Do the findings differ according to what you majored in or, you know, engineering versus philosophy?

It did. For example, if you look at in the middle of the career of someone, say, 15 years out after graduation, the typical earnings of an engineer is pretty close to $100,000 a year. The same is true of my field of economics. But if you were to go to teaching or social work, the figure is more likely $50,000 a year.

Dr.  Vedder, without getting you into trouble, you're a professor of economics. Does this lead you to ever tell your students you're wasting your money here?

Well, you've asked a delicate question, Scott, but I am at the age where I am tenured and semi-retired, so I guess I can say anything I want. I've tried to be honest with my students and I tell my students that there are risks in anything one does in life and any kind of investment one makes in life. And colleges are subject to the same kind of risks that investing in, say, stocks and bonds. Part of the risk, of course, is that 45 percent of those who enter college don't graduate within six years. And students who think they can major in social work then go get a fancy job and then live in an upper middle-class suburb are perhaps living a life that's devoid of much reality these days. And so I point this out to them. I don't tell them don't go to college, but I tell them there are risks associated with it and be cautious about piling up a lot of debt.

turn 1 : The findings are likely to vary depending on what field of study you have chosen, such as engineering or philosophy.

turn 1 : A has recently researched various topics and is knowledgeable about them.

turn 1 : A is discussing a scientific concept or discovery with B.

turn 1 : Implies that Dr. Stephen Loyd is a reliable source of information on the subject, and that they are asking him to provide insights on the issue.


Yeah. I mean, that is the thing in this country. I mean, I know America quite well. And I think we have to reverse the absolute mirror image of the broadcasting and newspaper. When the debate was around about the beginning of this year about fake news, there was a lot of discussion about how, in this country, people are kind of used to fake news because - not that the newspapers are fictional, but they do take a slant on some stories. But the television media here, in particular, and the radio has been regulated to be unbiased and impartial since broadcasting began in the 1930s.

Some here in America would view this as an agency of thought police. Is there pushback against Ofcom in the United Kingdom?

There have been periods of incredibly busy activity from Ofcom. Recently, they have been turning quite a few complaints across to us and other broadcasters. That is not a reflection of Ofcom. That's a reflection of people who write to Ofcom. They're only making decisions if viewers complain. But it's not a form of thought police. It's a form of being objective. I think viewers in this country expect the television and radio broadcasting to be unbiased, accurate and impartial. And so that is enshrined in law. It's an expectation. And when they feel that the standards of broadcasting have dropped below that, they complain to Ofcom, and then Ofcom investigates us.

Ben De Pear is the editor of Channel 4 News. Thank you very much.

Thank you.

turn 0 : In turn (1), the speaker implies that the big local newspaper was a point of pride and reflection for the community, despite the hostility towards it.

turn 0 : "take a slant on some stories" - the literal meaning of this phrase would be to physically tilt or lean on stories, but the actual meaning is that newspapers present stories from a particular point of view or bias.

turn 0 : "this is the only place you would see lengthy stories of interest to blacks." This turn does not mean that it was the only place where black people could read stories of interest to them. It means that mainstream newspapers and radio stations did not cover stories of interest to black people extensively.

turn 0 : "the journalist in you kicks in" - This is an idiom that means the person's journalistic instincts or tendencies took over, rather than a literal physical action of someone kicking.

turn 0 : The literal meaning: The speaker mentions that they discuss this as a significant starting point or origin for the book. The implied meaning: The speaker suggests that this event plays a crucial role in shaping the themes or direction of the book.


Thank you.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of this turn is that someone is suffering from schizophrenic paranoia and another person believes they should be put in jail instead of a hospital. However, the implied meaning is that the speaker is discussing the mental state of someone else and their legal situation, which may be relevant to the conversation but is not explicitly stated.

turn 1 : "agency of thought police" - the literal meaning of this phrase would be an organization that physically enforces certain thoughts, but the actual meaning is an organization that restricts or controls freedom of thought or expression.

turn 1 : "hide behind a larger organization" - This phrase means that individuals use the larger organization as a shield to protect themselves from accountability. Its actual meaning is figurative, not literal.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker's tone and word choice suggest that they may be withholding information or expressing something indirectly, potentially due to fear of judgement or repercussions.

turn 1 : The speaker is suggesting that there may be a hidden agenda or underlying motive behind their words.


Thank you.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker might be implying a hidden agenda or ulterior motive behind their words, actions, or decisions, without making it explicit.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of this turn is that people might think news organizations are concealing information, but the actual meaning is that people might think news organizations should not be concealing information.

turn 2 : The speaker believes that the current policing system is irreparable.

turn 2 :  "form of thought police" - the literal meaning of this phrase would be a physical agency that enforces particular thoughts, but the actual meaning is a regulatory body that ensures impartiality in broadcasting.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at a deeper meaning or intention behind their words or actions, which requires further investigation or understanding to fully grasp.


I was making decisions in my life that went against everything that I was raised to believe. And. . .

Like what?What kind of decisions?

Specifically religion - the religion that I was raised in. And I was disagreeing with it heavily. It was my whole world and everything that I was taught.

Did they understand?Even though it was painful, did they understand why you had to make that decision to break away?

turn 2 : world in this context means that there is many

turn 2 : She wrote very close to what happened in her own life.

turn 2 : What she writes makes people feel comfortable in a way that reminds them of the past.

turn 2 : She was a remarkable and iconic figure who would still be celebrated today.

turn 2 : "Whole world" is an exagerraiton, most likely. It means that religion was a huge force in her younger life.


Dr.  Michael Jacobson is president of the Center for Science in the Public Interest, a nonprofit group that advocates for safer and healthier foods. Thanks for being with us.

Thanks for having me, Scott.

Looking back on these studies, were they just wrong?

The studies really skewed the evidence at the time. And I think it was unfortunate that these papers were published because they influenced the public discussion about the health impact of sugar.

The question that news of a study like this, I think, raises for everybody is, how do you know what information to trust?

turn 1 : The speaker is expressing his appreciation and gratitude for the guest taking the time to be on the show.

turn 1 : "Thank you." - The literal meaning is a polite response to being welcomed to the show. The implied meaning is that the guest is ready and willing to contribute to the discussion.

turn 1 :  the literal meaning is that the host is thanking the guest for being with them. However, the actual meaning is that the host is ending the interview and thanking the guest for participating.

turn 1 : ("Thanks for having me, Scott.") is a polite expression used to thank the interviewer for the invitation to appear on the show, even though the interviewer did not actually "have" the guest in any literal sense.

turn 1 :  The implied meaning of this turn is that the guest is expressing gratitude for being invited to the show


I suspect that for many, many years, antibodies worked brilliantly. Infections have been really solved. And it didn't really matter very much how long you took your antibodies because they were - you got better, and it wasn't important. We are now worrying about resistance emerging. And so we now want to think much more carefully about how best to use the antibiotics we got so that they don't lose their activity.

I have a personal query about something else that we're always told - that we're not supposed to drink when we're taking antibiotics. Is that something that is also a folk wisdom or is there some scientific fact in that?

There are one or two antibiotics where they interact with alcohol. And they're not many of them. And by far, the majority of antibiotics that are prescribed have no interaction with alcohol. However, as a physician, I can never - you can never get me to say it's good to take alcohol. That's not what we're paid to do.

(Laughter) Indeed. Tim Peto, professor of infectious diseases at Oxford University, thank you so much for joining us.

turn 2 : (1) B: "Obviously, we should then inject alcohol into the situation." - This turn does not mean that they should literally inject alcohol into something, but rather that they should add alcohol to the situation.

turn 2 : "they interact with alcohol" - the word "interact" implies a specific type of effect or relationship, rather than a straightforward physical interaction. Also, the speaker's hesitation to endorse alcohol suggests an implied meaning beyond the literal interaction.

turn 2 : "inject alcohol into the situation" - this is an idiomatic expression and does not actually mean injecting alcohol into something. It means to add alcohol to a situation to make it more fun or relaxed.

turn 2 :  Implying that the conversation is about spiking eggnog with alcohol.


Well, when it first was set up - it was set up to run international finance. And we had a very tightly regulated system of exchange rates and countries - if they wanted to change their exchange rate, had to get permission from the IMF. And so that was - I mean, that's a very powerful role. And this is all countries, this is not just poor countries. And that whole system collapsed in the early 1970s. But since then, as financial crises have proliferated, the IMF has stepped in as the principal emergency doctor for countries in trouble and it tries to figure out how the country has to change its behavior so that its finances get put on a more sustainable basis.

Where did it get its money?

The best way of thinking of the IMF is it's like a credit union that countries put deposits into the IMF, and then the IMF uses those deposits to help countries in trouble. And it's got about 400 billion of deposits and another 400 to 500 billion of borrowings. And that gives it close to a $1 trillion, which it can then apply to helping the poorer members who've got themselves into trouble.

You visited a couple of IMF missions - how popular are they in countries where they've taken a major role?

turn 1 :  A: "lender of last resort" refers to a central bank or other institution that provides emergency funding to financial institutions or other entities in the event of a crisis. In this context, the IMF has been serving as a lender of last resort to countries facing financial difficulties, even if it is not a traditional central bank.

turn 1 : EU countries are also taking action regarding the financial crisis.

turn 1 : The implied meaning in this turn is that the speaker is asking for an opinion on the fiscal policy situation in Europe.

turn 1 : (3) Implied meaning: Do states have to make a difficult decision on how to use the limited funds?

turn 1 : Implied meaning: How does the IMF have the financial resources available to help countries in trouble?


Where did it get its money?

turn 2 :  A: "lender of last resort" refers to a central bank or other institution that provides emergency funding to financial institutions or other entities in the event of a crisis. In this context, the IMF has been serving as a lender of last resort to countries facing financial difficulties, even if it is not a traditional central bank.

turn 2 : The best way of thinking of the IMF is it's like a credit union that countries put deposits into the IMF, and then the IMF uses those deposits to help countries in trouble. - Implied meaning: Countries provide deposits to the IMF which can be used to help other countries in need.

turn 2 : The rating agencies play an important role in the banks' ability to borrow money.

turn 2 : People tend to trust larger banks more than smaller banks and leave more money uninsured in larger banks.


Oh, well, there are a lot of asteroids near Jupiter. You know, Jupiter orbits pretty close to the asteroid belt, for one thing. So that's a part of the solar system that's very cluttered with space rocks. And Jupiter ends up being a target for a lot of them because - mainly because it's such a big planet. It has so much gravity. It actually pulls some of these space rocks toward it.

What makes you not believe it was - might have been a comet?

Oh, well, it might have been a comet. The only way to tell the difference between an asteroid and a comet impact is to look at what kind of debris it leaves behind in Jupiter's atmosphere. Now - but the problem is, in this case, astronomers have been watching the impact site - the place where the flash of light occurred - all week long, and they've been looking through debris, but there is none. Now, if you could look at the debris and see what it's made of, you could say, oh, yes. That's material that's characteristic of an asteroid, or in the case of a comet, you know, comets tend to be very watery. And the debris cloud has chemical byproducts of water in it if a comet has hit. . .

Yeah.

turn 0 : A planet named Theia has been discussed for 40 years.

turn 0 : Jupiter being a big planet with lots of gravity attracts space rocks.

turn 0 : Theia is the Mars-sized planet that collided with Earth

turn 0 : The balloons location around the planet forms a circle.

turn 0 : Planets didn't actually "pop pout." This merely implies that the analysis surprisingly revealed five planets that fit their research.


Absolutely. So what the defense may try to do is say, what we're dealing with here is a criminal, a dishonest individual from start to finish. He is being sponsored - his testimony is being sponsored by the government. But you can't trust him. After all, look at all the things he's done. He's stolen, in fact, not only from others but from his own business associate, Mr.  Manafort.

And he gets some kind of consideration for testifying - immunity, right?

Well, what he gets is. . .

Maybe not absolute immunity, but OK, go ahead.

turn 0 : bad faith implies that the Justice Department is acting improperly and knows they are doing so

turn 0 : The witness is unreliable because he's a criminal and has stolen. The government is giving him some kind of benefit in exchange for his testimony.

turn 0 : "That's where you get into trouble is when people make false statements to federal investigators or they obstruct an actual proceeding."

turn 0 : The speaker was falsely accused and wrongfully blamed.

turn 0 : Given the large amount of evidence they may not need to mirandize him.


Well, what he gets is. . .

turn 1 : (4) To be subpoenaed means to be compelled to testify in court or provide evidence.

turn 1 : The subpoena is a powerful tool to get the truth out of witnesses and to obtain documents that may be relevant to the investigation.

turn 1 : The witness is receiving immunity in exchange for his testimony.

turn 1 : They say the attorneys general is looking for information and they want to put a stop to it.


You described some playwrights, Beckett, for example, as somebody whose work seems to back away from you the closer you get it. But Miller's play, you say, is not like that.

No. It wasn't like - my experience with Chekhov and Beckett was just what you'd call - that they get harder and harder as you go. But with "Salesman," surprisingly, because it's fully as great a play as those others, it did welcome us and come toward us day by day. And then, we did a fairly smart thing, which is that we had a workshop just for ourselves for almost a month, and nobody ever saw it and we didn't perform it, but we just worked on it. And then as per plan, we went away for over three and a half months.

And then when we came back, we went into rehearsal and then finally got onstage and did it. And the three and a half months living and doing other things made a surprisingly big difference. It just sank into everybody and took enormous strides all on its own, and that was both exciting and surprising in its extent. And also, it was a clue to what was going to continue to happen, which is that it just burrowed deeper and deeper into the actors and they - into one another, and they have become a family. And they're - what goes on between them is - I've never seen - in my experience, I've never seen it quite like this.

Philip Seymour Hoffman obviously plays the lead role. Is - did the play come first or the actor come first?

turn 1 : (2) The literal meaning of turn (2) is the speaker thanking the person who introduced him, but the implied meaning is just a polite expression to acknowledge the introduction. (3) The literal meaning of turn (3) is the speaker thanking the other person, but the implied meaning is just a polite expression to end the conversation.

turn 1 : The actual meaning of the turn in (3) is to express gratitude and appreciation to Robert Groves for his time. The literal meaning of the turn is to thank Robert Groves for being present with them.

turn 1 : The literal meaning: The speaker mentions that they discuss this as a significant starting point or origin for the book. The implied meaning: The speaker suggests that this event plays a crucial role in shaping the themes or direction of the book.

turn 1 : Literal meaning: A is describing how people in the house woke up early and were free to start their day as they pleased. Actual meaning: The actual meaning is the same as the literal meaning.

turn 1 : "did welcome us and come toward us day by day" - This is a metaphorical expression that means the play became easier to understand and appreciate over time, and it felt like it was reaching out to the actors.


turn 3 : not a literal meaning but rather a rhetorical question.

turn 3 : This turn is literal in meaning, as it is a straightforward question asking about the speaker's children.

turn 3 : "did the play come first or the actor come first?" - This is a literal question that asks which came first, the play or the actor, without any metaphorical meaning.

turn 3 : There are no turns in the given conversation that have a meaning different from their literal meanings. All the turns convey their literal meanings without any implied or figurative language.

turn 3 : there are no turns in this conversation. whose actual meaning are different from their literal meanings. all of the turn are being used in a straight forward and literal meaning.


It has.

Get out.

The time has flown. And you are flying. You are flying across the ocean. You are leaving us.

Great segue.

turn 2 : a long time coming means something has been meaning to happen but hasn't happened until recently

turn 2 : long lead time means it takes awhile for something to happen

turn 2 : A certain amount of time has passed by surprisingly quickly

turn 2 : They are implying that they are short on time

turn 2 : (3) "measly 100 million years" - The word "measly" is used in a sarcastic manner to imply that 100 million years is actually a significant amount of time in the context of the conversation.


It has.

Get out.

Great segue.

turn 2 : The actual meaning of (3) is that Mr. Mitchell stopped the clocks at 12 o'clock to make it easier for people to recognize that the clock was broken, as they would immediately notice that it was stopped at 12 o'clock, rather than at any other time.

turn 2 : The implied meaning of turn (1) is to hurry up and finish the task quickly.

turn 2 : the time has flown means time went by fast.


But some people might want the extra three months of the nine months option. Just look through and see what's offered. And the other good thing is, this is not one of those negative option kind of options. At the end of the six months or nine months, they're not going to automatically enroll you into a plan in which you have to pay, because the six month is worth about 60 dollars and the nine month is about 115 dollars. So they will absolutely stop it, and you have to say, I want this back. But listen, for six or nine months you've got someone looking through your TransUnion credit file, so it's worth it.

You know, Michelle, what you're saying is anyone who has applied for credit, essentially in the last 20 years, any credit card, is eligible for this. There is a benefit, including maybe some cash, sitting there on the table. You can write in and get it. That's it?

That's it. That's exactly right. And you do have to register for it. It's not automatic, and you have to go to www. listclassaction. com. And once you go to the site, you click on the link for Register for Benefits. And then they will email you and tell you later when you can actually start getting the monitoring service.

We will link to you and to this website at our site, that's npr. org. Michelle Singletary, personal finance columnist for the Washington Post and contributor to Day to Day. Michelle, thank you.

turn 0 : They are not asking for a lot of really expensive items.

turn 0 : It would be a mistake for me to do that.

turn 0 : Indicating that they are priceless means that they have high value.

turn 0 : The offer is a good deal and worth considering.

turn 0 : how big of a deal means how much of a problem would this be


turn 1 : Despite having a good credit history, the credit was not available on time and it caused a lot of inconvenience

turn 1 : You put money in the savings in case you have a problem and need it

turn 1 : There is free money available for those who have applied for credit.

turn 1 : Credit is important for farmers to survive and the credit crunch has made it more expensive and difficult to obtain


So, you're skeptical about a car czar. You think that there should be loans, though, with strict provisions attached to them.

Right, right.

What else?What else needs to be done?I mean, this is a massive, massive problem, and two of the three are facing extinction at this point.

Don't forget, what's putting them in this condition is the economic, you know, the economic condition of the nation right now. But the kind of fixed-cost structure that these auto companies have is massive, massive losses that have to do with what's happening to demand.

turn 0 : Nationalizing the auto industry, or at least GM, is a better solution than bridge loans or other options.

turn 0 : The car czar should not be the only answer to the auto industry's problems; loans should be offered, but with strict conditions.

turn 0 : Ford doesn't need the money right now, but GM does

turn 0 : Leasing becoming more expensive will make it difficult for some people to afford cars

turn 0 : The Big Three auto companies are facing financial difficulties.


Right, right.

turn 0 : None of the turns in this conversation have implied meanings different from their literal meanings.

turn 0 : All the turns in this conversation appear to have their literal meanings, and there are no metaphors, figurative language or idioms used.

turn 0 : None of the turns in this conversation have a figurative or non-literal meaning. They are all meant to be taken at face value as a straightforward question and answer about the speaker's job and experience with criminal investigations.

turn 0 : There are no turns in the given conversation that have a meaning different from their literal meanings. All the turns convey their literal meanings without any implied or figurative language.


Right, right.

turn 1 : All the turns in this conversation appear to have their literal meanings, and there are no metaphors, figurative language or idioms used.

turn 1 : None of the turns in this conversation have a figurative or non-literal meaning.

turn 1 : None of the turns in this conversation have implied meanings different from their literal meanings.

turn 1 : None of the turns have implied meanings that are different from their literal meanings. They all convey their literal meanings without any hidden or implied messages.

turn 1 : There are no turns in this conversation whose actual meanings are different from their literal meanings. All of the turns are being used in a straightforward and literal manner.


Right, right.

turn 2 : The Big Three auto companies are facing financial difficulties.

turn 2 : Nationalizing the auto industry, or at least GM, is a better solution than bridge loans or other options.

turn 2 : The federal government is hesitant to provide financial assistance to the struggling auto industry.

turn 2 : The current economic situation requires more than loans to help the auto companies - other measures must be taken.


Right, right.

turn 2 : There are no idiomatic expressions or figurative language in this turn.

turn 2 : None of the turns in this conversation have a figurative or non-literal meaning.

turn 2 : None of the turns have implied meanings that are different from their literal meanings. They all convey their literal meanings without any hidden or implied messages.

turn 2 : There are no turns in the given conversation that have a meaning different from their literal meanings. All the turns convey their literal meanings without any implied or figurative language.

turn 2 : All the turns in this conversation appear to have their literal meanings, and there are no metaphors, figurative language or idioms used.


Right, right.

turn 3 : The Big Three auto companies are facing financial difficulties.

turn 3 : The federal government is hesitant to provide financial assistance to the struggling auto industry.

turn 3 : The economic situation is causing a significant decrease in hiring, sales, and investment.

turn 3 : The auto companies need to restructure their fixed costs due to the current economic situation, resulting in significant losses.


Right, right.

turn 3 : there are no turns in this conversation. whose actual meaning are different from their literal meanings. all of the turn are being used in a straight forward and literal meaning.

turn 3 : None of the turns in this conversation have a figurative or non-literal meaning.

turn 3 : There are no turns in the given conversation that have a meaning different from their literal meanings. All the turns convey their literal meanings without any implied or figurative language.

turn 3 : None of the words in turn (4) have a different meaning from their literal meanings.

turn 3 : None of the turns have implied meanings that are different from their literal meanings. They all convey their literal meanings without any hidden or implied messages.


Yes. Launch is tomorrow at 4:55 AM Cape Canaveral time, which is where the rocket launches from, or, say, 1:55 AM California time. I'll actually be here in California at SpaceX headquarters at mission control. And so we have launch control at Cape Canaveral, and we've got mission control here at headquarters in California. So for the first nine minutes or so, the rocket will be ascending and delivering the Dragon spacecraft to orbit. And then the Dragon spacecraft will separate from the rocket and then - and begin orbital phasing with the space station, which will take a few days.

Then we're going to do, essentially, a flyby at the space station. Now, something that's important to appreciate is that the space station is actually zooming around the Earth at 17,000 miles an hour. People sort of think it's just sort of up there and stationary, but it's zipping around the Earth at - it actually completes an orbit of the Earth every 19 minutes. So you can think of this like you're trying to synchronize speed with something that's going 12 times faster than a bullet from an assault rifle.

And we've got to match the space station. As the space station makes more movements in its orbit, we've got to track those movements exactly. So we'll do a wide loop around the space station, establish communication - a communication link with the space station, have our docking sensors lock on and then the spacecraft actually plots an approach vector and will go in and pause at various points before finally going into dock with the space station.

And what time into the mission will it actually dock?

turn 0 : at the end of the day means something is likely going to happen or what happens after everything else.

turn 0 : The speaker is expressing amusement at the idea of the future being here.

turn 0 : The loop around the space station is a dangerous maneuver

turn 0 : It would be a mistake for me to do that.

turn 0 : The rocket will be launching tomorrow and the Dragon spacecraft will be sent into orbit and then eventually dock with the space station.


turn 2 : turn is to challenge the idea that the proposal was a great idea in the first place.

turn 2 : The launch is a complex and difficult task that requires precise coordination between multiple sites.

turn 2 : Despite being unified there are many roads to go forward to in order to find their goal to reach.

turn 2 : The key point is made to make people want to learn more about what happened.

turn 2 : We are using both buildings now, despite the inconvenience


Deb, is there any kind of reassessment about what might be possible?The meeting's unprecedented, the atmosphere's been a real roller coaster, but what else?

You know, there's no expectation this is going to be easy. The Syrian war isn't confined to one country. It's a regional war. Two million Syrians are outside the country. More than half the country is displaced. Powerful extremist Islamists are in the north. Shiite militias from Iran, Lebanon and Iraq are fighting on the side of the regime. Some of the most important players are not even at the table. There's going to be lots of bumps. But I think you have to say that the fact that they are sitting down is a beginning, at least to start for a political process, something we have not seen in three years.

Well, I think the idea is to keep everybody at the table this week. The most contentious issue, of course, is going to be negotiating a transitional government. And it's possible that that topic will either not be called that this week to keep everybody sitting down, but they're going to have to get to it at some point, and that's what I'll be watching for. When those discussions start, will everybody stay at the table?

turn 2 : (3) B: Anything that you're looking for, Deb, that you're going to flag? This turn is a direct question asking if there is anything specific that Deb is going to highlight or draw attention to. There is no implied meaning beyond the literal interpretation, so (3) is not the correct option.

turn 2 : The implied meaning is that A is inquiring about the details surrounding B's special person.

turn 2 : (2) The literal meaning of this turn is a simple question, but the implied meaning is that the speaker wants to know what actions can be taken to address the issue being discussed and is seeking guidance or suggestions.

turn 2 :  (2) implies that B is wondering what the latest news or developments are in the situation,

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at something they want or need, but they don't want to ask for it directly.


And that is a big deal because a census is supposed to be a head count of every person living in the country. That's a constitutional mandate regardless of citizenship or immigration status. And those numbers determine how many congressional seats each state gets, as well as how almost $900 billion a year in federal funding for roads, for schools, how all that money is distributed around the country.

Right, so a lot of financial and political implications if you don't have the correct population number, particularly of certain minorities.

Exactly.

What are the two sides arguing?What's that what's the for and the against?

turn 0 : "That's a constitutional mandate regardless of citizenship or immigration status." (turn A): The literal meaning is that the census is required by the Constitution and applies to everyone living in the country, regardless of their legal status. The implied meaning is that some people might think the census should only count citizens or legal residents, but the speaker is emphasizing that this is not the case.

turn 0 : The country does not have children but it means the people that are born and raised there.

turn 0 : People are concerned about immigration, not just interested.

turn 0 : it is a metaphorical field, it just means there are not as many candidates running for the election as there was in the past because some decided not to continue running

turn 0 : In turn (1), when the speaker says, "Was impelled by government programs that said to people, every American should be in a home," the literal meaning is that government programs encouraged homeownership. However, the implied meaning is that these programs were promoting homeownership to an extent that was beyond what was sustainable or responsible, which ultimately led to a housing bubble and the 2008 financial crisis. The turn implies that the government's encouragement of homeownership was misguided and had negative consequences, which is a departure from the literal meaning of the words used in the turn.


Exactly.

turn 1 : The disagreement with Congress over funding for the 2020 census could have implications for the accuracy and reliability of the census results.

turn 1 : "Right, so a lot of financial and political implications if you don't have the correct population number, particularly of certain minorities." (turn B): The literal meaning is that an incorrect population count can have significant consequences for federal funding and political representation, especially for minority groups. The implied meaning is that this is a serious issue that deserves attention and action.

turn 1 : The speaker is expressing concern that the justice system might be unfairly biased against certain individuals based on their race and access to resources.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of turn (2) is a question asking what the speaker can add to the race that other candidates do not already have. However, the actual meaning is that the speaker is being challenged to prove their value and justify their entry into the race. The literal meaning of the turn does not reflect the underlying challenge and skepticism expressed by the speaker.


Oh, absolutely, 100 percent.

Do you ever talk to the students that you went to college with recently, students who were maybe sometimes 60 years younger than you, about what you have lived and what you have gone through?Do you ever tell them these kinds of stories?

In some of my classes, some of the fellows would ask me about the segregated South. I would reveal to them, like in one instance, we had a history major and he was just tickled to death to learn this stuff firsthand from somebody who had actually been through it. Example, I used to tell him that at Norfolk Navy Yard, the drinking fountains and lavatories were all segregated - black, colored water and colored bathrooms, white bathrooms. And the white water always broke down and they drank the colored water.

turn 0 : (2) The literal meaning of this turn is that A made a stand against the colleague, but the actual meaning is that A had the power to stand up for others but didn't.

turn 0 : "So you were ready to stand up for yourself?" - The actual meaning could be, "Were you prepared to defend yourself and your beliefs when faced with opposition or criticism?" It may not necessarily mean the person was physically standing up.

turn 0 : In this turn, the implied meaning goes beyond the literal meaning of "never took no for an answer." The speaker is highlighting the person's resilience and determination in the face of obstacles. It implies that despite facing rejection or setbacks, the person persisted and fought back, even using physical force if necessary.

turn 0 : "Voice" and "stand up" are both figurative. The first means have influence, the second means support (not physically stand up).


Oh, absolutely, 100 percent.

turn 2 :  "Do you ever talk to the students that you went to college with recently...about what you have lived and what you have gone through?" - The actual meaning could be, "Do you share your personal experiences with younger students to educate them about historical events and give them a firsthand perspective?" It may not necessarily mean just having casual conversations with former classmates.

turn 2 :  The speaker wants to know about the experience of graduating from school and what it felt like for the person they are talking to.

turn 2 : "What changed your mind because you did start college for a while?" - The speaker is not asking about a physical change in the person's mind, but rather about the reasons or factors that led them to change their decision about attending college.

turn 2 : (2) - What do you folks hope to learn? - Implied Meaning: What is the purpose of your research?

turn 2 : "tell us about" - this is a commonly used phrase to ask someone to share information or their thoughts, but its actual meaning is to ask for an overview or summary of a particular topic or person.


Oh, absolutely, 100 percent.

turn 3 : "the white water always broke down and they drank the colored water." - The actual meaning could be, "The facilities for white people were given better maintenance and resources, while the facilities for people of color were neglected and substandard." It may not necessarily mean that the actual water was colored or that people drank water of different colors.

turn 3 : whites refers to the Europeans and Americans and not just a color

turn 3 : In Turn 2, the speaker is implying that even though the incident in West Virginia was unfortunate, it is still a testament to the quality of drinking water in the US, as similar incidents rarely occur.

turn 3 : This statement from the passage implies the emotional impact of racism on the person of color and the discomfort and guilt experienced by the white person.

turn 3 : (2) - The actual meaning is to ask what the impact of the deep water was on the neighborhood and people, rather than asking what the individual saw and did.


So this will help the basketball players and then also the track events. But the good thing is obviously with these developments - the wheelchairs (unintelligible) through the people, you know, everyday people that use wheelchairs, and it will mean it's more lightweight for them to lift, say, in and out of vehicles.

And some of this stuff then filters in back to the general public.

Yeah, I mean, and that's a great thing, you know, the flow sort of from elite to high street, as we refer to it, is great. So you start seeing that, for example, with push bikes. We see a lot of that now available, helmet design from bikes, you say that. Swimwear is another thing that we see a lot of technology flowing into the high street.

Let's talk about swimwear because there was a kind of swimwear that was used and is now banned, and something new is taking its place.

turn 0 : People want to work hard for things.

turn 0 : The company has had great success with smartphones and touch-capable devices.

turn 0 : There is a dangerous situation happening that requires people to seek shelter and take precautions.

turn 0 : Advancements in wheelchair technology will make it easier for everyday wheelchair users to lift them in and out of vehicles.

turn 0 : to carry something out means to do something


turn 0 : (1) has an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The literal meaning is that the speaker is asking if there is any sign of improvement in the situation being discussed, but the implied meaning is that the situation is bad and the speaker is hoping for some positive news or indication that things will get better.

turn 0 : to move in direction in this context means to change something

turn 0 : "it will mean it's more lightweight for them to lift" - The literal meaning of "more lightweight" is redundant, as the adjective "lightweight" already implies that the object is light. The intended meaning is that the wheelchairs will be lighter, making them easier for people to lift.

turn 0 : has a literal meaning of "Yes, the numbers aren't looking good for the person," but its actual meaning is "It looks like the person isn't likely to succeed."

turn 0 : meaning is turn (1), where B asks if Teddy Roosevelt comes to life when it gets dark at the museum. The actual meaning implied by B's question is whether the museum has interactive exhibits or displays that bring historical figures to life, rather than asking about a specific event where Teddy Roosevelt might come to life in the museum.


turn 2 :  The actual meaning of this turn is that professional athletes should take advantage of the opportunities they have and make the most of them, because they may not get the same opportunity again.

turn 2 : Reform for college athlete treatment is progressing slowly, but key people are listening.

turn 2 : The Power Five conferences dominate college sports and generate significant revenue.

turn 2 : Technological advancements from elite athletes eventually become available to the general public, such as with push bikes and swimwear.

turn 2 : More promising implies very beneficial and advantageous


turn 2 :  Implied meaning: Elite colleges are seen as a source of envy and reverence, but they are also seen as a symbol of hard work and excellence.

turn 2 : "the flow sort of from elite to high street" - The literal meaning of "elite to high street" refers to the movement of trends or products from exclusive or high-end markets to more accessible ones. The intended meaning is that technology used in elite sports is being adapted for use by everyday people.

turn 2 : In (2), the speaker is saying that advertisers are desperate to reach young male viewers and are investing in esports to do so. The literal meaning is straightforward, but the implied meaning is that traditional forms of advertising are becoming less effective in reaching younger generations, which is why advertisers are turning to esports as a new platform to reach their target audience.

turn 2 :  "from the depths to the heights" is an expression used figuratively to describe a significant improvement or progress, rather than literally referring to a physical location or elevation.


turn 3 : The turn that has an actual meaning different from its literal meaning is (4): "How do you cast sculptures in what amounts to an underwater gallery, not just this installation in the Thames, obviously, but some that you've done all over the world?"

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that A is implying that the way media is consumed has changed drastically, and this could lead to the failure of the American experiment.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: Amused disbelief at the sudden change in the status quo.

turn 3 : "something new is taking its place" - The literal meaning of this statement is that something is being replaced by something else. The intended meaning is that a new type of swimwear is being introduced to replace a previously banned type.

turn 3 : Turn (3) describes the discovery of clues that led to the unraveling of the scandal, which is consistent with its literal meaning.


Now what we didn't hear was a huge thunderous applause that you got from the crowd. Would you run for office again?And if so, what office?

I do - I would like to run for office. I really believe very firmly in public service. I enjoyed my years as lieutenant governor. And, you know, as a small-government Republican, really began to appreciate beyond the rhetoric of just saying, you know, I want a smaller government, but really focusing on how you make government work for people and how you make it efficient - more efficient partner in our daily lives.

And so I walked away from the office with a great appreciation for the value of public service and the importance that you can play in helping small businesses, in getting healthcare where it needs to be, and in dealing with problems of crime and the things that lead up to people to do things that create problems in their community, recidivism, and drug addiction, and things like that. So yeah, I'd like to get back to it. I'd like to run for governor of Maryland one day. And we'll see if that ever happens. But yeah, it's on the table. I don't know if it's in the cards yet, but it's at least on the table.

So you're chair of GOPAC, and it aims to elect more Republicans into office. So what are you working on specifically this time around?Are there any races or any strategies you're working on?

turn 0 : The crowd was very excited and enthusiastic about the election results.

turn 0 : The listeners might be motivated to offer help.

turn 0 : "thunderous applause" implies loud, enthusiastic applause from many in the audience

turn 0 : "shocked - really shocked" is a figurative way of expressing the speaker's strong emotional reaction.

turn 0 : implies that the quietness of the supper conversation before the shower scene prepares the audience to be shocked by the violent moment that follows


turn 1 : run for president means to campaign for presidency

turn 1 :  "running mate" - This is a metaphorical expression that means a person who is chosen to run for office with a presidential candidate.

turn 1 : The candidate had something troubling in their past.

turn 1 : "run for office" implies to be a candidate in an election

turn 1 : The phrase "throw the election in our favor" in (4) implies attempting to influence the result of the election, which is different from its literal meaning of physically throwing the election.


turn 2 :  The turn whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning is (4): "There are only 52 cards in a deck of cards. So how do you decide which case makes the deck?"  The speaker is using a metaphor to compare the limited number of cards in a deck to the limited number of cases that can be included in the deck of playing cards used by law enforcement to raise awareness about cold cases. The implied meaning is that there are many cold cases to choose from, but only a limited number can be featured in the deck

turn 2 : all sides of the table refers to different opinions people have

turn 2 : This statement implies that the situation is unpredictable and confusing for many people.

turn 2 : "in the cards" implies has a high degree of possibility. "on the table" implies an existing possibility


NPR's Dina Temple-Raston has been following this story, and she's here now. Dina, scientists and legal experts, they're saying that the evidence against Ivins is really far from foolproof, that there is no smoking gun. What are they concerned about?

Well, a lot of the scientists who have looked at this say that they couldn't - that the FBI couldn't possibly have ruled out everyone who might have matched the anthrax vial or had access to the anthrax vial that they matched to Ivins. And this is basically, without getting too much into the science, this is because anthrax, all you have to do is grow more. So if you had some anthrax, conceivably, from this vial that they linked to Ivins, you could have grown your own source of more of that.

They also can't place him in Princeton, which is where the letters were mailed from, and he has this very distinctive, cramped handwriting that they couldn't match the handwriting on the envelopes. The FBI said it was similar, but there was nothing conclusive there. And there's this broader feeling that he couldn't have possibly accomplished all of this on his own. The plan was too elaborate and too technical for one person to do by themselves.

So what does the FBI say to all those questions?

turn 1 : There are other pathogens that could be used as weapons besides Anthrax

turn 1 : "grow your own source" - This is a figurative expression that means to cultivate or create more of something, in this case, anthrax bacteria, by using the original sample. It does not refer to actually growing a physical object like a plant or animal.

turn 1 : The speaker is describing how quickly the colonies of something grow and then disappear, possibly referring to a bacterial infection or mold in a lawn

turn 1 : Actual meaning implies that the bacteria has grown and spread across the plates, creating the appearance of a lawn.

turn 1 : the speaker uses the phrase "in a petri dish" which literally means a flat dish used to culture cells. However, in this context, the speaker is using it to refer to an artificial environment created in a laboratory setting. Similarly, the phrase "live mice" in this context is used to refer to real, living mice that were used in an experiment.


turn 2 : "writ large" - This phrase means "on a large scale" or "as a general principle," rather than referring to something that is physically written in large letters.

turn 2 : when something is front and center in this context it means its out in the open, or some type of problem everyone notices

turn 2 : "cramped handwriting" - This is a descriptive phrase that refers to handwriting that is very small, tight, and crowded together, making it difficult to read. It does not refer to handwriting that is physically cramped due to space constraints.

turn 2 : The writer means that they are flexible and can move easily.


Yes. The ground has been too wet. Every time we turn around, it seems like we keep getting a rain shower that we don't need. But normally in the planting season, we have a four, five or six-day window of dry weather where we can go out and plant. And then it might rain. And then we'll have another four or five, six-day window. This year, we've only been able to plant on five different days now total.

So how much of your normal crop have you been able to get into the ground?

We're small compared to some of the other growers throughout the state here in Illinois. But we normally have everything in the ground. As of Monday, we only had about 25% or so in the ground tops, actually a little bit less than that.

So what are you going to do?As you said, like, normally, you've had your corn in. And then I guess you'd move onto your beans. What are you going to do?

turn 0 : Despite being in the planting season, rain has prevented planting on most days this year.

turn 0 : The corn planting season has been slow due to heavy rainfall.

turn 0 : They are under control of the plant's internal system that is regulated by light and seasons.

turn 0 : There was a factory in the area, not an actual plant that grows from the ground.

turn 0 : The speakers agree that plants do not move.


Well, I know that my name is on the cover, but the Library of America was at least an equal partner, if not more. Reggie Hui there went into the archives, and he found every single short story she'd ever published in the most esoteric, small, little magazines. And John Kulka and Reggie and I had multiple really long debates and conversations about which stories to include. There were many passionate speeches on all sides, particularly mine. And we ended up with. . .

(Laughter) Battles to the death, I'm gathering. Yeah.

. . . Battles. Yes. It was bloody, but it was also joyous because we're - all three of us - just super fans of Nancy Hale's.

I mean, people always ask fiction writers - as you would know better than anyone - how much of your writing, how much of your protagonist is you. And writers always say, it's fiction. You know, I made it all up. But you write that with Hale, it's - it actually really matters to know what her life story was when you're reading these stories.

turn 1 : This is an expression of agreement, but it also implies that the speaker is willing to continue the discussion.

turn 1 : on the one hand refers to one argument a person might have, or an opinion

turn 1 : The person is asking the other person if they can say someting that might make them think differently about something.

turn 1 : The person is making a humurous remark about the debate.

turn 1 : The speaker is suggesting that there may be a hidden agenda or underlying motive behind their words.


turn 2 : A is trying to add some humor to the conversation

turn 2 : A is telling a joke instead of discussing the topic

turn 2 :  (3) - The speaker is suggesting that the woman might have been racist and they needed to take her seriously.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker has some reservations or doubts about the situation being discussed.

turn 2 : She is agreeing that they debated and making it humorous.


I decided to take matters in my own hands and decided to raise the funds that I need to get the materials that the kids need. The budget wasn't going to change. The only thing is, it was going to get worse. I had decided that I should advertise on my test, and I said, well, if you would like to put a quote or an ad at the bottom of my test, then it'd be kind of a mutual - they help the kids, and then I help them get a little bit of PR out of it.

And so the parents, they responded well?

Absolutely. Back to school night, I had one parent give me a $100 check, and she said, I hope this gets you started, and I actually had a lot of good comments, saying that's very creative and thinking outside the box.

And I've actually gotten emails from parents and one from my school district saying, you know, I am glad somebody is finally speaking up and saying that parents are having a tough time footing the bill for things that should have been paid for through their tax dollars and paid through the school system.

And what did the kids says?I mean, aren't they kind of bombarded by advertising all day long when they are not in school?

They really like the quotes, and they actually look forward to them. I've had students say, hey, what's going to be the next quote, and I tell them, you have to wait.

turn 0 : The person refuses to change their mind on what they think about the situation.

turn 0 : take matters in my own hands implies to deal with a situation personally

turn 0 : following refer to or implies being interested in a situation or information

turn 0 : on the one hand refers to one argument a person might have, or an opinion

turn 0 : you imply that something is the case


turn 0 : The implied meaning is that the person hopes for interaction and engagement between individuals interested in building their family tree or learning about family research, and that they will come across unexpected articles and ideas, leading to interesting discussions and experiences on the site.

turn 0 : has a literal meaning of "Yes, the numbers aren't looking good for the person," but its actual meaning is "It looks like the person isn't likely to succeed."

turn 0 : "if you would like to put a quote or an ad at the bottom of my test, then it'd be kind of a mutual - they help the kids, and then I help them get a little bit of PR out of it." - The actual meaning is a suggestion for a mutually beneficial arrangement where the person advertising on the test would get some positive publicity in exchange for helping the kids.

turn 0 : "But well..." - This is an expression that doesn't have a literal meaning. It is an interjection that is often used to indicate hesitation, a change of subject, or a transition in conversation.

turn 0 : to approach someone with something in this context means you are showing them something


turn 3 : "So I guess if you want to - if you want to support education, buy a lottery ticket" - Implied meaning: A way to support education is to buy lottery tickets.

turn 3 : The speaker's baby and family are doing well and they are happy about it.

turn 3 : expression of gratitude, as the speaker is thanking Alice Fordham for her report. Both turns have a figurative meaning that is different from their literal meanings.

turn 3 :  The mayor is thanking the interviewer for their support and asking them to keep them in their prayers, which goes beyond the literal meaning of his words.

turn 3 : "I am glad somebody is finally speaking up and saying that parents are having a tough time footing the bill for things that should have been paid for through their tax dollars and paid through the school system." - The actual meaning is that the person is glad someone is raising awareness about the issue of parents having to pay for things that should have been covered by taxes and the school system.


The writer Michael Kinsley, who's a friend of this program, wrote about the surge a few months ago. Look at the numbers before the surge. Look at the numbers after the surge. This is what the Bush administration calls a success. One hundred and thirty thousand Americans in Iraq at the beginning and at the end. This country will still have about 130,000 soldiers - American soldiers in Iraq. Michael Kinsley said, have we really succeeded anything or have we just kind of changed the metric in some way?

Oh my Lord. I mean, what we have in Iraq, and I just got back, you know, less than two weeks ago. What we have in Iraq is a government that is elected by its people. It's the only Arab-Muslim country of that type, of that form of government in that region. It will have a long- term security relationship and a strategic relationship with the United States and be aligned with the United States. That is a major positive outcome for us, particularly given the fact that in 2006 we nearly lost the country and suffered a humiliating defeat.

Things do look an awful lot different than they did two years ago. You had a significant role in that, in thinking about what should be done at a time when it was a very unpopular plan to be putting forth. No one was - there wasn't a very big cheering squad for that. I wonder if you sit back on an evening now and feel some kind of sense of satisfaction?What is that?'

Well, I think there were a lot of people that, you know, have a hand in it.

turn 0 : The statistic does not electrically shock people but it does greatly surprise people.

turn 0 : The recession will not have a quick recovery

turn 0 : when a company collapses, it means they went out of business.

turn 0 : The success of the surge is debatable and may just be a change in metrics.

turn 0 : The behavior of the company should be investigated since it continued for many years.


turn 1 : The Iraqi Sunni insurgents have given up their struggle against the US-led government, and have accepted its terms for peace.

turn 1 : The situation between Iran and the US may lead to a military conflict, which nobody wants.

turn 1 : The government in Iraq is a major positive outcome for the US.

turn 1 : The situation in Afghanistan is unstable and dangerous, and there are concerns about the security of the upcoming elections despite government assurances.

turn 1 : The US has failed to achieve its goals by trying to impose its standards of democracy and governance on foreign countries.


turn 3 : having a hand in it implies being an agent, playing a part or the reason why something happens,  and not meaning to have a part of one's hand inside something

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at a desire or need for help or support from the listener.

turn 3 : They are not literally in someone’s private hands.

turn 3 : None of the turns in this conversation have a figurative or non-literal meaning.

turn 3 : to put something in this context is to explain something


Why?You know, if you've screw it up, what?You, like, lost 99 cents or $5?I mean, that's money. I'm not saying that that's not important, but God, when I use the cooking - when I lived in New York, it's like, if I screwed up, it was $30 down the drain.

Many of Christiane's recipes come from her own imagination. Others are adaptations from culinary classics like the "Joy of Cooking" and "The Moosewood Cookbook. "She says she realizes the low-budget nature of her book may not be appetizing to all palates. The 99-cent price tag does have a bit of a stigma.

I feel the same way sometimes. I'm a snob. I'll admit it. And so, you know, sometimes if I cook it, I'm like, oh, I'm pulling the ham out of the can. I don't know.

And maybe it's the ham, maybe it's not.

turn 0 : The speaker is saying that money is important, but not as important as the enjoyment of cooking.

turn 0 : (1) In turn (1), the speaker is talking about a type of cooking where punctuation marks are used to decorate dishes. The implied meaning is that this type of cooking is different from traditional cooking methods, and it may not be appealing to everyone.

turn 0 : The speaker is expressing amusement at the topic being discussed.

turn 0 : has a literal meaning of "Yes, the numbers aren't looking good for the person," but its actual meaning is "It looks like the person isn't likely to succeed."

turn 0 : The speaker is expressing amusement at the idea of the future being here.


And maybe it's the ham, maybe it's not.

turn 2 : It's important to emphasize not to put raw food in the same container

turn 2 : There are better meat choices to reduce environmental impact.

turn 2 : It is being implied that setting out the food was a temporary fix.

turn 2 : Using canned ham is not ideal or high quality.

turn 2 : It is important to taste the food to ensure proper seasoning


Lots of people are pretty angry about this, understandably so. Is there any kind of limit or regulation on how much banks can charge their customers?

It depends on the state where you live. Much of this is ruled by state law. But for the most part, no. The basic rules that apply to this is, the bank must at least tell you what the fees are up front. The problem with that is, many studies, including a recent one by the federal government earlier this year, shows that a high percentage of banks simply don't ever tell customers anywhere in the fine print, anywhere in person what the fees are.

It all sounds pretty grim, but I'm wondering if somewhere, there's a bit of a silver lining. If people are going to get charged more for things like overdrafts and bounced checks, do you think people might pay more attention and be more responsible about their money?

I mean, that's the hope, but one of the things - one of the reasons the banks do this isn't necessarily to get people to act better. What they realized a few years ago is that the poorest customers ultimately cost them money. They're literally losing money on people who don't keep a lot of cash in their account but yet call up the customer service line or go to the bank.

turn 1 : Banks often do not disclose fees upfront to customers.

turn 1 : The banks lent money to people and other banks without anyone knowing or monitoring them.

turn 1 : charging implies money levied for service and not charging battery level

turn 1 : Having all your money in one bank is risky.

turn 1 : When you hand out money quickly with no regulations people will spend it on things that are not needed.


There probably should be because the funny thing is, for most players, for most people, you might be able to look at this and say, all this success, the way that the city has embraced him and the team, all of these good things would naturally lead to Kawhi Leonard being more inclined to re-sign in Toronto. And we just don't know that that's the case because he's a famously kind of opaque individual. Nobody knows what Kawhi Leonard is thinking, except Kawhi Leonard, about what he really wants in life and in basketball. The team's really good; that might not be enough.

People are talking about him as being one of the greats, right?You're hearing, like, a Michael Jordan comparison being thrown around. Can he really carry the team to a title against the Warriors, though?

Not alone, I don't think so. The one thing about this Raptors team that people do underrate is that, defensively, this Raptors team is as good as anybody in basketball right now. It's a team with versatility, intelligence, a ferocity, defensively. But to beat the Golden State Warriors, they're going to need more guys to make shots offensively. Kawhi Leonard is great. You need more than one great player to win in any playoff series, much less against a championship outfit like the Warriors.

The NBA has pushed for expansion north for decades. But is the rest of Canada at all interested in this?I mean, is this Canada's team?

turn 2 : The Knicks come in and let people do better than they do at basketball.

turn 2 : The Raptors need more than just Kawhi Leonard to beat the Warriors; they need other players to step up offensively.

turn 2 : thank god for the Knicks impling the Knicks made it possible to happen...

turn 2 : Drake contributes to the publicity of the Raptors' championship series

turn 2 : That's what we do implying they're proud members of Knicks


What is your heritage?- if I may ask.

I'm Mexican. But I wrote the story for my daughter, who is half Puerto Rican, half Mexican.

And did you have something like a moon ceremony growing up or did you wish you had one?When - what was the inspiration here?

Well, the inspiration began when my own daughter started to ask about her period, about her changing body as she grew into adolescence. And I wanted to reframe the conversation. I wanted to tell a different story to her. You know, my - I never had a moon ceremony. I wanted to have a moon ceremony. But like many women - Mexican women, many Latinx women who enter their periods with a certain amount of shame and silence. And I didn't want that to happen for my daughter. I wanted her to be grounded in our spirituality, our connection to the moon. And so we actually did give my daughter a moon ceremony.

turn 3 : Gather around the moon, meaning the women gather around each other and gaze upon the full moon in the sky.

turn 3 : A wants to celebrate their shared experiences as women and people of color.

turn 3 : The moon was once a part of the Earth.

turn 3 : I Want to Celebrate Moon Festival for My Daughter Cause of My Heritage

turn 3 : This is a day where a something very important has happened or is happening.


Well, in a way, it was easy to not think about it, let's put it that way. After all, you know, the community had been tremendously traumatized by all this, so we were not in a mental situation to examine it or to think about it that much. I mean, people had to survive. But over the long haul, I do feel that because we had been subjected to something that was so totally outside of our control, one had to really internalize a lot of the, well, gee. You know, why did they do this to us?

And in my particular case, my parents decided that they no longer wanted to stay in this country, you know?So they signed up for what they called a repatriation. My father was not a citizen, so he had decided to go back to Japan. And for me, this was unthinkable. I just could not imagine leaving the home, the country that I knew. I'm very alienated from my parents for a while over this situation. We did not go to Japan, but that's something that will always haunt me because I was blaming my parents for something that was imposed on them, really.

What made you decide that you wanted to protest now at Fort Sill?

Well, some of us just thought, because of our particular history, that we had, you know, the moral authority to go in and say, well, you've done it to us, so don't repeat history.

turn 0 : The long haul is a length of time where the issue had to be dealt with.

turn 0 : The behavior of the company should be investigated since it continued for many years.

turn 0 : The situation is uncertain and they need to take it one step at a time

turn 0 : how big of a deal means how much of a problem would this be

turn 0 : Despite having a good credit history, the credit was not available on time and it caused a lot of inconvenience


Well, they do. But what people don't always realize about the Affordable Care Act is it's not just a discrete program in and of itself. It changed other government programs, too, and that includes Medicare.

What was the biggest change for Medicare?

Well, the one that's gotten the most attention is the change to prescription drug coverage. You may have heard about something called the doughnut hole. That's where Medicare would get you a discount on prescriptions but only up to a point. After that, you had to pay full price for drugs until you shelled out around 1,300 bucks. Then Medicaid would help you out again.

Now, some people never really reached that point because when they had to pay full price, they just started skipping some of their prescription meds. So the Affordable Care Act has been phasing out this gap. It saved people on Medicare more than $23 billion. But this program could go away with the repeal of the law.

That could go away, and we should say, once again, that we don't know yet what any replacement will look like. What have you heard among the ideas being proposed that might affect older Americans?

Well, a few members of Congress, Republicans, have circulated their own proposals for replacing the Affordable Care Act. And one thing that comes up in some of them, including in House Speaker Paul Ryan's plan, is a major change to Medicaid. Now, that's known as the program that provides health care for the poor. But it's also the program that pays for long-term care for a lot of older people. In fact, Medicaid pays the bills for most nursing home residents.

turn 0 : "it's not just a discrete program in and of itself" This turn means that the Affordable Care Act is not a standalone program, but it also affects other government programs, indicating a metaphorical meaning of "discrete," which means separate or distinct.

turn 0 : The Affordable Care Act will remain in place despite the uncertainty surrounding it.

turn 0 : touches every part of the health care system implies relates and concerns the health care system

turn 0 : "Obamacare" The actual meaning of this turn is not different from its literal meaning. It refers to the Affordable Care Act, which was signed into law by President Barack Obama in 2010.

turn 0 : Turn (1) has a non-literal meaning. The speaker is suggesting that the cost of the program may be justified by its deterrent effect, even though it may not be cost-effective in terms of the number of arrests made.


turn 2 : "You do it by having a public option, no Medicare buy-in." - The phrase "you do it" here means "the solution is to," and does not refer to a physical act of doing something.

turn 2 : "That's where Medicare would get you a discount on prescriptions but only up to a point. After that, you had to pay full price for drugs until you shelled out around 1,300 bucks." The phrase "shelled out" is used metaphorically here to mean "paying money," indicating a non-literal meaning.

turn 2 : The official sticker price is not necessarily the price people pay for drugs due to insurance coverage.

turn 2 : So you went out to see if the economy was going down in terms of less people spending money.


turn 3 : "It saved people on Medicare more than $23 billion." This turn is not meant to be taken literally, as "saving" here means that the Affordable Care Act reduced the amount of money that people on Medicare had to pay for prescription drugs, rather than physically saving money.

turn 3 : "You do it by having a public option, no Medicare buy-in." - The phrase "you do it" here means "the solution is to," and does not refer to a physical act of doing something.

turn 3 : The Affordable Care Act provides an incentive for young people to obtain health coverage, as those who do not enroll will incur a financial penalty.

turn 3 : This turn has a literal meaning of cancelling and substituting a law or policy with a new one. However, in this context, it refers to the highly anticipated vote in the House of Representatives on a bill that would repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare).


Debates can matter. They may not decide the race. Lots of social scientists have told us over and over that they don't. And there's polling evidence that their impact is perhaps limited and temporary. But in the popular imagination, including those of a lot of us journalists, the debates are a dramatic moment. They're a dramatic high point in the campaign. And they come just at the time when people are starting to really pay attention.

And in fact, in some states, even starting to vote.

That is correct. They - a number of states have begun their voting as of the Friday of this past week.

Yeah. Both sides right now claim, oh, you know, we just hope to hold our own. We think the other side is such a better debater.

turn 3 : In turn (4), the statement suggests that despite the appearance of a positive sign, the comments from the British Foreign Secretary indicate that the situation is more challenging and difficult to resolve than it may seem. The literal meaning of the words may convey a positive outlook, but the implied meaning highlights the potential obstacles and complexities involved.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of turn (4) is that the speaker is acknowledging what was said but may not have a specific response or further comment. It implies a lack of elaboration or engagement in the conversation.

turn 3 : (4) - This turn implies that the speaker is urging the other speaker to stay and lend their voice to the debate, as their opinion is important and relevant.

turn 3 : In turn (4), the actual meaning is that both sides are downplaying their chances of success in the debate, even though they may privately believe that they will perform better than the other side. The implied meaning is that both sides are likely overestimating their own abilities and underestimating their opponent's abilities, and that the outcome of the debate may be more uncertain than either side is willing to admit.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker's selection of a seemingly insignificant turn may be interpreted as an attempt to change the subject or redirect the conversation, potentially indicating discomfort or disinterest in the current topic.


I can do it either way.

There are two different puzzles. You know, they are the dominant forms of matter and energy in the universe. Roughly speaking, dark matter accounts for about 25 percent of the universe, and dark energy 70 percent with the stuff you and I are made of, weighing in at 4. 5 percent. And, you know, dark matter holds things together. Dark matter holds together our galaxy, and it's the dark energy that's causing the expansion of the universe to speed up. So they're doing very different things. But as you alluded to, they're both big mysteries and who knows?They might be related.

We think that in terms of the puzzles that were at different stages, as long as we're talking about the LHC, one of cosmology's big hopes is that the LHC stands for dark matter factory. Let's see, I guess those letters don't quite work. Maybe in some language they do. But we're hoping that the LHC, after it finds the Higgs, will actually find the dark matter particle so that this mystery that started some 70 years ago with Fritz Zwicky will be finished off and that we will have identified the dark matter. The dark energy is one of those puzzles where, who knows, it could get solved this decade, but my hunch is it will be another 30 years or maybe even longer.

Are you saying that the Large Hadron Collider can actually make dark matter?

turn 1 : A: "I mean, it just loves hanging out with these galaxies, doesn't want to let go of them..." Implicated meaning: The speaker is personifying dark matter by saying that it "loves" and "doesn't want to let go" of galaxies, suggesting that dark matter has a strong gravitational interaction with galaxies. The actual meaning is not that dark matter has emotions or desires, but rather emphasizing its gravitational effects.

turn 1 : In turn (2), the speaker is using the phrase "dark matter holds things together" and "dark energy that's causing the expansion of the universe to speed up" in a figurative sense, rather than a literal one. Dark matter and dark energy are not literally holding physical objects together, but rather their gravitational effects are causing certain phenomena in the universe.

turn 1 : (3) The speaker is asking if there is a theory about what may be happening with regards to the behavior of dark matter.

turn 1 : (4) The speaker is saying that there are several possible explanations for the behavior of dark matter, but all of them are somewhat unsettling.

turn 1 : A: "But one of the things that's really exciting about dark matter, that makes it one of the deepest mysteries of the cosmos..." Implicated meaning: The speaker is expressing enthusiasm about the intriguing nature of dark matter, highlighting its status as one of the most profound mysteries in the universe. The actual meaning is not that dark matter is exciting in a literal sense, but rather that it presents a captivating and puzzling scientific inquiry.


I can do it either way.

turn 2 : (3) The speaker is asking if there is a theory about what may be happening with regards to the behavior of dark matter.

turn 2 : (4) The speaker is saying that there are several possible explanations for the behavior of dark matter, but all of them are somewhat unsettling.

turn 2 : A: "But one of the things that's really exciting about dark matter, that makes it one of the deepest mysteries of the cosmos..." Implicated meaning: The speaker is expressing enthusiasm about the intriguing nature of dark matter, highlighting its status as one of the most profound mysteries in the universe. The actual meaning is not that dark matter is exciting in a literal sense, but rather that it presents a captivating and puzzling scientific inquiry.

turn 2 : the speaker is discussing the possibility of extra dimensions and shadow universes, and how we can look for evidence of them at the Large Hadron Collider by observing the disappearance of energy. The actual meaning is not just about staying silent or not making noise, but rather exploring the concept of extra dimensions and the technique of observing energy leakage.

turn 2 : In turn (3), the speaker is using the phrase "LHC stands for dark matter factory" figuratively, as the LHC is not literally a factory that produces dark matter particles. The speaker is expressing hope that the LHC will be able to detect or produce dark matter particles, which would help solve the mystery of dark matter.


Good to still be with you, Scott.

Got your Sharpie ready?

(Laughter).

Let me go on. Congress is coming back to a debate that has raged over firearms. There were a number of mass shootings, and it doesn't seem to have much impact on the debate, has it?

turn 1 : interviewer is asking if he is ready to start the interview again

turn 1 : The interviewer reminds the speaker of what they've been saying, which is different from what the speaker is saying now.

turn 1 : The interview or conversation is coming to an end and the speaker needs to conclude.

turn 1 : The speaker is asking the other person to continue the conversation.

turn 1 : The person was not had, but was invited for the interview.


So what do these numbers here in Southern California, what does that mean for the rest of the country?

You know the other kind of metro coastal areas are following a pretty similar pattern. But you know places like Charlotte, North Carolina haven't - places that haven't had the kind of run up that we had in the hot spots probably aren't seeing as large declines because they don't have this part of fall. But the real sort of disaster areas are California and Nevada, Arizona, Florida. You know, New York City has had great appreciation and hasn't seen the large declines now. So that sort of the one the economists are watching next to see, you know, if New York's bubble is - which is sort of been slowly deflating is really going to have a big burst at some point.

Foreclosure seems to be playing a big role in all of this. A new study came out yesterday from the company Realty Track showing that across the country fewer Americans are thinking about buying a foreclosed home. So what might be the effect of this?

Here in southern California people are buying foreclosed homes, especially ones that are sort of decent quality.

I understand that you are currently speaking to us from a home that was foreclosed on. Can you tell us a little about your situation there?

turn 1 : The housing market bubble will burst and we hope for a gradual decline.

turn 1 : The world is desperate for the Treasury Department's moves to succeed in stabilizing the economy.

turn 1 : People aren't spending money due to the recession.

turn 1 : The economists are watching New York City next to see if its bubble will burst.

turn 1 : The financial crisis is recurring and becoming more severe each time it comes back.


turn 2 : Foreclosures need a huge amount of money to be spent, and Sheila Bair's plan is the best approach for loan modifications.

turn 2 : The oversight of the bailout money may not be as strong as it is intended to be.

turn 2 : Many people are losing their jobs and companies are going bankrupt.

turn 2 : Foreclosure is having a big impact on the current situation.


I think we're all thinking about it and working on it, but I just wonder if, you know, do you think that the defendants who've come in to your courtroom have a sufficient social network so that they see other people doing better or improving their lives so that they can even have anything to pattern it on?

Absolutely. And I think that's a huge part of the problem. And what I would do, in my court, I had a program for men and a program for women because, even if I spark something in you with what I say, you're going to go back into an environment where everybody's telling you something else. And I don't have the ability, that constant contact.

So, what I think is, at least, a part of the solution is, when we do something, to take a small group and to stay with them. I stayed with a group of girls for a year at a time for over a decade, and I did see two or three people who called me a couple of years later, Judge, I just want to tell you how well I am doing.

It's not a great answer. It's not the answer everybody wants to hear because it's not a panacea, and it's work intensive while the success rate is low, but I think it's what has to be done.

turn 1 : It implies that no matter the impact of the program the society will still change those impacts.

turn 1 : They think it does make the government look bad to the public.

turn 1 :  implies that the Democrats should not become complacent with their current demographics and should focus on further outreach

turn 1 : The government could acquire loans and make changes more easily.

turn 1 :  (2) implies that people are facing a lot of bureaucracy and paperwork,


If there's one politician that you could interview, which one would it be?

I probably would have to say that if there's one person I'd want to interview, it'd probably be President Trump. I think right now would be - to interview most. But, I mean, there's obviously - it's a huge field right now. And I'm definitely hoping that there'll be more than one of the 2020 candidates I'll be able to spend some time with in the next few months.

Gabe Fleisher, writer of the political newsletter Wake Up To Politics and current high school junior. Thank you very much.

Thank you.

turn 1 : The companies's representatives will look at the hiring  situation and make a statement.

turn 1 : It's not a field, but a large number of people the person would want to interview.

turn 1 : To bring recognition to several people in the field.

turn 1 : The requirements for these positions are very strict and may seem excessive.

turn 1 : They are asking what would be the best thing for the person to find.


And she - my wife went and found the chaplain at Northwestern - a Lutheran chaplain who'd never performed a wedding before. She came to our room and performed the ceremony, just the three of us. It was a lovely, personal, intimate ceremony. And immediately after the ceremony, I took some pain medication and peed in a cup.

Well, that's one way to say l'chaim, isn't it?I made a short list: addiction abuse, adultery, abandonment, imminent incest and just plain old hatred. So is every family is a little bit like the Westons of Osage County?

What we have seen by doing this play is that the story of this family is pretty universal. And the dinner scene alone, in the theater - I can tell you that some people are howling with laughter, and other people are in tears and crawling under their seats. They find it very upsetting to watch because it hits pretty close to home.

"Fiddler on the Roof" with the F word?

That's one way to look at it.

turn 1 :  Tell us a bit about your life, could you, and your family.

turn 1 : (2) B: "Well, that's one way to say l'chaim, isn't it? I made a short list: addiction abuse, adultery, abandonment, imminent incest and just plain old hatred. So is every family is a little bit like the Westons of Osage County?"

turn 1 : (2) B's question is a rhetorical question meant to express the difficulty and emotional burden of having to inform a victim's family that the conviction was wrongful, rather than seeking a direct answer.

turn 1 : (3) A's statement implies the emotional weight of telling the Blenner family about the wrongful conviction, rather than a literal description of the physical act of sitting down with them.


"Fiddler on the Roof" with the F word?

That's one way to look at it.

turn 2 : In turn 3, "It has to be a play with which people are generally familiar, too" implies that the play must be well-known in order to be easily understood and appreciated by the audience.

turn 2 : (3) - The speaker is expressing surprise and disbelief at the changes that have taken place in the household.

turn 2 : The story is a happy one that is also distracting and the people have been feeling sad so they need the story to make them happy again.

turn 2 : A did not cry while everyone else did at the theater.

turn 2 : (3) A: "What we have seen by doing this play is that the story of this family is pretty universal. And the dinner scene alone, in the theater - I can tell you that some people are howling with laughter, and other people are in tears and crawling under their seats. They find it very upsetting to watch because it hits pretty close to home."


"Fiddler on the Roof" with the F word?

That's one way to look at it.

turn 2 : The video is gross, but still interesting enough to watch.

turn 2 : "watch" - This verb usually means to observe something with one's eyes, but in this context, it implies enjoying or experiencing a film.

turn 2 : It's like watching something awful approach people and not be able to stop it.

turn 2 : People start to stop thinking of anything while driving.

turn 2 : crawling under their seats implies people don't enjoy what they are watching


"Fiddler on the Roof" with the F word?

That's one way to look at it.

turn 3 : (4) B: ""Fiddler on the Roof" with the F word?"

turn 3 : The literal meaning of (3) and (4) is that A and B are laughing, but their actual meaning is that A and B are joking with each other.

turn 3 : (4) is a straightforward denial of B's implied meaning, and does not carry any additional implied meanings beyond that.

turn 3 :  Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples.

turn 3 : B is asking A if he/she thought carefully before doing something.


Sure.

But any - is there any other practical dimension to your support right now?

We have an open-door policy. Anybody can come anytime of the day or night that they need help. We have done know your rights training. We disseminate that information with a lot of frequency. So we make sure that people get in their hands the steps they need to take if they should have an encounter with ICE.

Do they have any rights?This is one thing that I'm unclear about because I think - do people have any rights?

turn 2 : "shown the door" is an idiom that means "to be fired" or "to be dismissed." It does not have a literal meaning.

turn 2 : The "closed door" policy does not actually involve any doors, but implies that Europe is unwelcoming to immigrants

turn 2 : Open door policy is how the characther describled, not the literal meaning of the door always being open

turn 2 : It's not a door but an opportunity that becomes available to them.

turn 2 : when something is front and center in this context it means its out in the open, or some type of problem everyone notices


Sure.

turn 2 : the speaker is implicitly asking the listener to ask how ICE agents found out about the speaker's case and location.

turn 2 : We are taking strict actions against irresponsible prescribers.

turn 2 : Iceberg has a place in society and the contruction of it.

turn 2 : the organization provides assistance to those who may have encounters with ICE and educates them on their rights

turn 2 : People are starting to follow suit in regards to the actions of others.


No. No.

. . . So many times. Yeah, because they didn't think I was part of the family. Now - I mean, I'm a 30-year-old woman now. . . .

Yeah.

. . . My identity is very clear to me. And I don't have to make it clear to anyone else because I don't think that's important, what anyone else thinks about me or what box they want to put me in. But I will say, for myself, making this record definitely was just a declaration of who I find myself being.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is implying that her character's story line on the show mirrored her own life experience.

turn 3 : He is implying that she helps a lot of people.

turn 3 : She believes that child actors are like cattle to be used by others.

turn 3 : She is not being put in a box. She means the roles people apply to her and her life.

turn 3 : her stories were not what people were usually reading and the topics of them were not what was normally talked about.


Well, certainly in some cases in expensive cities still need some help but much less help. On a minimum wage of $12 an hour, a couple - two full-time minimum wage workers - would earn $50,000 a year. That certainly doesn't make you affluent, it doesn't make you rich, but you can get by reasonably well on $50,000 a year.

And you don't think jobs will leave the state?

Some jobs, but probably a lot fewer than most people think. There have actually been a lot of recent studies in the last five or 10 years that have turned around the economic sentiment on this issue. In most cases, in nearly all cases, the jobs we're talking about for these workers are in the low-wage service sector. They're non-tradable. They're not subject to foreign competition. They can't be outsourced. Those jobs are exactly the sort of jobs where the employers would simply pass along the extra costs to the consumer. They'd raise prices and keep their workers at a much higher paycheck. Furthermore, the price rises we're talking about are very much smaller than most people would realize. Wal-Mart is America's largest low-wage employer. Three hundred thousand Wal-Mart workers average about $9 an hour. All Wal-Mart would have to do to cover a $12 minimum wage is raise their prices by 1. 1 percent one time. The average Wal-Mart shopper would pay only an extra $12. 50 per year. People wouldn't even notice the price hike.

Well, if the goal is to lift low-wage workers above the poverty level, is $12 an hour really enough?

turn 1 : (4) Implied meaning: Could the government do something to prevent this from happening, such as introducing a minimum wage?

turn 1 : (2) Implied meaning: Are there any potential risks of job losses in the state due to minimum wage increase?

turn 1 : This statement implies that the governor's actions are negatively impacting some state workers.

turn 1 : (3) Implied meaning: Do states have to make a difficult decision on how to use the limited funds?


turn 2 : (3) Implied meaning: Will the employers have to bear the cost of the minimum wage increase?

turn 2 : (4) Implied meaning: Could the government do something to prevent this from happening, such as introducing a minimum wage?

turn 2 : It will be difficult to keep the unemployment rate at 8 percent and it is likely to increase.

turn 2 :  The implied meaning of this turn is to reflect on our reliance on temporary workers in our day-to-day lives, rather than its literal meaning of asking what we can look at to remind us of the plight of temporary workers.


turn 3 : (4) Implied meaning: Could the government do something to prevent this from happening, such as introducing a minimum wage?

turn 3 : In (4), the speaker talks about the possibility of a country with no poverty and states that it's not possible for everyone to avoid poverty. However, if they take the necessary actions, they could reduce poverty significantly. The implied meaning is that the speaker is committed to reducing poverty and improving economic opportunities for everyone.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using sarcasm or irony to convey a different meaning than what is being explicitly stated.

turn 3 : (4) Implied meaning: Is a minimum wage of $12 an hour sufficient to raise low-wage earners out of poverty?

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be suggesting that there are some hidden or unknown factors that could influence the situation being discussed.


We begin with history. The slave codes of South Carolina, 1739. A fine of $100 and six months in prison would be imposed for anyone found teaching a slave to read or write, and death is the penalty for circulating any incendiary literature.

Just a couple of minutes later, she concluded with a citation from a mentor, Dr.  Katie Cannon.

Black people, you said, were the only people in the United States ever explicitly forbidden to become literate. I am now officially speechless.

This year, Nikky Finney's on the other side of the National Book Awards, judging the poetry category. She's currently a professor of English at the University of Kentucky, but recently accepted a position at the University of South Carolina. Nikky Finney joins us today from member station WUKY in Lexington. Nice to have you on again.

turn 3 : Nikky Finney's ancestors were denied the right to learn to read and now she  can read and is a judge at the National Book Awards.

turn 3 : The author included difficult experiences in the book for a reason.

turn 3 : She hopes people find a way to read the book that she has written.

turn 3 : The details in the Tom Swift books are surprisingly accurate.


Hopeful or not, I think the obvious answer is yes, I am a student of Zimbabwe, I am still very hopeful. But we are calling on President Thabo Mbeki of South Africa always been mandated by SADC to meet it in the Zimbabwe crisis, to look seriously in (unintelligible) and move away from this quiet diplomats which is not producing the desired result, and probably as the AU summit sits on Saturday with eight African leaders to take a position on Zimbabwe. The deployment of a peacekeeping mission is now long overdue. The people of Zimbabwe have suffered enough.

Clever, I want to thank you so much for talking with us.

You are welcome. Thank you very much.

Clever Bere is president of Zimbabwe's National Student Union. He spoke with us from Harare, Zimbabwe.

turn 0 : Creating the semiconductor laser required trial and error.

turn 0 : Simultaneous use of soft-laser for exposure to the cochlea and administration of Ginkgo biloba extract for 4 weeks on a 20-50% of patients has been reported to be useful. Soft-laser mechanism of action is unknown, but it has been proved that light leads to athermic stimulation of biochemical processes

turn 0 : Developing the semiconductor laser required experimentation and risk-taking.

turn 0 : B said zap it and drill it by zap they mean by firing a laser.


You are welcome. Thank you very much.

turn 1 : Creating the semiconductor laser required trial and error.

turn 1 : Developing the semiconductor laser required experimentation and risk-taking.

turn 1 : B said zap it and drill it by zap they mean by firing a laser.

turn 1 : Simultaneous use of soft-laser for exposure to the cochlea and administration of Ginkgo biloba extract for 4 weeks on a 20-50% of patients has been reported to be useful. Soft-laser mechanism of action is unknown, but it has been proved that light leads to athermic stimulation of biochemical processes


You are welcome. Thank you very much.

turn 2 : Creating the semiconductor laser required trial and error.

turn 2 : Simultaneous use of soft-laser for exposure to the cochlea and administration of Ginkgo biloba extract for 4 weeks on a 20-50% of patients has been reported to be useful. Soft-laser mechanism of action is unknown, but it has been proved that light leads to athermic stimulation of biochemical processes

turn 2 : Developing the semiconductor laser required experimentation and risk-taking.

turn 2 : B said zap it and drill it by zap they mean by firing a laser.


You are welcome. Thank you very much.

turn 3 : Creating the semiconductor laser required trial and error.

turn 3 : Developing the semiconductor laser required experimentation and risk-taking.

turn 3 : B said zap it and drill it by zap they mean by firing a laser.

turn 3 : The vegetables have a system that regulates according to how much light they get.

turn 3 : Simultaneous use of soft-laser for exposure to the cochlea and administration of Ginkgo biloba extract for 4 weeks on a 20-50% of patients has been reported to be useful. Soft-laser mechanism of action is unknown, but it has been proved that light leads to athermic stimulation of biochemical processes