You could wear it on your clothing?

Right. Well, their hope is - I mean, the - I think the sort of grand dream here is that if you make these little pocket factory sort of easy, you know, easy to install in cities, then inventors and companies who might have a need for micro solar but didn't want to go through the rigmarole of acquiring those panels before might incorporate them. So you could have sort of more micro solar use. That's their grand dream, although of course they say, you know, who knows?

Well - but you see, working - so the Video Pick of the Week is the video - it's up on our website at sciencefriday. com, in Flora's backyard. You get a little peek. . .

Yeah. Don't judge me.

turn 1 : The machine is fascinating to watch and can create small solar panels

turn 1 : Levees were not built to handle current floodwater levels

turn 1 : The levees are old and unable to handle the amount of water released from Keystone Dam, resulting in many evacuations.

turn 1 : The "finger in the dike strategy, keep the water out and eventually things will recover" is not actually talking about water leaking out of a dam, but rather a declining bank that needed a solution to a financial drain problem

turn 1 : The goal is to make micro solar installation easy and convenient for inventors and companies.


So things like Hillary Clinton's speeches - the Goldman Sachs speeches - I think those do pass the public interest test. Even given the importance of those few newsworthy items, if you ask me, is the dumping of this much private information and this much internal conversation - the damage this does to our political system - is it worth a few news items if I had a binary choice - all of it or none of it?

I would say we haven't gained that much. But the ideal wouldn't be that binary choice. The ideal would be that such leaks and hacks would go to responsible journalists who would go through this and would identify what is actually in the public interest.

But these - this day and age - wouldn't people say the news organization is concealing information - that they want the chance to look at the original documents and decide for themselves?

I think, in this day and age, we really need to figure out when to hold back. In the past, news was driven by scarcity. There wasn't enough news. And you sent around journalists. And you said, let's find out what's going on.

turn 2 : In turn (3), the speaker implies that the same forces that are affecting newspapers are also affecting books, and that books may be perceived as archaic except as a form of entertainment.

turn 2 : Contrary to the prediction, many Americans did not cancel their summer road trips

turn 2 : The information does not boil down, but it gets to the most practical facts.

turn 2 : The implication of this turn is that people want to be able to look at the original documents and decide for themselves what is relevant and important, instead of relying on a news organization to make that determination.

turn 2 : The flooding is so severe that familiar landmarks are unrecognizable.


turn 2 : The actual meaning of the third turn is that the speaker is implying that the current administration is trying to prevent important information from being released, and this is why they are pushing people to contact them with information.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of this turn is that people might think news organizations are concealing information, but the actual meaning is that people might think news organizations should not be concealing information.

turn 2 : that the people don't want any more violence and want it to stop

turn 2 : The speaker is suggesting that the situation might not be as serious or dangerous as it initially seemed.

turn 2 : 'Leaders are calling for an end to the violence, but there hasn't been much talk in terms of specifics.' implies that leaders are not taking specific actions to end the violence.


I think, at this point, the way to sanitize everything and start to rebuild confidence - and it's going to be difficult - is just for everybody to open up and say, look, here is where we are. Here are the assets that are still on our books. None of that stuff tends to panic people. There's a lot of bad news there, but people are smart enough to realize that, if they're not being told something, it's probably because the news is bad. And I think, once you just get it all out there, it would help quite a bit.

Henry, always great to talk to you.

You, too. Thank you so much for having me.

Henry Blodget is the CEO of the financial news site clusterstock. com.

turn 0 : People should pursue their dreams and not let negative opinions stop them from achieving success.

turn 0 : It is better to be transparent about the negative aspects.

turn 0 : The literal meaning of (2) is a simple expression of surprise, while the implied meaning is that the speaker is in awe of Steve Dalkowski's remarkable ability.

turn 0 : B is impressed or surprised by what A said.

turn 0 : as it is the only turn with an implied meaning different from its literal meaning.


Henry, always great to talk to you.

turn 0 : It's important to take risks and learn from failure.

turn 0 : Being honest about the current situation can help restore confidence

turn 0 : The man was highly involved in social events and had long-standing involvement with various organizations.

turn 0 : Some successful scientists adopt unconventional approaches after achieving something significant.

turn 0 : The person was surprised greatly by the information and it affected many of their thoughts and emotions. They were not struck but what they saw made them notice it and think about it more.


You know, I initially wasn't sure if I was going to go back after Katrina. But I think that I was so - you know, I realized, you know, that there's that whole song, "Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans?"I didn't get it until I left after the storm and I was evacuated in Atlanta for a period of about six months. And it just started setting in that, you know, New Orleans is truly a special place. I felt like I could have a better impact if I were back in the city trying to help people. And so that drew me back to the city. I mean, it truly is an amazing place, and as far as whether or not I'll go back now, definitely. I can't see leaving New Orleans at this point. And I know some people don't understand that. They might think that's sort of silly, but it truly is a unique city. And the people are amazing. The culture is amazing, and so it's just such a hard place to stay away from.

Do you ever wonder, why us twice now?

You know, yeah, what are the chances?And it's so crazy because the anniversary of Katrina was just on August 29th, and that was - I remember evacuating on a Sunday, the storm hit on a Monday, and the same thing has kind of happened now, though I evacuated Saturday, the storm hit on Monday. So it's just very unusual.

Thena, thank you so much for sharing your story with us. Good luck to you also.

turn 0 : The speaker feels the need to perform music to feel complete.

turn 0 : (3) - Describe for our listeners what the monarch butterflies look like, instead of asking the listeners to actually go and see them.

turn 0 : The author woke up with a vision of millions of butterflies covering the forest, which inspired the novel.

turn 0 : The speaker feels a strong emotional connection to New Orlean


Do you ever wonder, why us twice now?

turn 2 : The situation is so dangerous that people who refuse to evacuate should identify themselves in case of death.

turn 2 : B may not be a man and likely didn't just turn 21. B is singing a Bo Diddley song in honor of his death.

turn 2 : The coincidence of being evacuated twice is unusual

turn 2 : Turn: "didn't quite get the same glory" Actual meaning: Did not receive the same recognition or fame.

turn 2 : the scene in this context means genre of music


Thanks for having me.

So why have all these Democrats decided just to go ahead and run for president and not even bother with trying to win a Senate seat?

(Laughter) I do think that there is quite a lot of enthusiasm in the party about the idea of taking on Donald Trump. But I do think that, you know, the Senate is always an appealing option. And as we've seen in past cycles that have hotly contested presidential races - 2016 being the most recent example - you know, you do have Senate candidates that get into the race, like Marco Rubio in 2016, right up until the last minute. I think you're going to see a lot of really smart, good candidates running up and down the ticket next year.

There were a number of Republican and Democratic senators over the past couple of years who've declined to run for reelection and on their way out the door said, look; it's just not the job it used to be. It's intensely partisan. And we haven't gotten a lot accomplished. Wouldn't that have the effect of also discouraging people for running for that job?

turn 1 : "run for office" implies to be a candidate in an election

turn 1 : run for president means to campaign for presidency

turn 1 : A thinks that the government is not functioning properly.

turn 1 : Their notion is to do as much as you can and don't think about the numbers too much.

turn 1 : The information was told to others when it was not supposed to be told.


I grew up in a small town where there were no poets. There were brilliant carpenters and electricians and people who did things with their hands. I wanted to make something with my hands too. I just wanted to make something a little different.

And so I needed models to sort of tell me that I could do that. Now, I am hopefully urging on another generation, the next generation of young, passionate, risk-taking, truth-telling writers to say, don't be afraid of this, you can do this, just have the resolve to do it, and it'll work itself out.

Even if you're working at Kinko's overnight?

Even if you're working at Kinko's it will, you know, you - there are jobs everywhere for poets of passion, you know?Some of them are in the academy.

turn 3 : The poet's work is inspired by various cultural influences and experiences.

turn 3 : In turn (4), the speaker is not actually asking if the study is disproving the old rule of thumb that one dog year is equivalent to seven human years. Rather, they are asking if the study is more complex and nuanced than that oversimplified rule, and if it takes into account factors such as genetics and environment in determining a dog's age.

turn 3 : (4) - So it's not just that old rule of thumb that one year is seven years in a dog's life? - Implied Meaning: Is there more to aging in dogs than just a general estimate of one year to seven years?

turn 3 : No dogs is trained in marijuana because it is a illegal.

turn 3 : No matter where a person works they can find inspiration to write a poem.


Well, you know, call me an old fashioned guy, but I like to see the U. S.  and the Russians figuring out areas where we can cooperate and going at it from there. So I think it's a good idea. But I do have a little caution about the notion that you bring people together and they're going to hit the side of the head with the palm of their hand and say, oh. Now we see this other guy isn't so bad.

Actually, they've been murdering each other for a couple of years now. And so bringing people together isn't necessarily going to help. I think what's more important is not so much getting people around a table, as getting people around some ideas for what this crazy country is going to look like in the future.

Again, going back to the example of Dayton, you said getting people together in one room did not work so well there.

Oh. You know, we had an opening banquet, which we had in this museum. I mean, it was an air museum, so, ironically, above the head of one the Serbs, we had a cruise missile, which had recently. . .

turn 0 : The person refuses to change their mind on what they think about the situation.

turn 0 : There is a sense of panic in the financial system and central banks are the only ones willing to finance the banking sector.

turn 0 : He says to call him a guy that likes to do things the way they used to be done years ago. He cautions against thinking that bringing people together will make them suddenly realize how wrong they had been.

turn 0 : The lack of bonuses affected stock market sales.

turn 0 : The policies would make drastic changes for the better to the economy.


Yes. We've had - you know, when it first started, there was some congressional interest. But I mean, nobody can do anything, right?I mean, the Trump administration doesn't appear to listen to anybody but Donald Trump.

There is wide bipartisan support for the U. S.  taking a tougher line with China. But what sort of deal would you like to see?

I mean, I'd be happy if they just took away the 25% tax so I could compete on a level playing field, right?The tariffs they imposed on our lobsters in China never bothered anybody because it was equal for everybody, so it was no harm, no foul. I don't expect to get a better trade tariff rate than the Canadians when this is over, if it's ever over. You just can't sit here and wait forever.

Yeah. So if things continue the way they are for a few more months, is there a real threat that you guys will go out of business?

turn 0 : Despite congressional interest, the Trump administration is not listening to anyone but Donald Trump

turn 0 : Congress and the president are not working at the moment.

turn 0 : Using government money to prop up the banking system is better than letting it implode.

turn 0 : Pouring money is a metaphor, not literal. It just means the government gave a lot of money to the bank, who spent a lot on bonuses and dividends.

turn 0 : The bailout could have potential negative consequences for the average taxpayer


They knocked on the door once. And they knocked - barged into his fifth-floor flat and found the two of them in bed together. So that was the impetus to get a case of adultery against my mother.

Helen was forced to give baby James up to be raised by John Graham, who then divorced her. Father Sullivan was dragged back to his religious order. Graham says Sullivan spent the next 16 years being quote, "rehabilitated" at what was known as a priest prison in Essex, N. Y.  Can I ask you, when you look at the church now and that it took so long to get this answer, what do you think about the way this was handled?

Well, it was handled poorly because they could have told me from day one, yes, your Father Sullivan's son. And I have some documents that show my father had a relationship with a woman. Other documents they said were purged. And I believe those documents were about me. They didn't have to put me through this emotional trauma of exhuming his body. It's just terrible.

Now that you have your answer, what's next for you?

turn 1 : He made a promise that was stressed by him and gave people the impression he would do it regardless of what happens.

turn 1 : He was forced to go back to the church under protest and resistance from himself.

turn 1 : Using government money to prop up the banking system is better than letting it implode.

turn 1 : The rating agencies play an important role in the banks' ability to borrow money.

turn 1 : The economy is doing very poorly, and consumers are struggling to pay their debts and bills.


So every time that you have, you know, even life in a - in the House of Representatives means you need to be there. You need to deal and wheel and pork(ph) and everything. Grillo's going to be at home. So what is going to happen?His 150 MPs will go on the phone and say, Beppe, what are we going to do with this?It's ridiculous. So that's one point.

And the second point is Beppe Grillo's people and Beppe Grillo's deputies are actually younger, much younger, and I suspect much wiser and quieter than he is.

So expect some of them to say, look, we promised Italians to change this country, we're going to do that. And so they already proved that in Bologna, where I am, actually. It's - they've been successfully here in Emilia-Romagna. They were successfully in Parma and in Sicily. They cut deals all the time, American style, really cutting deals on the legislative floor without the parties, and they were very successful.

Well, you've said what you thought should happen. What's your best guess as to what you think will happen?

turn 0 : They mention that the House of Representatives done everything in their power to make sure they needs are met.

turn 0 : The bailout is not punishment enough for the people responsible for the financial crisis.

turn 0 : The bailout bill is necessary to help homeowners avoid foreclosure and help small businesses stay afloat.

turn 0 : The oversight of the bailout money may not be as strong as it is intended to be.


I'm Farai Chideya, and this is News & Notes.

1. 5 million. That's the number of people reportedly incarcerated in the United States. Beginning in the 1980s, the nation saw an ever-expanding prison industry, designed to manage a steady stream of new felons and recidivists. Now some states are finding they can't afford the billions of tax dollars supporting the prison system. Rethinking the role of rehabilitation may be part of the answer. That's what Jennifer Gonnerman says. She's a journalist covering the prison beat, and her latest article kicks off a special edition of Mother Jones magazine that examines the prison system. Jennifer, great to have you on.

Thanks so much for having me, Farai.

So this is a whole special issue on the issue of prisons. Your article talks about the economic impact the prison system is having on the nation. So what kind of money are we talking about?

turn 1 : The states are considering new strategies to reduce prison population and save money for other budget priorities.

turn 1 : The bailout is not punishment enough for the people responsible for the financial crisis.

turn 1 : The prison industry has become too expensive for some states to handle and rehabilitation is a possible solution

turn 1 : The bailout could have potential negative consequences for the average taxpayer

turn 1 : The oversight of the bailout money may not be as strong as it is intended to be.


And no nearby bases as there were in Italy. Yet there's also the case of - it's going to be very difficult to get international or at least United Nations backing for an intervention in Syria.

That's right. The chances of getting that past Russia and China, I think, are - that would be a very, very heavy lift. You had - when Bill Clinton went to war in Kosovo, he knew that he couldn't get Russia to approve that through the U. N.  Security Council. And instead what he said was that I'll get the approval of NATO. So it won't just be an American mission. This will be a multilateral venture. So it's not just the United States saying that the United States is acting in the name of humanity. It's a whole lot more governments also saying the same thing. And I think that gives it an added credibility and added legitimacy.

As you mentioned, the Arab League supported the campaign against Gadhafi in Libya. In the present-day case with Syria, the chances of getting something through the Security Council are harder and in part because China and Russia feel as though the U. N.  Security Council approval, which is sort of the standard for international legitimacy, that the U. N.  Security Council resolution that they approved was to stop potential mass killing but not necessarily to overthrow Gadhafi's regime.

That President Obama looked at what a no-fly zone could do and realized it would not do enough. He needed to authorize that aircraft could strike ground targets as well.

turn 1 : China is willing to support North Korea's terrible regime to prevent its collapse and the horrible situation that might ensue

turn 1 : B wants A to explain what makes the agreement better

turn 1 : B disagrees with the premise of the question but is willing to discuss it further.

turn 1 : Getting past Russia and China to get approval would be a very hard thing to do.

turn 1 : B is impressed or surprised by what A said.


So most of the players in the money sports, in football and basketball at the Power Five schools, are black. So 56 percent of the basketball players - men's basketball players - are black. Fifty-five percent of the football players are black. But 2. 4 percent of the students at these schools are black men. And so this is -

Only?

Only 2. 4 percent. I know. That was shocking to us, too. But there's this weird paradox that happens, right?So you have black men on these campuses who are basically invisible in the classrooms. But at any given time and during any given academic year, the most high-profile undergraduate at one of these universities is likely to be a black basketball phenom or a black football star.

What did you find out about if these stars are actually getting the education that they've been promised?

turn 0 : black kids implies children of African American people and not black colored kids

turn 0 : The maple and birch have yellow leaves due to the fall season. The river has turns in it as it flows through the mountainside. The person is paddling through a very narrow part of the river. The person passes a home of a beaver and birds fly quickly overhead.

turn 0 : The proportion of black male students at Power Five schools is much lower than the proportion of black male athletes.

turn 0 : The overflow will not cause harm to the ecosystem.

turn 0 : They are under control of the plant's internal system that is regulated by light and seasons.


I went back to Nepal in 2013 to write about the same supply chains feeding guys making cameras for the iPhone 5 in Malaysia. And some of the families that I wrote about at the time and got together and - was this woman, this magnetic woman who lit up the room, who was leading the conversation that everybody was deferring to. She was cutting off the men, which you also don't see much of in Nepal. And I didn't even recognize her.

And it was the same young woman. This woman, who was broken when I saw her in 2005 at this ashram, had just completely transformed her life. She not only made herself self-sufficient, but she rebuilt herself emotionally and has just this incredible self-awareness about everything that's happened to her and her refusal to be a victim and to rise up and face KBR Halliburton as a key witness in this case.

I was about to ask. How. . .

Yeah.

turn 0 : Women need to be tough to be taken seriously in male-dominated professions.

turn 0 : There was a failure to provide appropriate medical care for Carlos Hernandez Vasquez.

turn 0 : Baby William and his sister are adjusting well to their new family dynamic

turn 0 : The woman was a strong leader and dominated the conversation despite the patriarchal society in Nepal.

turn 0 : It made the person feel sadness and it was hard for them to see.


Right, so I would assume we'll continue seeing kind of similar-shaped tablets, you know, a large screen, maybe one to three buttons on the face. There hasn't been a lot of design innovation on the tablet front, which is kind of disappointing, but we probably will start seeing more innovative smartphone designs in the future.

Now, when we talked before, before the trial, the analysts were saying this is really not about Samsung, it's about Google and its Android operating system. That's the shot across the bow.

Right.

How will that affect Google?

turn 1 : Samsung's lawyers were not as good as Apple's lawyers

turn 1 : Samsung is not the main target, Google is

turn 1 : The literal meaning: The speaker mentions that they discuss this as a significant starting point or origin for the book. The implied meaning: The speaker suggests that this event plays a crucial role in shaping the themes or direction of the book.

turn 1 : The dangers of the ground is something the person remembers and thinks about a lot.

turn 1 : The pieces mean memories of the person's childhood that they were able to make sense of.


First week of the season, a young boy - he has the ball over his head. He's ready to make the throw-in. And a spectator on the sideline puts her hands on the child's shoulders, spins him around so he'd be redirecting the ball to a different player. So I blew my whistle. And I said - is this your child?And she said, no, this is not my child. So I explained to her, I said, you can never, ever, ever, ever touch a player.

So this was a cry for civility, not I'm sick and tired and can't take it anymore?

That's correct. This is a cry for civility. This is a plea for everyone to join me and everyone else who believes that we can have a fun, fair and safe experience in which sanity is expressed on the sideline.

Well, it sounds that you're complaining less that your feelings were hurt than the youngsters might be getting a very bad example of what it is to be an adult.

turn 1 : being tired of something means that you are annoyed or mad at something. People are getting annoyed of violence, or mad at the violence.

turn 1 : A strange story is going to be told about a preserved rectum.

turn 1 : A is willing to share the story of why the rectum of the Bishop of Durham is displayed in a jar.

turn 1 : The story was told to people and many became aware of it.

turn 1 : so this was a cry for civility, not I'm sick and tired and can't take it anymore?


turn 2 : joining us implies being part of an activity and not being to mix up

turn 2 : The bishop is rectum became a museum exhibit.

turn 2 : A is willing to share the story of why the rectum of the Bishop of Durham is displayed in a jar.

turn 2 : The drops did not help the bishop's condition which eventually led to his death. Dr. Hunter collected and preserved the bishop's rectum, which became a prominent exhibit in his museum.

turn 2 : That's correct. This is a cry for civility. This is a plea for everyone to join me and everyone else who believes that we can have a fun, fair and safe experience in which sanity is expressed on the sideline.


turn 3 : Turn (3) is an example of a statement whose meaning is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is not actually asking about the ages of the women, but rather expressing surprise or concern about how young some of them were.

turn 3 : Well, it sounds that you're complaining less that your feelings were hurt than the youngsters might be getting a very bad example of what it is to be an adult.  In these turns, the speakers are using figurative language or implied meanings rather than stating things directly.

turn 3 : The drops did not help the bishop's condition which eventually led to his death. Dr. Hunter collected and preserved the bishop's rectum, which became a prominent exhibit in his museum.

turn 3 : The speaker's faith in the Catholic Church has been damaged by the abuse scandal, but their personal faith remains intact.

turn 3 : The speaker is expressing a high level of respect for the doctor's abilities.


So from your teens into your 40s, you become an increasingly successful auto repair entrepreneur and businessman. What makes you, in your 40s, wind up in medical school?

I really wanted to grow the business or - I didn't really know exactly which direction I wanted to go into, but I felt like I needed some foundational training in business if I were to do this correctly. So I ended up checking out some local colleges to see who had a degree program and came across Ursuline College in Pepper Pike.

But it was while I was at Ursuline that I discovered my desire for medicine that came back from how I felt when I was a child. And it was during a biology class. And it was the first day of class when I walked in there, in the first hour, that my life changed.

How?What happened?

turn 0 : to move in direction in this context means to change something

turn 0 : B is asking A if he/she thought carefully before doing something.

turn 0 : B is surprised or impressed by what A just said

turn 0 : B implies that being a comedienne is not the same as being a businesswoman, and she wants to know how A manages the business side of her career.

turn 0 : wind up means to suddenly be in a situation.


Tomorrow marks the end of the longest presidential campaign to date. This election looks like it might break all voter turnout records, and plenty of civil and voting rights groups are out there working to make sure you have a place to turn if you're having trouble voting. One of them is the NAACP. In September, Benjamin Jealous became the youngest man to lead the country's oldest and largest civil rights organization. He's got plenty of information about how to protect your vote. Ben, how are you?

I'm doing well.

So you are the head of this storied organization that has had so much to do with African-Americans in voting. You think about where we've been in the past decade with the contested 2000 election. What should people know firstoff about going to the polls and doing it in a way that protects their vote?

You know, there's really two things that I say to folks. You know, first is that you should be prepared, you know. You should really think about the time you need and make sure, you know, if you need to have somebody to watch the kids that you just take care of it. This is one of the most important things that you'll do in the next year, and just be prepared.

turn 0 : The figurative meaning here is that allowing the person to go through the entire hiring process without disclosing their criminal record increases their chances of getting a job. It suggests that withholding information about their criminal record can help them overcome potential biases.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be expressing a subtle hint or suggestion, rather than stating something directly.

turn 0 : to break records means that a previous record was taken away by a new record

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker's tone and word choice suggest that they may be withholding information or expressing something indirectly, potentially due to fear of judgement or repercussions.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at something indirectly and expects the listener to understand the intended message.


I'm doing well.

turn 0 : The speaker is suggesting that it is possible to address both security concerns and human rights issues simultaneously, rather than prioritizing one over the other.

turn 0 : a breath of fresh air implies a great relief and freedom

turn 0 : The phrase protect your vote means to ensure that you are able to exercise your right to vote and aren’t subject to racism

turn 0 : "blowing away" in line 2 - The phrase "blowing away" is being used metaphorically here to refer to the Tampa Bay Lightning's dominant performance against their opponents, rather than literal blowing.

turn 0 : Implies that the situation is incredible and shocking, rather than simply saying that it is amazing.


I'm doing well.

turn 2 : (2) Implied meaning: Get enough votes to pass the legislation, no matter the number of votes required.

turn 2 : The implied meaning is that A is inquiring about the details surrounding B's special person.

turn 2 : A confirms B's statement without acknowledging the age of the car.

turn 2 : To protect a  vote means to ensure that you are able to exercise your right to vote and aren’t subject to racism; the vote is not a physical thing.

turn 2 : The implied meaning is that B has a unique and special person in their life that they want to share with the world.


That is Binyamin Appelbaum. He writes about economics for The New York Times, and he's written a new book, called, "The Economists' Hour" that traces what he calls a revolution in the way we think about economists.

This quiet but really important revolution that happens, really, beginning in the late 1960s and the early 1970s, where economists begin to gain tremendous influence over public policy in the United States.

In fact, that young economist who told his wife he had no future at the Fed, that was Paul Volcker. He became one of a small group of economists who made themselves indispensable to U. S.  presidents. Volcker rose to become the chairman of the Federal Reserve in the Carter and Reagan years.

So I asked Appelbaum, how did a bunch of economists go from nobodies to being important people?And he said it's pretty simple. In an era of real economic problems, they promised solutions.

turn 0 : The economists spoke up and said that people should take caution in their finances.

turn 0 : Binyamin Appelbaum is a writer for The New York Times and has written a new book about economics.

turn 0 : Everybody isn't struggling, but enough people are to make it notable that Person A is making money.

turn 0 : Video games can have negative effects on real life.

turn 0 : People are ashamed to admit they're addicted to computer games.


turn 1 : The policies implemented by economists had negative effects on average Americans.

turn 1 : A thinks that the government is not functioning properly.

turn 1 : The implied meaning of this turn is that other members of the White House may seek legal counsel in light of President Trump's actions.

turn 1 : A implies that Sovereign act in its acceptable sense does not exist when a decree has been made which makes such claim vague.

turn 1 : Economists gained significant influence over public policy in the United States during the late 1960s and early 1970s.


turn 2 : Alan Greenspan's economic philosophy was flawed, and Ben Bernanke's may also be flawed.

turn 2 : People are starting to notice and take action on the issue.

turn 2 : Paul Volcker was once a young economist who thought he had no future at the Fed but later became an important figure in the US government.

turn 2 : They are worried about any negative consequences of their actions and will fix them quickly.

turn 2 : The administration should be planning for the future and not just focusing on immediate reactions


turn 3 : Economists became important because they promised solutions to economic problems.

turn 3 : The economic situation is causing a significant decrease in hiring, sales, and investment.

turn 3 : The author included difficult experiences in the book for a reason.

turn 3 : has a figurative meaning, as it is implying a joke about the idea of Dame Stella turning her experiences into a novel.

turn 3 :  "Well, as we often say in cosmology or theoretical physics, that idea might be crazy enough to be true."  The actual meaning of this turn is different from its literal meaning. It implies that sometimes ideas that seem crazy or impossible might turn out to be true in the field of cosmology or theoretical physics.


Do you have any reason that any of these nominees that have evaded the question of Brown v.  Board being correctly decided - do you have any reason to believe that they would be in support of overturning Brown v.  Board?

I think that the real attempt here is if you decline to answer questions about Brown v.  Board, it becomes internally logical to also declined to answer questions about Roe, which is back on the table. And so the way to sort of elide that conversation is to say, I won't talk about any of those precedents, and I won't talk about Brown. So it looks really principled, but it's a way of moving the goalposts about what you won't talk about.

Dahlia Lithwick is a senior editor at Slate. Thank you very much for joining us.

Thank you for having me.

turn 1 : (2) The literal meaning of this turn is a simple question, but the implied meaning is that the speaker wants to know what actions can be taken to address the issue being discussed and is seeking guidance or suggestions.

turn 1 : The restaurant industry is struggling due to economic hardships.

turn 1 : Turn (2) has an actual meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is not discussing an attempt to physically move goalposts, but rather a rhetorical strategy of avoiding answering certain questions.

turn 1 : The economic situation is causing a significant decrease in hiring, sales, and investment.

turn 1 : A has a new vision for a type of restaurant he would open.


The truth of the matter is people like Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton, beneficiaries of affirmative action, would not have been at Harvard or at Yale have there not been those programs and obviously, they were completely qualified to be there as are all of the other black and Latino and women students in prestigious, elite higher education institutions in this nation.

You've fought and you lost. I'm talking about the Michigan Civil Rights Initiative of 2006. Now, we're talking about five more states. Really, what are you trying to do if these measures pass?

I think if they pass, then we're going to be filing lawsuits in every single one of the states where they've been passed - in Oklahoma, in Arizona, in Colorado, in Nebraska, in each and every one of those states - and very much like the march of the Supreme Court that was made by Thurgood Marshall nearly 50 years ago now to get Brown versus Board of Education. We're going to be going to the Supreme Court in saying overturn the new (unintelligible). You can't have an America in which states decide to eliminate the only programs that have brought about successful integration of higher education and of every occupation in this nation.

Now, Ward Connerly said of economic affirmative action was okay so you know, rich and poor but not racial or gender. How do you feel about those distinctions?

turn 2 :  Turn (2) implies that the Department of Justice was slow to act in response to a civil rights case, which is different from its literal meaning which is simply that it is a civil rights case

turn 2 : "You're welcome." This turn is an example of conventionalized language, where the speaker uses a set phrase to respond to the expression of gratitude. The literal meaning of "you're welcome" is an invitation for the other person to come in, but in this context, it's used to acknowledge and accept thanks.

turn 2 : The turn whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning is (4): "A: Thank you."  The literal meaning of "Thank you" is an expression of gratitude or appreciation. However, in this context, it is likely used as a polite way to end the conversation or acknowledge the host's farewell. In other words, it implies that the speaker is ready to end the conversation and move on.

turn 2 : A: "march of the Supreme Court that was made by Thurgood Marshall" Implicated meaning: The phrase refers to Thurgood Marshall's efforts in the Supreme Court that led to the landmark case of Brown versus Board of Education, implying a historical precedent for taking legal action to challenge discriminatory practices.

turn 2 : (2) The literal meaning of turn (2) is the speaker thanking the person who introduced him, but the implied meaning is just a polite expression to acknowledge the introduction. (3) The literal meaning of turn (3) is the speaker thanking the other person, but the implied meaning is just a polite expression to end the conversation.


That's right. That's the difference between income tax and the payroll tax, exactly that.

Exactly, exactly.

Ron Elving, NPR senior Washington Editor, always laying it out for us. He joined me here in Studio 3A. Ron, thank you so much.

Thank you, Celeste.

turn 2 : This turn does not mean that the speaker is proposing to explain that they slept in motels, but rather that they are suggesting to mention it as an additional piece of information to the conversation, which is a different meaning than the literal one.

turn 2 : None . There's nothing in this that implies anything.

turn 2 : laying it out implies that it was explained to others

turn 2 : It would be a mistake for me to do that.


Another major story that might have been overlooked in a busy week - North Korea said this week it won't denuclearize until U. S.  withdraws forces from South Korea and Japan. Do you have. . .

That has. . .

Yes, go ahead.

I'm sorry. I was just going to say that has been North Korea's position forever. Their view of denuclearization is that they give up their nuclear weapons when the United States gives up its nuclear weapons. We haven't had nuclear weapons stationed in South Korea since 1992. That's not what the North Koreans are talking about. And if the president had actually had listened to North Korean experts, proliferation experts, he would have understood that when the North Koreans were agreeing to complete denuclearization, that meant the U. S.  denuclearizing, too.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of (4) is asking what North Korea wants to achieve with nuclear weapons. The implicated meaning is questioning why North Korea wants nuclear weapons in the first place.

turn 3 : The North Korean definition of denuclearization is different from the US definition.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is indirectly suggesting that they may have information or opinions that they are hesitant to share openly.

turn 3 : you imply that something is the case

turn 3 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer


Correct. But writ large, this is not going to have the sort of change that the authors of the memo anticipate it will have because mandatory detention ability is useless without beds. All of the detention beds are already full. And the only way there would be new beds is if the Congress authorized new beds, and that was a massive fight in the last appropriations bill. There's no reason to think that that massive fight will move any further in this appropriations bill.

Right. Now, you're a member of an advisory council for the Department of Homeland Security that issues recommendations to the department on various issues. Last night, your group issued a set of emergency actions that DHS should take immediately to address the flow of migrants at the border. And this was one of the concerns you flagged - that there aren't enough asylum officers, judges or even buildings to process all the migrants.

Correct. That's exactly right. I think if you have two alternatives, one - on one side is a border wall of 2,000 miles and a massive deprivation of rights, which is sort of one way of solving this, and another extreme on the other end, which is do nothing and continue to allow the situation that's happening now to increase in numbers.

A compromise in the middle would be do not diminish the rights people have but expedite the consideration of what we're ultimately trying to consider. And I think that is right down the middle. You know, zero to a hundred, that's right there at 50 of what, maybe, can be a bipartisan compromise.

turn 0 : tons of letters implies large quantities of letters and not letters that measured up many tons

turn 0 : Professional football's viewership has declined and the game is controversial, despite its ongoing popularity in America.

turn 0 : "writ large" - This phrase means "on a large scale" or "as a general principle," rather than referring to something that is physically written in large letters.

turn 0 : Professional football is still popular, but it has declined in viewership and raised concerns over players' safety and political protests.

turn 0 : Jim Kelly can't remember the most important football game despite being a great quarterback


Is he crankery and colorful, or does he cross the line?

Judge Ellis is a judge who is - likes to run a clean and efficient trial. He doesn't like trials to veer off - off course. In other words, he wants the parties to present the evidence that the jurors need to hear to render a decision. Along the way, he's active - maybe more active than other judges. He can be difficult to both parties, and he can be stern.

Is there any reason for either side to worry that there could be grounds for an appeal in his conduct so far?

I'd say no. The standard for a judge's behavior that would - in other words, that would rise to the level of an appellate issue - is fairly high. In essence, it has to be a situation where the judge is substituting - the effect of his conduct is to substitute his judgment for that of the jurors. Comments that he makes to counsel can be solved with a curative instruction. We saw that a couple of days ago.

Curative instruction meaning, I'm sorry I said that. Disregard that.

turn 1 : B is questioning if Judge Ellis is fair and impartial or if he crosses the line with his behavior.

turn 1 : Judge Ellis is a strict judge who likes to run a tight ship.

turn 1 : People aren't spending money due to the recession.

turn 1 : None found - the turn "the economy" appears to have its literal meaning as the main issue of concern.

turn 1 : The tech sector has had a negative impact on the economy


Part of the problem is a shortage of funds. The other problem is here in Lebanon, the government has a very strict rule on refugee settlements - nothing permanent. So, the only thing that you can have is plastic and wood, and that means that families live on dirt floors. Now, aid workers have been working around the clock to deliver thermal blankets and extra food. But the snow closed off some of these mountain roads over the past few days, so many refugees are out of reach until this storm passes.

Let's go back to that seizure of a warehouse of supplies by Islamist rebels, 'cause that certainly seemed to change U. S.  policy. How did that wind up changing Western policy?

Well, the seizure happened last Friday - details are a little hazy. But fighters from some of Syria's most powerful Islamist brigades took over this warehouse. There was more than a million dollars of U. S. -supplied equipment there. According to a U. S.  State Department official, it included nine pickup trucks, four buses, office and communication equipment and 50,000 meals ready to eat - army rations. All of this was intended for the Western-backed Free Syrian Army under the command of General Salim Idris.

Does the fact that the rebels were able to take control of a supply storehouse suggest that this was a huge loss for the Free Syrian Army, which is even further set them back on their heels.

turn 0 : Is this situation just overshadowed by other refugee and humanitarian crises in the world?  Implicated meaning: Is this situation being overlooked or given less attention compared to other refugee and humanitarian crises in the world?

turn 0 : The situation is more dire than what is being reported, as the resources available are not able to meet the needs of the refugees.

turn 0 : A is trying to add some humor to the conversation

turn 0 : A is telling a joke instead of discussing the topic

turn 0 : A: Oh, that's another fine magazine.  This turn is an example of sarcasm. The speaker, A, uses the phrase "another fine magazine" to indicate that they do not believe that National Review is a fine magazine, despite what the previous speaker, B, has implied. The literal meaning of the phrase is positive, but the actual meaning, conveyed through the speaker's tone and context, is negative.


Thank you for having me.

You all have investigated conditions at these facilities and concluded that Customs and Border Protection should stop detaining migrants there altogether - right?- in the Rio Grande Valley Sector. Can you just describe what you've seen?

Well, we conducted over 120 interviews with migrants, and we've heard pretty horrendous stories, from being denied access to water to being held outdoors in a pen for three days without access to showers or medicine for children. The conditions are pretty horrific.

You mentioned you've interviewed families seeking asylum there. Can you give an example of a story that stuck with you - someone talking about what it was like to try and get health care treatment that they need?

turn 2 : Migrants are suffering from inhumane conditions in detention centers.

turn 2 : The government of the United States is treating families seeking asylum inhumanely.

turn 2 : Mexico is facing a very serious and dangerous situation.

turn 2 : The administration does not move forward physically but initiates plans to deal with immigration.

turn 2 : suggests that other states will start to take legal action against Countrywide and other similar companies


I'm Farai Chideya and this is News & Notes. Ratings for her daytime show are down, her magazine circulation numbers are falling, and a poll shows her popularity just isn't what it used to be. Is Oprah paying a price for publicly supporting Barack Obama's presidential campaign?

Plus, Jennifer Hudson won an Oscar for "Dream Girls," so why did she take a small part in a big film?Plus, Laurence Fishburne gets a Tony Award nomination for his portrayal of Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall. To help us talk about these issues, we've got our entertainment guru, Allison Samuels of Newsweek Magazine. How're you doing?

Good. How are you?

You look fabulous because we're on camera. But it's a webcast, so we're working things out. So, good thing we both look fresh and smiling.

OK, yeah, always.

turn 0 : Oprah Winfrey's popularity in Saudi Arabia is unexpected.

turn 0 : Oprah popularity and relevance seem to be diminishing due to her side in politics.

turn 0 : The Mexican government is constantly communicating things about the army in all ways that they can.

turn 0 : suggests that other states will start to take legal action against Countrywide and other similar companies

turn 0 : Mexico is facing a very serious and dangerous situation.


And you basically called this a zero sum game?

That's right. You have these bad assets, and what we're doing is moving them around from one place in our society, in our economy, to another. It doesn't change the nature of the losses. The banks lent money in a bubble. The bubble is broken. Collateral value of the assets is limited, and these are bad assets now. Now, it's not quite a zero row sum game, because if we have bad incentives, which result when you have a misalignment between ownership and control, when you provide insurance, you can have a negative sum game.

And I think that's the real worry that we are about to wind up in a negative sum game.

So given what the banks are facing now, what would you suggest?

turn 1 : The banks lent money to people and other banks without anyone knowing or monitoring them.

turn 1 : Big banks were forced to take the money from the Fed and the Treasury.

turn 1 : It's important to prioritize the country's future over personal gain.

turn 1 : One should prioritize the country's future over personal gain.

turn 1 : The economic situation is causing a significant decrease in hiring, sales, and investment.


And yet we see, at this particular moment in time, isolationism on the rise. We see it in Brexit. We see it here in the United States. Does that make the fight against genocide more difficult?

Oh, I think it absolutely does. There's been a lot of progress in the last 25 years, including the creation of their doctrine that's called Responsibility to Protect, which says that the United Nations has a responsibility to protect the people of a country when their own states fail to do so. What happens if that multilateralism falls apart is that we start to question those powers that do intervene. You start to question their motives in those instances where multilateralism falters.

That's David Simon, director of Yale's Genocide Studies Program. Thank you very much.

Thank you, Lulu.

turn 2 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 2 : There is a risk of military conflict due to misunderstandings.

turn 2 : There is evidence that would support the Presidents statement.

turn 2 : North Korea's nuclear capabilities pose a direct threat to the United States.


Well, right. And no U. S.  commander - speaking from experience - would put the aircraft in that kind of a situation. And for your audience, that reason is that, unlike aircraft - surveillance aircraft in the past, the kind of sensor systems that are onboard this drone are such that they can see dozens and dozens and dozens of miles away from the aircraft. So, you know, it's flying up above 50,000 feet over the Strait of Hormuz. It can monitor the entire strait plus see inside Iran without having to fly over it.

Just a little bit more detail, if you would, on this. . .

Sure.

. . . Specific drone - we're told it was an RQ-4 Global Hawk surveillance drone. Do you have any sense of how many of those are out flying over the region, how widely used they are?What intel are they collecting?

turn 0 : not too far down the road means that it isn't far away from a different location.

turn 0 : Iran shot down a U.S. plane and now the U.S. will respond.

turn 0 : Assuming that Iran is responsible for the attack.

turn 0 : The drone has powerful sensors and can see far distances


Sure.

turn 0 : This statement implies that the advanced drones are being more appreciated unlike aircrafts.

turn 0 : "appearance of risk-free combat": the literal meaning of this phrase is that combat conducted by drones looks like it is without any risk; however, the actual meaning is that some people may perceive drone warfare as having fewer risks than traditional warfare, but it does not mean that it is entirely risk-free.

turn 0 : The US is blocking Iran's access to international markets.


This was back in 1982?

'82. But I think people thought, oh, my God, you know, you can't put a black person's heart in a white person. You cannot possibly put a woman's heart in a man. I mean, it's interesting that with the heart, sort of the emotions we ascribe to it get all wrapped up in the medical techniques also.

So they got beyond that. And you write about this group of researchers and doctors in Houston - big egos, big personalities and a big state (laughter). Tell us about these two pioneers who had this incredible rivalry that helped shape this field - Dr.  Denton Cooley and Dr.  Michael DeBakey.

When I started looking into it again, it was kind of like the right stuff for heart surgeons. These were people with outsized personalities and outsized wills. And the story really starts in Houston with the theft of an artificial heart from Michael DeBakey's lab. And DeBakey at the time was perhaps the most famous heart surgeon or surgeon in the world. And his nemesis was a guy named Denton Cooley, who, for a time, worked under him and got tired of waiting for Dr.  DeBakey to put this artificial heart in someone. So he purloined it with the man who had designed it into DeBakey's lab and put it in a man. And the operation, to some extent, was a success because the patient lived. And this became the most famous feud in medical history.

turn 1 : Race refers to any idea that divides human beings into more than one kind

turn 1 : The notion of gender and race plays a significant role in the medical field.

turn 1 : something that was hinted at or suggested, but not directly stated. When a person looks at his watch


This was back in 1982?

turn 3 : They started or met during something regarding Tavis Smiley.

turn 3 : In turn (4), the statement suggests that despite the appearance of a positive sign, the comments from the British Foreign Secretary indicate that the situation is more challenging and difficult to resolve than it may seem. The literal meaning of the words may convey a positive outlook, but the implied meaning highlights the potential obstacles and complexities involved.

turn 3 : The comment made by 'she' had a significant impact on A

turn 3 : The rivalry between heart surgeons DeBakey and Cooley became infamous.

turn 3 : The implied meaning behind this question is that A was initially willing to support Donald Trump and even offered to be his running mate at one point, but has since changed his mind and is now opposed to him.


I believe she lacks political will to get the job done, which is one of the reasons that the nurses are supporting Bernie Sanders. If our health isn't achievable, then what's she doing running for president?You don't give up on health. You can give up on a lot of things. And there's compromises to be made. But when it comes to the health of my children, of our families, of our communities, you don't give up on people.

You know, of course, that the math is against Senator Sanders becoming the Democratic candidate.

I - you know, I look at the things far beyond math. I look at the mass momentum, just like in sports. I mean, Bernie - you know, we look at sports teams. . .

Hillary Clinton has won, at the moment, I believe, something like 3 million votes more than Senator Sanders.

turn 2 : The actual meaning of turn 3 is that Bernie Sanders has gained popular support and this popular support should be taken into account rather than just looking at the math.

turn 2 : implies that A has endorsed Hillary Clinton and believes she effectively addresses the issues.

turn 2 : They are worried about any negative consequences of their actions and will fix them quickly.

turn 2 :  implies that you should be mindful of the information you hear and stay informed.

turn 2 : The information was told to others when it was not supposed to be told.


I didn't worry about it too much, but I - you know, I love life. I love to be out there in the field with these scientists. I take the same precautions they take. If they're wearing respirator masks and goggles and latex gloves, then I wear the same - rubber boots, gowns or whatever. And I try and stay three feet or 4four feet behind them. I try not to let them hand me a giant fruit bat.

In one case, Lisa Jones-Engel did say, here, David. Pin this monkey to the ground while I take a blood sample from this other one. And I thought about that a little bit.

Did you think twice?

I said - well, I didn't think - well, I said, sure, and I held it to the ground. And then I thought, this is not exactly what I signed up for, but, you know, you need to pitch in a little bit in these circumstances.

turn 1 : The scientists didn't actually run me out of the lab, but were very supportive.

turn 1 : Lisa Jones-Engel asked me to hold a monkey down while she took a blood sample from another, which was not expected of me.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at something indirectly and expects the listener to understand the intended message.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be conveying a hidden message or agenda that requires further exploration or analysis to fully understand.

turn 1 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply an acknowledgement or agreement, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker may not be fully engaged or interested in the conversation. It could be interpreted as a way of signaling disinterest or a desire to move on to a different topic.


Well, that might be true. But I just think to put someone on a list for leering - to put that word on a list as an accusation is a pretty strong statement. This is a list being circulated in the business. This is a list meant to affect people's reputations and their careers. Another thing was something like leading multiple women on online was one of the charges on that list. And you know, that's a pretty common thing. And I would say leering's a pretty common thing. So do we really want to put that in writing and like besmirch somebody's reputation over something like that?I don't know.

But should it be a pretty common thing?

Well, these are sort of sleazy behaviors. And maybe they should not. But I'm just not sure these are criminal acts. And I suppose what I want to do is kind of separate what's a real abuse of power or a criminal act from what is kind of like everyday sleazy behavior that we wish wouldn't happen. I mean, we wish it wouldn't happen. But do we want people to lose their jobs over it?

In this article, you write at length about about Lorin Stein, who was until a few weeks ago the editor of Paris Review, who has acknowledged behavior he says he regrets. And you point out the fact that he has has nurtured and supported the careers of many successful women writers. Does one justify the other?Can you expect to get exonerated on that?

turn 2 : Distinguishing between criminal acts and sleazy behavior, and whether people should lose their jobs over it.

turn 2 : It is being implied that the criminals are having a difficult time.


My parents are fine. My mom evacuated as soon as they got notice. My dad required an assisted evacuation. He actually ended up being rescued by a community service worker up there. He was trying to get out of Paradise on his motorized chair. He saw the community service worker, who managed to get him in the truck. And they escaped to the fire station using a hiking trail, actually.

I assume if he could call you, he would, right?

Paradise is a retirement community. A majority of the population lives on a fixed income, including my uncle. He did not have a cellphone. He only had the landline. He didn't use social media.

Yeah.

turn 0 : Losing a parent can have a profound impact on someone's life.

turn 0 : Despite the difficult situation, A's parents are okay

turn 0 : Finding them was very similar to finding a dinosaur- a major surprise.

turn 0 : RNA viruses are a high risk for disease scientists.

turn 0 : Scientists have been studying Ebola for decades, but they still haven't identified its reservoir host.


Yeah, we were on vacation; my family and I were out on the boat, and it was a beautiful, sunny day in the Abacos, in the Bahamas.

This is Erik Nourrie of Florida.

Typical crystal clear, beautiful Bahama waters. And the kids were playing and swimming. And I took my mask and snorkel and spear, and went out to a little channel there to hunt.

turn 3 : Implies that the speaker found the information about spiders and their webs interesting or impressive, despite the fact that they also thought it was "cool." So, the actual meaning of (4) is slightly different from its literal meaning.

turn 3 : (3) Implied meaning: Were South African mobs and looters targeting African migrants?

turn 3 : The implied meaning in turn (2) is that the author created the book out of a desire to educate young black people about their cultural history, which they may not have learned from mainstream media sources such as hip-hop videos.

turn 3 : "Nothing unusual - Erik hunts for dinner often. He spearfishes. And pretty quickly, he spots a good-sized fish darting around." - The literal meaning is describing Erik spearfishing and catching a fish. The implied meaning could be that the speaker is setting up the conflict or problem in the story, as something unusual or unexpected is about to happen.

turn 3 : No privacy. In some cases, they actually look like slave cabins. - The literal meaning of this turn is that the living conditions for farmworkers are so poor that they resemble the living conditions of slaves in the past. The actual meaning is that the living conditions are dehumanizing and lack basic amenities, which puts the workers, especially women, in vulnerable situations.


Well, a pretty disturbing picture has emerged of these two men online - some interest in, I guess, Nazism and Russian communist iconography. And beyond that, very little is known. I mean, they're a mystery to us. They are currently still on the run. Their families have spoken a little bit and have now sort of gone quiet.

And I think the whole country and beyond is just waiting to see where and when these two men might pop up or if indeed they will at all. There's a good chance, at this point, they might also be dead.

Well, police were zeroing in on a community that they thought might be their chance at finding them. And they called in drones and helicopters and boats and the military. But it sounds like they might be scaling back now. I mean, are they giving up?

Yeah, I mean, the problem is these young men had quite a head start. Initially, they were only believed to be missing and even thought to be potential victims after their vehicle was found burned out in B. C. So. . .

turn 0 : running implies a business and not to chase or purse like in a race

turn 0 : The books were released on inauguration day may have been significant

turn 0 : The president was satisfied with how he was perceived.

turn 0 : A implies that Sovereign act in its acceptable sense does not exist when a decree has been made which makes such claim vague.

turn 0 : to be on the run in this context means you are avoiding authorities


That was just - what I did, I picked students that I've had in class before. I'm a business education teacher. So I made sure they were students that really were comfortable with the computer and they could get the information that I needed. So I really just gave them - I rented my classroom out for - actually I did it for two Saturdays. And I had five students come in each time. And I just gave them topics that I wanted questions about. And then I just had one or two of those students verify the information, and then I went back over and I verified it as well.

You've got a company now called Jornic DVD Games. What are your plans in terms of the company?Are you going to try and put out more titles?

Absolutely. After - I'm looking at putting out one more title before the Christmas holiday, but I haven't decided. I'm looking at a couple, but I haven't made a decision yet.

You're still going to teach, and you're going to try to design more games. Are you afraid that, you know, are you afraid of losing your shirt in business?Because you know, there's nothing guaranteed.

turn 0 : B implies that being a comedienne is not the same as being a businesswoman, and she wants to know how A manages the business side of her career.

turn 0 : A rented out her classroom to students to collect information for her business.

turn 0 : Congress is not doing its job and is passing their responsibilities to the president who then abuses his power

turn 0 : The rules of subpoenas work in favor of the executive.


turn 0 : He had to find a way to keep the students from becoming bored and distracted.

turn 0 : There is no bar but it does mean that the requirements in Mexico are lower.

turn 0 :  (4) Implies an acknowledgement of the dangerous risks taken when crossing the border illegally.

turn 0 : the narrator mention of non Mexican asylum-seekers so it is odd to see non Mexican asylum seekers setting place in Mexico.

turn 0 : A picked students he knew were comfortable with computers to get the information he needed.


No. And the thing is that this book, to me, it was very important that it's not just a bunch of recipes put in a nice book. It's also really a document of food culture. And I think that out of those 700 or something recipes that are in the book, there are probably at least 50 of them that I doubt that anyone is actually going to cook. But they're still really important because they explain something about food culture, you know.

Yeah. And, I mean, I'm just guessing - blood pancakes with smoked reindeer fat makes the point that the Sami people, living in arduous circumstances, have to make use of every part of the reindeer.

It does, you know. It tells that story in a really, really clear and very good way.

If we were to say - chef, could you make us one recipe from this book, what might you try?

turn 2 : They mention more diverse as in different cuisines as the narrator points out.

turn 2 : (1) is the same as its literal meaning, which is explaining the decision-making process behind cutting rations in a situation where there is a shortage of aid.

turn 2 : The book contains more than just recipes - it is also a way to gain insight into and appreciate the culture and history of the cuisine.

turn 2 : (1) has an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The literal meaning is that the speaker is asking if there is any sign of improvement in the situation being discussed, but the implied meaning is that the situation is bad and the speaker is hoping for some positive news or indication that things will get better.

turn 2 : There is a dangerous situation happening that requires people to seek shelter and take precautions.


I was wondering if we should do - or if such a thing exists, that human microbe projects, like the Human Genome Project.

Yes, there are a variety of types of human microbe projects at this point. So there are two gut projects right now that aim to characterize difference in gut microbes of people around the world. One of those in American Gut and is uBiome. And both of those projects, people can either donate or pay money to have their gut microbes sequenced.

And when they do, they can see what they have, and the scientists are going to see how that relates to what we know. And so in a way that's a beginning step. But what I think we kind of hope for is to have something akin to Mendelian genetics, where we can predict, you know, why you have a specific set of microbes and microbe genes. But we're very far from that still.

In the 30 seconds we have left, how can people get involved if they want their own microbes sampled and surveyed?

turn 2 : Scientists need more data to confirm their hypotheses.

turn 2 : The story is a happy one that is also distracting and the people have been feeling sad so they need the story to make them happy again.

turn 2 : Understanding and predicting human microbe genetics is still a long way off.

turn 2 : She wrote very close to what happened in her own life.

turn 2 : The kids will begin to think of ideas as they explore on their own.


Now, your assessment is far more kind, I think, than that of the fan base. And I'm basing that on a tweet from the Tampa Bay Lightning Twitter feed, which said this. We don't have any words. We know you don't want to hear them. We understand your anger, your frustration, your sadness. Everything you're feeling, we get it. This isn't the ending we imagined and certainly not the one we wanted. Thank you for being there the entire way.

Have you ever seen a team this apologetic?

(Laughter) No, but they have a lot to apologize for. I mean, the only other team in the history of the four major sports that had this kind of success in the regular season and then didn't win a playoff game was the 2011 Green Bay Packers. They went 15 and 1 in the regular season and then lost to the New York Giants in the first round of the NFL playoffs. But in that case, we're talking about one game. This is a team that had four chances to win a game, and they couldn't do it.

And now Columbus is the toast of the NHL. Will there be a Blue Jackets bandwagon?

turn 3 : (3) "I said, oh, well, goodness, Boise State lost one game therefore their entire future has been destroyed, and for - at least there's next year, right?" - The actual meaning of this turn is sarcastic, implying that losing one game does not mean the end of the world or the destruction of Boise State's future, and that there is always another chance next year.

turn 3 : Advocating for abolishing the police department and starting over

turn 3 : The report commissioned by President Johnson in 1967 proposes a humanistic approach to improving police-community relations through better communication and relationships.

turn 3 : The speaker believes that the current policing system is irreparable.

turn 3 : (4): This turn actually means: "Will people now start to support the Columbus Blue Jackets?"


Voice of America - they wanted to know what was going on; the events on Tiananmen. And there was one chilling story that I remember. Chinese television rebroadcast an interview from American TV. A demonstrator called Chinese leaders killers, and then the scene froze, and a telephone number flashed on the screen with a text urging people to turn this guy in.

Wow.

And within hours, the guy was arrested. And we could see him being taken into a police station.

With such fear in Beijing, how were you able to report the story?

turn 0 : There is censorship in China preventing access to information about Hong Kong protests

turn 0 : Dominance of a few large companies is discouraging people from starting their own businesses.

turn 0 : The Chinese government actively sought to identify and punish protesters.

turn 0 : Companies pay their CEOs huge profits, while the workers get a small share.

turn 0 : Many people are losing their jobs and companies are going bankrupt.


And does it help to have someone like Drake courtside (laughter)?

I think for some people it does. I think the power of celebrity is something that is immensely powerful. And he's someone that just adds to the level of attention that's happening here. This is going to be the first championship series for a major sport in Canada in the Internet era, and every bit of notoriety helps, and Drake is a part of that.

Bruce Arthur, sports columnist for the Toronto Star. Thank you for talking about the Raptors with us, and best of luck.

Absolutely. My pleasure. Thank you.

turn 1 : The Raptors need more than just Kawhi Leonard to beat the Warriors; they need other players to step up offensively.

turn 1 : The literal meaning is that the speaker wants to examine the motives behind the actions of the people involved in the events. The implied meaning is that the speaker is questioning whether their mother's version of events was accurate and whether the motives behind the actions were as terrible as their mother portrayed them to be.

turn 1 : Drake contributes to the publicity of the Raptors' championship series

turn 1 : This turn does not have an implied meaning different from its literal meaning. It is a straightforward expression of gratitude towards Laura Sydell, the NPR correspondent.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker is implying that her character's story line on the show mirrored her own life experience.


. . . In a sense, were our forebears. And some of them were heroes.

Yeah, and lost their lives - one woman, in particular, staying at her post even though she probably knew that, given the scope of what was about to happen, she was going to lose her life. But she stayed.

This is Hettie Ogle.

Hettie Ogle - to send messages down the valley. But the problem is, once you get those messages down there, how do you disseminate it?

turn 1 : She was a remarkable and iconic figure who would still be celebrated today.

turn 1 : (1) Implied meaning: Are you suggesting that despite the good things Franklin Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln did, they were still wrong for certain actions?

turn 1 : In this turn, the implied meaning goes beyond the literal meaning of "never took no for an answer." The speaker is highlighting the person's resilience and determination in the face of obstacles. It implies that despite facing rejection or setbacks, the person persisted and fought back, even using physical force if necessary.

turn 1 : Hettie Ogle was a heroic woman who stayed at her post even though she knew she was going to die.

turn 1 : The actual meanings of (1) and (3) are different from their literal meanings. In (1), the speaker is implying that he would be prejudiced against a Green Bay Packers fan, rather than simply picking on them


. . . Positions. What will you be looking for, Danielle?

You're right. They back a lot of the same policies - like "Medicare for All," a $15 minimum wage, that sort of thing. And so they have some basic, similar ideas on economics. They both talk about inequality a lot, for example. So one big thing I'm going to look for is just what, if any, daylight emerges between them on some of these really big issues. But aside from that, I'm going to be watching their rhetoric because they do talk about their ideas in different ways.

Elizabeth Warren, for example, tends to talk about how she likes capitalism, but she thinks it needs some major, major fixing. Bernie Sanders, of course, considers himself a democratic socialist, so that's one way they might clash. But aside from that, they tend to frame their ideas in different ways. Bernie Sanders frames his stump speech as being about big, overarching goals about revolution. He brings in these big national inequality statistics over time and says these things need to change. And his supporters love that. Now, Warren, on the other hand, has branded herself in a different way. You may have heard her slogan by now, the. . .

She has a plan.

turn 0 : to approach someone with something in this context means you are showing them something

turn 0 : Joan felt a sense of responsibility with the money she had and was determined to use it for good causes. She was not averse to living lavishly.

turn 0 : (2) "What she said in interviews a number of times was very circumspect - what is love?" - Implied meaning: Joan was not able to directly answer the question of whether she loved Ray or not, as her answers were often evasive and indirect.

turn 0 : to look for something in this context means they are trying to see if something will happen

turn 0 : She wrote very close to what happened in her own life.


Well, the short answer's yes. The deforestation program in Brazil has been enormously successful. Between 2004 and 2012, deforestation fell by more than 80%. That's a shocking success. The challenge is that since 2012, deforestation has ticked up. There's also been a backlash against some of the environmental policies that were put in place under the former government.

Well, as we mentioned, Germany and Norway recently decided to pull their funding out of this Amazon Fund. What made them do that, specifically?

So this is largely an international response to concerns that deforestation is on the rise. And in particular, it's a response to the rhetoric that the administration of Jair Bolsonaro has been putting out. Bolsonaro has basically said to the people in the country that deforestation is OK, development at all costs is OK.  And a lot of scientists fear that that message is starting to take hold, that landowners in the hinterlands in the Amazon are starting to listen, and now they're burning their fields and they're taking advantage of this.

So do you think this latest move by Norway and Germany to freeze their funds could actually sway Bolsonaro?

turn 2 : Poaching is a major problem and is wiping out the forest's animal population.

turn 2 : has a figurative meaning, as it is implying a joke about the idea of Dame Stella turning her experiences into a novel.

turn 2 : Bolsonaro didn't literally say deforestation is okay, but his policies suggest he won't try to stop deforestation.

turn 2 : After Ray's death, Joan Kroc became one of the main donors in America and she took her responsibility seriously.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is implying that her character's story line on the show mirrored her own life experience.


turn 2 : All they can do is accept what happened to them before.

turn 2 : The mall opens early and people walk around for hours before stores open.

turn 2 : People are starting to follow suit in regards to the actions of others.

turn 2 :  (2) The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is curious to know what kind of help the two people provided each other with during their lunch time.

turn 2 : "fast" - The word "fast" is being used in a religious context to mean abstaining from food and drink during daylight hours as an act of devotion. It is not being used to describe moving quickly.


Thanks again for tackling a subject that is often times neglected for discussion. But all too often it's the source of so much pain and misery in our community. When a family member suffers from an addiction, the entire family suffers. Emotionally, socially, and financially. Shows like yours help to bring the stigma of addiction out of the shadows.

As part of that series, we talked to a mother who said that she believed her son committed suicide because of the game EverQuest. While I tried to challenge our guest on that direct link, we decided to ask the game's maker for a response. Here's some of the statement from Sony Online Entertainment. EverQuest is a phenomenally popular game because it provides players with a fun, social, and interactive online experience. EverQuest is a game. The majority of the hundreds of thousands of subscribers play the game in moderation. As with any form of entertainment, it is the responsibility of each individual player to monitor his or her own playing habits, and prioritize his or her time as necessary.

And finally, Aljore Stallings(ph) in Glen Burnie, Maryland, wrote in about the interview we did with Cullen Jones. If you'll remember, he's the second African-American swimmer to win a gold at the Olympics.

She wrote, I am giving you praise and kudos for your interview of Cullen Jones. I am so glad to hear of a black person achieve success in a sport that isn't traditionally the norm for black folks. I do hope it encourages more young black people to look into learning to swim. It has encouraged me a whole lot.

turn 1 : (3) has an actual meaning different from its literal meaning. The speaker is discussing how video games can impose consequences for harming civilians in-game, and how this is similar to the rules set by the Geneva Conventions in real-life conflicts. The implied meaning is that video game developers have a responsibility to consider the consequences of their game mechanics and the messages they send to players.

turn 1 : The situation is concerning enough that it could make someone anxious, despite the monitoring systems in place.

turn 1 : The game's maker denies responsibility for any harm caused by their game.

turn 1 : People don't want to know about what is happening in Crown Heights.

turn 1 : A is confident about the success of the mission and reassures B


You mean somebody rational?
Yeah, someone he could work with.
Yeah.
That would be very good.

turn 1 :  Turn (2) implies that the speaker is looking for someone who is reasonable and easy to work with,

turn 1 :  (2) Implies that the speaker is asking if the person they are talking to has anyone that helps them verify the facts that they are gathering.

turn 1 : The implied meaning is that the person hopes for interaction and engagement between individuals interested in building their family tree or learning about family research, and that they will come across unexpected articles and ideas, leading to interesting discussions and experiences on the site.

turn 1 : In this turn, the speaker says "I love the word no" and goes on to explain how the word "no" was actually a motivating force for them, rather than a discouraging one. This is different from the literal meaning of the word "no," which is generally used to signify a negative response or refusal. The speaker's implication is that they have learned to reframe the word "no" in a positive way and use it as a tool for success.

turn 1 : meaning is turn (1), where B asks if Teddy Roosevelt comes to life when it gets dark at the museum. The actual meaning implied by B's question is whether the museum has interactive exhibits or displays that bring historical figures to life, rather than asking about a specific event where Teddy Roosevelt might come to life in the museum.


turn 1 : The speaker is suggesting that there may be a hidden agenda or underlying motive behind their words.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be conveying a hidden message or agenda that requires further exploration or analysis to fully understand.

turn 1 : The literal meaning is that the speaker would have appeared on a media outlet many times. The actual meaning is that the speaker would have been very vocal and persistent on the issue, possibly annoying the media host.

turn 1 : (3) implies that the speaker wants to know what the speaker observed,

turn 1 : The turn suggests that the speaker is feeling frustrated and overwhelmed.


turn 2 :  while turn (3) implies agreement and understanding of the speaker's request.

turn 2 :  implies that the interlocutor agrees with the previous statement and is encouraging the speaker to continue talking.

turn 2 : Personal consumption is the key driver of the American economy, and if people stop consuming, the economy will suffer.

turn 2 : The situation is much worse than ever before and people are starting to think about alternative options if their current job is not secured.

turn 2 : The days of capitalism defined by constantly increasing prices and reaching new highs are disappearing quickly.


turn 2 : The turn suggests that the speaker is feeling frustrated and overwhelmed.

turn 2 : The economic situation will get worse, and it's uncertain how bad it will be.

turn 2 : Many people are losing their jobs and companies are going bankrupt.

turn 2 : The speaker is hinting that the situation is difficult or complex.

turn 2 : While the macroeconomic numbers don't indicate a recession, many people are experiencing economic hardship.


You described some playwrights, Beckett, for example, as somebody whose work seems to back away from you the closer you get it. But Miller's play, you say, is not like that.

No. It wasn't like - my experience with Chekhov and Beckett was just what you call - that they get harder and harder as you go. But with "Salesman," surprisingly, because it's fully as great a play as those others, it did welcome us and come toward us day by day. And then, we did a fairly smart thing, which is that we had a workshop just for ourselves for almost a month, and nobody ever saw it and we didn't perform it, but we just worked on it. And then as per plan, we went away for over three and a half months.

And then when we came back, we went into rehearsal and then finally got onstage and did it. And the three and a half months living and doing other things made a surprisingly big difference. It just sank into everybody and took enormous strides all on its own, and that was both exciting and surprising in its extent. And also, it was a clue to what was going to continue to happen, which is that it just burrowed deeper and deeper into the actors and they - into one another, and they have become a family. And they're - what goes on between them is - I've never seen - in my experience, I've never seen it quite like this.

Philip Seymour Hoffman obviously plays the lead role. Is - did the play come first or the actor come first?

turn 1 : Finding success in the New York theater world is difficult.

turn 1 : Miller's play 'Salesman' was surprisingly welcoming and approachable despite being a great play.

turn 1 : The comment made by 'she' had a significant impact on A

turn 1 : B implies that A is not actively looking for something more stable.

turn 1 : B is trying to express that love still exists despite some setbacks


turn 2 : In (2), B asks about working with actors and acknowledges that the actor's performance is distinct from the creator's vision in graphic novels. The literal meaning of the words is straightforward and does not imply any additional or hidden meanings. However, the implied meaning is that B is curious about the challenges A faces in collaborating with actors, and whether A finds it frustrating to work with actors who have their own interpretation of the material.

turn 2 : burrowed deeper and deeper implies that the work was engaging for the actors to perform

turn 2 : The comment made by 'she' had a significant impact on A

turn 2 : He is implying that she helps a lot of people.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is expressing disapproval or criticism towards the listener or a third party, but doing so indirectly or politely.


Sure. Well, before she becomes a pirate, she tries shoplifting. And when Gwen is shoplifting, she imagines herself as named Octavia. She imagines herself to much more glamorous persons, so there's a little bit in this book that's here.

(Reading) She remembered what it was called - shoplifting - and pictured lifting the whole place, the aisles tilting and tumbling their baubles and trinkety treasures into her pockets. Pink razors for her burnt leg and then a keychain she thought Naomi would like. And when she realized she could steal for other people, it was an avalanche, a chew bone for Toby the II, more stuff for Naomi, a stuffed bear and a tiny license plate that said Naomi. Three flasks of perfume, curvy and shapey like internal organs in her pockets, and she was done with Mother's Day for ages.

Her father liked the electronic things, which were behind locked cabinets. But she grabbed a slick stereo magazine and managed to slip into one of her boots. It would be a way to warm him for taking the bus by herself. By now she was thirsty and rounded a corner to open a fridge and grab an iced tea in a bottle that felt so good in her hands. It was One Universe Green Tea, which the label said was good for the immune system and for Octavia's skin. No one had stopped her. No one had spoken to her. It was smooth sailing. All for one and one for all.

So is there a straight line from that to piracy or just adolescence?

turn 0 : The person is thinking of a particular person but they are not going to say who.

turn 0 : The administration is unsure of how to defend their stance on the citizenship question.

turn 0 : Implies that the speaker would like to see further reforms beyond what is suggested by Speaker Ryan.

turn 0 : This turn is literal in meaning, as it is a straightforward question asking about the speaker's children.

turn 0 : "she imagines herself as named Octavia" - actual meaning: she imagines herself being someone else named Octavia, not that her name changes to Octavia.


turn 1 : The turn that has an actual meaning different from its literal meaning is (2). The speaker is not talking about physically diving into something, but rather delving into the topic of a new class of online retailer that uses Shopify and AliExpress. The implied meaning is that the speaker has started researching and investigating this topic in depth

turn 1 : the literal meaning is that the interviewer asks if recent events and debates make a scene in a book more significant.

turn 1 : The interview or conversation is coming to an end and the speaker needs to conclude.

turn 1 :  "the aisles tilting and tumbling their baubles and trinkety treasures into her pockets" - actual meaning: the author uses figurative language to describe her stealing items from the aisles, not that the aisles actually tilt and tumble into her pockets.

turn 1 : implies that A has endorsed Hillary Clinton and believes she effectively addresses the issues.


turn 3 : The implication here is that the reader should not try piracy, as it may not be as glamorous as it initially seems.

turn 3 : (3) Turn A: The implied meaning is that being a black police officer in America can be difficult because of the historical and ongoing use of excessive force against people of color, which can make it hard to reconcile one's identity as a black person with one's role as a police officer

turn 3 : The implied meaning in turn (2) is that the author created the book out of a desire to educate young black people about their cultural history, which they may not have learned from mainstream media sources such as hip-hop videos.

turn 3 : "straight line from that to piracy" - actual meaning: the author uses figurative language to question whether her shoplifting is a direct cause of her becoming a pirate, not that there is a literal straight line linking the two.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of this turn is to state that the speaker is of mixed racial and/or ethnic heritage. However, the actual meaning is to downplay the significance of the speaker's racial and ethnic identity.


He says he's thrilled, but he doesn't want to celebrate too much because he worries about other academics who are having a tough time.

Mark Shaleki(ph) used to work in a recording studio owned by Capitol Records.

But as we all know, the music business was in a tailspin even before the recession hit.

So Mark opened his own studio. He charges his clients less, but he says he's making more money than he did working for the man.

Theresa Tomas was laid off at a bank. She was working for the man. She had been there for five years, and then she contacted a company that she had worked for back when she was in college.

turn 2 : The music business was losing a great deal of money with end in sight.

turn 2 : The person being referred to was a great loss to the music industry and cannot be replaced

turn 2 :  I'm, you know, it's almost paycheck to paycheck meaning they don't have much money

turn 2 : The amount set aside for wages is insufficient.

turn 2 : (4) Implied meaning: Could the government do something to prevent this from happening, such as introducing a minimum wage?


Fall color is peaking in New York's Adirondack Mountains. There's already been a first dusting of snow on the summits. North Country Public Radio's Brian Mann set out in his canoe to take in autumn's big show near Lake Placid, and he sent us back this audio postcard.

I'm paddling up the Chubb River, wildness all around me, tamaracks here by the shore and willows. This could easily be northern Canada. It's really crisp out here. You can really taste fall now in the air. And there is this kind of stained-glass look to the hillsides, like splashes of crimson red. I mean, just truly tropical red.

There's brilliant sun, and the maple and birch are lit up. As the river winds into the mountain valley, it narrows and narrows again, so I'm squeezing through a vein of water to get to the hiking trail, willow branches squeaking against the canoe. I pass a beaver lodge and turn. And suddenly, I'm right on top of a pair of indignant mallards that go whirring into the sky.

All right, guys, don't mean to scare you.

turn 1 : The strong winds of the mountain top can strip the mosses and epiphytes from the tree trunks, making it difficult for these forests to survive.

turn 1 : Using "a quarter" to mean money is a non-literal meaning.

turn 1 : their own pockets implies that they were collecting money for themselves

turn 1 : It could be Canada because of the weather and the way it looks.  The hillsides have a large variety of trees that have different colored leaves on them.

turn 1 : Gordon Brown's plan is earning him praise, but it involves using taxpayer money to bailout three British banks and impose conditions on the banks in exchange for the money.


turn 2 : The strong winds of the mountain top can strip the mosses and epiphytes from the tree trunks, making it difficult for these forests to survive.

turn 2 : Despite potential lack of interest, the Olympics are still a significant event.

turn 2 : The maple and birch have yellow leaves due to the fall season. The river has turns in it as it flows through the mountainside. The person is paddling through a very narrow part of the river. The person passes a home of a beaver and birds fly quickly overhead.

turn 2 : The Russian government does not get many chances for people to see them all over the world.

turn 2 : Russians have interfered in the elections and are doing it again.


Milliseconds. It happens really quick, and it's something that you just don't think about. It actually just a reflex and it happened. And it was like I said a rarity. The one prior to mine was in 1927. So it was 40 some years between the one that was made and mine.

The thing is, I wonder if people in the stands even realized what had happened - because this goes by so quickly. It's not even like watching a home run. If you watch a home run the ball kind of hangs in the air for three or four seconds or so. This is over even faster than that. Bang.

To tell you the truth. On my part it was such a rarity that even I had not thought about the unassisted part of the play. I realized at the time that it was a triple play. You know, it was all three outs, but had never really thought about the unassisted part because it was such a rarity that no one ever really talked about them.

Ron, was that moment it for you in your baseball career?Is that - what could be better than that?

turn 0 : Despite the chaos, people had a good time at the event.

turn 0 : that Russia views itself as a victim of a Western conspiracy and is retaliating with its own tactics.

turn 0 : (2) implies that Russia's goal is to promote a worldview that everything is corrupt and that its tactics are meant to psychologically influence others;

turn 0 : The rareness of the event made it unexpected and surprising.

turn 0 : Russian operatives used deceptive tactics to create far-right groups.


The majority of them are coming from sub-Saharan Africa. They're trying to make the very perilous Mediterranean crossing to Europe. They're seeking jobs, a better life. They're fleeing conflict. Unfortunately the Europeans have this closed-door policy where they're basically putting these migrants back into Libya, basically subcontracting the migrant policy to Libyan militias. The migrants are kept in a series of horrid detention centers where they're subjected to torture, abuse, forced labor. And with this recent war, their situation has just gotten worse.

Stay with the recent war for a second because I want you to put what has just happened into the context of what is happening more broadly in Libya, which of course has been stuck in civil war for many years now. But this latest outbreak of violence began just in April. Is that right?

That's right - on April 4 when the militia forces aligned with General Khalifa Haftar - he's a renegade general - launched an attack on the internationally recognized government in Tripoli. He was claiming to liberate the capital from militias. But in fact, it was really just a power grab, and it's plunged the country into another round of civil war - horrendous conditions for civilians, over 700 deaths and thousands of people displaced from their homes.

And I'm wondering how to square the situation now with - I remember interviewing you last year. You had a new book just out on Libya. You were telling me. . .

turn 0 : The "closed door" policy does not actually involve any doors, but implies that Europe is unwelcoming to immigrants

turn 0 : It's not a door but an opportunity that becomes available to them.

turn 0 : There is always people that are suspicious of those that are associated with Russia in any way, even the smallest way.