We're seeing - from last night, there were lots of videos showing intense artillery airstrikes on this place. It's just a few piece - few hundred yards wide. And you know, you can actually kind of look out across it - it's such a small area - with binoculars. Reporters there are seeing ISIS flags on what's left of the buildings. There's a collection of squalid tents. But people are hiding out in tunnels and caves, we're hearing.

Wow. I mean, it just - it speaks - this moment speaks so much to the larger story. I mean, if this family who might be holding these children want to stick it out and want to remain committed to ISIS and the ideology and they're not going anywhere, I mean, it just creates an impossible situation.

Exactly, for this father - and also, it's a broader lesson that, you know, it's very difficult to bomb an ideology into oblivion. A lot of the people that have been coming out of this area in recent weeks, you know, remain faithful to ISIS and especially because they've been bombed by, you know, a U. S. -backed force that they see them as the enemy now. And they've been saying that they're going to still support the group and raise their children in the beliefs of the group. So whilst, you know, ultimately this territory probably will be taken back, the broader question of ISIS as existing in its ideology continues.

NPR's Ruth Sherlock - Ruth, thanks so much.

turn 2 : In turn (3), the speaker says "You can achieve limited political objectives with support for the opposition and limited military force. But the ultimate political objective of regime change takes a lot more than we have been prepared to do." The literal meaning of this turn is that achieving limited political objectives requires some support for the opposition and limited military force, while achieving the ultimate political objective of regime change requires more effort than what has been done so far.

turn 2 : (3) The implied meaning is that there is a great sense of uncertainty and concern about what will happen next, and it's not clear whether the situation is still a political game or has escalated to military brinksmanship. The literal meaning is consistent with this implied meaning.

turn 2 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply asking for a description of the current situation, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker is expressing frustration or confusion about the conflicting messages they have heard from President Trump regarding the removal or retention of U.S. forces in Syria. It could be interpreted as a way of questioning the credibility of the information that has been provided so far and seeking clarification or a more definitive answer.

turn 2 :  (2) Implied meaning: The US is in a difficult situation with North Korea and Russia, and the president's actions have made it even more difficult.

turn 2 : In this turn, the speaker is making a broader point about the difficulty of eradicating an ideology, even if a military force takes back territory from a group like ISIS. The literal meaning of "it's very difficult to bomb an ideology into oblivion" suggests that the speaker is talking about the limitations of military force against an idea rather than a physical target.


He and his commission had better get it organized. Otherwise, the fury Nigerians are feeling today could spill into much worse. So they say the presidential vote and, of course, it wasn't just voting for president - also for governors, also for national assembly, also for the state assembly.

So we'll have the presidential next Saturday in another vote. But some other votes have been postponed till 9 of March. That's after the original second-round vote date of the 2 of March. So the electoral commission has got to get itself sorted out.

NPR's Ofeibea Quist-Arcton, thanks so much.

Always a pleasure.

turn 0 : A is concerned about the possibility of violent conflict with no other options.

turn 0 : There is a problem with gun violence in America.

turn 0 : The protest turned violent, despite initially being peaceful.

turn 0 : If the commission doesn't organize things well, there could be violence.

turn 0 : If the violence doesn't stop, the election won't be fair


Always a pleasure.

turn 1 : The voters did not seem to change their opinions when they voted again.

turn 1 : "Hanging fire" is an expression meaning to delay. Here, the issue is whether there's some issue that hasn't had an impact on the vote, but will do so before Election Day.

turn 1 : The outcome of the parliamentary election is uncertain, and it is difficult to predict what will happen next

turn 1 : The electoral commission needs to fix itself before the postponed votes.

turn 1 : The late delivery of absentee ballots caused a lot of work for us


We had testimony submitted to us this morning in writing by Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, who engineered - according to the government and himself - the attacks of 9/11. And he was questioned about the role of Salim Hamdan, and I'll just read you one paragraph from what he answered.

The question was, did Salim Hamdan ever have any role in planning, or carry out, any activities that you either directed or were involved in?, as he was the director of operations. He didn't play any role. He was not a soldier. He was a driver. His nature was primitive. He was a Bedouin one person and far from civilized. He was not fit to plan or execute. But he is fit to change truck tires, to change oil filters, wash and clean cars, and passing cargo and pickup trucks. He could tighten bolts and could select the best maintenance shop.

This is Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, saying this about Hamdan?

That's right. We also had testimony from Waleed bin Attash, and as I understand it, he was responsible, or has boasted his responsibility, for the attack on the USS Cole. And he says Salim Hamdan's activities were distinctively clear, as he was seen driving the cars going and coming every day. His responsibilities were those related to driving, such as mechanical and maintenance and repairs. He was not involved in planning any attacks against the United States.

turn 1 : The implied meaning of (3) is that Marwan Muasher is a respected expert on the Middle East and his opinion is valued

turn 1 : In turn (2), Khalid Sheikh Mohammed's statement about Salim Hamdan's "nature" being "primitive" and him being "far from civilized" is not meant to be taken literally. It is a derogatory and prejudiced statement that reflects the speaker's biased view of Hamdan's cultural and ethnic background.

turn 1 : Mohammed Morsi's political opponents are using the people's anger for their own gain

turn 1 : Being called a Muslim terrorist is hurtful and dangerous.


turn 2 : The turn suggests that the speaker is feeling frustrated and overwhelmed.

turn 2 : : The speaker is expressing frustration or disappointment about a situation, and may be looking for empathy or support from the listener.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is expressing a sense of frustration or dissatisfaction with a situation or person, without explicitly stating it.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be expressing their dissatisfaction or disappointment in a subtle or indirect way, rather than stating it directly.

turn 2 : (3) is a sign of amusement, indicating the speaker was laughing at the metaphor.


turn 3 : "I mean, first of all, you can see it in the amount of - number of times that the president talks about this, that candidate Mitt Romney talks about this, as well as across the board." - This turn uses a metaphorical meaning of "see it" to refer to observing the frequency of politicians discussing climate change, rather than literally seeing it.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of this turn is that the listener is being asked to visualize the scene of the Romney-Ryan announcement. However, the actual meaning is that the event is being presented as a carefully planned media spectacle designed to generate excitement and favorable media coverage.

turn 3 : (3) In turn (3), the speaker implies that the recent events in Iraq are not normal and that there is a sense of uncertainty and instability, despite some signs of progress.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of (3) is a simple expression of agreement, while the implied meaning is that the speaker is amazed by the story of Steve Dalkowski's feats.

turn 3 : Similarly, in turn (4), Waleed bin Attash's statement that Hamdan's "activities were distinctively clear" and he was "seen driving the cars going and coming every day" is not meant to be taken literally. Rather, it is a way for the speaker to emphasize Hamdan's limited role and lack of involvement in planning any attacks against the United States.


High bar, yeah. So the federal indictment is supposed to be unsealed today. What are you going to be looking for as someone who's been following this case against R.  Kelly for a long time?

Well, I'll be looking for a couple of things - one, looking to see if there are new alleged victims in here. You know, the case that's in state court, there are four alleged victims in there. Many of them were already known. They had either already come forward or - yeah, have already come forward and told their stories of alleged abuse at the hands of R.  Kelly.

I'll also be looking to see when the alleged crimes happened. You know, all of the alleged crimes in state court happened 10 years ago or more. Those kinds of cases are really hard to prove, you know, when they're that old. I'll be interested to see if any of these happened more recently, if there are any allegations that he's done anything in the last decade.

WBEZ reporter Patrick Smith in Chicago for us this morning. Thank you.

turn 1 : There might be more alleged victims in the federal indictment

turn 1 : Prosecutors have more power than judges in determining charges

turn 1 : The president can not be indicted while in office

turn 1 : And the FBI director, James Comey, has already told Congress Hillary Clinton didn't lie to agents when she was interviewed - same for her aides. He found no efforts to obstruct justice, no desire to betray the country here. So unless something really huge emerges, it's hard to see the legal analysis changing or any criminal prosecution at all.  Implicated meaning: Despite the FBI director's findings that Hillary Clinton and her aides did not lie or obstruct justice, the speaker implies that there may still be a possibility of uncovering significant evidence or developments that could change the legal analysis and potentially lead to criminal prosecution.

turn 1 : It is being implied that the criminals are having a difficult time.


turn 2 : It is being implied that the criminals are having a difficult time.

turn 2 : Recent crimes are easier to prove than crimes from 10 years ago

turn 2 : The verdict is a powerful landmark as genocide is difficult to prove in court

turn 2 : Distinguishing between criminal acts and sleazy behavior, and whether people should lose their jobs over it.


Up the street.

And how many Union?

That's - the good news and the bad news - there were lots of them but most of them on the 11ths were amateurs.

General Ulysses S.  Grant had diverted Union troops from D. C.  to make an assault on Richmond. Meanwhile, the Confederates were headed for D. C. . So, Howell says, the union quickly recruited anyone they could find.

They were government clerks. I mean, if you could imagine, you know, going down and emptying out all the government offices and telling them, grab your musket and come out and fight off professional confederates - that was the situation on the 11th - not very good for the Yankees. But General Grant, down in Richmond, who thought Jubal Early was down there in Richmond. . .

turn 3 : Implies that General Ulysses S. Grant had diverted Union troops from D.C. to make an assault on Richmond and the Confederates were heading for D.C.,Implies that General Ulysses S. Grant had diverted Union troops from D.C. to make an assault on Richmond and the Confederates were heading for D.C.,

turn 3 : Implied meaning: Is there any indication of what will happen next in the conflict?

turn 3 : Turn (4): "I want to talk about Lincoln and I think that there's a monument up there to Lincoln's role in this battle" - The literal meaning is that the speaker wants to discuss a monument related to Lincoln's role in a battle. However, the actual meaning could be that the speaker wants to discuss Lincoln's role in the battle itself, rather than just the monument.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that other members of the White House may seek legal counsel in light of President Trump's actions.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that there is a large number of progressive candidates running in the runoff election, and Mayor Emanuel's political action committee is trying to reduce their numbers.


(Reading) Never let them perceive that they can vex you or make you lose your self-command.

Too late.

Do you draw lesson from any of this, Mr.  Cordell?

Yeah, I mean, one of the most interesting things to me here is the way that there are these common threads. We find a lot of sentimental stories that were widely circulated, things that are supposed to evoke emotions - usually some sadness, even. And this reminds me of many of the videos that we see of soldiers coming home from war or, you know, children who have been granted, you know, a wish - sick children in particular. And to see these threads back into the 19th century, for me this removes the idea of virality just from the platform of the Internet. You know, we often talk about the Internet enabling virality, but it seems clear to me that there's something much deeper about the kinds of things that we share and why we share them that extends prior to the technology we're working with today.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be suggesting that there are some hidden or unknown factors that could influence the situation being discussed.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is subtly trying to convey a sense of urgency or importance in the matter being discussed, without explicitly stating it.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker thinks that there is a level of ambiguity or hidden message in the turn that may not be immediately apparent, but which can be inferred or interpreted through context or other clues.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at a deeper or hidden motive or intention behind their actions or words.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at a desire or need for help or support from the listener.


About 300 jobs will be coming back to the Granite City Works plant in Granite City, Ill.  U. S.  Steel made that announcement this past week. That's on top of the 500 new jobs U. S.  Steel announced in March. The company pointed to the Trump administration's controversial tariffs on imported steel as one of the reasons. Dan Simmons is the president of the steelworkers union in Granite City, and he joins us now. Welcome to the program.

Well, thank you.

I want to take you back a little bit to understand the context of what happened in your town. I understand the last few years have been really tough for your members. U. S.  Steel laid off hundreds of workers in 2015. What did that mean for the people there?

It was devastating. When you take their livelihood away, there's nothing out there. And what jobs are there that these guys were able to, you know, pick up, they weren't making nothing what they were making with us. And you watch the - not only these members and their families erode, you see this town erode, the community. It's like a big sucking sound, so to speak.

So what has the community's reaction been to this most recent announcement?

turn 3 : Family was not lost, but separated by circumstances

turn 3 : THERE IS A BIG CHANGE THE PEOPLE HAVE ALREADY LOST THEIR MONEY

turn 3 : Their notion is to do as much as you can and don't think about the numbers too much.

turn 3 : The military deployment has had a significant impact on the demographics of the town.

turn 3 : The families, town, and communities lose members and become non existent as a unit.


Christmas integration.

Multi-ethnic Christmas celebration. You know, the biggest thing that my parents did was to raise my sister and I in a very diverse neighborhood. It's really, really important, if you're going to adopt a kid that's a different race, to have neighbors that look like that kid.

You know, the study that came out I think is scaring people in thinking that you're going to have to through like a two year master program to learn how to have black kids, if you're white parents. And it's honestly, you could probably knock it out in two hours. It's really not that difficult, there's a few things that you should know. And bringing your kids up in a diverse neighborhood is the most important of that.

And then, you know, if you have friends that are the same race of your kids, you just, you ask them for questions, and it's helpful to have them as a resource, it's something you definitely want to keep next to you when you're raising your kids.

turn 2 : I am working harder now than I used to, sometimes until late at night

turn 2 : It's not an extremely hard and complicated procedure to perform.

turn 2 : The implied meaning of turn (1) is to hurry up and finish the task quickly.

turn 2 : You can probably complete the task in two hours not that you can knock it out.

turn 2 : Hurry up and get started on the task.


Uterine artery embolization really cuts off the blood flow. The focused ultrasound works slightly differently because it's actually a procedure that doesn't require any incisions. The high-intensity ultrasound goes through the abdominal wall and is able to destroy the fibroid. So, it really doesn't affect the blood supply, but it can zero in and destroy the fibroid tissue.

It sounds like there's been a lot of advances in how people deal with this.

There have been, and I think that many women need to know better what their options are, and even many doctors are not aware of all of the ongoing research. For so many years, we just kind of relied on hysterectomy to fix all of the problems. And I think as women are busy in the workforce and doing more activities with their family and working that the benefit of minimally invasive treatments is really evident.

Suppose that you're someone who's had fibroids and you've had them removed, is there a chance they're going to come back, and if so, what do you do then?

turn 2 : to give them more flexibility in this context means they are allowed to do more things

turn 2 : And I think as women are busy in the workforce and doing more activities with their family and working that the benefit of minimally invasive treatments is really evident." - The actual meaning is that because women are busy with work and family, they need treatments that are less invasive and have a shorter recovery time.

turn 2 : "And now, you know, providing them with quality help and watching them change their lives is one of the most fun things that I've ever been involved with... we need to make evidence-based treatment available without the stigma that goes along with it."  The implied meaning of this turn is that providing quality help to people struggling with addiction and witnessing their transformations is incredibly rewarding. The speaker believes that access to evidence-based treatment should be expanded, and the stigma surrounding seeking help for addiction should be reduced.

turn 2 : (3) is different from its literal meaning. While the speaker is describing the vulnerability of women and children in a humanitarian crisis, the implied meaning is that despite the significant amount of funding provided in 2017, the situation has worsened in 2018 and there is still a critical need for aid.

turn 2 : It may be a way to give attention to women trying to break into science.


So, it sounds like, what you're saying, is that the two political parties, the two major political parties, have reshaped over time how they choose these representatives which then choose their representative for the race. How has this movement by the political parties set them up differently?

You mentioned a little bit about the winner-take-all system versus proportionality. What are these parties trying to do if you can kind of think in the form of a large institution?

Yes. Well, if you go back a generation or two, both parties pretty much chose their presidential candidates in what was often referred to as the smoke-filled room. In other words, you would go to the convention, there would be several people who wanted the job, they would be campaigning in a variety of ways, and they would have some delegates who they consider to be their delegates because there had been a few primaries. And there were a few primaries in certain states that go way back in our history through the 20th century - Oregon, Wisconsin, a few others.

And these people would then get to the convention - some of them pledged, some of them not pledged, most of them people who were party professionals or already office holders - and they would kind of get together at some point or another in some backroom and decide which one of the presidential candidates would be strongest. And that person, eventually, after several ballots, would get the nod.

turn 1 : "demographics" implies a deeper analysis of voting patterns beyond just simple demographics like age, race, and gender.

turn 1 : It is the number of people voted in that are of a particular party, not an actual seat.

turn 1 : This refers to an electoral system where the candidate who receives the majority of votes in a particular area or district wins all the available seats, rather than literally taking everything. Similarly, "proportionality" refers to a system where the allocation of seats or representation is based on the proportion of votes received by each party, rather than the exact meaning of the word.

turn 1 : Big donors can influence elections across all levels of government.


It's lovely. And I was trying to think of things that old people do that I should do, you know, like sticking my tongue out when the spoon is only halfway to my face and stuff like that. But in actual fact, if you just behave yourself absolutely normally, you become like an old person because they're exactly the same as us.

You've gotten the opportunity to work with two of the great actresses our generation, with Judi Dench in "Mrs.  Brown" - I think a lot of people remember that - and now with Maggie Smith.

Yeah, and an absolute delight it's been, yeah - and not only that, but with Michael Gambon, as well.

Mm-hmm. He's a great actor.

turn 0 : Actors don't have to stay in character all day

turn 0 : Just behaving normally can make you feel like an old person.2. Working with great actresses like Judi Dench and Maggie Smith has been a delightful experience.

turn 0 : They see a person's personality and the deepest part of their character.

turn 0 : The speaker is expressing their opinion about the actress's ability to get roles in Hollywood as an African-American woman, and how they didn't think she was a good fit for the particular movie. The literal meaning of the words used in the turn may not convey the speaker's actual opinion or intended message.

turn 0 : to take on a role in this context means to act like a character.


I mean, of course, we don't know yet. But, yes, you can imagine this could present some big challenges they have to deal with. I mean, one big thing the - most glaring thing everyone's talking about today - is that this could serve for some voters as a reminder of Bernie Sanders' age. He is 78. The campaign is ramping up. It's only going to intensify. Campaigning is really exhausting. And so this might not rattle the diehard Sanders fans out there, but there are voters who exist - I have talked to them, my colleagues have - voters who are concerned about nominating or electing someone who is of advanced age. And so this could affect how those voters feel. And now, let's keep in mind, of course, that two of Sanders' main rivals - Senator Elizabeth Warren, former Vice President Joe Biden - they're themselves in their 70s. Now, the additional. . .

As is the president who they'd be running against, President Trump, so yeah.

Exactly, yes. And, you know, the additional challenge is that Sanders is going to want to talk about other things. He just put up some great campaign finance numbers, a new income inequality tax plan. So the next debate - October 15 - that's what we're going to be looking at to see, you know, if he can look strong, remind people of how passionate he is. That's an opportunity to put all of this behind him.

That is NPR's Danielle Kurtzleben.

turn 0 : People who usually would vote for the Republican candidate are considering voting for Hillary Clinton instead.

turn 0 : it is a metaphorical field, it just means there are not as many candidates running for the election as there was in the past because some decided not to continue running

turn 0 : People make their own decisions when it comes to voting and are not influenced by the media as much as one might think.

turn 0 : They are implying what is your opinion

turn 0 : Everyone is talking about something that no one can deny as everyone sees it. It might not upset people who like Bernie Sanders and make them want to vote for someone else.


And what Kansas has done is to try to turn things around once again so that not every parolee who runs afoul of an administrative rule, is immediately shipped back to prison, but instead is given another chance. And actually, the parole officer will work with them to try to keep them out of prison, as opposed to just trying to lock them - lock the cuffs on them as fast as possible.

Well, Jennifer, great to talk to you. Thank you.

Thanks so much, Farai.

Jennifer Gonnerman is the author of "Life on the Outside: The Prison Odyssey of Elaine Bartlett. "She wrote the article, "Slammed: Welcome to the Age of Incarceration. "It's the lead article in a special edition of Mother Jones magazine examining America's prison system. And she joined us from our NPR Studios in New York.

turn 0 : Not every parolee who violates an administrative rule will be sent back to prison

turn 0 : Prisoners are not treated with basic human rights in jail despite being convicted

turn 0 : It implies that the judicial system is at jeopardy.

turn 0 : Proposes a different approach to dealing with non-violent drug crimes.

turn 0 : The Justice Department position is that preexisting conditions should not be protected


Thanks so much, Farai.

turn 0 : Not every parolee who violates a rule is sent back to prison immediately

turn 0 : Justice has been delayed for the victims of crimes in Guatemala.


Oh, let's see. Who would be a good heating guy out there in the elements?I would say Russell Crowe, maybe.

I can see that. I can see that. . .

Yeah, I could see him with the big, frozen beard out there bearing the elements or maybe Mel Gibson. Unfortunately, I don't grow that full of a beard so I don't get that much protection, but, you know, you do what you can.

You've kept a lot of people warm and safe this year. Thank you.

turn 3 :  A: "Thanks, really, for having me." - The literal meaning of this turn is an expression of gratitude for being invited to participate. The actual meaning is that the speaker appreciates the opportunity to share their knowledge and expertise on the topic at hand.

turn 3 :  implies that the speaker is expressing gratitude for the other person's time and attention.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of this turn is that the person being addressed has kept a lot of people warm and safe throughout the year and is being thanked for it. The figurative meaning, however, is that the person being addressed has done something good or helpful for others and is being appreciated for it, but not necessarily in a literal sense of keeping them warm and safe.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of this turn is to thank the guest for joining the show and being available. The implied meaning is to thank the guest for their contribution to the show and for providing useful information.

turn 3 : This turn does not have an implied meaning different from its literal meaning. It is a straightforward expression of gratitude towards Laura Sydell, the NPR correspondent.


How. . .

. . . they're going to get cold.

Will this rise that you're predicting be noticeable in 100 years?Will the change affect the weather then?

You know, if the driving forces are, you know, according to some of the scenarios that are out there, yes; according to some of the others, no. And it remains to be seen what climate is actually going to do.

turn 3 : Turn (4): "And it remains to be seen what climate is actually going to do." This response is a figurative way of saying that the future is uncertain and unpredictable. The literal meaning of the words is that the speaker does not know what the climate will do, but the figurative meaning is that the future is always unknown and there are many factors that can influence it.

turn 3 : "I mean, first of all, you can see it in the amount of - number of times that the president talks about this, that candidate Mitt Romney talks about this, as well as across the board." - This turn uses a metaphorical meaning of "see it" to refer to observing the frequency of politicians discussing climate change, rather than literally seeing it.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is suggesting that they are uncertain about the future outcome of a situation, and are not making any definitive statements or commitments. The tone and context of the statement could suggest that the speaker is being cautious, non-committal, or may be waiting for more information before making a decision.

turn 3 : The speaker believes in the science of climate change and will not compromise on evidence-based reality, but thinks the conversation needs to be framed differently

turn 3 : (3) In turn (3), the speaker implies that the recent events in Iraq are not normal and that there is a sense of uncertainty and instability, despite some signs of progress.


Because they - the bystander effect being that they thought somebody else would call in, or I don't want to get involved.

Yeah.

And I think it is different from the bystander effect, because it depends on the community that you're in and what becomes normal for that community and what causes concern in that community. That changes depending upon the way the community does.

Now, having said that, I will say this. We have become a society who says, not me, not get involved. One, out of fear, because you don't want to get involved, you think you'll get hurt too. And number two, I think we've become attenuated as a society for a variety of reasons. One, because of our mobility. I don't live where my grandmother lived, where her mother lived, where my uncles and cousins and aunts are. And most people don't anymore. Not any more, but we're so much of a mobile society, and we're become a technological society. My husband yesterday called my son on his cell phone from our bedroom to his room to tell him to do something.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of (4) is to call for an ambulance in case of an emergency, however the implied meaning is that the task the speaker is asking B to do is dangerous or risky.

turn 1 : to call in with this context means to call the police

turn 1 : to serve in this context means to help

turn 1 : can be interpreted as a way to inquire about the current situation in the city, not just the events taking place.


And then we have a Congress who just passed a bill knowing full well that this was the most likely outcome, and they chose not to even try to stop it. But now that the bill has passed, the shutdown has been prevented, the government has been funded, the president can come out and say he's going to do this now. And you have people saying that we're shredding the Constitution, that this is the end of the world, that we need to act, that we need to stop something.

Well, the time to act was before you pass a bill to give the president money to fund the government. The time to act - if you want to force a vote on this, if you want to force Republicans in the Senate to go on record if you're a House Democrat, for instance, then you put language in the bill saying the president can't use national emergency powers to build a wall.

You mean senators - well, we could list their names - Susan Collins.

Right. I mean, don't vote for a bill that is going to make something that you think is really damaging to our country, to the Republic, more likely to occur. Just don't do it, No. 1. No. 2, actually go out and try to put things in the bill to prevent the thing that you think is so damaging to our republic from happening.

turn 0 : Congress passed a bill despite the likely negative consequences.

turn 0 : Congress and the president are not working at the moment.

turn 0 : The executive order signed by Trump may not be accomplishing anything new.

turn 0 : They mention that the House of Representatives done everything in their power to make sure they needs are met.

turn 0 : It is unlikely that the Congress and the president will be able to create a debt reduction bill that benefits the country and its people, and this will put a big pressure on the budget due to the tax problem


turn 1 : The court may not intervene in executive legislative disputes.

turn 1 : The executive order signed by Trump may not be accomplishing anything new.

turn 1 : A suggests that unpredictability may make the situation safer because there are no grand intentions.

turn 1 : Passing a bill without measures to prevent negative consequences is not taking action.


turn 3 :  you imply that something is the case

turn 3 : This is implying that the speaker is asking for advice or suggestions on how to protect oneself from such attacks in the future, rather than just a quick summary of the issue.

turn 3 : It does not make logical sense to attack people are trying to help get a dieses from spreading.

turn 3 : Not taking action to prevent something harmful from happening is wrong.

turn 3 : A thinks that the government is not functioning properly.


That's right. We have a very messy, you might even say disorganized, approach to fiscal policy in this country, no question. But the idea of massive additional budget cuts being needed or on anyone's immediate agenda, I think that has completely faded. Our economy is recovering. Our tax revenues are up. The budget spending has been tilted a little bit in terms of its future projections. So I think the U. K.  debate will not resonate at this moment in the United States.

Well, what about in Europe, though?

Well, Europe has some other problems, very big problems, recovering from their own sovereign debt crisis. The growth forecast in Europe is still very weak. That's the IMF forecast and the European's own forecast. And now we have this new shadow of potential disruptions to gas supplies from Russia because of the Russia-Ukraine relationship. That's the new wildcard. And if the relationship with Russia gets worse and you get into any kind of tit-for-tat sanctions, it's the Europeans who are vulnerable to some sort of negative impact on their economy much more than, say, the United States.

How does the growth rate in Britain compare to that of the U. S.  right now?

turn 1 : Implies that the speaker is asking for the other person's opinion about the political implications of the current situation.

turn 1 : The implied meaning in this turn is that the speaker is asking for an opinion on the fiscal policy situation in Europe.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at an underlying issue or concern that they are not comfortable discussing directly.

turn 1 : (2) The literal meaning of this turn is a simple question, but the implied meaning is that the speaker wants to know what actions can be taken to address the issue being discussed and is seeking guidance or suggestions.


So at this Fountain Hills rally he started to talk, and it's weird because he's not really saying anything. There's a lot of strange, empty assertions and kind of conservative talking points, you know, the wall and all this kind of stuff. But there is definitely an energy ripple that goes out.

And when I went out to the protesters at the time that he started speaking, they reported there was a change in the energy of the people walking by them. Suddenly there was hostility and swearing. And a woman was grabbed by the breast and thrown to the ground, and a rock was thrown. And so the correlation between his voice going out and people's behavior was observable in the place.

You ended this piece saying that you never before imagined that what you called the fragile American experiment could fail, but now you can. Why?

Well, because the way that media falls on our mind and then inflects it has changed so much. You know, as a fiction writer, one of things you learn is God lives in specificity. You know, human kindness is increased as we pursue specificity.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be suggesting that there are some hidden or unknown factors that could influence the situation being discussed.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that A is implying that the way media is consumed has changed drastically, and this could lead to the failure of the American experiment.

turn 3 : (3) implies agreement with the previous statement and reinforces the idea that the media environment has structural issues that prevent reasonable conversations.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is subtly trying to convey a sense of urgency or importance in the matter being discussed, without explicitly stating it.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: Amused disbelief at the sudden change in the status quo.


OK, starting with GlobalGrind. Here's the deal Farai, as you know, being in the media, it's becoming more and more niche, and people, especially what you're talking about Internet, you're talking about web communities and defining that niche. Now we're seeing more and more websites pop up where we've had black websites in the past, but GlobalGrind is this one-stop shop.

They claim, or they offer, for news, gossip, humor, entertainment. It's just about everything that users think is important. So the whole site is actually driven by users voting on other content that's happening elsewhere. And so the higher the vote of a specific piece of content, the more relevant it comes up on the GlobalGrind webpage.

Is it fun?

It is fun. It looks very clean. It's sleek. I do like the ownership behind the company, and some of the people driving it, because Navarro is a guy that ran 360HipHop. com, which was very successful that was sold to BET. I've met with their advertising people. I think they really got their handle on - they've made it mobile. They now integrate it with Facebook, which wasn't there before, which I was dinging them on. I was like, when are you guys going to get with mobile applications in a Web 2. 0 space?

All right, Mario. We have to jump in. RushmoreDrive. Give me the skinny.

turn 0 : More advertisers should invest in online advertising rather than traditional media.

turn 0 : The music industry has changed dramatically over time, including accessibility through music, the transition to radio and regulations.

turn 0 : The media does not have as much influence over voters as people might think.

turn 0 : Being in the media industry is becoming more niche and specialized

turn 0 : People make their own decisions when it comes to voting and are not influenced by the media as much as one might think.


Is it fun?

turn 1 : Not feedback from everyone in the universe but a wide variety of people on the planet giving feedback.

turn 1 : In turn (2), the speaker expresses their hope that The Root evolves into a platform where writers engage with each other and with communities outside the website, creating a vibrant marketplace for ideas. The literal meaning of the turn is straightforward. However, the implied meaning is that The Root aims to foster a diverse and inclusive online community where different perspectives are heard and debated. This suggests that the website has a broader mission than just providing a platform for writers to share their ideas.

turn 1 : GlobalGrind offers a wide range of content that is user-driven and voted upon

turn 1 : The audience of the website is willing to help out with the campaign.


Is it fun?

turn 3 : It is a bad idea either way for the social media companies.

turn 3 : GlobalGrind is a successful and well-managed company with a strong focus on mobile and social media

turn 3 : Social media can significantly increase the number of visitors to remote locations, causing issues with facilities.

turn 3 : B threw another company in the discussion and assuming that yahoo, google and microsoft gonna buy AOL together


How does your - your vaccine has two parts. Walk me through them.

Well, the approach that has proven successful in our hands is to essentially deliver a one-two punch with our vaccine. We prime the immune system by using a genetic vector that delivers the hemagglutinin in isolation into the muscle.

Once that DNA is introduced into the muscle, it just makes the viral hemagglutinin and induces an immune response to it.

Let me jump in right here because this part I really want to understand. So you put DNA into our bodies, and then what happens exactly on the cellular level?

turn 1 : The statement implies that vaccine and medicine goes together in prevent heart disease.

turn 1 : It implies how important vaccination is against seasonal flu.

turn 1 : one-two punch implies that the vaccine works through a series of actions to produce a result

turn 1 : "Let's not attack them" isn't literal. It just means the body won't attack the antigens. The body doesn't literally say "let's not."


Is there a way to balance - to better balance interest in public safety, the rights of defendants and also the public's interest in not burdening people with so much debt that they can't function?

The problem with approaches like this private pre-trial supervision is that they not only fail on a sort of, you know, human, moral level when you look at the impact that they're having on poor people, they also really are failing on a public safety level. They're failing in terms of outcomes. There's really nothing that suggests to us that our current approach of investing in this kind of surveillance and caging black and brown people is actually resulting in better public safety outcomes.

That's Blake Strode. He's the executive director of ArchCity Defenders. That's a nonprofit civil rights law firm in St.  Louis, Mo. Blake Strode, thank you so much for talking with us.

Thank you very much.

turn 1 : A court decision may eliminate protections for people with preexisting conditions

turn 1 : Pregnancy itself is being criminalized due to the broad scope of what actions can lead to a criminal prosecution

turn 1 : The current approach of investing in pre-trial supervision is immoral, discriminatory and doesn't result in better public safety outcomes

turn 1 : The prison industry has become too expensive for some states to handle and rehabilitation is a possible solution


Well, yeah.

And - select which is the right kind of alcohol to put in there. Free test it.

Well, they - rum and bourbon.

Right.

turn 1 : (1) B: "Obviously, we should then inject alcohol into the situation." - This turn does not mean that they should literally inject alcohol into something, but rather that they should add alcohol to the situation.

turn 1 : B is asking A which type of alcohol is suitable for the recipe and wants A to try different types of alcohol to find the best one

turn 1 : (4) is that the toe must be served in a specific type of alcohol.

turn 1 : (5) Refers to asking if the new food is good or too strong in terms of alcoholic content.


Well, yeah.

Well, they - rum and bourbon.

Right.

turn 1 : B is asking A which type of alcohol to use for the recipe


Well, yeah.

Well, they - rum and bourbon.

Right.

turn 2 : The exclusivity of wine has decreased, and people are more open to trying it.

turn 2 : this entire line is more joking, unusual fermented beverages just means they went around the world and found different alcoholic beverages depending on the country and culture.

turn 2 : (4) is that the toe must be served in a specific type of alcohol.

turn 2 : "Burnt hair, desiccated strawberry, armpit, you know." This turn implies that the person is using unconventional and perhaps even unpleasant descriptions to convey the taste and aroma of the wine, rather than simply using literal and conventional terms like "sweet" or "fruity".

turn 2 : A suggests using rum and bourbon for the recipe


And we've been getting reaction. President Trump has tweeted his condolences. And there's reaction coming in from around the world on this Easter Sunday. Tell us what you've heard.

Right. So this footage is just so disturbing. And so people in other time zones are waking up to the horror of this and sending in these messages of shock and condemnation. President Trump, as you mentioned, tweeted heartfelt condolences. He said, quote, "we stand ready to help" - exclamation point. Also, messages are coming in from European leaders and the prime minister of New Zealand, which sadly just suffered attacks on some of its own places of worship - mosques - last month. Pope Francis spoke at St.  Peter's Square in Rome. He said he wants to express his affectionate closeness to the Christian community in Sri Lanka and to the victims there.

Lauren, can you give us some background?There was a long civil war in Sri Lanka, which ended in 2009. What is the context for these attacks?

That's right. So what's sad is that Sri Lanka was just about to celebrate 10 years of peace - almost to the day - since that civil war ended. It was a bloody war; it lasted 26 years. Sri Lanka is a mostly Buddhist country - about 70 percent. It also has significant religious minorities - Hindus, Muslims and Christians.

turn 1 : People are starting to notice and take action on the issue.

turn 1 : They are worried about any negative consequences of their actions and will fix them quickly.

turn 1 : A and the others are aware of the problem.

turn 1 : Nobody wants to be helped when they can help themselves.

turn 1 : People don't actually stand ready to help but they are alert and ready to help when needed.


Thanks for having me.

What new details did we learn with this filing?

So the new filing focuses on five extramarital affairs that Duncan Hunter had when he was in Congress, the first one starting just four months after he was elected and took office in April 2009. So he took office in January.

The longest feature in the filing is about an individual identified as Individual 14, who was a lobbyist. And they spent campaign money on things like a ski trip together, a thousand-dollar hotel tab. They went to concerts together. And they also went on a double date with another congressperson to Virginia Beach, but that congressperson has not been identified.

turn 2 : A had an inappropriate relationship with an older man at a young age.

turn 2 : Implies that Bill Clinton should have known better than to take such an action.

turn 2 : The person who nominated the speaker for something kept it a secret.

turn 2 : James Buchanan had an impressive career in politics and government.

turn 2 : Duncan Hunter had extramarital affairs while in Congress


Thanks for having me.

turn 2 : Duncan Hunter had extramarital affairs while serving in Congress


Thanks for having me.

turn 3 : The person found a lot of people not shopping and instead watching how much they spend on things in order to save money.

turn 3 : Asking how the speaker is managing their expenses.

turn 3 : Implies that Bill Clinton is both a valuable asset and a potential liability to the campaign.

turn 3 : THERE IS A BIG CHANGE THE PEOPLE HAVE ALREADY LOST THEIR MONEY

turn 3 : Duncan Hunter spent campaign money on personal expenses


Thanks for having me.


What does Disney get?I mean, what that had the label Fox on it goes over to Disney?

So this is a $71. 3 billion deal, and it involves two of the biggest studios in Hollywood. So there's a lot of names involved in this in TV and film that folks will recognize. So Disney gets outlets like 20th Century Fox Television, which produces shows like "Empire" and "Modern Family. "They get Fox animation and National Geographic partners. Now, Fox, meanwhile, has created this slimmed-down company to include a lot of the stuff that Disney didn't buy. So they have Fox News Channel, Fox Business network, the Fox broadcast network and Fox Sports. And in fact, the former speaker of the House Paul Ryan was named to the board of that new Fox Corporation.

So Rupert Murdoch's family which, of course, has controlled Fox - Murdoch keeps the stuff which, we can imagine, is closest to his heart, like the Fox News Channel and gets rid of some of this other stuff.

Right, a company that's a little more focused on news and sports.

turn 2 : The good feelings between the president and fox news seems to be over.

turn 2 : Implicated meaning: The audience loved the show because it tackled difficult and relevant topics. The cancellation was likely due to financial reasons rather than the political content.

turn 2 : Rupert Murdoch's family has given up some of their media outlets, like 20th Century Fox Television, in the deal, but kept the outlets closest to their heart, like Fox News Channel.

turn 2 : The news industry was partly responsible for the controversy surrounding the 2000 election and its aftermath, as people questioned why the U.S. had not adopted a more efficient and reliable voting system.

turn 2 : Being in the media industry is becoming more niche and specialized


So about a year ago, they were ousted by the Ethiopian invasion. And since then, there has been a gorilla war that's been going on that has left most of Somalia in constant turmoil.

Is it a forgotten crisis?

I'd say yes, for the most part, that it is. And it's forgotten at least in the United States because there is not the direct involvement of U. S.  troops. There is indirect U. S.  involvement, absolutely. But the — but when the, you notice very often in the U. S.  media that when no one from the United States is dying, a situation is not declared to be a crisis. And so in Somalia, it's the people of Somalia, as well as Ethiopian troops, that are dying, and therefore it's not on our screen.

One more thing about Somalia before we move on, talking about a split there, potential split. The Bush administration and some members of Congress are considering whether to recognize Somaliland. Tell us about that, and what concerns do you have?

turn 1 : The government is denying their involvement in the atrocities

turn 1 : The situation in Somalia is not receiving the attention it deserves.

turn 1 : There is a lack of progress in the political process for the Syrian crisis.

turn 1 : The Saudi leadership is responsible for the murder of Khashoggi, but they are trying to distance themselves from it

turn 1 : The regime has been causing damage to the country and harming innocent people.


But there's also wars - Syria, Libya, other places. So it's a very mixed picture. But the common denominator, I think, is that you've got several hundred million Arab men and women who are saying that the consent of the governed matters, that the citizen has rights, and we want real constitutions. And they're trying to create those with a foundational structure of social justice.

Social justice is the enormous driver of these revolutions, which is almost totally unarticulated and very misunderstood in the West.

And it certainly was in Syria. Again, the spark, the death of a small boy.

In Syria you had Hamza Khateeb, the little boy who was tortured and killed, and very badly tortured, 14-year-old kid. And the original outburst of the uprising in Daraa, in south Syria, in March 2011, was when the local government, local police officers there, tortured some young kids who had written some graffiti on the wall, like we want reform. It was something very mild, but little kids who were 10, 12, 14 years old, and they were tortured by the police.

turn 0 : when a country is divided it means that the people living in the country have very different opinions from one another

turn 0 : mixed picture means that all the countries have a lot of differences

turn 0 : The country's just really tense means that the majority of the population is tense and not that the country is intense.

turn 0 : It changes the way you think about the situation. Russia wants to capitalize on everyone's problems in the region.

turn 0 : The food in a region is influenced by its religion and proximity to other countries.


And with a big picture on how Americans are voting on this long awaited day. We've got NPR's senior Washington editor, Ron Elving. Hey, Ron.

Hey, good to be with you, Farai.

Well, Senators Obama and John McCain cast their ballots in their home states today. So what kind of turnout are we seeing?

Big. Now we always say the turnout looks like it's heavy, and usually it turns out not to be so great. So take this with a grain of salt, but the anecdotal indicators are that we are seeing a lot of turnout, and let's remember that we've already had a big turnout election just in terms of how many people came out and voted early. More than we've ever seen before and by leaps and bounds. So when we put it all together, I think that most of the experts do expect that we will have at least 130 million American's votes cast this fall either early or today, and that that will be a new record by about eight million.

turn 0 : a lot of stuff means there is a massive amount

turn 0 : The story was told to people and many became aware of it.

turn 0 : Big picture means a vast summary , meaning lots of information at once

turn 0 : when something is made clear in this context it means that it is explained so people understand

turn 0 : big star implies being very popular  well known  or famous and not talking about the star in the sky


Hey, good to be with you, Farai.

turn 0 : to give an idea means to tell them their opinion, or what is happening

turn 0 : the big picture means the main idea, or what the whole truth is

turn 0 : All the turns in this conversation appear to have their literal meanings, and there are no metaphors, figurative language or idioms used.


Now lots of lawyers were lining up to lead the Justice Department. So why did the White House decide to go with Lynch?

First of all, she has a reputation for working well with others. She's very understated and under the radar. Another important factor for the White House I hear from sources is that she's diverse and historic. She'd be the first black woman on the job. She descends from a long line of Baptist preachers in the south. And she has a rich, rich voice and an ability to speak and communicate a message. She's also, Linda, quite noncontroversial.

So about that. What is the reaction from Republicans in the Senate?Can she be confirmed?It's kind of late in the term.

It is kind of late in the term. She's going to have a year and a half or two years to make her mark. Iowa Senator Chuck Grassley, a Republican who's in line to lead the Judiciary Committee next year, says Lynch is going to get a thorough vetting. And he's going to make sure that happens. Lindsey Graham of South Carolina, another Republican, sounded relatively positive, too, about this election. And finally, Linda, Mitch McConnell, who's going to run the Senate as majority leader starting in January, said he is willing to consider her nomination. He wants it to happen in 2015 instead of during this lame-duck session.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using understatement or exaggeration to convey a message, often to emphasize a point or to add humor to a situation.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be conveying a hidden message or agenda that requires further exploration or analysis to fully understand.

turn 1 : The speaker is suggesting that there may be a hidden agenda or underlying motive behind their words.

turn 1 : A: "She's very understated and under the radar." - The literal meaning is that Lynch is not attracting attention or publicity. The actual meaning is that Lynch works quietly and effectively without seeking attention.


turn 3 : A: "He's going to make sure that happens." - The literal meaning is that Senator Chuck Grassley will ensure a thorough vetting of Lynch's nomination. The actual meaning is that Grassley may put obstacles in the way of Lynch's confirmation.

turn 3 :  The White House is suggesting that Lynch will be a passive "steward" of the Department, in contrast to Holder's more active approach.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is suggesting that they are uncertain about the future outcome of a situation, and are not making any definitive statements or commitments. The tone and context of the statement could suggest that the speaker is being cautious, non-committal, or may be waiting for more information before making a decision.

turn 3 : Implies that the speaker would like to see further reforms beyond what is suggested by Speaker Ryan.

turn 3 :  (4) - This turn implies that A will support McConnell if he succeeds in passing the tax plan, and that the Republicans still have a chance to win.


And?

And it got huge. I don't know.

What happens?How does something go viral on Craigslist?I don't even know.

I don't know. I mean, I tweeted about it, and then it started getting passed around. And, you know, people started writing posts on blogs. I think someone called it, like, the most beautiful Craigslist missed connection post ever.

(Laughter) That's a very competitive category.

turn 2 : viral implies that the information spread around quickly to other people

turn 2 : Delays in treating people with the virus could lead to it spreading rapidly.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of this turn is that people might think news organizations are concealing information, but the actual meaning is that people might think news organizations should not be concealing information.

turn 2 : The borders are not secure enough to prevent the virus from spreading

turn 2 : The drug epidemic is pervasive and affects people from all walks of life.


And?

And it got huge. I don't know.

turn 3 :  the post became popular because people started sharing and reposting it on social media and blogs.

turn 3 : When you read the social media post, what did you think?

turn 3 :  (4) And that's where, in the age of social media, they may actually matter more because people are talking about this wipeout

turn 3 : "It's a trend we've seen" is a statement about a trend, not a literal description of what the speaker has seen.

turn 3 : The actual meaning of turn 3 is that Bernie Sanders has gained popular support and this popular support should be taken into account rather than just looking at the math.


Yes. William Jefferson, going for his 10th term in the New Orleans district, was defeated by Anh Joseph Cao - that's spelled C-A-O - who will become the first Vietnamese American to serve in Congress. He's a Republican. He's a lawyer, very little known about him, very little campaigning done.

He is, in a sense, a kind of accidental winner here. What happened was that they had several phases of this election to winnow down an enormous Democratic field. Out of that big field, William Jefferson still emerged the favorite of the Democrats. This is a very heavily African-American district, at least historically. And he emerged as the Democratic nominee, Joe Cao as the Republican.

And here in the end, in a terribly small turnout on Saturday, in a turnout where visually, it appeared that the African-American community was very under represented, very small turnout, maybe one in 10. In that situation and with a lot, also, of the black constituents there voting for the Republican, Billy Jefferson was narrowly defeated, and we have a new congressman from New Orleans, a Republican named Joe Cao.

Well, we should note also that Congressman Jefferson is facing 16 federal indictments. Was that the main reason behind his defeat?

turn 0 : "legislate in spite of the president instead of with him" - figurative meaning, implies that the Congress will pass laws even if the president is not in agreement with them.

turn 0 : This statement implies that George W. Bush is not as relevant in American politics as he used to be.

turn 0 : going for his 10th term' implies that William Jefferson is a long-standing congressman

turn 0 : Donald Trump is using Bill Clinton's personal history as a distraction from legitimate campaign issues

turn 0 : "creating a sense of movement among the millions who now acclaim him as the best thing that happened to American politics since Jack Kennedy." - This implies that Barack Obama has generated a significant amount of enthusiasm and support from a large number of people, which goes beyond his role as a senator and his political legitimacy.


turn 1 : Harlem is now more diverse, attracting non-African Americans.

turn 1 : black per person implies African American person  and not a black color human being

turn 1 : a heavily African-American district' implies that the majority of the district's population is African-American

turn 1 : Iowa's current distinction in the ratio of African-Americans in prison is a problem that needs to be addressed

turn 1 : black kids implies children of African American people and not black colored kids


And the Trump administration has said that some of these many navigator programs were failing to meet their targets, that they were going to put the largest reductions on to the groups that weren't performing. How does that apply to you?

It does not apply to the Ohio Association of Food Banks and our consortia partners. We have served for four years to carry out navigator activities in the state of Ohio. And for those four years, we have met, nearly met or exceeded all of our deliverables. All of the feedback that we had received was very positive - keep up the great work. We certainly wish other states would perform to your level and standards. I believe at one point they even said that we were, quote, "rock stars. "

So I can - may I presume that you were shocked?

Shocked would be an understatement, but really deeply, deeply and profoundly disappointed and felt as though, quite frankly, we were being held hostage in the belief that it was really - appeared to be a political maneuver to damage the viability and stability of the Affordable Care Act. And at that point, our members voted unanimously to terminate our contract on navigator services in Ohio.

turn 1 : Turn: "didn't quite get the same glory" Actual meaning: Did not receive the same recognition or fame.

turn 1 : the scene in this context means genre of music

turn 1 : Atlanta has contributed significantly to the music industry.

turn 1 : stars implies the tiny luminous body in the sky and not a celebrity

turn 1 : "rock stars" is used figuratively to mean that the Ohio Association of Food Banks and their partners were performing exceptionally well, rather than literally referring to musicians or performers.


Well, they do do some of it. Delta in the most recent quarter had about 300 million dollars in gains from fuel hedges, but the biggest problem is other airlines just don't have the cash or the credit to put into this. Southwest has the luxury of very strong financial balance sheet so they can put their money to work years ahead of time. Other airlines, you know, if you're cutting costs, if you're fighting for survival, if your cash is tight, your employees are getting laid off, you know, it's hard to say hey, we're going to buy some fuel for 2012.

And Delta was in bankruptcy proceedings, it had to unload everything it could to deal with its debt.

That's right, very costly. Delta actually had good fuel hedges leading into the 2004 bankruptcy. They had to sell those to raise some cash in the bankruptcy, but selling early meant they lost out on a whole lot of profits that they could have had later on.

Scott, you're a travel writer but you do write for the Wall Street Journal, so maybe you can answer this question for me. On the day that Southwest reported things going very well, its stock actually fell by a dollar to just under 15 dollars a share. Now, how does that work?

turn 0 : Southwest CEO pre-bought fuel in anticipation of a potential increase in oil prices due to the US going to war in Iraq, which resulted in billions of dollars of profits for the airline

turn 0 : Other airlines have too much financial strain to be able to invest in fuel hedging.

turn 0 : Having all your money in one bank is risky.

turn 0 : The Big Three auto companies are facing financial difficulties.


turn 2 : The other airlines may not have the resources to purchase fuel for the future, suggesting a lack of financial stability.

turn 2 : Southwest has continued to buy fuel ahead despite the rising oil prices over the years

turn 2 : Investing in offshore oil and gas drilling may not effectively ensure sufficient energy supplies in the future.

turn 2 : Southwest CEO pre-bought fuel in anticipation of a potential increase in oil prices due to the US going to war in Iraq, which resulted in billions of dollars of profits for the airline

turn 2 : The economy is doing very poorly, and consumers are struggling to pay their debts and bills.


turn 3 : Southwest CEO pre-bought fuel in anticipation of a potential increase in oil prices due to the US going to war in Iraq, which resulted in billions of dollars of profits for the airline

turn 3 : The other airlines don't have the financial means to invest in fuel hedging, suggesting that they are not in a strong financial position.

turn 3 : The Big Three auto companies are facing financial difficulties.

turn 3 :   The incentives offered may not be the primary factor in Carrier's decision, indicating that other factors, such as good relations with the federal government, may be more influential.


So take us back. How did you go from drinking the occasional glass of wine to pursuing professional wine-drinking?

So most people have their wine epiphany as, well, drinking an incredible glass of wine. My wine epiphany happened while I was watching other people drink and in particular, because I got sucked into watch - binge-watching YouTube videos of the Best Sommelier in the World competition. And all my life, I have been obsessed with obsession. And so when I stumbled into this subculture, I was hooked. I was just fascinated by these stories.

And so you go on this journey. And one of the things that I found really interesting is that training to be a sommelier is not quite like getting day drunk with your friends. You're not just, like. . .

Yeah.

turn 1 : People feel intimidated by the specialized wine culture.

turn 1 : "There were times where I was sitting in a tasting group and I thought that I was hearing someone read from a Wiccan book of love spells." This turn implies that the person was hearing very unusual and creative descriptions of wine tasting notes that sounded like they came from a mystical or supernatural source, rather than a straightforward and literal description of the wine.

turn 1 : A: "My wine epiphany happened while I was watching other people drink and in particular, because I got sucked into watch - binge-watching YouTube videos of the Best Sommelier in the World competition. And all my life, I have been obsessed with obsession. And so when I stumbled into this subculture, I was hooked. I was just fascinated by these stories."  In this turn, the actual meaning is different from the literal meaning because the speaker is not simply talking about watching other people drink wine and getting interested in it. The implied meaning is that the speaker became deeply engrossed in the world of sommeliers and their stories through watching videos, which led to their passion for pursuing professional wine-drinking. The emphasis is on the fascination with the sommelier subculture rather than just watching people drink wine.

turn 1 :  "And the thing is - and this is so beautiful - is that when you get to watch lives change...And that occupied my entire day."  The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker has overcome addiction and now enjoys helping others in a similar position, which is incredibly fulfilling. They used to be preoccupied with obtaining drugs, but now their focus has shifted to improving the lives of others.

turn 1 :  where the speaker uses words that are not typically associated with wine tasting, such as "burnt hair," "desiccated strawberry," and "armpit," to describe the taste of wine. The implied meaning is that sommeliers use highly imaginative and unconventional ways to describe the taste of wine, which may not be easily understandable to the average person.


So as we talked about, there was some last-minute campaigning by the prime minister. And you might think he would be more relaxed after an Election Day, right?He's Israel's longest-serving prime minister.

Right. But you know what?He campaigned extra vigorously. He dragged a family out of their home to the polling place. He took a bullhorn, and he visited Jerusalem's main bus station and the main vegetable market. And he claimed over and over again that he could lose, that - he was claiming that right-wing voter turnout was low and left-wing and Arab voter turnout was high. Arab voters meaning Palestinian citizens of Israel, not Palestinians in the Israeli-occupied West Bank. They can't vote in Israeli elections.

Then Netanyahu went back to his official residence, and he spent hours streaming live on Facebook and Instagram and Twitter. He was trying to get people to go to the polls. He called it an emergency broadcast. He was taking calls from party activists. He called on TV commentators. He called them out by name and called them liars. He even appeared in a video clip with puppets. So, frankly, Audie, he overshadowed all of the other candidates on this Election Day.

And voters - how are they responding to it?

turn 0 : at the end of the day means something is likely going to happen or what happens after everything else.

turn 0 : along the way means in this context throughout a period of time

turn 0 : wait a minute usually means they are taken aback by something and need to process it

turn 0 : to hold out in this context means to wait

turn 0 : last minute means to basically to do what you are meant to do close to a due date.


Can you read something for us, a short passage?

Well, why don't I read just the first few verses of the Lord's Prayer that most people are familiar with?

That would be wonderful.

We say a prayer like this, I'll say. We Fada wa dey een heaben, leh ebrybody hona ya name. We pray dat soon ya gwine rule oba de wol. Wasoneba ting ya wahn, leh um be so een dis wol same like dey een heaben. Gii we de food wa we need dis day yah an ebry day. Fagib we fa we sin, same like we da fagib dem people wa do bad ta we. Leh we dohn hab haad test wen Satan try we. Keep we fom ebil.

turn 3 : (4) is the same as its literal meaning, which is a brief acknowledgement of what was just said.

turn 3 :  (4) is an expression of surprise. The implied meaning is an expression of admiration.

turn 3 : "Oh, wow." - This turn's actual meaning is different from its literal meaning. In this context, it is used sarcastically to express disbelief or surprise.

turn 3 : The passage is written in a dialect of English, and the words used have a literal meaning that may be different from standard English. The actual meaning of the passage is a prayer asking for God's blessings, forgiveness of sins, and protection from evil, expressed in a language that is culturally and regionally specific.

turn 3 : not a literal meaning but rather a rhetorical question.


And not to make any comparisons, but I seem to recall that there was a time when J. Crew was a catalog retailer - didn't have any real stores. And now, of course, they've got plenty of them in addition to a very ambitious online retail site.

Absolutely. The way that I've thought about these Shopify stores is they're undoubtedly strange because they're new, but their model is fundamentally not that different from, like, a big corporate enterprise. It's just that the tools have democratized the ability for people to tap into the globalized economy. And so before, it took the idea of having a supply chain and having all these people who would know factory owners in China and all these other kinds of things - that took a lot of infrastructure.

What these tools have done is eliminate the need for all that infrastructure. And so now it's this alternative way into what is a real thing about our economy, which is that many, many of the goods that we all purchase are made in Asian factories and are sold to us at a very high markup from their production costs.

So where's the coat now, may I ask?

It's hanging up in my closet, kind of towards the back - in there with the things that are too small for me to fit into now (laughter). But I'll bring it out at some point, I'm sure. Everyone needs a coat like that, you know, maybe for gardening or something.

turn 0 :  "Spin up a retail store" is used figuratively to describe the process of quickly creating a new retail store, rather than a literal spinning motion.

turn 0 : Yahoo was considering selling out but decided to keep their brand intact.

turn 0 : Starting the spa business was a way to escape from monotonous work.

turn 0 : J.Crew has evolved from being a catalog retailer to having physical stores and an online retail site.


So where's the coat now, may I ask?

turn 1 : There is a shift in consumer behavior towards cheaper options, benefiting certain businesses.

turn 1 : The days of capitalism defined by constantly increasing prices and reaching new highs are disappearing quickly.

turn 1 : Shopify stores have democratized the ability for people to tap into the globalized economy.

turn 1 : Personal consumption is the key driver of the American economy, and if people stop consuming, the economy will suffer.

turn 1 : Despite the presence of goods in shops, people are still starving due to lack of money and high taxes.


So where's the coat now, may I ask?

turn 2 : What is China offering you to keep using them to manufacture the products?

turn 2 : Despite having a large market potential, the Chinese market is difficult to penetrate due to competition from Canadian suppliers.

turn 2 : Many goods are made in Asian factories and sold to consumers at high markups.

turn 2 : CHINA IS GOING TO BE COMPETITION AS FAR AS IT'S ADVANCEMENTS IN THEIR ECONOMY


Now, the first Crohn's gene was cofounded here at the University of Chicago by one of my colleagues. And subsequently, multiple genes for Crohn's disease have been found, most of which have to do with how the body's immune system interacts with the bugs living in the gut.

This is SCIENCE FRIDAY, from NPR. I'm Ira Flatow, talking with Dr.  Russell Cohen. And so there's more than one gene involved, is what you're saying.

Well, yes, there are multiple genes, and there's been big breakthroughs in genetic discoveries with something called genome-wide association, GWAS. So now the genes are falling out of the sky at us every time a group does a big genetic study.

Falling out of the sky. They're - is it that easy to discover them, or are there are just so many you can't really narrow down the important ones?Or are they all important?

turn 3 : Implied meaning: DNA may not be suitable for carrying out everyday tasks due to its slow processing speed.

turn 3 : There are so many genes that it is difficult to determine which ones are important

turn 3 : The speaker is emphasizing that any potential genetic effects found in their study are insignificant compared to the overwhelming impact of human activities on the environment.

turn 3 : The potential consequences of genetic engineering could be extreme and far-reaching.

turn 3 : In both of these turns, the implied meaning goes beyond the literal words used. The speaker is not simply asking about the reasons behind the human need to look at themselves or stating that it is innate and related to genetics. The implied meaning suggests a deeper exploration of human psychology and the significance of self-reflection as a part of our daily


I know I'm going to get emails, perhaps you too, from people who say, look, I am an agnostic or an atheist really specifically because I thought organized religion had a hand in racializing in our society and a history with slavery and has not had a good effect on U. S.  history.

Sure. I'm not in any way suggesting in this article that I'm telling people that they need to go to religious services. I do think we know that civic connection more broadly tends to help people weather difficulties in their lives. There are many other ways other than doing it through religious institutions.

It just happens that the church has been probably the most central form of civic engagement that Americans have had. And so when Americans disengage from church, for many of them that essentially becomes de facto disengaging from any civic institution. It's not like they're replacing church with some other form of civic institution that might fill some of that same function.

Peter Beinart of The Atlantic. Thanks so much for being with us.

turn 1 : The speaker is implying that the same divide between religious people and non-religious people is present across the political spectrum, not just within one party.

turn 1 : This statement implies that there is a disagreement between A who is a religious person and the Activists who have different opinions about how faith works.

turn 1 : Implies that religion is an important factor in the speaker's life, not just a literal question about religion.

turn 1 :  (2) Suggesting that people don't need to go to religious services implies that they don't need to be part of an organized religion in order to engage in civic activities.


turn 2 : The church is in danger of losing its moral authority.

turn 2 : (3) Stating that when Americans disengage from church, they are not replacing it with another form of civic institution implies that there is no other source of civic engagement that could provide the same benefits that church once did.

turn 2 : This statement implies that there is a disagreement between A who is a religious person and the Activists who have different opinions about how faith works.

turn 2 : The church should clean up its own act before telling others what to do.


turn 3 :  the host is wrapping up the interview and thanking the guest for being on the show. The literal meaning is simply expressing gratitude, but the implied meaning is that the interview has come to an end.

turn 3 :  the literal meaning is that the host is thanking the guest for being with them. However, the actual meaning is that the host is ending the interview and thanking the guest for participating.

turn 3 :  The implied meaning of this turn is that the guest is expressing gratitude for being invited to the show

turn 3 : The literal meaning of this turn is to thank the guest for joining the show and being available. The implied meaning is to thank the guest for their contribution to the show and for providing useful information.

turn 3 : "Thank you." - The literal meaning is a polite response to being welcomed to the show. The implied meaning is that the guest is ready and willing to contribute to the discussion.


I mean, there have been some high-profile examples recently of sort of ethically questionable journalism, you know, maybe at best. Do you think that - and this is sort of tangential, but do you think that that, the definition of plagiarism needs to be updated for the Web?

I mean, given that I started this thing, you mentioned the curator's code, I think about that a lot. I think plagiarism is kind of a harsh word that comes from the publishing world, you know, kind of a legacy term. And there are many layers to it. It's a little bit of a grab bag.

But online, one of the things that I think about a lot, which I think is a form of sort of neo-plagiarism as this idea of OK, you know, we live at a time where there's almost infinite information, and it takes time to find the meaningful and to separate it from the meaningless, and that's effort, and that's sort of creative labor.

And when someone does that, and let's say - you know, for example, one of my favorite sites, Open Culture, run by Dan Colman out of Stanford, he finds amazing archival stuff. You know, and he spends time in the archives looking for it. And then it gets sort of reported on, say, Huffington Post or Business Insider, just sort of regurgitated.

turn 0 : (1) "ethically questionable journalism" and "definition of plagiarism needs to be updated for the Web" (2) "curator's code", "legacy term", and "grab bag" (3) "neo-plagiarism", "infinite information", "meaningful and meaningless", "creative labor" (4) "Open Culture", "archival stuff", "regurgitated"

turn 0 : The National Enquirer is not a credible source of news and is often joked about.

turn 0 : The chaos in the White House is providing a lot of news content for journalists to cover.

turn 0 :  (2) What's an editorial worth in this age of social media?


turn 1 : "history" and "allegations" - While these words may have a straightforward meaning on their own, in this context, they imply that there is a pattern of wrongdoing that has been documented.

turn 1 : "when he had to look up what he was looking at, these organisms, he was looking in reference books, things that are just unthinkable these days, of course you would just Google." Literal meaning: Wim van Egmond used to search for information about organisms in reference books, which is an outdated practice now that we can easily search on Google. Actual meaning: Wim van Egmond used to search for information about organisms in reference books, and nowadays it's more common to use online resources like Google for such searches.

turn 1 :  "curator's code", which refers to a set of ethical guidelines for curating content on the web; "legacy term", which refers to a term that has been inherited from an earlier time and may no longer be entirely relevant or appropriate; "grab bag", which is used here to describe the various components of plagiarism that don't necessarily fit neatly into one category.

turn 1 : The implied meaning of this turn is that people are worried that the reconstruction of historical sites, while intended to preserve them, may actually erase the original context and erase the history that was connected to them.

turn 1 : A: "They might use this history but - to tailor ads - but they do not sell it to third parties." In this turn, the literal meaning suggests that the companies use users' browsing history to customize advertisements. However, the implicated meaning is that the companies collect and utilize users' browsing history for targeted advertising purposes, although they claim not to sell it to third parties.


turn 2 : Be mindful of the content you share online as it can affect job and college opportunities.

turn 2 : "neo-plagiarism", which refers to a new form of plagiarism that arises from the abundance of information available online; "creative labor", which refers to the effort and skill required to find and curate valuable information.

turn 2 : Information on the internet is passed from person to person quickly. The man did some work for an organization where people think of solutions to problems.

turn 2 : "digital book revolution" - this is a metaphorical expression that refers to the rapid shift towards digital formats in the publishing industry.

turn 2 : that people don’t do their homework means that they don’t research information.


turn 3 : "replicate the achievements" - This phrase means to repeat or recreate the successes or accomplishments that the United States has had with its Clean Air Act. Its actual meaning is metaphorical and not related to copying or duplicating something exactly.

turn 3 : (3) "Hammering away at an injustice until it's righted" - To persistently work towards correcting a wrong.

turn 3 : A: "She has shown considerable ingenuity by her forgeries" - The literal meaning of "ingenuity" is creative ability or cleverness. In this context, it refers to the ability to forge documents convincingly, which is not a positive attribute.

turn 3 : "regurgitated", which is used here to describe the process of reusing someone else's work without adding any original content or value.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that people are worried that the reconstruction of historical sites, while intended to preserve them, may actually erase the original context and erase the history that was connected to them.


For them, remembering digits is much easier than remembering the Roman alphabet. Even though they learn the letters, they're often still more comfortable with numbers. And they remember them a lot more clearly.

So when they read the numbers out loud, do they have some meaning in Mandarin?

Yeah, I mean, a lot of the URLs, the strings of digits, do have some meaning. For example, there are tons of URLs that are homophones for other Chinese phrases. So you gave the example of the McDonald's URL - 4008-517-517 - that's because when you say 517 in Mandarin it's (Mandarin spoken) and that sounds somewhat (Mandarin spoken), which means I want to eat.

They sort of have infinite flexibility to spell out phrases and create these little sentences. So the example you gave of the dating website, which is 5201314. com, that string of digits means, (Mandarin spoken), which means I will love you forever. So that's something that people will use a lot when chatting online with their friends or they'll shorten it to 520, which just means I love you.

turn 3 :  Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples.

turn 3 : In turn (4), the implied meaning is that the Chinese Ministry of State Security is trying to take revenge for the U.S. FBI catching their spies in the U.S.

turn 3 : None of the words in turn (4) have a different meaning from their literal meanings.

turn 3 : The turn whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning is (4) "He said to the sailors who were with him, he said, you men are young.I've lived the major part of my life; I'm willing to go."

turn 3 :  “I want to eat” in Mandarin. Similarly, the phrase “5201314” in turn 4 literally means “five two, zero one three one four” but it implies “I will love you forever” in Mandarin.


And there are two things I think that are really important to remember. The first is that those people are still held accountable. They still plead guilty to crimes. And they often do prison sentences that are very long - not as long as people who don't cooperate. But they often really do - they really do get punished for that.

The second thing is when you think about the most serious cases the president talks about all the time, like MS-13, you simply couldn't make those cases without cooperators. You need people on the inside because things like gangs are highly secretive organizations. And so you need to understand where drugs are coming from, where money's coming from, how violence is committed and by whom. And so it really is essential. You know, it's an unsavory part of the criminal justice system. But it's a part that becomes very important to get serious crimes prosecuted.

OK.  Anne Milgram, former federal prosecutor and attorney general of New Jersey, now a professor at New York University Law School, thanks so much.

Thank you.

turn 1 : The turn whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning is turn (3).  In turn (3), the speaker says "food just doesn't seem to taste right on an airplane." The literal meaning of this statement is that the food does not taste good when eaten on an airplane.

turn 1 : It is not that is something to be tasted. It is something people don't like to hear about.

turn 1 : A finds something amusing but doesn't want to explain why.

turn 1 : I don't like it so it sounds bad, or sounds ugly.


Who works her curves fabulously.

She does.

Who actually has designed a big girl bra for Ashley Stewart, she got divorced from Lyzel who, of the song "Lyzel in E Flat", which is one of my favorites. But she's announced she's getting hitched again. Who's the lucky man?

A drummer in her band, like called Little John, but is not Little John. That Little John is. . .

turn 1 : it represents the person is very enthusiastic and interested to be engaged in doing it

turn 1 : the turns whose actual meanings are different from their literal meanings. By saying "you're not one of these people that thinks I'm young and strong and nothing will happen"

turn 1 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply an acknowledgement or agreement, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker may not be fully engaged or interested in the conversation. It could be interpreted as a way of signaling disinterest or a desire to move on to a different topic.

turn 1 : The person being referred to has accomplished many things and is currently engaged.

turn 1 : It gives you insight of how to be a man and take care of your business and have integrity, visionary goal-setting and respect for one another.


Thank you. Great to be with you this morning.

Why do Republicans - who seem to believe gun laws would not reduce homicides because murders will still break the law to get guns - now seem to feel anyone's going to be deterred by a bump stock law?

Well, Scott, I think - well, we were all just horrified by the events of Las Vegas - I mean, so many killed and wounded. And you know, so of course our thoughts are with all of them and their families. But I think most of us are not only shocked by the event but shocked by the fact that somebody was able to convert, functionally, a lawful, legal firearm - or firearms into an illegal firearms, as far as I'm concerned.

I mean, automatic weapons in the United States have been banned for a very long time, as they should be. The fact that somebody can take a bump stock or some other type of device and functionally convert a semiautomatic into a fully automatic is more than concerning. And many of us believe that that must be outlawed. And. . .

turn 1 : The literal meaning of the turn is asking why they want to cause violence, but the implied meaning is asking why they find violence appealing or attractive.

turn 1 : iteral meaning is different from its actual meaning. The actual meaning is asking for an explanation of why Republicans now feel a bump stock law is needed, while the literal meaning is asking why they seem to think gun laws wouldn't reduce homicides.

turn 1 : (3) has an actual meaning that is different from its literal meaning. While the literal meaning is simply stating that some people who are attracted to bitcoin have a libertarian mindset and don't like taxes, the implied meaning is that there is a political ideology driving the appeal of bitcoin beyond just profit opportunities or curiosity about the technology.

turn 1 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 1 : as it is the only turn with an implied meaning different from its literal meaning.


Mr.  Kirn, why do you, in a couple of cases in this book, you refuse to consider yourself a victim, which I understand, even though you were duped, but you even call yourself a collaborator. Why?

Because the fact of the matter is, is that until he was convicted of these crimes, everyone believed him. I wanted to show the point of view of the dupe, of the fool. So, I was hard on myself. But I collaborated with him in the sense that every time he told a story that didn't make sense, I tried to make it make sense for him in my mind. Every time he lied and I felt a little twinge inside, I covered it up. And I had to answer the question why I did that.

And?

Well, Clark answered it for me. When I saw him in jail after his murder conviction, I said you're not going to admit to the murder - which he didn't, he had a story for that - but it's clear that you were a great conman and a great impostor for many years. What's the secret to fooling people, I said. And he looked at me and he said, Walter, three little words - I'm surprised you don't know - vanity, vanity, vanity.

turn 3 : The speaker is not literally talking about honesty and being real but rather expressing their discomfort with situations that feel inauthentic.

turn 3 : quite frankly means quite honestly, or the person is telling the truth but some people might not like it

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be expressing a hidden emotion or attitude, such as resentment or envy, that is not directly stated in their words, but is conveyed through their tone, facial expressions, or choice of language.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is implying that her character's story line on the show mirrored her own life experience.

turn 3 : (4) When Clark says "vanity, vanity, vanity," he is not talking about literal vanity (i.e. excessive pride in one's appearance or abilities), but rather using it as a metaphor for the weakness of human nature that makes people susceptible to being deceived by others. Clark is implying that people are easily fooled because they are too self-absorbed and often fail to see the truth beyond their own desires and interests.


OK.

. . . It's a big question.

OK. So it does seem that it's been reported that the president's advisers are at odds. His national security adviser, John Bolton, is hawkish, seems very skeptical about any negotiations with Iran while the secretary of state, Mike Pompeo, seems to want to de-escalate the conflict. Now, obviously, everyone should be very careful about committing troops to any conflict, so let's just take that as a given. But how do you interpret what's going on in the administration around this very sensitive and consequential issue?Some would argue that these things should have been worked out by now.

Well, as far as any discussion with regards to the military option - and there are four instruments of national power, primarily - diplomacy, information, military, economics. It's the dying principle that we follow here as a nation. I believe and many others believe that the military option anywhere at any time should always be the absolute. . .

turn 2 : That's his argument. He says it's uncomfortable but these questions need to be asked, otherwise powerful people can get away with terrible things."  Implicated meaning: The speaker acknowledges that the questions being proposed might cause discomfort, but they are necessary to prevent powerful individuals from evading consequences for their atrocious deeds. Without asking these challenging questions, there is a risk of enabling the privileged to escape accountability for their actions.

turn 2 : (2) B's question is a rhetorical question meant to express the difficulty and emotional burden of having to inform a victim's family that the conviction was wrongful, rather than seeking a direct answer.

turn 2 : Despite legal and PR efforts, it is difficult for experts to make sense of the situation

turn 2 : There is no clear process for who has accountability and makes decisions. The mission was outside of the office instead of being conducted via phone or internet.

turn 2 : "How do you interpret what's going on in the administration around this very sensitive and consequential issue?" This question is not asking for a literal interpretation of what is happening but rather a more analytical and critical evaluation of the situation.


OK.

. . . It's a big question.

turn 3 : Are they willing to let people die over that principle?

turn 3 : "You didn't come here to stay and you will perish." - This turn is a figurative expression and means that we all have a limited time on earth and will eventually die. It does not have a literal meaning.

turn 3 : "It's the dying principle that we follow here as a nation." The phrase "dying principle" here does not refer to a principle that is in the process of dying or fading away, but rather to the fundamental principle that should always be followed, even in dire circumstances.

turn 3 : "and that was the beginning of the fatalities." - The implied meaning here is that the fall resulted in people dying, rather than just being the start of a sequence of events.


Yesterday, General Motors announced that it would review its contracts with ad agencies to see whether or not they should even be renewed. Let's say you were working on a car company advertising campaign. What should they do to actually get American consumers to buy cars?

Yeah, I think there's a deeper question there, Alex, to be honest, about - with the car companies. If I were pitching them right now, or I was being asked to prove that it's worth doing, I would really, really want to understand what their view of the future of their industry is. And I would want to align my marketing around their authentic view of their business, right?

What I absolutely think they should do right now?They should do a series of advertisements, purely authentic and honest, basically saying, look, for the past 30 years, they've messed up. They've run afoul of obvious economic externalities. And I think if they are authentic, and they do a mea culpa, people will regain some trust in them. That might be a futile attempt, frankly, at this point because I think that they are lumbering giants.

So, how are companies reshaping their marketing strategies to deal with customers who may not want to buy anything right now?

turn 1 : Car companies want to know the future regulations to plan ahead

turn 1 : Car companies need to understand their industry's future to create effective advertising

turn 1 : The Big Three auto companies are facing financial difficulties.

turn 1 : The increase in leasing and new car prices will lead to a rise in demand for used cars, which will increase their prices as well.

turn 1 : More advertisers should invest in online advertising rather than traditional media.