So alphabetically, Jeb Bush, Ben Carson, Hillary Clinton, Martin O'Malley, Bernie Sanders, who'd you like?

You know, I liked the fact that they all came. The important thing for the Urban League was that each of these five candidates accepted our invitation, came, and I think offered a serious perspective from their own point of view. They came in here. They talked about race. They talked about economics. They talked about the criminal justice system. They talked about cities. These issues don't get discussed on the main stage in many, many political debates and discussions. And so why we wanted them here, so they could talk about equality, talk about opportunity, develop those ideas in a way that will not, and - or, I should say, historically has not happened in this campaign up until this point.

Mr.  Morial, another unarmed black man was killed by an officer in Cincinnati. I wonder if you have some ideas you want to bring to our attention about how to try to repair a shattered relationship between black citizens and police.

It's an American tragedy of untold proportions, particularly as we've seen it play out in the last two years. Our ten-point justice plan recommended that body cameras and dash cameras be mandatory for all law enforcement all the way across the country. But we also believe that more must be done when it comes to police officer hiring, police officer training, and police officer accountability. The community wants to and must trust its police if they're going to be allies is in what we all want, and that is safer communities.

turn 1 : "talk about race", "talk about economics", "talk about the criminal justice system", "talk about cities" - these phrases are not meant to be taken literally as in simply having a conversation about those topics. Rather, the speaker means that they want the candidates to address these topics seriously and meaningfully, and to offer their perspectives and ideas on them.

Which topics did the speaker want the candidates to offer their perspectives and ideas on?

Answer: Race,Economics,Criminal,Justice,Cities


The president elect will need to pick someone else to become commerce secretary. New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson took himself out of the running because of an investigation into how some of his donors won a lucrative contract. How serious a problem is this withdrawal for the Obama transition team?

Much less of a problem than they would have had had some of this come to light or if the seriousness of this grand jury investigation and the length of it had come to light after Bill Richardson had become secretary of commerce. So it's much easier to replace someone who is an appointee than someone who's already in the job, and there are a number of other people, quite a long list, many of them quite distinguished, who can step into this role, and I suspect we'll see a name this week.

Ron, let's turn now to the Senate. Roland Burris of Illinois, who was tapped by Rod Blagojevich, says he'll show up at the Senate door even though Senate leaders have said they won't seat him. So what's going to happen there?

At midday on Tuesday, unless something is worked out in advance, Roland Burris will come and attempt to present his credentials to the Senate to be seated along with the other new members who have just been elected in the November elections and some appointees since then.

turn 1 : The withdrawal of Bill Richardson is not a big problem for Obama transition team because they can easily replace him with a number of distinguished people.

What is the benefit of replacing an appointee over someone who is already in the job?

Answer: Treasury


Now, what about the bloggers who are, you know, in our camp. What story are they hitting?

Well, in the Democratic side, among bloggers, the Web site Blogpolls, which measure these trends, posted about Hillary Clinton outnumbered blog post about Barack Obama, leading up to last weekend, South Carolina primary. And interestingly, on January 24th, two days before the voting started in South Carolina, posts about Bill Clinton spiked and they equal the numbers of posts about Barack Obama. But after he won in South Carolina, post about Obama spiked and he's been the most blogged about candidate ever since. Now, on the Republican side, John McCain has been and is the most blogged about candidate.

What about on News and Views, our own blog?

Well, lot of issues people are talking about. They run the spectrum. They're talking about Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick's text message scandal, suggesting an affair with his female chief of staff, which could lead to perjury charges. We called it textual healing on our blog.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of this turn is that the bloggers on News and Views referred to the scandal involving the Detroit mayor's text messages as "textual healing." However, the implied meaning is that the bloggers are using a humorous or ironic phrase to refer to a serious and potentially damaging scandal. The phrase "textual healing" is a play on words on the song "Sexual Healing" by Marvin Gaye and suggests that the scandal is being trivialized or made light of.

Which scandal did the bloggers refer to as "textual healing"?

Answer: Textual


What is the biggest need right now?I mean, where are these people going and, specifically, children who may have lost family members?

Yeah. Well, the biggest need in general is everything. They need food, shelter, jerrycans for clean water. You need water trucks with clean water to go there. Imagine that a flooding contaminates everything. That is why diseases are bound to break out. And it's already happening. There is cases of cholera mentioned or reported in Beira.

There is a system where children - where parents can fill in the name of their children that they are missing. And then, you know, that is accessible for aid organizations. And the aid organizations in the field will look for those children and try to get parents and children back together again. If that doesn't happen, children will go into the governmental care while the aid organizations keep looking for relatives where they can live with.

And I understand that even though the floodwaters are now receding, there is a chance for secondary floods. How is the community preparing for that?

turn 1 : Diseases are not breaking out but might begin to happen due to the situation.

What is the risk of diseases in the flooded area?

Answer: High


And what's your percentage normally?

Normally, it's around 65 to 70 percent in practice.

It's a little easier when nobody is guarding.

Yeah, a little bit.

turn 2 : It is easier to do something when there are no obstacles (guards) around.

Answer: No-obstacles


Sure.

. . . Had Don Blankenship prevailed.

Well, they're all tough. I say you run scared or unopposed. They're all tough. But you're right. This will be a tough race.

Yeah. Have your calculations about how to run the race changed?

turn 2 : The person campaigned without opposition and was scared while doing so.

What was the person's attitude while campaigning?

Answer: Scared


Let me move on to another issue. I was covering both the Democratic and Republican Conventions, and one of the biggest applause lines during the Republican Conventions had to do with drilling for oil. Drill now, drill now, drill now. There is a serious set of distinctions between Senator Obama's policy towards energy and the McCain campaigns policy towards energy. Very briefly, very briefly, describe them to me, as they would affect consumers.

OK, I would say three distinct differences. One, the emphasis of McCain has been on drilling. The facts show that he U. S.  consumes 25 percent of the world's oil and has 3 percent of the reserves. So it's obvious that we cannot drill our way out of that problem.

Obama's focus has been on what can we do in the immediate run, and in the long run, to wean our dependence on oil. And that means investing in an extensive program to convert the economy with green jobs and research, deployment, development of alternative energy. And it also means efficiencies, conservation, raising fuel standards and things to reduce our demand.

So emphasizing the whole portfolio of energies and reducing our demand, but we know that ultimately we've got to move to a different source of energy, and that's the only way to do it. And that is a very big difference between the two candidates.

turn 2 : Obama's energy policy focuses on reducing dependence on oil through green energy and efficiency measures

What was the focus of Obama's energy policy?

Answer: Oil


So, this isn't someone who is just - and forgive a homey analogy for our listeners - this isn't someone who is just the Michael Jordan of Indian cricket. This is somebody who is the Michael Jordan times five, six or ten.

Probably yes, exactly. All - the Babe Ruth, Mickey Mantle, Lou Gehrig all combined. I don't know which other icons to come with from which sport that Americans relate to. And he somehow managed to be uncontaminated by scandal, by controversy in a sport that's been laden with examples of both. And his rise, in a sense, became tied up with or almost emblematic of India's own rise to ascension on the world stage. When Sachin Tendulkar made his debut for India in 1989 at the age of 16, India was still a developing country, a poor country, one with lots of problems, a semi-closed economy, that still called itself socialist. All of these problems. And then India liberalized in 1991 with the end of the Cold War and the major change in financial calculations and political philosophy in the country, and that coincided with Sachin's rise. So, India rose and Sachin rose, and he leaves just as our economy has also begun to tank a bit over the last year or two.

Shashi, what happens to a star of this magnitude in the retirement?Any idea?

Well, amusingly enough, my government nominated him to our Upper House. We have an Upper House that's weaker than your Senate.

You know, Shashi, let me simply interject: very few things are weaker than our Senate at the moment, but go ahead.

turn 2 : Is there any idea what happens to a star of this magnitude in the retirement?

How did Shashi's government honor Sachin Tendulkar after his retirement?

Answer: N/A


Well, we'll see, won't we?I think that the issue here is really is how you talk about it, and how you educate. For instance, food banks for years have done this. I might say, without naming the names, one of the leading best-regarded brands in the large, national food industry, they basically recover the food within their stores; cook it up; and put it out on their hot trays the next day and offer that at, you know, at fair full prices. That's the stuff that we're going to be talking about. We're talking about taking and recovering food. Most of what we offer will be fruits and vegetables that have a use-by date on it that'll be several days out.

Well, customers nevertheless have to consume the food pretty quickly.

As you know, when it comes to bread, most of America, if they didn't buy the bread yesterday, already has it out of code at home. And we all know, if you put it in the refrigerator, it can last for weeks. Milk lasts for days. You know, it all depends on the temperature of your refrigerator, frankly.

Yeah.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of (2) is that customers have to consume the food quickly, but the implied meaning is that customers should be aware that the food has a limited shelf life and should be consumed soon.

Answer: Limited


He did. When I - the first time I called him up, the conversation went like this: Hello?Alan Feuer. And I said, hey, it's Alan Feuer. And he went, oh, good man. I've been meaning to call you. And he really did talk like that. That is absolutely how he spoke.

So something out of - well, a kind of a cross between Franklin Delano Roosevelt and London.

Something like that. You know, the way I pictured it was those, you know, those Preston Sturges movies where, you know, it's almost like an Anglophilic-New York accent.

Oh, we use to call it Long Island lockjaw.

turn 0 : The way Alan Feuer spoke was unusual or unique.

Which aspect of Alan Feuer's speech was notable?

Answer: Notable


Thanks for having me. It's a pleasure to be with you.

Now, President Trump tweeted last month, all agree the U. S.  president has the complete power to pardon. So how did the Founding Fathers intended for the presidential pardon to be applied?

Well, they saw it in several ways. They obviously set up a system with pretty robust checks and balances. And the pardon power was intended to be part of that. Where the justice system had produced a miscarriage of justice, it was possible for the president to step in and provide a check against the judicial branch. Or framers like Alexander Hamilton saw the pardon power as a policy instrument. You know, if you had a rebellion or some kind of insurgency, the offer of clemency might restore tranquility to the Commonwealth, as he put it. So there were both reasons of individual mercy and broader public policy that have motivated the use of the pardon power over time.

So then how is the pardon of Joe Arpaio different from other presidential pardons?

turn 3 : How is the pardon of Joe Arpaio unique compared to other presidential pardons?

Which presidential pardon was being discussed in the dialogue?

Answer: Arpaio


Good to be with you.

So we just heard about what this decision means practically speaking, but what about politically?What's the thought process here?

I think the administration does not want too much attention to be paid to the person that they're handling this portfolio to. In other words, they don't want the czar concept. That was something of a media concept. You know, we do love czars. We like our drug czars, our energy czars. So. . .

And what sounds better than car czar?

(Soundbite of laughter) It's perfect. It was irresistible. And that is exactly why they decided to resist it because they knew we couldn't resist it. They wanted this fellow, and they have a person, his name is Ron Bloom. He has been an investment banker. He has been involved in a number of manufacturing, restructuring situations. And they wanted to bring him into the Treasury Department as a senior adviser to Treasury Secretary Tim Geithner.

turn 2 : The administration doesn't want to draw attention to the position by calling it a 'czar'

Which term does the administration want to avoid using for the position?

Answer: Czar


Good morning, Don.

So, we're talking about two senior officials here - the director of Navy intelligence and the Navy's top intelligence officer. Pretty amazing.

It really is amazing, Don. It's important to note it has nothing to do with their current jobs in Naval intelligence at the Pentagon. It was in their earlier jobs in the Pacific, the area where the investigation began. Yeah, we have Vice Admiral Ted Branch, who's a director of Naval intelligence. He was commanding an aircraft carrier strike group in the region; and also Vice Admiral Bruce Loveless, now serving as director of intelligence operations. He was serving in that area as well. And the allegations against him we're told involve personal misconduct. We don't have a sense of exactly what that is, but the other officer is charged, so far in the case, have been charged with kickbacks and bribes. It's important to note here, the admirals have not been relieved of command or had their security clearances pulled, but, again, they no longer have access to classified information and are now on leave.

So, remind us how this scandal has developed.

turn 1 : Implies that the situation is incredible and shocking, rather than simply saying that it is amazing.

What is the tone of PersonA's response to PersonB's statement in turn 1?

Answer: Positive


With Republican lawmakers unable to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act, President Trump has taken several steps to undo it. Just before the weekend, he refused to pay the subsidies to insurers that helped keep premiums down for low-income people. And, also, the administration is cutting funding for outreach to those who want to sign up when open enrollment begins next month. The Affordable Care Act provides money to organizations that help people navigate the health care system. In fact, they're called navigator programs. Last year, they received $63 million from the government. The Trump administration has cut that funding by 41 percent. I'm joined by Lisa Hamler-Fugitt, she's executive director of the Ohio Association of Food Banks, which oversees a navigator program. Welcome.

Thank you.

And your program's budget was reduced by how much?

Seventy one percent - nearly $1. 2 million dollars. And it was a significant reduction.

turn 0 : President Trump is taking actions to repeal Affordable Care Act

How much was the navigator program funding cut by?

Answer: 71%


No, I think this will be about fact. That's why I added a number of authors and historians to this commission. When these monuments were erected, they were to celebrate but also, I think, to intimidate individuals, as well. They were there to continue to convey what I think is, you know, alternative facts and history. At the end of the day, these individuals defended a time and a purpose that would probably have me and my ancestors in bondage. And that should not go untold.

Some, though, would say this is a cop-out. New Orleans has torn down a number of its Confederate monuments. The city of Charlottesville, Va. , voted to sell its statue of Robert E.  Lee. Why not remove these statues?

Well, first I will say that our monuments commission will obviously listen to all sides. They'll listen to those who think that we may be trying to rewrite history. We're going to listen to people who think that we should remove the monuments. My charge to the commission is to tell the whole truth. For some, this was the third rail in Richmond politics - that you can never touch Monument Avenue. And I think that right now this is an opportunity for us and a responsibility for us to write the next new chapter for the city of Richmond.

Levar Stoney, the Democratic mayor of Richmond, Va.  We've been checking in with him throughout his first year in office. And we will be doing so as the year rolls on. Thank you so much for joining us.

Thank you, Lulu.

turn 2 : The monuments commission will listen to all sides and tell the whole truth.

Answer: Monuments


I don't actually see a need to detain people at all. There are lots of alternatives to detention that have been shown to work. In many cases, people are released on ankle monitors so that the government can keep track of where they are. But once again, I don't think that the government's figures on appearance rates at hearings are accurate.

Mexico has expanded some of the rights of asylum-seekers, non-Mexican asylum-seekers - haven't they?- in recent weeks. Humanitarian visas, work permits, access to legal services, does any of that help?

I know that they have started giving humanitarian visas to individuals who are returned. They are supposed to provide for work authorization. But I understand that a number of our plaintiffs have had trouble finding jobs and also trouble proving that they are entitled to work in Mexico. I think that goes back to the animus against migrants that I spoke of before.

Do you and other groups have an idea of how many people we might potentially be talking about who were asylum-seekers in Mexico?

We don't have an exact number. The government has said that they're going to expand this policy to Texas in the not-too-distant future. And my understanding is that as of Thursday, eight families were returned- eight families comprised of 13 adults and 13 children. And that was just one day.

turn 1 : the narrator mention of non Mexican asylum-seekers so it is odd to see non Mexican asylum seekers setting place in Mexico.

What nationality are the asylum-seekers mentioned in the dialogue?

Answer: Treasury


(Laughter).

. . . I like that. Mannish is good.

It smelled mannish.

And then a day later, General Eisenhower gave the go-ahead.

turn 1 : B finds something amusing or funny, but it's not clear what

How did PersonB respond to PersonA's laughter?

Answer: ellipsis


They were part of the crew of the USS Monitor, a celebrated Civil War ship that helped open a new era in naval warfare. The ship was ironclad, powered by steam instead of sails, and supported a rotating gun turret. The Monitor sank in a storm in 1862. Sixteen of 62 men on board went down with their ship. They were thought to be lost forever until 2002. The Monitor was being restored and the remains of two of the sailors were discovered in the turret. We're joined now by historian Anna Holloway. She's curator of the USS Monitor Center in Newport, Virginia. Thank very much for being with us.

Well, thank you so much for having me.

What do we know about these two sailors who have finally been buried?

Well, we still don't know their names, and that is one of the ongoing mysteries about these two heroes of the USS Monitor. However, as you mention, 16 men went down with the vessel, so there are 16 possibilities. Now, forensics tells us a little bit about them - their relative heights, their ages and their race - so that does narrow it down a bit.

turn 2 : There are no turns in the given conversation that have a meaning different from their literal meanings. All the turns convey their literal meanings without any implied or figurative language.

What is the meaning of turn 2 in the given conversation?

Answer: Contribution


That's right, Book Club is coming. . .

SCIENCE FRIDAY Book Club has picked the September read, right?

Yep. It's "Flatland. "

Ooh, that's an old one.

turn 2 : The chosen book for the Book Club is Flatland.

Which book was selected for the Book Club?

Answer: Flatland


Those are the main parts. So they're saying that when the mandate penalty goes away next January, the protections for preexisting conditions should go away as well. That's not exactly what the attorneys general were arguing, but that's what the Justice Department position is.

How might this change how individual people are covered and treated in this country?

Well, immediately, of course, it wouldn't. The Justice Department isn't asking for anything immediately. Obviously, this is a lawsuit, and it could take months or even years to work its way through the courts. But it does certainly raise the prospect of a court decision that would say there could be no more protections for people with preexisting conditions. That's one of the most popular parts of the health law.

We've been getting reports from all over the country about how health care premiums are going up. Why is that happening?Do you expect it to keep happening?

turn 2 : A court decision may eliminate protections for people with preexisting conditions

Which popular part of the health law is at risk due to the court decision mentioned in turn 2?

Answer: protections


Yeah. Everyone agrees that our prescription drug costs are too high - both right and left - you know, Democrat, Republican. It's one of the few points of information, points of fact that everyone agrees on. The problem is everyone disagrees on how best to tackle that. And there are a lot of forces that are resisting any change at all.

The bipartisan solution which Senator Klobuchar and Senator John McCain have proposed is allowing prescription drug imports from other countries, so we allow for a global competition in the sense of, you know, if everyone else is getting a better deal than us, why can't we buy our prescription drugs from there the same way we buy our, you know, refrigerators and cars?

Elisabeth Rosenthal, editor-in-chief of Kaiser Health News and author of "An American Sickness: How Health Care Became Big Business And How You Can Take It Back. "Thanks so much for being with us.

Thanks for having me.

turn 1 : Everyone is aware that the issue of high prescription drug costs needs to be addressed, but there are opposing views on how to do so.

Which solution is proposed by Senator Klobuchar and Senator John McCain to tackle the issue of high prescription drug costs?

Answer: Imports


Is this a book about how someone becomes a terrorist?

In part. I talk about this as a sort of - as a Genesis moment for the book. But I remember distinctly I was watching this interview with a foreign affairs expert. And it was in the wake of the - there had been these sort of protests in an Afghan village against the U. S.  military presence in Afghanistan.

And the interviewer's question was something along the lines of, why do they hate us so much?And as part of his answer, this expert noted that sometimes the U. S.  forces have to go conduct these nighttime raids in these villages. And when they do this, they'll sometimes have to hold the women and children up at gunpoint. And they'll tear the places apart. And then he added, you know, in Afghan culture, this sort of thing is considered very offensive.

And I thought, you know, name me one culture on earth that wouldn't consider this sort of thing offensive?And so part of the book is - has to do with this idea that we all suffer the same way, and we become damaged by suffering in the same way regardless of which part of the world we grew up in or what we believe.

turn 2 : The literal meaning: The expert states that in Afghan culture, the described actions are perceived as highly offensive. The implied meaning: The expert implies that such actions are universally considered offensive and not limited to Afghan culture.

What is the interviewer's question that the expert answers in turn 2?

Answer: Question


As you alluded to, the printing of the census has begun, without the citizenship question. Isn't that a logistical hurdle, a financial hurdle to this going forward?

So the Justice Department represented in court that the forms had to start printing on July 1, and they in fact started printing. So what would have to happen if the citizenship question were added is the printing would stop, they'd have to junk all those forms, and they'd be behind. The plaintiffs had argued in some of the cases, well, we could really start printing as late as October in order for it to be in time. It would be yet another reversal by the government if they took the position, yeah, now we agree with the plaintiffs; the printing can happen later.

Rick Hasen is a professor of law and political science at the University of California, Irvine. Thanks for speaking with us.

Thank you, and happy July 4.

turn 0 : when something is referred to as a hurdle in this context it means its something that stands in the way of getting something done

Which word in the dialogue means an obstacle that is preventing the process from moving forward?

Answer: Hurdle


The regulations and the oversight that was put in place was relatively minimal because this was going to be such a small endeavor. It was going to be a small-scale experiment for 100 schools. Well, guess what?We have 1,300 charter schools today. And we have a law that doesn't actually account for the scale of that.

That's LA Times reporter Anna Phillips. She's been investigating loopholes in California's charter school system. What she discovered is a fragmented and decentralized regulating system. In Los Angeles, Phillips encountered a case in which a wealthy Beverly Hills couple made millions of dollars by simply turning to a different school district whenever their charter schools came under scrutiny.

These charter schools had been set up as nonprofits that were publicly funded. But if you looked right kind of on the outskirts of them, the couple that had started them had essentially created a series of businesses or nonprofits that were doing business with their own schools. So for instance, this couple rented a lot of their own properties they owned. They were their own landlords.

They owned buildings that then they rented to the schools, so they were getting that income.

Exactly. And there were other ways they were getting income. The woman who ran these schools, her husband was hired on as a project manager for about $500,000 to oversee the construction of a new campus. When they wanted to bring in cafeteria meals for their students, they hired one of their own organizations. So this was public money that was coming into these schools, but the couple that ran them was financially benefiting from it.

turn 3 : "They owned buildings that then they rented to the schools, so they were getting that income" - The literal meaning of this sentence is that the couple owned buildings that they leased to their charter schools, generating rental income. However, the implied meaning is that they may have been using their positions of authority to steer public funds towards their own personal gain.

What kind of income were the couple getting from the schools?

Answer: rent


The field is shrinking. That's the first thing that's happened. There are going to be 10 candidates and only 10. And for the first time, you're going to see the top three candidates standing next to each other in the center stage. That's Joe Biden, who's been leading the polls, Elizabeth Warren and Bernie Sanders. And what most people are waiting to see is if there will be a Warren-Biden clash.

OK. So of those three candidates you just named, Joe Biden remains still at the top of the Democratic field. But he hasn't had really great debate performances. So the one question I have is, how much do debates really matter to the campaign?

You know, you can make an argument that the debates really haven't mattered much because look at Joe Biden. He's still on top of the field even though he has not had a good performance in the debates. Elizabeth Warren has moved up steadily, but not because of anything she did in the debates. It's because she's had all these plans, and she's performed well on the campaign trail. But in one sense, the debates are having an impact, and it's a negative one because the overall image of the Democrats and their policy ideas has gotten more negative among the general electorate as this debate season has gone on.

Interesting. The debates have not been great PR for the Democratic Party. Well, Elizabeth Warren has been gaining support the past few months. She's going to be facing Joe Biden onstage for the first time. What do you think her hardest challenges are going to be onstage?

turn 1 : there isn't a "top" of a field... it just means he is performing the best currently

What is the implication of Joe Biden remaining at the top of the Democratic field despite his poor debate performances?

Answer: Resilience


So actually - so there have been many deaths from throwing events in track and field, but the javelin does not take up quite as many of those as the shot and disc do. Yeah, there are some pretty gruesome scenes when talking about the javelin injuries. And obviously, you know, getting impaled by a spear is not that good (laughter). But it's far less common than you might think.

So you're writing this paper which you hope will lead to getting the javelin reinstated as a sport. How do you think that'll work?What's going to be in your paper?

Well, there's a lot of things. You know, I think the biggest concerns that coaches have with implementing the event have to do with the injuries due to the javelin hitting somebody. You know, so I'll have to address that and the actual statistics behind it.

But really it's going to be more of a guide on how to implement the javelin and why it's better that it's included as an event in high school track here than not because, you know, I feel like it's just a great opportunity that everybody should have because I was lucky enough to find it through club track. And, you know, my life would be a lot different if I hadn't.

turn 3 : "my life would be a lot different if I hadn't" - The literal meaning suggests that the speaker's life would have changed if they hadn't found the javelin through club track. The implied meaning is that finding the javelin through club track has had a significant positive impact on the speaker's life, and they are grateful for the opportunities it has provided.

What impact did finding the javelin through club track have on the PersonA's life?

Answer: Impact


I was shocked by that on a number of levels. You know, the first thing that shocked people about the call, obviously, is the notion of the president withholding military aid and trying to bully the Ukrainians into doing personal favors. This is, obviously, a big deal. But in the middle of all that, what struck me and, as I say, even shocked me was his willingness to disparage our ambassador to Ukraine in a call with a foreign leader, referring to her as the woman and saying she was bad news and then vaguely but, frankly, ominously saying to the president of Ukraine that she was going to go through some things.

Let's give her name. It's Marie Yovanovitch. Tell us about her. What's her reputation in the diplomatic community?

So Marie Yovanovitch - and she goes by Masha. Masha was one of the most respected and longstanding members of our foreign service. She has, I think, been in the foreign service for over 30 years, served all around the world and most recently and in the most senior positions, obviously, as ambassador to Ukraine, until she was removed prematurely in May, but before that, also ambassador to Armenia and ambassador to Kyrgyzstan.

The State Department has said that the ambassador concluded her three-year diplomatic assignment in Kyiv as planned, that there was no kind of retribution or she was not yanked back unceremoniously. Why are there doubts on that in the diplomatic community?

turn 0 : The person was surprised greatly by the information and it affected many of their thoughts and emotions. They were not struck but what they saw made them notice it and think about it more.

How was the person affected by the information?

Answer: Shocked


It's definitely a tough business. He saw it was a tough business, and he just thought one of the most secure fields would be medicine, and my parents always kind of pushed for that.

I imagine in the midst of all this now, you're - you guys are feeling pretty secure about that choice.

It's really a shame, everything that's happened, especially here in Michigan. I mean, I have so many friends and different family members and family friends that - of course, everyone is really nervous right now with the way the economy is going, with the way the auto industry is going. But yeah, it's definitely nice, thinking that, you know, I'm going into a very secure field.

What's it like to be a student in college in Michigan right now, in the midst of thousands of jobs being lost?

turn 2 : The field of medicine is secure, but the economy is not.

Answer: Unstable


That's right. The discussions we've had about whether the First Lady should have worn clothing by black designers for her husband's inauguration is still creating a lot of traffic. Aljory Stallings(ph) wrote us this on our Web site, I am completely irritated on this trivial commentary on this issue. I wonder if the black designers who were complaining about this realize that by doing that, they are cutting off their noses to spite their faces.

Flora Gayle(ph) chimed in with this, I think she needs to get some credit for almost always wearing American designers. I am not black, but I do work in fashion. I think before we start judging this, we should look at how many black students are going to fashion school. I wish there were more.

And Dianne Truckenberg(ph) wrote in to say, I am concerned with the concept drawing lines for black versus white, for fill in whatever topic. Insistence on basing decisions on whether or not something or someone is of a certain race will certainly bring back racial tension.

And then last week, we had a discussion about spanking with Judge Lynn Toller. Well, that topic raised a lot of listener hackles. Here are a few letters that summed up the debate. Christopher Watson(ph) sent us this, I sat in my car shocked as I listened to your program talk about spanking. I'm a 33-year-old black male who was spanked as a child and has since worked for several organizations fighting domestic and sexual violence and child abuse. I was slack-jawed as I heard two highly educated adults advocate child abuse.

turn 0 : The black designers complaining about the First Lady wearing clothing by non-black designers are being counterproductive.

Which group of people are being counterproductive?

Answer: Black


It would basically just restore a tax on stock compensation income in our city. And this is a tax that actually existed prior to 2012, when we started granting tax breaks to grow the tech sector in our city. And the revenue would be used to address the growing inequality crisis in our city, to expand affordable housing for working-class and middle-class residents, to support and stabilize our small businesses here in the city that are struggling and haven't benefited from the same tax breaks.

And just to be clear, you've written this proposal so that this tax would apply to IPOs that have already recently happened, like Lyft and Pinterest. And we should note that your proposal still needs to be passed by the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, and then it would go directly to the voters on the ballot in November.

Exactly. I mean, it's still - there's still going to be a lot of public process and debate about this.

OK.  Now, one of your colleagues on the board of supervisors told the San Francisco Chronicle that it's, quote, "arrogant" to think that tech companies won't leave the city if they are taxed more aggressively. Are you worried about that risk, that your tax proposal might drive some tech companies out of San Francisco?

turn 0 : "address the growing inequality crisis" - Literal meaning: to deal with the issue of inequality that is becoming more severe. Actual meaning: to take measures to reduce the gap between the rich and poor and provide support for those who are struggling.

Answer: Inequality


We're going to spend some time now talking about cybersecurity. Recently stolen NSA tools have been used apparently in cyberattacks in Baltimore and North Carolina. Hackers used this software to interrupt digital infrastructure like government computers, and usually demand money to stop. That's today's topic in our regular segment called Troll Watch.

This is where we've been keeping track of cybersecurity attacks, as well as the themes, memes and conspiracies being pushed by bots and trolls. Joining us now to talk more about this is Thomas Rid. He is a professor of strategic studies at Johns Hopkins University, where he teaches about cybersecurity. Professor Rid, welcome. Thanks so much for talking to us.

Thank you. Hi.

Let's walk through the facts that are known. So as I understand it, the NSA develops certain hacking tools, and somehow or another, they lost control of them. They were leaked, stolen somehow. And they started showing up in the summer of 2016. Is that right?

turn 3 : The NSA lost control of their hacking tools and they were leaked/stolen.

What was the reason for the cyberattacks in Baltimore and North Carolina?

Answer: Money


How are you doing?

Hello, Farai. How are you?

Oh, I'm good. You know, we've run in full tilt here. So, let's start with the Democrats. For months, Senator Clinton had held a comfortable lead over Senator Obama, nationally. All caveats about polls in place. What happened to their relative standing?

Hillary Clinton was over 50 percent in some polls in 2007, and then in - even in January - even after Barack Obama had shocked her in Iowa, she still maintained a 15 to 20-point lead in most polls taken nationally because Barack Obama had not yet been introduced to much of the country, and it was still kind of one-sided contest. But over the last couple of weeks, particularly since the South Carolina win really re-launched to the Obama momentum, he's been not just creeping up, he's been absolutely climbing up, and he has been taking over more and more states. And as a result, now even the national poll is reflecting that this race is too close to call - it's a statistical dead heat.

turn 2 : Implicated meaning: We have been extremely busy or working at full capacity.

What was the national poll reflecting about the race between Senator Clinton and Senator Obama?

Answer: Dead


We're hosting an online viewing party of sorts. For all those people who couldn't be among the 75,000 at INVESCO, I guess the next best thing to do is have your computer at your desk and join us. So we'll be linking to a stream of the event, and we'll host a real-time conversation.

So give that address again.

nprnewsandviews. org.

All right. Geoffrey Bennett is the web producer for News and Notes, joining me from the studios at the NPR west. Geoff, thank you very much.

turn 0 : An online viewing party is being held as a substitute for not being able to attend in-person.

What is the purpose of the online viewing party?

Answer: substitute


Well, no, I don't think so, but it's really not just about resignations. What people really want to see is a change of the system, not just a personnel change. But what we know is that even if we magically fixed Ferguson overnight, it would be an island of justice in a sea of injustice.

At the same time, Mr.  French, how do you keep the public safe?How do you get anyone to become a good police officer if they're getting - if they feel they might be shot by the citizens?

You're absolutely right. I mean, the tragic thing here - and this is the crisis that we find ourselves in in St.  Louis - is that communities need police; especially communities with high crime, like many of our communities do have it in St.  Louis. We need police. And an order for police to be effective they need the trust of the community. And so what I feel like is we have not acted quick enough. That in fact we had an opportunity over this fall and winter to do a lot of this hard work before we get into what is traditionally the high crime times of spring and summer. And it's been warm here for a couple of days and we've already seen a very high spike in crime, including the tragic death of a 5-year-old boy. So we've got a lot of work to do and we need to get to the business of doing it very quickly.

How has the protest movement changed - maybe in terms of what its objectives are - and are there different factions now?

turn 3 : Has the protest movement changed it's goals and are there different groups involved now?

How does PersonB inquire about the evolution and divisions within the protest movement?

Answer: Objectives


And a couple of weeks after that, I got a phone call from a Vietnam vet who wanted me to write an obit about a World War II vet who served on a submarine and is basically a hero. And I was so moved by his story. And I realized that this is where I connect. This is where all African-Americans connect to America. I mean, our people have served and have done so much so that people like me can have the opportunities that I have.

So I guess it's a story of - in a way, of me searching for who I am. Searching for my history, searching for my people's history.

Give me an example of one of the stories that you found about a World War II veteran.

Well, one of the veterans I interviewed was a man named Waverly Woodson (ph). And I saw the movie "Saving Private Ryan," and I mean, I thought it was a great movie. But I was really struck by the fact that there were like no black people in it. And I assumed that no African-Americans served on D-Day. But when I started writing the book, I really wanted to find an African-American who served on D-Day, because I soon found that that was not the case.

turn 3 : black people  implies African American people and not black color humans beings

Which group of people does the term "black people" in turn 3 refer to?

Answer: is


Yeah. That was the scene I went out. Before I did that song, Creed said, man, write a hit. I said, oh, sure, it'll be gold(ph). Because commercialism never really fazed me. I mean, playing songs that - in links that you knew everybody would like. I always wanted to be a true jazz artist, you know that. But Creed said, write a hit, so I wrote "Red Clay. "And all my friends who were jazz musicians, they said, man, you writing that square stuff. So I kind of - but that tune has earned me a living.

That's a great tune.

I mean - and it reminded me of my early childhood when I was back in Indianapolis.

They have red clay in Indiana?

turn 3 : "I wrote 'Red Clay'" implies that the speaker was not initially interested in writing a commercial hit, but ended up doing so at the urging of someone else.

How did the speaker come up with the song "Red Clay"?

Answer: Early


All right. Just quickly, before we let you go. Do you have any plans to try to catch up with Senator Obama's family on or after election day?

Oh, I don't know if I'm going to make it, because there's a huge media presence here already, and I think everyone's just waiting just to catch up with his grandmother.

Other reporters will be there, right outside her house?

Oh, absolutely. They were right outside her house during his delivery of the speech, during the Democratic Convention. And if I get the chance and manage to wiggle my way through the crowd, hopefully I might get a chance to speak to her. I have spoken to his stepsister, Auma Obama, and - in the past. So, you know, who knows?If I get that opportunity, yes, definitely, I will want to speak to them, and maybe speak to you later about what they said.

turn 1 : The media presence may prevent me from catching up with Senator Obama's family.

How might the media affect PersonA's ability to catch up with Senator Obama's family?

Answer: Prevent.


Business casual, if you will.

Yes - something that would be your business suit. And then the casual part of it would be you can take the jacket off, and there's a short-sleeve, button-up shirt underneath.

There have been prototypes developed of these new uniforms. And they've made some adaptations from what the originals look like. Tell me about that.

So they started out with sort of just a straight jacket that kind of hit at the hip. And the feedback was that soldiers really wanted a slightly longer jacket, like, almost, you know, like, a little bit of a skirt coming out from the hip and then a belt. The belt was really important. So the latest update of that has the belt added.

turn 1 : The business suit has a casual element to it with a short-sleeved shirt.

Which part of the business suit has a casual element?

Answer: Shirt


Yeah, and that sounds a little anthropomorphic. I mean, they live in those reservoir hosts inconspicuously. Obviously viruses don't have purposes, so it's not their purpose to hide, but they disappear. They go somewhere where we can't find them.

Scientists - Ebola spilled over for the first time in 1976, and scientists still don't know what the reservoir host of Ebola is.

If you want to get in on the conversation, ask David Quammen a question, it's 1-800-989-8255, 1-800-989-TALK. Now these are called zoonosis, is that - did I get that right?

That's right, yeah, zoonoses. A zoonosis is an animal infection that's transmissible to humans. It might or might not cause disease in humans. Sometimes these things spill over, and they become innocent passenger viruses in humans. But if the zoonosis spills over and does cause disease, then we call that a zoonotic disease. And about 60 percent of our infectious diseases are zoonotic.

turn 1 : Scientists have been studying Ebola for decades, but they still haven't identified its reservoir host.

Answer: Ebola


I think, given what we know about the internal divisions within Iran on some of these issues and the - their negotiating behavior in the past where they've made outrageous public statements and then in negotiations walk right - walked them right back, I wouldn't put too much credence in those statements at this point.

How much confidence do you have that the sanctions and the negotiations are going to be fruitful?

I think that this is going to create the best opportunity we've had in many, many years to test the seriousness of the Iranians and whether they're willing, you know, really, they're - they have a choice between either saving their economy and being part of - a viable part of the region or pursuing a nuclear weapons program that will make them a pariah, even more of a pariah than they are today. That's a pretty fundamental strategic choice. And I think we'll know in the coming weeks and months what choice they make.

Why won't deterrence and containment work with Iran?

turn 0 : "walked them right back" means retracting or withdrawing from a previously stated position, rather than physically walking backward

How did Iran behave in negotiations in the past?

Answer: Retracting


It's my pleasure, Scott.

You started out in your 40s?

No, I started out professionally in my 40s, but I was acting as a - since I was 9 years old. And as a young man trying to make a living, I was an exterminator, but I was doing community theater for many years before I finally went ahead with it as a professional.

Forgive me. - you were an exterminator?

turn 0 : "It's my pleasure, Scott." - This is a polite response to express that the speaker is happy to help or serve Scott in some way. The literal meaning is simply that the speaker is feeling pleasure.

Which word did the speaker in turn 0 use to express their feelings towards Scott?

Answer: Pleasure


And one more email.

And one more email, yeah. And it was quite literally the last email that I opened. And the email said, basically, Dear, Mr.  Feuer. Ever since I saw your story on the other Alan Feuer one year ago, I've been meaning to get in touch with you. I didn't want to do so while Alan was alive. Now, that he has passed away, would you like to know the truth about his background?

Well, you know, she - this woman who was, in fact, Alan's step niece. So, you know, imagine a, you know, a niece coming in by second marriage essentially. She went on to kind of flash out the family relationships, and she told me that while this life of grand society that I, in fact, had witnessed myself was absolutely true, the sort of back story that Alan had held up - Austrian blue blood, you know, mother live too long - all these stuff was, in fact, not true. And she said that, you know, if I wanted to get in touch with her, she would tell me, in fact, what the truth was. So I got in touch with her.

And this is a story of a man not from Austria but, in fact, born in Brooklyn and raised in Westchester?

turn 1 : Someone wants to reveal the truth about Alan's background after his death.

Answer: Last


Well, her name is Vivian Schiller, as you said. She's currently at thenewyorktimes. com. She runs that website. From my standpoint, it seems like a very impressive pick.

In her career, she's not only led the New York Times, she led Discovery Times Channel on cable, which was a joint venture. It did not play out, but it was very well thought of in terms of the journalism it did, and it sort of allowed the Times to experiment with operation in this multimedia world.

And before that, she was senior vice president, actually, at CNN, where she oversaw their long-form broadcasting, particularly the documentary work. Somebody who's a business manager, clearly, and yet very much steeped in the world of journalism and in the world of new journalism.

And it is a very quickly changing world, isn't it?First of all, there is a lot less money out there now than there was a year ago, right?With advertising falling. . .

turn 1 : Vivian Schiller's experience in multimedia journalism makes her a great pick.

Which channel did Vivian Schiller lead on cable?

Answer: Discovery-Times-Channel


Well, Zach looked at them and said, you know, these look like Sexton. But they don't look like the Sexton I've read. So even from the beginning, we had a very clear idea that we might have found something special here. So the next step was to reach out to other more-established Sexton scholars who hadn't seen them. And that was when we got really excited. They put us in touch with her daughter and literary executor Linda Gray Sexton, who also said, I have never seen these, either.

So Anne Sexton, as we've said, is one of the poets that really introduced the idea of confessional poetry, poetry that's personal - so much about the I. How do these poems fit into that emerging style?

Well, I think one of my favorite things about Sexton is how she kind of emerges almost fully formed, right?So she wasn't a childhood poetry writer. You know, before she even started taking a poetry class where she's writing for therapy, 12 years after that, she's winning the Pulitzer Prize for poetry. So what these poems show is, yes, her development but also very much her initial poetic power. In 1957, she presents her mother with a sort of homemade book of poems. And she says this was the first year of Anne Sexton, you know, poet - and that's before she even starts publishing - and then very shortly after has a meteoric rise to fame.

So I guess I'd like to know what these poems are about and something that really moved you. Can you give us an example?

turn 0 : It means the poems that the author has read, not the author herself.

Answer: Anne.


Well, most of them are against the government, so many of them see even public health workers as the enemy since they work for the government. And every time there are clashes with the police or with government soldiers, you know, health workers have to wait a day or two or even more for them to get into these villages or territories to treat the people.

Yeah. You know, what struck me when I was reading your article was that the health officials actually think that this outbreak is made much worse because of these militias. It's almost like they've created the problem.

Absolutely. Because every, you know, day or hour of delay, there is the possibility that the virus will spread to someone else and then spreads to the entire village. And that could, you know, spread very dramatically.

So tell us a little bit more. You know, there are also experimental treatments. What kind of progress has been made there?

turn 2 : Delays in treating people with the virus could lead to it spreading rapidly.

Which problem could worsen due to the delays in treating people with the virus?

Answer: Spread


The war in Afghanistan - nearly 18 years, more than 2,400 American lives - not to mention the Afghans and NATO forces who have died in that war - and $132 billion in U. S.  aid for reconstruction. Where has all that money gone?John Sopko has been the special inspector general for Afghanistan reconstruction since 2012. He delivered his latest report yesterday, ahead of a potential peace agreement in Afghanistan with the Taliban. And I asked Sopko, what has all that money bought?

That money has succeeded in helping in building schools and roads, helping on rule of law, providing the salaries to many police and military and school teachers. But unfortunately, a lot has been wasted.

Let's talk about what those reconstruction projects mean in the context of a potential peace deal with the Taliban because that is what is in the offing right now. Do you think a peace with the Taliban - bringing them in from the cold - is that a good thing or a bad thing for all of those investments?

Well, we support the peace process. A fair and sustainable peace is what's needed. The Afghans want that. We want that - the coalition. I think the neighbors want it. But are there some risks from that peace?And there are. And that's what our report talks about. It raises some of the risks from that. And again, this doesn't mean don't pursue peace. Again, we are strong supporters of a fair and sustainable peace. And those are the two key words. It's got to be sustainable.

turn 2 : Bringing one in from the cold doesn't refer to temperature or housing in this statement, the implied meaning is that they're being welcomed again. To diplomatic meetings in this case.

What does the term "bringing one in from the cold" refer to in the context of the dialogue?

Answer: Peace


And it is important. Some people say that the administration is risking the advancement, that Iran is just playing for time as it has in previous discussions and spinning things out and asking for preliminary meetings and other discussions technical to - just to play this out as long as possible to continue their development, to continue to enrich uranium. And then that the administration is playing a game, saying, well, let's wait until November 5th.

Well, I think the administration has its eyes wide open in terms of Iranian negotiating tactics. And again, they have been clear that this is not an open-ended negotiation. This is not forever. I think they're going to lay down some markers that certain steps need to be taken as an - as evidence of good faith. And if they're not taken, then that's going to send a message that, you know, look, this isn't serious.

Since the last round of negotiations, Iranian officials have said publicly that Iran will insist on the right to negotiate to continue to enrich uranium to the 20 percent level. That is one of the issues that is very much under discussion at these talks. How much credence should we put in public statements by senior Iranian officials about non-negotiable positions?

I think, given what we know about the internal divisions within Iran on some of these issues and the - their negotiating behavior in the past where they've made outrageous public statements and then in negotiations walk right - walked them right back, I wouldn't put too much credence in those statements at this point.

turn 3 : In (4), the speaker is suggesting that given Iran's past negotiating behavior and internal divisions, it would be unwise to take too seriously any public statements made by Iranian officials about their negotiating positions. The implied meaning is that the speaker believes that Iran may be using public statements to gain leverage in the negotiations, and that the true negotiating position may be different from what is publicly stated.

Which behavior of Iran should not be taken into account while evaluating Iranian officials' public statements about their negotiating positions?

Answer: past-negotiating


Oh, I absolutely see having access to care that you can rely upon to get the care you need is something we need to have across America. But how do you do that?Can you do that with a legislative pen?That was what the Affordable Care Act was trying to mandate. And it just doesn't work. And so what you've got to do is create a marketplace, both health insurance and in health care, that allows for people to access that care in an affordable, reasonable manner.

Are you convinced that high-risk pools are going to be able to cover people who are at risk with continuing and debilitating health conditions?I might add, both you and I have one of those.

Absolutely. I would agree that high-risk pools are going to address the issue in a new way, in a little different way, than what has been done previously in high-risk pools. But also it's going to give the flexibility and innovative opportunity to states to create new products, new ways to treat these issues. And to me, that's something we should be looking forward to rather than, you know, the status quo, no-we-can't-type mindset.

A new way but a reliable way. I mean, can you - there's lot of skepticism that these high-risk pools will do anything but make it unaffordable (ph) for people.

turn 3 : B is questioning the reliability of high-risk pools, implying that they may not be effective in providing affordable care.

How is PersonB feeling about the effectiveness of high-risk pools?

Answer: Unaffordable


Yet, does it make any kind of sense to you?

Well, it does. I think John McCain obviously from the beginning likes to shake things up. We saw that with the Sarah Palin pick the day after the Democratic convention ended. And we saw that with the poll showing that economic uncertainty helping giving Barack Obama boost in the polls. Perhaps that John McCain thought he'd shake it up by announcing that he would suspend his campaign, delay the debates because of this financial crisis.

So, did something happen politically in the last 24 hours to move Senator McCain back to Oxford, Mississippi or polls suddenly showing something?

Well, the feeling was always that he was going to have to show - he was of course hoping from a signal from either from the House Republicans or President Bush saying that negotiations were going well. But obviously, the Democrats really didn't like McCain's involvement on this. They said he was playing - he was posturing, playing presidential politics.

turn 1 : "shake things up" implies that John McCain's has the tendency of taking bold and unexpected actions to disrupt the political landscape and garner attention.

Which phrase describes John McCain's tendency to take bold actions?

Answer: Shake-things-up


It probably depends on what chapter you're reading at the time. It's probably all of those things!I don't know who decides what goes into what box or what bin or what shelf, you know. For me, it's just about finding a character, finding a story, following, I guess, my heart at what I'm working on at the moment. And it just kind of falls, you know, wherever it may out there after that, you know.

There's been a lot of attention to the whole idea of street lit. And Zane, who's an erotica writer, extremely popular, sells a ton of books. A lot of people are like, well, she just can't write, but there's a lot of sex in it. And there's also a question that some people have raised about whether or not it is good for the race to have books that are explicit about black sexuality out there. So. . .

What race?The human race?

The black race. The black race. And so I bring this up because so often when people, you know, just as you mentioned, the distinctions between the way some people will look at female sexuality and male sexuality and what it's like to have a track record and whether that makes you a bad person. You know, people also look at these distinctions by race and say, oh well, black people are oversexed. That's some people stereotyping. Are you ever afraid that by doing work like this that you're, you know, I don't know, playing into a stereotype?

turn 3 : The speaker is worried that their work may contribute to the stereotype that black people are oversexualized.

Which stereotype is the speaker worried about reinforcing through their work?

Answer: Oversexed


Well, up until about two decades ago there were no rights for crime victims. Victims were treated basically as another part of the evidence of the crime. So, really we've seen a great development in crime victims' rights in the criminal and juvenile justice systems since that time.

Who pioneered that change?

Really, it was driven by the experience of victims and survivors themselves. Like the example of Miss Hawkins, who turned the worst event in her life into a catalyst to make a difference for other people, so that other people wouldn't have to go through the same thing that she went through, that's the story of the Victims' Rights Movement. It has been people who felt that they were so poorly treated by the criminal justice system, that they had to make a difference and make sure it would be better for the next person.

How would you define victims' rights?Just you know, what do you think victims' rights really means?

turn 0 : Victims did not have any legal rights until recently.

Which group of people experienced poor treatment by the criminal justice system?

Answer: Criminal


Look, Farai, for years immigrants have been moving into South Africa going back to the apartheid era, to work in the mines, to work in various industries. So, immigration is not new to South Africa. But when you have the level of frustration and the depth of poverty and wealth polarization, it was a time bomb. It was just a matter of when it was going to blow up.

There was a commentary in allafrica. com that said that poverty is at the root of this. Do you agree with that?

Yes. Oh yeah, absolutely, I'd say that I mean there's many roots, and it's very likely that there was a group or grouping that actually incited these pogroms, these attacks, but fundamentally, this is about poverty. This is about frustration. This is about people saying we've been waiting for more than 10 years, for 14 years, for the fruits of our national liberation struggle to come forward, and we're not seeing it.

We're not seeing land distributed the way that it should be. We're not seeing the fundamental changes in water and electricity and other things that we've needed. We've not seen the development of housing on the level that we've needed, and this has just been boiling over.

turn 0 : a time bomb implies being a danger in the future and not a bomb set to explode in few minutes

How does the phrase "time bomb" relate to the danger mentioned in turn 0?

Answer: Future


That's true. And people who are addicted to it are too scared to death to tell anybody, because they're going like, yeah, if I tell somebody I'm addicted to a computer game, I'm going to get laughed out on the street, you know, because so many people haven't seen it or experience it, or they themselves are addicted, so they don't even want to believe that there's such a thing, because they might have to look at their own issue.

Just one quick piece of advice. If you're - you obviously tried to stay in contact with your son. He made it difficult for you, and he's dead. Whether or not some people would argue that it's not the gaming's fault, you think it is. One very small piece of advice for families who are trying to help someone.

I really need to talk to parents and tell them that these games are not glorified babysitters. And I see so many parents so excited because they're teaching their two year old to play games, and by five, they're addicted. You know, it's just heartbreaking to me, because it's like giving their child the drug, and they don't even know what they're doing. They're helping ruin their child's life, because it does affect their brain. It rewires their brain, and it affects how they function in society.

Well, Liz, thank you so much for sharing your story.

turn 0 : People are ashamed to admit they're addicted to computer games.

Which emotion is associated with addiction to computer games?

Answer: Shame


. . . Which is tsk-ahh. . .

(Laughter)

. . . Which people might think is a very sort of girly kind of sound. But - I mean, I have no defense for that.

What's the linguistic translation of that?

turn 2 : (3) A: ...Which people might think is a very sort of girly kind of sound. But - I mean, I have no defense for that.  The implied meaning in this turn is that the speaker is acknowledging that some people may view the sound they made as "girly," but they don't have any justification or explanation for why they made that sound. They seem to be a bit embarrassed or self-conscious about it.

What is the PersonA's justification for making the sound?

Answer: No


But Barack Obama blew right straight through half a million, a million. He's now approaching a million and a half donors. And of course they are not all giving the maximum amount of money, most of them are just giving 100 dollars or less, or 200 dollars or less. Nonetheless, the size, the base of that fundraising operation means that he can raise all the money that he needs, including, very possibly, money that would go to help retire Hillary Clinton's campaign debt after she does drop out, assuming some day she does.

Well Ron, thanks so much.

Thank you, Farai.

That was NPR's senior Washington editor Ron Elving, and he joined me at NPR headquarters in Washington, D. C.

turn 0 : "blow right straight through" - This is an idiomatic expression that means to exceed a goal or a limit with great force or speed. It does not mean that Barack Obama physically blew through anything.

How did Barack Obama exceed his fundraising goal?

Answer: Donors


In fact, he gets a little envious - doesn't he?- of seeing the closeness between the man and the wife as he's giving them the news.

He watches the man cry over her bed. And all he could think is that he, Toby, never wanted a spectacular marriage. He just wanted a regular one, and he feels that he's been deprived of that by the fact that his plan for his life, which - when he got married in his 20s - it just didn't work out.

You wrote an essay, recently. You had a revelation that your parents' divorce might have been the creative spark in writing this novel. How did that happen?

Well, you know, I thought that I was being a good cultural reporter by noticing the friends of mine who were coming to me and telling me that they were getting divorced, had this whole new way of dating, that they - you know, when my mother got divorced in her early 40s, you know, she felt so old. And here they were showing me how much life they had in them left. And I thought I was doing the kind of responsible journalist thing, which is writing about the cultural moment. And, along the way, people would ask me questions. They would say, why are you writing a divorce book?And I thought, well, no. I'm writing a book about marriage. . .

turn 2 : The parents' divorce might have been what gave the author the inspiration to create a story.

Answer: Divorce


So you're doing a lot of logistics as well. As I understand it, Deming has declared a state of emergency. What does that do for you?What does that get you, if anything?

Well, the city - and remember I'm the county, that's the city.

Mmm hmm.

They did make an emergency declaration. That was just to free up some funding. And that was, you know, on the governor's word that we would be reimbursed in whole. And it was essentially just so we could spend money to help support these people until they're on to their next destination.

turn 3 : The emergency declaration was made just to access funding.

What was the purpose of the emergency declaration?

Answer: Support


Correct. These are not embryonic stem cells. These are what we would call neural stem cells. In other words, these are stem cells that come from the nervous system.

And why - and, I guess, you give them a little - they have a little head start knowing they're going to be neurons from being injected.

Exactly. Well, they, you know, they have a head start in knowing at least that they're meant to be living in the nervous system, which means that there's a little bit of built-in safety and stability that may not quite exist in cells. They can become and kind cell to.

And how long are they effective for in the life of the mice they're injected into?

turn 2 : Neural stem cells have a better chance of becoming healthy cells.

What type of stem cells have a greater likelihood of becoming healthy cells?

Answer: Neural


Now, Mr.  Trump often points out that the school, at least on the website, had an overwhelmingly favorable rating from former students. But the plaintiffs say that it wasn't like that at all.

Really, that's exactly what they say. They argue that the whole point to this school was to keep selling students increasingly expensive seminars. First, there was a free introductory course where students were told they could make tens of thousands of dollars in just a couple of months using Trump's investment techniques.

But to learn those, they had to sign up for another seminar that cost about 1,500 bucks. And at that seminar, they were sold another course that cost as much as $35,000. They claim that students were encouraged to go into credit-card debt and even cash out their 401(k)s to pay for these top-level courses.

The settlement was reached. Well, one of these suits was about to go to trial on Monday, wasn't it?

Yeah, it was, though attorneys for Trump wanted it delayed because he was too busy with the transition. But, clearly, his schedule wasn't going to get any easier once he became president. So the judge in the case was urging both sides to settle.

turn 1 : “First, there was a free introductory course where students were told they could make tens of thousands of dollars in just a couple of months using Trump's investment techniques.” - Implied meaning: The students were misled into believing that they could make a lot of money quickly by using Trump's investment techniques.

Which investment technique did the students believe would make them tens of thousands of dollars quickly?

Answer: investment


Mr.  Kirn, why do you, in a couple of cases in this book, you refuse to consider yourself a victim, which I understand, even though you were duped, but you even call yourself a collaborator. Why?

Because the fact of the matter is, is that until he was convicted of these crimes, everyone believed him. I wanted to show the point of view of the dupe, of the fool. So, I was hard on myself. But I collaborated with him in the sense that every time he told a story that didn't make sense, I tried to make it make sense for him in my mind. Every time he lied and I felt a little twinge inside, I covered it up. And I had to answer the question why I did that.

And?

Well, Clark answered it for me. When I saw him in jail after his murder conviction, I said you're not going to admit to the murder - which he didn't, he had a story for that - but it's clear that you were a great conman and a great impostor for many years. What's the secret to fooling people, I said. And he looked at me and he said, Walter, three little words - I'm surprised you don't know - vanity, vanity, vanity.

turn 3 : (4) When Clark says "vanity, vanity, vanity," he is not talking about literal vanity (i.e. excessive pride in one's appearance or abilities), but rather using it as a metaphor for the weakness of human nature that makes people susceptible to being deceived by others. Clark is implying that people are easily fooled because they are too self-absorbed and often fail to see the truth beyond their own desires and interests.

Answer: Metaphor


Conveniently because there's an economy to forgery. You only want to give as much as required to persuade somebody that it might be the thing in itself, but never anymore because then you give people rope to hang you with. This is William Henry Ireland - not necessarily the greatest, but certainly one of the most prolific Shakespeare forgers of the late-18th century. He was later found out very quickly and wrote a confession.

Well, while we're standing here, why collect forgeries?Why collect hoaxes?

A lot of art forgery has been scholarly - treated in a scholarly way, but not literature and history in the same way. And actually, I remember talking to my colleagues about this collection and saying, perhaps now, more than ever, we ought to be attending to the subject of authenticity because we've already built another Tower of Babel. And that of course is our Internet, where any kind of discourse - true or false, and all points in between - is fair game.

We can be amused by a lot of this now, but I'm wondering if there are any forgeries here in this collection that had devastating consequences for people who believed in it.

turn 2 : This implies that in the age of the internet, it's more important than ever to focus on the subject of authenticity because it's difficult to distinguish between true and false information.

How does the speaker suggest we should approach the subject of authenticity in the age of the internet?

Answer: Carefully.


I have to ask, Margaret - because you are also on the board of the White House Correspondents' Association - a moment this week when Sarah Sanders, the press secretary, declined to answer a follow-up question from NBC's Hallie Jackson, called on Jordan Fabian, a reporter from The Hill. He said, go ahead, Hallie. Has it reached a point where White House reporters should stand together and refuse to go along with the way the White House conducts briefings?

I have long encouraged both on the board - I just finished my term this week - and just individually as a reporter have long encouraged reporters to take care of each other in the briefing room. I think we did this at times during the Obama administration when there were reporters whose desire for questions was getting skipped over. And it's an option we have now. We can all be good neighbors to each other, and we can all help each other to be allies in our shared mission, which is to help provide information to the American public on burning questions of the day.

Margaret Talev, who covers the White House for Bloomberg, thanks very much. I hope you get some time to rest up this weekend.

Thank you so much.

turn 0 : White House conducts briefings in an inappropriate way.

Which news agency is mentioned in the turn?

Answer: Bloomberg


No, no. It definitely can't. And the argument that you sort use is it's just growing too fast, and we're seeing it as it was six billion years ago almost. So if they grew that fast for six billion years, it would be just far too big.

Oh.

So it probably only lasts for a measly 100 million years or so.

Where do you go from here with this work?

turn 2 : (3) "measly 100 million years" - The word "measly" is used in a sarcastic manner to imply that 100 million years is actually a significant amount of time in the context of the conversation.

Answer: significance


I don't know many, but I know they exist - the person that doesn't really want fiction. They want nonfiction. They want something smart to read. I'm thinking more along the lines of, like, Ron Chernow's "Hamilton" that everybody became obsessed with, that read like fiction but was actually the book that's going to impress people that you read this summer.

That's right. There's literally a picture of Lin-Manuel Miranda on the beach reading that, but it's an old. . .

(Laughter).

In any case, yes. So there's a wonderful book that I think actually kind of brings together a lot of our - of our genres. And it's called "Murder By The Book. "It's by Claire Harman. And it's about a murder in Victorian London in which a minor aristocrat is murdered by his valet. Now, it actually does sound like fiction, right?It's nonfiction. But what's so wonderful about it is this guy's defense was that he had read a popular novel, and the book made me do it, which is kind of a wonderful thing if you think about what fiction can do.

turn 3 : 'A' does not literally believe that a novel inspiring a murder is a wonderful thing. he is simply saying it is impressive the way fiction can influence people.

Which novel influenced a murder in "Murder By The Book"?

Answer: None


Well I think this is what the Southern African Development Community is all about now, is trying to push forward, to say we can not continue with business as usual in Zimbabwe. There has to be a different way, and a better way, for the people of Zimbabwe.

So clearly there are economic measures that can be put forward by that Southern African Development Community. There are political pressures that can be brought to bear, not only by the Southern African region, but also, you know, by the African Union overall. And it is time to kind of push forward, beyond the quiet diplomacy here, to put pressure to make sure that we don't end up in endless discussions without a resolution to this crisis.

South Africa has also often been a leader in social issues, and now Archbishop Desmond Tutu has said that homophobia is, quote, "A crime against humanity, and every bit as unjust as apartheid. "

First of all, how's that playing on the home front?And secondly, you know, does it clash with some more traditional views that many people have?

turn 2 :  Archbishop Desmond Tutu's statement that "homophobia is a crime against humanity, and every bit as unjust as apartheid" is not meant to be taken literally but rather it implies the severity of discrimination against LGBTQ+ individuals.

How does Archbishop Desmond Tutu's statement on homophobia relate to apartheid?

Answer: Implies


The United Nations, in a new report, paints a picture of just how violent Venezuela has become. The U. N.  human rights chief says security forces have killed nearly 7,000 people over the past year and a half. She says, quote, "a shockingly high number of these were extrajudicial killings at the hands of what interviewees called death squads. "All as President Nicolas Maduro has vowed to stay in power.

NPR's Philip Reeves joins us now with more on that report. Philip, can you give us a little more detail on what the U. N.  team found in Venezuela?

Yeah. This takes a very broad look at the crisis in Venezuela over the last year up to this May. But a couple of things really leap out at you. One is the treatment of men and women in detention. The report says people are frequently arbitrarily detained and cites evidence of a variety of forms of torture - routinely used, it says - against prisoners by the intelligence or security services, others a form of punishment or to get them to talk. And that includes electric shocks, suffocation by plastic bags, waterboarding and sexual violence.

And the other striking section concerns those extrajudicial killings you mentioned. The Maduro government says, since the beginning of last year, some 7,000 people were killed in security operations, as you mentioned. And it says this was for resisting authority, as it puts it. But the U. N.  rights team believes many of these may be extrajudicial killings.

turn 3 : The Venezuelan government is responsible for many extrajudicial killings.

What kind of killings is the Venezuelan government responsible for?

Answer: Extrajudicial


(Laughter) Well, punctuation cooking may be a bit different, but I call it a great deal of those dishes where people have little bottle and they do little dots and the little comma and question mark all around.

(Laughter).

And basically, there (laughter) is no sauce to dip your bread in. You don't really know what those things have to do with the food. When I cook, I like people to be able to identify the food. I like people to feel comfortable. I want people to look at my food and start salivating and starting thinking of a marriage of that food with a certain type of wine and so forth. But in molecular cuisine, this is fine. I mean, up to a certain extent - a meal or two this way, but after a while, I just want to go out and have a taco and a beer (laughter).

(Laughter) As I was reading your book, you know, Julia Child - your friend and co-conspirator of many years - was famous for telling us, remember, nobody sees you in the kitchen.

turn 0 : (1) In turn (1), the speaker is talking about a type of cooking where punctuation marks are used to decorate dishes. The implied meaning is that this type of cooking is different from traditional cooking methods, and it may not be appealing to everyone.

Which type of cooking method is being discussed in turn (1)?

Answer: Punctuation


When you look at what the U. S.  walks away from this summit with, was it a success from the U. S.  point of view?

Well, the one thing - yes, obviously the president, I think, was happy. The president was happy to have been celebrated in the way he was celebrated. Clearly he repeated the mantra of, you know, this imperial visit was the first and most important thing in 200 years.

But I think it's also true that on Iran, they may have gotten a little bit of assistance from Mr.  Abe. He offered to mediate. He's going to be visiting in Iran. And Mr.  Abe and Mr.  Trump both said nobody wanted war; nobody wanted rising conflict. And that may be helpful to the president, who has tried to put the damper just a little bit on the kind of drumbeat that looks like the United States and Iran could end up in a military conflict.

That's Sheila Smith of the Council on Foreign Relations. She's also author of the book "Japan Rearmed. "Sheila Smith, thank you.

turn 1 : The president was satisfied with how he was perceived.

How was the president's reaction to his treatment at the summit?

Answer: Happy


The schemes that Vee and Noel eventually come up with - they begin collecting for the Dunkirk Widows and Orphans Fund. . .

That's right.

. . . Which is their own pockets. They're illegal, but were they wrong?

That's the whole dilemma. It's wrong, but Noel decides it is a lesser wrong than a crime he stumbles upon later in the book because it hurts no one. And it's this distinction between legally wrong and morally wrong which sets the whole plot on course in the second half when Vee and Noel come across someone who really is causing pain and trouble to other people by their illegal activities.

turn 2 : their own pockets implies that they were collecting money for themselves

Answer: Fund


Housing is just one part of the economy in dire need of help. There's also the banks. Last week, the Treasury Department unveiled its approach to help troubled banks, and Wall Street didn't take so kindly to that plan. Joining us now to discuss what's ahead for the nation's banks is Nobel Prized-winning economist and Columbia University Professor Joseph Stiglitz. Welcome back to the program, and if you could start off by reminding us what this plan entails and what your thoughts are about it.

Well, part of the reason the market reacted so badly was it wasn't sure what it entailed. There were so many gaps that no one is very sure. When aspect of that was that they were going to use private hedge funds and others to buy off the assets from the banks. So they're going to lend money with a (unintelligible), lend money, presumably, to the hedge funds to buy the bad assets off the banks, but the hedge funds won't do this unless there are some reduction in risk, which means the taxpayers are going to wind up paying doubly.

One, you have to compensate the hedge funds for their money and for the risk, and then we wind up bearing the majority of the risk in any case.

And you basically called this a zero sum game?

turn 1 : the taxpayers are going to wind up paying doubly implies that the money given to the hedge funds to buy the bad assets wouldn't happen unless a reduction in risk occurred which is the taxpayers providing the funding through extra taxes.

What is the plan for troubled banks and what was the reaction of Wall Street towards it?

Answer: Troubledbanks


Money.

If you go to Moscow today - I'm not talking about the provinces and I'm not talking about provincial cities, but Moscow, the very center of Moscow - is in some ways Riyadh or a kind of oil-rich capital. That's what Russia is today in terms of its economy at the highest levels. The very high elites, which all congregate in downtown Moscow and have their country homes in - outside, have enormous amount of money. The highest concentration of billionaires in any city in the world is in Moscow of all places, and when I lived in Moscow, you could barely buy a potato or an onion or get a box of matches, and this is reflected in the most glamorous state-controlled theater of all, the Bolshoi.

Just to interrupt our conversation for a moment, we are seeing black smoke emerging from the Vatican, which means there was no pope selected in the most recent vote, so onto tomorrow. But in any case, on back to the Bolshoi Ballet.

And, David Remnick, as you look at the influence of all that money, one of the accomplishments of the Bolshoi, you say, is that it has managed to make itself ideologically independent.

turn 3 : The Bolshoi Ballet's independence is a notable achievement in a country where money and politics often influence the arts.

How would you describe the Bolshoi Ballet's achievement in terms of ideology?

Answer: Independent


I asked Groff, who you will know from her own short story collection "Florida" and her novel "Fates And Furies" - I asked her how Nancy Hale went from someone with dozens and dozens of stories in The New Yorker to someone we forgot about.

You know, I don't know definitively. It's very hard to tell. I think part of it is that her stories are very quiet and very elegant, and she's possibly not fashionable at the moment - her style of writing. But I find her incredibly fascinating. She creates these lines that are full of a humming electricity. And her structures are so deep and so thoughtful that you don't really understand what you're reading until maybe a couple of days later when you realize exactly the craft that went into creating her short stories.

And they span the gamut. Some of them are highly lyrical. Other ones are satirical and very funny. So we did put together this collection of 25 short stories. They're all interesting in their own way. And you can sort of see the development of a writer over the course of decades.

Right. No, absolutely. You can feel - she's obviously, as you would expect, writing very different things than - in her later years than she was as a very young writer. How did you pick the stories that you landed on out of the many, many ones she wrote?

turn 0 : Nancy Hale became a person that people did not think of any longer.

Which author's writing style is described as "quiet and elegant" and possibly not fashionable at the moment?

Answer: Nancy


What should people really be thinking about in terms of the drivers of heart disease?

Well, you know, the things that we know so well, like obesity and diabetes and smoking, high cholesterol, high blood pressure and sedentary - lack of exercise, those are the biggies. They're not going to go away. They are so much more overshadowing this tiny and questionable effect of blood group.

And of course if there was a blood group effect, which is quite questionable, as you already pointed out, we don't have a whole lot of control about that, but we do about much of our lifestyle.

Are these things, do they work in concert together, or is there sort of one big driver?

turn 0 : It implies the factors that increases the risk of heart disease.

Which disease is being discussed in the dialogue?

Answer: Heart


Thank you.

What did you see when you drove through that deep water?What did you do?

It was just devastation everywhere. I mean, it looked like a lake. It looks like a lake in the middle of the neighborhood. You can't even fathom it.

Do you remember some of the people you were able to help?

turn 1 : This is a polite way of saying thank you for the help provided.

What did PersonA say to express gratitude for the help provided?

Answer: Thank


The writer Robert Strauss suggests that any new president would have to sink pretty low to meet the level set by the man the title of his book calls "Worst. President. Ever: James Buchanan, The POTUS Rating Game, And The Legacy Of The Least Of The Lesser Presidents. "Robert Strauss joins us now from member station WHYY in Philadelphia. Thanks so much for being with us.

Thank you very much, Scott.

Fill in some biographical blanks for us. James Buchanan was a Pennsylvanian, a bachelor and a Democrat.

That's all true. He had the greatest resume - at least, the greatest governmental resume - of anybody who's ever run for president. He was a state representative. He was a U. S.  congressman of both houses. He was the ambassador to Great Britain, ambassador to Russia and secretary of state.

turn 3 : James Buchanan had an impressive career in politics and government.

Answer: Politician


One person called them old guard reactionaries who are grabbling for crumbs from the table. Another called them seat warmer saying they have nothing new to offer. And that led to a larger conversation about Obama's support among blacks where black folks stand on the Democratic Party.

That's right.

But from what I've read on our blog, not everybody thinks the black history month is a good idea.

turn 1 : And we are in good old Black History Month now. Of course, we are black 365 days a year. (The literal meaning of this statement is that February is designated as Black History Month. The actual meaning is that black history should be celebrated and acknowledged every day, not just during the month of February.)

Answer: Everyday


So these are microorganisms. They're a little under a millimeter in size. They have four legs. And a lot of people think they look like bears, hence the name water bear. They are found everywhere on Earth, from jungles, to the top of the Himalayas, to the Antarctic. And as you had mentioned, they can survive pretty much any sort of environment, from extremely hot temperatures to extremely cold temperatures. They can survive in the vacuum of space. They're pretty much indestructible.

And how did a few thousand of them potentially end up on the moon?

A non-profit organization called the Arch Mission Foundation sent a lunar library to the surface of the moon with the Beresheet lander.

The Beresheet lander. This is an Israeli mission.

turn 0 : "Everywhere on Earth" sounds like exaggeration. It implies that they can survive in all sorts of different extreme conditions.

What is the name given to these microorganisms?

Answer: bear


Well, actually, we - there's three records on the chart, the chart of this year. Within the top of 30, you have Flo Rida, and then there - a couple of other songs that were charting this year were Alicia Keys and one by Timbaland with "One Republic. "

So, you know, in the - if you look at the top ten, one thing I'm happy about in terms of grading on the curve, if you look at the top ten, every decade that this chart has touched, is represented here. We have one from the 50s, and we also have the '60s, '70s, '80s, and '90s, and this decade represented.

But yeah, there's ample representation of recent hits here. One from this decade in the top 10 being by Mariah Carey, "We Belong Together. "

All right, what is changing about the music game with digital distribution?Does it affect how people buy singles, and what might be on the top 100 in the next 50 years?

turn 0 : There are songs from various decades in the top 30 chart.

What is represented in the top ten chart?

Answer: Decades


. . . They make you very proud.

What can you tell us about Paola Zambrano and Mark Gorman?

Both of these kids were awesome young people. Paola - Paola, you know, died when she was going to be a junior, so she finished two years of high school. And, you know, during her freshman year, she was diagnosed with colon cancer. And we knew it was a serious situation. And we, you know, quite frankly didn't think that she'd be - you know, continue down that road of going to high school because we knew it was terminal.

And, you know, to her credit, she decided she was going to keep coming every day, had great attendance, went through her chemos and her therapies and was a model student for her family and for herself. She was very - a very proud young lady. And she had hopes and dreams beyond high school that unfortunately she was never. . .

turn 2 : Although the speaker uses the phrase "went through her chemos and her therapies" in a literal sense, the actual meaning is that Paola underwent cancer treatment, which included chemotherapy and other therapies.

What kind of treatment did Paola undergo?

Answer: Chemotherapy


What about beyond the environment?- because your platform goes well beyond just issues. . .

Yeah.

. . . Of climate. What else do you stand for?

Well, having a clear attitude against racism through our diversity, not flirting with populist parties but confronting them. This is something that the Greens have been always good in. And I think that resonates with the population. And also, the Green Party has always been most pro-European party, longing for United States of Europe as a vision.

turn 3 : The Green Party has good attitudes towards diversity, opposes populist parties, and is pro-European.

Which party is described as having good attitudes towards diversity, opposing populist parties, and being pro-European?

Answer: Green


There was no regulation at the time. I mean, the calves that they experimented on in the '60s came from Cooley's ranch. And when I was researching this, I heard this really bizarre story. And I asked - I had one source that I trusted implicitly. And I called her, and I said, I heard that Dr.  Cooley put a pig's heart in somebody. And she didn't bat an eye, and she said no, no, no, it was a sheep. Those were the days (laughter). You know, today, we have the FDA. We have hospital review boards. We have all kinds of things.

When you say artificial heart, you know, the first name that might come up is Robert Jarvik. I mean, some listeners might recall his name. He created a heart that kept Barney Clark, a dentist from Seattle - kept him alive for 112 days back in 1982. That was a huge story, huge story at the time. And that was a long time ago (laughter). Where are we today?Are people still getting artificial hearts implanted today?

It's interesting. Jarvik kept going. And there is a form of an artificial heart that Jarvik designed that's probably the best. But there is no total replacement. You know, a battery-operated - something that - they can cut you open, put this piece of titanium in, sew you back up, and you're good to go.

So from all your reporting, did you, you know, finish this up thinking, we're going to see an artificial heart in our lifetime?

turn 0 : Dr. Cooley experimented on animals and put animal hearts in humans

Answer: Cooley's


One of the most interesting things that happens with couples, Farai, is that one's a spender and one's a saver, and that causes all kinds of problems. Because one person wants to squirrel away every extra penny, and then you've got the extravagant one. They've got to talk about it and make compromises.

And Michelle Singletary has a new book out which is great, talking about couples and money management, and there are a lot of other tools. But the first tip is just to have an honest conversation about what your money priorities are, how you spend your money, and what's important to you.

Thanks so much, Dr.  Malveaux.

Thank you.

turn 0 : squirrel implies to hide some money for future use and not referring to an animal or rodents

How does one person want to handle extra money?

Answer: compromises


He used to love football because at the end of the year, we left him a gift. And it was a T-shirt, a real T-shirt of the Euro 2016 of France with his name behind the T-shirt and the number 41 on the top because we were 41 students in his class.

Heda says that she and her classmates have been talking and sharing thoughts with each other on Facebook and remembering their teacher.

I will never forget him, and he was the best ever teacher I ever had before. And I am so powerless with all this and I really want to be thankful for everything he did for us, for the class and also for me.

That's Laurence Heda, a student of Michael Pellegrini, who was killed, along with his mother and his grandparents in the Nice attack.

turn 3 : Laurence Heda was a student of Michael Pellegrini, who sadly died in the Nice attack, along with his mother and grandparents.

Answer: Attack