How quickly would we see a border closing impact the U. S.  auto industry?

Well, really, we would start to see manufacturing facilities impacted almost immediately. Most of the industry follows a just-in-time inventory strategy, which means that the parts that are needed for the vehicle are shipped to the plant as they are needed and on a continual basis. They don't maintain inventory levels at the assembly plant. So we would see a number of factories start to shut down almost immediately because they wouldn't have inventory available to keep going.

Is it possible for you to paint a picture of this for us using a specific car part, for example?

You know, there's a couple interesting ones. One, wire harnesses - these are the wires that are - that go into a vehicle. There's probably miles of these copper wires in a vehicle, very labor-intensive to put these wire harnesses together. The vast majority are made in Mexico that are used in U. S.  manufacturing. And so that's something that would be very important for a vehicle because it goes on early in the process.

turn 1 : A's response has an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning. While A's response appears to answer B's question about the impact of a border closing on the U.S. auto industry, it also suggests that the industry's reliance on just-in-time inventory strategy makes it vulnerable to supply chain disruptions. This implies that the auto industry needs to have a continuous flow of parts to maintain production, and any disruption to this flow could lead to plant shutdowns.

How does the U.S. auto industry maintain inventory levels at the assembly plant?

Answer: Just-in-time


Yeah, it looks absolutely beautiful.

'Cause I've seen this painting - it's enormous. (Laughter) And I'm trying to picture, A, what that's like for people and, B, why you thought it was important for the public to see it as it was happening.

Well, I think there's two factors. And one is that the painting is - it's very large. So you know, removing it from the galleries would also present a certain amount of risk. And the other thing is that it's not really possible at this time to say how long the research or the treatment will actually take. All in all, this is really the best possible scenario to actually treat it in the galleries, where it can be followed by the public. I think the public actually find it fascinating to look behind the scenes.

I'm sure you couldn't have imagined that the painting would have been attacked with a bread knife, and you're doing quite the operation here. So what are some of the challenges and obstacles that, you know, are making you guys nervous?

turn 1 : B is implying that the painting is so large that it's difficult to picture how it looks, not that it's physically impossible for A to imagine it. B is also implying that A may have thought it was important for the public to see the painting because of its size, not necessarily because of its significance.

How is PersonB implying the reason why PersonA thought it was important for the public to see the painting?

Answer: size


Not solely, no. And this is something that is commonly, I think, misunderstood. The cornerstone of the healing profession and the physician is the patient relationship. But psychiatry more than any other really has an imperative to maintain the primacy of the patient relationship, so medications were extraordinarily important; they were miraculous developments, but medications alone can't do it.

Yeah. Between fever cures and induced comas and drilling holes in the skull and lobotomies, psychiatry has done some painful things to people in the name of science over the years, hasn't it?

Well, that's the point. That's why it's the untold story. In order for us to genuinely make a case for why psychiatry is a medical discipline that deserves sort of equal footing and respect as other medical specialties, we needed to fess up in terms of what the past was. And so in order to do so, we needed to tell the unvarnished history of the field and then describe why things may not have been helpful and in some cases harmful then, but why that's different now. And nobody should avoid seeking treatment if they think they need it because of uncertainty or fear.

Dr.  Jeffrey Lieberman has written, with Ogi Ogas, a new book "Shrinks: The Untold Story Of Psychiatry. "Thanks so much for being with us.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of this turn is to thank the guest for joining the show and being available. The implied meaning is to thank the guest for their contribution to the show and for providing useful information.

Which book did Dr. Jeffrey Lieberman write with Ogi Ogas?

Answer: Shrinks


That "Breakfast Machine" video has been viewed over a million times since she posted it four months ago. Simone Giertz says she doesn't have an engineering background. She just has a lot of ideas for funny machines, so she taught herself how to build them.

So I get a lot of questions, if I build the projects that I do and I actually intend them to do a good job or if I intentionally make them bad. And I must admit that they are somewhat intentionally bad. I mean, I - but they're really good at being bad, I would say. So, I mean, that's some sort of success maybe.

Success is right. Another video posted at the same time as "The Breakfast Machine" has also racked up over a million views. It's of a robot she calls tThe Wake-Up Machine.

It's an alarm clock with a rubber arm attached to it. So whenever the alarm goes off. . .

. . . The rubber arm starts slapping the person sleeping in the face. To me, the goal of building useless and ridiculous robots is more - I mean, in some way it's, like, a personal goal because I think it's really fun. And I think, like, having fun is super important to create things. But I think overall, like, I think it's a really good way of inspiring people to learn about hardware and about electronics because it can kind of reach people who wouldn't normally be interested in a robotics project.

turn 4 : The implied meaning is that Simone Giertz uses her robots to inspire people to learn about hardware and electronics, even if they wouldn't normally be interested in robotics projects.

Answer: Learn


Excellent. How did all of this get started, this particular legend?

Well, it started with a legend in Mexico where two little children were working in their family garden. They were wishing for nice gifts from their parents, but they could not make up their mind what they really wanted, so all of a sudden, a fairy godmother appeared, and she granted them one wish and one wish only. So the kids thought and thought what they really, really wanted for Christmas. So, they finally decided and told their fairy godmother that their only wish for Christmas was that every child in Mexico and in the entire world would have a very merry Christmas.

So the fairy godmother was really, really surprised at this. These two little poor kids had said that is all that they would wish for. So the fairy godmother was really lost at what, you know, what she could really provide for them. She thought and thought, and finally she thought of Pancho Clause. Pancho Clause would bring joy and happiness to all the kids in Mexico and in the entire world, and this is how Pancho Clause was born.

So you dress up as Pancho Clause each year, what do you wear?

turn 2 : Pancho Clause was not literally born - it is just the origin of the legend.

Answer: Legend


Exactly. And they're all seeing poll numbers where the president's numbers nationally have slipped into the 30s. But when it comes to Republican voters, the president remains strong.

Now, your newspaper, The Washington Post, is reporting this morning that President Trump tried to get Jeff Sessions to drop the charges against Sheriff Arpaio. But he was advised that this would be inappropriate. Is this just another instance of the president being a newbie politician, someone that's kind of just new to the job here?

It's also an example of how the president's not only an outsider trying to intervene in these kinds of legal affairs. But he's been working on this Arpaio pardon for months, going as far as to ask the attorney general, one of his top allies, at least early in the administration to stop the prosecution from moving forward to help Arpaio get off. And this is raising concerns in both parties about the kind of behavior the president has when it comes to criminal justice. Is he doing too much to intervene?That's the question on Capitol Hill.

So not a snap decision. You say he's been working on it for a while.

turn 2 : "Is he doing too much to intervene? That's the question on Capitol Hill." - The actual meaning implied here is that there are concerns in both parties about the president's behavior when it comes to criminal justice, particularly his intervention in the Arpaio case.

Which behavior of the president is raising concerns on Capitol Hill?

Answer: Intervention


So Flame has - so far they've found about 20 modules that can be swapped in and out, and they do everything from turning on the internal microphone and webcam on your computer, this way that they could record conversations that you have over Skype or conversations that you have in the room, in the vicinity of the computer.

It takes screenshots of your communications. They seem particularly interested in any email communications or instant messaging communication that you do. It also turns your computer into a Bluetooth beacon. So if you have Bluetooth enabled on your computer, they will turn that on and do a discovery for other Bluetooth-enabled devices in the vicinity, such as a phone, and they will use your computer to then siphon the contact information that is in any phone in the area.

Wow. Wow.

Why all those things?I mean, what's the reason for that?

turn 1 :  "Bluetooth beacon" is a figurative expression that means that the software makes the computer emit a signal that other Bluetooth-enabled devices can detect, just like a lighthouse beacon emits a signal that ships can detect.

How does the software turn your computer into a signal emitter for other Bluetooth-enabled devices?

Answer: Signal


Wow.

On steroids, that's what Tops in Blue is. And it's serious stuff. It's a lot of fun. There's a little break dancing, a little pop locking. And once again, it's very interactive. It's very much a very different theater experience.

You know, we had on Brian Copeland, who has a very successful one-man show called "Not a Genuine Black Man" and also dealing with some really very harsh realities of his childhood. It strikes me that, you know, that's got to be part of what shaped you as a person who's able to do - what is it?How many characters do you have in the show?

Twenty-three characters.

turn 1 : Tops in Blue is not just a regular show, it's something exceptional and unique.

Answer: Exceptional


What do we know about the synagogue and the surrounding community of Squirrel Hill?

Well, the Saturday service at this synagogue usually starts at about 9:45 a. m. It's a conservative congregation. According to the synagogue's website, Rabbi Jeffrey Myers leads at Saturday's service on most weekends. He's written about gun control before. In July, he posted an essay to the congregation's website, to the synagogue's website, where he said, despite continuous calls for sensible gun control, our elected leaders in Washington knew that it would fade away in time. He says that he was afraid that the status quo on gun control would remain unchanged and shootings would continue. He also lamented that he felt he had to include in his daily morning prayers that God should watch over his wife and daughter and teachers to keep them safe.

President Trump has weighed in on events, hasn't he?

He has. President Trump tweeted this morning that he is watching the events unfold in Pittsburgh, and he warned people to stay away from the area. And he said it looked like there would be multiple fatalities.

turn 1 : The Rabbi is afraid of gun violence and shootings.

Answer: Shootings


Honestly, I think in most of these things, I think it's very hard to negotiate with Mr.  Trump because he doesn't stick to his word. And I think that my experience of negotiating over the last three or four decades is if there's someone like that, then you really just say, this is what I want. I'm not budging. I'm not talking. Give me a call when you're ready to deal.

Well, but does that just mean that nothing gets done for the DREAMers?

I don't think so. If you're the minority in the House and the minority in the Senate, and you don't control the White House, then you're going to - you have to ask yourself where are the points where we have a point of pressure?And then you have to decide what it is that you want to fight for. You have to say that clearly - not bluff at all - and we're not budging. And that's what you've got to do because the fact of the matter is every time that you negotiate you're going to come out with something that isn't great.

You note your business career. As you see it, Mr.  Steyer, has President Trump made the whole prospect of successful business figures in public office more or less enticing?

turn 0 : "Give me a call when you're ready to deal" - This is a polite way of saying that negotiation is over and there is no point in continuing until the other party is ready to make a serious offer.

What is the polite way of ending a negotiation until the other party is ready to make a serious offer?

Answer: Give-me-a-call


Has the storm reached full strength, or is there any possibility that it could intensify?

It likely has reached close to its full strength. It's approaching or moving over the islands now of the Northern Bahamas. And it's also showing signs of going through a eye wall replacement cycle. That will likely occur in the next 24 hours. So the strength is going to fluctuate.

That's another strong point I wanted to make. Just because it weakens a bit in the next 24 to 36 hours does not mean the overall effects or impacts to the state of Florida's coastline will change. You know, whether it's a 3, 4 or 5, it could produce significant damage along the coast. But it will likely fluctuate in intensity over the next 24 to 48 hours, and it probably has reached its peak in intensity at the time.

Could you talk a little bit more about the path that the storm is taking?You were talking about this earlier. It's expected - am I still right?- it's expected to move into the Florida Peninsula Monday morning.

turn 0 : full strength in this context means whether or not something has reached its peak threshold of intensity

How does PersonA describe the storm's intensity?

Answer: Intense


I never had an apartment before, so just finally having my own place. And it was magical. It was gorgeous - beautiful tub. I never could use the tub because I was afraid of the roaches.

So unfortunately there's always like pros and cons to that, but it was mine. And I loved it like it was my baby. And I still miss that apartment even though there is bug issues. I miss it.

Well, it made me wonder why there aren't more songs like that in R&B. I mean, R&B is very dominated by relationships - right?- sex, relationships songs. But it does - it did make me wonder, why aren't there more songs about other milestones in R&B?Like, why is that?

Well, first of all, I'm thankful that people love new apartments so much because I always feel like my comfort zone is writing about romance and sex. But I think there's this narrative that the world just wants to hear about simple things and - or just extreme, like, sadness. I've just been broken up with or something like that.

turn 1 : Despite the bug issues, A loved the apartment.

How did PersonA feel about the apartment despite the bug issues?

Answer: Loved.


These companies have existed before, but there's a lot more from these appraisal management companies. So the lender and mortgage broker has to send the order to them, this middleman, and then they go find an appraiser in your local area to go look at your house.

Now, there's a lot of concerns that these appraisal management companies are not the answer. They are not going to fix this problem. There's not a lot of regulation of these appraisal management companies, so some states are trying to fix that. We don't really know who's getting into this business. Are these the people to be entrusting this doing important job to?

So let's say you're a consumer. Let's say you're a person who's looking to buy a home, sell a home, or you want to refinance. What can you do to make sure you're not dealing with an appraiser who's got other motivations?

Well, first of all, you want to be very direct with your broker or lender and ask them, who is doing the appraisal on my house?You want to know the name of the company. Is it a company that they have a relationship with, a business relationship?Is it a company the lender partly owns?And certainly, you want to get a copy of that appraisal. And certainly, borrowers also have the ability - they can go seek out an independent appraisal.

turn 1 : The appraisal management companies are not reliable and may have hidden motives.

What concerns are there about the reliability of appraisal management companies?

Answer: Hidden


You can never protect someone by stripping them of their rights. The premise is that unless California lawmakers become complicit in denying California athletes equal rights, then somehow those players will be harmed. And that's just a false premise.

And before we let you go, do you feel like you're making headway?Like, you know, part of the reason you got started with this - you were a former UCLA football player yourself. You saw the NCAA suspend your teammate for accepting a bag of groceries when he had no food. You know, you've seen a lot over the course of time that you've been working on this. And I'm just wondering if you feel like your arguments are making headway. Are people starting to take the questions around how college athletes are treated more seriously?

I do think there's progress. Not as fast as I would like - you know, you look at the multi-year scholarships are now available, the name, image and likeness lawsuit from Ed O'Bannon that resulted in stipends. There's still a ways to go. Let's put it that way. But I do think there's reform. I think a lot of key people are listening, especially lawmakers.

That is Ramogi Huma. He is the founder and executive director of the National College Players Association, an organization founded to advocate for college athletes.

turn 1 : NATIONAL COLLEGE PLAYERS ASSOCIATION  FOUNDED TO ADVOCATE  COLLEGE ATHLETS

How is Ramogi Huma associated with advocating for college athletes?

Answer: founder


We recommend - we have a lot of recommendations. We think they're very practical. It can be done. Some of them are internal in the government themselves. There are internal changes Congress needs to make so that it can be more effective in this, and other commissions have recommended them. Now, let's do it. Let's get it done.

We want the life science community to work with the government about how to self-regulate. In other words, what kind of protocols can we use so that we can keep track of high containment labs better. And then, we say we need to emphasize Pakistan. Now, it's funny that this report is coming out now because we saw in the course of this that Pakistan is an epicenter for all of these risks that we're talking about.

Jim Talent, former senator from Missouri, thank you.

Thank you.

turn 0 : Let's get the job done by implementing the internal changes recommended by Congress and other commissions. (Line 1)

Which report highlights Pakistan as an epicenter for risks in the life science community?

Answer: None


Well, I think it's complicated, to be honest with you. I think part of it is that I wanted to appear strong. I wanted to appear as if I could suck it up and take whatever came my way with a sense of humor. I wanted to be taken seriously and not, you know, is one of those women who somehow was overly emotional or naggy or, you know, to complain about, you know, the things that were often said to me or in my presence about other women. And so for me, that was constantly an inner conflict that I was trying to manage. And frankly, there was a lot of productivity probably that went into having to manage that kind of thing that really is real.

Do you think that culture drove out women from the national security environment?I mean, women working in that sect are vastly outnumbered by men?

There's no doubt. We all have our own red lines and our own saturation points that we get to with us. But there's absolutely no doubt. And I say that on the basis of - you know, of data because of women coming to me over time. And sometimes their reasons for leaving were cloaked in other things. But I think that very clearly for a lot of them who were willing to, you know, be a bit more forthright in why they were choosing to leave was the exhaustion.

What is the impact in your view when you don't have women in senior leadership positions?What do women bring to the table?

turn 1 : The lack of women in national security is due to cultural factors which prevents them.

How is the lack of women in national security attributed?

Answer: culture


Part of that's partisanship, but part of it is that white privilege allows white folks - and I'm white, so I mean, I know a little bit about the way we as white folks are viewed in this country. White folks have the luxury and the privilege of being mediocre. We can be mediocre, it's the same thing I hear everywhere I go when I speak at colleges, and I'm constantly told that the departments who were hiring in a school always say, we're looking for a black person, but we want to get the best black person, and we want to get the best Latino.

I've never heard anyone say, now we want to make sure we get the best white applicant. It's as if they're saying, if it's a person of color, they've got to absolutely be the cream of the crop and even then, we may not view them as that good. If they're a white person, they can be pretty mediocre, like a C student, George W.  Bush, and that's OK.

But if you're, you know, the editor in the Harvard Law Review, and at the top of your class, oh, we don't know about you. You know, to me that's about white privilege.

Well - so, what's changed in how people perceive your message?

turn 0 : White people are not held to the same standards as people of color when it comes to achieving success.

What is the main factor that allows white people to be mediocre and still achieve success?

Answer: privilege


It is. There is an auction being held out of Boston that is auctioning off the first Hasselblad camera to fly in space. This was the first professional quality camera that astronauts used to photograph the Earth.

Now, since it went to space and since it was the first thing of its kind to go to space, what sort of price is that going to bring?

It's really hard to tell. This is a fascinating piece of history and just to put this into some perspective, another Hasselblad camera that's sort of the direct lineage of this camera - that was said to have flown to the moon - sold earlier this year for nearly a million dollars. And that camera had a lot of questions about its history. This one has a really solid history in terms of - we know what astronauts used it, we know how it was obtained. So there's a lot of excitement about the possibility of this camera setting a new record, maybe breaking the seven figure amount.

Robert Pearlman is the editor of an online magazine called collectSPACE. Mr.  Pearlman, thank you for talking to us.

turn 2 : "This is a fascinating piece of history and just to put this into some perspective, another Hasselblad camera that's sort of the direct lineage of this camera - that was said to have flown to the moon - sold earlier this year for nearly a million dollars." - Actual meaning

How much did the other Hasselblad camera sell for earlier this year?

Answer: Nearly


So Flame has - so far they've found about 20 modules that can be swapped in and out, and they do everything from turning on the internal microphone and webcam on your computer, this way that they could record conversations that you have over Skype or conversations that you have in the room, in the vicinity of the computer.

It takes screenshots of your communications. They seem particularly interested in any email communications or instant messaging communication that you do. It also turns your computer into a Bluetooth beacon. So if you have Bluetooth enabled on your computer, they will turn that on and do a discovery for other Bluetooth-enabled devices in the vicinity, such as a phone, and they will use your computer to then siphon the contact information that is in any phone in the area.

Wow. Wow.

Why all those things?I mean, what's the reason for that?

What is the figurative meaning of "Bluetooth beacon"?

Answer: Figurative


Yes, of course. Ja.

Does it work?Have you taken it for a spin?

We intentionally avoided to drive the car. But what is really interesting, after 162 years, we conducted this - we call it octagon engine because of the shape of the exterior of the engine. And we connected it to a battery supply and the engine is still working today.

So you've started it up.

turn 3 : Implies that the speaker wants to know if the engine has been started and is running.

What did the speaker confirm in response to PersonA's statement?

Answer: Started


You know, I thought at this point that nothing the president did could surprise me. He surprised me. To say the least, it is a stunning lack of understanding and judgment on his part, frankly.

Can you just walk me through that why?

Well, look at who we're talking to. This is the Taliban. It is not a sovereign government. To extend an invitation to Camp David for a meeting with the president when they have not accepted a ceasefire, a full ceasefire, when they are very much in the business of killing American troopers and Afghan civilians. This is not the first casualty that we've had out there since these talks began. But to invite people like that under these conditions to Camp David to be hosted by the president of the United States - that to me was something unthinkable until, obviously, he thought it.

Do you have any sense of what role this meeting would have played in the discussions that have taken place so far?I mean, a lot of people are focusing on today sort of the optics of it. A lot of the people in the president's own party are having trouble with that - I mean, bringing the Taliban to meet at Camp David with the president of the United States. But substantively, though, what role would a discussion like this have played in trying to finalize these negotiations?

turn 1 : walk me through means to explain why to the person asking

What surprised PersonA about the president's actions regarding the Taliban?

Answer: Actions


Thank you for having me with you.

So, let's start with what exactly they are.

Okay. Fibroids are non-cancerous tumors. They're growth of muscle within the uterine wall. And sometimes they can be the size of a dime, and because of their location, they give you severe symptoms. And rarely, they can get to be the size of a basketball before they're recognized.

That's sounds pretty horrific.

Now, research shows that about 25 percent of women in America are going to show some symptoms of fibroids, but they occur a lot more often in black women than white women. How much more often and why do scientists think that is?

turn 4 : It can be. It's amazing how much difficulty they can give to women that, in general, women can have severe menstrual bleeding - the kind of bleeding that keeps you home from work or keeps you from being able to do your daily activities - or they can press on a lot body structures. And they are very common, and it's surprising that so few women know that they have fibroids and that their symptoms may be related to them. Implicated meaning: Providing additional information about the severity of symptoms associated with fibroids and expressing surprise about the lack of awareness among women about their condition.

What is the kind of bleeding that women with severe menstrual bleeding experience?

Answer: Menstrual


It'll rip the shirt right off of your back one day and the next day it's so beautiful you can hardly stand it.

Gary England, master meteorologist of Oklahoma City. Thanks so much for being with us.

It was my pleasure.

You're listening to WEEKEND EDITION from NPR News.

turn 0 : right off bck demage our shirt for beautiful at the same time is really implied meaning

Answer: Shirt


That "Breakfast Machine" video has been viewed over a million times since she posted it four months ago. Simone Giertz says she doesn't have an engineering background. She just has a lot of ideas for funny machines, so she taught herself how to build them.

So I get a lot of questions, if I build the projects that I do and I actually intend them to do a good job or if I intentionally make them bad. And I must admit that they are somewhat intentionally bad. I mean, I - but they're really good at being bad, I would say. So, I mean, that's some sort of success maybe.

Success is right. Another video posted at the same time as "The Breakfast Machine" has also racked up over a million views. It's of a robot she calls tThe Wake-Up Machine.

It's an alarm clock with a rubber arm attached to it. So whenever the alarm goes off. . .

. . . The rubber arm starts slapping the person sleeping in the face. To me, the goal of building useless and ridiculous robots is more - I mean, in some way it's, like, a personal goal because I think it's really fun. And I think, like, having fun is super important to create things. But I think overall, like, I think it's a really good way of inspiring people to learn about hardware and about electronics because it can kind of reach people who wouldn't normally be interested in a robotics project.

turn 4 : The implied meaning is that Simone Giertz uses her robots to inspire people to learn about hardware and electronics, even if they wouldn't normally be interested in robotics projects.

Which aspect of building useless and ridiculous robots is a personal goal for Simone Giertz?

Answer: Hardware


Yeah. I mean, I don't think they're damaging at all. I think Putin can be quite happy with these results. He had a real problem two years ago after the intervention in Ukraine. Western powers were ignoring and isolating Russia. Obama called the country a regional power. And today, Putin is deciding war and peace in Syria. And, you know, he's being attributed with powers of influencing a U. S.  election. So, in some ways, it makes Russia seem much bigger than it really is.

One thing to keep in mind is that Russians have been told, for some time, that they're at war with the West, not really a shooting war but an information war, sort of a struggle for influence. So there's a widespread perception here that Russia is, itself, the victim of a Western conspiracy. So I think you can say, from the Kremlin's perspective, Russia's just giving the West a taste of its own medicine. More broadly speaking, I think this report really doesn't matter very much here in Moscow. People here are waiting for the inauguration of Donald Trump and nothing else really matters.

NPR's Moscow correspondent Lucian Kim, thanks so much for being with us.

Thank you.

turn 1 : that Russia views itself as a victim of a Western conspiracy and is retaliating with its own tactics.

Which country is seen as the victim of a Western conspiracy according to the dialogue?

Answer: Russia


And this doesn't seem to fit the typical counterfeiter.

No, not at all. You know, most counterfeiters are either drug addicts who are eager to raise a quick buck and there. After a few nights without sleep, they get the bright idea to bleach some $5 bills and scan the image of a 20 and then print the artwork, the imagery of the 20 on that same $5 bank note paper. Then on the other end of the spectrum, you have sort of mobsters and thugs, people who are involved in the drug trade or human trafficking, and they are really keen on mass production and, again, a fairly poor quality counterfeit.

Your story details, in fact, two different efforts. The first - well, he found himself in some financial difficulties and spent six months adapting his silkscreen techniques to producing a $100 bill.

turn 2 : Then there is this small group of true craftspeople out there, and a lot of them are really poor when it comes to criminal capabilities, but they are true artists. And, in that sense, Kuhl is right near the top of the heap, as far as talented counterfeiters through history.

Answer: Counterfeiting


I'm not so sure that it was missed, per se. I think it's been there at the forefront of the news for a really long time. I just don't think that we saw the potential that it would impact the election in the way that it did, insofar as it's tied up in these other economic and social struggles that are occurring within the same communities.

And to be clear again, you're not saying that people that have a problem with opioids or drug or alcohol voted for Donald Trump so much as people who live in those communities that have been affected by it statistically in your study voted for Donald Trump.

Well, that's right. And I can't say necessarily who voted for Donald Trump, but we have to remember that addiction and depression and these diseases and deaths of despair go far beyond the individuals themselves who are affected by them. They affect friends and family members and coworkers and first responders and service providers and employers in communities who are dealing with the struggles of these and experience the same sort of frustration and anxiety that are associated or wrapped up within diseases and deaths of despair.

You conclude your study by - I believe the quote is community level well-being played an important role in this election.

turn 3 : asking for a quote which is not the same as the actual meaning of the statement which is that community-level well-being played an important role in this election.

What is the quote from the study that PersonA is being asked about in turn 3?

Answer: Community


You have an exchange in this book that you quote with Ed Crane, who's head of the Cato Institute. And I want you to get to talk about the substance of that, but I also - I have to begin by saying there's a part of me that's thinking, I wouldn't imagine two people less likely to be in friendly communication than Ralph Nader and Ed Crane.

Well.

But I'd be wrong.

Look what he told me. He said, Ralph, I'm against all corporate subsidies. I'm against unconstitutional wars. I oppose the Patriot Act. And I think the Federal Reserve is running amok. I said, Ed, that's a pretty good start.

turn 2 : The actual meaning of turn (3) is different from its literal meaning. The speaker, B, is expressing surprise at the idea of Ralph Nader and Ed Crane being in friendly communication, despite their ideological differences.

What did Ed Crane oppose according to Ralph Nader in turn (3)?

Answer: Subsidies


I'm Farai Chideya, and this is News and Notes. If a child commits a crime, even a serious one, should they go through the same justice system, and pay the same price as an adult?That's just one of a host of issues surrounding juvenile justice. Today is part of our ongoing series on criminal justice.

We look at how kids end up behind bars, and what other options judges have when faced with a young offender. For more, we have Carole Shauffer, executive director of the Youth Law Center. Welcome Carole.

Thank you. Welcome.

So, let's start with a little scenario. There is a 16 year old and his friend, who go into a convenient store. They ask for money. The clerk says no. The friend shoots the clerk. If the 16-year-old is arrested and charged, what are some of the possible paths that the justice system could take, with the person who was not the shooter, but who was part of this crime?

turn 3 : "possible paths" - This is a literal expression referring to different options or courses of action that could be taken.

What is the term used to describe the different choices available in the justice system for a non-shooter involved in a crime?

Answer: Possible


Was it an easy decision for you to make?What was going through your mind when you made that switch?

No, it was definitely - it was easy decision for me to make. You know, before this, I wasn't really a very political person. As far as the guns go, you know - I don't try to talk too much about because I know becomes too polarizing. We have, you know, people that go to the right, and people go to left, and they forget about making schools safe. Listen. I believe in the Second Amendment. I believe in the right for people to bear arms. But I think that we can come to common ground to make responsible laws and decisions in how we can make our society safer.

You have two sons who are also in the Broward County School System. What have you talked about with them as they've headed back to school this year?

Sure. So I've had some tough conversations with them. I bought them a ballistic-resistant backpack.

turn 1 : Common ground means a place in opinion where two different sides think alike.

What did the speaker suggest they can do to make society safer?

Answer: Responsible


They are, yes, they're getting longer. Yeah, the Earth's spinning down. And this actually goes back to George Darwin's original idea that the Earth could have been spinning really fast because being the son of Charles Darwin, he was familiar with the fossil record, and there were these puzzles when you looked at certain fossils that should have little layers accreted on the - you know, I think it was corals every day.

You know, go deep back into the fossil record, and you start to see 400 layers accreted per year instead of 365. And so there was this evidence that there were more days per year, which indicates that the days were shorter. And so our days are lengthening, the months are lengthening. There's nothing you can do about it.

I think that's a great place to call it. Thank you, Dr.  Asphaug, for coming and joining us on the show.

Oh, you're most welcome, thank you.

turn 0 : The Earth's days are getting longer due to the planet spinning slower and there were more days per year in the past based on fossil record evidence.

Which record indicates that there were more days per year in the past?

Answer: Fossil


I watched the movie "Concussion," and that kind of really gave me some insight onto what could happen if I kept on playing football and some of the injuries that could occur.

So nobody had ever spoken to you about this before - your coach, your family. It wasn't something that really was on your radar at all.

No, it really wasn't any of my concern. I wasn't really worried about it. You know, I had a head injury my junior year in football and then, you know, I kind of just shrugged it off, didn't think it was much of anything

So looking at the film with Will Smith, you thought, hey, I'm a football player. I'm, you know, in high school. And if I keep this up, something terrible could happen.

turn 1 : The speaker did not receive any prior warning or education about the risks of playing football, indicating a lack of adequate information and awareness among coaches, families, and society as a whole about the dangers of sports-related injuries.

How was the PersonA's awareness about the risks of playing football?

Answer: Lack


I suspect that for many, many years, antibodies worked brilliantly. Infections have been really solved. And it didn't really matter very much how long you took your antibodies because they were - you got better, and it wasn't important. We are now worrying about resistance emerging. And so we now want to think much more carefully about how best to use the antibiotics we got so that they don't lose their activity.

I have a personal query about something else that we're always told - that we're not supposed to drink when we're taking antibiotics. Is that something that is also a folk wisdom or is there some scientific fact in that?

There are one or two antibiotics where they interact with alcohol. And they're not many of them. And by far, the majority of antibiotics that are prescribed have no interaction with alcohol. However, as a physician, I can never - you can never get me to say it's good to take alcohol. That's not what we're paid to do.

(Laughter) Indeed. Tim Peto, professor of infectious diseases at Oxford University, thank you so much for joining us.

turn 2 : "they interact with alcohol" - the word "interact" implies a specific type of effect or relationship, rather than a straightforward physical interaction. Also, the speaker's hesitation to endorse alcohol suggests an implied meaning beyond the literal interaction.

What is the word that describes the relationship between certain antibiotics and alcohol?

Answer: Interact


Has the Catholic Church made enough progress in fighting abuse by its priests?That question has renewed urgency after George Pell became the highest-ranking member of the clergy to be formally charged. Cardinal Pell of Australia is a close adviser to the pope. He's been charged with sexual assault. He says he's innocent. Police in Melbourne aren't releasing the details of his accusers.

Joining us to talk about the case from Dublin and the broader questions it raises is Marie Collins. She was until recently on a papal commission dealing with the sexual abuse of children by clergy. Thanks for being with us.

Glad to be here.

So please remind us of your story. How did this come to be an issue in your life?

turn 3 : The turn that has a figurative meaning is turn (4), where the speaker uses the phrase "remind us of your story" to mean "tell us about your experience with this issue". The literal meaning of "remind us of your story" would be asking the person to recall a previous narrative they had shared.

Answer: 4


As a trained economist, as you do your personal budget, what do you figure paying $60 a month would force you to do without?

If I was not looking to change my career at all, if I was tending bar and making the income that I'm making right now, I would maybe save a little less, maybe, you know, buy a cheaper brand of dog food. It wouldn't affect me too much. It would be something that would make money a little tighter. But it would be an important reason, just like having lights on in your house makes money a little tighter. It's an important thing to spend it on, you know.

As now, I'm looking for career work in Philadelphia, in the D. C.  area and New York area. So with interviews and that job hunt, there's a lot of travel expense, whether it's taking a train or jumping in the car, and going and staying for a night or staying for a couple of nights. So every little bit, when I want to be able say: Hey, you want to interview tomorrow?Absolutely, I'll be there first thing in the morning. All of my income is focused on launching this career that I've spent the last several years of my life preparing for.

turn 2 : (3)	A:	As now, I'm looking for career work in Philadelphia, in the D.C. area and New York area.So with interviews and that job hunt, there's a lot of travel expense, whether it's taking a train or jumping in the car, and going and staying for a night or staying for a couple of nights.So every little bit, when I want to be able say: Hey, you want to interview tomorrow?Absolutely, I'll be there first thing in the morning.All of my income is focused on launching this career that I've spent the last several years of my life preparing for. (4)	B:	And are there other ways in which you live differently, Mr. Kreider, because you're worried about twisting an ankle?  Please choose the turns whose actual meanings are different from their literal meanings.   (1)  (2)  (3)  (4) ChatGPT The turns whose actual meanings are different from their literal meanings are:  (2) "save a little less" - The literal meaning would be to reduce the amount of money saved, but the implied meaning is that the person would be willing to compromise on their savings and not save as much as they currently do.  (3) "all of my income is focused on launching this career" - The literal meaning would be that the person is using all of their income for career purposes, but the implied meaning is that the person is prioritizing and investing heavily in their career, possibly sacrificing other expenses or financial goals.  (4) "live differently...because you're worried about twisting an ankle" - The literal meaning would be that the person has altered their lifestyle due to the fear of getting injured, specifically twisting an ankle. The implied meaning is that the person is cautious and takes precautions in their daily activities to avoid any potential injuries.       Reg

Answer: Career


Companies and corporations are in business to make money for themselves, their workers, their stockholders. But can they make too much?Ralph Nader thinks Apple hit that limit earlier this month when it became the first trillion-dollar publicly traded company in the United States. Mr.  Nader wrote a blistering blog post about what Apple is and isn't doing with that money. He joins us now from Connecticut. Mr.  Nader, thanks for being back with us.

You're welcome, Scott.

What's wrong with Apple sitting on all that money?

Well, they just announced earlier this year - a $100 billion stock buyback adding to previous stock buyback without asking the shareholders, institutional and individual, their opinion or even their approval. So the point I was making is it could've been used to increase employees. It could've been used to shore up the pension fund. It could've been used - 2 percent of it, Scott, to double the income of the serf laborers - 1. 3 million Chinese laborers in the contractor that builds the iPhones. It could have had 2 percent of 100 billion to improve the recycling of used computers and phones, which are endangering both the environment and the workers. It could've been put in productive investment. It could've been put in research and development. It could've been sent to cash dividends back to the shareholder, but no.

turn 3 : Apple could have used their money for various productive purposes

Which company became the first trillion-dollar publicly traded company in the United States?

Answer: Apple


Hi. And I suppose I should say congratulations.

Yes, thank you. It's exciting.

Exciting, as you say, but what was different this time?- because the Green Party has been around for a while in Germany.

Well, on the surface, the topic of climate change and the demonstration of young people - the so-called Fridays for Future, where students skipped their classes and went demonstrating, demanding that the politicians start listening to them in terms of climate policies - this got traction among their parents, among their grandparents.

turn 3 : The topic of climate change and the Fridays for Future movement mobilized a wider demographic.

Answer: Fridays


Some analysts call the decision a compromise rather than a punt, but the ruling leaves open many questions about what's next for affirmative action. We're joined now, as we often are, by David Savage, Supreme Court correspondent for the Los Angeles Times and Chicago Tribune newspapers. He joins us by phone from his office here in Washington. David, always good to have you with us.

Hi Neal.

Waiting a long time for this decision on a case the justices seemed to have picked to issue a sweeping ruling on affirmative action.

Yes, this is one that the most surprising aspect of it is what they didn't do. When this case came up for argument in October, it sure looked like the case that the conservatives had wanted to basically say no to affirmative action. Five of them are very familiar with this subject and have in the past been very skeptical of the idea of using race.

turn 0 : The decision was not something that was given up by one side.

Which side did not give up the decision?

Answer: one-side


It's the most remarkable story of evil coming out of Russia that I've seen in a long time. And what it shows is that they're not just messing with the election in the United States or doping in the Olympics. But they've got their tentacles into just about everything everywhere. This is one story that shows that.

I have to ask you, Mr.  Browder, there are plenty of people - and we hear from them - who are skeptical about Russia being seen at the center of so many allegations. And they say the U. S.  and the West are just crawling back into a destructive Cold War mentality. How do you answer that?

Well, I mean, Russia was responsible for shooting down MH17. Russia was responsible for invading Ukraine. Russia is responsible for taking away the chemical weapons in Syria that they didn't take away. Russia was responsible for having honest athletes in the Olympics when they did the whole doping program. I mean, Russia is the one who is making the trouble. Russia is really a sort of a nonentity when it comes to - the economy is the size of the state of New York. Their military budget is 5 percent of the U. S.  military budget. We shouldn't even be thinking about Russia other than the fact that they're sort of putting their nose into every bit of terrible activity all over the world.

Quick question - but it's important to get along, isn't it?

turn 1 : There are skeptics who believe that Russia is not at the center of allegations and the U.S. and the West are overreacting with a Cold War mentality.

How do some people view the allegations against Russia?

Answer: Overreacting


It's becoming a new Thanksgiving tradition. This year, like the year before, the newest installment of "The Hunger Games" movie franchise "Mockingjay Part 1" is an adaptation of the first half of Suzanne Collins third and final book in the series. And with the backdrop of what's been happening in the world, protests in Ferguson, Missouri, and shakeup at the Capitol - Capitol Hill that is. Audiences look for comparisons between the fictitious world of Panem and the real world. We're joined now by Stephen Carter, a professor of law at Yale, a novelist and columnist for Bloomberg View, where he writes regularly on popular culture. Stephen, thanks so much for being back with us.

It's my pleasure, Scott.

I'm just guessing you don't watch "Hunger Games" the way a lot of other people do.

You're right. I'm looking for tropes and ideas that are going to leap out of the film into public life. And one that's really striking about the "Hunger Games" franchise is how more than really anything else in recent years in popular culture, so many of the symbols - the nation of Panem itself with its deep wealth inequalities, the notion of the Capitol, this barricaded wealthy city and of course, Katniss Everdeen herself, the hero. All of these things have not only leapt into the public imagination, but they are regular features of political argument.

turn 2 : "watch" - This verb usually means to observe something with one's eyes, but in this context, it implies enjoying or experiencing a film.

What is PersonA looking for in "The Hunger Games" franchise?

Answer: Tropes


Well, it's a wide hurricane. So we expect impacts on both the east coast and the west coast. But the major impacts are going to be in the Florida Keys, particularly the lower Keys - then into the Naples area and then up the coast more into the Fort Myers area and into - early in next week into the Tampa area.

What do you see over the next 24 hours?

We see that it'll make this final turn. And we'll really be able to zero in on where that core is going to go. There's still a little bit of uncertainty, but we're looking most likely that the biggest impact's along southwest Florida.

What are your biggest concerns?Mr.  DeMaria. We have, of course, this whole constellation of effects between the winds and the storm surge and the flooding.

turn 3 : (4), B is not simply asking Mr. DeMaria what his concerns are in a general sense, but is instead implying that there are multiple potential sources of damage and danger associated with the hurricane, including strong winds, storm surge, and flooding. The use of the phrase "whole constellation of effects" suggests that there are a range of different factors that could contribute to the overall impact of the hurricane, and that these factors are complex and interrelated. Therefore, the actual meaning of B's question is more concerned with the various risks and challenges associated with the hurricane, rather than simply asking Mr. DeMaria to name his general concerns.

Which phrase suggests that there are multiple potential sources of danger associated with the hurricane?

Answer: Constellation


It's a common complaint about poetry. It's the oldest form of expression, but what can it do for us now in an age of social media, Twitter, Facebook and national urgency?Poet Claudia Rankine's new collection, her fifth, has an answer. Its cover shows a black hoodie against a white background, recalling Trayvon Martin. And it's a very personal meditation on race in America. The book is called "Citizen: An American Lyric. "It was a finalist for the National Book Award. Claudia Rankine joins us now. Thank you, welcome to the program.

Good morning, Eric. Thank you for having me.

Before we chat, I want to give listeners a sense of your book. It reads like a series of kind of diary entries, so to speak, and an anatomy of encounters with perceived racism. I'd like you to read, if you would. Could you start "You Are In The Dark"?

Sure. (Reading) You're in the dark, in the car, watching the black, tarred street being swallowed by speed. He tells you his dean is making him hire a person of color when there are so many great writers out there. You think maybe this is an experiment, and you're being tested or retroactively insulted or you have done something that communicates this is an OK conversation to be having. Why do you feel comfortable saying this to me?You wish the light would turn red or a police siren would go off so you could slam on the brakes, slam into the car ahead of you, fly forward so quickly both your faces would suddenly be exposed to the wind.

turn 0 : B's statement implies that poetry is often seen as outdated and irrelevant in today's fast-paced world

How does PersonB describe the relevance of poetry in modern times?

Answer: Outdated


And so the bike industry in general thought that they could absorb the 10% increase that's been in effect for the last few months. And there's no way that they can absorb a 25% increase, so that will be borne by the consumer whether you're buying a $100 bike or a $10,000 bike across the board. There's no way that the industry can absorb that.

Can you give me a sense of what the price hike might be for a consumer buying, you know, the first or second bike for a kid, let's say?

Yeah. And so this does apply to kid's bike, too. You know that in general, the tariff burden will increase by probably $250 million, and so retail prices will be raised. And so if you consider, gosh, a $100 bike, which is a fair price point for most Americans looking to buy their first bicycle or a kid's bicycle, $100 is a lot of money for a lot of people. Who knows what'll happen?But if I had to look in a crystal ball, that price will probably go up to 125, 150.

And there are a lot of road riders or mountain bikers or anyone who is more of an enthusiast - they're paying $2,000, $3,000, $4,000 for a bike, and that same percentage price increase will apply to them as well. The bike doesn't get any cheaper because of the tariffs or the kind of bike riding you like to do. So bike prices will probably go up, you know, $1,000 on a $4,000 bike.

turn 0 : This implies that the bike industry intend to increase bike cost from current 10% increase to 25% increase.

What will be the possible price of a $100 bike after the tariff burden is increased?

Answer: 125


The technology is there, but it's rare. And there isn't - there aren't that many vehicles that can operate at these sorts of depths.

We realize you're thousands of miles away from the scene, but do you have any strong feelings about whether this ping is for real?

It's very difficult to tell. I've seen the pictures. I've seen the news report. I've seen the data that they're collecting. The fact that they have picked up two separate pinger systems - and bear in mind, the 777 has two pingers on board - does lee credence to the fact that this is probably, and I emphasize probably, the MH370 on the seafloor.

Simon Boxall, an oceanographer at Southampton University in Britain. Thanks so much for being with us.

turn 2 : In (3), the implied meaning is that the oceanographer is suggesting that the ping signal is most likely coming from the MH370 plane, but the oceanographer is not 100% sure.

Which plane is probably emitting the ping signal according to the oceanographer?

Answer: MH370


It's a common misconception that there is some sort of missing server from the DNC hack, but it's not true. The hack involved 140 cloud-based servers, and they were all decommissioned in 2016. There was no single server that was, you know, stolen in the dead of night and smuggled to the Ukraine or something. This was based on a fundamental misunderstanding of both the technology involved and the firm involved. And trying to make sense of it is almost impossible because it's not really a logical idea.

What's remarkable about the president referring to the DNC hack of 2016 and a 2019 call to a foreign leader?

I think it just goes to show you how much he, like the rest of us, is stuck in this social media feedback loop that started with that election.

What do you mean by that?

turn 2 : He and the rest of us keep reading the same things over and over on social media.

How is the president and the rest of us affected by the social media feedback loop?

Answer: Stuck


I think his great forte is understanding the problems that we face. He's had great experiences. You know, he was raised - a good part of his youth was in France. He speaks French fluently and understands Europeans quite well, and his being the Allied commander in Europe was absolutely a perfect fit. And he can expand that in giving advice in problems, literally, all over the world.

I read that James Jones went to Georgetown University, where he played basketball. Do you have any sensed of maybe whether he and President-elect Obama might discuss security issues over a game of hoops?

I wouldn't doubt it. President-elect Obama would also find he's a competitor. That ought to be an interesting basketball game.

Congressman Ike Skelton of Missouri. Thank you.

turn 0 : The person mentioned has a talent for comprehending problems and advising on them worldwide, due to his experiences and background, not necessarily related to France.

Answer: Comprehending


Absolutely. Mary was beyond offended. This was after her columns had been a sensation, after the Army-McCarthy hearings. And Mary had to deal with that kind of institutional sexism throughout her career, that she knew she would have to work harder and write better than the men to be a syndicated columnist. But she was also fairly comfortable with the hand she was dealt. She was not a trailblazing feminist in a traditional sense of the word. She figured if she was going to get paid less and have to work harder, she would make the men on the campaign trail damn well carry her bags.

Indeed. I don't think a more illustrious group of porters has ever been assembled, that you could find people carrying her typewriter and bag who invariably had won a Pulitzer. And as her cousin once joked, that if the reporters around weren't able to do it, she would make the candidates do so.

I wish I could think of a better opening. Tell me the Lyndon Baines Johnson story, if you could, please.

turn 1 : Yeah, Mary's bearers, they were called, right?  In this turn, the implied meaning is that Mary had a group of people known as "bearers" who were responsible for carrying her typewriter and bag. These bearers were exceptional individuals who had won Pulitzer Prizes. It suggests that Mary had a team of highly skilled and accomplished individuals supporting her, further highlighting her influence and status.

Which term was used to refer to the group of people responsible for carrying Mary's typewriter and bag?

Answer: Bearers


Over 700 people were killed this week when a stampede took place during the Hajj, the annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca. The sheer volume of pilgrims every year has led to problems before. In fact, over 1,400 people were killed in a similar incident back in 1990. This week, Iran and other regional powers criticized the Saudi Arabian government for poor management of the crowds that come to their holy places. Gary Sick is a senior research scholar at Columbia's Middle East Institute. He joins us now from New York. Thanks so much for being with us, Mr.  Sick.

It's a real pleasure.

What do you read into Iran's outspoken criticism of Saudi Arabia over these deaths?

This is very standard stuff. The Iranians and the Saudis have a running battle about the Hajj. And the worst incident they've ever had was actually back in 1987. In each case, they've blamed the Saudis. And in each case, the Saudis have blamed the pilgrims for misbehaving, for not doing what they were told. And on the previous case, the Saudis broke diplomatic relations with Iran over the incident. And that was only restored a few years later after Khomeini died.

turn 1 : (2) A: It's a real pleasure. (implied meaning: I am happy to be here and discuss this important topic)

Which emotion does person PersonA express in their response to person PersonB's question?

Answer: Happy


Yes. And Stephanie says attendance more than doubled. She thinks lowering prices was a great business strategy for her. It might be good for others as well.

And Marilyn McFee(ph) is doing well in the downturn. She's a professional storyteller.

Maybe it's like mashed potatoes and apple cobbler, she writes. Storytelling is comfort entertainment.

She's been busy telling her stories at schools, libraries, even fundraisers.

turn 2 : What she writes makes people feel comfortable in a way that reminds them of the past.

Which word describes the type of entertainment storytelling provides?

Answer: Comfort


They have an obligation to do what I have done my whole life. I came from a family that had nothing. I worked hard all my life. In fact, the way I made my living was representing the kind of people that I grew up with, people who didn't have much of anything, and fighting against very entrenched, powerful corporate interests. And we were able to win and be successful. I did well by doing good. And what we have a responsibility to do is to make sure we don't pull the ladder out from behind us.

That everybody gets - in fact, it's the core reason that I am running for president is to make sure that everybody in this country gets the kind of chances and opportunities that I've had in my life. That's what drives me every single day.

A lot of your supporters mention that you really have a commitment to ending poverty, but could there ever be an America with absolutely no poverty?What would that country even look like?

It would be a country where everybody has real economic opportunity. I mean, is there always going to be a circumstance where somebody could fall into poverty?Of course. I mean, because that's the real world. But if we do the things we need to do, we wouldn't have the kind of systematic, endemic poverty we have in America. I mean, we have 37 million people, which is roughly the population of California, who live in poverty every day in this country. It's not a small number.

turn 3 : In (4), the speaker talks about the possibility of a country with no poverty and states that it's not possible for everyone to avoid poverty. However, if they take the necessary actions, they could reduce poverty significantly. The implied meaning is that the speaker is committed to reducing poverty and improving economic opportunities for everyone.

How does the speaker describe the poverty in America?

Answer: Systematic


Well, popularity is very important. The outdoor world needs more visitors and better accessibility. The difficulty with managing that side of it is that construction can have adverse effects to the natural areas if you start doing different buildings and that sort of thing on top of it, but yes.

Is this an anomaly, though, when we're talking just about Horseshoe Bend or have you seen other spaces that have changed?

I have. A smaller one in Colorado is Conundrum Hot Springs. After it became a spot for people to easily find on social media, the amount of visitorship (ph) went up really high. And since this is a very remote location where people kind of hang around for a long time in the hot springs, they ran out of places to go to the bathroom. As a result, Conundrum Hot Springs had to be shut down for a little bit while park rangers were up there with shovels to relieve that issue.

Meaning they were building bathrooms because people were just, like, basically. . .

turn 3 : The park rangers had to build bathrooms at Conundrum Hot Springs because of the high number of visitors.

How did Conundrum Hot Springs address the issue of high visitorship?

Answer: Build


So Virginia was demographically the ideal Barack Obama success story. It was not a one color success story. It was a multicolored — he even did better than he's done anywhere else among Latinos. So Virginia is really, if you will, the marquee state for the Barack Obama coalition that he wants to put together.

What about independent voters?Independents or particularly first time voters seemed to have come out.

Yes. In fact, first time voters are largely a creation in this particular cycle of the Barack Obama campaign. That's why they came out. It isn't just because they are suddenly interested in the political process; it's Obama. And in Virginia in particular Obama did so well among independents that he was the reason largely that Mike Huckabee threatened John McCain at all in Virginia. Otherwise McCain would have counted on five to 10 percentage points more from independents who were being attracted over to the other side by Barack Obama.

Before we let you go, there are so many ways to crunch the delegates on the Democratic side. But specifically in terms of delegates that the two candidates have won, in the primaries and caucuses, how are they standing now?

turn 0 : "multicolored" is a figurative language that means it was not just one racial group that supported Barack Obama.

What was the demographic makeup of Barack Obama's success story in Virginia?

Answer: Multicolored


Now, have you been able to get through to your teams in the Bahamas?What are you hearing?

We have sporadic communications, but we did pre-deploy teams into the affected areas.

And what are you hearing?

What we're hearing is that it's a very difficult situation. There is extensive damage and extensive flooding, especially in - most of the areas close to the coast have been almost completely underwater, and many of the shelters that we have been working in and preparing - they have also started to be underwater and be flooded. So people are moving out of some of the temporary shelters, which we had in schools and churches, and are moving into some of the biggest or tallest and strongest buildings on the island. Especially in Marsh Harbor, we have reports of people moving into the government buildings because the flood waters are so high.

turn 2 : What messages are you receiving from them (not what are you literally hearing)

What is the nature of the communication with the teams in the Bahamas?

Answer: B


If you can find these kinds of primitive organisms, could you find things like evidence of, like, ancient viruses that might have been around?

Well, that's an interesting question, and people have tried to look. The difference between what we've been finding and the virus is that the virus doesn't have a rigid cell wall to protect it. It just invades other things that have cell walls. So it makes it much harder to see and much harder to fossilize. It's often the cell wall or the protective material around it which goes into the fossil record.

But some of my colleagues have thought they have found viral-like structures, sort of polygonal-shaped structures a bit like modern viruses - very, very tiny, but have been unable to convince themselves and other people that no other explanation can be brought forward for these things. So that's still very much an open question.

But it would be nice if we could, but a little bit hard to really confirm it.

turn 1 : It's hard to find fossil evidence of ancient viruses.

Which cell component goes into the fossil record?

Answer: Protective


And now a holiday tradition from the Lone Star state. It's Santa's cousin from the barrio, Pancho Clause. From San Antonio, we're joined now by Rudy Martinez. He is one of many guys through out Texas who takes on the role of Pancho Clause. Merry Christmas, Rudy.

Merry Christmas to you.

So explain for us who is Pancho Clause.

Pancho Clause is Santa's cousin from the South.

turn 0 : to take on a role in this context means to act like a character.

Which term is used to describe the holiday tradition from the Lone Star state?

Answer: Pancho


Well, how much were the islands able to prepare for Hurricane Dorian?I mean, to stock up on adequate supplies, to make sure people got to shelters safely. Do you think there was enough time in advance?

Oh, absolutely. From the first module that came up that showed the path of Dorian. Based on experience, Grand Bahama and even the other islands - we've weathered many ferocious storms. And so it has become our way of life. Can you imagine six months out of a year, you're in a hurricane basin?And at any point from June 1 to November 30, you could be struck with a hurricane, whether a Category 1 or Category 5. We remind the public that it is, you know, their duty to prepare themselves and their families for any disaster, whether it's natural or man-made.

So over the next 24 hours, tell us what you're going to be looking for. What are the main priorities?

Over the next 24 hours, the storm will still be impacting the northwest Bahamas at some level because we were hearing, based on the predictions, this storm would not be clear out of the Bahamas until about Wednesday. So we're still expecting the level of damage that kind of strength would do on a flat island. We know we have to rebuild. That's obvious.

turn 1 : Surviving hurricanes is a common occurrence and a way of life for the Bahamians.

Answer: Duty


The big one was that they died of lead poisoning due to the canning of the canned tin goods. The problem with that - these guys hadn't eaten any tin food. It was only three months into their voyage.

It was a dire situation anyway you look at it. But, of course, in your book, it wasn't dire enough. You throw in an Arctic beast.

I do, an unexplained Arctic beast that we never see. And the reason for that is I wanted something to personify just the terror, the horror of the darkness, the five months of darkness, the terrible cold - 100 degrees below zero - the constricting ice that you had to listen to against the hull, you know, all the time.

What would be the best-case scenario for you if they find which ship it is?What would you like to know?

turn 2 :  implies the beast served to represent the fear, horror and cold of the situation;

What did the beast represent in the situation?

Answer: Fear


He used software to create phony profiles so he could collect answers from thousands of women and analyze them. He divided the women into seven groups based on the questions they chose to answer, then decided which group he found most engaging. And then he answered those questions that they found most compelling. Once he did, his dating life took off.

At first, I was kind of trying to make them like the classic sort of romantic first date to remember, to tell your kids about. And that turned out to not be a good approach.

First dates take time, after all. They create expectation. They can be exhausting. So Chris McKinlay decided to just meet for a cup of coffee and hope that was long enough to detect in person what OkCupid and its algorithms couldn't - if two people felt a spark. Chris McKinlay had 87 first dates. And on the 88th, he met Christine Tien Wong.

It was a real relief when I met Christine and, you know, on the first date. I was saying yes very strongly at a gut level.

turn 0 : He used data to figure out which women he should focus on in order to maximize his chances of finding a successful relationship.

Which approach did Chris McKinlay abandon when trying to find a successful relationship?

Answer: romanticism


Well, I think what I heard - and I heard it over the three days - is that the president is not going to let up pressure on Japan, on Prime Minister Abe on trade. Despite the close personal relationship, despite all the pageantry of this visit, it was just at the surface that the president was getting a little irritated with the arguments that Japan has been making on trade.

I think that this is not going to bode well for how this is going to end up. Mr.  Abe doesn't have a lot of latitude to give the president what he wants. But I think they're trying very hard to keep it from bursting the seams, so to speak, on the overall political strategic relationship.

What about on North Korea?As Anthony alluded to there, President Trump contradicted not only his host, the prime minister, but his own national security adviser, John Bolton, on the significance of these recent missile launches from North Korea and whether they violate U. N.  Security Council resolutions. How significant a disagreement is that between Tokyo and Washington?

I think that will be a disappointment for Prime Minister Abe for a couple of reasons. You know, again, President Trump said he was not personally concerned about the tests, still trying to lay out what I think he thinks is the base for a bargain with Kim Jong Un, and that is an economic development strategy by North Koreans that will then mitigate the military challenge.

turn 0 : Despite the friendly relations between the US and Japan, the President is unhappy with Japan's trade policies and is pressuring Prime Minister Abe to make changes.

How is the President's attitude towards Japan's trade policies?

Answer: Unhappy


But writing in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers report that they have been able to trace back the origins of viticulture in France to about 500 BC, using a combination of archaeological detective work and biomolecular approaches in the lab. And one of the men who's been studying the origins of winemaking for many years, the man some people call the Indiana Jones of wine, is Patrick McGovern, scientific director of the Biomolecular Archaeology Laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology in Philadelphia.

He's authored many books, including "Ancient Wine: A Search for the Origins of Viniculture," "Uncorking the Past: The Quest for Wine, Beer and Other Alcoholic Beverages. "He joins us this week. Welcome.

Hello, Ira, nice to talk to you.

Why do they call you the Indiana Jones of. . .

turn 3 : Why do they call the person an adventurist risk taker?

What is the nickname of the person being referred to as an adventurer?

Answer: IndianaJones


And of course we speak this week on a week in which the city of Baltimore has been undergoing a lot of restiveness, including injuries and arrests. What do you make of the fact that you've got Wednesday's ballgame played at Camden Yards, but no audience?

I think that's a shame. Much like how after 9/11 I didn't think they should've called the ballgames off, I thought they should still have baseball being played. I think baseball helps people heal. It changes things. Look at Jackie Robinson, what that did for the civil rights movement. I can speak for my family when they came over from Poland at the turn-of-the-century. They combined with other immigrant kids and they all learned baseball because that was one thing that brought everybody together.

Gary Cieradkowski - his new book, "The League of Outsider Baseball. "Thanks so much for being with us.

Thank you, Scott.

turn 2 : B: Gary Cieradkowski - his new book, "The League of Outsider Baseball."Thanks so much for being with us. Actual meaning: B is thanking A for joining the conversation and promoting Gary Cieradkowski's new book.

Answer: Thanks


It's really - it's really unlike any other church in the city and, you know, very, very few in Europe. It's not simply a church. It's almost like stepping into a kind of medieval marketplace inside. It's enormous. It's - there's always a hurly burly. And there's always a - you know, numerous things going on in there.

Well, now, we were seeing reports that officials are saying the fire might be connected to the renovation work going on in there. You've reported on the renovations for Time. What kind of shape was the cathedral in before this fire?

Well, you know, for years they have been saying that the church was in terrible shape. And in fact, church officials had taken me up onto the roof not that long ago, when I was reporting this for Time, to show me how pieces of the building were simply dropping off. They described the gargoyles, the medieval faces on the side of the church, as being like ice cream melting in the sun. They would simply, like, drop away. The church had no money to replace them or restore them. And so they were using, like, PVC pipes to just, you know, stick on the side of the walls where the gargoyles had been. And. . .

Oh, my goodness, wow. I mean, Notre Dame is one of the most iconic symbols of Paris. Can you talk about the cultural significance of this cathedral for France?

turn 1 : The cathedral was in poor condition before the fire due to lack of funding for maintenance and restoration.

Which building suffered from lack of funding before the fire?

Answer: Cathedral


It probably depends on what chapter you're reading at the time. It's probably all of those things!I don't know who decides what goes into what box or what bin or what shelf, you know. For me, it's just about finding a character, finding a story, following, I guess, my heart at what I'm working on at the moment. And it just kind of falls, you know, wherever it may out there after that, you know.

There's been a lot of attention to the whole idea of street lit. And Zane, who's an erotica writer, extremely popular, sells a ton of books. A lot of people are like, well, she just can't write, but there's a lot of sex in it. And there's also a question that some people have raised about whether or not it is good for the race to have books that are explicit about black sexuality out there. So. . .

What race?The human race?

The black race. The black race. And so I bring this up because so often when people, you know, just as you mentioned, the distinctions between the way some people will look at female sexuality and male sexuality and what it's like to have a track record and whether that makes you a bad person. You know, people also look at these distinctions by race and say, oh well, black people are oversexed. That's some people stereotyping. Are you ever afraid that by doing work like this that you're, you know, I don't know, playing into a stereotype?

turn 1 : Some people criticize Zane's work for being explicit about black sexuality.

How do some people criticize Zane's work?

Answer: Explicit


We tried for about two and half years. And I had this fear that with every step we took, we would learn something that it would confirm my fear that I couldn't have a baby.

She struggled with anxiety, but eventually she got pregnant through IVF.

Tell me about that moment when you first saw your daughter Hazel for the first time. I mean, how did that feel?

Oh, my gosh. It was - it was incredible. I mean, first of all, I was in labor for 24 hours.

turn 0 : "We tried for about two and a half years. And I had this fear that with every step we took, we would learn something that would confirm my fear that I couldn't have a baby."  Implicated meaning: The speaker struggled with infertility and was afraid that each step in their journey towards having a baby would confirm their fear that they were unable to conceive.

Which fear did the speaker have during their journey towards having a baby?

Answer: couldn't


The doctor who looked at the girl apparently waged a very diligent effort to stop the family separation. He tried to persuade the agent for the next several hours on Thursday not to separate the family. It was left unresolved Thursday night. The doctor even stayed an hour beyond his shift trying to protect the family. The next morning, he came back to work. There was another agent on duty. He convinced that agent not to separate the family, and the family was allowed to stay together in the United States.

You are very plugged in down there in this region, been working there for years. Did Border Patrol have anything to say to you about what happened?

I asked the Department of Homeland Security for comment yesterday. The local Customs and Border Protection officials referred me to them. They had no response at all.

OK. So Tania, Joseph and the kids now allowed to stay in the United States. What happens next for them?

turn 1 : "Plugged in" isn't literal. It implies that 'A' knows what is going on in the region, perhaps because they have journalistic sources there.

Which phrase used by 'A' implies that they have journalistic sources in the region?

Answer: Pluggedin


Are some people giving up?

Some people are. I've heard some of my clients say, maybe we will hire less foreign nationals. Maybe, you know, it's becoming too difficult because, obviously, as you know, there's a cost associated with this, too. And some companies are in a position to take on these costs. Some others are not. So you get to the position where companies may turn around and say, well, we just won't hire anybody, and we won't care about the best and the brightest. We will just go forward and not do any of these applications in the future.

Immigration lawyer Pierre Bonnefil, thank you so much for speaking with us.

You're very welcome. Thank you. Have a great day.

turn 1 : The companies's representatives will look at the hiring  situation and make a statement.

What will the companies do regarding hiring?

Answer: Nothire


What did it sound like?

(Imitating plane noise) A lot of, you know, you got hundreds of planes, one right after the other. It was very moving and exciting. You know, you wonder what's going to happen. And 'course, then we fly over the channel. You can look out the window and see the silhouettes of the ships. We know it's going to happen now.

That is Les Cruise. He's 95 years old, and he's one of the last surviving veterans of that D-Day mission. These days, he lives outside of Philadelphia. I went to visit him earlier this week.

I'm Noel. It's nice to meet you.

turn 1 : The speaker is not actually hearing the sound of planes, but is describing a past experience.

Answer: flying


He had been released the year before - in June of 1914 - from an institution that was known as the Colored Waifs Home. And this was a reformatory - it was part reformatory, part orphanage. And Armstrong was sent there for at least the second time in early 1913 after he had been arrested for shooting a pistol into the air.

And it was at - while at that reformatory that he began to receive his first formal music instruction. He played in the marching band there. They would parade around the city and play at events on the lake and stuff like that. But when he came out, he was, you know, faced with the challenges of being 13 or 14 years old at the time and needing to provide some income for his family. He grew up in dire poverty, of course.

You take a look at this, like, 8 seconds of film, I guess it is, and maybe it's the power of suggestion, but it certainly looks like Louis Armstrong. And you (laughter) - you really do get a sense, even from this 13-year-old youngster, of just overwhelming charisma.

Yeah, that has been sort of the reaction. The overwhelming reaction to my story is - you know, I fully expected people to try to pick it apart because it's kind of a ridiculous thing to propose. But overwhelmingly, people have said, holy smokes, we think this, you know - it looks like him. He smiles the beautiful Louis Armstrong smile that later became famous. Yeah, it's been fascinating to me.

turn 0 : Armstrong was sent to a reformatory multiple times and grew up in poverty.

Which institution was Armstrong sent to multiple times?

Answer: Colored


It's a lot. . .

. . . Yes.

It's a lot of money to most people around the country.

And congressman, you know, if - let me understand this, are you calling for the outright abolition of the program?

turn 3 : The speaker is seeking clarification and confirmation about the previous speaker's stance on a particular program, which is not specified in this turn. The use of the word "outright" suggests that there may have been a previous discussion about the program and its potential reform or elimination.

How does the use of the word "outright" in turn 3 suggest previous discussion about the program?

Answer: Previous


Well, I think that where journalists and correspondents tend to stray into trouble is when they use metaphor. For instance, using words like blank slate. They tend to sort of overlook the fact that there are more than 600,000 people still living here.

Yeah, that's a pretty crowded slate. What about when you see a phrase like urban settlers?

Well, that sets off all kinds of unpleasant associations. You're talking about the process of colonization in a metaphoric sense. And typically, the people who are colonized tend to see their culture and their land and, you know, their identity despoiled.

Putting Detroit on the map.

turn 3 : "Putting Detroit on the map" implies that through the journalist's work, Detroit is becoming well known.

What is the implication of the phrase "Putting Detroit on the map"?

Answer: Well-known


Well, the president really is his own brand. And that's kind of a double-edged sword - right?- for Democrats. You know, there's an opportunity for them to legislate with the president. At the same time, there has been, you know, voter research that has shown that voters don't necessarily view President Trump as a dyed-in-the-wool Republican.

He's really his sort of own brand. And so the question is whether voters are going to want to punish Republicans, you know, for what they may see as the president's inability to perform, if that, in fact, turns out to be the case. Hopefully, there's going to be some legislative victories coming here in the next few months, particularly on taxes.

But, yeah, the president's going to zig, and he's going to zag. And in the meantime, I think the Republicans are going to have to do their best to try to muscle through an agenda. And the big one coming up for them is going to be this debate over taxes.

When you say muscle through an agenda, the implication is they've got to twist arms in their own party?

turn 3 : (4) is that the Republicans must use pressure tactics to pass their agenda, rather than just relying on persuasion alone.

Which party needs to use pressure tactics to pass their agenda?

Answer: Republicans


Oh, she did, and in such an interesting time. In the '70s, even before Betty Ford had famously stepped forward and talked about her struggles, Joan was convening people who were early thinkers in how to treat people differently. You know, AA had been around, of course, for decades. But there was a movement in the '70s to get people to look at the whole person with alcoholism. And Joan was really passionate about getting the word out.

Yeah. With Ray's death, Joan Kroc became one of the principal philanthropists in America. And she really took that responsibility seriously, didn't she?

She lived large, and she gave large. She felt this almost-burden with the money that she had. And saying she hit the lotto isn't really fair. But - she had this money at her disposal, and she felt obligated to use it in a constructive way. But that's not to say she was ascetic or like a monk. She lived very, very lavishly as well.

Yeah, she'd drip with jewels. She went to nice places. She. . .

turn 1 : After Ray's death, Joan Kroc became one of the main donors in America and she took her responsibility seriously.

What did Joan Kroc become after Ray's death?

Answer: Donors


The president of the United States, the leader of the free world, who's the person who is in a best position of any human being on the planet to help Baltimoreans who need help, instead of doing so is using his office to beat down an American city.

NPR White House correspondent Franco Ordoñez is following the story. He's in our studios. Good morning.

FRANCO ORDOÑEZ, BYLINE: Good morning.

So the president grabs attention. Everybody takes the bait. But why does he do it now?

turn 3 : take the bait means someone was tricked into something

Answer: Deceived


Very good, thank you.

So, tell me a little bit about this new report you've done.

This is a very timely paper. I'm sure many people don't know, but there are essentially three different laws that are governing transracial adoptions in the United States.

We just signed on to the Hague Convention for international adoptions, which stipulates that preservation of one's culture and heritage is important, and requires 15 hours of prospective adoptive parent training.

turn 3 : This implies that an adopted child cultural background is protected by international law.

How many hours of training are required for prospective adoptive parents as per the Hague Convention?

Answer: 15


Cheryl, I understand there'll be a meeting there later on this afternoon. Who is expected to be there?

Well, officials of the now-closed Republic Windows and Doors are going to be there, along with union representatives, as well as representatives of Bank of America, the bank which canceled funding for this place, and Congressman Luis Gutierrez, who has been spearheading a lot of the negotiations. So that's what's going to be happening this afternoon.

NPR's Cheryl Corley speaking to us from the Republic Windows and Doors factory in Chicago. Thank you, Cheryl.

You're quite welcome.

turn 1 : spearheading refers to leading  or to initiates an activity such as the negotiations

How was Congressman Luis Gutierrez involved in the negotiations?

Answer: Leading


Now, in both the Enron case and the Madoff situation, they're very different in some ways, but they both benefited at least for a time from the fact that a lot of people don't understand finance, and it's very difficult to understand. What do you think people need to do who are not financiers to understand why is it important to even understand the issue of finance, white-collar crime, and all of this?

White-collar crime matters because it affects all of us. Even if you happen to be a blue-collar person, you undoubtedly get affected one way or another - your investments, your company, your suppliers, your neighbors. Everyone gets affected by serious white-collar crime, and the old joke is, right, you walk into a bank with a gun, steal $50,000, they send you away for 10 years. You steal $50 million in some sort of white-collar crime thing, and you get, you know, five minutes and a warning from the judge.

I mean, that's an exaggeration. But that's the kind of thing that for years has annoyed people, including me. And somehow the - because there's been now so much of the stuff has surfaced, and there's such conscientiousness about it and in the case of Madoff largely because he scammed people that members of the media know. So you get really angry when your friends go down. I mean, I don't have any friends who were in there, but a lot of people in my business. . .

Right.

turn 1 : The joke about $50K and $5 million is not literal, but it expresses the belief that white collar crimes are larger and easier to get away with.

What kind of crime affects everyone, including blue-collar workers, and is believed to be easier to get away with when it involves large sums of money?

Answer: white-collar


But we can also use technology to, you know, warn providers when they're entering orders, for instance. If I'm supposed to be in Mr.  James Smith and entering a complex chemotherapy order, for instance, I'd get an alert saying, are you sure?

Because there was another, you know, Mr.  James Smith on the same ward in the hospital. Are you sure you're entering orders on the right Mr.  James Smith, you know, for instance?

Anything a patient can do to protect him or herself?

With electronic health records has come in a layer of additional transparency for the health care system where patients can access more information electronically than they could ever do before.

turn 1 : The alert is suggesting that the provider should double-check to make sure they are entering the orders for the correct patient.

Answer: Double-check


UNESCO must have known in July when they declared the old city in Hebron a Palestinian world heritage site that Israel would object because they say that Judaism has a lot of links to Hebron and that this would create problems in the United States.

One should make a difference. In UNESCO, there are different bodies. So when you say UNESCO took a decision, I think the more precise will be to say that the World Heritage Committee took a decision. But on my side, I have done many - implement many initiatives to strengthen the - our ties with the Jewish people. I think if you look at the bigger picture, you will find also these important activities of the organization that I think makes it a little bit more complex just to be one-sided when when you judge us.

Well, I mean - I wasn't asking if you or UNESCO were anti-Semitic. I was asking if you didn't realize in July when the Heritage Site committee made the declaration.

Well, I personally realized it. But as I said, I'm not taking these decisions to the World Heritage Committee. But I did realize it.

turn 3 : the speaker is implying that they personally realized the potential consequences of the decision when it was made, even though they are not part of the decision-making process.

What did the speaker realize about the decision?

Answer: Consequences


I think there's also a message to be had in the region. Mr.  Trump in Tokyo, with all the pomp and circumstance, with even the irritations on trade and that mixed signal in North Korea - it was clear that this is an alliance that was vibrant, that was coherent and that was still being deeply supported by both countries. That's the message Mr.  Abe wants to send to Pyongyang and certainly the message he wants to send to Beijing.

That pomp and circumstance extended to the appearance of Trump 2020 campaign banners. They were visible as the president was making his way through Japan's streets. Another of the events that he attended was this sumo tournament. Why is Prime Minister Abe so intent on courting President Trump?

Well, you know, you - the backdrop here, too, is the Japanese people are not as critical of President Trump as many of the citizens of our other allies in Europe, for example. The president and the prime minister do have a reasonably strong working relationship. The Japanese diplomats pointed out before the visit that they've spoken or met 42 times since the president came into office.

Forty-two times, wow.

An unprecedented amount of contact. So I think there's still this sense that this is a good partnership and that Mr.  Abe can make it work.

turn 1 : Mr. Abe is trying to please President Trump by showing him a good time in Japan

What was the purpose of the Trump 2020 campaign banners in Japan?

Answer: Campaign


Are we talking about resveratrol here?

Well, the resveratrol discovery was about 10 years ago. We, my colleagues and I, made that discovery. But what we've done since then is use that as a - just a stepping stone, a proof of concept to make much more potent synthetic drug-like molecules that are just in the beginnings of human clinical trials. And this paper is about the finding that these molecules from grapes and the synthetics all seem to work through this one particular gene, genetic pathway we call the sirtuin pathway.

Let's back up a little bit and talk about the study you did in mice. What did you find - what did you give the mice, and what did you find there?

Well, originally we found resveratrol just in a test tube, looking for molecules that would turn on this enzyme, this protein that seems to defend against diseases in aging. We then moved to nematode worms and flies. We've done some work with bees even. The mouse study was in 2006.

turn 2 : The implied meaning is that the interviewer wants to hear about the findings of the mouse study and what was administered to the mice during the study.  I apologize for any confusion caused by my earlier response.

Answer: Mice-study


There's a number of them that the federal prosecutors mentioned, things like excessive purchases with cash in some pharmacies, purchases from well out of the region of the pharmacies. And these are opioid purchases we're talking about - excessively high percentages of sales of fentanyl patches and opioid oxycodone painkillers from some pharmacies and some of the larger pharmacies that RDC dealt with. So those are some of the things that the feds highlighted.

Two RDC executives face charges. What are they accused of?

Basically sort of being players in this whole, you know, alleged kind of ignorance or willing ignorance, I should say, of RDC's role in the opioid epidemic, the things we talked about - you know, just sort of closing your eyes to pharmacies that were obviously pushing painkilling prescription meds onto the streets in big numbers. And the allegations are that the former CEO, Larry Doud, and former compliance officer were key in allowing this to happen internally and just ignored all the signs. One has pleaded guilty and is cooperating. And Doud is facing the criminal charges.

You've talked a lot about the pharmacies here. And so I'm wondering, what about them?And what about the doctors making the orders?Are they being held accountable?

turn 3 : "held accountable" - This turn's actual meaning is different from its literal meaning because "held accountable" means being responsible or answerable for something, but it does not necessarily mean someone will be physically held or restrained.

How does the turn "held accountable" differ from its literal meaning?

Answer: Responsibility