 : The statement implies how stars are formed and the necessary conditions for their creation.

Answer: Cooling


Earle Havens, Ph. D.  - although, of course we want to look into that now. And he's the head of the Department of Special Collections here at the George Peabody Library in Baltimore. The exhibit - what's the title again?

"Fakes, Lies and Forgeries. "

All right - runs through February 1. Thanks very much for being with us.

And thank you very much. This was a great pleasure.

turn 3 : A: "This was a great pleasure" - The literal meaning of the phrase would be that the speaker had a physically pleasurable experience, but the intended meaning is that the speaker enjoyed the conversation or interview.

Answer: Conversation


Well, yeah. But you see what I mean?Because it is about perception and how we need to be - to understand what we're seeing before we can really see it, that's really key to understanding this whole issue of climate change and why we see or don't see what's right in front of us.

What drew you to monarchs in the first place?

I had really wanted to write about the subject for a long time. I live in southern Appalachia. I am surrounded by neighbors and friends - people I respect very much - who don't really understand climate change or believe in it, even though, as farmers, they're getting socked by it. We've had unprecedented, disastrous weather time and again. So it's such a strange contradiction that the people in our continent who are first to feel the harm of a changing climate are the last to be able to talk about it.

That was such a conundrum and such rich territory for a novel to tread, that I was just looking for the right way to get into the subject. And one morning, I just woke up with this vision in my eyes of millions of butterflies covering the forest behind my house. I just - I mean, I didn't actually see it. I imagined it. I woke up and there it was, and I knew that was it.

turn 0 : A deeper understanding of climate change is needed to comprehend its effects.

What is key to understanding the issue of climate change according to A?

Answer: Perception


Well, you know, that's another thing. So sometimes what happens to, you know, big scientists, you know, scientist that really have been enormously successful, is that as they grow older they don't feel as if they can continue, you know, with kind of mainstream incremental science after they have done something really big in the past. And as a result they adopt something that is completely outside of mainstream because they think, a-ha, maybe I'll make yet another huge contribution.

And that has happened to Pauling with Vitamin C.  And it happens to others too, you know, that at old age they suddenly pick up on something. Yes, it happened to Hoyle, Fred Hoyle, who is another person that I discuss on the concept of how did life evolve, you know, and so on. It's not a topic I discuss much in the book, but he started saying that probably all of life on Earth came from outer space and things like that and so on. So it happens.

Mm-hmm. This is SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR. I'm Ira Flatow talking with Mario Livio, author of "Brilliant Blunders: From Darwin to Einstein," talking about great blunders that happened. Speaking about those kinds of blunders late in life, Bill Shockley, who was one of the inventors of the transistor, also got into trouble about views about racism late. . .

Yeah. Unfortunately it is more common than we would like.

turn 0 : Some successful scientists adopt unconventional approaches after achieving something significant.

Which scientists adopt unconventional approaches?

Answer: Scientists


Well, here's my question for you as a photographer. When you have a person who is as photographed as Barack Obama has been and for God's sake is going to be for the next four years, how do you find a shot that separates you from the rest of the crowd of photographers when he is your subject and target?

Well, certainly, that is an exceedingly difficult thing to do. But you try and capture, you know, the moment because he is a man that connects with the crowd and with the message that he has. So you're looking for that little twinkle in his eye or that little different look that he may have.

But frankly, Tony, a lot of my work was gauging the crowd as they were entranced with the day, and it was such a wonderful group - such a wonderful experience for ua all to be there. And I tried to capture some of this on film because there were black people, there were white people, there were Asian people, there were brown people there. And I have never been in a mob like today, just in terms of the density of the crowd. But everyone was so cool. And when they announced that - when they introduced the then-president-elect and he came - I mean, it was a roar, and you try and capture some of that on film.

Now, I have about 20 seconds for you to answer this. When he actually put his hand on the Bible and said - and accepted the oath, were your cameras trained on the crowd at that moment and did you get a shot?

turn 1 : Finding a unique shot of Barack Obama is challenging but possible.

Answer: shot


One night in the spring of 1982, a 9-year-old Issac Bailey was asleep in a room with a few of his brothers when the 22-year-old brother he adored, Herbie Moochie Bailey, shot and killed an innocent man, a store owner he'd robbed named James Bunch.

It, like - my sense really - actually changed on, like, everything for me.

Issac was already struggling with a speech disorder.

I stuttered - (stuttering) - like that. It worsened greatly. And so I actually think that is one sort of reason why that I actually still stutter now.

turn 1 : Issac's traumatic experience caused a shift in A's perspective on everything

What was the cause of PersonA's change in perspective?

Answer: Herbie


Some of our questions are very basic. Were you a slaveholder?Did your money come from the labor of enslaved people?Many of the questions we're asking at our university are the same as the questions that people are asking at other universities. But I think we have one very special part of our story. That is that Princeton really was a very Southern school.

And it turns out that between 1790 and the outbreak of the Civil War, about 40 percent of our students came from the South. That's extraordinary. And there were some consequences of this very Southern orientation of our student body. There were some horrific acts of violence in our community in the 1830s and '40s as Southern boys raised in slaveholding families came to this town in New Jersey and encountered a free black community for the first time in their lives.

These Southern students were important to our school. Their tuition money was important. Keeping their parents happy was important. So the ethos on our campus was, let's just not talk about this stuff. Let's keep the peace.

Obviously, we are having a debate in this country right now about the legacy of the Civil War. And as a historian, I'd like your thoughts on how you resolve the tension between remembering and honoring.

turn 3 : "remembering and honoring" - While these two terms are often used synonymously or interchangeably, in this context they represent distinct and potentially conflicting objectives. Remembering implies a willingness to confront the past and acknowledge its complexities and injustices, while honoring suggests a desire to celebrate and venerate a particular heritage or tradition without necessarily engaging with its darker aspects.

Which two objectives could potentially conflict with each other when discussing the legacy of the Civil War?

Answer: Remembering


And that is a big deal because a census is supposed to be a head count of every person living in the country. That's a constitutional mandate regardless of citizenship or immigration status. And those numbers determine how many congressional seats each state gets, as well as how almost $900 billion a year in federal funding for roads, for schools, how all that money is distributed around the country.

Exactly.

What are the two sides arguing?What's that what's the for and the against?

turn 1 : "Right, so a lot of financial and political implications if you don't have the correct population number, particularly of certain minorities." (turn B): The literal meaning is that an incorrect population count can have significant consequences for federal funding and political representation, especially for minority groups. The implied meaning is that this is a serious issue that deserves attention and action.

Which group is particularly at risk of being affected by an incorrect population count?

Answer: Citizenship


I mean, it's tempting, and certainly we do it in the news business, to look at a figure like $9 billion and say, you know, figure out what that cost per arrest and everything. But I wonder, isn't it in a sense worth, I don't know, a billion dollars a year to the American people to have that deterrent aboard?Because as people in the program have pointed out, if something happens, there's no one else to call upon for help in an airliner.

Well, you could justify almost anything on that basis. But I will tell you that on any cost-benefit analysis, this program does not hold muster. I can tell you also that while a billion dollars might not seem like much money in the whole federal government. . .

Oh, no, it's a lot of money. Don't get me wrong. . .

It's a lot. . .

turn 1 :  In statement 2, the speaker is implying that Trump should make a statement that can help heal the divide between him and the Republicans.

How does the speaker in turn 0 justify the cost of the program?

Answer: Deterrent


Bernard Tomic, yes, who really didn't show up. He put the white flag up midway through the second set. It was a very interesting week, considering that you also had Kim Clijsters retiring as well. But Roddick is the interesting here because of where American tennis has gone. Between 1968 and 2002, American men have just dominated tennis. We were winning a major tournament 33 percent of the time - a third of all majors went to Americans - Jimmy Connors, John McEnroe, Pete Sampras, Andre Agassi, you name it. And since 2003, we've won just one, and it was Andy Roddick back in 2003 at the U. S.  Open.

And so the state of the game has really declined in terms of this country winning major, major championships. And so he was the last one. And the big question's going to be now is who is going to take his mantle. He was a great, great player, and not good enough though in the age of Roger Federer. He was not close enough to the McEnroe-Connors standard and not good enough to compete with Roger Federer and Rafa Nadal, but represented the United States very, very well.

Wonder, too, how sports broadcasters will get through a major tournament without cutting to shots of Brooklyn Decker cheering on her husband.

Whatever will we do?

turn 2 :  "cutting to shots of Brooklyn Decker" - This is a metaphorical expression that means switching to footage of Brooklyn Decker. It does not literally refer to cutting anything.

What is the metaphorical expression used to refer to switching to footage of Brooklyn Decker in the dialogue?

Answer: Cutting


So you have worked directly with children at the Homestead Shelter in South Florida. Can you take us through one case, one specific type service that you provide now that you wouldn't be able to if and when these cuts go forward?

Generally we provide a Know-Your-Rights presentation to every single child that is detained in an ORR facility in South Florida. Next we provide a one-on-one legal screening with every single child that is in one of these shelters. That legal screening has two purposes. One is to let us know, is this an emergency?Do we need to file this child's case right away?Or are they eligible for relief and are going to be released to another location?If they're eligible for relief and going to be released elsewhere, we will work our butts off to try to find them a lawyer wherever they are released to.

What would it look like for a kid without a lawyer, without this type of legal aid that you're describing?

I mean, you can only imagine. There's no way that any child would be able to navigate this system alone. You know, no child is going to be able to represent themselves in court. And, you know, we see that already with unrepresented children.

turn 3 : Unrepresented children are at a disadvantage in court.

What is the disadvantage that unrepresented children face in court?

Answer: Disadvantage


President Trump hired a personal attorney this week, presumably to give him advice about the Russian investigation. Are others in the White House lawyering up?

A lot of people. In fact, two sources told me this week Don McGahn is going to need a lawyer himself. He's likely to be a witness in whatever investigation there is moving forward in Russia. Even if these folks have no legal jeopardy, it's really expensive and distracting for them to need legal advice. This happened under President Bill Clinton and President Ronald Reagan. It's likely to drag on for a long time.

Don McGahn, to be sure, has defenders in Washington, D. C. , who are very impressed by him. Aren't they?

Yeah. You know, there's been a lot of praise in some circles for the people he's hired to work in the White House, the young lawyers working underneath him - seven former Supreme Court clerks, graduates from Ivy League law schools at the top of their game. And then there's this. It's hard to tell from outside the Oval Office whether Don McGahn is giving President Donald Trump all the right legal advice and President Donald Trump is just ignoring him.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that other members of the White House may seek legal counsel in light of President Trump's actions.

What is the potential consequence of President Trump's actions on other members of the White House?

Answer: Consequence


. . . Strong title. What do you mean by that?

I think it was meant as sort of a nonpartisan way of talking about what's gone on in the confirmation process on Capitol Hill and how both sides have tried to put their thumbs on the scale and try and steer these judicial nominations in the direction they wanted. And so there is bias on it, and it's been bias on both sides, honestly. I know people don't like to talk about both sider-ism these days, but, you know, both parties have had a lot to do with how mucked up the process has gotten.

All right. Well, we'll get to that. But let's start with where you start in the book, where you talk about the importance of a decision that the majority leader Mitch McConnell made - Republican leader - made in February of 2016. What was the decision?

I think this was one of the most consequential decisions in American history, really, as it turned out. We didn't know it that night. But Mitch McConnell is on a - the Senate majority leader is on a vacation in the Caribbean. The news comes out that Justice Antonin Scalia had died. And Mr.  McConnell that evening decided that President Obama, with 11 months left in his term, would not get an appointment to the Supreme Court.

turn 1 : Both parties have contributed to the biased confirmation process.

What do the parties contribute to the confirmation process?

Answer: Contributed


. . . Entities. . .

Correct.

. . . Like - nongovernmental groups like terrorist organizations.

Yeah, the terrorist organizations or. . .

turn 1 : Agreement between A and B on the existence of non-governmental entities

Which type of entities were mentioned by B?

Answer: non-governmental


No. I mean, I can be smaller and leaner with one fewer arms or a leg that I've lopped off. No, I think it's going to be extremely difficult. We can't possibly serve the entire state, especially a state is geographically distributed as we are, by closing entire campuses.

Do you see an impact on enrollment, on students wanting to come to the University of Alaska?

Absolutely. Our enrollment has actually been in decline since 2012, certainly over the last several years because we've taken budget cuts four out of the last five years. There's no question in my mind that some students are opting for other institutions because of uncertainty about our budget. And another big challenge here in Alaska - we have in general very low college-going rates. So another negative aspect of this is young people who decide not to go on at all.

That is University of Alaska President James Johnsen. He was speaking with us there from Fairbanks, Alaska. James Johnsen, thank you for your time.

My pleasure.

turn 0 : fewer arms or a leg that I've lopped off implies weight loss and not amputation

What does the lopped off body part imply?

Answer: Weight


But Barack Obama blew right straight through half a million, a million. He's now approaching a million and a half donors. And of course they are not all giving the maximum amount of money, most of them are just giving 100 dollars or less, or 200 dollars or less. Nonetheless, the size, the base of that fundraising operation means that he can raise all the money that he needs, including, very possibly, money that would go to help retire Hillary Clinton's campaign debt after she does drop out, assuming some day she does.

Well Ron, thanks so much.

Thank you, Farai.

That was NPR's senior Washington editor Ron Elving, and he joined me at NPR headquarters in Washington, D. C.

turn 3 : "joined me" - This is an idiomatic expression that means to come together for a meeting or an event. It does not mean that Ron Elving physically joined the person he is speaking to.

Answer: Come


Syria continues to suffer. Russia now mounts military strikes against the Islamic State that also help shore up the regime of Bashar al-Assad, whom they support and whom the U. S.  says must leave. President Obama says there's no meeting of the minds. Niall Ferguson, the historian, has been critical of what he considers the president's lack of policy. Professor Ferguson joins us from the studios at Harvard. Thanks so much for being with us.

My pleasure.

You write the great flaw you see in President Obama's Syria strategy has been, I'll quote, "his insistence that the only alternative to doing next to nothing was all out invasion. "What alternatives do you think he's missing?

Initially, it was a relatively straightforward proposition that the United States should give military assistance to the opposition, to Assad, the free Syrian army. And that was something the president resisted. And the last throw of the president's dice came this year when he was offered by the Russian president, Vladimir Putin, the option to cooperate against Islamic State. And the president essentially said no to that. I think it's fair to say that the president has divert (ph) - I put it this way - that he was playing solitaire while everybody else was playing chess. And unfortunately it's now much, much more difficult to intervene effectively than it was at the outset of the Syrian Civil War.

turn 3 : Niall Ferguson believes that President Obama has missed out on many opportunities to address the situation in Syria, such as providing military assistance to the opposition or cooperating with Russia.

What does Niall Ferguson criticize about President Obama's Syria strategy?

Answer: Missing


So, John, if Lehman's problems spread to other banks, who's next?

Well, a first concern would be Washington Mutual. It's a big mortgage lender. It's under some severe stress right now. Its stock is down today. You have to look at other banks and investment houses with problem loans on their books, like Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley, Citibank won't be immune. You know, all these banks are interconnected now, with lots of shared debts and investments that are losing value. This crisis has pretty much changed the business model for big banks, who used to earn profits by investing in loans and mortgages that had been repackaged to essentially spread the risk to everybody.

Many of those investments have now gone south, and the banks are going to have to come up with a new system for raising the capital to lend to borrowers. The thing to watch for now is how the rating agencies, like Standard & Poor's and Fitch, put a value on these banks' futures. As the ratings on banks go down, it becomes more expensive for the banks to borrow the money that they need to cover the bad loans because investors lose confidence, and they want a higher return to fork over their money. And it's that lack of confidence that the government and the industry are fighting in this credit crunch.

Thanks, John. That's John Dimsdale of public radio's daily business show, Marketplace.

turn 2 : The rating agencies play an important role in the banks' ability to borrow money.

What entities determine the value of the banks' futures?

Answer: Rating.


In fact, no. My impression is that the fact that these asylum seekers and the poor conditions in which they lived became public, this is shameful and disgraceful for Hong Kong. And that is what makes them a target.

They're trying to get to Canada. And their association with Snowden may be creating problems there?

It's certainly possible. We completed all of their applications and requested urgent treatment because of their vulnerability in Hong Kong months ago. They initially told us that they were expediting the files. And then two months later, they said that they were not expediting the files. But they didn't say why. And this is why we've decided to go before the court to force the government to meet its commitment - one that our clients relied upon. And now they're at the 11th hour facing imminent detention and eventual inevitable deportation, and Canada is the last hope.

And what is your best guess as to what has prompted what seems like a change of heart on Canada's part?

turn 3 : To have a change of heart it means that a person can change their attitude to the specific person. In this case, Canada may have a change of heart on the refugees due to the poor conditions from Hong Kong.

Which country may have a change of heart on refugees due to poor conditions in Hong Kong?

Answer: Canada


Well, you could say both. You know, in 2010, the parent company declared bankruptcy. There's significant debt surrounding and hanging over National Enquirer's parent company. But you can't separate this from the scandals. The Washington Post, in its reporting, claims that the hedge fund manager who's sort of controlling owner now of American Media says that he's disgusted by what he's learned. This is not really anything new for the Enquirer, but don't forget the legal trouble the Enquirer has been in. You know, it got dragged into the investigation of Michael Cohen and others. It had to, essentially, negotiate with prosecutors in order to avoid prosecution. And indeed, the Bezos scandal may raise the legal stakes once more.

I mean, we've probably all joked at the grocery store checkout stand, like, looking at the headlines - who would ever buy the National Enquirer?Well, now it's like a more serious question. Who would buy the National Enquirer?

Well, you know, in a straight world, you might say TMZ, the digital gossip site. It's hard to know. It's a damaged brand. It is a notable brand. Somebody may buy it as a plaything, or there's been speculation Jeff Bezos would want to strangle it, buy it and put it out. . .

Wow. That would be. . .

turn 2 : The National Enquirer may be bought for non-serious purposes or by someone who wants to shut it down.

Answer: Enquirer


So, what do you make of all these pardons?

These pardons are a typical old practice in Russia and the Soviet Union. But, of course, President Vladimir Putin made a wonderful publicity show of pardoning Mikhail Khodorkovsky and this was totally unexpected. There had been talk about another trial against him. And instead, now he's already in Germany.

Let me ask you about what seemed to be, from Mr.  Putin's point of view, a productive week. Ukraine's government, after weeks of some wavering, decided not to sign an agreement with the European Union and instead threw in with the economic aid package from Moscow. How do you read that?

Well, I think it's quite a victory for President Putin and also for President Yanukovych. What President Putin got, it was some kind of alliance with Ukraine. And he also got support for his kind of economic and political system, rather authoritarian and not quite run by the rule of law. And President Yanukovych, he got $50 million in a probably quite expensive loan, which means that he can keep going for 15 months more, until he has presidential elections in Ukraine.

I'm curious as to why Ukraine seems to be teetering. Because when the USSR split up, a lot of people said this is going to be a country with a lot going for it - almost 50 million people; it was considered the breadbasket of the old Soviet Union; coal, steel. What's happened?

turn 4 : B: "Because when the USSR split up, a lot of people said this is going to be a country with a lot going for it" - The literal meaning of this statement is that people had high expectations for Ukraine after the Soviet Union dissolved. The actual meaning could be that despite Ukraine's potential and resources, its political and economic instability has hindered its progress.

Which country had high expectations after the USSR dissolved?

Answer: Ukraine


…of the entire family. And you've got the ability to sit from that distance and observe natural behavior.

You know, there have been stories written about park rangers and others who have very strong personal connections to these animals. I know that some of them have named them. How does that come about?

Well, the park rangers, in my opinion, are the real heroes of mountain gorilla conservation. They are the guys who are out on a day-to-day basis, doing the work of conservation. And in the case of D. R. C. , they are risking their lives. We probably have lost 120 to 150 guards over the last 15 years in the Congo. And I think it indicates the kind of courage that these guys have, putting their life on the line, protecting animals that they have worked with on a day-to-day basis or, in some cases, decades.

Are there other animals that are also endangered in that area, especially as a result of the finding, in addition to the gorilla?

turn 1 : In the conversation, B asks how park rangers develop strong personal connections with animals and how they end up naming them. The literal meaning of B's question is straightforward, but the implied meaning is more complex. B may be suggesting that personal connections with animals are unethical, unprofessional, or undermine the objectivity necessary for conservation efforts. Additionally, B may be asking whether the park rangers' personal connections with animals complicate conservation efforts or make it more difficult to do their jobs.

What is the implied meaning of PersonB's question about park rangers' personal connections with animals?

Answer: Ethical


Right. So there's one where Kim Kardashian is posing against a pile of sand. She's undressed, very provocative. And then there's you, sort of similarly clad, reclining against gravel (laughter).

Yeah, on a dirt pile. Kim Kardashian on a dirt pile. That's the way people refer to that photo a lot.

Why do you think it's resonated so much?Why do you think people have enjoyed this so much?

Well, first and foremost, I look like an idiot in them, the other person doesn't. And it's not like I'm taking - I don't take paparazzi photos of people or I'll only take what they've posted themselves. And then I look silly in it. So the beginning of it is me looking stupid. And I think people like that. I think people like seeing people make fun of themselves - I do - and just not caring. I think it's nice to see on a platform like Instagram, where it's all about how things are staged. It's nice to see something that is so not.

turn 3 : In Turn (4), when A says, "And then I look silly in it," they are not suggesting that they are physically looking at themselves while taking the photo, but rather that they appear foolish or ridiculous in the photo.

Which turn clarifies that PersonA was referring to their appearance in the photo rather than physically looking at themselves while taking the photo?

Answer: Four


I asked Soerens what that would mean for his organization.

World Relief is really committed to our mission of empowering local churches to serve the vulnerable. We remain committed to that mission. But it would probably be at a reduced scale because with fewer refugees arriving, we wouldn't be able to maintain the current infrastructure we have throughout the United States. And of course, none of the people we'd be able to serve would be newly arrived refugees because those people would be shut out completely.

There are also questions right now about the asylum laws in general. Before the Trump administration, how difficult was it for any particular individual to claim asylum in this country and have that claim be accepted?

And so someone claiming asylum is basically professing to be a refugee. That is to say, they say they have a well-founded fear of persecution on account of their race, religion, political opinion, national origin or social group. And it's never been easy because the burden of proof is on the applicant. And frankly, sometimes the people who say they're going to kill you don't send you a notarized letter saying that. And you may not have documentary evidence of the well-founded fear of persecution.

turn 1 : to serve in this context means to help

How does World Relief empower local churches?

Answer: Help


Jamal Khashoggi's eldest son was photographed meeting the crown prince earlier this week. For a lot of people, it was heart-rending to see. And it was announced shortly after he'd be allowed to travel to the U. S.  We gather, according to reports, he's arrived there. Is it possible someone told him pose with the prince and you can get out of here?

Absolutely. There's no question. The royal family had banned him from traveling since his father had left the kingdom to go into exile. And there had to be a lot of behind-the-scenes maneuvering, including requests specifically by the United States and Secretary of State Pompeo to allow him to leave the country and join his brothers in the United States. Three of Khashoggi's sons are American citizens, and I gather the fourth son was not.

The head of the CIA, Gina Haspel, was in Turkey this week being briefed. What do we know about what she was told and what she did?

Well, the CIA hasn't provided specifics, but it's been widely reported that she listened to this alleged tape of Jamal's last moments and what happened to him inside the Saudi consulate in Istanbul. I mean, this is going to be a pivotal moment for the Trump administration. It has to make a very hard call - what to do about an ally that has been pivotal in three of President Trump's five most important foreign policy goals.

turn 1 : The United States government intervened to secure the safe departure of Jamal Khashoggi's son, despite the Saudi royal family's ban on his travel.

Which family member of Jamal Khashoggi's was banned from traveling by the Saudi royal family?

Answer: Son


Well, I think every writer hopes to bring information to a reader or a viewer. Every artist wants to reach another person through the heart. Something that a novel can do is bring you information in a different way from journalism or all other forms of acquiring information. It brings you inside the mind of another person. So it creates empathy for the theoretical stranger, and that's - it's a fresh avenue, really, for bringing science to a reader, to get to the head via the heart.

Do you have science - we have 30 seconds left. But will we see science in your next book?

Absolutely.

Well, I look forward to it. Thank you for joining us today.

turn 3 : thank you for joining us means thank you for being here

How does turn 2 relate to the topic of the conversation?

Answer: Relate


It's interesting. There was an e-mail sent around by a professor at Berkeley yesterday to a bunch of prominent economists saying that the IMF and World Bank are having their annual meeting starting tomorrow, and it was incumbent on economists to weigh in and give them some suggestions. I just finished reading this list of essays, 15 of them written in one day. And the universal common denominator is that everybody sees the crisis right now as devolving from limited capital in the banking system. It's just remarkable how much economists have at least pin-pointed that as the problem, but I don't think that this is rocket science.

It's not rocket science; it's economics. It's the dismal science. It's just - it's not the University of Chicago's way, and now, you're saying, well, maybe this week, it is.

Look, it's not the University of Chicago. Most economists don't think that the government buying firms and taking them over or risking taxpayer money with no protection - to say that, if things improve, the taxpayers will get their money back - is a wise idea at all. I'm not saying that, but economists are famous for, on the one hand and on the other, and if, on the one hand, the choice is to let the economy sink into a recession just to teach these irresponsible bankers a lesson, or the other is to actually use the taxpayer money to prevent it, that's a pretty easy choice.

Anil Kashyap, professor of economics at the famed University of Chicago. Thank you.

turn 0 : The problem of the crisis is not difficult to identify, but finding a solution is not that easy.

Which word describes the difficulty of finding a solution to the crisis?

Answer: Remarkable


One of the things that struck me is some of the comments by some of the women. They don't necessarily see themselves as beautiful. They did not see in themselves the thing that you saw in them. Did you find that to be common?I'm thinking in particular of the sisters from Switzerland with the red hair who said they'd been made fun of as children because of the color of their hair. And you were drawn to them.

During the project, I did realize that women that I photographed were not confident in their way of being. So whenever I posted their picture on my social media, we got a lot of comments and positive reaction from the people. So the women that I photographed, after that, they realized how beautiful they are. That was extraordinary for them and for me because it gives them confidence.

How did this project change you?

I'm much more confident. I'm much more respectful of what the other women in the world have to go through every day because the life is so difficult in so many parts of the world. And this project was a huge gift in my life. And this is why I'm trying to put it out there in the world for people to understand that the world is extremely beautiful. And we should really appreciate everything that's happening in our life.

turn 1 : Posting their pictures on social media helped the women gain confidence

What was one positive effect of posting the women's pictures on social media?

Answer: Positive


I think that the protests need to go as far as we need to take them so that America begins to wake up, that this is a problem. You know, 45 said that this is a local issue and. . .

And by 45, you mean President Donald Trump.

Correct. This is a national epidemic. This is a national outcry of people and communities in pain.

Can you tell us something about Stephon before we say goodbye?

turn 2 : The speaker believes that the protests represent a national issue and not just a local one.

Answer: National


And yeah. Like I said, the video can be used for good. And that's why I think the premise of body camera footage is good. But where problems emerge is when government officials and police officials push back against making that footage public because that's the whole reason. The reason is to bring transparency to police interactions. And if government officials push against that, it goes against the entire premise.

One of the very interesting points that you make in your book is that the federal government has investigated alternatives to lethal force and improving police-community relations for decades. I mean, you highlight a report that was commissioned by President Johnson, President Lyndon Johnson in 1967 in response to the Watts riots. And you said that it proposes really not so much an emphasis on technology but an emphasis on relationships, on communication and teaching police officers how to communicate better with the public, how to - it's more of like a - I don't know what word to use. Would you say humanistic approach?And. . .

Absolutely. That's a great word for it.

And that you say that there's - these kinds of - these techniques have never really been implemented because they were deemed to be too expensive. But you also point out that technology is expensive. The police departments spend a huge amount on these technologies that you say don't work. So what - my question to you is, why do you think these techniques have not gotten more traction?

turn 2 : These techniques have not been implemented due to cost concerns, despite the expensive investment in technologies that don't work for police departments.

What reason has prevented the implementation of the proposed techniques for improving police-community relations?

Answer: Cost


Well, I think people that are overly tied to capitalism and who think that capitalism - and, once again, I speak as a Wharton grad, is the be all and end all of economic systems and that people who are uncomfortable looking at the poor. And there are, you know, not a few Catholics who are like that.

Jim, did the College of Cardinals expect this from the man they chose to be pope?

I don't think so. I think that they expected a person who's holy and came make tough decisions and live simply, but I don't think they expected someone who would shake things up quite this way. And, you know, frankly, most Jesuits who knew him didn't expect this either. But, you know, it shows you once again the power of the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit does what the Holy Spirit wants to do.

Father James Martin, who's culture editor of the Jesuit magazine America. Thanks so much. Good holiday to you, Jim.

turn 3 : the speaker is thanking Father James Martin for his insight and wishing him a good holiday.

What is the name of the person who is being thanked for their insight in the dialogue?

Answer: Father


But Alaphilippe seems to be digging deeper every day. He's a former soldier. And he's extremely tough, really affable, straight-talking. The things he's done - they've set on fire the passions of the people, really. He's just sort of gone on a rampage - these break-for-the-border dashes for the finishing line. And he's succeeded three or four times, and everybody's talking about him.

And then there is another Frenchman who is one of the favorites to win the race. Tell us about him.

That's right - Thibaut Pinot, very different, a very emotional man. And he fell into a trap a few days ago and lost a bit of time. But he's still in with a very big shot. So he's vowed to fight back on Saturday and may well get back into a position. Thibaut Pinot is about 28, 29 years old. He hasn't raced here for a while. He'd been racing in Italy. He really is a very, very popular man. And if he does win the Tour de France, he will be the most popular man in France.

Now, as we've said, the race is just past its halfway point, and a Frenchman has not won the Tour de France in 34 years. So what's the attitude and sentiment like among people in these small French towns where the cyclists are whizzing past?

turn 2 : The people in France are actively watching the race and will be discussing the winner.

Answer: A


How did you feel when you found out, this summer, about the abuse of children that was going on in Pennsylvania not far from places you knew?

Yeah, it hurt reading the report because I was reading about these parishes that I went to growing up. I was born in '96, so growing up, you would hear kids joke about, oh, you know, priests molesting kids and whatnot. But I never knew that there was actually a - anything behind that. I just sort of thought it was people making fun of a religion. And then I didn't learn, honestly, until recently that the abuse scandal is something that was real and something that the world has known about since - what?- I think it was the early 2000s, whenever the Boston Globe or whatever that newspaper is broke the story. I didn't know that that was a thing. It wasn't something I'd ever been exposed to, so I wasn't really aware of the fact that this is a problem that was going on in my church. You know, it's unthinkable.

And it's hurt your faith?

I think that's a difficult thing to answer. I will say that it has hurt my faith in the Catholic Church. I don't think it has actually hurt my personal, religious faith. I'm just starting to see less of a connection between what I believe and the teachings of the Catholic Church.

turn 3 : The speaker's faith in the Catholic Church has been damaged by the abuse scandal, but their personal faith remains intact.

Which type of faith has been hurt by the abuse scandal according to the speaker?

Answer: b


The MIT Media Lab has been under fire for the past several weeks for its financial links to deceased sex offender Jeffrey Epstein. The lab's director, Joi Ito, initially said he had accepted $525,000 and more for his own private tech investment funds from Epstein, and he apologized. Now The New Yorker has detailed the lengths to which the MIT lab went to conceal its acceptance of millions of dollars more in gifts arranged by Epstein. Today, Ito formally resigned, writing, quote, "after giving the matter a great deal of thought over the past several days and weeks, I think that it is best that I resign as director of the media lab and as a professor and employee of the institute, effective immediately" - unquote. Joining us to talk about this is NPR media correspondent David Folkenflik from New York.

David, welcome back. Thanks for joining us.

My pleasure.

Could you just walk us through the scale of this?How far did MIT go to conceal their ties with Jeffrey Epstein?

turn 3 : MIT concealed their financial ties with Jeffrey Epstein.

Answer: Financialties


Well, look, I like the fact that we've eliminated pre-existing conditions. I think that's really important. But Ronald Reagan expanded Medicaid a number of times and he didn't need Obamacare, OK?And my feeling about Medicaid is we've been able to manage this program. And by bringing Ohio money back to Ohio to treat the mentally ill, the drug addicted and the working poor, it's not - we're not only ahead on an arithmetic basis, but we think it's the right issue in terms of giving people a chance and an ability to be lifted.

Biographical question - did you ever consider becoming a priest?

Well, when I was a kid, really early in my life, you know, all Catholic altar boys I think at one time or another thought about being a priest. But then that just wasn't in the cards for me.

But I gather religion is an important factor in your life.

turn 3 : Implies that religion is an important factor in the speaker's life, not just a literal question about religion.

Answer: Religion


How quickly would we see a border closing impact the U. S.  auto industry?

Well, really, we would start to see manufacturing facilities impacted almost immediately. Most of the industry follows a just-in-time inventory strategy, which means that the parts that are needed for the vehicle are shipped to the plant as they are needed and on a continual basis. They don't maintain inventory levels at the assembly plant. So we would see a number of factories start to shut down almost immediately because they wouldn't have inventory available to keep going.

Is it possible for you to paint a picture of this for us using a specific car part, for example?

You know, there's a couple interesting ones. One, wire harnesses - these are the wires that are - that go into a vehicle. There's probably miles of these copper wires in a vehicle, very labor-intensive to put these wire harnesses together. The vast majority are made in Mexico that are used in U. S.  manufacturing. And so that's something that would be very important for a vehicle because it goes on early in the process.

turn 3 : The majority of wire harnesses used in U.S. manufacturing are made in Mexico and would be impacted if the border is closed.

What would be impacted if the border is closed?

Answer: Wire-harnesses


. . . In terms of choices. I mean, am I wrong about that?

You know, that research is still in the early stages as well. And I don't want to undermine it or underplay it, but you have to think about things sort of globally. And one thing that you can do is - if you're concerned about sunscreen use is you can just be extra careful about covering up.

So I know for my own kid, the swimsuit I got for him has long sleeves. And I'm always putting, like, a big hat on him. So you're telling me that's not overkill.

That is not overkill. That's actually a great idea. You know, there are a lot of sun-protective clothing on the market now, so that will help protect the environment 'cause you're using less sunscreen. And it will also help protect you against any potential problems with sunscreen ingredients.

In the end, how big a deal is this study published by JAMA?

turn 2 : Covering up with sun-protective clothing is a good idea.

Which method of protection is suggested for sunscreen use in the dialogue?

Answer: covering


Now it's, I should say this is a demonstration, it's not, you know, there is an actual kill that takes place in the video, but it's not a real kill, it's a demo kill. But what the system that they are playing or working on actually is designed to do and will do when it is deployed is to hunt, and if necessary kill, real targets. It fires missiles, it drops bombs, you can hear the guy talking about the weapons that he has available on one of his drones.

And they didn't just make it feel like a video game, they figured out that there's a sort of a feedback loop that was a problem for the operators, they couldn't kind of sense what was happening. And they hired video gamers to redesign their system for them.

Yeah, they hired real game developers. Because, you know, when you compared what people in the military were using to operate drones to what the latest Xbox or PlayStation system looked like, I mean the screens on this wrap around you so you feel as though you were there. One of the executives Raytheon describes it as projecting your mind into a place where you want it.

You write about watching this demonstration video with your seven year old kind of standing behind you watching this screen, and he gets it right away and he kind of likes it.

turn 0 : "it's not a real kill, it's a demo kill" - The literal meaning is that a demonstration kill took place, but it was not a real kill. The implied meaning is that the system being demonstrated is capable of killing real targets.

Answer: Demo


Why?You know, if you've screw it up, what?You, like, lost 99 cents or $5?I mean, that's money. I'm not saying that that's not important, but God, when I use the cooking - when I lived in New York, it's like, if I screwed up, it was $30 down the drain.

Many of Christiane's recipes come from her own imagination. Others are adaptations from culinary classics like the "Joy of Cooking" and "The Moosewood Cookbook. "She says she realizes the low-budget nature of her book may not be appetizing to all palates. The 99-cent price tag does have a bit of a stigma.

I feel the same way sometimes. I'm a snob. I'll admit it. And so, you know, sometimes if I cook it, I'm like, oh, I'm pulling the ham out of the can. I don't know.

And maybe it's the ham, maybe it's not.

turn 0 : The speaker is saying that money is important, but not as important as the enjoyment of cooking.

What is the PersonA's attitude towards the price tag in the book?

Answer: Not


What a coincidence. Serendipity.

Absolutely. So this is a very festive lab and we asked if they would look into this and they did, several times over, for us. And so we have the results on Video Pick of the Week is originals of our sample size of one - we should be clear - experiment into this.

Right. And you found that if you out enough - spike your eggnog enough, should we. . .

Well, yes. So you can go to our website for the recipe. But after - the key to this, and actually, we'll have - let's have Vince Fischetti, sort of, give us a little background.

turn 2 :  Implying that the conversation is about spiking eggnog with alcohol.

Answer: Eggnog


Yes, and we looked especially at people who are most likely to think they are lacking in bias, such as the self-described egalitarians, also political liberals. Our sample, being an Internet sample, is not surprising that it was a majority of liberals. And we found that the implicit race attitudes of these liberals and the egalitarians predicted their warmth toward Republican candidates.

So in other words, many white and non-white voters will unconsciously vote against President Obama because of his race, but when asked, they'll give a reason other than race.

That's very likely. This is very hard to tease apart, and our method works by measuring things that you can't really ask people about because they don't know. And we think it's one of a number of factors that play into determining vote. But it's a strong enough factor so that it can actually affect a significant percentage of the vote.

Among Republican candidates, when you polled them, did you see similar racial attitudes towards Herman Cain?

turn 2 : Factors such as implicit race attitudes can significantly affect the vote.

How can implicit race attitudes affect the vote?

Answer: Damage


It's like a bird treadmill. I mean, it's the same idea, right?

Right.

And the point of this study, which Ivo Ros is doing, was to figure out how much energy it takes to fly. So they have a little heart monitor hooked up to the cockatiels. But again, like imagine what this is like for the cockatiels. So there's all this training involved because for a bird to be flapping their wings and not going anywhere is really weird. So they have to, you know, encourage them not to sit on the bars. And it just was. . .

There's no scenery changing.

turn 3 : "There's no scenery changing." - The literal meaning of this phrase is that there is no change in the scenery, but in the context of the conversation, it is used to suggest that the experiment may be boring for the cockatiels, as they are not able to fly and experience changes in their environment as they would in the wild.

What is the experiment lacking for the cockatiels?

Answer: variety


Thousand of miles west of the capital, trouble is brewing over a utility bill. Back in November, Veterans Day to be exact, residents of Bullhead City, Arizona, lit a flame at the town's memorial park. They called it an Eternal Flame. The plan was to keep it constantly lit to honor the fallen. But then they got the gas bill. Joining me now to tell us about that bill is Bullhead City's spokesman, Steve Johnson. Welcome to the program, Steve. And how expensive was that first gas bill you got?

The bill was about $961.

That was a pretty big initial gas bill. I'm trying to picture how big this flame is. Could you describe it for us?

It's - at its height, it's about 12 to 15 inches tall. I describe it as a kind of as a large artichoke. And it consumes a lot - well, obviously, it's consuming a lot of gas, at $900 a month. But it's a pretty tall flame.

turn 2 : The size of the flame doesn't justify the high gas bill

Which word describes the size of the Eternal Flame?

Answer: B


Absolutely.

. . . Didn't prevent a lethal incident, like in the Laquan McDonald case in Chicago. I mean, even though an investigative journalist had to go and demand the footage, it did result in a conviction, didn't it?I mean, it didn't prevent. . .

Absolutely.

. . . A lethal incident, but it did bring accountability after the fact. So. . .

turn 1 : The speaker is expressing sarcasm or disbelief about the effectiveness of preventing lethal incidents despite investigative journalism in the Laquan McDonald case.

What is the PersonA's attitude towards the effectiveness of investigative journalism in preventing lethal incidents?

Answer: Attitude


. . . a guinea fowl on the treadmill.

So that's - this is like - I'm already. . .

Another day at the office.

Exactly. It's like I can tell that I'm in a special place right from the beginning, and that's just the tip of the iceberg. They have an emu and they happened to have a day-old goat. A baby goat was born the day before. It's totally bucolic.

turn 3 : In turn (4), the speaker is expressing admiration for a place they are visiting, specifically highlighting the presence of an emu and a day-old goat. The literal meaning of the turn is that the speaker finds the place charming and enjoys the presence of the animals. However, the implied meaning of the turn is that the speaker may be easily impressed or may have a naive or idealized view of rural life. The use of the word "bucolic" suggests a romanticized view of the countryside, and the excitement over the presence of relatively common animals suggests a lack of familiarity with rural environments. The turn implies that the speaker may not have a deep understanding of the realities of agricultural life and may be easily swayed by superficial or picturesque elements.

How does the use of the word "bucolic" in turn 3 suggest the PersonA's view of rural life?

Answer: Romanticized


I don't mind stipulating that you were more than an OK doctor.

(Laughter) Well, you know, I agree that I'm an OK doctor. And I feel very blessed to have been involved with some of the most complex surgical procedures in the history of the world.

Does that prepare you to be president of the United States?

Not in and of itself. But I think planning, utilizing a lot of resources and a lot of other people to do complex things - and even things that have never been done before - certainly helps. You know, sitting on corporate boards, learning how business works efficiently, all of these things give you a lot of skill sets. And I think it's a fallacy that only people in elected office can come up with solutions that solve our problems. I just think maybe there's a different paradigm.

turn 0 : The speaker is expressing a high level of respect for the doctor's abilities.

What did PersonB stipulate about the doctor's abilities?

Answer: More


That's what won, finally, the attention of the old man. And only when he was tough did the old man respect him. And I think when his father became incapacitated, Bobby began to resort to who he was as a kid. As a kid, he was - he hung around all the time with African-American kids. Those were his playmates, even in Hyannis. He was - he, you know, Father Feeney - when Father Feeney said no salvation outside the Catholic Church, he railed against that, which was so extraordinary in that very Catholic family.

You know, Ralph Bunche - he insisted that that great African-American statesman get to speak to a integrated audience at UVA when he was in charge of the lecture series down there. There's all kinds of evidence of Bobby in the beginning being a liberal in the best sense of that word. And I think it just came more to life after Jack was gone and after the old man was out of action.

Well, I think the hardest thing for him - and to me, the sweetest part of the book - was his evolution on Joe McCarthy. There's no doubt that he loved the guy. It came through right to the end when he was driving in the car at National Airport. And Kathleen, his young daughter, said he was so stricken by the news that McCarthy had just drank himself to death at Bethesda Naval Hospital that he drove around the airport three times. He was just distraught.

turn 2 :  (3) Will American voters these days - and donors and journalists, for that matter - let a public figure change in public the way Robert Kennedy did?

What is the main concern in question 2 regarding public figures?

Answer: tolerant


Yeah, I know. It's - I actually am going to quote UC Hastings law professor, Ahmed Ghappour, who said the reason the government did this is pure PR. There actually isn't a legal reason that the government needed to file this motion. It laid out everything that's already been said in the motion. But Apple got a lot of attention when Tim Cook publicly posted his reasons for not complying with the government's order on its website. And Ghappour thinks the government filed this on Friday because it didn't want Apple to have the last word this week. And in many ways, this particular situation is a PR war. The public opinion is going to matter. How do we feel about the government being able to compel a company to write code to help it out?Is there enough to be gotten from this phone that we're willing to jeopardize our privacy in the long run?In the past, when most things were in the physical world, if you created a key for one door, chances are it wouldn't affect all the other doors. But in the digital age, things are different. And it looks like, in this case, Tim Cook is saying, we need spaces where no one, not the government, not a hacker or even a private company, that makes the device can get in.

So what's next?

Appeals, appeals unless Congress, in its wisdom, decides to do something. But Congress hasn't been doing a lot lately, so I don't know.

That's NPR's Laura Sydell. Laura, thank you.

turn 3 : This turn does not have an implied meaning different from its literal meaning. It is a straightforward expression of gratitude towards Laura Sydell, the NPR correspondent.

Which NPR correspondent was mentioned in the dialogue?

Answer: NPR


Good to be here, David.

So let's return briefly to that last decision of the court on the Affordable Care Act. It was controversial, to say the least. Public opinion surveys after that decision showed how, you know - I mean, I guess it raises the question: How can the court convince the public that it really is impartial, since that case seemed to really bring it into the field of politics in so many ways?

Well, look at the John Roberts opinion. The chief justice was the deciding vote. He's a conservative guy, a Republican appointee. And in the end, he wasn't willing to strike down the entire Affordable Care Act. I think Roberts' view was, what he has said all along, was that it's my job. If there's a constitutional basis to uphold a law passed by Congress, I should do it.

He didn't think this was - could be justified as a regulation of commerce, because that would be requiring people to buy a product. But he also thought, gee, the government has very broad power to use its taxing power. And so he accepted the sort of fallback argument, which is that it could be upheld as a tax.

turn 2 : The conservative Chief Justice John Roberts upheld the Affordable Care Act despite his political affiliations.

Which decision did the conservative Chief Justice make?

Answer: Upholding-the-Affordable-Care-Act


Chris Scheuerman knew that his son was having troubles coping with combat. In March of 2005 while Jason was on leave, he told his father he was scared. Chris Scheuerman told him that was natural, and before leaving him at the airport for his return to Iraq, he reminded Jason to seek help if he was feeling depressed. A month later, after putting a rifle in his mouth, Jason visited an Army chaplain. A few weeks after that, Jason was evaluated by an Army psychologist.

He told me that the psychologist had given him a standardized test and talked to him for about 10 minutes. And after that evaluation, he sent a note back to the command stating that Jason was capable of feigning his illness in order to manipulate his command. That assessment brought much hardship down on my son, and this is after this unit had seen Jason with the muzzle of his weapon in his mouth and did nothing. This is a unit in which a chaplain writes he believed my son to be possessed by demons and obsessed with suicide, and did nothing. On the day that Jason took his life, he was given an Article 15, which in the military, is a non-judicial punishment. They gave him that for being out of uniform. During those proceedings, his first sergeant told him that if he was faking his illness, then he would go to jail and become someone's butt buddy, and Jason talks to that statement in his suicide note.

What does he say?

Basically, paraphrasing it, he speaks that life is not worth living if all he has looked forward to is being in jail and being someone's butt buddy.

turn 3 : Butt Buddy is a derogatory remark and not a term for an actual friend

How is "Butt Buddy" defined in the dialogue?

Answer: Derogatory


It could be any number of things, Scott. It - there was a sidebar that, as you know, was sealed. In other words, the conversation was not made public. Could be something related to a witness scheduling issue. It could be something related to an issue that the government and the defense jointly need to work out. Could be any number of things.

I raise this because, of course, the judge has gotten a lot of attention for being tough on the prosecution. He even apologized for being too sharp. You've appeared before Judge Ellis.

Many times.

Is he crankery and colorful, or does he cross the line?

turn 0 : The conversation was private and sealed, so it's unclear what was discussed.

How was the conversation during the sidebar?

Answer: Private


So tell me about this painting. Maybe take us back to 1982, when he was painting it at 21 years old, a few years before he died of a heroin overdose at 27.

It's 1981, 1982. You have this 21-year-old artist having their debut in New York, and it goes off like an atomic bomb. Basquiat, of course, is probably the only artist of color involved in any part of the art world at that time, and he was a spectacle to behold. I saw him on the streets of New York, and he truly was what he was called - a radiant child.

He's of Haitian and Puerto Rican descent. He's been called America's Van Gogh. Talk about his importance to the art world.

Basquiat is an extraordinary example of taking his own identity growing up as a black man in New York, combining it with art history via a lot of expressionistic wild-style painting where every single inch of the surface is activated and coming at you with optical power aggressively so, really hard.

turn 1 : Basquiat faced discrimination due to his race in the art world, and his success was groundbreaking for artists of color.

How was Basquiat's success significant for artists of color?

Answer: Groundbreaking


Yesterday, we reported on the U. N.  Security Council meeting that took place on Friday. The topic was Kashmir. It seems like there was not really a consensus on how to move forward on this issue. Did you have a sense of how the residents of Kashmir would like - what role they would like the international community to play in this conflict, if any?

I think that a majority of Kashmiris are really, really tired of the violence. Many, many years ago, there had been a lot of hopes on Pakistan. But I think that hope is gone. Once the ban on communication is lifted, when Internet is restored, many are expecting to see a few - at least a few clashes between protesters and Indian security forces in Kashmir.

That's journalist Rahul Pandita. He was kind of to join us from Delhi.

Rahul, thank you so much for speaking with us about your reporting.

turn 1 : being tired of something means that you are annoyed or mad at something. People are getting annoyed of violence, or mad at the violence.

How are Kashmiris feeling about the violence?

Answer: Tired


That's right. And the U. S.  scientists had been very disappointed in the '58 Brussels fair because they felt the Russians had outshone us in terms of science. And they said we need to do something. And the Seattle guys came along and said, we want to do a fair. You want a science fair. That's what this will be about. The Space Needle was designed to be a symbol of the kind of uplift that science and technology represented to the world.

When they broke ground on the Space Needle, it was literally the same time that the Berlin Wall was being built. And it became this kind of symbol about the difference between us and the Soviets. They were putting up barbwire. We were putting up a vista to the world.

Talking with Knute Berger on SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR. I'm Ira Flatow here at - in Seattle at the Pacific Science Center right next to the Space Needle. If it were to be built today, would anything be built differently about it, structurally or design-wise or is it almost a perfect needle?

You know, I asked the engineer who's still alive who worked on it. I asked him that exact question. I said what would you today?And he said, basically, we wouldn't anything different. He said we could take some of the weight out of it. They overbuilt it. He. . .

turn 0 : They felt the Russians had done a great deal better than they had. The Seattle guys contacted them about doing a fair. The Space Needle is a large tower with a pointed end at the top.

Which structure is designed to be a symbol of the kind of uplift that science and technology represented to the world?

Answer: SpaceNeedle


The final thing is this. How has both - how have both the culture and the appearance of Harlem changed with this new money and these new properties, newly priced properties?

Well, the culture is even more vibrant, because we have people that have moved in who have the money to contribute to the children's art carnival or the Dance Theater of Harlem or the Harlem School of the Arts. I mean, it's not just myself, it's brokers, other people who have moved in are writing large checks to these organizations, like the Studio Museum in Harlem. They weren't thriving before. Some of the organizations didn't exist before. The culture is only going to continue to be as great as it is and continue.

What you notice, though, is the complexion of the people walking down the street. In the bad old days when I moved up to Harlem, if I wanted to go shopping, you had to get on the subway and go to 42nd Street. Now I just walk down to 125th Street, and everything I want is there. And while I'm walking down the street, I see people from around the world. We get tourists from around the world, in addition to the non-African-Americans who are now residents of Harlem. So the face of Harlem is changing, but the culture is not going anywhere. The non-blacks who moved to Harlem moved there because they want the nightlife that we can offer.

Willie, thank you so much for being with us today and sharing your points of view.

turn 1 : New residents with money are contributing to cultural institutions.

How are cultural institutions being supported in Harlem?

Answer: institutions


So a medicinal leech is a common name that we use for leeches that feed on humans. . .

Oh.

. . . And have anticoagulants that could be used in modern medicine. Leeches have these anticoagulants in their saliva. So when they bite, that causes the blood to flow and for the blood to stay liquid inside the leech once it's eaten it. And this has been used in medicine for many, many years. It was most popular in the 17, 1800s in Western medicine, and it's even used today in modern medicine. Leeches are approved medical device in the United States, and they're used readily.

Tell me about your collection method. How did you find this three-jawed leech?

turn 3 : It's not three jawed but has multiple capabilities when it bites a person.

Which leech has multiple capabilities when it bites a person?

Answer: leech


I think both can be true. I think - look. It's outrageous that there's an invoice. But it's not new. The invoice was not given lately. It was given to Special Representative Yun when he went to North Korea to collect Otto Warmbier. And at that point, when you're giving that invoice, you sign, and you leave. So it's not new. That's one. Second, it's not unique, either. When. . .

It's not unique to negotiations with North Korea or. . .

Correct - North Korea specifically.

North Korea specifically has a habit of this.

turn 1 : Invoice for collecting Otto Warmbier is not unique to negotiations with North Korea.

Answer: North-Korea


You did it.

Yeah, but I didn't realize the difficulty of doing that because you're not supposed to play the trumpet like that. I need(ph) getting with these saxophone players. I wanted to play like them, so.

You know, 1964, you were like - you were hot, you were on fire. What was it like at that time to be Freddie Hubbard the star, the headliner?

You know, I was there, and I was in a competition - not - you know, a competition with Lee Morgan(ph) and Bill Holland(ph) and Donald Barry(ph), all these guys were there, and it was a test. I mean, every time you played, you were being watched and people compared you with - look at little Lee Morgan. So that competition kind of kept me going, you know. I mean, they made me strive to play better than I would normally.

turn 2 : The person was not on fire but he was playing very well and getting a lot of fame and jobs because of this.

Answer: Hair


The law now differs whether the gun being purchased is a handgun or what is broadly defined as a long gun. So the law is that if it's a handgun, you need to be 21. But long guns - rifles, shotguns and assault-style rifles included - that's 18. And after Parkland, where the perpetrator was 19 and legally purchased an assault-style rifle, there has been a call to raise that minimum age for assault-style rifles and all long guns.

What about arming teachers?What changes to the law would be required?

That gets complex. We do have the Gun-Free School Zones Act, which was signed with the first President Bush. But it allows for some discretion at the state and local level. And some states allow individual districts to set their own policies. And so we at The Trace of reported on districts in Ohio that allow certain designated teachers and other school staff members to access guns. Texas is another state where that happens. So, in fact, there are some states where there are guns in schools accessible to some teachers and staff members.

Have there been gun laws that have been rolled back by the Trump administration?

The big picture under Trump is that not much has changed, which is interesting because Trump had such strong backing from the National Rifle Association. And they have two big priorities. One is something called concealed carry reciprocity. And the upshot is that if you have a license to carry a concealed gun in your home state, every other state would have to honor that license and vice versa. That does pass the House in December - not taken up by the Senate.

turn 0 : The legal age for purchasing handguns and long guns is different, with handguns requiring a higher age limit.

Which type of guns have a lower age limit for purchase according to the law mentioned in turn 0?

Answer: long


Right.

How do you think the election changed the political landscape in this country, or do you?

Well, it's changed the landscape entirely. All of the talk of the time of Bush's presidency from 2002, when we started, all the way up until Obama's election, things got more and more depressing as time went on. Even though Bush got actually elected in 2004 as oppose to the disputed election in 2000 - still, most of the news was bad news, and we had a steady diet of bad news and flubs in this, and worries about war and worries about domestic policy and civil liberties and civil rights, and it was just bad news. It was like everything was downhill. And the country was depressed, psychologically. And Bush, now that he's gone, you got a breath of fresh air. Everybody is waiting expectantly. People have been happy. They've celebrated. And now the news is always about, you know, what is going now and how is it going to play out, and with most people hoping that it will play out positively after so much depression.

Are you surprised at the level of engagement of what I would arguably say is the black community at large in the political arena, both as voters, as viewers, as readers and particularly, as political pundits.

turn 1 : They want to know how the election changed the way politics in the country work. Also, the people had a a steady amount of news information to read and watch and listen to.

What was the psychological state of the country during the time of Bush's presidency?

Answer: Psychological


And the other one is silencers or suppressors - a push to deregulate those devices. And that hasn't gone through. So the big ticket items that the NRA wants the NRA doesn't get. You mentioned at the top there this idea of strengthening background checks. I think it's important to be specific about what's under discussion there. There is bipartisan legislation. And what it would do would provide grants to the states to make sure that all of the records that show that a person is prohibited from owning a gun get into the databases that are scanned during a background check.

Mr.  Burnett, there's renewed interest on the sale of assault weapons. A ban went into effect in 1994. It expired 10 years later. Based on your reporting, what effect did that ban have?

There is some evidence - and we talk about assault - bans on assault-style weapons. What a lot of public safety experts say is the most meaningful piece of that is a restriction on how large the magazine - the ammunition magazine - that's basically how many rounds the gun can hold at one time, can be fired at one time before you have to reload.

Is there, in your mind, compelling evidence that the ban on assault weapons actually succeeded in banning assault weapons or reduced the supply or use of assault weapons and criminal activity?

turn 2 : "assault-style weapons" - this is a term used to describe certain types of firearms that have specific features but it does not necessarily mean that the weapon is used for assault purposes.

How does the term "assault-style weapons" describe certain types of firearms?

Answer: Features


Very much this was an aftershock to the departure of Steve Bannon, who was the president's chief strategist. He's the guy who brought Seb Gorka in. Gorka was not a household name, at least not in most households. And he was part of the contingent in the White House associated with this America first attitude, a kind of ultra-nationalism. And that faction, at this point, is down. But as we saw with the pardon of Sheriff Arpaio, that faction is not yet out.

More missiles out of North Korea were launched last night - fell in the sea. North Korea had not so much other news broken overnight. This might have been our lead story. Does President Trump, after this week, have the confidence in Congress and in other quarters of opinion, to lead the country on this and other issues?

You know, that depends on whom you ask. There are certainly those people who will express total confidence in the president, those who have probably never had any at all. But the team around the president, the three generals - so we are increasingly talking about John Kelly, James Mattis, H. R. McMaster - that team tends to boost confidence on military matters.

Ron Elving, thanks so much.

turn 0 : (1) "And that faction, at this point, is down.But as we saw with the pardon of Sheriff Arpaio, that faction is not yet out."

How is the faction associated with the America first attitude described in turn 0?

Answer: Ultra-nationalism


We've all seen, you know if you've gone to one of these snooty coffee shops - I say that lovingly because I go to them.

But, you know, there are all these machines, and you wonder, well, why do you really have to use this one for this?

Right.

And this video decodes that.

turn 0 : Snooty means that the shop believes it is better than others.

How does PersonA refer to the coffee shops?

Answer: Snooty


The resignation of Michael Flynn as national security adviser came after leaks from anonymous sources inside the intelligence community. Anonymous sources have always been a source of tips for reporters, but they've been especially prominent in the first days of the Trump administration. Last night, President Trump called the American news media the enemy of the people. NPR's David Folkenflik joins us. David, thanks for being with us.

Always.

When The Washington Post broke this story, they cited nine current and former officials and said they spoke on condition of anonymity. What kind of editorial decision-making goes in to having a report like this appear?

You can be sure that this rocketed up to the very top of the news hierarchy at a newsroom like The Post. Just the very fact that they took nine sources that they clearly went out of their way to try to check, cross-check, double-check and question what they were about to report that the stakes were that high, that the ramifications of what they were going to report would be so significant that they were going to take this very seriously indeed. And I think you can see that by the solidity of the reporting as far as we know so far. And I think that's also a reflection of how uncertain this story has been to date. You know, if - you may remember before the election, The New York Times had reported that the FBI had found that there were no signs of, you know, such contacts. And I think on this subject, there's a care being given by The Post, by The Times and by other serious news organizations.

turn 2 : This question implies that a lot of thought and care went into the decision to publish the story.

What kind of decision-making went into the appearance of the report?

Answer: thoughtful


These companies have existed before, but there's a lot more from these appraisal management companies. So the lender and mortgage broker has to send the order to them, this middleman, and then they go find an appraiser in your local area to go look at your house.

Now, there's a lot of concerns that these appraisal management companies are not the answer. They are not going to fix this problem. There's not a lot of regulation of these appraisal management companies, so some states are trying to fix that. We don't really know who's getting into this business. Are these the people to be entrusting this doing important job to?

So let's say you're a consumer. Let's say you're a person who's looking to buy a home, sell a home, or you want to refinance. What can you do to make sure you're not dealing with an appraiser who's got other motivations?

Well, first of all, you want to be very direct with your broker or lender and ask them, who is doing the appraisal on my house?You want to know the name of the company. Is it a company that they have a relationship with, a business relationship?Is it a company the lender partly owns?And certainly, you want to get a copy of that appraisal. And certainly, borrowers also have the ability - they can go seek out an independent appraisal.

turn 1 : The appraisal management companies are not reliable and may have hidden motives.

Which type of companies are not properly regulated and raise concerns according to the dialogue?

Answer: Appraisalmanagement.


It's important because it is, for one thing, the most visible sign of climate change. There's little question that this is as a result of global warming that this is happening. And so that's one thing. The next thing is, of course, the ecosystem at the Arctic depend upon a certain amount of floating ice. The walruses dive off of it. The polar bears rely on it - the seals and so on. It's an important part of that ecosystem up there. So it has some local effects. But what's also becoming more and more apparent is it's going to be affecting our weather down here because you're going - when you get an extra degree of warmth up in the far north, you're going to change the way weather patterns move through the rest of North America.

And we could - I talked to a scientist today who said we could be seeing things like those really slow-moving big, heavy snowstorms that come along. It's not that there would necessarily be faster storms or whatever. In fact, it's just the opposite. There would be slower storms as a result of this pattern, and as a result, instead of just moving on by not causing so much grief, you can get huge amounts of snow and ice dumped on us here, and not only here, also in Russia. We have, of course. . .

Yeah.

. . . this past summer was very mild here. But when it's mild here, you need to look around the rest of the world and say, was it mild everywhere?And the answer is usually no.

turn 0 : The melting of Arctic ice has local and global effects.

What is one thing that the Arctic ecosystem depends on?

Answer: Ecosystem


Well, I think what I heard - and I heard it over the three days - is that the president is not going to let up pressure on Japan, on Prime Minister Abe on trade. Despite the close personal relationship, despite all the pageantry of this visit, it was just at the surface that the president was getting a little irritated with the arguments that Japan has been making on trade.

I think that this is not going to bode well for how this is going to end up. Mr.  Abe doesn't have a lot of latitude to give the president what he wants. But I think they're trying very hard to keep it from bursting the seams, so to speak, on the overall political strategic relationship.

What about on North Korea?As Anthony alluded to there, President Trump contradicted not only his host, the prime minister, but his own national security adviser, John Bolton, on the significance of these recent missile launches from North Korea and whether they violate U. N.  Security Council resolutions. How significant a disagreement is that between Tokyo and Washington?

I think that will be a disappointment for Prime Minister Abe for a couple of reasons. You know, again, President Trump said he was not personally concerned about the tests, still trying to lay out what I think he thinks is the base for a bargain with Kim Jong Un, and that is an economic development strategy by North Koreans that will then mitigate the military challenge.

turn 3 : Prime Minister Abe will be disappointed by President Trump's lack of concern for North Korea's missile tests

What was President Trump's proposed strategy to mitigate the military challenge posed by North Korea?

Answer: Economic


Now you know, in this country the housing crisis particularly fed by the subprime mortgage crisis, led to the recession in a - to a large degree. Back in 2007, you did a presentation about Latin America and the Caribbean building what you called an immune system against that kind of housing mortgage-related crisis. What did that involve?

Well, it follow in the several crisis that Latin America had in the 1990's. Bank regulators and supervisors were particularly cautious. So Latin America built perhaps a stronger than in the past certainly, and comparatively to other regions, the stronger frameworks of bank regulation supervision. The systems in Latin America became more conservative and as a result they did not get into these new fashionable instruments - sophisticated instruments - that became popular in the U. S. , in the developed markets.

As a result of being perhaps significantly behind these innovations, the Latin American's financial systems now find themselves with better quality loans, more resilient banking systems, better capitalized. It doesn't mean that this crisis will not affect domestic markets. It will affect but - but the domestic markets are in a better position to absorb the - what's coming to them.

Our final question is this, and I only have about 10 seconds for you to answer, are you confident that things will improve in Latin America, perhaps more quickly than in the United States or elsewhere?

turn 1 : Latin America did not get involved with popular financial loans that America used.

How did Latin America differ from the US in terms of financial loans?

Answer: Sophisticated


Well, I think it's been a historical thing. It's not a new thing. Mental illness has always been a mystery. And in ancient times, it was considered to be some kind of supernatural phenomenon, demon possession. In the modern era, meaning the beginning of the 19th century, there was an effort to consider mental disorders as illnesses. But then when researchers attempted to see what the pathology of the illness was in individuals who, when they were living, were ill - when it came to mental illnesses, they couldn't find anything. And I think then what happened is that in the desperation of psychiatrists who, by and large, were the custodians of asylums - as an alternative, people sought treatments, but the treatments turned out to be in retrospect pretty barbaric. And it's only really been in the last 50 years that psychiatry has established a scientific foundation for itself and developed treatments that truly work beyond a shadow of a doubt and are safe. But the lulled attitudes still persists.

Yeah. No name is bigger still, in a way, than Sigmund Freud. What did he get right, and what do we now know was not as helpful?

Well, Freud is undisputedly a towering figure and the most famous person in the history of psychiatry. And in the absence of any scientific theory of mental illness, he introduced concepts that were completely novel to civilization and endure today as valid and have really been given new life in the context of cognitive neuroscience.

What did he get wrong?

turn 2 :  "he introduced concepts that were completely novel to civilization and endure today as valid" - This phrase is not meant to be taken literally. It means that Freud's theories and concepts were groundbreaking and still have relevance and influence today, not that they are literally the only valid concepts in the field of psychiatry.

What phrase is meant to be taken non-literally when referring to Freud's theories and concepts in psychiatry?

Answer: Non-literally


You know, he doesn't.

Well, he's not a reporter then - he or she or it. Yes.

He's actually very friendly.

Very friendly, really, and thanks the editor for improving his or her work?

He does. He even asks for changes.

turn 1 : (2) B's response to A's statement that "he doesn't" implies that the subject being discussed is not a reporter, but it also implies skepticism or doubt about the subject's credibility or qualifications.

What does PersonB imply about the subject's attitude towards the editor?

Answer: Thanks


So, this is an exciting moment for us to take a look at ourselves. So, you know, first of all, how do you compare this presidential race with ones in the past?

Can't do it. This is not like any presidential race in the past. We have already had the first woman candidate to be this close to being nominated. The first Hispanic candidate to be a major candidate. First Mormon. We have the first African-American nominee, now presumptive nominee of the Democratic Party. And we also had a very interesting race on the Republican side that would have been kind of a barnburner in its own right. So, this has been a much more interesting presidential race that we've had in my lifetime. And it's just got an awful lot of facets of great news value.

So, how would you say, what would you say even coverage is?What is the goal really?

The best thing you can do is to reach the end of the campaign and have people say, well, we got a fair look at the candidates from the beginning to the end. We got a fair look at the two nominees of the major parties. We got a fair look at the third party candidates. And we got a fair look at all the competitors back in the primaries. I don't think you can say that at all is going to be exactly the same number of minutes devoted to each.

turn 1 : This implies that this presidential race is unique and different from previous ones, possibly due to the diversity of candidates and the amount of news value it has.

What is the reason for the uniqueness of this presidential race?

Answer: A


You know, in the post-Katrina era, Scott, the assumption has been that when a hurricane comes, you focus on that and set other things aside. So it was jarring when the president went ahead with his summit with Kanye West. And as you say, it was a major full-media presence in the Oval Office.

But the president's theme all week has been to keep the focus on the president. He's had a flurry of news availabilities - way more than usual. In fact, in the last month, he's had more than in all the time previously in his presidency - very flashy events, campaign rallies around the country, night after night.

And that happens just as the cable operations - television, news - has - well, they've begun to lose interest in some of those rallies. They're not covering them from beginning to end anymore, sometimes not covering them all - at all, perhaps because they do seem to be news-free campaign events, and maybe because they've become so frequent.

Does this week's sudden stock sell-off raise questions about what had seemed to be so much good news about the economy, including that historically low unemployment rate?

turn 1 : The president is trying to divert attention away from negative news about him and his administration

Answer: President


Yeah. It was over in an hour or something, right?Yeah.

Exactly.

The emperor Augustus almost cracked up on your watch.

Yeah. That was - the Vatican exhibit was coming into the Met, some Leonardos, really fine, fine pieces of art. The Augustus was one big crate. And as the truck was coming down the ramp, you could see the truck driver was going too fast. And the top of the crate hit the concrete support beam in the garage, and all you heard was a crunching of wood. And my heart almost stopped.

turn 3 : Their heart did not almost stop but they did fell very close to panic when they heard the sound.

What did PersonA feel when they heard the sound?

Answer: Close


Well again, our hearts go out to the Hudson family. I wanted to bring up one more thing though, which is that, you know, Friday night is, in happy terms for a lot of kids, the night of ghouls and goblins. But there are these sex offender registries that reveal that in most of our neighborhoods there are people who have been convicted of crimes, including attacking children.

So Missouri enacted a law restricting convicted sex offenders on Halloween, and convicted sex crime offenders would be prohibited from leaving their homes between 5 P. M.  and 10:30. They would also have to hang a sign on their door that says no candy or treats at this residence. But a federal judge temporarily blocked the curfew for this Friday. The case is still in appeal. So what was it about this law that didn't pass the smell test for the judge?

It was vague and over broad. That's what didn't pass the smell test. What is just cause?They say that they - a sex offender can leave for just cause. So how do you define just cause?Is that a trip to the pharmacy to get some Aspirin, or does it have to be a medical emergency?

And also, they are saying Halloween-related contact with children, does that mean a man - and I believe that was one of the four sex offenders who brought this says, I have a nephew ,or a son or something that's living in my house, does that mean I cannot carve a pumpkin in my own home with my child?

turn 0 : when hearts go out is said in this context it usually means you're in my thoughts, or I'm thinking of you

What phrase is used to describe the night of ghouls and goblins in the dialogue?

Answer: Fridaynight


So in lieu of a car czar, there will be this Presidential Task Force on Autos. Who will be heading up that group?

It will be headed by Treasury Secretary Timothy Geitner and National Economic Council Director Lawrence Summers, the two top economic people in the Obama administration. It'll also pool staffers from several different departments throughout the government, including Transportation, Labor, and the EPA.

You mentioned Tim Geithner, Larry Summers. Both gentlemen already have quite a bit on their plates. Isn't there some concern about taking on the auto industry in addition to everything else?

There may be some concern, but I don't know if they have any choice. Just Friday, the supplier industry came to Treasury and put forth a proposal where it would receive up to $25 billion in aid. It did so because it was warning that given the production cuts the automakers have been forced to make this year, there may be a wave of bankruptcies in the supplier industry. They may need aid before the end of February.

turn 1 : Tim Geithner and Larry Summers have a lot of responsibilities

How many departments will pool staffers for the Presidential Task Force on Autos?

Answer: Several


Right. Just say en and E and - yeah.

What I think the phrase means is this feeling of glory that as humans who exist there is something marvelous about us, something magical, something stupendous, something exemplary. And I don't mean that in a religious way but perhaps religious adjacent, that we are touched by God, you know, that we have a spark. But also by nature of being on this planet, we are scarred and weathered and corrupted by the world outside of us and the flawed architecture inside of us. And so I like the phrase damaged glory because I think it represents that. And I do believe that we are all worthy of somebody who will love us in all our damaged glory.

Raphael Bob-Waksberg, thanks for speaking with us today.

Well, thank you so much.

turn 1 : The speaker believes that humans are both wonderful and flawed, but still deserving of love

Answer: Worthy


Well, I am born and raised in Barquisimeto, Venezuela. I study computer science. Once I started finishing my school in 2010, I started to think, OK, what's next in my career?Started applying to big tech companies like Google, Facebook, Microsoft. And I got an offer from Google and came to the Valley in 2011.

So how did the idea for Code For Venezuela come about?What was the goal of the group?

It's a group of friends that - we've known each other for three or four years now here in the Bay Area. And right about late last year, we started, like, really brainstorm - hey, you know, what can we do that's not only financial that could really impact the country?

Can you give me a sense of what some of the projects are that you've tried to work on so far, that you're trying to innovate now?

turn 2 : brainstorm implies being too wise or being able to solve problems from with good ideas and not a storm that happens in the brain

Answer: solve


Well, popularity is very important. The outdoor world needs more visitors and better accessibility. The difficulty with managing that side of it is that construction can have adverse effects to the natural areas if you start doing different buildings and that sort of thing on top of it, but yes.

Is this an anomaly, though, when we're talking just about Horseshoe Bend or have you seen other spaces that have changed?

I have. A smaller one in Colorado is Conundrum Hot Springs. After it became a spot for people to easily find on social media, the amount of visitorship (ph) went up really high. And since this is a very remote location where people kind of hang around for a long time in the hot springs, they ran out of places to go to the bathroom. As a result, Conundrum Hot Springs had to be shut down for a little bit while park rangers were up there with shovels to relieve that issue.

Meaning they were building bathrooms because people were just, like, basically. . .

turn 0 : Popularity is important for the outdoor world, but it can have negative effects on natural areas.

How did Conundrum Hot Springs have to be shut down temporarily?

Answer: Bathrooms