Thanks, Scott.

What's the latest - quick shutdown or will it last?

It became pretty clear by early evening on Friday that there would be a shutdown, so it sort of began with a whimper. Members had already adjourned and gone home at midnight when the shutdown officially started. Where we're at as the bill is in the Senate, and Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell has said the next vote is going to be on what can pass. And that is a bill that's going to need to be able to overcome a 60 vote hurdle and have the guarantee from President Trump that he will sign it. Negotiations are expected to continue through the weekend. In the House, lawmakers have been told that they'll be given 24 hours' notice before there's a vote. What needs to happen is one party is going to have to blink. Either Republicans and the president are going to have to agree to less money for the wall or Democrats are going to have to agree to it but try to extract some kind of compromise to make it something they can support. You know, the wall has just become just this volatile political symbol of this presidency. So it's added and loaded of all the politics between the two parties that doesn't make compromise very easy on this.

And it's the third - the third shutdown in a year. This is becoming a habit. Remind us how the federal government and citizens are affected by a shutdown like this.

turn 3 : A government shutdown affects the government and its citizens negatively.

turn 3 : A thinks that the government is not functioning properly.

turn 3 : This statement implies that the governor's actions are negatively impacting some state workers.

turn 3 : The Legislature wants to get the governor out of office before dealing with a huge budget deficit and the dysfunctional relationship between them.

turn 3 : Does the seriousness make the government look or feel bad about it?


So there's a hard position, and there's also a soft position. But at this point, really, how do they engage?'Cause what are they engaging with?

Well, let me ask you about something you said. You said there's hesitancy about decoupling. Are there voices within China that say, maybe we should pursue a more isolationist trade strategy?Is that what that means, decoupling?

China, actually - to be honest with you, this is a Sputnik moment for them. They're not going to talk decoupling now but, actually, they're working on it. This has served China to be a real wakeup call that you can't depend on the U. S. , and you can't be dependent on the U. S. , whether it's for agriculture goods or whether for technology. And so they've been doing this for years, and now they're just redoubling their efforts to get suppliers from different parts of the world. And also, Xi Jinping talks a lot about self-reliance.

I mean, when you talk about China beginning to redouble efforts to become more economically independent, to build up their own, say, technology industry, do they have the capacity to do that, and how long would it take?

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker is indirectly suggesting that they may have information or opinions that they are hesitant to share openly.

turn 0 : They are implying what is your opinion

turn 0 : hard position means that someone won't change their opinion on something, where as soft position means they have an opinion but it could change.

turn 0 : to give an idea means to tell them their opinion, or what is happening

turn 0 : to move in direction in this context means to change something


And they also said that there was going to be no one within 500 miles of you, right?

Yeah. They did. And I live in Florida. So 500 miles is practically the entire state. And there's seven of us living in this state alone.

So what is your advice to other kids of donors?

I would say just always keep an open mind. And I'm very fortunate that my donor has been receptive to meeting siblings. But, you know, there are some donors out there that want to remain completely anonymous. And so I would say, you know, if the donor is that way, then the best thing to do is just find siblings because it's one of the greatest connections you can ever have.

turn 3 : The details will be hard to work out and difficult to deal with.

turn 3 :  implies that you should be mindful of the information you hear and stay informed.

turn 3 : It's best to be receptive to any thought that comes your way.

turn 3 : Their notion is to do as much as you can and don't think about the numbers too much.

turn 3 : BELIVE THAT MOST THEM WILL AGREE EVERY SURE


Yeah.

So, does that mean that Mom and Dad, one's a doctor, one's a lawyer?

No, it was more - I would just say that the type of upbringing I had - actually, my parents are divorced, and they have been most of my life, but everybody actually refers my mother as Clair Huxtable, because she kind of reminds everybody of that character. My dad is a little silly like Bill Cosby, and I was always Denise. I was the wild kid and kind of the wild card in the family. I'm the only artist in the family and always had the weird clothes and a wild hair. So. . .

Now, let's talk about this song - I know you're going to sing it for us in a moment - "Wanna Be. "Listening to the lyrics of it, it sounds as if it's a person who is trying to figure out who she is for herself.

turn 2 : The person was the one in the family that did not dress and act like the rest.

turn 2 : The little boy insulted the man's teeth and the old lady pointed out the bra strap

turn 2 : His memory had these girls staying the way they were and not changing into what they are now.

turn 2 : He is the sort of person that still acts like a kid even though he is an adult.

turn 2 : She wore her high heels no matter what the pain she endured from them.


Well, we make them act like Trojan horses. One of the innate abilities they have is that for some reason they just chase these very difficult-to-reach migratory cancer cells in human brain. And because of this innate ability, we can then load them with these, you know, Greek soldiers, as you said in the introduction, in this case as a way of killing brain cancer cells, and they reach, they get these cancer cells. And in our experimental studies, at least in an in-vitro study, they seem to have a very good efficacy.

Is this in mice?Are you doing this in mice?

Well, we - the paper that we publish right now is all in-vitro, and it was a proof of principle that we can get these cells from human fat. And the series of experiments that we're doing in the laboratory right now are precisely in rodents, in mice.

Mm-hmm. And they're able to cross that blood-brain barrier and go into the brain?

turn 0 : The systems are capable of being penetrated by someone.

turn 0 : Not actually trojan horses or Greek soldiers, just cells that enter the body with a different purpose than what they originally have

turn 0 : Stem cells are more stable and safe than cells but can become any cell type

turn 0 : This implies that the lack of adequate medical supplies has been affecting the medics response to the virus.

turn 0 : There is a dangerous situation happening that requires people to seek shelter and take precautions.


Do these reports of surveillance irritate some special sensitivities in someone like Chancellor Merkel, who - after all - grew up in the East German police state?

Oh, definitely. I mean, this is a very serious situation in the trans-Atlantic relationship. I mean, these reports have started to come out in the summer, but it has been taken to a new level now because I think what Americans underestimate is A, how sensitive not just Chancellor Merkel but Germans in general - and Europeans, actually, in general - feel about privacy violations, particularly as they're handed out in Germany, where some people actually lived through two dictatorships in a row and are very concerned about government surveillance and snooping.

But you've reported in Der Spiegel, though, that Germany does its own surveillance, doesn't it?

Oh, that is true. And I don't think anyone in Germany, or even in Europe, would deny the idea that each and every country has its own intelligence apparatus. And there are some countries in Europe - like the United Kingdom, for example - that is even accused of spying on other Euro member-states. However, I think there are stricter standards among allies. I have spoken to many people that are very familiar with intelligence issues; and they all agree that there is, to the best of their knowledge, spying on American leaders, and spying on members of Congress, and spying on trade delegations. So just to say, well, everybody does it, I don't think that really does justice to these new revelations.

turn 3 : There is a concern that American lobbyists may sell secrets to foreign adversaries.

turn 3 : (4), the speaker acknowledges that each country has its own intelligence apparatus and that some countries, like the United Kingdom, are accused of spying on other Euro member-states. However, the speaker goes on to argue that there are stricter standards among allies, and that there is a difference between spying on American leaders and members of Congress versus spying on trade delegations. The implied meaning is that spying on American leaders and members of Congress is not acceptable and violates the standards among allies. This is different from the literal meaning, which is that there are stricter standards among allies.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that other members of the White House may seek legal counsel in light of President Trump's actions.

turn 3 : Implies that the speaker would like to see further reforms beyond what is suggested by Speaker Ryan.

turn 3 : Of course, as I don't have to tell you, it is a fact that Chinese hackers have been accused of stealing intellectual property from U.S. businesses and breaching U.S. government systems. That's a concern for you, too?  The actual meaning of this turn is to subtly imply that the previous speaker (A) should also be concerned about the actions of Chinese hackers and their impact on U.S. businesses and government systems. It implies that the issue raised by A should not be seen in isolation but should consider the broader context of national security and potential threats.


And in talking to Smith, he's really thought a lot about what - why we have such a strong reaction to looking at embryos, and he's found this firsthand. I mean, and he gets emails all the time and sort of unpacks these questions, like, you know, is it - when you look at these pictures, does it strike you as more human or less human than you would have imagined, he asks. This is what he asked audience when he shows them. What is your experience with seeing these pictures in the past?You know, he said imagine 300 or 400 years ago, would - how would people imagine what an embryo is?This is a technologically. . .

Yeah. Yeah.

. . .  mediated experience.

And not only that, he's taken the technology faster - further, as you show. He's done MRIs, right?

turn 0 : There are no turns in this coversation.whose therir literal meanings.All of the return are being used in straight for word and literal meanings.

turn 0 : There are no turns in this conversation.Whose atual meaning are different from their  literal meanings.All of the  return  are being used in straight for word and literal meanings.

turn 0 : None of the turns have implied meanings that are different from their literal meanings. They all convey their literal meanings without any hidden or implied messages.


Yeah. Yeah.

. . .  mediated experience.

turn 1 : In context, "Yeah" is used as a way to show agreement and understanding. Its implied meaning is that the speaker is in agreement with the idea being presented by the other person.

turn 1 : In this context, "Yeah. Yeah." is not meant to indicate agreement or affirmation, but rather a sign of impatience or boredom, suggesting that B is not particularly interested in the conversation or does not want to continue discussing the topic.

turn 1 : The turn "Yeah" in this context implies agreement with the previous statement, understanding, and interest in the topic, which is different from its literal meaning.

turn 1 : "We are - yeah." Here, the literal meaning would be that the speaker is simply repeating what the other person said and adding an affirmation. However, the actual meaning could be interpreted as the speaker expressing uncertainty or hesitation.


Yeah. Yeah.

. . .  mediated experience.

turn 1 : The speaker is acknowledging and agreeing with the previous speaker's statement, but does not provide any additional information or opinion. The meaning of this turn depends on the context of the conversation.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be conveying a hidden message or agenda that requires further exploration or analysis to fully understand.

turn 1 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply an acknowledgement or agreement, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker may not be fully engaged or interested in the conversation. It could be interpreted as a way of signaling disinterest or a desire to move on to a different topic.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker is trying to indirectly communicate a message or request to the listener.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at something indirectly and expects the listener to understand the intended message.


. . . Was impelled by government programs that said to people, every American should be in a home.

It was certainly promoted by low-interest rates. And that's the Federal Reserve's domain. So you can see there's a huge left-right alliance potential here, and it really is unstoppable. And in the past, it's succeeded.

You say despite being identified as a liberal, when you run for president, you've gotten actually more - you say, more votes from Republicans than Democrats.

Yeah, when I had this write-in effort in New Hampshire in 1992, yeah, I came in about 51 percent of my votes were Republican, 49 Democrats. And the explanation's really quite simple. I don't campaign in generalities. What I do is I go down where people live and work and say, look, you're a Republican. You don't like federal regulation. Right, I don't like federal regulation. You have a car?Yeah. Well, if the auto company discovers a serious dangerous defect in your car after you bought it and the auto company doesn't recall it, would you favor the government requiring General Motors or Ford or VW to recall it?Most of them say yes.

turn 0 : In turn (2), the speaker acknowledges that people who own properties are more likely to benefit from property buyouts. However, the implied meaning is that the property buyout program may reinforce existing socioeconomic disparities, as people with more wealth are generally more often property owners. This suggests that the program may not be equally accessible to everyone, which is different from the literal meaning of the turn.

turn 0 : In turn (1), when the speaker says, "Was impelled by government programs that said to people, every American should be in a home," the literal meaning is that government programs encouraged homeownership. However, the implied meaning is that these programs were promoting homeownership to an extent that was beyond what was sustainable or responsible, which ultimately led to a housing bubble and the 2008 financial crisis. The turn implies that the government's encouragement of homeownership was misguided and had negative consequences, which is a departure from the literal meaning of the words used in the turn.

turn 0 : (1) The actual meaning of turn (1) is different from its literal meaning, as it implies that the speaker is ready to defend their state against any legal challenges from the Trump administration and has a track record of success in litigation against them, indicating a confident and confrontational approach.

turn 0 : (1) has an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The literal meaning is that the speaker is asking if there is any sign of improvement in the situation being discussed, but the implied meaning is that the situation is bad and the speaker is hoping for some positive news or indication that things will get better.


Does an event like this and forecast like that have the effect of concentrating the mind of not just financial planners. . .

. . . but people in Congress making these decisions. And I hear a little laugh.

You would think it would. And in the past, it has. I mean, as they gotten closer to the deadline, enough fear spread that they could pass something or do something or kick the can or whatever. But this time, one of the things that makes this time feel different is that there really are a lot of House Republicans who say, ah, let it default. It'll just shrink the government, will be all good. And it is an act of - I don't even know how to describe it. It's insanity.

Yeah. Well, Austan Goolsbee, I believe, used that word. Quick last question, if we could. So, October 17th is a real deadline but you think some of the effects, potentially, will be down the road.

turn 0 : The phrase "concentrating the mind" is a figurative expression meaning that the event and forecast are likely to focus the attention of not just financial planners, but also people in Congress making decisions.

turn 0 : following refer to or implies being interested in a situation or information

turn 0 : The economists spoke up and said that people should take caution in their finances.

turn 0 : "engaged in the process" - this means actively participating in the political process, not just being present or observing it.

turn 0 : "state of the economy" - This turn has a figurative meaning, as it refers to the overall condition of the economy rather than a specific physical location.


turn 2 : The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is asking how people can become trapped in debt due to car title loans and consumer finance loans.

turn 2 : "bring it on" is an idiomatic expression meaning to welcome or accept a challenge, even if it is difficult.

turn 2 : The phrase "kick the can" is a metaphorical expression meaning to delay dealing with a problem. Additionally, the phrase "let it default" is a figurative expression meaning to allow the United States to default on its debts.

turn 2 : "Lay down the law" is an expression meaning the U.S. wouldn't listen to the needs of other countries, but would tell them what to do.


turn 2 : (3).  In turn (3), the speaker acknowledges that in the past, fear of a deadline has spread enough for Congress to take action. However, this time feels different because there are House Republicans who believe that defaulting on the debt would shrink the government and be a good thing. The speaker goes on to describe this as an act of insanity. The implied meaning is that the speaker believes that defaulting on the debt would not be a good thing, and that it is not a sane or rational course of action. This is different from the literal meaning, which is that some House Republicans believe that defaulting on the debt would be a good thing.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of (3) is that no one is taking credit for the decision to go after old debts owed to the government. However, the implied meaning is that there is a lack of accountability and transparency within the government, as no one is willing to take responsibility for the decision.

turn 2 : The implied meaning of this turn is that Democrats might not be interested in a bipartisan effort since their own plan has been successful.

turn 2 : It is unlikely that the Congress and the president will be able to create a debt reduction bill that benefits the country and its people, and this will put a big pressure on the budget due to the tax problem

turn 2 : The implied meaning of the speaker's response to the question of overturning the Affordable Care Act is that they don't only want to do away with it, but also to replace it with something better.


turn 3 : The road is a metaphor, not literal. It refers to the path a people take from a happy marriage to needing divorce. End of the road is the latter.

turn 3 : The turn whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning is (4) "He said to the sailors who were with him, he said, you men are young.I've lived the major part of my life; I'm willing to go."

turn 3 : The phrase "down the road" is a figurative expression meaning at some point in the future.

turn 3 : None of the turns in this conversation have a figurative or non-literal meaning.


Well, the Princess Infanta Cristina is King Juan Carlos' youngest daughter. She's 48. She and her husband had sort of a fairytale love story. They used to be popular in the glossy magazines here. Her husband is the Duke Inaki Urdangarin. He started a nonprofit foundation organizing sports conventions and it's through that foundation that he and a colleague are accused of embezzling $8 million.

Prosecutors believe they did so by creating shell companies. Now, where the princess comes in is that for at least one of those shell companies she was a co-signer and co-owner. So any fraud committed by that company, she would be 50 percent responsible. Now, that's the money laundering charge. The tax fraud involves the couple's personal expenses, everything from renovations on their $8 million mansion in Barcelona, vacations, down to small things like Harry Potter books for their kids, which were allegedly paid for through these shell companies and on which they allegedly did not pay tax.

This hearing today is similar to what, in the U. S. , we would call a Grand Jury proceeding. So the judges are trying to determine whether to formally charge the princess. And if they do so, she'll then go on trial. The process is underway as well for her husband, the Duke, and both face up to six years in prison if charged and convicted.

Lauren, can you help us appreciate the reaction of the Spanish public at this point?

turn 1 :  is that the investigation into the princess' finances has served as a lesson to the Spanish public that they are not above the law and should be held accountable

turn 1 : None of the turns in this statement have a figurative or non-literal meaning. The speaker is describing a situation where a defendant in a criminal trial confessed to the crime during the speaker's testimony, and the defendant's girlfriend later corroborated the speaker's testimony with her own testimony.

turn 1 : (2) "Now, where the princess comes in is that for at least one of those shell companies she was a co-signer and co-owner. So any fraud committed by that company, she would be 50 percent responsible."  The literal meaning of this sentence is that the princess was involved in the ownership and operation of a shell company that was used for fraudulent purposes. However, the implied meaning is that the princess was possibly complicit in the fraud, knowingly or unknowingly, and that her involvement is a significant part of the investigation.

turn 1 : "the investigation is going to focus on money laundering." - The actual meaning of this turn is literal, as it refers to the literal focus of the investigation on the illegal practice of disguising the proceeds of crime as legitimate funds.


Well, there might be something of a disconnect between the president and others in his administration. Others in his administration want to resolve what has been an escalating and ongoing trade dispute with China. What's being discussed here are $200 billion in tariffs on Chinese products. It isn't official yet, but according to many reports, it is coming. The question is whether these tariffs are a means to an end, the idea that you would be tightening the screws on China to get them to change their behavior and that then these tariffs would be dropped, or whether it's an end in itself.

And to hear the president - last week he tweeted something that would make it seem as though he thinks that tariffs may be good on their own. He says that the U. S.  is under no pressure to make a deal with China. China is under pressure to make a deal with us. Quote, "Our markets are surging. Theirs are collapsing. We will soon be taking in billions in tariffs and making products at home. If we meet, we meet. "

That's NPR White House correspondent Tamara Keith. Thank you so much.

You're welcome.

turn 0 : Screws are not literally being tightened on China. It just means that increased political and economic pressure is being placed on the country.

turn 0 : The US does not have enough low-skilled labor to bring production back and imposing tariffs will make it difficult to manufacture products in China.

turn 0 : China is trying to negotiate the best possible deal while doing as little as possible to please Trump.

turn 0 : Screws are not tightened but pressure is being applied to China regarding tariffs.


Well, you know, we had lots of time to prepare the movie, so we knew what we wanted to do. But then, you know, in a very pragmatic way, I am with the actors, and he is with the cinematographer. And most of the time, it's very fine. But sometimes - like, I don't agree with the one framing, and he does not agree with some direction of acting. And then we start yelling at each other, and it's really bad. And then, you know, we are so angry that, you know - like, we pray God that the other one will - dies. And then we sleep, and then that is the day after. And then we are friends again.

Well, let me ask you about working with actors because unlike your graphic novels - when you can move people around - the actor shines through.

Absolutely.

And does that change?Is that a little frustrating for the creator of the material?

turn 1 : B is asking about the process of collaboration, not the literal combination of talents.

turn 1 : The implied meaning is that A is inquiring about the details surrounding B's special person.

turn 1 : The implied meaning is that B has a unique and special person in their life that they want to share with the world.

turn 1 : This statement from B implies that Screen Actors Guild and the studios haven't been able meet in-person because they are portrayed as having very aggressive leadership and being the last union to hold out for a better deal.

turn 1 : In (2), B asks about working with actors and acknowledges that the actor's performance is distinct from the creator's vision in graphic novels. The literal meaning of the words is straightforward and does not imply any additional or hidden meanings. However, the implied meaning is that B is curious about the challenges A faces in collaborating with actors, and whether A finds it frustrating to work with actors who have their own interpretation of the material.


Well, they have these antifreeze proteins, and as far as we know, what they do is bind to the surface of any seed ice crystal that might otherwise grow. And they stop it from growing because they've coated the ice with the protein.

Because it's the crystal, the actual, physical presence of the crystal that kills off the cells?

Well yes, that ice crystal gets too big. It will definitely do serious damage to the organism, whether it be a fish or an insect. It will eventually kill it, yeah.

So the protein coats the ice crystal and sort of locks it up from freezing or becoming larger?

turn 3 : The ice is thinning, making it easier to melt, so a small increase in temperature can cause significant melting.

turn 3 : You take the unimportant things out of something beautiful and bring them to the lab.

turn 3 : The protein locks it up means it stops the ice crystal from freezing or getting larger.

turn 3 : The Arctic ice is melting faster than ever before due to global warming, which causes a thinning of the ice.


You've been working, as we mentioned, on the Voyager mission since its genesis. What has kept you with this program all that time?

Voyager - well, Voyager is science. Science is about discovering things, about understanding what's around - what our neighborhood is like, what the universe is like. So as a scientist, this has been a wonderful journey because, especially during the encounters with the giant planets, every day there were a flood of discoveries. Next day - more discoveries. So as a scientist, this has been an incredibly wonderful mission to have been on. And even today at great distances, Voyager is still doing things no spacecraft has done before and still presenting us with puzzles that we are trying to sort through.

They are still on a voyage. Where are they now?

Well, this was a mission - we had a four-year mission to Jupiter and Saturn. We had two spacecrafts so that we would have a high probability of at least one succeeding on its four-year journey to Saturn and, of course, both have succeeded and exceeded by a great amount.

turn 1 : A is discussing a scientific concept or discovery with B.

turn 1 : A: "But one of the things that's really exciting about dark matter, that makes it one of the deepest mysteries of the cosmos..." Implicated meaning: The speaker is expressing enthusiasm about the intriguing nature of dark matter, highlighting its status as one of the most profound mysteries in the universe. The actual meaning is not that dark matter is exciting in a literal sense, but rather that it presents a captivating and puzzling scientific inquiry.

turn 1 : A is implying that the topic is something that is futuristic, or ahead of its time.

turn 1 : "Should space be the new frontier of warfare, or should it actually be a place where, indeed, these cooperations flourish?" - This phrase implies that there is a debate over whether space should be viewed as a potential battlefield, or as a place where nations can work together peacefully and collaboratively on scientific and exploratory projects.

turn 1 : "Voyager is science." - actual meaning: Voyager is a scientific mission that involves discovering and understanding the universe.


turn 2 : Although the speaker says "we know that's true," they are not expressing a belief that the events described in turn (2) are factual. Rather, they are acknowledging the information that has been presented and using it as a basis to introduce a theory about what might have happened to the crewmen. T

turn 2 : "They are still on a voyage." - actual meaning: Voyager spacecrafts are still traveling through space, exploring and sending back data.

turn 2 :  implies the speaker is asking what would make the best outcome for the speaker's book if the identity of the ship was discovered.

turn 2 : "remaining with us" means staying or continuing to be present

turn 2 : The implied meaning of turn (1) is to hurry up and finish the task quickly.


turn 3 : Their notion is to do as much as you can and don't think about the numbers too much.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a euphemism or understatement to convey a more significant or sensitive message.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of (3) is a simple expression of agreement, while the implied meaning is that the speaker is amazed by the story of Steve Dalkowski's feats.

turn 3 : "exceeded by a great amount." - actual meaning: the spacecrafts have surpassed their original mission goals and continued to function well beyond their expected lifetime.

turn 3 : Turn not provided. Please provide a turn for me to analyze.


Yeah.

It's a little more controversial in the Senate race because it looks like bad ballot design might've cost Bill Nelson mightily because Broward County. . .

Yeah.

. . . Is a very Democratic county. And they had a tremendous number of undervotes - that is, no one voting in the Senate race - because it appears that a good number of people, perhaps as many as 20,000, might have missed the Senate race because it was in the lower left-hand corner right under the instructions. And if you look at the Senate race compared to all the other races, it got fewer votes in Broward County, even compared to. . .

turn 1 : Not all parties weigh in on ballot design

turn 1 : The candidate had something troubling in their past.

turn 1 : The Senate race was controversial due to bad ballot design.

turn 1 : The voters did not seem to change their opinions when they voted again.

turn 1 : Senate race implies the quest to become a senator and not a running competition between senators


Most Americans will cast our ballots on November 8, or will we?Early voting begins in some states as soon as the end of this month. Twenty million ballots might be in the hands of voters by the end of September. After several elections with early voting, can we see what impact it might have on the political system and even the final result?

Paul Gronke is a professor of political science at Reed College in Portland, Ore. He's founder and director of the Early Voting Information Center. He joins us from Philadelphia. Professor Gronke, thanks for being with us.

Absolutely, good to talk with you, Scott.

I think so. The Democrats really ramped up their operation with the Obama campaign in 2008, and they really got a very good data operation. Rick Perry led the way with the Republicans in some work in Texas to start to track Republican voters and connect them with whether they've cast their ballots early.

turn 3 : People are uncertain about their vote in this election, and are hesitant to support either the Republican or Democratic candidate.

turn 3 :  Is it your impression so far that one party or one campaign is better prepared than the other right now for early balloting?

turn 3 : Not all parties weigh in on ballot design

turn 3 : implies a contrast between the two parties and the different ways that they conduct their caucuses.

turn 3 : In (4), the speaker is implying that more people are choosing to vote early, not because they have to, but because they want to.


I don't know why anybody thinkS that a presidential candidate would be playing presidential politics. But his feeling - McCain's feeling is that he's talked to enough House Republicans who probably liked the fact that McCain got involved, felt that there was some possible - if not a framework, some advancement towards a goal, towards a solution and we shall allow him to go down to Oxford.

So, what do you expect to see there tonight?

Well, you know ostensibly, the subject is foreign policy, national security. But you know that - with this on everybody's mind and certainly the voters' minds, with less than six weeks to go, the questions will be about the bailout. I suspect though that - I'm not convinced that neither McCain nor Obama really know exactly what to do with it. And hopefully they won't play the blame game, which is so much of what's going on in Washington right now.

Well, let me ask you, how important does this debate seem now at this moment. I mean, maybe it's just simply blown away by the financial story.

turn 3 : the literal meaning is that the interviewer asks if recent events and debates make a scene in a book more significant.

turn 3 : You don't like the topic and think it is a joke, not related to Wall Street.

turn 3 : The speaker is implying that the initial positive buzz surrounding the book was overshadowed by the negative review and the controversy that followed.

turn 3 : The cover story in question caused controversy but served an important purpose.

turn 3 : "It's just simply blown away" implies that the financial story is much more important than the debate.


Well, I'm glad to have a job. I'll put it that way.

You know, that's a good thing.

Businesses and institutions have now shed jobs for the last 13 months in a row. Last month alone, we lost nearly 600,000 jobs. Nissan is the latest to announce big cuts. President Obama, Dr.  Malveaux, has warned of double digit unemployment rates. It seems like everytime I have you on the show we ask the same question. How high is unemployment going to go?

Well, the rate we're going it can get to double digit. The last time we've seen anything like that was in 1981 in the early Reagan years. And double digit unemployment is no joke, but Tony, many people believe that we have really already crossed the line. If you look at the most recent report from the Bureau of Labor statistics, they come up with these alternative measures. So, we know that the unemployment rate is 7. 6 percent. But then if you add people who are marginally attached, that's like people who are working part time, but want to work full time and people who are discouraged workers and have dropped out of the labor force, we get up to a number that's more like 14 percent, 13. 9 percent. So when we look at all the hidden unemployment, we're already well firmly into that double digit area.

turn 0 : People want to work hard for things.

turn 0 : Despite being one of the wealthiest countries, people are struggling to make ends meet.

turn 0 : People are concerned about immigration, not just interested.

turn 0 : A lot of people are out of work and jobs are getting harder to find.

turn 0 : The progress lets people know there is hope for a resolution. People refusing to go to work unless their demands are met has lasted three weeks.


Yes. It's - there's a sovereignty aspect to that long-standing confrontation. You know, both sides have been pitied against each other for a long time. The new leader, Park Geun-hye, has made it clear - has been quite explicit actually about naming human rights as an issue that would have to be dealt with in North Korea. But she's also reaching out a hand and is likely to offer opportunities for dialogue with North Korea as a way of stabilizing the inter-Korean security relationship.

Stabilizing that relationship means, of course, leaving all those millions of people in North Korea in, well, dire conditions.

Well, that's true in the sense that Park is not pursuing the alternative of total confrontation. At the same time, you know, the one thing that I think seems to be clearer up to now is that none of the countries have been willing to risk that sort of military confrontation in order to drive external change in North Korea.

Has China, the most influential outside force in North Korea, has China handled the new leader more warmly or more distantly than his father?

turn 0 : a sense means that there is an understanding

turn 0 : (1) has an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The literal meaning is that the speaker is asking if there is any sign of improvement in the situation being discussed, but the implied meaning is that the situation is bad and the speaker is hoping for some positive news or indication that things will get better.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker is indirectly suggesting that they may have information or opinions that they are hesitant to share openly.

turn 0 : when something is made clear in this context it means that it is explained so people understand

turn 0 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer


turn 1 : The speaker implies that propping up the North Korean regime may lead to negative consequences in the long term, despite short-term stability.

turn 1 : China is willing to support North Korea's terrible regime to prevent its collapse and the horrible situation that might ensue

turn 1 : The stabilization of inter-Korean security relationship will not improve the dire conditions of North Koreans.

turn 1 : The United States would need to compromise and accept a nuclear-armed North Korea.

turn 1 : The reality of the war with North Korea does not seem like a realistic threat to South Koreans due to their fast-paced and materialistic lifestyle.


Now, I guess we need to explain what hedge funds are.

Hedge funds are investment vehicles usually for very wealthy people. In fact, in the first paragraph of every hedge perspective it says, this must not be money that you need for living. This is money that you want to risk - this is a roll of the dice. The hedge funds have very few restrictions of the sort that ordinary brokers have.

So even though Wall Street seems to be blowing up or it did yesterday, the hedge funds are doing just fine. And these Masters of the Universe are ensconced happily in their Greenwich, Connecticut mansions?

Well, right now, they are swimming the tightest defensive positions they can. They're like turtles pulling themselves back into their shell just trying to wait this thing out. They could be hurt badly. In fact, today is one of the four times a year that people can take money out of hedge funds. Usually there's a certain fixed percentage that they can take out at any one time. That's for the protection of the fund itself. But still, there could be enough taken out today to seriously hurt a lot of hedge funds.

turn 1 : the taxpayers are going to wind up paying doubly implies that the money given to the hedge funds to buy the bad assets wouldn't happen unless a reduction in risk occurred which is the taxpayers providing the funding through extra taxes.

turn 1 : The implied meaning is that A is suggesting investing in companies related to the growing middle class in China.

turn 1 : It implies that hedge funds is not for those that are poor.

turn 1 : The economists spoke up and said that people should take caution in their finances.

turn 1 : There is a sense of panic in the financial system and central banks are the only ones willing to finance the banking sector.


Do you have to be a certain kind of person in order to do this and do it well and get satisfaction from it?

You know what?I don't think so. I think that it could just be anybody. Anybody that genuinely wants to - that inner feeling of just feeling complete and feeling loved, basically. When you feel the love with - inside, then ultimately, it's easier to kind of give to other people and to do this type of work, and I think it's a component that we're all built with.

You've done it for ten years, can you do it for ten more?

Absolutely. Absolutely.

turn 2 : I am working harder now than I used to, sometimes until late at night

turn 2 : Working on a space mission is a fulfilling experience

turn 2 : I learned from my past experience and prepared accordingly.

turn 2 : You have done this challenging job for 10 years so do you have the energy/desire to do it for 10 more?

turn 2 : People who can manage to stay passionate and motivated to bring about change, despite the length of time it takes.


Although there has been some criticism that this team represents a very centrist, pragmatic approach instead of a more ambitious approach that maybe you've been calling for.

Well, they've been talking pretty ambitious so far. We'll see. They are centrists, that's for sure. Within the Democratic Party, nobody would look at this group and say, that's a bunch of lefties.

That is certainly right, but I think they're thinking big. And you know, in Geithner's case, along with Bernanke, at the Fed they've been doing big. The Fed has been doing one unprecedented, amazing thing after another.

Yeah, to mixed success, though.

turn 2 : Geithner and Bernanke have been taking bold, unprecedented actions at the Fed

turn 2 : Timothy Geithner's statement on tax and spending policies is not surprising

turn 2 : The current financial situation has disrupted people's sense of security.

turn 2 : Everything was becoming negative in their respective areas. People got a change when the new president was elected. The news is about what is happening and what will happen.


You've also written a book about geoengineering as a way to deal with climate change here on Earth. Do you think people should try and terraform Mars so we can live there?I mean, that is clearly something that has been floating around for a while.

I think it's impossible to think about Mars without thinking about this because, you know, the great myth of Mars is a myth of geoengineering. The great myth of Mars is that Mars was once alive and slowly dried out and that the Martians tried to do something about it. So, you know, the idea that the Martians have an environmental problem and want to solve it is fundamental to how the 20th century thought about Mars. And it's been kind of fundamental to how we imagine the future of Mars. It's very hard to imagine a human future on Mars as it is, but one thing that matters a great deal is - although I think that it's quite unlikely that there's any extant life on Mars, that's something you really want to have a very good handle on before you even start thinking about terraforming it.

Oliver Morton is the author of "Mapping Mars: Science, Imagination And The Birth Of A World. "And he's an editor at The Economist. Thank you so much for speaking with us.

It was a pleasure, Lulu.

turn 0 : We are already committed to climate change, so we need to focus on adapting to it.

turn 0 : The idea of climate change is not new but our understanding of it has improved.

turn 0 : Terraforming Mars as a way to deal with climate change is well-known

turn 0 : This implies that the cold nature of Mars requires that some of the equipment be heated to some level before they can be used for science observation.

turn 0 : Climate change is a significant issue in people's opinions and politics


And, my gosh, you've had an interesting careers.

Well, I did science at school, largely, when I was a teenager and I became a doctor. I did five years medical school and became a doctor and was terrified for every single second of my medical career. I'd seemed to emerge from medical school with a qualification but nevertheless, I seemed to know nothing and was so scared and. . .

(Laughter) Forgive me, I'm so glad I didn't blunder into your practice.

Well, do you know, patients liked me 'cause I was really jolly and nice and what they didn't realize is they'd probably been much better off with some mumbling introvert who actually knew something. And in fact, I dreaded it. And my only happy day as a doctor was one sunny summer day where we got no admissions at all and I sat on the lawn outside the hospital and read "The Longest Journey" by E.  M.  Forster. That was the only happy day, and in the end, I didn't go back. And I thought, well, what could I do?I'm not qualified for anything else. I thought, the only thing I've done is comedy. And I applied for and got a job with BBC Light Entertainment in radio.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a euphemism or understatement to convey a more significant or sensitive message.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using understatement or exaggeration to convey a message, often to emphasize a point or to add humor to a situation.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of a certain word or phrase may have a hidden connotation or subtext that is meant to convey a particular idea or message, such as irony or euphemism.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of euphemisms, understatement, or hyperbole may be intended to soften or intensify the impact of their words, or to convey a subtle subtext or implication.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of repetition or emphasis on certain words may convey a hidden or implied meaning, such as sarcasm, irony, or frustration, that complements or contrasts with their words.


Well, we've been calling the local hospitals. We've been following social media, posting missing persons ads. I think my cousin and I are going to be trying to head up there in about a week if we haven't found him and post missing persons on our car and just sort of drive around the areas up there in hopes that maybe we'll get some word.

What's he look like?What should we know about him?

He's a private man. He's lived in Paradise for over 40 years. He's very friendly. He's kind. Long hair, full beard. I guess he's about 5'10". Thin, maybe 160 to 170 - I would guess somewhere around there.

Yeah. And how are your parents doing?

turn 3 : THERE IS AN UNUSUAL CONDITION WHICH IS UNEXPECTED

turn 3 : She looked at him like he was very strange and unknown to her.

turn 3 :  you imply that something is the case

turn 3 : he must be a stranger and this situation some one is missing


Yes, absolutely. And to all of who are - and even though I don't do it anymore, I mean, it's like really once a clown always a clown. Once you've been a real performing clown you realize you've tapped into something big and universal and eternal. It's a frustration to us because clown, which was a word that used to be associated with joy and laughter and happiness, now has a lot of negative connotations to it. You know, you got characters like Crusty the Clown on "The Simpsons" and there are members of Congress.

By the way, isn't it amazing this year I think there's a record number of members of Congress who are retiring at the same time there's a shortage of clowns?What doesn't work here?

I'm reacting almost reflexively with regret and woe over a clown shortage. But I'm wondering, I mean, you know, there are not as many shepherds as there used to be. Is this just - to my knowledge - is this just something we have to. . .

They certainly are in my living room.

turn 1 : (3) A: Well, you know, I think, just like copper and grain, I mean, I think there are shortages that arise every once in a while in important human commodities. And this is kind of a replay, to me, of when I became a clown.  The literal meaning of this turn is that the speaker is drawing a comparison between shortages in important commodities, like copper and grain, and a shortage in "human commodities," which the speaker then explains is a reference to the shortage of great master clowns in the late 1960s. However, the implied meaning could be that the speaker is making a commentary on the current state of the world, suggesting that there are shortages in important areas beyond just physical commodities, such as in human connection, joy, or creativity. The speaker may be using the example of the clown shortage to illustrate this broader point, and to suggest that this shortage represents a larger trend of a loss of something valuable in society.

turn 1 : "I'm doing well, but some people aren't. And let's talk about these figures and really, what is shifting in our economy right now in terms of the different sectors where people are losing these tens of thousands of jobs?" - The literal meaning is a statement about the current state of the economy and its impact on employment. The implied meaning is a suggestion to discuss the economic issues and the resulting job losses.

turn 1 : In (2), the speaker is using humor to point out the irony of a record number of Congress members retiring at a time when there is a shortage of clowns. The actual meaning is not that there is a real shortage of clowns.

turn 1 : A is trying to add some humor to the conversation


They certainly are in my living room.

turn 2 : In (3), the speaker is questioning the importance of the clown shortage compared to other shortages, such as the shortage of shepherds. The actual meaning is not that the speaker is truly concerned about the relative shortage of clowns and shepherds.

turn 2 : (3) A: Well, you know, I think, just like copper and grain, I mean, I think there are shortages that arise every once in a while in important human commodities. And this is kind of a replay, to me, of when I became a clown.  The literal meaning of this turn is that the speaker is drawing a comparison between shortages in important commodities, like copper and grain, and a shortage in "human commodities," which the speaker then explains is a reference to the shortage of great master clowns in the late 1960s. However, the implied meaning could be that the speaker is making a commentary on the current state of the world, suggesting that there are shortages in important areas beyond just physical commodities, such as in human connection, joy, or creativity. The speaker may be using the example of the clown shortage to illustrate this broader point, and to suggest that this shortage represents a larger trend of a loss of something valuable in society.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker has some reservations or doubts about the situation being discussed.

turn 2 : The speaker believes that the current state of affairs in America is bleak and lacking in resources and opportunities for most people, regardless of their race.

turn 2 : (2) is different from its literal meaning. While the speaker is apologizing for their question, the implied meaning is that they are skeptical about the severity of the situation and the potential consequences of aid shortages.


There - while we cannot see the fire any longer from where we are, and it's very, very smoky. There's a ton of ash. There has been a ton of ash. Everyone's lungs are, you know, feeling constricted. The dogs are coughing because it's so thick in the air. So the scene itself is still dismal, for sure.

But people are helping each other.

People are coming together. You know, when there's an emergency like this, if the fire happens too fast and you can't get out in time, you have to set the horses free.

Well, you got to put halters on, you got to label them. Those can burn off in a fire, so we actually handwrote with a Sharpie pen on all of our horses hooves the phone number. If there is some marking on the horse on - with ink, then we can identify, at least, who to call to find out where the horse will eventually need to be, or to let that person know that we have that horse.

turn 1 : burning out implies that people are being frustrated and not burnt out in fire

turn 1 : The speaker aims to evoke empathy and raise awareness about the devastating impact of the natural disaster on the community, including loss of life, destruction of infrastructure, and the displacement of individuals, such as the mayor being left homeless.

turn 1 : The implied meaning is that the demise of all people on earth is not a reason to be optimistic.

turn 1 : The implied meaning of (3) is to encourage people to learn and understand the connection between the hurricanes, tornadoes and other natural disasters, without relying on someone else to do it for them.

turn 1 : This implies that despite the devastation caused by the fire, people are showing kindness and support to one another.


Ukraine, I think, has enough storages of gas for this winter, but nevertheless, it's a long-term issue that Ukraine really has to address.

Yeah and it owes billions to Russia, doesn't it?

It owes some on the contracts it has and there's a negotiation going on at the moment between Russia and Ukraine on those contracts. But the fundamental point for Ukraine is its energy efficiency levels are very low. If Ukraine could get to Western European levels of energy efficiency, it would actually need to import very little gas at all.

But how do they do that?

turn 1 : In turn (2), B's comment about Ukraine owing billions to Russia is not directly related to A's comment about Ukraine's gas storage and long-term energy issues. B's comment is an implication that Ukraine's ability to address its energy issues may be hindered by its financial obligations to Russia. It also suggests a possible underlying political tension between Ukraine and Russia.

turn 1 : (2) The implied meaning is that the Ukrainian president accused Russia of trying to provoke a military conflict, and that this accusation is related to Russia's actions in Crimea and in other former Soviet regions with large Russian populations. The literal meaning is consistent with this implied meaning.

turn 1 : B: "Because when the USSR split up, a lot of people said this is going to be a country with a lot going for it" - The literal meaning of this statement is that people had high expectations for Ukraine after the Soviet Union dissolved. The actual meaning could be that despite Ukraine's potential and resources, its political and economic instability has hindered its progress.

turn 1 : "It's about European values.It's about democracy and rule of law.Ukrainians are tired of corruption and poor governance.They want to live as in Europe."

turn 1 : that Russia views itself as a victim of a Western conspiracy and is retaliating with its own tactics.


Are you swaying now?

Just a little bit, within legal bounds.

So what happened?

We had a noise complaint from a neighbor from people speaking too loudly on the sidewalk. And when the police came out, they issued two summons, one for violation of the New York City noise code and one for violation the Cabaret Law, which in the context of bars and restaurants, prohibits musical entertainment, singing, dancing or other forms of amusement without a license. And that license is very difficult to obtain and was only possessed by about a hundred bars and restaurants out of more than 25,000 in New York.

turn 1 : The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is asking if the Alderman has any reservations about the safety of the St. Louis area, given the protests and violence that have been occurring.

turn 1 : 2) "Just a little bit, within legal bounds." The speaker is not actually swaying but is referring to the legal limit of noise allowed in the context of the noise complaint mentioned in (4). The implied meaning is that the speaker is trying to avoid any further trouble with the police by staying within the legal limits of noise.

turn 1 : The speaker is implying that the increase in closeness to the action is not matched by an increase in safety, so people may be put in danger.

turn 1 : (1). In this turn, the speaker is not just talking about the act of being silent or not making noise. They are using the phrase "a little bit outside the line" and "a little bit more outside the line" to describe the process of moving towards radicalization and fanaticism. The phrase "there is no way back" implies a point of no return, indicating that the speaker believes once someone becomes a fanatic, it is difficult to change their beliefs.

turn 1 : In this turn, the speaker is not just providing a straightforward answer to the question asked by the interviewer. Instead, they are using the opportunity to condemn the violent behavior of protesters and emphasize the importance of peaceful demonstrations. The implied meaning is that the government does have a policy for dealing with protesters, but the speaker is more interested in making a statement about the need for peaceful protest.


What should people really be thinking about in terms of the drivers of heart disease?

Well, you know, the things that we know so well, like obesity and diabetes and smoking, high cholesterol, high blood pressure and sedentary - lack of exercise, those are the biggies. They're not going to go away. They are so much more overshadowing this tiny and questionable effect of blood group.

And of course if there was a blood group effect, which is quite questionable, as you already pointed out, we don't have a whole lot of control about that, but we do about much of our lifestyle.

Are these things, do they work in concert together, or is there sort of one big driver?

turn 0 : There is a dangerous situation happening that requires people to seek shelter and take precautions.

turn 0 : A life can not literally be turned upside down. The implied meaning is that the life is greatly disrupted.

turn 0 : It implies the factors that increases the risk of heart disease.

turn 0 : The implied meaning of the first turn is that people have become apathetic to the problems facing the city and are not taking action.

turn 0 : It's important to take risks and learn from failure.


Well, thank you.

As we note, you've got some photographs of some very splendid interiors, including, for example, the New York Public Library. But maybe less to be expected, tell us about the Handley Regional Public Library in Winchester, VA.

Well, I have been born and raised and lived all my life in California. And so the American Civil War is something quite distant from my experience. But I'm always amazed when I travel in the east, the closeness of that period. So this was a library in Winchester that was built by a Confederate sympathizer and then, the library itself is this beautiful structure, both inside and out. But the walls inside were covered with portraits of Confederate generals, which really was sort of astonishing to me, and to see again, the closeness of that history.

Did you ever feel, in shooting pictures of public libraries, that you have been in the process of documenting a vanishing species?

turn 1 : The implied meaning is that A is inquiring about the details surrounding B's special person.

turn 1 : B believes that the topic being discussed is not important.

turn 1 : A is jokingly referencing the title of B's book

turn 1 : Implies that B is asking A to tell them more about a library that may not be as well known as the New York Public Library.


It was really beautiful.

My daughter's a dancer. And so she - we invited her dance teachers. And we invited my family. And we gathered beneath the full moon. And we did many of the rituals that are described in the book. And we offered, and we created space. And we sat in circle together.

This book is written in verse. And one of the most moving things that I saw is that you referenced a poem that I had never heard of until I read it in your book. I want you to read the last stanza of it.

We stand at the heart of the forest beside the stone pool, waiting for Venus, the smoking star, to glimmer above the trees. Remove your clothes. Let down your hair. Bask in the moonlight, naked as the day of your birth - virgins, maidens, women.

turn 3 : (4) - Implied meaning: People were encouraged to enjoy the outdoors and take in the beauty of nature

turn 3 : Heart of the forest means the center of the forest. The stone pool is a creek with rocks in it. Venus looks smoky due to the position of the planet in the sky.

turn 3 : (4) "sat like a muddy, brown bird hiding herself in dense foliage" - The literal meaning is that the small, stone house was situated in a way that it resembled a bird blending in with the surrounding foliage. The figurative meaning could be interpreted as the house being intentionally hidden from outsiders and only visible to those who knew where to look.

turn 3 : The author woke up with a vision of millions of butterflies covering the forest, which inspired the novel.

turn 3 : They like to live in holes of things such as pots and the ground.


Well, for me it's almost anything that I'm sent and asked to click on in which somebody else is supposedly really embarrassing themselves. And I'm supposed to find this funny. I'm supposed to enjoy the spectacle. But it's just a physical response that I can't, you know. I clench sort of every muscle in my body and I can barely bring myself to watch it and then end up pressing stop. So, you know, examples would be the recording that was around this week of an employee of a cable company attempting to make a departing customer stay using all sorts of extraordinary arguments, I'm told. I'm told it was very embarrassing for the cable company employee. But I don't know because I can't bring myself to listen to it.

The guy who proposed marriage to a woman at the ballpark - you know about this one?

Oh, this is going to be a wedding proposal that is rejected in public, I think?

Yeah, that's it.

turn 0 : The speaker feels the need to perform music to feel complete.

turn 0 : The speaker feels a strong emotional connection to New Orlean

turn 0 : The speaker is often expecting bad things to happen, so when something good happens, it's more exceptional than usual.

turn 0 : The speaker is reflecting on their mistakes and hoping to learn from them.

turn 0 : the speaker is not actually clenching every muscle in their body, but rather expressing a strong physical discomfort or aversion to watching embarrassing videos.


Yeah, that's it.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker is subtly suggesting that the other person is being unreasonable or unrealistic in their expectations or demands.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at something indirectly and expects the listener to understand the intended message.

turn 1 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply an acknowledgement or agreement, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker may not be fully engaged or interested in the conversation. It could be interpreted as a way of signaling disinterest or a desire to move on to a different topic.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be expressing a subtle hint or suggestion, rather than stating something directly.

turn 1 : Turn (2): The speaker is implying that the person proposing marriage to a woman at the ballpark is likely to be rejected in public.


Yeah, that's it.

turn 2 : turn is to challenge the idea that the proposal was a great idea in the first place.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker has some reservations or doubts about the situation being discussed.

turn 2 : Turn (3): The speaker is suggesting that the proposal at the ballpark is likely to be a rejected one.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at something they want or need, but they don't want to ask for it directly.

turn 2 : The speaker is suggesting that there may be a hidden agenda or underlying motive behind their words.


Yeah, that's it.

turn 2 : (2) - This turn implies that the speaker does not agree with the characterization of the rally and is interjecting to remind the other speaker that the participants in the rally may not share the same opinion.

turn 2 : the speaker is not actually making a statement about a specific rejected wedding proposal, but rather anticipating that the example provided by the other speaker will involve a public wedding proposal that is rejected.

turn 2 : (2) implies that the speaker is not enthusiastic about the topic

turn 2 : The speaker did not want to go to the convention even if the president and the vice president were going to attend.


Yeah, that's it.

turn 3 :  implies that the interlocutor agrees with the previous statement and is encouraging the speaker to continue talking.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at something they want or need, but they don't want to ask for it directly.

turn 3 : (4) - This turn implies that the speaker is urging the other speaker to stay and lend their voice to the debate, as their opinion is important and relevant.

turn 3 : Turn (4): The speaker is confirming that the proposal at the ballpark is likely to be a rejected one.

turn 3 : turn is to challenge the idea that the proposal was a great idea in the first place.


You've complained that the U. S.  through both Republican and Democratic administrations has ceded to Israel on most issues and, therefore, has never really been a fair and impartial third party. Has Trump, in effect, made what you consider to be unstated U. S.  policy simply more explicit?

He certainly has. One of the things that Trump has done is that he's brought to the forefront and brought to the - brought - made very apparent that the United States has never been an honest broker - not under Clinton, not under Bush and certainly not under Obama.

Obama was a president who gave Israel the largest aid package that Israel has ever seen. And it had also turned a blind eye to Israeli settlement activity. What Trump has now done is he's put it very much in your face and made it clear that the United States has never been and will never be an honest broker.

Trump, in one of his tweets, did say that Israelis would have to pay more, though, for the recognition of their capital, suggesting Israel will have to make significant concessions to Palestinians. Does that encourage you at all?

turn 1 : The United States has never been an honest broker.

turn 1 : The government has not handled the financial crisis effectively.

turn 1 : The United States is in a weak diplomatic state.

turn 1 : There is a sense of panic in the financial system and central banks are the only ones willing to finance the banking sector.


It's hard. It is really hard when every time you look up, three kids killed here, four people shot here, somebody getting killed right down the street, right around the corner. It's kind of discouraging sometimes trying to do as much as you can with the resources that you do have.

Boy, I mean, I think a lot of people listening, well, will be very moved, but, I mean, some of them have to be saying, wait a minute. The president of the United States is from the South Side. Don't people look up to him?

I definitely look up to Obama. Obama's a great guy. I never forget - March 31 I wrote the president. You know, I'm from your city, and we're dying down here every day. What are you doing up there to stop what's happening to us down here?And he wrote me back, a little girl in a little basement apartment in Englewood. He wrote me back.

I was able to use that letter to inspire the people that live in this neighborhood like me. Don't ever stop trying. And it just goes back to the movement. No matter how hard things get, no matter every day and I'll wake up and I look at the news and more people have been killed, more people have been shot, that just shows me that I still have work to do.

turn 1 : (2) The literal meaning of this turn is a simple question, but the implied meaning is that the speaker wants to know what actions can be taken to address the issue being discussed and is seeking guidance or suggestions.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of this turn is that some people may question whether the President of the United States, who is from the South Side, is a role model for people in that area. However, the implied meaning is that the President should be doing more to address the issues and problems faced by the people in the South Side. The speaker is suggesting that the President has a responsibility to use his position to help the community and that some people may feel disappointed by his lack of action.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of turn (1) is a request for information about the options available to the United States at present. The implied meaning, however, is that the speaker is concerned about the situation in Syria and is looking for possible courses of action that the United States could take to address the root cause of the humanitarian crisis there. The speaker believes that the Assad regime's practice of shelling populated areas not under its control is the main driver behind the crisis and that this should be the focus of the United States' response.

turn 1 : Implies that the speaker is asking for the other person's opinion about the political implications of the current situation.

turn 1 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply asking for a description of the current situation, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker is expressing frustration or confusion about the conflicting messages they have heard from President Trump regarding the removal or retention of U.S. forces in Syria. It could be interpreted as a way of questioning the credibility of the information that has been provided so far and seeking clarification or a more definitive answer.


turn 1 : The president is trying to divert attention away from negative news about him and his administration

turn 1 : People are expecting the President to come up with solutions to address the issues in the South Side.

turn 1 : The House Republicans have conflicting views on illegal immigration and the border wall, making it difficult to reach a deal.

turn 1 : There is doubt whether the Congress will be able to come up with a comprehensive solution for all the issues and it may require multiple attempts

turn 1 : People are starting to notice and take action on the issue.


So, what was a moment that crystallized for you what it was going to be like?You're. . .

Mm-hmm.

You were all the way through it, right?From. . .

Yeah, I started there in kindergarten, and I went through all the way.

turn 2 : B is confirming that A attended the same school from kindergarten until graduation.

turn 2 : Confirming that the person went to Fremont High School.

turn 2 : A has two children and B is confirming the family size, but also asking if they are all in the hospital together.

turn 2 : B is asking about your age, not your grade.

turn 2 : B was raised by his grandparents who were foster parents, not his biological parents.


And, you know, I actually - I stumbled across an obituary from the New York Times for a Rough Rider, not even one of the famous Rough Riders. But it was from the '30s, and it went through his career. And it struck me that, you know, if here's a guy who's not even that famous, but he's significant enough that 40 - almost 40 years later, he gets an obituary in the New York Times. So what does that say about how famous and how significant these people were at the time?And what is that significance?So that really struck for me that match of thinking, OK, now I need to find the answer.

Well, were they hugely famous when the United States organized an army and invaded Cuba in 1898?

Absolutely. You know, there was this moment in 1898 where I think - and this is the significance of the war - is that it changed how America thinks about its military and about its role in the world. And it gave a positive spin to the idea that American can have a military and should go out into the world to intervene, to bring freedom.

And for a lot of people, even at the time - and editorialists wrote about this. They said the Rough Riders are emblematic of that new America, of this idea that we have this power and we have this - the strength and these values at home. And now we're going to arm them and take them out into the world. And to me, that resonates throughout the 20th century. Time after time, we do that same sort of thing.

turn 2 : Military interventions often escalate beyond their original scope.

turn 2 : This implies the growing economic war between Trump administration and China.

turn 2 : The military is associated with masculinity and force as a solution.

turn 2 : The war in 1898 changed America's view of military intervention.


turn 3 : Military interventions often escalate beyond their original scope.

turn 3 : The US and China both want to establish their own spheres of influence in the region.

turn 3 : The idea of using military intervention for spreading American values has been consistent throughout the 20th century.

turn 3 : inquiring about strategies or approaches politicians use to engage and maintain public attention for issues that may seem disconnected or less relevant to the lives of everyday Americans.


Republicans are now working on a tax plan. If they're able to pass that, would you reconsider some of your some of your disdain for the. . .

Yes, absolutely. But going back to the other thing, you know, I think Steve Bannon has backed a lot of people that I am supportive of, like Hawley in Missouri, like Marsha Blackburn, like potentially what he's looking to do in Wyoming. In several other races, I think he's backing very strong candidates that have a great chance of winning. And I think the Arizona race is, at the very least, a toss-up right now. So - sorry, I - that's my completion to the earlier question. So your. . .

Yeah.

Your last question was, you know, will I come back into the fold and support McConnell if he gets tax reform done?I think there's a really good chance. I think the country needs tax reform. I think it's been a long time. And I think, to some extent, McConnell and his team can put the toothpaste back in the tube if they win. You know, my analogy for this whole thing is college football.

turn 3 : (4) Implied meaning: Does Mr. Trump have the support to win the Republican nomination, or is it uncertain?

turn 3 : Is it possible for Mitch McConnell to get support from Democrats for a plan?

turn 3 : The implication is that the Republicans may have to use strong tactics to pass their agenda, even if it means having to pressure members of their own party.

turn 3 :  (4) - This turn implies that A will support McConnell if he succeeds in passing the tax plan, and that the Republicans still have a chance to win.

turn 3 : implies a contrast between the two parties and the different ways that they conduct their caucuses.


And if the court - the judges in the court find him insane, that would, he believes, invalidate his political arguments.

Yeah. It seems like that. Normal, it's considered to be less of punishment or it's actually, technically, it's not the punishment if they sentence you to - sentence you as an insane man and put you in a hospital because then you then aren't responsible for what you did. Anders Breivik, however, wants to be considered as a person who know - knew what he did on the 22nd of July.

And has scoffed at the conceivable punishment. As I understand it, he could get 21 years in jail if convicted and found sane and that he says, wait a minute, either I should be acquitted or I should be put to death.

Yeah. Instead that - but we can't really put anyone to death in Norway, but it's correct that there are maximum - maximum punishment is 21 years. But we also have what we call - I've been looking for the correct English expression, and I think it's called containment, which is a system where a person that is considered to be a threat even after a certain period of time, he can actually be held in prison indeterminate because the - we can't - it's not really considered safe to let him out again in the society.

turn 2 : Breivik hopes that being found insane will invalidate his political arguments and be a way for him to avoid punishment.

turn 2 : (3) - The actual meaning is that the speaker disagrees with the verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity and thinks that the legal definition of insanity is too narrow. This turn implies that the speaker believes that the legal system should hold people who commit crimes like Hinckley's to a higher standard of responsibility, even if they are mentally ill.

turn 2 : (4) - B is implying that Breivik's claims may not be true, even though it is not explicitly stated.

turn 2 : Even the most sycophantic people around the president think he's vile and ludicrous.

turn 2 : He will not take an actual shot but will try to become president if he gets the chance.


In The New Yorker piece, you were quoted as saying, he's like a velociraptor. He has to be boss. And if you don't show him deference, he kills you.

It's true. It was an impression that I had. And I - that just of somebody who was very aware of his own power and very conscious of any potential threat.

You've been a diplomat for decades, and you've worked through both Republican and Democratic administrations. How is foreign policy, briefly, normally conducted in those administrations?How does the United States normally find consensus for how it deals with other countries?

Yeah, that's a really great question. And, you know, part of that is why you have so many senior people like me leaving the Department of State. This is not about a foreign service or a career diplomatic corps that feels that it must have the final say on all things. The State Department and the career foreign service are enormously patriotic. We are apolitical. We serve the president. We sign an oath that says that we will serve unconditionally the president and implement his or, in some future, her foreign policy. But we are involved. And our involvement is our value added. We live and work overseas. We speak languages. We tend to develop years of expertise if not in regions, then on specific thematic issues.

turn 0 : I'm afraid in this context means that the person doesn't like what they are saying but its true

turn 0 : to move in direction in this context means to change something

turn 0 : Being like a velociraptor means that the person is dangerous and threatening.

turn 0 : There is a dangerous situation happening that requires people to seek shelter and take precautions.

turn 0 : has a literal meaning of "Yes, the numbers aren't looking good for the person," but its actual meaning is "It looks like the person isn't likely to succeed."


Yeah, yeah, yeah, no, I mean, we do excited about it. And in the case of Pluto, we're excited about it because Pluto could be a remnant from the early solar system. It could really tell us a lot about how we all got here. So, for me, this was really the highlight of the year, personally. I mean, we - you know, humanity sends a probe from more than three billion miles away, so far away it took four and a half hours just for the photos to make their way back at the speed of light. And, you know, this little probe gets these great pictures, sends them back and we learn just an enormous amount. It was very cool.

Now, I don't want to leave without talking about space cuisine. I understand there were important advances in the grub you get in space.

That's right. Space food is notoriously horrible to eat. It's all this vacuum-packed, freeze-dried stuff. It's sort of - they - they extrude it out of these packages and it comes out as a paste. It looks awful. But this year, they managed to grow some lettuce up there. And so for the first time, astronauts were actually allowed to eat it. They brought up a little balsamic vinaigrette to put on it. You know, this sounds kind of trivial. It is a little silly, but it's not as easy as it sounds. I mean, remember, plants, you know, grow on Earth and. . .

Well, we've all seen the movie where they had a hell of a time trying to grow potatoes on Mars.

turn 0 : The turn in (1) implies that the speaker is excited about the attention they're receiving because they have a history of making groundbreaking decisions in the political arena.

turn 0 : Turn (1) has a figurative meaning: "highlight of the year" does not refer to an actual bright light but rather an important event or achievement.

turn 0 : (1) has an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The literal meaning is that the speaker is asking if there is any sign of improvement in the situation being discussed, but the implied meaning is that the situation is bad and the speaker is hoping for some positive news or indication that things will get better.

turn 0 : meaning is turn (1), where B asks if Teddy Roosevelt comes to life when it gets dark at the museum. The actual meaning implied by B's question is whether the museum has interactive exhibits or displays that bring historical figures to life, rather than asking about a specific event where Teddy Roosevelt might come to life in the museum.

turn 0 : The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker enjoyed the solitude of working at night, as it made them feel like a vampire who only came out when it was dark and disappeared again when the sun rose.


Oh, no.

And I realized that she was checking to make sure it wasn't poisoned. It's the first time I ever lost it. And I found myself just talking through my teeth, saying, you know what?I don't give mind games, and I don't take them. You can take this coffee and drink it or you can throw it in the pot. And then she said to me, oh, honey. It was like she had to hear me at the edge of my capacity to believe it was me. And then she said, oh, honey, the fix I'm in, I can't trust the Lord Jesus Christ right now.

Oh.

I said, Nana, the fix you're in, you really can't trust anybody else (laughter). Like, this - it's not a fix.

turn 1 : A is admitting their mistake and asking for forgiveness

turn 1 : to keep faith strong means that this person is religious and that nothing will stop them from being that way

turn 1 : It implies that A believe and understand what B means to a large extent.

turn 1 : AGREE WITH THE TURN AND IMPLIED MEANING AND BELIVE THAT EVERYONE

turn 1 : "I can't trust the Lord Jesus Christ right now" implies that A is in a serious situation and cannot trust anyone, which is not a good thing.


I know you have to get through this fight now, but once that's over with, what's the next chapter going to be for you?

Oh, it's going to be coal mining. I've had a coal miner in my family from 1700. It runs deep in my blood. And I'm 44. And hopefully I'll find a coal mine job that I can retire from. That's my goal.

You know, Harlan County, Ky. , is the site of a mine protest that happened in the 1970s that went on for more than a year. So this is not only a long history of coal mining, it's also a long history of protest. Do you feel like you're a part of that today?

In some ways. We done our protest peacefully, but in Harlan, Ky. , we stand up for what we believe is right. That's been embedded in us from childhood up. You know, coal miners is brotherhoods. And we got a whole lot hanging in the balance here that we won't back down.

turn 3 : In this turn, the speaker is not just providing a straightforward answer to the question asked by the interviewer. Instead, they are using the opportunity to condemn the violent behavior of protesters and emphasize the importance of peaceful demonstrations. The implied meaning is that the government does have a policy for dealing with protesters, but the speaker is more interested in making a statement about the need for peaceful protest.

turn 3 : The speaker believes that the protests need to be more extreme for America to acknowledge the issue, but not necessarily violent.

turn 3 : The speaker believes that the protests represent a national issue and not just a local one.

turn 3 : The speaker is implying that their protests might elevate beyond peaceful methods if they don't get what they think they deserve.


We're talking about huge issues here like, you know, what's the difference between the generations, between the Vietnam war generation and the younger generation?What's the role of African Americans in leadership in society?Is there a glass ceiling for women to break through?These are huge societal issues and they're being represented by these larger than life candidates.

Speaking of archetypes and demographics when it came to the primary season, how did Senator McCain stack up not just against Senator Obama, but also Senator Clinton?

Yeah, absolutely. The best way to see the primary campaign, you know, the first five months of this year is really too see it as a three-way race rather than a two-way race. And basically the major contest was between the young, attractive, good-speaking oratorical black man and the experienced glass-ceiling breaking woman, and the wily grizzled vets came in, sort of had a third place role there, but nevertheless got some coverage. If you rank - once ranked the number of minutes that they got, Obama got most of the - Rodham Clinton got second, and McCain got about half as much as Obama got.

All right. Just very briefly, what do you see ahead in terms of the parity or lack thereof for Obama and McCain?

turn 1 : Obama and Biden's intelligence was more appealing to voters than McCain and Palin's lack thereof.

turn 1 : John McCain is doing well in the Republican primaries.

turn 1 : Senator McCain's demographic characteristics were compared to Senator Obama and Senator Clinton.

turn 1 : Senator McCain needs to connect with ordinary people and their interests, especially on pocketbook issues like healthcare, energy, and taxes.


Well, the room did. Supposedly, the reporter from the New York Times, who had been hanging out in the back and sort of lightly paying attention, came tearing up the aisle and said, do it again. . .

. . . which he did.

How did the Polaroid change taking pictures?

Well, it was a huge revolution, at the time. And people immediately started to play with it. You know, it was a craze from the very beginning. The first camera went on sale in - the year after that demonstration, in 1948. It was rolled out in November. And they sent in a big lot and they said, well, it's the day after Thanksgiving; these should carry you through until Christmas. And they were gone before the store closed that day. So it took off immediately. You know, fine artists began to embrace Polaroid, right from the beginning. One of the first enthusiasts, who saw one of those early demonstrations in the late '40s, was Ansel Adams. And Adams immediately signed on as consultant to Polaroid. And he stayed in that role until the end of his life.

turn 1 : (2) The implied meaning of "which he did" is that the person repeated the demonstration.

turn 1 : He made a promise that was stressed by him and gave people the impression he would do it regardless of what happens.

turn 1 : He did not just get carried away but he exaggerated his claims.

turn 1 : He may have said something offensive, but he didn't admit it.

turn 1 : Implied meaning for turn (3): The questioner assumes that the speaker decided to support Donald Trump based on something he said, but the speaker clarifies that his decision was based on Trump's track record of job creation, as well as input from other people involved in the election.


Well, assess how they're looking at the move by the Treasury department, the moves really, of last week and of over the weekend, and of today. What is the world thinking?

The world has its fingers crossed. I mean, I don't know how else to put it. The world is basically saying this has to work. I mean, that's why you saw last week for instance, not just the Fed put up a whole bunch of capital, inject liquidity into the system. You saw all the other European and many of the Asian central banks do likewise. The world is terrified. They need this to work.

Well, what about the Democrats who are saying look, hold on, we need to do this right and not rush into it. Is that?

Well, first of all they are going to rush into it, one way or the other. And so what the Democrats have done - have said, look you have your pet things that you care about, here are our pet things that we care about. We're not going to let you do this without, you know, helping home owners more than you have, without doing something about renting an executive pay for all these executives who were involved in this mess. You know, that's a legitimate thing for them to say. It's still going to get rushed into, because this things going to be passed by the end of the week, is my guess because everybody wants to go home and run for re-election and also because the country really needs it to pass.

turn 1 : The Treasury is struggling to minimize conflicts of interests in their program.

turn 1 : The world is desperate for the Treasury Department's moves to succeed in stabilizing the economy.

turn 1 : Big banks were forced to take the money from the Fed and the Treasury.

turn 1 : We are the reason that there is an economy. We've been buying things with our Visa cards without a care. When we stop doing that the economy is going to go down.

turn 1 : The government could acquire loans and make changes more easily.


Yes.

. . . And that makes the process here entirely unconstitutional. So due process rights are an important part of our Constitution, and they apply to any one of us who's in the middle of a criminal proceeding, for example. But this is different. We're not in a grand jury. The president's not about to be indicted, at least not anytime soon. The process that is underway is the very early steps - what the House has chosen to call an inquiry into whether or not there should be a more formal move to impeach the president.

Although, I mean, if Pat Cipollone were here, he would argue, A, President Trump is an American. He is entitled to the same rights as any American citizen. I'm reading from Page 1 (reading) therefore he has - he enjoys the basic rights guaranteed to all Americans, which would include due process under the Constitution.

Well, the Constitution doesn't say that either, OK?What the Constitution says specifically with respect to impeachment, it says that the House of Representatives - and I'm shortening the sentence - the House of Representatives shall have the sole power of impeachment - period. There's a period at the end of that. And there's no sentence following in that. . .

turn 3 : They don't think Nancy Pelosi would begin impeachment proceedings if she wasn't sure that what she knew would get the president impeached.

turn 3 : The house of representatives has absolute power of impeachment and there is no way to argue the point.

turn 3 : Impeachment is not a viable solution and there are other pressing issues to address.

turn 3 : She is not necessarily the one that is making the decisions with the impeachment.

turn 3 :  Republicans may attempt to use impeachment as a tool to try to challenge and limit Clinton's power.


I want to get into one other really fascinating part because we're running out of time, and that's is when you did this preliminary work in mice before you did it in humans, you used nanoparticles instead of white blood cells.

Well, we used both, actually. We developed over many years the use of the white blood cells as carriers for the antigens to knock down the autoimmune response. But more recently, we used nanoparticles that we think are surrogates of these apoptotic white blood cells. So they actually have the same efficacy in mouse models of both preventing and treating animal models of multiple sclerosis.

The advantage, of course, being that these nanoparticles can be manufactured under FDA-approved conditions and can be pulled off the shelf, the therapy is less intrusive than withdrawing, you know, billions of cells from a patient and manipulating them in a blood bag and re-introducing them.

So when do we get to a human trial of whether your technique works, in this phase two where you actually. . .

turn 2 : nanoparticles can be easily kept on hand and accessed quickly when needed

turn 2 : Girl Scout cookies can be turned into graphene, a valuable material.

turn 2 : A explains the importance of micronizing molecules for sun protection.

turn 2 : The development could have a significant impact on drug storage.


Didn't Elon Musk know all this before he sent out that memorable tweet on August 7?

Well, a lot of people think he should have. Let's go back to that August 7 when he sent out that tweet and said I'm considering taking the company private, funding secured at $420 a share. And analysts immediately were very dubious that Musk could pull this off. Where would he get the 10 billions of dollars to take the company private?Did he really have the funding secured as he claimed?And that is something that the Securities and Exchange Commission is investigating, according to multiple reports. And Musk said at the time - or Musk said that two-thirds of the investors would stick with Tesla if it went private, but he really had no way of knowing that.

And why did he want to take the company private in any case?

Well, he's always chafed at the demands of Wall Street - the quarterly earnings reports, the pesky questions from analysts. He famously called one analyst's question boring and boneheaded on an earnings call earlier this year. But perhaps even more than all this, Musk. . .

turn 1 : Tesla is an underappreciated hero and people sympathize with him through the crowdfunding campaign

turn 1 : Many people sympathize with Tesla and want to support him.

turn 1 : Tesla's research contributed to modern inventions, but he died in poverty and obscurity.

turn 1 : Elon Musk may not have had the funding secured for taking Tesla private


turn 3 : not a physical head, like a head from a body, but the  person in charge of something, the leader of something

turn 3 : Hitting the nail on the head means to state the truth. The deaf ears are people that don't want to hear about it.

turn 3 : boneheaded implies being stupid or stubborn, and not a head full of bones

turn 3 : The whiplash means that a person turns their head around quickly as the other person change's their opinions.

turn 3 : when someone says "he had no mean bone in his body" it means that the person was nice and kind


turn 3 : Musk wants to take Tesla private to avoid the demands of Wall Street

turn 3 : Tesla is an underappreciated hero and people sympathize with him through the crowdfunding campaign

turn 3 : Many people sympathize with Tesla and want to support him.

turn 3 : You don't like the topic and think it is a joke, not related to Wall Street.


Well, so what I got really interested in was that when the coat showed up, it showed up in a black plastic package from China Post. So I thought I was buying a coat from some brand that represented itself as kind of this modern gentleman. You know, I was expecting it to have its headquarters, you know, in New York or San Francisco or Los Angeles or something. And this thing is shipped direct from a technology park in China.

So I kind of started thinking like, well, what is this brand?And I started diving into this new class of online retailer that use a tool called Shopify, which allows anyone to kind of spin up a retail store in five minutes; sucks products in from a service called AliExpress, which is sort of like Amazon but in China, and it's dedicated to kind of the export market for Chinese and other Asian manufacturers; and allows - basically - consumers in the U. S.  to take a different route into this manufacturing ecosystem, which makes so many clothes, which makes so many consumer goods, in Asia.

When you ordered this coat, were you genuinely surprised to be able to trace this stuff back, or was that the whole idea?

Well, no. I was genuinely surprised. I was literally - I had been tagged in the Facebook advertising system, which Instagram also uses, as someone who likes to buy clothes. And what I came to find was that this is a pretty widespread phenomenon.

turn 0 : The speaker is pointing out the cultural differences between America and their country, where America tends to cover up imperfections while their country embraces them. Implicated meaning: The speaker values authenticity and honesty over superficial appearances.

turn 0 : "Modern gentleman" is used figuratively to describe a brand's image or style, rather than a literal definition of a man who is modern and well-mannered.

turn 0 : He says to call him a guy that likes to do things the way they used to be done years ago. He cautions against thinking that bringing people together will make them suddenly realize how wrong they had been.

turn 0 : The speaker is acknowledging the wealth of their country and how they have been living in luxury, but now they feel like beggars due to the sudden change in their circumstances.

turn 0 : A: "stepping into a different version of, you know, women's rights feminist icon" - This turn is figurative language as it refers to the author's personal transformation into a prominent feminist icon rather than actually stepping into a different version of herself.