Then Brenda Gayle Beasley Forrest(ph) wrote to us from St.  Helena Island in South Carolina about our series on race. She said: I encourage you to continue the dialogue on being bi-racial in America or mixed race. I know Obama wasn't vocal on this issue, but as a white woman, I think Obama missed an opportunity to claim his bi-racialness and own up to it. Why not shout out, I represent all of America, all races, like the melting pot that is America?I take offense at a half-black, half-white person is shooing their whiteness and calling themselves just black.

And finally, Richard Reed(ph) in Grand Rapids, Michigan wrote us this about the race series. He said: In our family, there were people of black, American Indian, and white backgrounds. In the generations of our great grandparents, our grandparents and our parents, we were taught to love and respect all our family members. These lines of demarcation between people remain so arbitrary and so vague.

And that's it's for letters. Thanks for writing, and please keep your comments coming.

Now NPR has a new way to chime in on our stories. Go to our program page at nprnewandnotes. org and click on a segment. There you can click on the Comments link and write us your thoughts.

turn 0 : Obama missed the chance to claim his bi-racialness.

turn 0 : They aren't literally going to put a black man in the White House, they are going to vote him in.

turn 0 : "multicolored" is a figurative language that means it was not just one racial group that supported Barack Obama.

turn 0 : The implication is that Barack Obama may have been involved in the Blagojevich scandal.

turn 0 : It implies that media and the McCain campaign were biased as they have used coded language to criticize Obama, and that this language is racially charged.


You got a sinus infection but you taking a yeast infection medicine figuring if you lay down, it'll work its way up.

Do you believe in Mars and Venus, the whole idea that men and women are totally different?

I really do. And if I can get women to understand that every man that sleeps with you is not going to love you, then half of us will be all right.

What about the other half?

turn 1 : It may be a way to give attention to women trying to break into science.

turn 1 : The implication of the statement is that the Bible has been used for power struggles and arguments between men.

turn 1 : All ideas are different between all human beings.

turn 1 : "Mars in Venus" is a reference to a book that asserted that men and women are very different. That's what it implies.


What about the other half?

turn 2 : Implying she is underestimated because she is a woman.

turn 2 : Turn (3) is an example of a statement whose meaning is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is not actually asking about the ages of the women, but rather expressing surprise or concern about how young some of them were.

turn 2 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 2 : The reference to "half" isn't literal. it just means many women will be all right.


What about the other half?

turn 3 : Turn (3) is an example of a statement whose meaning is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is not actually asking about the ages of the women, but rather expressing surprise or concern about how young some of them were.

turn 3 : Again, "half" is not literal. It just means many women.

turn 3 :  (3) is not a meaningful statement, so its actual meaning is different from its literal meaning.

turn 3 : It may be a way to give attention to women trying to break into science.


Growing up in this community since I was a baby, this is my home. It's where I learned to live out on the land. It's where I harvest my food. It's where I live. I love this country. And at times like when you go to high school and you got to go to school, you leave the community. And when you're young, you like to experience and travel new things, but you always have that sense of home that you want to be back to. You want to be back. You want to be on the river. You want to be out on the land. I don't see myself wanting to move. This is my community, and I'm going to raise my family here.

You have a young daughter, I am told.

Yeah, her name is Tl'yah Tr'an Elizabeth Edith Josie (ph). She is 18 months.

You going to change what you tell her - is that going to be different from what your parents and grandparents told you?

turn 0 : There is a dangerous situation happening that requires people to seek shelter and take precautions.

turn 0 : People want to work hard for things.

turn 0 : All they have is the way of life that takes place outside of buildings.

turn 0 : You learn how to get your food from plants and animals instead of a store. When you travel you begin to feel a sadness that you are not at home. You want to be outdoors experiencing nature.

turn 0 : Popularity is important for the outdoor world, but it can have negative effects on natural areas.


Hi, how are you?

I'm fine, and we're very glad to have you. Let me ask you about South Carolina's primary, the first in the South. This is supposed to clear out some of the underbrush and let us see which candidates are survivors, also to show us something about this region. Could you give us a thumbnail sketch of why South Carolina matters?

South Carolina, because it's the first in the South, is the first test candidates face as whether or not they will have Southern appeal. And that's a big deal because the entire 11-state South makes up 59 percent of all the Electoral College votes you need to win the presidency in the general election. So if a Republican candidate in the modern era can sweep the South, they become president. But if a Democratic candidate can crack the South with two states, they become president. And South Carolina is the first test of support in this region.

Up to this point now, we've been watching Republican voters react to Donald Trump and Republican candidates try to overtake him. Is South Carolina in 2016 in some kind of position to clarify that?Should we look for anybody to break out maybe in the GOP debate tonight, or is Trump just going to sail through South Carolina and presumably the South?

turn 2 : The literal meaning of this turn is that some people may question whether the President of the United States, who is from the South Side, is a role model for people in that area. However, the implied meaning is that the President should be doing more to address the issues and problems faced by the people in the South Side. The speaker is suggesting that the President has a responsibility to use his position to help the community and that some people may feel disappointed by his lack of action.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of turn (2) is a question asking what the speaker can add to the race that other candidates do not already have. However, the actual meaning is that the speaker is being challenged to prove their value and justify their entry into the race. The literal meaning of the turn does not reflect the underlying challenge and skepticism expressed by the speaker.

turn 2 : Turn (3) contains idiomatic expressions with non-literal meanings:  "Southern appeal" refers to the ability of a political candidate to win support in the South, rather than a literal physical attraction to the region. "Crack the South" means to win electoral votes in Southern states, rather than physically breaking the region.

turn 2 : "Well, both candidates have stumped a lot in Michigan, and is either candidate getting more traction?" - This turn has a literal meaning and is also used with its actual meaning.


Hi, how are you?

turn 3 : (4) Implied meaning: Does Mr. Trump have the support to win the Republican nomination, or is it uncertain?

turn 3 : Implied meaning: Is South Carolina in a position to determine the fate of the Republican primary race between Donald Trump and the other candidates? Will there be any candidates that stand out in the GOP debate tonight, or will Trump be the clear winner?

turn 3 :  Implied meaning: Is there space for Chris Christie to enter the presidential race and has he made a mistake by attending the Cowboys-Lions game?

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that there is a large number of progressive candidates running in the runoff election, and Mayor Emanuel's political action committee is trying to reduce their numbers.

turn 3 : implies a contrast between the two parties and the different ways that they conduct their caucuses.


There was no regulation at the time. I mean, the calves that they experimented on in the '60s came from Cooley's ranch. And when I was researching this, I heard this really bizarre story. And I asked - I had one source that I trusted implicitly. And I called her, and I said, I heard that Dr.  Cooley put a pig's heart in somebody. And she didn't bat an eye, and she said no, no, no, it was a sheep. Those were the days (laughter). You know, today, we have the FDA. We have hospital review boards. We have all kinds of things.

When you say artificial heart, you know, the first name that might come up is Robert Jarvik. I mean, some listeners might recall his name. He created a heart that kept Barney Clark, a dentist from Seattle - kept him alive for 112 days back in 1982. That was a huge story, huge story at the time. And that was a long time ago (laughter). Where are we today?Are people still getting artificial hearts implanted today?

It's interesting. Jarvik kept going. And there is a form of an artificial heart that Jarvik designed that's probably the best. But there is no total replacement. You know, a battery-operated - something that - they can cut you open, put this piece of titanium in, sew you back up, and you're good to go.

So from all your reporting, did you, you know, finish this up thinking, we're going to see an artificial heart in our lifetime?

turn 0 : He was a person that was not a scientist but had an interest in butterflies.

turn 0 : Dr. Cooley experimented on animals and put animal hearts in humans

turn 0 : they are performing experiments on mice, and the mice are all dead

turn 0 : The loss of their partners in mice experiments can lead to new research directions

turn 0 : Some successful scientists adopt unconventional approaches after achieving something significant.


turn 2 : Many things that were once considered archaic, or even dangerous, are still used in medicine today

turn 2 : There is no fully functional artificial heart currently available

turn 2 : Lack of medical resources and delayed operations have negative effects on patients' health.

turn 2 : Neural stem cells have a better chance of becoming healthy cells.

turn 2 : The statement implies that vaccine and medicine goes together in prevent heart disease.


Oh, yes, they're going to do it, like, regional. You know, so that'll be able to reach more people throughout the country, which is good because not everyone can make it to D. C.  And it doesn't start in D. C. It starts in every community where the blood flowed for our freedoms.

Well, Tim Chambers, thank you for stopping by and sharing a little bit of your story with us. Thank you.

My pleasure.

That's Marine Corps veteran Tim Chambers, also known as the Saluting Marine.

turn 0 : The literal meaning of turn (1) is a request for information about the options available to the United States at present. The implied meaning, however, is that the speaker is concerned about the situation in Syria and is looking for possible courses of action that the United States could take to address the root cause of the humanitarian crisis there. The speaker believes that the Assad regime's practice of shelling populated areas not under its control is the main driver behind the crisis and that this should be the focus of the United States' response.

turn 0 : the war on women meaning that the government is trying to tell a woman what she can and cannot do with her body.

turn 0 : The blood flowed for our freedoms refers to the sacrifices made by soldiers for our country's freedom.

turn 0 : Despite the relief of averted war, people are still afraid of the war on terror and the potential for civilian casualties.

turn 0 : The speaker is acknowledging the wealth of their country and how they have been living in luxury, but now they feel like beggars due to the sudden change in their circumstances.


My pleasure.

turn 3 : To bring recognition to several people in the field.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: please tell us about the significance of the ship's chaplain and the award he won

turn 3 : The Saluting Marine is a well-known figure among Marines.

turn 3 : "Well, Scott, I was here last year with the U.S. Army, and they were advising the Afghan army at a higher level. And now with the Marines here, about 300 Marines, they saw the need to help the Afghans down at a lower level, closer to the front lines. And they're actually going out to Afghan bases, something you didn't see the army do. The American soldiers pretty much stayed on their larger base talking with Afghan generals."  In this turn, the actual implied meaning is that the Marines are actively engaging with and providing assistance to the Afghan troops at a more localized and frontline level. This is in contrast to the U.S. Army, who mainly interacted with Afghan generals from their larger base. The implied meaning is not simply about physical proximity or location but about the level of engagement and support provided by the Marines.

turn 3 : The actual meaning of turn 3 is "Thank you for joining us and providing information on the topic."


So you have worked directly with children at the Homestead Shelter in South Florida. Can you take us through one case, one specific type service that you provide now that you wouldn't be able to if and when these cuts go forward?

Generally we provide a Know-Your-Rights presentation to every single child that is detained in an ORR facility in South Florida. Next we provide a one-on-one legal screening with every single child that is in one of these shelters. That legal screening has two purposes. One is to let us know, is this an emergency?Do we need to file this child's case right away?Or are they eligible for relief and are going to be released to another location?If they're eligible for relief and going to be released elsewhere, we will work our butts off to try to find them a lawyer wherever they are released to.

What would it look like for a kid without a lawyer, without this type of legal aid that you're describing?

I mean, you can only imagine. There's no way that any child would be able to navigate this system alone. You know, no child is going to be able to represent themselves in court. And, you know, we see that already with unrepresented children.

turn 3 : The juvenile justice system disproportionately affects low-income African-American and Latino youths.

turn 3 : The courts did not have enough evidence to hold the children in custody.

turn 3 : A court decision may eliminate protections for people with preexisting conditions

turn 3 : This implies that an adopted child cultural background is protected by international law.

turn 3 : Unrepresented children are at a disadvantage in court.


turn 3 : Case is a legal judgement that will take place before a judge.

turn 3 : It is being implied that it will be difficult to proceed to court.

turn 3 : Representation in court is necessary for children's cases.


One of the stories in the collection is called "Missed Connection-m4w" - men for women - and it begins sort of like a Craigslist post in missed connections and then evolves from there. And you actually first published this on Craigslist. Is that right?

Yeah. What the story is about is about this guy who can't work up the nerve to talk to this woman sitting on the same train car as him. And in fact, 60 years pass where they. . .

He also can't get up and leave.

He - yeah. Well, 'cause he's paralyzed by this idea of who this woman is even though he never actually talks to her. But - so I had the idea to write this fake missed connection and just post it anonymously on Craigslist.

turn 1 : A had an inappropriate relationship with an older man at a young age.

turn 1 : The man never talks to the woman he likes for 60 years.

turn 1 : He says to call him a guy that likes to do things the way they used to be done years ago. He cautions against thinking that bringing people together will make them suddenly realize how wrong they had been.

turn 1 : "talked to him in years" - This means that the speaker has not had any communication with the person in question for a long time, but the literal meaning suggests a lack of verbal communication specifically.


He also can't get up and leave.

turn 2 : paralyzed by this idea  implies being confused and weak

turn 2 : to hold something in this context means that the person has power

turn 2 : The speaker is hinting that the situation is difficult or complex.

turn 2 : "change the dynamics" means to alter the way things are done

turn 2 : The brain is capable of adjusting to normalcy after experiencing an unusual situation.


That's a great question. Things are definitely improving in the eurozone. It is unfortunately too early to say that they're out of the woods or even completely out of their recession.

I gather that most of the growth appears to be centered in Germany and to a lesser degree France. And is this then just a case of work with the best economies to begin with getting a little bit better?

Well, Germany has been the better of the European economies, since they're getting a little bit better. France has struggled. Portugal had some good numbers last quarter. That's encouraging. But you're right, we are still deeply worried about other places, such as Italy, Spain and, of course, Greece.

Well, that brings up the question because unemployment still continues to be perniciously high in Spain and Greece. Does this improvement somehow filter through to them?

Well, it certainly will - should if it continues, but you need faster growth rates than this. The hope is that this is the beginning of a faster recovery. But the way the European economy is, roughly speaking, you need more than 1 percent per year annualized growth rate in order to reduce unemployment. Unemployment's very high. We want to be seeing on an annualized basis 2 percent, perhaps even 3 percent in this recovery phase in order to feel that they've really turned the corner.

You need greater growth to be able to spur greater hiring and to lower the unemployment.

turn 0 : EU countries are also taking action regarding the financial crisis.

turn 0 : The eurozone is still in a precarious economic position and not fully recovered yet.

turn 0 : The recession will not have a quick recovery

turn 0 : Italy leaving the eurozone is not a realistic possibility

turn 0 : The economy is not humming but is working as it should.


turn 1 : Italy leaving the eurozone is not a realistic possibility

turn 1 : The situation in the eurozone is improving, but it is still not out of the woods yet.

turn 1 : EU countries are also taking action regarding the financial crisis.

turn 1 : They are trying to ask what happen in Europe

turn 1 : The chaos caused by Brexit has unified European citizens and strengthened their attachment to the EU.


turn 3 : The economic situation will get worse, and it's uncertain how bad it will be.

turn 3 : The current improvement in the eurozone is not enough to solve its problems, and more growth is needed to reduce unemployment.

turn 3 : The economic situation is causing a significant decrease in hiring, sales, and investment.

turn 3 : THERE IS A BIG CHANGE THE PEOPLE HAVE ALREADY LOST THEIR MONEY

turn 3 : They need the countries to realize this is the way things should be done in other countries.


And Border Patrol agents are making a lot of trips to the hospital with sick children up and down the Southwest border - nearly 70 kids a day since December, they say. But immigration officials say it's just hard to keep up with the sheer numbers here. It's putting a huge strain on resources, and they're asking Congress for billions of additional dollars to deal with it.

In the meantime, what more have you learned in your reporting about the death of Carlos Hernandez Vasquez?

Well, a couple of things. One thing that really stands out is that Carlos Hernandez Vasquez died in a Border Patrol station. The previous migrant children who died were taken to the hospital first; Hernandez Vasquez was not even though immigration authorities clearly knew that he was sick. He was diagnosed with the flu by a nurse practitioner.

On the same day, Customs and Border Protection moved him to a different Border Patrol station where they could separate him from the other migrants to stop the spread of the flu. Even Health and Human Services officials were concerned about how ill he was. This is the agency that's responsible for long-term care of unaccompanied children. And HHS decided that Hernandez Vasquez could not be flown to a shelter in Florida because of his illness. So in retrospect, critics say it's hard to see why they did not take him to the hospital.

turn 0 : People are concerned about immigration, not just interested.

turn 0 : The number of migrant children crossing the border is a crisis, and they are out of funds for non-essential expenses.

turn 0 : The government of the United States is treating families seeking asylum inhumanely.

turn 0 : The speaker interviewed young children affected by the border crisis.

turn 0 : The situation of sick children at the border is worse than immigration officials claim


turn 2 : DR GONZALEZ AND HIS FAMILYWAIKED THROUGH AFORESTAND FACES MORE INTENSED THINGS

turn 2 : There is concern that there was illegal activity on Epstein's ranch in New Mexico and the investigation will be thorough

turn 2 : Mexico is facing a very serious and dangerous situation.

turn 2 : The death of Carlos Hernandez Vasquez could have been prevented if he had been taken to the hospital


turn 2 : Carlos Hernandez Vasquez was not given proper medical attention.

turn 2 : The person was not on fire but he was playing very well and getting a lot of fame and jobs because of this.


turn 3 : There is concern that there was illegal activity on Epstein's ranch in New Mexico and the investigation will be thorough

turn 3 : It was negligent of immigration authorities to not take Carlos Hernandez Vasquez to the hospital

turn 3 : A needs the help of USCIS and DOD to save their life.

turn 3 : DR GONZALEZ AND HIS FAMILYWAIKED THROUGH AFORESTAND FACES MORE INTENSED THINGS

turn 3 : The director general of the Mexican Red Cross is relieved that no significant damage has been reported and is thankful for the quick downgrade of Patricia.


turn 3 : There was a failure to provide appropriate medical care for Carlos Hernandez Vasquez.

turn 3 : The disaster was so severe that it was impossible to save everyone, and the situation was out of control.


Right.

It was, it's poignant because of Lisa "Left Eye" Lopez having passed away.

Definitely. And SWV and En Vogue, it was just yeah, that I thought, that was really good. I mean, where else could you see that but the BET Awards?

Yeah, it was, I mean I thought the staging was pretty amazing.

Definitely. Definitely.

turn 1 : It made the person feel sadness and it was hard for them to see.

turn 1 : 2: Lisa 'Left Eye' Lopez's death made it more emotional

turn 1 : Epstein's death was a very emotional and upsetting event for A

turn 1 : The statement "I know in my heart he shouldn't be dead," actual meaning a deep sense of sadness and loss over Jason's death, and wishes that he were still alive.


Right.

Definitely. Definitely.

turn 1 : The photograph had a strong emotional impact on me

turn 1 : The performance was emotional due to the death of Lisa Left Eye Lopez.

turn 1 : The story is emotional and difficult to hear.

turn 1 : It affected the young people's emotions when they saw what happened.


(Through interpreter) I realized that an Indigenous woman had never been a part of Miss Panama before. When I decided to enter the competition and all of Panama realized that I was Indigenous, many people discriminated against me. This made me reflect and say, OK.  Now that I'm here, I have the opportunity to change their thinking, so I wanted to promote my culture. I decided to wear my cultural dress, the nagua, and demonstrate to the whole world how much Indigenous culture is worth in our country.

And speaking of discrimination, when you were running for Miss Panama, a rumor surfaced that you were actually from Venezuela. And you had to prove that you grew up on the comarca, the implication, I guess, being that someone as beautiful as you couldn't be Indigenous. That must have been painful.

(Through interpreter) Yes, of course. Yes. They made a fake passport saying I was Venezuelan, that my dad was European, that I wasn't even Indigenous. It hurt me because, for my whole life, I've just tried to be who I am. And because of this rumor, I had to prove my citizenship so that the country would know that I am actually Panamanian. There were so many accusations, and I had to defend myself in one way or another.

You've spoken both at the United Nations and the Organization of American States. And you told the ambassadors and officials there that Indigenous people in the Americas are considered inferior, uneducated, are discriminated against. How has your community experienced that?

turn 0 : She probably did not literally say "OK" etc. The implication is simply that she thought these types of things and decided to act upon them.

turn 0 : She was not abruptly forced to return with no reason given.

turn 0 : None of the turns in this conversation have implied meanings different from their literal meanings.

turn 0 : She was not actually scared but was worried about doing a good job.

turn 0 : B is asking A if he/she thought carefully before doing something.


Exactly. It's just something that's very hard for a rancher to fight. So. . .

Hasn't the Endangered Species Act done a lot of good?

You know, in some instances, it has. And, you know, most ranchers don't want to see everything destroyed. You've got to understand also that a rancher is basically an endangered species. We're not as numerous as we used to be. And I think that ought to concern everybody involved because everybody seems to like to eat pretty well. So I think that's something that people want to remember.

Bill Kluck, sheep committee chairman of our R-Calf USA - and he's a rancher in South Dakota. Thanks so much for being with us, sir.

turn 2 : Despite efforts to protect livestock, it's difficult to fully control predators and their impact on the herd.

turn 2 : The farming communities are disappearing due to factors such as depopulation, urbanization, and economic challenges.

turn 2 : Ranchers are not as abundant as they used to be.

turn 2 : There are better meat choices to reduce environmental impact.

turn 2 : Even though the narrator already explained the word it is still needs a repeat as harvested means already gathered from the field.


Its impact has been on all aspects of Iranians' lives. They have problems in buying their usual daily foods. Prices have soared three or four times. They have problems in buying medication. If we want to talk about, for example, in the medical field, most of the drugs are now founding with much higher prices. Some of them cannot be found easily. So it affects their health.

What are you seeing?What does that look like firsthand?

Yeah. For example, in our field, physicians have to prescribe drugs that might be less effective, that might have more side effects. And they are affordable by the people in operations, in surgeries. We have shortage of devices. People must stay longer waiting for their operation, and it affects their health.

You mentioned some equipment. Can you give an example of that?

turn 2 : (3) A: The speaker implies that doctors are spending a significant amount of time on non-patient care activities, which is a major problem in the medical industry.

turn 2 : Lack of medical resources and delayed operations have negative effects on patients' health.

turn 2 : Republican lawmakers recognize that not taking action on health care would have negative political consequences.

turn 2 : Managing stress requires dealing with its physical effects on the body.

turn 2 : And I think as women are busy in the workforce and doing more activities with their family and working that the benefit of minimally invasive treatments is really evident." - The actual meaning is that because women are busy with work and family, they need treatments that are less invasive and have a shorter recovery time.


Thank you.

The next justice will be conservative. I think it's pretty safe to say that. But you write that conservative justices aren't all conservative in the same way. So could you explain?

Sure. Conservative judicial philosophy can mean a lot of things. Most prominently, what people talk about is that the judge focuses closely on the text and original understanding of the Constitution. But there are other philosophies that are associated with conservatism, as well. One is there's a libertarian strand of conservatism, which basically focuses on freedom from the state. And then there's an important strand of conservatism that says that judges should defer to the legislature and not get way out ahead of the people in terms of recognizing social rights. So, sometimes, the deference strand of conservatism conflicts with the other two.

You write that liberals are too confident in their despair, and conservatives are too jubilant. And you hinged that on Chief Justice John Roberts, who is conservative but could take on the mantle of the swing vote.

turn 3 : This implies that people are already curious to know how A intends to defeat Trump.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that other members of the White House may seek legal counsel in light of President Trump's actions.

turn 3 : The justices will give their opinions on certain issues for the first time.

turn 3 : It is being implied that if everyone resigns he will be the new leader.

turn 3 : The hinge is just the importance of the information being placed on the Chief Justice. This person would not take on a mantle but just vote in a way that changes the outcome.


Oh, no. As a matter of fact, I was delighted that I had had the opportunity to contribute to it. I had the option to volunteer for the program. I opted not to because I was very much involved in research that needed to be done. So I was - I turned down the opportunity because I felt that what we were doing was valuable for the future of our space program. As a matter of fact, the small 5-foot diameter parachute that we used to stabilize my freefall is still being used today in every ejection seat in the world. So what we did some 50 year - 55 years ago is still being used today.

What do you think about space exploration now?It struck me watching this that it's lost its human component, in a way. We send these unmanned missions into deep space, but we haven't really pushed human boundaries, I think, for quite some time.

I personally think that we should go back to the moon as soon as we can because there's a lot of lessons we need to learn before we can go to Mars, which should be the next great human adventure.

May I ask you a question?As you were standing on the precipice, you said a prayer. What was that prayer?What were you praying for?

turn 1 :  (2) - Implied meaning: What is your opinion on modern space exploration, which has become more robotic than human?

turn 1 :  implies surprise that the potential for machines to reach human intelligence is a reality that children might have to consider.

turn 1 : Working on a space mission is a fulfilling experience

turn 1 : (2) Implied Meaning: Is this the overall goal we are striving towards?

turn 1 : Asimov was optimistic in his predictions despite his concerns.


turn 3 : The literal meaning of turn (4) is that the speaker could have reached the summit of K2 but chose not to risk losing their fingers or a tip of a finger. However, the implied meaning is that the speaker prioritizes their physical well-being over the achievement of reaching the summit of K2. This suggests that the speaker is sensible and cautious when it comes to decision-making, even in high-risk situations.

turn 3 :  (4) is an expression of surprise. The implied meaning is an expression of admiration.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at a deeper or hidden motive or intention behind their actions or words.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of "precipice" is a very steep cliff or slope, but in this context it is used metaphorically to refer to the moment before the takeoff, when the speaker was standing on the edge of a new and daring adventure.

turn 3 : The phrase "down the road" is a figurative expression meaning at some point in the future.


turn 3 :  (4) - Implied meaning: What thoughts or feelings were you experiencing in that moment?

turn 3 : to imagine something in this context means something was unbelievable to the person but it still happened

turn 3 : Implied meaning: Amused disbelief at the sudden change in the status quo.

turn 3 : (4) is the same as its literal meaning, which is a brief acknowledgement of what was just said.


So that's the drug industry's argument against this proposal. They say that because of insurance coverage, hardly anyone pays the price the Trump administration is forcing these drug makers to include in their ads. That price is often called the list price or the sticker price, as we said. Drugmakers argue that including that price would scare consumers off from even going to their doctor and asking about a drug because they'd see a sky-high list price, and they would think - I can't afford that; I'm not going to go to the doctor.

Well, now that's interesting because that could be bad for someone's health. But is that actually what the government may want in some cases - for a consumer to make an informed decision that this drug just seems really pricey for the benefits alleged with it?

So I don't think the Trump administration would go that far. They say that this is the start of a conversation between a consumer and their doctor about a drug. They really want to try to get drugmakers to lower their prices. They've, countless times now, sort of shamed drug companies and said - if you're ashamed of your price, if you don't want to put it in your ad, lower the price.

And we should note that this is only for somewhat more expensive drugs - more than $35 per month. That's who the rule - that's what the drugs that the rule applies to. Hasn't one company, though, already gone ahead and just done this?

turn 2 : Everyone is aware that the issue of high prescription drug costs needs to be addressed, but there are opposing views on how to do so.

turn 2 : The Trump administration wants drug companies to lower their prices.

turn 2 : The development could have a significant impact on drug storage.

turn 2 : Big drug companies are not interested in developing therapies for addiction because they don't see drug addicts as a profitable investment.


It doesn't, really. I mean, I have obviously no view on his guilt or innocence. But, I mean, abuse can be perpetrated by anybody in any walk of life. And rank does not guarantee that somebody will not be an abuser of children.

What do you think it says about how much progress the Catholic Church has made in fighting abuse by the clergy?

I think it shows progress in one area. And that is that civil authorities now are not reluctant to charge any member of the clergy. There's not that deference there was in the past. And that's a good change. As far as the actual church itself, there is still a reluctance. I mean, even in this case, the church guidelines themselves - most guidelines say that if a priest is accused of abuse, he must step down from his position on the accusation, must be investigated. But the accusations against Cardinal Pell were known months ago. And yet he was allowed to remain in his position until he was actually charged.

You've met with Pope Francis. How committed do you think he is to doing what's necessary?

turn 3 : (4): Implied meaning: Advising to not waste energy in trying to convince people who are negative about unknown normal things, since it is not possible to change their mindset.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is suggesting that they are uncertain about the future outcome of a situation, and are not making any definitive statements or commitments. The tone and context of the statement could suggest that the speaker is being cautious, non-committal, or may be waiting for more information before making a decision.

turn 3 : The speaker does not agree with the Catholic views of the pope but acknowledges his power.

turn 3 : The Vatican is beginning to take action to change the church

turn 3 : "How committed do you think he is to doing what's necessary?" - the literal meaning is asking about the level of commitment of Pope Francis to take necessary actions. The implied meaning is that there are actions that need to be taken to address abuse within the Catholic Church, and it is unclear if Pope Francis is fully committed to taking those actions.


Yes. Not a lot of people, but if you go into the databases where all these academic reports are kept and where they reference each other, you find that a lot of these reports, other people did cite him. And sometimes I've gone in and looked at those later reports by other people that mention Trinkaus' reports. And it seems to me that many times they didn't really read his report. They just - they saw he did a report that's about something related to what they're doing and they mentioned him. There are a surprising number of studies in academia that are like that, that mentioned earlier reports by other people and it's not clear whether they actually read those reports.

In hearing about him, I feel like there are shades of the 19th century naturalists who just went around tallying the things they saw around - around them. Do you think he was inspired by that at all or thinks of himself that way?

I don't know whether he was inspired by them, but that has always struck me as being the type of person he is. He looks around. He gets annoyed at what somebody's doing or lots of people, and it makes him curious. He doesn't just sit there and fume and have steam come out his ears or nose or whatever. He sits there and he counts and he documents it, and then he publishes that someplace where other people can read about it.

But he doesn't, at the same time, make any arguments about it. He just sticks to the facts, huh?

turn 0 : on that note means speaking of which, or they are moving the discussion forward with a topic that was mentioned.

turn 0 : implies a request for a summary of the facts of the case

turn 0 : that people don’t do their homework means that they don’t research information.

turn 0 : "the same ground cited" implies the same reasons cited.

turn 0 : Many academic reports are cited without actually being read.


And that made both party's much more democratic operations - again, small D.  But the Democrats - large D, capital D - pushed it a lot further than the Republicans. The Republicans want to restrain the representational nature of the system a little bit so as to reach a conclusion a little faster. And that's the big difference now.

I think in Super Tuesday-voting today, for example, it's quite possible that one Republican candidate will get enough votes around the country that he'll become the nominee more or less de facto. On the Democratic side, though, there's really no chance to that. The proportional splits that I've been talking about, the breaking of the vote down and making it representative of the vote, that's going to divide the delegates between the two parties - or between the two candidates on the Democratic side.

So there are people on both sides of the major party system who have dropped out, and they have delegates. What happens to their delegates?

There aren't many, really. It's just a handful in both parties. And what will happen to those delegates is after their candidate is officially out - John Edwards, for example, is not officially out. He's just suspended his campaign.

turn 0 : Democratic Party is inclusive and addresses national crisis

turn 0 : "Sanders only calls himself a Democrat when he's seeking to be the party nominee for president." - The literal meaning of this turn is that Sanders identifies as a Democrat only when he is running for the party's presidential nomination. The actual meaning is that the speaker is implying that Sanders is not a true Democrat.

turn 0 :  "Well, you know, elections are procedures that we find in democracies. But, you know, there has to be a culture of democracy. If you had a free and fair election, there wouldn't be rigging. There wouldn't be ballot-stuffing and intimidation. So democracy has more components than just elections."  In this turn, the speaker is using the word "democracy" in a broader sense than its literal meaning. The literal meaning of democracy refers to a system of government where power is held by the people or their elected representatives, and decisions are made by majority rule. However, the speaker is using the term to refer to a culture or society where democratic values and practices are ingrained and respected. They argue that free and fair elections alone do not guarantee democracy, as a democratic culture involves more than just electoral procedures.

turn 0 : "The phrase democratic socialist that Sanders uses a lot - that has quite a few fans, especially among younger voters, who seem to take this word socialist in stride." - The literal meaning of this turn is that Sanders' use of the term "democratic socialist" has garnered support among young voters who are not put off by the term "socialist." The actual meaning is that the speaker is noting a generational divide in how voters perceive the term "socialist."

turn 0 : In this turn, the use of "democratic" with a small 'D' is not referring to the political ideology of democracy. Instead, it is referring to the internal operations of the parties becoming more inclusive and participatory. Similarly, "Democrats" with a capital 'D' is not solely referring to the Democratic Party, but rather to the people who identify with or support the Democratic Party.


turn 3 : The phrase "officially out" in this context refers to a candidate formally ending their campaign and withdrawing from the race. It implies that there is a distinction between being "officially out" and merely suspending the campaign, suggesting the possibility of a candidate re-entering the race in the future.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that there is a large number of progressive candidates running in the runoff election, and Mayor Emanuel's political action committee is trying to reduce their numbers.

turn 3 :  "put out of the country" in turn (4) is an idiom that means "to force someone to leave a place or country", which is different from its literal meaning.

turn 3 : This turn has a literal meaning of cancelling and substituting a law or policy with a new one. However, in this context, it refers to the highly anticipated vote in the House of Representatives on a bill that would repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare).

turn 3 : "Run out the clock" is not literal. There is no actual clock here, as in sports. Instead, it refers to delaying tactics where the "clock" would be the remainder of his time in office.


I think that - I would like to see in a penal system where they had - a separate penal system for those people who have been convicted of drug crimes, non-violent drug crimes, where they address the addictive nature of whatever they're on and have them on probation and ease them out of the penal system with very severe probation conditions so you can address the addiction and the behavior and environment that invite continuing use, even though an addict is trying to change.

Well, Judge, always good to talk to you. Thank you.

Always. Thank you.

Judge Lynn Toler is the star of "Divorce Court. "She's also the author of "My Mother's Rules: A Practical Guide to Becoming an Emotional Genius" and she joined us from radio station KJZZ in Tempe, Arizona.

turn 0 : The criminal justice system is heavily involved in the opioid epidemic.

turn 0 : It is unexpected for a country with low crime rate to experience such a violent crime

turn 0 : There is a problem with gun violence in America.

turn 0 : Proposes a different approach to dealing with non-violent drug crimes.

turn 0 : "We probably can't arrest our way out of this problem" - This turn means that relying solely on the criminal justice system to solve the problem of sexual abuse is not enough. The literal meaning of the sentence would be that arresting people is not a viable solution.


I asked Soerens what that would mean for his organization.

World Relief is really committed to our mission of empowering local churches to serve the vulnerable. We remain committed to that mission. But it would probably be at a reduced scale because with fewer refugees arriving, we wouldn't be able to maintain the current infrastructure we have throughout the United States. And of course, none of the people we'd be able to serve would be newly arrived refugees because those people would be shut out completely.

There are also questions right now about the asylum laws in general. Before the Trump administration, how difficult was it for any particular individual to claim asylum in this country and have that claim be accepted?

And so someone claiming asylum is basically professing to be a refugee. That is to say, they say they have a well-founded fear of persecution on account of their race, religion, political opinion, national origin or social group. And it's never been easy because the burden of proof is on the applicant. And frankly, sometimes the people who say they're going to kill you don't send you a notarized letter saying that. And you may not have documentary evidence of the well-founded fear of persecution.

turn 1 : to be tackled in this context means to do something first before anything else

turn 1 : playing refers to as and implies engaged with or undertake

turn 1 :  (2) The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is curious to know what kind of help the two people provided each other with during their lunch time.

turn 1 : to serve in this context means to help

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at a desire or need for help or support from the listener.


The Confederates. 12,000 troops - give or take - under Confederate Commander Jubal Early.

And he had 12,000 troops?

More or less.

Amassed right over - up the street, basically?

turn 0 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 0 : (1) Implied meaning: Are you suggesting that despite the good things Franklin Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln did, they were still wrong for certain actions?

turn 0 : Turn (1) implicates that the Confederate troops were roughly 12,000 in number, whereas the literal meaning is that they were exactly 12,000.

turn 0 : (1) The actual meaning of turn (1) is different from its literal meaning, as it implies that the speaker is ready to defend their state against any legal challenges from the Trump administration and has a track record of success in litigation against them, indicating a confident and confrontational approach.

turn 0 : Turn (1) has a non-literal meaning. The speaker is suggesting that the cost of the program may be justified by its deterrent effect, even though it may not be cost-effective in terms of the number of arrests made.


. . . I think, who was - who was poisoned by, we think, we believe, some of his former colleagues. Yes. I think it was partly inspired by that. But it was partly, I think, inspired by the fact that Russia and particularly the Russian intelligence services seemed to be getting more aggressive. And now I'm an outsider, you have to remember, so I have no inside knowledge. But we read that there are just as many Russian intelligence officers in London, in the West in general, as there were during the Cold War. And you have to ask yourself what they're all doing. And that's one of the things I do ask myself when I'm writing fiction.

We have to crack open the story of this week. U. S.  security services this week say they're convinced that it was Russian hackers working for the government who hacked into the files of the Democratic National Committee. And they leaked material to have some palpable effect on the elections. Does that strike you as plausible?

It's plausible. But then there are many people who could have hacked into those files, not only the Russian intelligence service. So you have to remember that, you know, there are many people with that capacity and many reasons for leaking. I very much doubt that it's all as straightforward as it might appear.

I've read that you were the first official from British intelligence to meet with the KGB after the change.

turn 3 : (3) implies that the speaker found the KGB officers intimidating and felt like they were looking at him and his colleagues with menace.

turn 3 : (2) implies that the speaker doubts whether the KGB officers were actually interested in the discussion of democratic oversight and were just pretending to pay attention.

turn 3 : The implication of this turn is that the speaker was one of the first British intelligence officers to meet with the KGB after the fall of the Soviet Union.

turn 3 : implies asking for an opinion on Russia's ambitions.


So, what happened in West Virginia certainly doesn't instill confidence necessarily in a municipal water system I would think.

The fact that this happens so infrequently actually I think is a testament to the quality of our drinking water. I mean, it's quite remarkable. I could go anywhere in the U. S.  and have some tap water and not really give a second thought about its quality. I can't do that in most parts of the world. You know, there's no question you're right. We have to remain vigilant. There are always sources of contamination that water providers have to be worried about - natural sources, microbes, pathogens, bacteria and such. And then there are obviously these accidents. One of the reasons this chemical got into the system so quickly is that no one expected it to be in the water. And so the treatment system wasn't set up to deal with it.

Yeah. And now they're telling pregnant women you may still not want to drink this water, although other people can. And that, I think, makes people feel like, well, what do you mean?

Think about this, though. I mean, there are over 60,000 chemicals in commerce in the United States and only a fraction of those have had really significant toxicity testing. And so the chemical that's spilled here is something that's used to, you know, to treat coal. It's not something you'd expect to find in your drinking water. And that's not a justification for why we don't have the data, because we should have it. It ended up in our drinking water. But the scale of the problem I think is important to keep in mind as well.

turn 1 : The invisibility and tastelessness of water problems make it easier for them to go unnoticed and unaddressed, leading to potential risks to public health and safety.

turn 1 : watering hole implies that the location was a bar or a place to get drinks

turn 1 : (3) "So, clean water tastes bad." The speaker is not suggesting that clean water always tastes bad, but rather making a statement based on the previous speaker's explanation that excessively purified water (i.e. distilled water) can have a less appealing taste. The implied meaning is that excessively purified water can have a less appealing taste, not that all clean water tastes bad.

turn 1 : "the white water always broke down and they drank the colored water." - The actual meaning could be, "The facilities for white people were given better maintenance and resources, while the facilities for people of color were neglected and substandard." It may not necessarily mean that the actual water was colored or that people drank water of different colors.

turn 1 : In Turn 2, the speaker is implying that even though the incident in West Virginia was unfortunate, it is still a testament to the quality of drinking water in the US, as similar incidents rarely occur.


You've probably seen the signs in pharmacies now - flu shots here. You can buy shampoo, deodorant, nasal spray, M&M's and a flu shot. But if you're of a certain demographic, you might consider waiting a while before you get that shot. Here's some advice from Dr.  Laura Haynes, a professor of immunology at the University of Connecticut.

The best time for most people to get the flu vaccine would be in October. If you're a little bit older and over 65, I would say between Halloween and Thanksgiving.

Why should older people wait a month or more?Dr.  Haynes says. . .

Their immune response isn't as good to the vaccine. So the protection that's induced wanes more quickly. So therefore, you'd want to wait a little bit longer than you would if you were a younger adult. That way, you're protected throughout the majority of the really bad flu season, which happens from, say, January to April.

turn 0 : In this turn, the speaker is not just providing a straightforward answer to the question asked by the interviewer. Instead, they are using the opportunity to condemn the violent behavior of protesters and emphasize the importance of peaceful demonstrations. The implied meaning is that the government does have a policy for dealing with protesters, but the speaker is more interested in making a statement about the need for peaceful protest.

turn 0 : (1) A: On the other hand, in this case, much as you or I might find to step on the flag terribly offensive, it was - it seems to me - actually well integrated into the lesson plan. I think he was probably trying to shock his students. I think that maybe the best way to do that pedagogically, however, is to do something with a little balance. If you think your more conservative students are going to be shocked by the - you stepping on the flag, do something that's going to shock your more liberal students as well to illustrate to both sides in the classroom that shocking speech is also OK.  The literal meaning of this turn is that the act of stepping on the flag was integrated into the lesson plan to shock students and that the speaker suggests doing something with a little balance to shock both liberal and conservative students. However, the implied meaning is that the speaker believes that educators should not shy away from using provocative or controversial material in their lesson plans, even if it might offend some students. The speaker is suggesting that this approach can be a useful pedagogical tool to engage students and challenge their beliefs, but it should be done in a balanced way that respects all viewpoints in the classroom.

turn 0 : "I did everything in my power to stem that threat against our young president" - The actual meaning of this turn is not the literal meaning of "stemming a threat", which would involve stopping or slowing down the source of the threat like a river or tide. Here, it means that the speaker took actions to prevent harm to President Kennedy.

turn 0 : "taking these protests one step further" - This phrase means that the protestors are escalating their actions beyond just protesting.


turn 1 :  I'm the youngest of six, which is hard to be sometimes, because you get bossed around by everybody in the house.

turn 1 : (3) Implies that the speaker used to have a difficult time during the holidays, as they had to worry about bills and expenses that come with the season.

turn 1 : (2) - Waiting a month or more is recommended for people over 65, not waiting until Halloween or Thanksgiving.

turn 1 : It is difficult to provide three meals a day with $1.75, and sheriffs can keep the leftover money for personal use


turn 3 : It implies how important vaccination is against seasonal flu.

turn 3 : Delays in treating people with the virus could lead to it spreading rapidly.

turn 3 : The chances of new Ebola cases arriving in Uganda are high until the outbreak stops in DRC.

turn 3 : 4) - The suggested waiting period is to maintain protection throughout the flu season, not to get protection until the flu season.


Now, Ward Connerly said of economic affirmative action was okay so you know, rich and poor but not racial or gender. How do you feel about those distinctions?

I think that it's some - I think that there's something very misguided about that. If you're saying that the government can take action to try to bring about equality based on finances and economic status, it seems to me that given that racism and sexism still deform opportunity in this society, it makes no sense to stand against allowing the government and allowing the private sector to take action to try to bring about greater equality and equal opportunity.

Next week in Michigan, a federal district court judge is going to hear oral arguments against prop two. That judge could decide to throw out the proposition is unconstitutional but you're actually hoping for a full trial. Why?

We are, because we think that we have to go to the Supreme Court with a full record in these cases. We think that it's extremely important to get at the question of what is - of who has a preference in the society. And I think, as Ward Connerly himself admitted in our deposition, there are all kinds of preferences and privileges that white men have that still are not afforded to the whole society. And I think it's very important to get a trial record on that.

turn 3 : In (4), the speaker is explaining that they want a full trial to build a complete record of the case, in order to bring attention to the issue of privilege and preference in society, particularly those that benefit white men.

turn 3 : to stand to trial means until they are ready to have a trial

turn 3 : In (4), the speaker asks if the other person can recall a scene that accurately portrays suspects' behavior when questioned by the police. The implied meaning is that the speaker is interested in finding examples of suspects speaking to the police despite having the right to remain silent, possibly to better understand the phenomenon.

turn 3 : The speaker is expressing concern that the justice system might be unfairly biased against certain individuals based on their race and access to resources.


Why aren't all Republican votes for this bill locked up?There are conservatives who don't like it. They're centrists that don't like it.

Well, there's a lot to not like. It's a big, messy problem. But the conversation on, you know, The Weekly Standard, the Washington Examiner, the groups that I work with. . .

Yeah.

. . . You know, we are at the junction of these confluences. For years, you had a pretty straightforward, conservative view on health care that the free market fixes it so you put in some kind of floor so that, you know, worst-case scenario, you still got a net to catch you. But then you let people shop. And just like your iPhone, prices go down; quality goes up. It's - that's the formula. But that formula is hard to find in this bill because you have this other group of people who actually won the White House. And they're not conservatives. They're Trump - whatever, you know, Republicans, nationalists, whatever, and they have a different view.

turn 2 : In context, "Yeah" is used as a way to show agreement and understanding. Its implied meaning is that the speaker is in agreement with the idea being presented by the other person.

turn 2 : The turn "Yeah" in this context implies agreement with the previous statement, understanding, and interest in the topic, which is different from its literal meaning.

turn 2 : In this context, "Yeah. Yeah." is not meant to indicate agreement or affirmation, but rather a sign of impatience or boredom, suggesting that B is not particularly interested in the conversation or does not want to continue discussing the topic.

turn 2 : "We are - yeah." Here, the literal meaning would be that the speaker is simply repeating what the other person said and adding an affirmation. However, the actual meaning could be interpreted as the speaker expressing uncertainty or hesitation.


The global economy is facing some risk right now, according to a leading woman in finance. We specify Christine Lagarde's gender because the managing director of the International Monetary Fund is among the most prominent women in a male-dominated industry. And gender is very much on her mind on this International Women's Day.

She's been suggesting the world would be a very different place if women played more leading roles in banking. Madam Lagarde has consistently said that had more women been in charge of the major banks, the financial crisis of 2008 might have been avoided. She's now studying risks to the economy, and that is where we began our conversation.

There are risks. It's coming from various corners of the world, this sort of downward trend that we're seeing. One is you have the euro area numbers, in particular, combination of the Brexit uncertainty and the trade concerns but also particular matters affecting, for instance, the automobile industry in Germany or the uncertainty over the Italian budget or the protests in the streets of my home country.

But you're also seeing some countries that have gone down for other reasons. Think of Argentina, which has faced a major crisis. Think of Iran, for instance, which have been revised downwards - big way. Think of Venezuela, which is contracting massively. So those are, you know, sort of, the particular countries that are going to contribute to that declining growth in 2019 and in 2020.

turn 1 :  (2) Madam Lagarde has consistently said that had more women been in charge of the major banks, the financial crisis of 2008 might have been avoided. - This turn implies that if more women had been in charge of the major banks, the financial crisis of 2008 might have been avoided.

turn 1 : The women are not running but they are trying to get elected.

turn 1 : Implying she is underestimated because she is a woman.

turn 1 : The listener asks whether women played a crucial role in the election.


Well, it's really interesting. The word exoneration came to mind, but that's not quite right. I mean, you care if people don't believe you, but it wasn't my job to make people believe me. It was just my job to survive this and push a movement forward. But what I saw - that disgusting document that - you know, her email outlining how they were going to terrorize me. It was just as if, yes, this is exactly what's been happening to me.

And, of course, Lisa Bloom jumps out at many people because she had a reputation as a civil rights lawyer who represented women who had been assaulted or harassed. And she described that work in this memo to Harvey Weinstein. She said, quote, "I feel equipped to help you against the Roses of the world because I have represented so many of them," unquote. What do you make of that?

It's vile. It's just - it's kind of the mark of a psychopath, and it's so cold. And you know what?Yeah, the Roses of this world - we get pushed around. And we get hurt, and we get disbelieved. And to have a woman involved in it let alone a woman who purports to be all about protecting women and protecting people who get abused by power is - it's egregious. It's disgusting. It's despicable, but it's also fitting for I think who she really is.

Well, she says - she has said in subsequent statements several things. No. 1, she says she made a mistake. No. 2, she says she did not understand the scope of the allegations against him, including assaults.

turn 0 : The speaker was falsely accused and wrongfully blamed.

turn 0 : The speaker disagrees with the other person's argument.

turn 0 : implies that the speaker was advocating for themselves to be violently punished,

turn 0 : The speaker is highlighting the severity of the allegations against Jeffrey Epstein and warning the listeners that the details may be upsetting.

turn 0 : The speaker is reflecting on their mistakes and hoping to learn from them.


turn 1 : She began to act like and say things like the author, Virginia Woolf.

turn 1 : Lisa Bloom's name and simply herself, is very noticeable and memorable to a great many people.

turn 1 : She creates lines of written work in stories that sound good and have a great deal of emotion. Also, the way she writes her stories has a great deal of meaning.

turn 1 : Molly is glad to be part of the news business, since there is always something interesting to report on.

turn 1 : She hopes people find a way to read the book that she has written.


Yesterday, in a letter to Congress, Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner said that significant uncertainty now exists with regard to unresolved tax and spending policies for 2013, but we didn't really need Timothy Geithner to tell us that. Ron Elving is with us. He's NPR's senior Washington editor, and he joins me here in Studio 3A to help us make sense of what's happening in Washington as this deadline looms closer like a shadow approaching. Right, Ron?Welcome back to TALK OF THE NATION.

Good to be with you, Celeste.

Explain to me what's going on 'cause, first, we heard there may be a proposal from the president, then we heard there's no proposal from the president. Where do the negotiations stand?

The Senate is here. The president is here. They appear to be talking. The president was on the phone before he left Hawaii with the Republican and Democratic leaders of both the House and Senate. And apparently in one of the conversations that he had, either last night or after he got back here today, he intimated in some way to the Republican leader in the Senate - now, of course he's the minority leader in the Senate, as the Republicans are under 50 percent in that body - and Mitch McConnell got the message one way or another that the president was going to put something new on the table later on today. And so his people came out and told all the reporters on Capitol Hill, we're getting something from the president today, stay tuned.

turn 0 : It is unlikely that the Congress and the president will be able to create a debt reduction bill that benefits the country and its people, and this will put a big pressure on the budget due to the tax problem

turn 0 : We already knew about the uncertainty regarding tax and spending policies in 2013

turn 0 : The advice we receive about spending and saving is contradictory.

turn 0 : The $4 trillion tax cuts will be difficult to fit into the $5 trillion budget.

turn 0 : The economists spoke up and said that people should take caution in their finances.


Good to be with you, Celeste.

turn 0 : Deficit spending to provide tax cuts may not be judged favorably in history

turn 0 : A implies that positive economic effects of the tax reductions will have positive political developments for the Republicans

turn 0 : Timothy Geithner's statement on tax and spending policies is not surprising

turn 0 : "I'm sure the Democrats will be promoting increasing taxes in seven years. That's what the Democrats always promote." - The speaker is using hyperbole and making a generalization that may not be true for all Democrats.


Good to be with you, Celeste.

turn 3 : Congressional Republicans won't pass the bill unless the President makes sure they will not be hurt politically.

turn 3 : There is evidence that would support the Presidents statement.

turn 3 : This implies that people are already curious to know how A intends to defeat Trump.

turn 3 : Implies that the speaker would like to see further reforms beyond what is suggested by Speaker Ryan.

turn 3 : The president will propose something new later today


Yes, of course. Ja.

Does it work?Have you taken it for a spin?

We intentionally avoided to drive the car. But what is really interesting, after 162 years, we conducted this - we call it octagon engine because of the shape of the exterior of the engine. And we connected it to a battery supply and the engine is still working today.

So you've started it up.

turn 3 : Turn not provided. Please provide a turn for me to analyze.

turn 3 : THEIR VARITIES OF VEHICLES EXPLAINS THE CONDITION

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be suggesting that there are some hidden or unknown factors that could influence the situation being discussed.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker thinks that there is a level of ambiguity or hidden message in the turn that may not be immediately apparent, but which can be inferred or interpreted through context or other clues.

turn 3 :  The actual meaning of these turns is that A and B are inquiring whether the car has been used and tested, not just looked at.


Yes, of course. Ja.

So you've started it up.

turn 3 : (3) implies that the speaker wants to know what the speaker observed,

turn 3 : The actual meaning of this statement is that it is asking why the combustion engine became the predominant power supply for cars instead of the electric engine.

turn 3 : Implies that the speaker wants to know if the engine has been started and is running.

turn 3 : So you get a sense of how this whole thing is going. - This implies that the speaker wants the listener to understand the context and overall direction of the conversation.


Well, you know, the military hardware is not my specialty. I kind of look at the refugees, so good for you. But what I do know and what we can count is that they have been pretty effective in taking down some of these planes. There was a MiG that was shot down outside of Damascus. And so, in effect, this is their homemade stinger, they're homemade SAM-7. And all of this stuff has been captured from Syrian airbases. They continue to ask for these weapons from the international community.

In some ways it's become a way to say, do you support us?And if you do, will you give us those weapons?I have talked to a number of military analysts who say they don't really need outside weapons. They are beginning to capture what they need.

NPR correspondent Deborah Amos on the border between Turkey and Syria. You're listening to TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News. And as the areas under rebel control expand, are there coalitions developing between these local groups that have liberated various areas?Are there frictions developing among these groups?

We asked that today in this small town, and there is a council that has formed there. But these are people who've never done this before. They have committees for finding flour for the bakeries. They have committees for the refugees. They have committees for cleaning up the town. But all of this is done with no money. And because what happens when you are in a, quote, "liberated area," when the rebels liberate the area from the government, you are essentially under sanctions from the government.

turn 0 : Despite efforts to shelter them, hospitals in Syria are being targeted during military operations.

turn 0 : The rebels are effectively using weapons they captured from Syrian airbases.

turn 0 : The strategy to solve the Syrian crisis is similar to Obama's

turn 0 : The Rebels have gained access to heavy weapons through their victories, and they may not need international arms.

turn 0 : The person was not actually taken to Syria, they were just told what was going on there.


Yet, does it make any kind of sense to you?

Well, it does. I think John McCain obviously from the beginning likes to shake things up. We saw that with the Sarah Palin pick the day after the Democratic convention ended. And we saw that with the poll showing that economic uncertainty helping giving Barack Obama boost in the polls. Perhaps that John McCain thought he'd shake it up by announcing that he would suspend his campaign, delay the debates because of this financial crisis.

So, did something happen politically in the last 24 hours to move Senator McCain back to Oxford, Mississippi or polls suddenly showing something?

Well, the feeling was always that he was going to have to show - he was of course hoping from a signal from either from the House Republicans or President Bush saying that negotiations were going well. But obviously, the Democrats really didn't like McCain's involvement on this. They said he was playing - he was posturing, playing presidential politics.

turn 1 : A's turn: The actual meaning is that John McCain's position on enhanced interrogation techniques is inconsistent with what he has been saying on the campaign trail, and he seems to be trying to reconcile this inconsistency. The words used may imply that John McCain is being deceptive or inconsistent.

turn 1 : John McCain's economic message is weak and inconsistent.

turn 1 : John McCain is facing political isolation and uncertainty in the Senate

turn 1 : "shake things up" implies that John McCain's has the tendency of taking bold and unexpected actions to disrupt the political landscape and garner attention.


It's important to note that the French didn't suspend support. So, there is some disagreement over the way forward, even among allies. There are indications that the moderates backed by the U. S.  and the Islamists are negotiating over a merger. Both these groups oppose the Assad regime. They both oppose the hard-core al-Qaida group; in fact, they fought against them. There are reports that U. S.  policymakers are rethinking the approach to the Islamic front. U. S.  officials have reportedly met with some of the leaders of this group last month in Turkey. And this all comes in the context of the Geneva talks which are scheduled for January. That's when the Syrian regime and the political opposition are going to sit down face to face for the first time.

The only group, Scott, that can deliver any change on the ground is the Islamic Front. They're the most powerful rebel formation across northern Syria. They hold great swaths of territory. They are the important players, much more important than the moderate Free Syrian Army, who showed on Friday they can't even protect their warehouses. They are the weakest group on the battlefield, even though they're supported by the U. S. So, that's why there is a crisis in U. S.  policy and there appears to be some rethinking of that policy.

NPR's Deborah Amos speaking with us from Beirut. Thanks so much.

Thank you.

turn 2 : thanking the NPR reporter, so it does not have a different actual meaning from its literal meaning.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of the statement is Deborah Amos thanking the speaker, but the implied meaning is that the conversation is over.

turn 2 : The speaker is acknowledging and agreeing with the previous speaker's statement, but does not provide any additional information or opinion. The meaning of this turn depends on the context of the conversation.

turn 2 : the literal and actual meanings are the same. The speakers are simply exchanging pleasantries and expressing gratitude for the conversation

turn 2 : (3) implies gratitude and appreciation, (3) implies that the conversation is coming to an end


That's so well-said. That's been a really big part of this. You know, we offer so much to our students. And we're members of our community. And we're not asking for the moon. We really just want to feel like we're also taken care of so that we can continue to take care of other people. And in order to really provide the service that we're providing, we need some basic security and some basic rights.

That's Markella Los. She's a yoga instructor for YogaWorks in New York City, and she's part of the push to unionize yoga instructors there. Markella, thank you.

Thank you so much.

We reached out to YogaWorks for a comment, but the company has yet to respond.

turn 0 : Indicating that they are priceless means that they have high value.

turn 0 : They are not asking for a lot of really expensive items.

turn 0 : a lot of stuff means there is a massive amount

turn 0 : When you hand out money quickly with no regulations people will spend it on things that are not needed.

turn 0 : priceless implies a zero price or worthless, but it really means valuable


The crowd was enormous. They were fired-up. There was this huge jumbo-tron screen on which the results were being displayed on CNN, and so, of course, as it came in, and it fall - it fell, first New Hampshire for Obama, then Pennsylvania, and then the red states started coming in. The crowd was going crazy.

What was striking about the speeches, after having covered Senator Obama for more than 20 months and seeing all the blue placards with Change on it and the rally atmosphere, this was very different than that. This was a presidential speech. The placards were gone, and American flags were being waved by people in the crowd.

And the speech itself was - there was no humor. It was a very serious speech. And though it had lots of optimism in it, it was about the challenges that we face as a country. And so, it really felt - and they, of course, set it up that way, so that it would be a pivot from the campaign Obama to the governing Obama. And one last observation is that he was surrounded on both sides by what looked like two huge parenthesis, massive bullet proof glass on either side of him as he spoke, protecting him from most of that crowd of roughly 200,000.

Well, let's talk about that pivot. We heard that Barack Obama will be speaking with President Bush sometime, perhaps, this week?

turn 0 : The government rigged the election and caused violence.

turn 0 : There is a possibility of an election despite no official announcement yet.

turn 0 : The turn in (1) implies that the speaker is excited about the attention they're receiving because they have a history of making groundbreaking decisions in the political arena.

turn 0 : They had a hard time coming up with something that would amaze and impress people.

turn 0 : The crowd was very excited and enthusiastic about the election results.


Not me but we collectively.

We. And then in one place, Philadelphia, I believe, they say yeah mean, which is different.

I thought he played basketball. The Chinese guy, Yao Ming.

Oh, he's - yeah, yeah, yeah.

So it's - I've fallen in love with the phrase. I've fallen in love with the culture, with the people. And just trying to, you know, spread laughter and learn at the same time.

turn 1 : A: "Yeah mean" is a colloquial phrase commonly used in Philadelphia. The actual meaning is "Do you understand what I am saying?" or "Do you know what I mean?"

turn 1 : In context, "Yeah" is used as a way to show agreement and understanding. Its implied meaning is that the speaker is in agreement with the idea being presented by the other person.

turn 1 : The turn "Yeah" in this context implies agreement with the previous statement, understanding, and interest in the topic, which is different from its literal meaning.

turn 1 : "We are - yeah." Here, the literal meaning would be that the speaker is simply repeating what the other person said and adding an affirmation. However, the actual meaning could be interpreted as the speaker expressing uncertainty or hesitation.


Not me but we collectively.

Oh, he's - yeah, yeah, yeah.

turn 4 : (2) Laughter could mean disbelief, surprise, or disbelief in what A just said.

turn 4 : The turn "Laughter" is not meant to indicate that someone is actually laughing but rather to acknowledge the humorous nature of the story being told.

turn 4 : A: "Spread laughter and learn at the same time" is an idiomatic expression that means "to entertain and educate at the same time." The literal meaning of "spread laughter" would be to physically spread laughter, which is not possible, and the literal meaning of "learn at the same time" would be to learn simultaneously with the act of spreading laughter, which may not be practical.

turn 4 : The turns (2) and (4) are both expressions of laughter, which implies that the speaker is amused by the story being told, rather than the literal meaning of making a noise.


That's right. There are a few things in particular that stood out in the early excerpts. I haven't had the chance to get my hands on the book yet. But a couple of things in particular. One is that Bannon talks about that infamous Trump Tower meeting in June of 2016 that featured Donald Trump Jr. , Jared Kushner, Paul Manafort and the meeting that they had with the Russian lawyer, who was offering dirt on Hillary Clinton. Bannon describes the meeting as treasonous, as unpatriotic. And he says that those three should've called the FBI immediately. A second thing is that he also says that there's no way - there's no way that Trump Jr.  didn't walk the Russians up one floor to the 26th floor of Trump Tower and introduce them to Trump himself.

We should explain that's his - he doesn't know that happened, but he just finds it inconceivable it didn't.

He doesn't offer any proof. He wasn't in the campaign at the time. But this would be important if true because Trump has denied any knowledge of the Russian overtures, any knowledge of Russian outreach. And it would - this would obviously contradict that. The last thing is that Bannon says that the investigation is going to focus on money laundering. There are indications that Mueller's team may indeed be looking at that. So a lot to digest there.

NPR's Ryan Lucas, thanks so much.

turn 0 : He asked the foreign governments to collectinformation about illegal and/or immoral things that his opponents had done.

turn 0 : "That cooperation deal collapsed after the special counsel's team essentially said that he lied to investigators about a number of things." - The actual meaning here is that Manafort broke the cooperation deal by lying to investigators, which resulted in the deal collapsing.

turn 0 : "Bannon describes the meeting as treasonous, as unpatriotic." - The actual meaning of this turn is figurative and implies that Bannon believes the meeting was disloyal and against the country's interests, rather than literally being an act of treason.

turn 0 : "legislate in spite of the president instead of with him" - figurative meaning, implies that the Congress will pass laws even if the president is not in agreement with them.

turn 0 : A implies that the process of political maneuvering can be absurd and comical to an outside observer.


NPR's Ryan Lucas, thanks so much.

turn 1 : In turn 2, the speaker is implying that even though Mr. Putin's arguments may sound familiar to those of Hitler in 1938, the analogy between the two is still an exaggeration.

turn 1 : This statement implies a suggestion that some of President Trump's supporters may believe that the CIA report is an attempt to undermine his authority, rather than an objective assessment of the facts.

turn 1 :  (2) Implied meaning: The US is in a difficult situation with North Korea and Russia, and the president's actions have made it even more difficult.

turn 1 : "he just finds it inconceivable it didn't." - The actual meaning of this turn is figurative, expressing Bannon's belief that it is highly likely that Trump Jr. introduced the Russians to Trump, rather than literally being unable to imagine the possibility of it not happening.

turn 1 : Well, that raises another question.So, did you take some top-secret operation and just thinly fictionalize it to this book and, you know, are... The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is asking if the author took a real, top-secret operation and used it as the basis of their fictional book, and whether it might be recognizable to Russian agents.


NPR's Ryan Lucas, thanks so much.

turn 2 : Implicates that the speaker finds the idea of trading money for information about potential terror attacks morally objectionable.

turn 2 : "let's go into the details of this scandal" - figurative meaning: let's discuss and examine the scandal in detail, literal meaning: let's physically go to the place where the scandal is happening.

turn 2 : Turn (3) describes the discovery of clues that led to the unraveling of the scandal, which is consistent with its literal meaning.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of this turn is that people might think news organizations are concealing information, but the actual meaning is that people might think news organizations should not be concealing information.

turn 2 : "the investigation is going to focus on money laundering." - The actual meaning of this turn is literal, as it refers to the literal focus of the investigation on the illegal practice of disguising the proceeds of crime as legitimate funds.


NPR's Ryan Lucas, thanks so much.

turn 3 : "NPR's Ryan Lucas, thanks so much." - The actual meaning of this turn is a polite expression of gratitude, rather than literally thanking Ryan Lucas for something specific that he did.

turn 3 : "Thanks so much" is not meant literally but figuratively as an expression of gratitude.

turn 3 : This turn does not have an implied meaning different from its literal meaning. It is a straightforward expression of gratitude towards Laura Sydell, the NPR correspondent.

turn 3 : expression of gratitude, as the speaker is thanking Alice Fordham for her report. Both turns have a figurative meaning that is different from their literal meanings.

turn 3 : The turn whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning is (4): "A: Thank you."  The literal meaning of "Thank you" is an expression of gratitude or appreciation. However, in this context, it is likely used as a polite way to end the conversation or acknowledge the host's farewell. In other words, it implies that the speaker is ready to end the conversation and move on.


I mean, there is evidence that companies invest more when stock prices go up. But yeah, like you said, it's not necessarily on hiring. They might spend on equipment, factories, technology. And some of that could mean fewer jobs. You know, some of that technology makes things more efficient. The bottom line is it's not an easy cause and effect.

In the recovery from the recession, stocks went up, jobs didn't go up nearly as quickly. And sometimes, a company's stock price goes up after it lays people off. Investors say, oh, you're saving money. You're cutting spending. Good for you. In other words, it's not very simple. The stock market is a broad economic indicator, but it is not at all nuanced.

Danielle Kurtzleben. Thanks so much for being with us.

Sure. You bet.

turn 2 : Many people are losing their jobs and companies are going bankrupt.

turn 2 : People are more afraid of losing than they are of gaining in the stock market.

turn 2 : The stock market is not reliable to determine whether companies will create more jobs or not.

turn 2 : Dominance of a few large companies is discouraging people from starting their own businesses.

turn 2 : The economic situation is causing a significant decrease in hiring, sales, and investment.


I'm great. So, what excites you?I mean, it's a huge accomplishment to coach this team. And what excites you about this year's Olympic Games?

We have a fantastic team. You know, naturally, the team isn't picked yet and everyone will go through Olympic trials. But whoever comes out in the top three, they will represent this country to the highest degree. I'm sure it will be a balance of our veterans and our up-and-coming athletes. And they did very well last year in the world championship. And I'm looking forward to seeing the U. S. A.  do very well in Beijing.

What does it take - you're an Olympian, a medal-wining Olympian. What does it take to have, not just the skill, but the heart to get a medal in the Olympics?

You know, it takes a lot of sacrifice, you know?Many times the athletes have, they've done a lot of competition, of course. From age-group track & field, through high school, and if they attended college, it takes a lot of dedication, a lot of sacrifice, and a lot of focus. You know, a lot of times, you know, sometimes they can get distracted. But the ones that you see, the cream of the crop that you see at the Olympic Games are extremely focused and dedicated athletes.

turn 1 :  The actual meaning of this turn is that professional athletes should take advantage of the opportunities they have and make the most of them, because they may not get the same opportunity again.

turn 1 : The speaker suggests that many people are only interested in the Olympics for popular events

turn 1 :  Implies that the speaker was initially skeptical about the Olympics in England but changed their opinion after seeing the opening ceremony.

turn 1 : The coach is confident in the team's abilities for the Olympics.


Well, surprisingly there really aren't many regulations for consumer drones. There are some important rules that you have to stick to. You can't fly within five miles of an airport without special permission. You're not allowed to fly in heavily populated areas or over sports stadiums. You can only fight at altitudes of 400 feet or less. And you can't fly in D. C.  because someone crashed a drone on the White House lawn, so. . .

So all of D. C.  is out.

All of D. C.  is out, yes.

You know, I understand, or at least I saw on "Law & Order" years ago, that ignorance of the law is no defense. But I'd venture to say a lot of people are a little foggy on exactly how far they are from the airport.

turn 3 : The information was told to others when it was not supposed to be told.

turn 3 :  implies that you should be mindful of the information you hear and stay informed.

turn 3 : The speaker is implying that new information has been revealed regarding the missing brains.

turn 3 : a little foggy implies that the people do not have exact information

turn 3 : something that was hinted at or suggested, but not directly stated.


OK. So, speaking of the Senate and Senator Obama, he will resign his seat on Sunday. His replacement will be appointed by the governor of Illinois, Rod Blagojevich. Who are the likely candidates, and who's likely to actually be appointed?

Well, the most likely candidate and the person most likely to be appointed is Jesse Jackson Jr. , the congressman from Chicago. But there are a range of candidates, and it's quite interesting because, as you know, the governor is in political hot water himself. His numbers are very low. There's all sorts of talk of investigations and the like.

So, the question is, would he, potentially, maybe appoint somebody who's a close ally in the state legislature?There's the 73-year-old Emil Jones. Then, what about pressure from the Hispanic community?There's Congressman Luis Gutierrez. And there's also talk about Tammy Duckworth - Tammy Duckworth, who runs the Veterans Affairs Department for Illinois, and she is a double amputee and close to Obama. But there are also people who might be potentially opponents for the governor going forward, like the attorney general, Lisa Madigan, or the treasurer. So, there's all these kinds of angles to the game that are very interesting. But it looks at this moment, most likely, that you're going to end up with Jesse Jackson Jr.

OK.  And Juan, what was your best political conversation of this week?

turn 0 : "creating a sense of movement among the millions who now acclaim him as the best thing that happened to American politics since Jack Kennedy." - This implies that Barack Obama has generated a significant amount of enthusiasm and support from a large number of people, which goes beyond his role as a senator and his political legitimacy.

turn 0 : A prefers Obama over the Republican candidate but is hesitant to vote for him.

turn 0 : Obama is already working before he is officially in office.

turn 0 : Senator Gregg should have behaved as if aware that Obama and administration are Democrats

turn 0 : Senator Obama is leaving the Senate to become president


turn 1 : The water is so clean that it is safe to drink.

turn 1 : The invisibility and tastelessness of water problems make it easier for them to go unnoticed and unaddressed, leading to potential risks to public health and safety.

turn 1 : The problem is extremely hard and difficult to understand as well as constantly changing.

turn 1 : hot water implies being in trouble and difficult situation, not of a very high temperature liquid

turn 1 : The turn "If the water gets - just gets warmer, though, doesn't it expand the volume of it?" is an example of literal language. The speaker is referring to the scientific fact that water expands as it warms.


turn 2 : There are many potential candidates for the Senate seat

turn 2 : McCain already has a team of potential cabinet members lined up.

turn 2 : Senate race implies the quest to become a senator and not a running competition between senators

turn 2 :  A: "the Republicans have 52 votes in the Senate" - This statement is not referring to physical votes but rather the number of Republican senators in the Senate who are likely to support the nomination.

turn 2 : The women are not running but they are trying to get elected.


That's a harsh statement. I mean, you know, some of us were expecting - I mean because this is a very delicate matter for Barack Obama. On the one hand he wants to keep those civil rights establishment figures behind him, supporting him throughout this general election period, but at the same time he knows well that if he can create a little bit of distance with Jesse Jackson, he may be able to pull on more moderate Democrats, white and black, and maybe even some moderate Republicans.

But Jesse Jackson, Jr.  seems to have taken the lead and seems particularly angry and personally offended by what his father had done. And it suggests that the relationship there is somewhat fractured as well.

Let's go deeper, linguistically into this. When, at the time that I spoke with Reverend Jackson, and this was yesterday, we believed, knowing what we did, we being most of the press, that he had said that Senator Obama had emasculated himself. As it turned out, the phrase was much rougher and much more, you know, I want to blank, blank, blank. Is there a difference between those two ways, neither of them particularly nice, of parsing out lack of manhood?

Well, you know, I actually read that slightly differently. When I heard about the specific comments and the castration and sort of the anger in which it was delivered, even though it was a whisper of. I immediately began to think back historically about, you know, the ways and which powerful black men, or uppity black men were punished.

turn 0 : Obama missed the chance to claim his bi-racialness.

turn 0 : Virginia being a success story for Barack Obama's coalition despite its diverse demographics.

turn 0 : Obama needs to balance his support from civil rights figures and moderate Democrats and Republicans


turn 2 : The backlash means that people are complaining about the situation.

turn 2 : He may have said something offensive, but he didn't admit it.

turn 2 : The press misunderstood Jackson's comment as emasculation, but it was actually more severe

turn 2 : The remark had racial undertones because of his skin color

turn 2 : In the statement, "the president...was massaging the truth a little bit," the implied meaning is that the president was not telling the truth or was being dishonest. The phrase "massaging the truth" is a figurative expression that means to manipulate or distort the truth. It is not meant to be taken literally, but rather as a way to express skepticism or doubt about the president's claims.


That's one of the projects, yeah, that I followed in the book. Can we build a limb that is basically indistinguishable from a natural arm?So if you're missing an arm, you get this new prosthetic that can sense and move and operate like a natural arm. And that's typically ambitious, and they call that DARPA-hard. Let's try something that just seems completely insane, totally, you know, crazy ambitious. And in that case, they didn't get there. They didn't quite get to that point, but they did get a lot of these technologies in motion for controlling a robot with mind power alone, for instance.

Yeah. How do they ensure that they keep getting new cutting-edge thoughts inside of DARPA?

That's one of the challenges, and that's one of the reasons I was able to write this book, too, because they need to get the word out. They need to find people out there who've got these ideas, who want to pitch them to DARPA. Or come to work for DARPA as a program manager because DARPA program managers, they all leave. After two to six years, they're gone. Their expiration dates are printed on their ID badges. So they've got this turnover, 25 percent every single year.

And they also have a deadline, right?

turn 0 : Advancements in wheelchair technology will make it easier for everyday wheelchair users to lift them in and out of vehicles.

turn 0 : fewer arms or a leg that I've lopped off implies weight loss and not amputation

turn 0 : Some successful scientists adopt unconventional approaches after achieving something significant.

turn 0 : Developing a prosthetic that mimics natural arm capabilities is very challenging.

turn 0 : A feels pressure to work faster as an artist in a society that values speed and efficiency.


And they also have a deadline, right?

turn 2 : DARPA needs to constantly recruit new talent and ideas to maintain innovation.

turn 2 : DARPA is able to achieve innovative results with limited resources.

turn 2 : More promising implies very beneficial and advantageous

turn 2 : (3): The research requires a lot of different initiatives. = It takes a lot of effort to research this field.

turn 2 : The problems of today are the necessity for innovation to occur.


And they also have a deadline, right?

turn 2 : turn is to challenge the idea that the proposal was a great idea in the first place.

turn 2 : DARPA needs new ideas from people who want to work for them.

turn 2 : They could not come up with an idea that would impress people.