And so if we organize the production and the processing and distribution of organic foods on a large scale, there's efficiencies to be had. This is actually kind of an experiment, a test. You know, how much of the extra costs that you pay when you buy organic food - how much of that is just the fragmented nature of the business?How much of it is the small-scale aspect?And how much of it is inherent in organic production?

Well, there's no question that Walmart is kind of the king of logistics. But if you talk to some of their suppliers, they'll also complain that Walmart is the king of squeezing them and making them produce the product ever more cheaply at their own expense.

Right. So you could say this is a threat to some organic producers who are used to higher margins. On the other hand, I mean, the organic production is expanding, and if Walmart wants large quantities, they may have to outbid other producers. There is a limit right now on the amount of organic food for sale. They say they want to expand that, and there's no reason why they couldn't. There's lots of land out there. Right now, organic is actually a very small part of American food production, people say 5 percent or less. So there's no reason why Walmart couldn't expand organic production if they offered a good price. The question is can they do it cheaply?

Part of this has to do with trust. Are people going to stop going to Whole Foods and go over to Walmart 'cause they can get the eggs $2 cheaper?I'm a little skeptical.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of hesitant or noncommittal language may indicate a lack of confidence or a desire to avoid making a definitive statement.

What is the PersonA's attitude towards making a definitive statement?

Answer: Hesitant


And now we'll go to another Dickerson. This is Brian Dickerson. He's a political columnist for the Detroit Free Press. And we're going to talk about Michigan. It is one of the key swing states in this election. Welcome to the program.

Thank you, Madeleine.

Well, the most recent polls this week are a little mixed. But generally, the average of the reputable polls has been showing Obama steadily in front since about mid-June and picking up some momentum in the last two or three weeks.

turn 2 : "Well, both candidates have stumped a lot in Michigan, and is either candidate getting more traction?" - This turn has a literal meaning and is also used with its actual meaning.

Which candidate has been leading in the Michigan polls?

Answer: Obama


The field is shrinking. That's the first thing that's happened. There are going to be 10 candidates and only 10. And for the first time, you're going to see the top three candidates standing next to each other in the center stage. That's Joe Biden, who's been leading the polls, Elizabeth Warren and Bernie Sanders. And what most people are waiting to see is if there will be a Warren-Biden clash.

OK. So of those three candidates you just named, Joe Biden remains still at the top of the Democratic field. But he hasn't had really great debate performances. So the one question I have is, how much do debates really matter to the campaign?

You know, you can make an argument that the debates really haven't mattered much because look at Joe Biden. He's still on top of the field even though he has not had a good performance in the debates. Elizabeth Warren has moved up steadily, but not because of anything she did in the debates. It's because she's had all these plans, and she's performed well on the campaign trail. But in one sense, the debates are having an impact, and it's a negative one because the overall image of the Democrats and their policy ideas has gotten more negative among the general electorate as this debate season has gone on.

Interesting. The debates have not been great PR for the Democratic Party. Well, Elizabeth Warren has been gaining support the past few months. She's going to be facing Joe Biden onstage for the first time. What do you think her hardest challenges are going to be onstage?

turn 0 : The field is not getting physically smaller, it has less candidates.

How does PersonA describe the number of candidates in the field?

Answer: Shrinking


The military also can benefit tremendously from this because if trade were to open with India - the military is a major producer of cement. They own a lot of state-owned enterprises, which they run for the benefit of ex-servicemen for the veterans. And they would be a major exporter of cement to India. Moreover, if there was transit trade between India through Pakistan and Afghanistan to Central Asia, the military is the largest transporter in the country.

So there are opportunities that need to be spelled out. But more important, I think, this is an opportunity for the Pakistani prime minister to have a national debate about this issue so that he can bring everybody on board.

What has the change been in the past few weeks, even, that gives you some optimism?

Well, it's not just the past few weeks. I think this is a change that has been occurring in the last decade or so. It's not perfect, and both leaders in India, and Pakistan will face enormous opposition from entrenched interests, apart from having a sclerotic bureaucracy that won't want to give up power and controls and business interests that may have helped them win their elections that want to retain their preferred access to state resources. It's not going to be easy, but I see strong possibility and I see a convergence of the need for economic development and growth, which will benefit people in general.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be subtly implying that they are not interested in continuing a conversation or that they would prefer to end the discussion.

How does PersonB respond to PersonA's statement in turn 2?

Answer: Interested


All right, so how did it feel in those moments after the race?Take us there.

Picture this. There are about 150,000 people at Churchill Downs rooting for this race, plus millions more watching at home. But from the vantage point of the people in the stands, all they see are the pink silks of Maximum Security's jockey pulling out ahead and crossing the finish line on a muddy track. So first, there was cheering. I mean, Maximum Security was the favorite to win, and a lot of people were betting on that horse.

Then there was 20 minutes of confusion. You have the objection. You had these unofficial results on the board, saying that Maximum Security won. You have people trying to cash in their tickets at the betting windows. Other people are leaving not knowing who won. And in the press room, we were just sitting there stunned, waiting for the official call.

Why did racing officials disqualify Maximum Security?

turn 1 : It wasn't the pink silks that won but the horse and jockey wearing them.

Answer: jocky


It's been, you know, the most difficult and the most rewarding. And as I've performed in America and in England, I've seen some of the slight language differences have actually come up between, you know, performances and altering things.

Joe, do you think that you've learned something about human nature, in other words, the things that the psychologists are trying to put - to quantify and put numbers on. Do you think that you've instinctively figured out some things about human nature, about how the mind works, and how perception works?

JOE #2: Absolutely. Absolutely. And it's the most rewarding part about being a magician, I think. And I think that anybody who would want to go to your public library and get, you know, the first book on card tricks or coin tricks or whatever interests you, you'll find that you'll learn way more than just how to do a trick at a party because it's in performing that trick at a party or for your friends or your family that you'll find that you get a little inside glimpse at the backstage of the human mind.

Interesting. Joe, thanks very much for your call. You're listening to TALK OF THE NATION on NPR News. Teller, we have an email that's just come in. Guess what the guy's name is.

turn 0 : (1) The implied meaning is that the speaker has encountered some subtle differences in language between American and British audiences while performing, which has been challenging but also rewarding.

What has Joe learned about human nature through his experience as a magician?

Answer: Perception


The Trump administration - or at least the president - have indicated previously they don't share this conclusion. Saudi Embassy says the claims and the purported assessment are false. Now, let's note - President Trump has often criticized the U. S.  intelligence establishment, saying they're not right on Russia. Oh, yeah. They were the ones who said Iraq had weapons of mass destruction.

We have to ask, is there any indication in this CIA report, which has sources inside, that this is some kind of attempt by what the president's supporters call the deep state to bring him into line?

No, I don't think so. I mean, the CIA - you know, for all of the ways that the president somehow misunderstands how they operate - is looking at this situation objectively. And, yes, to some degree, they are factoring in subjective judgments about how people behave, like the crown prince. But this is not an attempt, I think, to, you know, bring the crown prince to heel or to somehow influence policy.

And we should note, too, the president, I mean, has been briefed on the CIA's findings. And what we understand is that he keeps resisting them because he doesn't have, I guess, the smoking gun. He keeps asking, well, where's the body?Or, show me the definitive proof that Mohammed bin Salman ordered this. And, you know, it doesn't always work that way.

turn 0 : "The Trump administration, or at least the president, has expressed doubt in the CIA's conclusion, and President Trump has previously criticized the U.S. intelligence establishment.

How has President Trump previously criticized the U.S. intelligence establishment?

Answer: criticize


I did want to ask about your take on U. S.  policy in northeast Syria because back in January, you wrote on your website that it's working. You said that the U. S.  has helped defeat ISIS and prevent its resurgence, and it's done so not solely through direct military engagement, but by assisting a partner force. And I wanted to ask if you think that this assistance is sufficient to keep the threat of an ISIS resurgence in check.

It is sufficient as a foundation because what you see now is local folks holding local towns and working their best to keep them safe. But it is an international problem that requires international investment to help people have water and power and schools that run. And they merit our investment.

That was writer Gayle Tzemach Lemmon, who just returned from a reporting trip in Syria. Gayle, thanks so much for talking to us once again.

Pleasure to join you.

turn 1 : International investment is necessary to maintain the success against ISIS

How is the success against ISIS maintained?

Answer: Assistance


Thanks, Scott.

What's the latest - quick shutdown or will it last?

It became pretty clear by early evening on Friday that there would be a shutdown, so it sort of began with a whimper. Members had already adjourned and gone home at midnight when the shutdown officially started. Where we're at as the bill is in the Senate, and Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell has said the next vote is going to be on what can pass. And that is a bill that's going to need to be able to overcome a 60 vote hurdle and have the guarantee from President Trump that he will sign it. Negotiations are expected to continue through the weekend. In the House, lawmakers have been told that they'll be given 24 hours' notice before there's a vote. What needs to happen is one party is going to have to blink. Either Republicans and the president are going to have to agree to less money for the wall or Democrats are going to have to agree to it but try to extract some kind of compromise to make it something they can support. You know, the wall has just become just this volatile political symbol of this presidency. So it's added and loaded of all the politics between the two parties that doesn't make compromise very easy on this.

And it's the third - the third shutdown in a year. This is becoming a habit. Remind us how the federal government and citizens are affected by a shutdown like this.

turn 3 : A government shutdown affects the government and its citizens negatively.

How are the government and citizens affected by a shutdown?

Answer: A


It's good to be here, Tony.

You know, you've been getting pretty hot under the collar about this issue, I understand. Why is it such a concern for you?

It's a concern for me because it's a misunderstanding that a lot of ex-convicts have. If you have a felony it has been in the past that often states do restrict or disenfranchise those who have a felony conviction. Those laws have changed over the years, and now in most states it's no longer the case, or there are means by which you can get your civil rights back. But a lot of people - a lot of ex-convicts or felons that I knew that ended up in my court system simply rested on the false notion that they did not have the ability to vote. And that ended and that kept them from further embracing or engaging in the community, and kept them separate, and apart, and not where they needed to be.

Is it a situation where an ex-felon is allowed - is entitled to have his or her voting rights restored, but the process by which those voting rights are restored is so cumbersome that they either don't know about it or they don't go through it?

turn 0 : under the collar implies very much concerned and restless about the situation

How was PersonA feeling about the issue?

Answer: Concerned


Thank you very much.

What is the mission of this March for Science?

I think the profession of science is under attack. And why is that happening?Because we've really ceded the floor. We haven't engaged in politics. We've left that open for politicians to come in and really hijack and obfuscate science for their own selfish needs.

When you say that science is under attack, to what degree should we read this march as a protest against Trump administration policies?

turn 3 : When the speaker references the Trump administration policies, they are implying that the policies may not be informed by scientific evidence or research, and that the march is a protest against that.

Which administration's policies is the speaker referencing in turn 3?

Answer: Trump


How fair or accurate is the idea that Joan Kroc gave away Ray Kroc's money to a lot of places and causes of which he would not have approved?

A lot of old-guard McDonald's people I've talked to are angry that Joan made gifts that, in their estimation, were more liberal-leaning than Ray, perhaps, would've liked, including her million-dollar gift to the Democrats - now - and her active work in the peace movement and building these peace institutes at both Notre Dame and the University of San Diego.

I don't think she did it to spite Ray or to get back at him at all, although I do know that during the course of their marriage, she said she suppressed her politics and her interests in some ways because she didn't want to seem untoward. And yet, that doesn't square up with the fact that she started this alcoholism education charity while Ray was clearly afflicted. So the dichotomy or the juxtaposition of all these odd facts with Joan is what makes her so interesting to me. She was a very complicated person.

Lisa Napoli, her book, "Ray And Joan: The Man Who Made The Mcdonald's Fortune And The Woman Who Gave It All Away. "

turn 0 : The implied meaning here is not about the fairness or accuracy of the idea, but rather about whether Joan Kroc's donations were in line with Ray Kroc's beliefs and whether Joan acted out of spite or not.

How did Joan Kroc's donations differ from Ray Kroc's beliefs?

Answer: Beliefs


Seems like air conditioners break down when they're needed most - when it's hottest - and furnaces give out when it's coldest - when they have to pump out the most heat. What has this fearsome winter been like for a heating repair technician?We turn now to Doug Braford, who works all shifts in Cleveland, where temperatures hit record lows in February. Mr.  Braford joins us from the studios of the idea stream, WCPN in Cleveland. Thanks so much for being with us.

You're welcome. It's good to be here.

So tough few weeks?

Yeah, it's been a tough season this year. You know, it's definitely been a winter that's held on and really hasn't given us too many breaks.

turn 0 : 1) is a statement about air conditioners and furnaces breaking down in extreme weather conditions.

Which season has given the heating repair technician a hard time according to the dialogue?

Answer: Winter


All the Neanderthals are quite closely related to each other, all the ones that have been studied genetically so far. But this individual, this Denisovan girl, is very distantly related to the Neanderthals. She's more distantly related than the most distantly related present-day humans that are on Earth today.

And so she is another group, and we also have a molar, a tooth from a Denisovan. We know she's - that tooth is from a Denisovan because we've extracted its DNA. And that tooth is a very big molar. It's much bigger than any modern human or Neanderthal molar. So they also had teeth that were different from either modern humans or Neanderthals.

So if you're a natural history museum, and you have your diorama of, you know, of ancestry, and you've got a Neanderthal there, do you now have to put a Denisovan standing right next to that Neanderthal?

I think you do, but you won't know what they look like.

turn 0 : Denisovan girl is less related to Neanderthals than present-day humans.

What is the relationship between Denisovan girl and present-day humans?

Answer: Distantly


Absolutely. It's going to be an incredible weekend. We have saxophone competition which we'll be talking about. But as a part of the competition, we also have a major tribute concert each year and this year, it's dedicated to B. B. King and to the blues. The blues have had a huge influence on jazz, and we established last year an education program in Mississippi Delta called 'The Blues and Jazz, Two American Classics,' which is the theme of this weekend. And there, we worked with young kids and really introduced them, originally in the Mississippi Delta to their great roots and heritage and the life of B. B. King, who is from Indianola.

And then from there, that program has branched out nationally and we have public school programs in Memphis and Chicago, Kansas City daily. But with B. B. King this weekend, we're bringing a large array of artist to pay tribute to him. We've got everybody from Keb Mo and Robert Cray to the great Joe Louis Walker. Bono and The Edge are coming in to represent the rock community.

That's great.

And from the jazz community, it's Herbie Hancock, Wayne Shorter and many others. And we'll all be paying tribute to B. B. and his great influence on especially jazz music.

turn 3 : to pay tribute means to do something respectfully to someone else

Answer: Respectfully


Things have been added during the years. There is what's called the SkyLine level, which is a public event space built at the 100-foot level. They've also built a building kind of around the base that has the gift shop. Otherwise, it's pretty much intact.

Mm-hmm. And it was built with the science fair in mind as part of a larger ground. Part - it would fit into the larger works of the whole world's fair here.

That's right. It was actually late coming in the fair. They realized in the process, they needed a symbol for the fair, and they didn't have one. They didn't have a means of financing it. They didn't have a location for it. The Space Needle is where it is because the city managed to find a small piece of property that they could sell to a private developer to build the Space Needle. And it happened to be the perfect spot.

You talked about the structure itself having a very feminine shape to it. But anybody who has looked at this thing swears that it looks like a UFO at the top there landing or taking off.

turn 3 : The tower has curves along it's base that resemble the curves of a woman.

How does the Space Needle's base resemble?

Answer: Curves


Sometimes you hear about couples fighting over stuff. We need a new car. No, we don't need a new car, you know, rather spend the money on having the kids go and get braces than get a new car. But I need my ride to look good, you know, questions like that.

Absolutely.

That come up in families. How do you adjudicate if that's the kind of issue that's coming up in your relationship?

Well, you first of all have to make the people involved understand that that is actually the issue. Most people don't see it that way. When you say - when people say they want a car, they don't usually say, I need a car to look good. They usually think they really need a car. They don't understand that that they're feeling an ego need. So you have to understand - get people to understand what their need is based on.

turn 3 : don't see something in a certain way in this context is that they don't agree with something, or they don't fully understand the given situation.

Which issue do people involved in this context usually fail to understand?

Answer: Issue


And how - it has a unique design to it. Who designed it and why does it have the shape it has?

That's a really interesting question. There's - it's actually a complicated story. The chief architect was a man named John Graham Jr. , had a large architectural firm. He was mainly known as the man who invented the first really successful shopping mall, which was here in Seattle, Northgate. He had the task of creating the Space Needle. But he - they got stuck on the design. They had a doodle on a napkin. He had a bunch of architects who began looking at a tower-like structure. They were inspired by a tower, a broadcast tower in Germany, in Stuttgart, which had a restaurant on it. And so they knew they wanted an observation deck. But they were kind of open to what else they would do. They thought about putting a planetarium up there and a helicopter pad.

No kidding.

Yeah. They considered all kinds of things. And - but they were stuck on coming up with a design that was really a wow design. So John Graham hired as a consultant a professor from the University of Washington named Victor Steinbrueck. He's known locally in Seattle as architect-activist who saved the Pike Place Market. But he was a designer, and he worked on the Space Needle design.

turn 3 : They could not come up with an idea that would impress people.

Which aspect of the Space Needle design was causing the architects to struggle?

Answer: Design


Initially, Manaf was very close to Bassel. I mean, he was his childhood friend. But when Bassel died and Bashar became the heir, obviously, the friendship and the loyalties were transferred to Bashar. And Manaf was by Bashar's side, you know, from the get-go.

You know, in 2011, when the uprising started, here, Manaf made the break and said, you know, I'm not going to be like my father, Mustafa; I'm not going to kill, you know, to preserve this regime. So he stepped back and eventually had to leave the country.

When you talked to Manaf Tlass, who was a loyalist for so long, what does he say is the moment when he said, I got to get out of this - this friendship, this country?

Initially, when the uprising started, Manaf was trying to convince Bashar not to use violence, not to actually shoot protesters. But the problem is, you know, Bashar was surrounded by these hardliners - his brother Maher al-Assad and his cousin Hafez Makhlouf. So this is very much a family affair ruling Syria. These people were for actually shooting people from the first day. And the idea was if you shot enough people from the first day, you would scare them off the streets. That was the logic.

turn 3 : The hardliners around Bashar were responsible for using violence against protesters

What was the logic behind shooting protesters from the first day according to A?

Answer: Logic


What was the basis on which you were denied?

They said that we need to request a formal tour. And this is the problem. You know, I was at Homestead yesterday - the facility in Florida that houses 2,700 mostly teenage migrants. You think about it - they do these guided tours only at very specific times when they have a lot of notice about when people are going to come through. I'm told that lawyers who represent the kids in there have to sign a nondisclosure agreement so that they can't talk about the conditions in there.

It makes you wonder, what are they hiding?Why do we keep seeing images of overcrowding and of terrible living conditions, and then journalists go in there on one of these guided tours, and everything seems to be fine?

You visited another community center where there are migrant families or children. What did they tell you?Have you been able to get any reports?Or did any people who'd been in those facilities have anything to say to you about what the conditions were there?

turn 1 : The facility only allows guided tours at specific times and lawyers have to sign an NDA, suggesting they have something to hide.

Which agreement do lawyers have to sign when they represent kids at the Homestead facility?

Answer: NDA


Now, while you are putting all of that together and getting ready to write it, you still have a - have to do your shift with the overnight with the cops, right?

Yeah. That's about once a month. And we actually get - I actually get a break when I'm covering the legislative session, which lasts two months. I actually get a break because the younger reporters - they have to pull a night cop shift at least once a week. So I consider myself lucky.

Well, you have worked there for 18 years.

Eighteen years. Yeah.

I gather that you were not planning to stick around that long, but then you did. Why?

turn 2 : (3) Implied Meaning: You have been employed with the company for 18 years, which is a long time.

What is the duration of PersonA's employment?

Answer: 18


It's like a bird treadmill. I mean, it's the same idea, right?

Right.

And the point of this study, which Ivo Ros is doing, was to figure out how much energy it takes to fly. So they have a little heart monitor hooked up to the cockatiels. But again, like imagine what this is like for the cockatiels. So there's all this training involved because for a bird to be flapping their wings and not going anywhere is really weird. So they have to, you know, encourage them not to sit on the bars. And it just was. . .

There's no scenery changing.

turn 2 : "But again, like imagine what this is like for the cockatiels." - The speaker is not asking the listener to imagine the experience of being a cockatiel, but rather to empathize with the potential discomfort and stress that the birds may experience during the experiment.

What is the purpose of the heart monitor in the cockatiel experiment?

Answer: measurements


I'm just over the line. I'm near Heartbreak Hill, actually, and was out on the root of the race earlier today. But no, I'm - it would be very, very difficult to get down near the finish line on any marathon day at this hour.

And certainly at this point not safe to go anywhere near the Boston Marathon, and I assumed it's advisable that if you are in Boston you stay well away from the scene. Tell me about what kind of things you're seeing or what kind of reports you're seeing about the site itself, what it looks like.

The site itself looks like - I mean there is grey smoke on - these are just the images that are coming out of the area now. (Technical difficulties) been wall-to-wall people just an hour ago is now basically emptied out except for authorities. The place - the streets are littered with signs meant to be cheering on runners, water bottles and so on, and seems to be covered in a kind of grey dust. And we saw the windows on storefronts completely shuttered out, sidewalk stained with blood. From reports - eyewitnesses down there anyway, reporting, it seems that there were some very, very injuries.

I've been watching. They've been replaying on the television networks over and over at least one image - a video image of at least one of the explosions and they don't seem to show the next one. Do we know how far apart they were - a matter of seconds, was it?

turn 0 : It is difficult to get near the finish line during a marathon day.

What landmark is near the location mentioned by A?

Answer: B


But we don't know what types of tools the Denisovans made. The Neanderthals lived in Western Eurasia and in Europe, and the Denisovans seem to have lived in the eastern parts of Eurasia, and we don't have a well-defined group of skeletons or archaeology that we know must have been left behind by a group.

But amazingly, we do have a genome sequence from the Denisovans, and we can use the genome sequence to study how they're related to Neanderthals and modern humans.

How do you get such an accurate reading of a genome from a 50,000-year-old bone?I mean, it would seem - you know, it's an old bone.

Yeah, it's really old. So ancient DNA is an amazing field that's really become revolutionized over the last few years because of the revolution for medical genetics, from genomics, which has made the cost of DNA sequencing come down by a factor of about 100,000 over the last decade and especially in the last year by many thousand-fold.

turn 1 : The genome sequence helps us study the relationship between Neanderthals and Denisovans.

How can we use the genome sequence to study the relationship between Neanderthals and Denisovans?

Answer: Study


Hi, senator. How are you doing?

I'm great. How are you?

I'm doing great. So your two major competitors in this race have come to symbolize certain things. Senator Edwards paints himself as the candidate who's going to end poverty and Senator Obama's supporters say he's the candidate of change. So what do you symbolize?

Well, I think that I'm the candidate with the experience we need to make the changes we want. I don't think there is an either or here. That's a false choice. We have to look at each of us and what we represent and what we have done in our lives and what we believe we can do as the next president.

turn 2 :  (3).  In this turn, the speaker asks what the senator symbolizes in the current political race. The literal meaning of the words is clear, but the implied meaning is more complex. The speaker is really asking the senator to define their political platform and message, and to explain how they differ from their competitors. The question is meant to elicit a nuanced response that goes beyond simple symbolism.

How would you describe the complexity of the question asked by "B" in turn 2?

Answer: Complex


Right.

There must be some science to this, right?

Yeah. There's actually a little bit of fun science. Egg whites are basically liquid. But they're full of protein?That's why they're good for us. And so when you whip them, you're breaking down those proteins.

And the proteins are usually like little balls that hang out by themselves, but when you whip them, they unfurl, they unfold and they start bonding with each other. And as they bond, they create a structure. And that structure captures air bubbles, and it gives the foam its shape. And we're going to have a nice fluffy cloud as a result.

turn 3 : Whipping egg whites breaks down proteins and creates a structure that captures air bubbles, resulting in a fluffy foam.

What is the structure that captures air bubbles when whipping egg whites?

Answer: proteins


A clever grounds crew can mean a difference in close games, can't it?

Oh, definitely. Well a grounds crew can tailor the field in very small ways that might impact the outcome of the game. You know, gone are the days of legendary Kansas City groundskeeper George Toma and his ilk - the (unintelligible). They really would tailor the fields in unbelievable ways. They would tilt the foul lines in a certain way so that bunts wouldn't roll foul. They were harden the turf to make it more difficult for players to slide if they didn't want the opposing team to slide.

Nowadays, uniformity is really something that is mandated by Major League Baseball. But there are still small ways. I visited with Trevor Vance, who's the head groundskeeper for the Kansas City Royals. And this was during 2015 - the year they would ultimately win the World Series. And he talked about how he made the infield play very fast - you know, shorter grass - because they had young, athletic infielders. And they felt that that was an advantage for them because they knew that their guys could get to the ball. And the other team probably couldn't.

There's so much joy in your book. But I have to ask, are there bad memories, if not ghosts, at the New Orleans Superdome?

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be expressing frustration or dissatisfaction with their current experiences using crowdsourcing platforms like AMT and is looking for ways to improve their outcomes.

Which platform is the speaker referring to?

Answer: AMT


They were still very poor. She still was saddled with this really enormous burden of caring for a child who's both extremely physically disabled and HIV positive, and I think she really struggled with - you know, she wanted to live, and she still is doing very well, but she also - she had these demons that kept pursuing her, I think.

You have a really interesting section where you talk about basically ethical decisions that reporters have to make. And, in essence, you say reporters, most reporters, wouldn't think anything of taking a government minister out for a fancy dinner, but they wouldn't buy mealy-meal and vegetables for a poor family. And yet they're extracting the same, if not more, amounts of information from the poor family as from the government minister.

You made a decision in some of these cases to really try to help the family. How did you make that decision?

Well, I mean, I think I realized from the very beginning when I was starting the process of doing research for this book that I wasn't going to be able to maintain a completely objective journalistic stance, you know, if the idea was to go back again and again over a long period. And you know, one of the advantages of writing a book as opposed to a newspaper article or something shorter is that you do have the luxury of being able to explain that relationship to the readers.

turn 0 : The phrase "she had these demons that kept pursuing her" in turn (1) is an idiomatic expression that means she had personal issues or problems that continued to affect her.

Answer: Caring


I mean, race is all throughout this conversation in the way people think about it and who the actual players are literally in this case. So Shaun Harper, who is a scholar on diversity in higher education at USC, said that, you know, many of the schools in the Power Five were either officially or effectively segregated for most of their histories. And that has really tangible consequences for the way campus life looks. And so these are conceived as white spaces. Their fan bases are white. Their alumni bases are white. Their cultural spaces are white. And so black students will be players in football and basketball. They'll be on the court and the field but they won't be in the stands.

So you're saying black people will be players. What do those demographics look like?

So most of the players in the money sports, in football and basketball at the Power Five schools, are black. So 56 percent of the basketball players - men's basketball players - are black. Fifty-five percent of the football players are black. But 2. 4 percent of the students at these schools are black men. And so this is -

Only?

turn 0 : The schools in the Power Five are predominantly white spaces.

What is the racial composition of the Power Five schools?

Answer: Predominantly


But any discussion of regulating it?

Yeah, absolutely. And in fact, the organizer did bring in a bunch of bioethicists to attend this meeting to really remind people of the concerns people have about this. And for example, one of the bioethicists got up in the opening stages of the meeting to remind people that this is the 200th anniversary of the publication of Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein," and people could sort of draw a connection between these two events in their minds. And so they had to be really careful. They had to be really transparent to make sure that society has an open debate about this sort of thing before it gets too far down the road.

All right, Rob Stein, NPR Health correspondent, thanks so much.

Oh, sure. Great being here.

turn 1 : Turn (2) contains an example of figurative language, where the connection between the publication of Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" and the discussion about regulating a particular technology is symbolic rather than literal. The bioethicist is using the reference to "Frankenstein" to illustrate the potential dangers of unbridled scientific progress, rather than making a direct comparison between the two events.

Which event is the bioethicist referencing to when drawing a connection with the discussion about regulating a particular technology?

Answer: Publication


I don't think that the Russian trolls sitting in a factory in St.  Petersburg have First Amendment rights to communicate without restriction on Facebook. I don't think that's the issue here. The question is are we being reasonable when we expect an open platform like this to be able to wholly protect us from being exposed to that kind of information?But I do worry about overreacting to this threat of propaganda. And I do think that on some level we have to trust our citizens to be able to separate fact from fiction.

Do you have any words for Americans who support free speech but don't know where to turn and who to trust on social media?

Well, one of the things that's been encouraging in the last two years is how much Americans have turned to more trusted sources of news. People really are looking for more reliable news sources. And that's a positive development. It's never been easier to find good, responsible, interesting news. It's never been harder to avoid the bad stuff. So, I just think that what we really need to be teaching here is citizenship and judgment. And I do have some faith in the American people that they're going to figure this out.

Ben Wizner, who's director of the ACLU's Speech Privacy and Technology Project, thanks so much.

turn 0 : A believes that Facebook should be responsible for protecting people from propaganda, but not necessarily limit free speech. 2. A believes that people should be able to distinguish between fact and fiction on their own.

What is the focus of PersonA's concern regarding the protection of people from propaganda on Facebook?

Answer: Exposed


So they're very competent, very professional and, quite frankly, surprisingly good. You know, we've had a tendency in this country to sort of dismiss North Korea as a backward country. But it's not. In the nuclear arena, there are two paths to the bomb. One is the plutonium path. They showed me all of that in 2004 - not very fancy but good enough. And then in 2010, they actually showed me centrifuge facility. That was simply astounding. It was a modern facility, and it was remarkable for them to have that.

One of the goals of these potential talks is the denuclearization of North Korea. Given they've got such capabilities, how likely is it to happen?

Well, first of all, I think it's not very likely to happen. What's significant in the current situation is they've actually said that they would be willing to give up nuclear weapons, you know, if their security is assured, and they're not threatened. However, to think that's going to happen in the short term is just not realistic because to build a nuclear weapons program, it's an enormous number of facilities. It's a large number of people. It took, well, more or less 50 years but particularly the last 25 years to get to where they are today. They're not going to turn that over overnight.

Well, short of full denuclearization, what other steps could North Korea take to prove, you know, its sincerity in this?

turn 0 : North Korea is not as backward as we tend to believe.

How was North Korea's centrifuge facility described?

Answer: Modern


Congress looked like they might get some kind of deal on immigration this past week. Didn't happen. What did happen?

They had a big sit-down meeting among all the House Republicans, and they talked about a deal, but they didn't reach one. The problem is that one faction within the House Republican caucus wants to protect the DREAMers, the people in the U. S.  illegally who were brought here as children. The other faction at the opposite end of the spectrum opposes anything they see as amnesty. And they want full funding for Trump's border wall with Mexico and a number of other changes to current law on legal immigration as well.

So it's not clear how much of that can get worked out, even among House Republicans, let alone with the Senate or the president.

I have to ask, how does the director of the Environmental Protection Agency, Scott Pruitt, hold onto his job?It seems like every few hours, there's charges of some kind of new ethical infraction. Yeah. I mean, he would have been let go from a greeter position at Walmart by now.

turn 1 : The House Republicans have conflicting views on illegal immigration and the border wall, making it difficult to reach a deal.

What is causing difficulty in reaching a deal among House Republicans?

Answer: Conflicting


I think you maybe missed your calling as a cybercriminal, Scott. Criminals are always looking to, what is the formula that makes paying the ransom worth it to the person who I'm attacking?So I'm absolutely certain that you're right that you will see an uptick in at least attempts to do this in other cities.

Cities have computer experts, right?Shouldn't they be avoiding these attacks somehow?

I think it's a pretty sensitive issue. In the case of Baltimore, the mayor came out and publicly blamed the National Security Agency for having lost some exploits several years ago that had resulted in the attack that they sustained. But at the same time, there had been a patch available that the city hadn't put in place.

You know, nationwide, there was an enormous lack of people with cybersecurity skills. City governments aren't known for their enormously high salaries. So I think you'll see the competition at tech firms, at big banks making it very hard for these cities to have enough people in place.

turn 0 : A thinks Scott has good knowledge of cybercriminals

Which city did the mayor blame the National Security Agency for losing some exploits several years ago?

Answer: Baltimore


They do. The students often say things like, but I just want to fit in. I want to look like everyone else. And the people next to me aren't reading braille, so why should I?

So answer the question. Why should they?I mean, if it's easier to get along without having to rely on braille, tell me why you think it's still important. I'm just wondering if you're having a hard time making the case to parents as well as the students.

It's really not a hard sell to parents because we show them the data. We give them evidence that suggests students, when learning braille, they're more likely to get employment and have greater academic gains as while later in life.

How did you learn braille, by the way?Do you mind if I ask?

turn 2 : Learning braille has practical benefits for students' future employment and academic success.

How can learning braille benefit students?

Answer: Employment


Always a pleasure, Neal.

And how big is this change?

It is big. The previous record was in 2007, where a very large percentage of this ice melted away. This year, it's already bigger than 2007 by an area the size of Texas. This is - this really shattered that record which in itself was a pretty dramatic departure from the average.

And, well, if things melt, it's because things are warmer, right?

That is exactly right. And what happens also is the Arctic ice has been getting thinner over the years. And so it used to be that you can have some warm summers up there, and you wouldn't melt it all away because you'd have 10 feet or 20 feet thick of ice. And you'd melt some of it, but you wouldn't melt it all the way through. But because of this warming trend up there, it is where the planet is warming faster than anywhere else. The Arctic, what we've seen is the ice getting thinner up there. And so a fairly small pretubance will actually melt a lot of the ice because it's thin to begin with. You don't have to melt 20 feet of ice. You might melt three feet of ice.

turn 2 : The Arctic ice is melting faster than ever before due to global warming, which causes a thinning of the ice.

What is causing the faster melting of the Arctic ice?

Answer: Global-warming


He was all those things. I. . .

Did his brother's death, in a sense, liberate him to seek a new identity, to travel, to get to know and reflect the world?

I think that shook him deep to his soul. But I think the other thing that happened was his father's stroke. He had to get his father off his back. Joe Kennedy Sr.  was a formidable but, I think, menacing figure in his life who took a sweet, young seventh born who he had called a runt and encouraged him to become tough and ruthless - first a jock at Harvard, getting his letter with a broken leg, and then becoming this enforcer for his brother.

That's what won, finally, the attention of the old man. And only when he was tough did the old man respect him. And I think when his father became incapacitated, Bobby began to resort to who he was as a kid. As a kid, he was - he hung around all the time with African-American kids. Those were his playmates, even in Hyannis. He was - he, you know, Father Feeney - when Father Feeney said no salvation outside the Catholic Church, he railed against that, which was so extraordinary in that very Catholic family.

turn 3 : That's what won, finally, the attention of the old man. And only when he was tough did the old man respect him. And I think when his father became incapacitated, Bobby began to resort to who he was as a kid.  The literal meaning would indicate that the person gained the attention and respect of their father by being tough, and when their father became incapacitated, they reverted to their childhood behavior. However, the implied meaning suggests that the person's father only recognized and valued them when they displayed strength and resilience, and when their father's condition changed, they reverted to their true self, which may have included aspects of vulnerability or a different set of values.

Answer: Childhood


I think that the idea of business is that we'd like to serve customers around the world with the capabilities and technologies that we have. But we understand that countries operate differently. They have different political structures. They have different economic priorities. That's just the way the world is, and it's - I think it's always going to be to some degree. What we think is that business can help keep the world a more peaceful place and a more prosperous place. We have a really critical role in keeping the engagement between nations constructive, to make sure that nations talk to each other and feel mutually dependent.

Tom Linebarger is the CEO of Cummins Inc, an Indiana-based company that manufactures diesel engines.

Thanks very much for joining us today.

It was a pleasure speaking with you, Ailsa. Thank you.

turn 0 : Business can promote peace and prosperity between nations despite their differences.

How can business contribute to international relations?

Answer: communication


It doesn't want to concede to American pressure because it fears that if it concedes under pressure, that's going to project weakness and invite even more pressure. And so for that reason, you've seen, rather than Iran capitulating or compromising, they've begun escalating. But I think the endgame for both sides is - there's really no alternative to coming back to the negotiating table.

And there has been a string of headlines from the region involving Iran in recent weeks. This incident with the British tanker, of course, comes right after the U. S.  says it brought down an Iranian drone. Of course, Iran disputes that version of events. How connected are these events?

They're all interconnected. And essentially, the Trump administration's policy toward Iran has been to subject Iran to significant economic pressure and sanctions in the hopes that either Iran will come to the negotiating table and capitulate over its nuclear program or - I think there's some folks in the Trump administration, like national security adviser John Bolton, who would like to see the implosion of the Iranian regime.

And what Iran has done in response - Iran's supreme leader has been ruling for 30 years, and he's become pretty adept at these escalatory cycles. And he's adept at waving both the white flag of diplomacy and the black flag of radicalism and escalation. So on one hand, he sent his chief diplomat - Iranian Foreign Minister Javad Zarif - he was recently in New York City, and he met with a lot of Western journalists. And he was talking about Iran wanting to pursue dialogue and diplomacy.

turn 0 : There is no actual endgame - this is hyperbole talking about how the situation might end up

Which turn suggests that Iran may not actually want to negotiate and may be using escalation as a tactic?

Answer: B


(Laughing) You would think, but its this weird sort of a - the more I get to know them, the more they become different objects with such different ingredients that I love them more with each passing day.

(Laughing) So I have a burrito specimen here with me in the studio. And I'm going to unwrap. . .

Is it in wax paper or tinfoil?

It is in both tinfoil and wax paper.

turn 1 : The implied meaning is that B has a unique and special person in their life that they want to share with the world.

What is PersonB unwrapping in the studio?

Answer: Burrito


Absolutely. I played hockey starting when I was 3, 4 years old, loved to go see the Canucks here in my hometown and, you know, certainly not only saw a lot of fights but kind of internalized the message that they were inherently good and valuable to the game of hockey.

And what happened that changed your view of the fighting?

So I went to a junior hockey game here in Vancouver. And it was just a regular night out with the boys, Friday night, drinking some beers, sat down in my seventh row seat. And it was one of those games where the gloves beat the puck to the ice. So there's a fight before the game even starts. And the crowd rises up around me. There's this guttural thunder. You hear it. And usually I would have been right there kind of cheering it along or not really paying it much mind.

But for some reason in that moment, I really zoned in on the two players' faces, and in that moment realized they're just children, and had to ask myself in that moment, what are we doing?We're 10,000 adults in a big room cheering for two kids to pulverize each other's faces. And I looked at the program, indeed - 16 and 17 years old. I've never been able to look at fighting the same since. But it would be a lie to say that there aren't a lot of people who are hockey fans who sincerely love this practice and this tradition.

turn 2 : It was a game where the players fought with each other more than played the game.

Answer: hockey


Well, this was not a deliberate decision of the administration. Just - there were two laws that still exist adopted in the '90s by Congress, which say that if a person becomes a member of any organization international the - it's an automatic suspension of the confidential contribution. So these two laws were triggered by the decision of our general confidence.

Well, I bring up the matter of the debt though because it seems to me any country that was paying its bills would say the United States should be thrown out of UNESCO for owing half a billion dollars.

Well, I will say that to this situation with the suspension, of course, was very unfortunate. And I have raised dozens of times this issue with the U. S.  because, of course, it is not normal that a member of a club does not pay dues. We need this financing very strongly because we implement work and projects in the world. But at the same time, we need also the political commitment of our member states. So at least we had the political commitment. So now, of course, we are losing votes. And this is really deplorable.

UNESCO must have known in July when they declared the old city in Hebron a Palestinian world heritage site that Israel would object because they say that Judaism has a lot of links to Hebron and that this would create problems in the United States.

turn 2 : that UNESCO needs political commitment from member states, but the actual meaning is that UNESCO needs both financial and political commitment from member states.

Which kind of commitment does UNESCO need from its member states?

Answer: Both


We should note that USA Today, which when it was founded in 1982, said it would never endorse a candidate for president - didn't want to go to that kind of - didn't want to participate in that kind of politics - has not endorsed a candidate but has said, in some departure from their usual policy, Donald Trump is unfit to be president, so don't vote for him.

You know, we know that people don't read newspaper editorials by and large. And if they ever read one, it's usually something like this in the presidential season. But we know that people read about them and hear about them.

And that's where, in the age of social media, they may actually matter more because people are going to be talking about this wipeout, this refusal of people who, remember, historically, have almost always gone with Republicans, to go with Donald Trump.

OK, now Miss Universe. Did Hillary Clinton set a trap for Donald Trump, which he sprang on himself?

You know, this story could have gone away in 24 hours or 48 hours. It could have had some impact on Monday night and perhaps, then, just gone away. We've heard an awful lot of high impact stories come and go already in this campaign.

turn 1 :  (2) What's an editorial worth in this age of social media?

Which newspaper made a departure from their usual policy in regards to Donald Trump?

Answer: USA


(Singing) I don't need much to be happy. Four walls and a roof overhead. Books and food in my belly, cool sheets upon the bed. A fire that warms up December. The sound of a thaw in the eaves. Sometimes it's hard to remember how tough we are to please. All in good time, somehow I find days that still shine with a light. All in good stead, I'm safe and I'm fed. With dreams in my head, goodnight. The feel of my hand being taken, driving at night all alone. The breeze on a warm summer evening and coming home.

(Singing) All in good time, somehow you find days that still shine with light. All in good stead, you're safe and you're fed. The dreams in your head, goodnight. Don't need much to be happy. A friend to soften a fall. Something to show for my labors. After all, I had to learn to be grateful, I had to learn how to see. Mistakes that might have proved fatal are gifts I now receive.

Thank you.

They don't make them this way anymore, but that would've been on the second side of the album?

turn 0 : The speaker doesn't need much to be happy, but they need basic necessities like food, shelter, and warmth. They are content with what they have.

What are the basic necessities that the speaker in turn 0 needs to be happy?

Answer: Food,shelter,warmth


Yeah, I think that's true. And I think any country would really struggle to deal with something this extreme. MSF was already in the country working with patients with HIV. And we're looking at Mozambique's emergency response for at least the next six months. But it's likely that it will take longer.

I mean, we've got to remember that people have lost their crops; people have lost their homes. And these are not wealthy people. These are people who - you know, many people live kind of hand-to-mouth, so their struggling is huge.

Caitlin Ryan is emergency communications officer for Doctors Without Borders. Responding to the situation in Mozambique, she's in the city of Beira this morning.

Thank you very much.

turn 1 : Living hand-to-mouth implies that you're just barely making ends meet. A subsistence standard of living with little to spare.

How would you describe the standard of living of the people who lost their crops and homes in Mozambique?

Answer: Huge


Our reporters do OK because we report in English, but the people who reach everyday Venezuelans through radio and TV are under enormous pressure and censorship. And now, they're aiming - they're taking aim at the Internet as well. Earlier this week, there was a crackdown on Twitter. Twitter was shut down throughout Venezuela. Instagram was spotty. The state ISP wouldn't allow people access to these critical sources of news.

Tell us about Juan Guaido, head of the National Assembly. How did he become the main challenger to Maduro?

He is a smart, young guy. He's an industrial engineer. He's 35 years old. His grandparents were members of the military a couple of generations ago. So he has this kind of family understanding of what military codes and military conduct and sort of the military lifestyle it's like in Venezuela. And that really scares the regime because he knows how to speak to military officers. And we're all very clear that this will ultimately come down to whether the mid-ranking members in the military go to their generals and say, sorry, your time is up.

Francisco Toro, who's editor-in-chief of the news site Caracas Chronicles, thanks so much.

turn 2 : your time is up means that they have to talk about something else before the program ends

Which turn implies that the mid-ranking members of the military will decide the outcome of the situation in Venezuela?

Answer: Speaker


And of course we speak this week on a week in which the city of Baltimore has been undergoing a lot of restiveness, including injuries and arrests. What do you make of the fact that you've got Wednesday's ballgame played at Camden Yards, but no audience?

I think that's a shame. Much like how after 9/11 I didn't think they should've called the ballgames off, I thought they should still have baseball being played. I think baseball helps people heal. It changes things. Look at Jackie Robinson, what that did for the civil rights movement. I can speak for my family when they came over from Poland at the turn-of-the-century. They combined with other immigrant kids and they all learned baseball because that was one thing that brought everybody together.

Gary Cieradkowski - his new book, "The League of Outsider Baseball. "Thanks so much for being with us.

Thank you, Scott.

turn 2 : B: Gary Cieradkowski - his new book, "The League of Outsider Baseball."Thanks so much for being with us. Actual meaning: B is thanking A for joining the conversation and promoting Gary Cieradkowski's new book.

Which book is mentioned by PersonB in turn 2?

Answer: League


Oh, yeah. There's just devastation to all the homes. Power lines are down, broken by trees. Just devastation everywhere. I mean, mold in the homes is already setting in. Just everything is destroyed.

Alison, do you worry about some of the chemicals and the detritus that's left behind?

I do worry about the chemicals. You know, none of us are by any means professionals, but there's fiberglass in the insulation. There's mold. We don't know if there's sewage covering, you know, these belongings are anything, but we do the best we can by wearing masks and gloves. And that's pretty much all we can do for now because you can't wait long to clean these homes up or it just gets worse. So we're doing the best we can now with the tools we have available to us.

Yeah. Alison Reagan, let me ask you. People in Houston and the rest of Southeast Texas have have won so much admiration from Americans this week for reacting to these terrible events with such courage and pluck. Is there something you learned about human beings, about your neighbors and strangers this week that you'd like to pass on to us?

turn 2 : Asking if people are concerned about the potential health risks caused by the debris and contamination left behind.

Which turn mentions the use of masks and gloves while cleaning up the homes?

Answer: turn2


Another major story that might have been overlooked in a busy week - North Korea said this week it won't denuclearize until U. S.  withdraws forces from South Korea and Japan. Do you have. . .

That has. . .

Yes, go ahead.

I'm sorry. I was just going to say that has been North Korea's position forever. Their view of denuclearization is that they give up their nuclear weapons when the United States gives up its nuclear weapons. We haven't had nuclear weapons stationed in South Korea since 1992. That's not what the North Koreans are talking about. And if the president had actually had listened to North Korean experts, proliferation experts, he would have understood that when the North Koreans were agreeing to complete denuclearization, that meant the U. S.  denuclearizing, too.

turn 3 : The North Korean definition of denuclearization is different from the US definition.

How does North Korea's definition of denuclearization differ from the US?

Answer: Different


We can say she grew up. She had a daughter of her own who became curious about family secrets kept from both her and her mother for decades. That daughter is Laura Cumming, and she's the author of "Five Days Gone. "She joins me now from London.

Laura Cumming, welcome.

Thank you.

Start with the kidnapping, which is absolutely central to the book you've written. It was not central to your mother's life. She was only 3. She had no memory of it. And she didn't even learn of it until she was well into middle age. Is that right?

turn 3 : "which is absolutely central to the book" implies, that without that part of the story, there really wouldn't be much of a story

Which part of the story does the turn "which is absolutely central to the book" refer to?

Answer: b


Yeah. So let's take Muslim China, you know, the western part of China - Uighur country. They use lamb, which they don't use in the rest of China, or very little. And their noodles are made from wheat. And they have bread. So that region has this food because of its religion and because of its proximity to Turkey.

The reason I called Anissa Helou is because of a dish I've been meaning to make for a long time. In her book, she has two versions - one from Egypt, one from Syria - a nutritious and simple meal made from beans that's perfect for Ramadan or for any time, really - ful medames, or simply ful.

Ful is a very filling dish. So if you ate ful at whatever hour, you could stay without eating anything or feeling very hungry for at least five, six hours.

Helou join me in my kitchen here in D. C.  via video chat to teach me how to make both the Egyptian and the Syrian recipes.

turn 0 : The food in a region is influenced by its religion and proximity to other countries.

What is the reason for the specific type of noodles used in Muslim China?

Answer: wheat


Let's clear this up immediately: blonde, lithe, the initials V. P. So, is Vanessa Pierson Valerie Plame?

The great thing about fiction is that you can fix things and make things better. I think Vanessa is a smarter version of where I was. And it's definitely informed by my experiences in the CIA.

Well, that raises another question. So, did you take some top-secret operation and just thinly fictionalize it to this book and, you know, are. . .

. . . are there Russian agents reading this now and saying, oh, this is what we were looking for?

turn 2 : Well, that raises another question.So, did you take some top-secret operation and just thinly fictionalize it to this book and, you know, are... The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is asking if the author took a real, top-secret operation and used it as the basis of their fictional book, and whether it might be recognizable to Russian agents.

Which question did PersonB ask about the author's inspiration for their book?

Answer: Russian


Just quickly, what about men?

Men. Well men, we tend to focus more on outcomes and process. And so we kind of, you know, focus almost exclusively on the outcomes. We tend to like win-lose scenarios, as opposed to negotiating for win-win. And then, men, we tend to be command and control leaders, where as women can be more inclusive and interactive. And so we really have to work on those traits.

Has anyone ever given you static for trying to do the Mars-Venus thing, about how you see men and women?

Well, because it's really my opinion, and they typically let me have that opinion. But again, it's really a broad statement, so I'm not saying all men or all women, but just as a rule, they're some observations that I've had over the years.

turn 3 : Opinions on gender differences are subjective and not absolute, hence should not be generalized to all men and women

Which rule does PersonA say should not be generalized to all men and women?

Answer: observations


Then later on, I ended up having to deal with, really, racism from both sides, from white people, as well as from black people who claimed that I was not really black because of the music I listened to or the way that I speak or some intangible delineation that people make in terms of how you're supposed to behave based upon the color of your skin.

Well, Brian, you know, you went on to basically go about your life and kind of sublimate this incredible pressure. But at some point, it all broke for you. What happened then?

Well, what happened was - I should back up and say that at the time that I wrote "Not a Genuine Black Man," the book and the play, I decided that in order for it to be real and to be true and to be what I wanted it to be, I'd have to be completely naked. And that being the case, I knew that I would have to talk about the darkest moment in my life, which was a very severe period of depression I went through in 1999.

I had - I didn't realize it at the time, but apparently I had suffered depression since childhood, from all of the, you know, strangers driving down the street yelling the N-word, not being included because I was the only black kid and being different. And I'd spent a lot of time isolating and by myself.

turn 2 : A decided to be vulnerable and share about his severe depression in order to be authentic in his book and play.

What did PersonA decide to do to be authentic in his book and play?

Answer: Depression


First of all, there is a lag time of - it's several months before raw material costs work their way all the way through the system. And farmers will be quick to tell you that they only get 20 cents from every food dollar. The rest of it goes to processing and labor and transportation. So all of these other factors also effect what we're paying at the grocery store.

Essentially the department is assuming that the volatility in the prices for energy and commodities is going to be with us for a while, at least through the middle of next year. In other words, the recent trends of lower prices for oil and other commodities isn't going to last, and if you look at today's spike in the price of oil, that's a good case in point.

John, you mentioned how we'll be seeing this at the grocery store. What about at restaurants?

Well, that's interesting. USDA forecast compares prices of food at home with those away from home. And in 2005 and 06, restaurant price and inflation was much higher than in grocery stores, but that changed last year and this year and supposedly will continue next year. Restaurants are now raising prices more slowly than grocery stores. Basically, restaurants are trying to absorb some of their higher food costs to cushion the blow to their customers and to keep them coming in.

turn 3 : "cushion the blow" - This is an idiomatic expression that means to lessen the negative impact of something rather than actually providing cushioning.

Which idiomatic expression means to lessen the negative impact of something in turn 3?

Answer: Cushion


NPR's Tovia Smith has been following the story from Boston and joins us now. Tovia, let's begin with what you saw in court today.

Well, Felicity Huffman actually broke down in tears in court as she explained to the judge that her daughter knew nothing about the scam and that her daughter's accommodation for extra time on tests was legit. But she then pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit mail fraud, admitting that she paid $15,000 to get her daughter's SAT scores boosted by having someone correct the answers after the daughter took the test.

And we know Huffman is among the most high-profile of defendants, along with the other Hollywood star Lori Loughlin, but another parent also pleaded guilty in court today, and that is LA businessman Devin Sloane, who was involved in a different angle of this scam. He paid bribes to get his son recruited to the USC water polo team even though the son was never a competitive player. And the dad went so far as to get someone to photoshop pictures of his son to look like he was. And he paid $250,000 in bribes that were disguised as charitable donations.

Sloane and Huffman are among 20 parents, coaches, others to plead guilty. What are they hoping for?

turn 0 : "joins us now" - Literal meaning: Tovia Smith physically joins the radio program at that moment. Actual meaning: Tovia Smith starts speaking on the radio program.

Which phrase did PersonB use to introduce Tovia Smith to the radio program?

Answer: joins


When a friend of mine pointed out that her daughter was being targeted by boys at school using a lot of these kinds of memes and words that they were learning from these extremists, I was devastated. And she told me her daughter was getting images of guns in her direct messages and, you're a feminazi and feminazis are - should be eliminated from this Earth. And to a 13-year-old girl, it's really scary.

As a writer, have you figured out why some people find this stuff appealing?

Yeah. I think there's a vulnerable group of boys, and even men, in society that - and I don't know who the forces are online. I don't know if it's malevolent media or just vloggers that want more views, but they've learned that they can target these men and boys. With men, I learned it's a lot of men who are male survivors of sexual assault or men who've been disenfranchised from their economic opportunities, divorced men. These communities target those men and their willingness to believe that society is out to get white men, their willingness to believe that women are all money-grabbing social climbers.

And with boys, I do think neurodivergent boys are being targeted, kids who may have learning difficulties, kids who have - are on the autism spectrum. But it's not just those boys. I think at this age, they're trying to figure out where they fit. They're insecure. They feel like girls have it all. Girls are happy and pretty, and white men are the enemies. And so these right-wing groups are tapping into that shame and feeding it to try and propagandize to them.

turn 2 : The only thing that women wants is money and status in society.

Which group is being targeted by right-wing groups according to PersonA's statement?

Answer: Boys


And so in my defense perhaps, you know, overly defensive, I said Anne(ph), just because some Negro preacher, got his hand caught in a cookie jar, that's not my problem. She said I can't believe you. I said, well, he wouldn't have been indicted if he wasn't guilty. She said, what?

So, how did it get to the point where you got on the bus, so to speak?

His secretary, Dora McDonald called back and said, oh, Mr.  Jones — I never met her, I heard her over the phone — she says, you know, Dr.  King, he enjoyed so much his visit with you. He's a guest preacher over in Los Angeles, and he wanted you to come and see him and hear him preach on Sunday. And so, after I got the message, I told my wife verbatim what the message was from Dora McDonald. And her reaction, again, she went on the offensive. She says, well, you may not be going to Montgomery, but you are going to that church.

So, I go this church of Reverend H. B. Charles, I think that's the name of the church, and I go into this church. I'm sitting there about the 25th row and so forth, and Dr.  King gets up after he's introduced, and he gets up and he says, brothers and sisters, the text of my sermon today is the role and responsibility of a Negro professional to aid our less fortunate people who are struggling in the South.

turn 3 : "the role and responsibility of a Negro professional to aid our less fortunate people who are struggling in the South" - This statement implies that the speaker is discussing the responsibility of educated African-Americans to help those in need in the Southern United States. The literal meaning is the topic of Dr. King's sermon.

What was the topic of Dr. King's sermon?

Answer: Negro


But what is likely to happen if the men succeed and these lawsuits gain class-action status?I mean, could it upend how these cases are treated?

I mean, if they did gain class-action status, which I personally think is pretty steep thing for them to get, I think that it could result in a lot of these either being kicked back to the school and these students and the survivors having to go through all of this again, and it also has a wider reaching impact as far as what students who are going through these circumstances see and think as far as reporting. And that's one of the things that I see as a concern.

Yeah. What message does it send to the victims?

Right. What message does it send to the victims who have already been a minority of people who report, and because the school didn't do it the right way, that their situation is not validated. And I do think that it can have a real chilling impact on other survivors reporting and coming forward and saying, as we have said in recent years, #MeToo because they think it just may come back and not matter.

turn 3 :  I think that it could result in a lot of these either being kicked back to the school and these students

Which institution might have to deal with these cases again if they gain class-action status?

Answer: School


I do. Did you have to do a lot of reporting?

I did a lot of research. Of course, I'd - as I said, I went to see the monarchs and what that looks like. But I also did a lot of scientific research. I did - I read pretty much everything there is to be read about monarch butterfly migration, monarch parasites, monarch science. I've got all those journals on my desk in giant piles.

And I also - I sought out and gained the friendship of a very great scientist, Dr.  Lincoln Brower, who knows more about monarchs than anyone on the planet. And Dr.  Brower and his wife Dr.  Linda Fink were very helpful to me. You can imagine when I went to them to talk about this idea that I have some trepidation to go to a scientist and say, well, OK. I know that the species that you know everything about have never done this, but what if it did?You know, I didn't know if they. . .

Yeah. I can imagine.

turn 1 : gained the friendship implies making connection and meeting new people

How did PersonA learn about monarch parasites?

Answer: Research


I have credit, but it was delayed. I've never had trouble getting credit here in Brazil. I've always paid my bills, and so credit's available for me. But this year, the credit promises were made, but then the credit wasn't going to arrive until it was too late to order the fertilizer and actually work out the logistics of receiving it. And so it's changed my plans a lot this year.

And timing is really essential for farmers. So, how is that going to play out there with your 2000 acres of soy?

The 2,000 acres I'm going to plant this year are technically for another farmer. I'm not going to farm anything in my own name this year. And that's common enough, really; I'm not alone in that. Total acreage of corn and soybeans could easily be down this year in Brazil. Most people expect there to be less corn, a lot less cotton, and also less of some of the food crops like rice and edible beans. So, it's caused everyone to plant less than they normally would.

Where do all of those crops grown in Brazil - corn, wheat, and soy - where do they get exported to?

turn 0 : Despite having a good credit history, the credit was not available on time and it caused a lot of inconvenience

What was the reason for the change in plans for planting this year?

Answer: Credit


Yeah.

Why has the price gone up in recent years?

Prices will rise to whatever the market will bear, right?We see that uniquely in the U. S.  One vial of insulin in the U. S.  costs seven times what it does in Germany. So there's a huge disparity there. Some of the reasons have to do with reformulations of insulin that are, in fact, better than some of the older ones. Although, when I'm talking about that 1 in 7 price comparison, that's the same exact insulin.

In the U. S. , what's happened - and this is something that I know the Trump administration is looking at and many experts in the field have decried - the slow arrival of biosimilars or generic insulins onto the market, which are on the market in other countries. The problem in this country is the lowering of prices of insulin. And insulin patents have been held up in the courts for years now in suits and countersuits between the three big insulin drug makers, including by Eli Lilly, which is the former employer of our new HHS Secretary.

That's Alex Azar - has been appointed Secretary of Health and Human Services.

turn 2 : A's turn has a figurative meaning as it uses a common expression "Prices will rise to whatever the market will bear" to convey the idea that the prices of goods will be as high as the market can tolerate.

What expression does PersonA use to convey the idea that the prices of goods will be as high as the market can tolerate?

Answer: bear


People call out sick, and they actually monitor how much an impact the video game has for the movies that were released, for how many people called out sick, and whether work or productivity goes down. So this isn't, you know, an isolated event.

You were mentioning the violence of some of the previous versions. Is it still the kind of game where, for example, you can shoot a police officer virtually?

Yeah. Absolutely it still is that type of game. I mean, this is a mature-rated game, which means, theoretically, that you cannot purchase this game unless you are 17 or older. So, it does have violence. It does have partial nudity in the game. And one thing that's caught some attention by the Mothers Against Drunk Driving in the game is - there is a component, or an element, where you can actually - you make a choice however, whether or not you grab a drink at a bar, and then go driving and then the screen simulates what that experience would be like. And so Mothers against Drunk Driving have stepped out on that.

But this is an adult title. There is - on the box, it says there's alcohol. There's drugs. There's partial nudity, intense violence. So you really want to be concerned if, you know, younger audiences are playing this game, you'd better make sure their maturity level can handle it.

turn 3 : YOUNGERS DOESN'T KNOW THE IMPACTS OF VIDEO GAMES AND IT AFFECT THEIR MATURITY LEVEL

Answer: Maturity


The government is treading a fine line. On one hand, it acknowledges that this is a regime that cannot survive, and that this is a matter of time, only. At the same time, because it's a neighbor and because the borders are still open and there is some trade going on, in addition to other reasons, the government is careful not to take matters, sort of, beyond a certain point. But I think that there is wide consensus in the region that understands that this regime has no chance of survival. The problem and the questions is, how many more people will be killed before it leaves the scene?

Again, Turkey - we know that the Free Syrian Army uses Turkey as a safe haven. Injured are brought back to be treated in medical facilities. The fighters return there to rest and re-equip and then come back. That's a very porous border in that situation. What about Jordan?Is Jordan allowing the Free Syrian Army effectively to operate from its territory?

No. There are no military operations being conducted out of Jordan for the Free Syrian Army. Jordan has received a number of defectors from Syria, including the ex-prime minister of Syria and several army officers who have defected to Jordan. But they have not engaged in any military activity, so far.

Why no?

turn 2 : Jordan has not allowed the Free Syrian Army to conduct military operations from its territory despite receiving defectors from Syria.

How has Jordan responded to the Syrian defectors?

Answer: Received


I would just think about grilling as like any other type of cooking technique. It's really about time and temperature. So if you know how to cook at your stove, you understand high heat, medium heat, low heat, you can replicate that on a grill. It just has to do with how big a pile of charcoal you have and where it is in its lifecycle. So it's very hot at the beginning, and then it cools off a little bit. And then I would say simplify your seasonings. I have a whole section in my book that's all about salt, pepper, olive oil and lemon juice as being really essential and really fantastic.

OK.  Carla, you know I'm putting you on the spot here now - OK.  charcoal or gas?

Oh, this is a great question. I think that they're both great. I have charcoal. I love cooking over live fire. But if what you have is a gas grill and it gets you outside, enjoying cooking outside and making something that you love, then lean into your gas grill. It's all good.

That's Carla Lalli Music, food director at Bon Appetit magazine. She's the author of "Where Cooking Begins: Uncomplicated Recipes To Make You A Great Cook. "Carla, thanks so much for joining us. Happy Fourth.

turn 1 : Carla being put on the spot meaning Carla is specifically being asked a question.

How was Carla challenged during the dialogue?

Answer: Question


Well, let me give you an example. I walked up to some lawmakers in the Great Hall of the People. And they confirmed to me unanimously that they were going to vote in favor of scrapping term limits. And one thing you hear from a lot of Chinese when you ask them is that they say, look. President Xi Jinping is doing a great job. He's getting China lots of respect on the world stage. He's cleaning up corruption at home. He ought to be given a chance to do more. And also, I think it helps to remember that in Chinese political culture, it's basically been the rule of man. And so people feel, let's get a good man, and let's not worry about, if we don't get a good man, what rules are we going to rely on to give him the boot?

You mentioned critics. And there are critics. What are they saying about this?

Well, you don't hear a lot of them because their views are often censored on the Internet. But I think it's safe to say that they feel very gloomy and pessimistic about the current situation. They look into the future - say 10, 15 or even more years - and they just don't see a lot hope for civil liberties, transparent and accountable government or robust civil society. And they just feel that this is a real historic step backwards into the bad, old days.

The bad, old days being China's monarchs of thousands of years?

turn 0 : 1: Chinese people prioritize having a good leader over having a leader who follows rules.

What do Chinese people prioritize over rules?

Answer: Leader


Now what we didn't hear was a huge thunderous applause that you got from the crowd. Would you run for office again?And if so, what office?

I do - I would like to run for office. I really believe very firmly in public service. I enjoyed my years as lieutenant governor. And, you know, as a small-government Republican, really began to appreciate beyond the rhetoric of just saying, you know, I want a smaller government, but really focusing on how you make government work for people and how you make it efficient - more efficient partner in our daily lives.

And so I walked away from the office with a great appreciation for the value of public service and the importance that you can play in helping small businesses, in getting healthcare where it needs to be, and in dealing with problems of crime and the things that lead up to people to do things that create problems in their community, recidivism, and drug addiction, and things like that. So yeah, I'd like to get back to it. I'd like to run for governor of Maryland one day. And we'll see if that ever happens. But yeah, it's on the table. I don't know if it's in the cards yet, but it's at least on the table.

So you're chair of GOPAC, and it aims to elect more Republicans into office. So what are you working on specifically this time around?Are there any races or any strategies you're working on?

turn 0 : "thunderous applause" implies loud, enthusiastic applause from many in the audience

How would you describe the applause that PersonA received from the crowd?

Answer: huge


When I met him a couple of months ago, I said, listen. You have fought against Islamic radicalism. And you have saved Benghazi and eastern Libya from the terrorist threat. But if you try to run for office, you will lose all that because Libyans are difficult to govern. And I said to him, do you have any aspirations with that?He says, no. I want to rise above this. So I think he sees a real threat to Libya by the existence of these elements. And unfortunately, the international community and the United Nations, they are supporting a government that has no power. And in the end, that government that has no power is being run by militias.

Some people would counter that, actually, Haftar's forces are also comprised of militias with little ideology, some elements within them are so-called extremists and that he is no better than the forces he's purporting to counter.

I mean, I hate to disagree with this. I mean, Haftar is not perfect. I don't say he's perfect. But he has a Libyan army. They might have started off as militias. But now they are inducted into regular army. And more important, they try to paint Haftar into a warlord. You know, he's not. He has been authorized by the only representative body in the country, which is the Libyan Parliament. And so, please, don't get me wrong. I am not enamored with Haftar. And the last thing I want to see in Libya is another military dictatorship. I don't want to see that.

So why is Haftar making this move to take Tripoli now?

turn 2 : They are not painting but describing the man in a certain way.

Answer: describe


And then it's like, it kind of makes it more of a treat.

(Singing) You took me from the shelter of a mother I had never known…

I read that - about you having, as we all do, ups and downs in life. In 1977, I read that your mother died, which was a painful period for you.

Very.

But the very next year, you gave birth to a son.

turn 4 : Giving birth to a son could imply that the speaker was able to find hope and joy despite their pain.

How did the speaker find hope despite their pain?

Answer: Son


Yes.

Have you photographed them?Or have they been clients of yours?

Not paying clients. Yes, I have shot them at a rally in Chicago.

OK.  Not - well, not paying in the sense that you would like to have them as clients or pursue them at one point, or you just are taking pictures of them, as everyone else is doing, when they're out in public?

No, I was part of the campaign. I was heavily involved in fundraising and (unintelligible) and have gone to battleground states, signing up voters. So, yeah, I was there, part of the group, and I shot them because this is something I wanted to do. I wasn't a paid photographer of staff, but yes. Would I like to shoot them as a paid person?Absolutely.

Yeah, I'm guessing the answer to that would be yes. Are you hopeful of that opportunity still?

turn 4 : Although the person was not a paid photographer, they were heavily involved in a political campaign and took photos for personal interest. They would like to be a paid photographer for these clients in the future.

Which campaign was the person heavily involved in?

Answer: Unspecified


Sure. The basic idea is that if, in your country, you've got natural resources, that somebody is going to pay to come into your country and extract and then sell on the international market. That seems like something that ought to economically benefit your country. You will get new revenue from the extraction and sale of your natural resources. But what we see over and over again is that selling off your natural resources in the commodities market tends to kind of ruin your country. It tends to leave you worse off, even economically worse off. And that's because it has a warping effect on your economy.

It's hard to have a diversified, stable economy when you've got one resource that's pulling in such a big revenue stream. And when you've got one resource that's pulling in such a big revenue stream, you tend to end up with very rich elites who will do anything to hold onto power, who stop doing the other things that governments should otherwise be doing to serve the needs of the people.

OK. So what does this have to do with Michael Jackson's glove?

(Laughter) Well, it's both a sad and all areas side story in this. The government in Equatorial Guinea got all these oil revenues. And they basically decided to turn the president of the country and his son into some of the richest and most ostentatiously, flagrantly tacky people on the globe while the people of that country suffered and got poorer.

turn 0 : Selling off natural resources makes the economy in a country worse than before.

What tends to happen to a country's economy when it sells off its natural resources?

Answer: Worse


I don't think they picked Deming necessarily. You know, we just happen to be a big border patrol station as well as our neighboring county. They're dropping off here as well - the Hidalgo County drops here as well.

How are these people - the asylum-seekers being housed in an airport hangar - how are they handling things?

You'd be surprised. I think they're - you know, they're a little - you know, I guess they're a little worried when they first show up. But then, I think, it's actually better than most places they've been, and that's what they tell us. So they have more room and more freedom than most places they've been, so they're actually really happy.

And how is the community of Deming handling this influx of new people?

turn 2 : 'Asylum-seekers are actually really happy' implies that the asylum-seekers are being treated well.

Answer: Happy


So ultimately, it ended up ruining my life in every capacity. It's affected my health, my family, my emotional and mental well-being and, ultimately, even jobs. You know, I've been offered all these amazing jobs of a lifetimes that I fought really hard to get and I beat out other candidates for. And each time the job would be offered to me, it would then be retracted because of my connection to Jeffrey Epstein.

So that's what led me to finally come forward because I had just reached a point where I was like, you know, this man was out buying second islands and second airplanes just to show off while I was struggling to feed myself and couldn't even get myself a good job because of him, you know?

Right. How did you feel when you found out about Epstein's death?

It was definitely not a good moment. And it's still not, you know?Even every single time I hear those words, there's a certain amount of anger that shoots through my blood that I can't explain.

turn 1 : Jeffrey Epstein was wealthy and showing off while I was struggling to feed myself

What was Epstein doing while the speaker was struggling to feed themselves?

Answer: Showing


Every administration has some level of dysfunction. But in a White House that is running somewhat more smoothly than this one, how would this work when it's a well-oiled machine or something close to it?

Well, I was involved in a similar case back in the Clinton presidency when we were examining someone for a high position in national security and seemed like a very fine candidate. But then we began to learn things about his past that were troubling. Red flags started to go up. And we went to the president and said, Mr.  President, there are some real problems here; these are very problematic. And the nominations then just disappeared.

So the public didn't know about it at that point.

The public didn't know and still doesn't know, and I don't think it's fair to the individual. His name was never put into play. I think his privacy should be protected since he wasn't seeking a job; he didn't - wasn't nominated. Here's the thing that also mystifies me because there's so much about this is strange. You would think that candidate himself, knowing how the system works, knowing that there's going to be deep scrutiny - you would think that the potential nominee would go to the chief of staff of the White House and say, we need to talk, and volunteer the information so there can be no misunderstandings along the way instead of having a situation here where people just sat on the information clearly some people knew.

turn 1 : The candidate had something troubling in their past.

Answer: Troubling


Oh, absolutely.

You know, like, what are some of the other barbecue don'ts that come up when all of you all get together?

I think hovering is a big one, people who want to jump on the grill before they've been invited to, people who think they're helping out by bringing a side of beef that they figure you have room on the grill to just add that into your menu, any kind of, you know, presumptuous guests.

What about some barbecue do's?Are there some do's that you wish people would do that they perhaps don't think to do?

turn 3 : do's refers to all acceptable behavior and activities

Which word summarizes the acceptable behaviors and activities at a barbecue?

Answer: Do's


Asa, reading the article, it sounds like you wanted to get off after the first day.

I wanted to get off after about the third day. I realized once we had moved around a bit that the majority of the experience ended up being waiting, rather than getting on trains or riding them. And the other thing I found is that once you're on board, it's very loud. And even though I had expected to be talking to my father on board, it was really difficult to have conversation. We'd have to kind of shout at each other. And so most of the time I was lying. I'd be reading, or listening to music if possible. And the views we saw were incredible. Some of the most beautiful places I've ever been. But you can only take so much of just lying in the same place, especially when it's very loud and you have to wait on hot tracks for a train to come, not knowing if it's going to be there. And I had had about enough of that after the third day.

We should explain you guys slept in motels, too.

Yeah, that is true.

turn 2 : This turn does not mean that the speaker is proposing to explain that they slept in motels, but rather that they are suggesting to mention it as an additional piece of information to the conversation, which is a different meaning than the literal one.

What was the speaker suggesting to do with the information about sleeping in motels?

Answer: Mention


So Iran, I think, is going to respond to what it sees as its advantage. If the Trump administration were prepared to say we're going to remove a good part of the sanctions on Iran if you will sit down at the table, I think Iran would probably take that very seriously. The Trump administration, because of its opposition to the nuclear deal, created a crisis that really wasn't necessary.

And it could get worse. There is a real chance of misperception and misunderstanding that leads to military conflict. And I think this is something that nobody wants.

That's Gary Sick. He's a senior research scholar at Columbia University's Middle East Institute. Mr.  Sick, thank you so much for talking to us.

It was a pleasure.

turn 0 : Iran would be willing to negotiate if some of the sanctions were removed.

Answer: Negotiate


And I just am saying to my Republican friends, look, I get it. I understand that there's certain things that he's said that really you can't ever look that way, but take a look. We're still months away from the election.

Mr.  Kelly, if you were advising Donald Trump - and, you know, he might hear this - is there some magic sentence that he could come up with that would - that would help heal things over?

I think he's already worked in that direction. I - I've never met Mr.  Trump, by the way, but I have been watching him. I've watched a Donald Trump who's different today than the Donald Trump I saw three or four weeks ago. I think he is a man who does understand messaging. He understands talking to people.

And as I said earlier, Mr.  Trump's success was not based just on his own ability and his own talent. It was working with many other people to get to something that was mutually beneficial. I've watched Mr.  Ryan. And I said before, he has more depth than the Pacific Ocean when it comes to policy, but he also works well with people to get to some common ground that makes sense. I would just say this - and Donald Trump doesn't need any advice from Mike Kelly. Paul Ryan doesn't need any advice from Mike Kelly.

turn 3 : (4) A's comment that Paul Ryan doesn't need any advice from Mike Kelly implies that Kelly may not have the expertise or authority to offer advice to a seasoned politician like Ryan, or that Ryan may not be receptive to unsolicited advice.

How does PersonA describe Paul Ryan's depth of understanding?

Answer: Depth