Madam de Pompadour was the mistress of Louis XV and a style-setter. A painting shows her at her vanity table with her mirror, her makeup brush and compact, wearing a shockingly low-cut gown. Her preening went on for hours, so she'd receive visitors as she put on her makeup.

She had incredibly good taste, and hired only the most important, the most well-known furniture designers, painters. She was very cultured, and she created amazing furniture. And this table was made for her Chateau Bellevue. And it's impeccably made. The marquetry is fantastic. It's all about her life and who she is and her lifestyle. And so you should notice that on the top of the bronze-gilt mounts of the legs, there are little castle tops representing where she lives, her chateau. And then the top shows all of her interests - her interests in gardening and nature, her interest in music. And this was, obviously, commissioned by her and was to make to show her interests and her likes.

There are exquisite combs in the exhibit. Some of them are decorated with precious gems, others made out of rubber, and some made out of ebony and ivory. But they were not all used for beauty alone.

The interesting thing about the double-sided combs: the wide tooth is to comb hair, and the narrow end is to comb out the lice.

turn 0 : (1) implies that Madam de Pompadour was very vain and spent a lot of time preening herself, indicating that she may have been more concerned with her appearance than her actual duties as the mistress of Louis XV.

turn 0 : (Laughter) He was her father's boss. And he was one of the great noblemen of France at the time, a very, very powerful man. And all of a sudden, she was the very young mistress and was moved into Paris so that he could keep her separate from his wife, but she wanted more. And so very quickly she got bored and she ran off with her fencing master.  The implied meaning here is that the phrase "very young mistress" suggests a romantic and possibly sexual relationship between the man and the young woman. It implies that she became involved with him as a lover or partner, rather than solely as a student of fencing.

turn 0 : And in "Madame Bovary" there is a - you know, Flaubert is trying to make this statement about female vanity and a sense of class sort of raising yourself up and having your womanhood be your bootstraps. And in this case, Meagen is arguing that that's the way it should be. And America offers you this, and it's an illuminated culture because of that. And Fatima says, no, I think that it actually weakens and debases the woman to have to expose herself or use her beauty to attain wealth or stature.  In both of these turns, the speakers are discussing deeper societal and cultural implications rather than just the literal actions or events being described. They explore the meaning and significance of outlawing the hijab in France and the contrasting views on female vanity and societal expectations portrayed in the novel "Madame Bovary." The actual meanings conveyed go beyond surface-level descriptions and delve into broader social, cultural, and philosophical discussions.

turn 0 : Her life was a representation of the celebrated tradition of women warriors in France at that time.


I thought that our spin was slowing down.

We are slowing down. We're slowing down but only because we're transferring it to the moon, and so the - if you count both of these bodies today, that spin should be remained constant throughout the course of solar system history.

And what they're suggesting is that you can lose spin from the Earth-moon system and transfer it to the sun-Earth system. And it's a very complex calculation. I mean, it's not just trivial that it took 30, 40 years to figure this out. But once that is on the table, and you say hey, I can start with an Earth that's spinning with a period of two hours, now you have an Earth, that if you were to look at this - and you can download the simulations from Science magazine - and you can see that - or from Harvard - and you can see that this Earth looks kind of like a muffin.

It's spinning so fast, it's got kind of a two-to-one axis ratio. And so their solution is hey, I can make the moon out of Earth's mantle, I'll just sort of hit it with a tiny projectile - you know, not tiny but much smaller than we thought previously - so Theia becomes smaller.

turn 1 : The current theory about the formation of the moon might not be accurate

turn 1 : The moon was once a part of the Earth.

turn 1 : The Earth's days are getting longer due to the planet spinning slower and there were more days per year in the past based on fossil record evidence.

turn 1 : We're slowing down but transferring spin to the moon.

turn 1 : The planet is far away from us, but it's measurable


Yes, I - my mom has a cleaning company, and she cleans for a lawyer here locally. And once she started working there, it just turned into, like, a really big place. Like, it was not easy for her to do by herself, so. . .

You pitch in after school or on weekends or. . .

We took Sundays and sometimes Fridays to clean up the office, which was probably the best days for us because after church, we'd just head towards the office and clean.

And that all went to your quince fund.

turn 0 : The behavior of the company should be investigated since it continued for many years.

turn 0 : A's mom's cleaning company grew rapidly after taking on the lawyer's office as a client

turn 0 : when a company collapses, it means they went out of business.

turn 0 : Despite looking successful, my mother was dealing with abuse and financial struggles.

turn 0 : The prosecutors collaborated with the supervisor to manipulate the system.


And that all went to your quince fund.

turn 1 : Not all scientific beliefs are accurate, even if widely accepted.

turn 1 : Some people prioritize their internal beliefs over scientific facts

turn 1 :  The implication of this statement is that it will be difficult to reach a consensus among the scientific community due to their diverse opinions

turn 1 : In the past, people would not believe amateur astronomers, but now there is more trust in their reports.


Well, I think some tariffs do. I think this is a misguided policy. It was not thought out well. Of course, it helps the big steel companies, but it's going to affect all the downstream manufacturing jobs. You know, we're asking for help for them to grant our exclusions that we filed. And it can be approved by President Trump just by signing the exclusion, and that's what we're asking him to do.

Mr.  Pratt, will the people who lost their jobs at Mid Continent be able to find jobs elsewhere?

It will be tough in our area. I mean, it's an area of 17,000 people. We're the second-largest employer in the area, employing over 500 at one time. And it will be tough for them to find other jobs.

In the 2016 election, Donald Trump got 80 percent of the vote in Poplar Bluff and in surrounding counties. Has local support for President Trump changed because of what is happening to your company?

turn 0 : People want to work hard for things.

turn 0 : The weak jobs numbers highlight the dangers of more trade war.

turn 0 : The jobs are with companies that use the steel that is made for their products.

turn 0 : The cuts will be significant and likely affect employees.

turn 0 : A lot of people are out of work and jobs are getting harder to find.


Yeah. This is really kind of a year of reckoning for Big Pharma. Insys Therapeutics, Purdue Pharma, Teva Pharmaceuticals - they've agreed to pay more than half a billion dollars between them to state and federal agencies. And these shockwaves just keep rolling through the drug industry. In May, seven Insys executives were found guilty on racketeering charges. That company later declared bankruptcy. Purdue Pharma, another big player - they've talked openly about filing for Chapter 11. And Johnson & Johnson, a really big name-brand company - they're in court right now in Oklahoma. That state's attorney general is demanding $17 billion in compensation. And this is really the kind of opioid-related legal chaos that Reckitt Benckiser is hoping to leave behind.

Now that Reckitt Benckiser has made this deal, are they cleared from future litigation?

Well, they're not. And this is one thing that the industry is afraid of - that they'll make these big payouts and still face lingering liability. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports more than 200,000 Americans have died from prescription opioid overdoses. A lot of communities have been very hard-hit, so there are a lot of potential lawsuits out there. Reckitt Benckiser is still being sued right now by dozens of states. Their attorneys general have filed those suits. Some of those states may choose to take part in this federal settlement, but others could keep fighting in court. And that could mean a push for separate settlements.

That's North Country Public Radio's Brian Mann. He covers opioid litigation for NPR.

turn 0 : big name implies being very successful and wealthy

turn 0 : Despite being one of the wealthiest countries, people are struggling to make ends meet.

turn 0 : big star implies being very popular  well known  or famous and not talking about the star in the sky

turn 0 : The speaker is acknowledging the wealth of their country and how they have been living in luxury, but now they feel like beggars due to the sudden change in their circumstances.


Diane Standaert of the nonprofit Center for Responsible Lending in Washington, D. C. , joins us now. Thanks very much for being with us.

Thanks for the opportunity to speak with you.

We're talking about car title loans and consumer finance loans. What are the differences?

Car title loans typically carry 300 percent interest rates and are typically due in 30 days and take access to a borrower's car title as security for the loan. Consumer finance loans have no limits on the rates that they can charge and also take access to the borrower's car as security for the loan. And so in some states, such as Virginia, there's very little difference between the predatory practices and the consequences for consumers of these types of loans.

How do people get trapped?

turn 4 : The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is asking how people can become trapped in debt due to car title loans and consumer finance loans.

turn 4 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be indirectly suggesting a course of action or solution to a problem without explicitly stating it.

turn 4 : In the given context, the literal meaning of turn (4) is that B is simply asking A to clarify what they mean by "loan product," specifically asking if they are referring to subprime loans. However, the implied meaning of turn (4) is that B may be trying to redirect the conversation away from the topic of subprime loans, which have been associated with the housing market crash, and potentially avoid blame or responsibility for their role in the crisis. This can be inferred from the fact that B interrupts A while they are discussing the role of loan products and the irresponsibility of consumers and mortgage banks.

turn 4 : The implied meaning of this turn is that B is suggesting that the joke is related to Wall Street, such as the stock market and other financial activities.

turn 4 : The implied meaning of turn (4) is that the speaker is acknowledging what was said but may not have a specific response or further comment. It implies a lack of elaboration or engagement in the conversation.


Yes.

What's your view of the impact of this money arms race on American democracy?

Well, nowadays, people don't - not several million dollars, but several hundred million dollars. And the Supreme Court's ruling on Citizens United is one of the stupid and most counterproductive decisions that the Supreme Court of the United States has ever made. And I think it has basically taken away a lot of the Democrat ideals of elections in the United States that we've enjoyed down through the previous generations. So I think it's completely distorted the democratic purity or legitimacy of our elections in the United States.

Legitimacy - that's strong words.

turn 1 :  (3).  In this turn, the speaker asks what the senator symbolizes in the current political race. The literal meaning of the words is clear, but the implied meaning is more complex. The speaker is really asking the senator to define their political platform and message, and to explain how they differ from their competitors. The question is meant to elicit a nuanced response that goes beyond simple symbolism.

turn 1 :  implies that the Democrats should not become complacent with their current demographics and should focus on further outreach

turn 1 : running implies a business and not to chase or purse like in a race

turn 1 : "money arms race" implies that the competitive spending of large amounts of money in political campaigns, particularly by wealthy individuals and corporations may have negative consequences for American democracy.


So, overall, I'm immensely proud of my team for what we were able to accomplish. We didn't have some major university backing us or major corporation backing us. We had two launches, and unfortunately neither one made it, but we got very, very close.

What went wrong?

We had a successful first stage burn. And unfortunately, seconds into the second stage burn, the vehicle spiraled out of control and basically disintegrated.

So, again, you're all college students, but nobody is getting paid. Nobody's getting college credit for this.

That's right. We're investing thousands of hours completely voluntarily.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of (3) is that no one is taking credit for the decision to go after old debts owed to the government. However, the implied meaning is that there is a lack of accountability and transparency within the government, as no one is willing to take responsibility for the decision.

turn 3 : Basically, when we haven't got enough money, we have to decide who's not going to get food."  The actual meaning implied in this turn is: "Essentially, when we lack sufficient funds, we need to determine which individuals will not receive food."

turn 3 :  "but nobody is getting paid.Nobody's getting college credit for this" is a turn whose actual meaning is the same as its literal meaning. It means that the team members are not receiving any financial compensation or academic credits for their work on the project.

turn 3 : Most people don't have enough money to pay for school.


Well, you know, that's another thing. So sometimes what happens to, you know, big scientists, you know, scientist that really have been enormously successful, is that as they grow older they don't feel as if they can continue, you know, with kind of mainstream incremental science after they have done something really big in the past. And as a result they adopt something that is completely outside of mainstream because they think, a-ha, maybe I'll make yet another huge contribution.

And that has happened to Pauling with Vitamin C.  And it happens to others too, you know, that at old age they suddenly pick up on something. Yes, it happened to Hoyle, Fred Hoyle, who is another person that I discuss on the concept of how did life evolve, you know, and so on. It's not a topic I discuss much in the book, but he started saying that probably all of life on Earth came from outer space and things like that and so on. So it happens.

Mm-hmm. This is SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR. I'm Ira Flatow talking with Mario Livio, author of "Brilliant Blunders: From Darwin to Einstein," talking about great blunders that happened. Speaking about those kinds of blunders late in life, Bill Shockley, who was one of the inventors of the transistor, also got into trouble about views about racism late. . .

Yeah. Unfortunately it is more common than we would like.

turn 0 : late to the party implies that the scientists engaged with the issue after most people

turn 0 : Some successful scientists adopt unconventional approaches after achieving something significant.

turn 0 : We are already committed to climate change, so we need to focus on adapting to it.

turn 0 : The idea of climate change is not new but our understanding of it has improved.

turn 0 : People want to work hard for things.


Rising gas prices are forcing consumers and the auto industry to make drastic changes. Today we wrap up our multimedia series Road Trippin' with a look at some solutions to the soaring fuel costs. Toyota and Honda have been making popular hybrid gas-electric cars and they generally get better mileage than gas-only engines and save some wear and tear on the environment. Pump prices have consumers dumping their SUVs and pickup trucks for smaller, more fuel-efficient cars. Now the other major car companies are jumping onto the fuel efficiency bandwagon. With us to talk about some of those changes is BMW spokesperson Dave Buchko. Thanks for joining us.

Thank you.

So gas-electric hybrid cars have been on U. S.  roads since Honda started selling the Insight in 2000. Companies like GM, Honda and BMW are looking now at developing hydrogen-powered cars. What does that mean, how do those work?

Well, there are different approaches to how to - to hydrogen vehicles. We've been at this longer than anybody. We've been at this for more than 25 years. And so when we started looking at hydrogen, what we were looking for initially was an alternative to gasoline as a way of powering an internal combustion engine, which is normal - you know, in a normal car engine. So quite different from what we see with fuel cells. But we've continued to develop the internal combustion engine powered by hydrogen because we think that that has a lot of potential and a lot of relevance.

turn 3 : Efforts are being made to increase the efficiency of American cars and shift towards renewable energy sources

turn 3 : BMW's market for their cars is not working-class commuters.

turn 3 : The actual meaning of this statement is that it is asking why the combustion engine became the predominant power supply for cars instead of the electric engine.

turn 3 : The Trump administration wants to keep fuel economy targets at 2020 levels.

turn 3 : BMW is interested in developing an internal combustion engine powered by hydrogen.


It does. He talks about it almost every day. He's preparing the ground for it. But a lot of conservatives - and I think this starts with Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell - are deeply concerned about it. They see this border issue - whether they see the border issue as a national emergency or not, they do see such a declaration as a bad precedent, something that a future president could use to do things that conservatives regard as radical, such as higher taxes on the ultra-rich or "Medicare-for-all. "

Another week of Roger Stone's wardrobe. Might a judge put an end to his fashion parade?

And to his parade of TV appearances perhaps. There is a federal judge in the District of Columbia contemplating a gag order on this case. That could be a mercy for all concerned, not least Roger Stone's longtime buddy, who is now in the White House.

Thanks so much, Ron Elving, NPR senior political editor.

turn 2 : He was happy to attend the talk show

turn 2 :  The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is thanking the guest for appearing on the show and expressing appreciation for their insight

turn 2 : parade of tv appearances means the person did a lot of interviews

turn 2 : The literal meaning is that the speaker would have appeared on a media outlet many times. The actual meaning is that the speaker would have been very vocal and persistent on the issue, possibly annoying the media host.

turn 2 : Implicated meaning: The audience loved the show because it tackled difficult and relevant topics. The cancellation was likely due to financial reasons rather than the political content.


The United Nations World Food Programme has to cut back on the food that it gives out to some of the most imperiled people in the world. In Ethiopia, for example, it's had to lower the daily calorie intake for hundreds of thousands of refugees that it feeds in the camps there. Now, this is partly due to funding shortfalls, but there is also a growing need for food aid as the globe's conflicts continue. Peter Smerdon joins us now from Nairobi. He's the spokesperson for the World Food Programme in East Africa. Mr.  Smerdon, thanks for being with us.

My pleasure.

What kind of hard decisions do to the folks in your program have to make?

Basically, when we haven't got enough money, we have to decide who's not going to get food. And most of the people we serve are dependent on the United Nations World Food Programme for their food needs - in many cases, 100 percent because either they fled countries in conflict, and they have absolutely no money, no jobs and no assets left or because they're refugees, and they are confined to camps. They are not allowed to work. And they have no money, either.

turn 2 : It is being implied that setting out the food was a temporary fix.

turn 2 : Food is the most important think for each any every human.

turn 2 : The 'canned goods' comment isn't literal, but it implies that if the US government fails, society will crash and be unstable, and there may even be food shortages.

turn 2 : There are better meat choices to reduce environmental impact.

turn 2 : The World Food Programme has to decide who is not going to get food due to the lack of resources, and those who are most in need often have to go without.


My pleasure.

turn 2 : "What kind of hard decisions do the folks in your program have to make?"  The actual meaning implied in this turn is: "What difficult choices or determinations do the people involved in your program have to make?"

turn 2 : (2) The literal meaning of this turn is a simple question, but the implied meaning is that the speaker wants to know what actions can be taken to address the issue being discussed and is seeking guidance or suggestions.

turn 2 : It implies that no matter the impact of the program the society will still change those impacts.

turn 2 :  Turn (2) implies that the speaker is looking for someone who is reasonable and easy to work with,


My pleasure.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at something they want or need, but they don't want to ask for it directly.

turn 3 : (4): Implied meaning: Advising to not waste energy in trying to convince people who are negative about unknown normal things, since it is not possible to change their mindset.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at a desire or need for help or support from the listener.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is suggesting that they are uncertain about the future outcome of a situation, and are not making any definitive statements or commitments. The tone and context of the statement could suggest that the speaker is being cautious, non-committal, or may be waiting for more information before making a decision.

turn 3 : Basically, when we haven't got enough money, we have to decide who's not going to get food."  The actual meaning implied in this turn is: "Essentially, when we lack sufficient funds, we need to determine which individuals will not receive food."


Yeah, they were. They were celebrities in the sense that they were the children of the tycoons and the kind of lords of the Gilded Age, the sort of people who grew up in Newport and Fifth Avenue and had names that resonated for a public that, you know, much like today, they know who has the money, who has the power.

Who was Theodore Roosevelt at the time that he was helping to organize this regiment?

So Theodore Roosevelt was - at the time, he was 38 years old. He had gone through a number of careers. He had been a politician. He had been a rancher. He was a historian. But he felt like life was actually passing him by and that he had not really found that thing that motivated him. And so when the war came along, which is something he advocated for, he knew immediately that he had to not just sit at a desk but actually go out and participate.

So I get that you had heard of the Rough Riders. If you read very much American history, you encounter them because of, well, Theodore Roosevelt, for starters. But what made you think there was more to this story than a few brilliant names?

turn 0 : Children of wealthy tycoons and lords of Gilded Age

turn 0 : big name implies being very successful and wealthy

turn 0 : Hall of Fame implies a recognition of being a noble and outstanding

turn 0 : The speaker is acknowledging the wealth of their country and how they have been living in luxury, but now they feel like beggars due to the sudden change in their circumstances.

turn 0 : Despite being one of the wealthiest countries, people are struggling to make ends meet.


Abby Wambach was a major soccer star - two Olympic gold medals, the all-time highest goal score among women and men internationally, global recognition. But when Barnard College, the all-women's school in New York City, asked her to give its commencement address last year, she felt underqualified. So she poured her heart into her speech and decided to turn it into a rallying cry for women.

That hard work paid off. Her speech went viral, and she's now turned it into a book about leadership for people everywhere. It's called "WOLFPACK: How To Come Together, Unleash Our Power, And Change The Game. "Abby Wambach is with us from Colorado Public Radio to talk about some of the leadership lessons in her new book.

Abby, welcome to the show.

Wow. That was that was maybe the best introduction that I've gotten. . .

turn 3 : B: "That soccer star Abby Wambach" - This turn has a literal meaning as it refers to the actual identity of the person being mentioned.

turn 3 : Abby Wambach appreciated the introduction she received on the show. Literal meaning: Abby Wambach thought that the introduction she received was very good.  Implicated meaning: There is no implied meaning in this turn. The meaning is literal.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is implying that her character's story line on the show mirrored her own life experience.

turn 3 : This turn does not have an implied meaning different from its literal meaning. It is a straightforward expression of gratitude towards Laura Sydell, the NPR correspondent.


We all do need advice. And, obviously, you're so vulnerable when you have a kid. You're scared. You don't know what to do. So what is this stuff based on?

You know, it's based on people's experiences. But some of it is actually really based on old, old advice. So if you look at the history of parenting books, you can see that advice is kind of recycled over and over again, tweaked a little bit for the fashion of the time. So, for instance, this idea that babies need to feed at a certain time - that's from the 1700s.

Oh, OK. So this is old advice that keeps on getting recycled through the ages. But is it necessarily bad advice?

No, it's not - I'm not here to say that it's bad advice. But there's a big hole in these parenting books and from the experts. And that's that this advice is almost solely based on the Western experience, the Western culture. And if you look around the world, there's so many other ways to do things.

turn 2 : The book contains more than just recipes - it is also a way to gain insight into and appreciate the culture and history of the cuisine.

turn 2 : This implies that the book has potential benefits over time, but it may not have widespread appeal and may only appeal to a small or specific audience.

turn 2 : The content of the book is humorous and not meant to be taken seriously.

turn 2 : It seems like a book that gives advice that helps people get with the one they love, in this case, what they love.

turn 2 : What is missing from the books is that the advice is for western culture. Advice for others is not included


And, of course, in "Hamlet" there's that famous play within a play, which, in my version, was a book within a book. And in this book, in "Romeo And/Or Juliet," there's actually two books within a book. When Juliet is taking that sleeping potion, she's out of the play for 42 hours. And while she's knocked out, she has a dream, which is "A Midsummer Night's Dream. "And you can play through that as Juliet in her subconscious.

And when Romeo's banished to Mantua, he's also kicked out of the narrative for a while. And he can visit the library and read a book called "Fair Is Foul And/Or Foul Is Fair" which is obviously "Macbeth" done in this format. So I tried to cram all the Shakespeare I could into this because I'm not sure there's that many other plays that would lend themselves so easily to this format.

It has to be a play with which people are generally familiar, too.

Well, that's the fun of it, right, because you know what these characters are supposed to be like. And when you kind of push them off the rails a little bit, there's a sense of breaking the rules that's a lot of fun, I think. It's fun to write (laughter).

turn 2 : (3) A: "What we have seen by doing this play is that the story of this family is pretty universal. And the dinner scene alone, in the theater - I can tell you that some people are howling with laughter, and other people are in tears and crawling under their seats. They find it very upsetting to watch because it hits pretty close to home."

turn 2 :  "I don't know that story" - This turn has a literal meaning, which is that the person speaking is not familiar with the story being referred to.

turn 2 : playing refers to as and implies engaged with or undertake

turn 2 : In turn 3, "It has to be a play with which people are generally familiar, too" implies that the play must be well-known in order to be easily understood and appreciated by the audience.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using allusions to reference something indirectly, assuming that the listener will understand the reference based on shared knowledge or cultural context.


turn 3 : The turn "Laughter" is not meant to indicate that someone is actually laughing but rather to acknowledge the humorous nature of the story being told.

turn 3 : In turn 4, "It's fun to write (laughter)" implies that the speaker enjoys writing a story which challenges the conventional expectations of the characters.

turn 3 : The turns (2) and (4) are both expressions of laughter, which implies that the speaker is amused by the story being told, rather than the literal meaning of making a noise.

turn 3 : implies to ask for advice from the writer on how to craft humor in writing.


Well, when I was in Durban, I spoke to an Ethiopian shopkeeper who had lost everything. His shop was broken into and it was ransacked. There was pretty much nothing left on the shelves. And it looked that someone tried to even torch the shop. But the shop belongs to a South African landlord. He was renting the shop out to the Ethiopian man. And there are many stories like that across KwaZulu Natal, which is where you'll find Durban, on the east coast of South Africa.

But there was considerable violence, and not just to property, but also to people?

Very much so. Five people died in the last two weeks, including two South Africans, might I say, who were killed during the violence. The South African mobs and looters had gone to shop after shop, which were owned by migrants - African migrants. And they looted them and they were taunting them, telling them that they're taking their jobs and their economic opportunities, they must go back to where they come from.

Is there something that the government can do to stop this happening?Like, for example, institute something that happens in a lot of industrial countries - a minimum wage, for example?

turn 2 :  "South Africans are accusing these immigrants of taking away jobs and causing crime" - This turn has a figurative meaning, as immigrants are not literally taking away jobs and causing crime, but rather this is a perceived issue by some South Africans.

turn 2 : Immigrants in South Africa are being blamed for job loss and crime, leading to brutal attacks on foreigners.

turn 2 : The subject is actually from Los Angeles where as the reply is regarding an African

turn 2 : (3) Implied meaning: Were South African mobs and looters targeting African migrants?

turn 2 : The speaker is contrasting the peaceful transition to democracy in South Africa with the ongoing struggles of black people in America to achieve equality. Implicated meaning: The speaker is highlighting the unique historical context of South Africa's transition to democracy and the significance of the peaceful transition.


turn 3 : (3) Implied meaning: Will the employers have to bear the cost of the minimum wage increase?

turn 3 : (4) Implied meaning: Could the government do something to prevent this from happening, such as introducing a minimum wage?

turn 3 : (4) Implied meaning: Is a minimum wage of $12 an hour sufficient to raise low-wage earners out of poverty?

turn 3 : (2) Implied meaning: Are there any potential risks of job losses in the state due to minimum wage increase?


(Laughing) I have no regrets at all about the path I followed. But a balanced life ought to have more than just a, you know, a central focus of a career. I think it's healthy to have other interests.

So, it's therapy in a way.

Yeah, it's sort of stress management, I guess. It's difficult for me because I'm a beginner, so it's frustrating and humiliating. But at the same time, when a painting comes out good, you feel pretty good about it. So, it's - yeah it's good.

Now, as I said at the outset, you were controversial during your tenure at the CPA running Iraq basically right after the war ended. And I'm just wondering - I don't want to go back and forth through the allegations, but I'm just wondering, you know, it's been several years since you've returned and I'm wondering, do you have any regrets or would you do anything differently?

turn 0 : The person refuses to change their mind on what they think about the situation.

turn 0 : You do not actually enter the person's heart or mind, it means that you start to understand their perspective

turn 0 : A is expressing a desire for love and acceptance, despite making mistakes.

turn 0 : having regrets implies not being happy and satisfied over an outcome

turn 0 : The person has no regrets about the way they have lived their life.


Yeah, but - of course it comes into play. That's what the IG is supposed to do. And under this statute, the acting director of national intelligence has an absolute duty not to exercise discretion, but simply to pass this information on to the intelligence committees. And he's not doing it.

So if - under the statute, there's a clear violation. What the Justice Department is presumably saying when they tell him not to do it could be one of - one or both of two things. One is, this is privileged information. I - when we don't - can't evaluate that without knowing what it is. And the other is, well, the IG is just way out of his remit. He's beyond - he's acting beyond his powers. And they'd get. . .

So how would you advise Congress to act next?

Oh, with Congress - if it wants to do that, there's a couple of options. You can try to litigate this, which I think will - the courts will not want to get involved in it - whether Congress can impeach the acting director. The president's not the only person subject to impeachment. Any federal officer can be impeached. What the Congress is saying is, we don't like the way this man's behaving. He's not doing what the statute says. And their remedy is quite limited, but the Constitution tell you - you don't - tells the Congress, you don't like it?Impeach the man.

turn 0 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 0 : It doesn't come  into play physically. The statue is used during this time.


Exactly. That's what we did in this particular study. We looked at one aspect of vocal behavior, which is whether the mouth is open or closed. And we looked at living dinosaurs - birds. We have 10,000 species today. Most of them vocalize, sing with an open mouth. But some birds produce sound with a closed mouth. They actually inflate different structures that allow them to resonate, often at lower frequencies than many other birds. But we also needed to look at alligators and crocodiles as the closest cousins to dinosaurs.

Well, I have actually heard alligators bellow and make a terrific noise.

Well, exactly, and that bellow is a closed-mouth sound. So when we think of our T.  rex, we don't need to imagine just simple cooing. But there are a variety of generally low frequency sounds that are produced in this way.

Do you think there are other things about dinosaurs that we've gotten wrong for a long time?

turn 1 : The literal meaning of this turn is that the speaker has heard alligators bellow and make a great noise. However, the implied meaning is that the speaker is surprised to know that alligators produce sound with a closed mouth.

turn 1 : The turns (2) and (4) are both expressions of laughter, which implies that the speaker is amused by the story being told, rather than the literal meaning of making a noise.

turn 1 : The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker has become used to working with frogs and can even enjoy eating frog legs as part of the study.

turn 1 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply an acknowledgement or agreement, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker may not be fully engaged or interested in the conversation. It could be interpreted as a way of signaling disinterest or a desire to move on to a different topic.

turn 1 : All the turns in this conversation appear to have their literal meanings, and there are no metaphors, figurative language or idioms used.


It's definitely a tough business. He saw it was a tough business, and he just thought one of the most secure fields would be medicine, and my parents always kind of pushed for that.

I imagine in the midst of all this now, you're - you guys are feeling pretty secure about that choice.

It's really a shame, everything that's happened, especially here in Michigan. I mean, I have so many friends and different family members and family friends that - of course, everyone is really nervous right now with the way the economy is going, with the way the auto industry is going. But yeah, it's definitely nice, thinking that, you know, I'm going into a very secure field.

What's it like to be a student in college in Michigan right now, in the midst of thousands of jobs being lost?

turn 2 : The field of medicine is secure, but the economy is not.

turn 2 : The drug epidemic is pervasive and affects people from all walks of life.

turn 2 : The current financial situation has disrupted people's sense of security.

turn 2 : The Trump administration wants drug companies to lower their prices.

turn 2 : Many people are losing their jobs and companies are going bankrupt.


Yeah.

So you want the organism - it's like taking a portrait, that's sort of how he thinks about it. But of course your microorganism doesn't see it that way.

So you have to figure out how to get them to sit still, and that requires sort of propping up the cover slip with little dots of Vaseline. That's his trick. But you want to sort of squish it just enough so it doesn't move but not too much so that you run it over, essentially.

Well, you don't want to kill the. . .

turn 3 : Turn not provided. Please provide a turn for me to analyze.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: DNA may not be suitable for carrying out everyday tasks due to its slow processing speed.

turn 3 :  you imply that something is the case

turn 3 : not a physical head, like a head from a body, but the  person in charge of something, the leader of something

turn 3 : This implies that A wouldn't want to kill the organism with the process he want to apply to take it portrait.


With Republican lawmakers unable to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act, President Trump has taken several steps to undo it. Just before the weekend, he refused to pay the subsidies to insurers that helped keep premiums down for low-income people. And, also, the administration is cutting funding for outreach to those who want to sign up when open enrollment begins next month. The Affordable Care Act provides money to organizations that help people navigate the health care system. In fact, they're called navigator programs. Last year, they received $63 million from the government. The Trump administration has cut that funding by 41 percent. I'm joined by Lisa Hamler-Fugitt, she's executive director of the Ohio Association of Food Banks, which oversees a navigator program. Welcome.

Thank you.

And your program's budget was reduced by how much?

Seventy one percent - nearly $1. 2 million dollars. And it was a significant reduction.

turn 0 : The Affordable Care Act is being challenged by Republicans.

turn 0 : The Affordable Care Act will remain in place despite the uncertainty surrounding it.

turn 0 : The implied meaning of the speaker's response to the question of overturning the Affordable Care Act is that they don't only want to do away with it, but also to replace it with something better.

turn 0 : President Trump is taking actions to repeal Affordable Care Act

turn 0 : The president is trying to prioritize the needs of those who have been forgotten by society.


If you've had trouble keeping up with the latest news on potential contact between Donald Trump's presidential campaign and Russia, you are not alone. Developments have been relentless. Just Friday night, The Washington Post reported that White House adviser Jared Kushner may have tried to set up a secret line of communication between the Trump transition team and the Russian government. But it's not just the constant stream of news. It's also the concepts themselves that are opaque. We've invited Jonathan Turley to the studio to help us clarify. He's a law professor at George Washington University. Thanks so much for being here today.

Thank you very much.

All right. Jared Kushner has gone from a "person of interest," quote, unquote, to a focus in the investigation but not confirmed as a, quote, "target. "

(Laughter).

turn 1 : The speaker is expressing his appreciation and gratitude for the guest taking the time to be on the show.

turn 1 : The speaker is actually expressing gratitude and appreciation for the host's interest in their work.

turn 1 : Pleasure to speak to you. (This is a polite way of expressing appreciation for the invitation to speak on the show.)

turn 1 :  The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is thanking the guest for appearing on the show and expressing appreciation for their insight

turn 1 : The speaker is expressing gratitude for being invited to the studio.


One of the things that we're looking at is how multicultural Houston is and how many different types of communities live here. Have you seen that change over time?

Yeah, it's become more diverse - more ethnic restaurants coming in onto the scene, more Vietnamese restaurants, more Arabic restaurants, more Japanese restaurants, more Chinese restaurants. Besides that, there has been a great influx of Indian and Pakistani population. So yes, things have changed. One thing hasn't changed. I still don't like sloppy Joes.

(Laughter).

You know.

I hear that you're thinking of retiring.

turn 1 : The book contains more than just recipes - it is also a way to gain insight into and appreciate the culture and history of the cuisine.

turn 1 : "Lashkari has applied that to the dishes he serves... His signature chicken curry, cooked in huge metal pots in his sweltering, fragrant kitchen, is made with Mexican tomatillos and cilantro. It's incredibly delicious. And we ate that along with the best saag paneer, a spinach and cheese dish, that I have ever tasted."  The actual meaning of this turn is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is not simply describing the food and its taste, but also highlighting the diversity and cultural fusion that has contributed to Houston's unique culinary scene.

turn 1 : Implies that the speaker has knowledge of a controversy related to the dish, but doesn't want to talk about it.

turn 1 : They mention more diverse as in different cuisines as the narrator points out.


But your hands were cold?

Very cold.

That decision to try to turn around, you thought you could have summitted, but you might have endangered your hands?

I know I could have summitted. Yes, however - yes, I wasn't willing to lose my fingers or a tip of a finger, even, for the summit of K2.

turn 2 : People do not physically flip. They change their positions on issues.

turn 2 : The speaker is suggesting that the situation might not be as serious or dangerous as it initially seemed.

turn 2 : .The situation was potentially dangerous and uncomfortable, with the darkness and cold adding to the tension.

turn 2 : The decision to turn back was a difficult one, but it was the right decision to protect your hands from potential damage.

turn 2 : It is easier to do something when there are no obstacles (guards) around.


But your hands were cold?

Very cold.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of turn (4) is that the speaker could have reached the summit of K2 but chose not to risk losing their fingers or a tip of a finger. However, the implied meaning is that the speaker prioritizes their physical well-being over the achievement of reaching the summit of K2. This suggests that the speaker is sensible and cautious when it comes to decision-making, even in high-risk situations.

turn 3 : In turn (4), the actual meaning is that both sides are downplaying their chances of success in the debate, even though they may privately believe that they will perform better than the other side. The implied meaning is that both sides are likely overestimating their own abilities and underestimating their opponent's abilities, and that the outcome of the debate may be more uncertain than either side is willing to admit.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is suggesting that they are uncertain about the future outcome of a situation, and are not making any definitive statements or commitments. The tone and context of the statement could suggest that the speaker is being cautious, non-committal, or may be waiting for more information before making a decision.

turn 3 : In turn (4), the literal meaning is that North Korea's nuclear capabilities are something to be reckoned with and the speaker is asking why we shouldn't be concerned about this one move. However, the actual meaning is that the speaker is asking for an explanation as to why the reassembling of the site should not be a cause for concern, despite the fact that North Korea's nuclear capabilities are usually considered a threat.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker's selection of a seemingly insignificant turn may be interpreted as an attempt to change the subject or redirect the conversation, potentially indicating discomfort or disinterest in the current topic.


How long do you think it would take you to build, and get operating, a system of the kinds of satellites that could deliver a significant amount of electrical power down to earth?

It might be quite a few years, maybe in 10 years. It's an enormous job. In fact, it's comparable in size to another moon landing and place a base on the moon. But it has a very significant output if we are successful.

Former NASA engineer, Glenn Smith, on his plan for space-based satellite collectors to beam solar power down to earth. Glenn, thank you.

OK, Alex. Good day.

turn 2 : The turn in (3) has an implied meaning of appreciation rather than a literal meaning of thanks.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of (3) is for thanking the engineer for his plan, but the actual meaning is to show appreciation for the engineer's work.

turn 2 : The actual meaning of turn 3 is "Thank you for joining us and providing information on the topic."

turn 2 : The literal meaning of (3) is a simple expression of agreement, while the implied meaning is that the speaker is amazed by the story of Steve Dalkowski's feats.

turn 2 : thanking the NPR reporter, so it does not have a different actual meaning from its literal meaning.


You're welcome.

Remind us, please, about some of the allegations facing Secretary Zinke because they have been building.

They have. One Washington-based ethics watchdog tallied 17 different investigations and controversies around Zinke. The one everyone will be - will remember are the really expensive doors. The Interior Department apparently spent $139,000 to replace three sets of doors. But the bigger issues were related to whether he had travel or financial dealings that were unethical or that favored industry and somehow benefited himself. Those are ongoing. And there was a concern or a thought, a very real likely concern, that congressional Democrats were going to take those ethical quandaries a lot more seriously and would be investigating when Democrats took over the House.

Yeah. So that might prompt the decision now in addition to any effect the president might want to have on the news cycle?

turn 2 : Plan to make sure that the oversight is improved by the treasury Department

turn 2 : The first memorandum makes unfounded allegations to undermine the FBI.

turn 2 : Secretary Zinke is involved in multiple investigations and controversies.

turn 2 : Trump is now openly calling for the Mueller investigation to be shut down

turn 2 : Despite legal and PR efforts, it is difficult for experts to make sense of the situation


It's amazing the way it works.

I agree. Now, Nelson Mandela's 90th birthday is looming, and there have been all this celebrations now. Supermodel Naomi Campbell, who I guess according to court records will hit anyone on the head with her cell phone, was supposed to be a presenter at this big concert but was removed from the list. Give us a quick sense of why.

Well, Mandela was a little upset that when she got arrested the last time she had on a hat with the numbers - his prison cell number or his inmate number from prison, and he was a little disturbed about that. But she didn't present, but she did attend an event last night. So, I mean, you know I think he was - you know people was sort of worried about you know what it would like if she was on stage, but she was there because they're very close, she and Mandela so.

Ah, close enough to get hit with the cell phone?

turn 1 : Lesbians are powerful in Hollywood but African-Americans are not.

turn 1 : The photograph had a strong emotional impact on me

turn 1 : The comment made by 'she' had a significant impact on A

turn 1 : Naomi Campbell has a history of violence with her cell phone

turn 1 : The story is emotional and difficult to hear.


So what's the difference between steganography and - I'm interested in the origin of the word steganography. Can you take that apart for us?

Well. . .

Stega-, sounds almost like a dinosaur.

Certainly. It goes back to the Greeks, and it basically means hidden writing. So - and what it often gets kind of mixed together with or lumped together with, is encryption, and it's kind of - they're like close cousins, and they're trying to do the same thing, but they have slightly different approaches.

And that was my next question. What is the difference between steganography and encryption?

turn 2 : The implied meaning of this turn is that the recent discoveries about feathers and filaments on certain species of dinosaurs have enabled us to gain a better understanding of their visual and vocal communication.

turn 2 : the speaker is implying that the word "steganography" is strange or foreign-sounding rather than literally saying that it is like a dinosaur.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of this turn is that people might think news organizations are concealing information, but the actual meaning is that people might think news organizations should not be concealing information.

turn 2 : The speaker is suggesting that there may be a hidden agenda or underlying motive behind their words.

turn 2 : The speaker is implying that new information has been revealed regarding the missing brains.


Well. . .

Stega-, sounds almost like a dinosaur.

turn 3 : The speaker is hinting at the possibility of using DNA as a storage system for personal data in the future, instead of relying on hard drives and other storage systems.

turn 3 : This implies that people have been hiding secret messages within a seemingly innocuous message, image, or other file in a way that is not apparent to anyone who is not the intended recipient for ages.

turn 3 : The speaker is implying that new information has been revealed regarding the missing brains.

turn 3 : implies that the speaker wants to know about the role that the families played in helping Edward Snowden, not just how he ended up staying with them

turn 3 :  the speaker is suggesting that steganography and encryption are similar and related, rather than literally saying that they are "close cousins".


Well. . .

Stega-, sounds almost like a dinosaur.

turn 4 : B is asking for a more detailed explanation of the difference between steganography and encryption

turn 4 : This implies that people have been hiding secret messages within a seemingly innocuous message, image, or other file in a way that is not apparent to anyone who is not the intended recipient for ages.

turn 4 : : In (3), James Comey is implying that experts in the field should be able to come up with a solution that would allow the government to access confidential data without compromising security, which is not the same as saying that if they try hard enough, they can come up with a different type of backdoor.

turn 4 : (4) is a straightforward denial of B's implied meaning, and does not carry any additional implied meanings beyond that.


Well, certainly, I think in the case of missing children, in the case of some kind of criminal act. But this is just to sort of - hey, this person came in and applied for a driver's license. And they have a Latino last name, and you might want to check that out, you know?So. . .

But can you have one without the other?I mean, once the state responds to this kind of request, can it pick and choose?

That's a question, I think, for lawyers. I don't know. I don't know how they would. I mean, I think that any legislation that we had would have to address that - under what circumstances would this be allowed?

At this point, where does that leave some of the people who advocated for this law in the first place?Are they having regrets as you are?Are you hearing from them?

turn 3 : implies to not being in support and feeling unfavorable about the result.

turn 3 : The person has no regrets about the way they have lived their life.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: It's important to take a step back and reflect on our actions before making decisions.

turn 3 : The person thinks that the good feelings have lessened a bit.

turn 3 : having regrets implies not being happy and satisfied over an outcome


And any idea how long it'll take until we can see the Afro emoji?

It's a pretty lengthy process. I hope that they're listening. And I hope that they know that we all really want this.

Rihanna Jones, freelance writer and Afro emoji proponent, thank you so much.

Thank you.

turn 0 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 0 : None of the words in turn (1) have a different meaning from their literal meanings.


It was an amazing list. This started around 1910. There was a long list of books, and, at the start, they were things that sound pretty ordinary now, the things you mentioned, titles of things like "Tom Swift and His Airship," "Tom Swift and His Wireless Message. "My favorite is "Tom Swift and His Photo Telephone. "If you read "Tom Swift and His Photo Telephone," which is written in 1914, it sounds like you're hearing the description of Skype or Google Hangout.

The boy inventor invented this in 1914 fictionally, but the details are surprisingly similar.

Are people still reading those books, the Tom Swift books?

That's a good question. There were two big series. The first series started in 1910, went up to about 1940. They updated it in the 1950s and '60s with things like "Tom Swift and His Rocket Ship," "Tom Swift and His Giant Robot" and on and on. Those petered out. And they started up a few later, but the later ones just got off into sort of fantasy.

turn 0 : The success came quickly with one book after writing for many years.

turn 0 : The story involving Theodore Roosevelt may reveal America's aggressive nature.

turn 0 : Not "everybody" was obsessed with Chernow's book. This is an exaggeration, but is meant to convey that the book was popular.

turn 0 : The fictional Tom Swift books written in 1910s predicted modern technology.

turn 0 : The story was told to people and many became aware of it.


turn 1 : The author included difficult experiences in the book for a reason.

turn 1 : The story is emotional and difficult to hear.

turn 1 : The details in the Tom Swift books are surprisingly accurate.

turn 1 : The cover story in question caused controversy but served an important purpose.


Well, I would say that he is a guy that tends to see silver linings in dark clouds. And, you know, this is a man that, in private business, had 10,000 lawsuits over his career, so I think he has a unique ability to sort of quarantine in his mind the impact some of these things have.

And what's the risk in that?

Well, I think the implications, again, is that it's not just about Zelenskiy. It's not about the Ukraine. It's not about Rudy. It's - the can has been opened. Now we have to see if there's good soup inside or worms, right?They're going to be looking for stuff - the House Democrats - that are not going to be very glowing and positive about the president. So if we think these revelations are not good - and now they might get an expedited subpoena power with the impeachment process under way. It's not good.

Does the seriousness of this cast a shadow on the White House?Are they concerned about what, for instance, is going to be coming out today?

turn 0 : What people think of him has lessened due to the situation.

turn 0 : A implies that he wants to show the consequences of breaking the law, even for the main character, despite doing it for the right reasons.

turn 0 : The person refuses to change their mind on what they think about the situation.

turn 0 : A is in prison and has developed coping mechanisms to get through the day. He keeps himself busy and tries not to dwell on negative thoughts.

turn 0 : He is a guy that sees positive outcomes in times of trouble. He has the ability to not think about the impact some lawsuits have.


And what's the risk in that?

turn 2 : Not soup, but they have to study the situation to see if it will be good or be trouble.

turn 2 : It is being implied that setting out the food was a temporary fix.

turn 2 : Breakfast is going to be a serious problem

turn 2 : It's important to emphasize not to put raw food in the same container

turn 2 : (5) Refers to asking if the new food is good or too strong in terms of alcoholic content.


And what's the risk in that?

turn 3 : A thinks that the government is not functioning properly.

turn 3 : Does the seriousness make the government look or feel bad about it?

turn 3 : They want to know if the seriousness of the situation makes the government appear to be bad to the public.

turn 3 : A government shutdown affects the government and its citizens negatively.

turn 3 : They think it does make the government look bad to the public.


Well, the Republican reaction is pretty typical. Whenever we see Donald Trump act like a stress test on democratic institutions, Republicans in Congress are usually silent. They don't seem to be concerned by the president involving himself in an internal investigation or openly calling for the Mueller investigation to end unless they are Republicans who are not running for re-election. So we have heard some criticisms from Republicans who are planning to retire. In the past, Republicans have come to the defense of Attorney General Jeff Sessions because the president has relentlessly humiliated and criticized him. And Republican senators have stood up for Sessions. He's become a kind of proxy for the rule of law. What we don't know is if firing Bob Mueller is a kind of red line for Republicans in Congress. That's really the big question.

So what do we know about the Justice Department?What are they saying about all this?

Well, there has been pushback from former DOJ officials who say this firing was inappropriate. We also know how Andrew McCabe has reacted. He said he was singled out and treated this way because of what he witnessed in the aftermath of the firing of James Comey. He says that he was fired to undermine the credibility of the Mueller investigation. We also know that McCabe made contemporaneous notes just like his boss, James Comey, did. All FBI agents are trained to do this. And coincidentally, James Comey is about to embark on a book tour, one of the highest-profile book tours ever.

Yes.

turn 0 : Despite congressional interest, the Trump administration is not listening to anyone but Donald Trump

turn 0 : Republicans in Congress are not doing enough to hold Donald Trump accountable for his actions and words

turn 0 : Congress and the president are not working at the moment.

turn 0 : The president's words are exaggerated and they are not meant to be taken literally.

turn 0 : This statement implies that President Trump has a history of not trusting U.S. intelligence agencies, which may affect his response to the CIA report on the killing of Jamal Khashoggi.


Yes.

turn 0 : The President's lack of loyalty to the Republican Party may lead to voters punishing Republicans in the upcoming election.

turn 0 : Republicans in Congress are complicit in Trump's attacks on democracy.

turn 0 : Russians have interfered in the elections and are doing it again.


This is WEEKEND EDITION, from NPR News. I'm Linda Wertheimer.

Wisconsin Congressman Paul Ryan is Mitt Romney's choice to be the next vice president. Mitt Romney's campaign made the announcement earlier this morning, calling the ticket America's Comeback Team. Romney and Ryan are expected to appear together, for the first time as a ticket, at an event in Virginia later this morning. And we will be broadcasting that event when it happens.

But for more on the choice, we're joined by NPR's Ari Shapiro, who is with the Romney campaign. Good morning, Ari.

Hi, Linda. We're just in line waiting to get into the motorcade to head to this event here in Norfolk.

Now, these scenes - set the scene for us. As is going to be quite a, I guess, a made-for-TV kind of an announcement.

Totally. It's going to be aboard a ship called the USS Wisconsin - perhaps a coincidence that Paul Ryan represents the State of Wisconsin in the House of Representatives. As you say, the comeback team, the two of them are going to appear for the first time as the ticket together, having campaigned quite a lot earlier together in the process, especially in the Wisconsin primaries, where they just had a great rapport - better, in many people's opinion, than any of the other surrogates.

turn 4 : The literal meaning of this turn is that the listener is being asked to visualize the scene of the Romney-Ryan announcement. However, the actual meaning is that the event is being presented as a carefully planned media spectacle designed to generate excitement and favorable media coverage.

turn 4 : The literal meaning of turn (4) is that CNN was unable to verify some of the claims that Dr. Ben Carson has made about his past, including an incident where he stabbed a friend and his application and acceptance to West Point. However, the implied meaning is that Dr. Carson may have exaggerated or embellished these stories in order to make his personal redemption story more compelling. The turn (4) uses the phrase "the implication is" to indicate that this is not a direct accusation, but rather a suggestion or insinuation.

turn 4 : The literal meaning of this turn is that Secretary Kerry has been talking about the idea of a transitional government. The implied meaning is that Kerry is proposing a new government as a way to address the root of the conflict and end the fighting.

turn 4 : In turn (4), the actual meaning is that both sides are downplaying their chances of success in the debate, even though they may privately believe that they will perform better than the other side. The implied meaning is that both sides are likely overestimating their own abilities and underestimating their opponent's abilities, and that the outcome of the debate may be more uncertain than either side is willing to admit.


That was the timeline that the president laid out today.

That's correct. Yeah. So it's a pretty tight time schedule in which they'll need to do a lot of development. I mean, there's nothing there. The area where they're going to develop the city is a protected forest. But there is not much infrastructure, apart from one highway that runs through it. So everything needs to be developed from scratch, which is going to be a massive challenge.

That is Erik Meijaard of the environmental consulting firm Borneo Futures. Erik Meijaard, thanks for talking to us.

Thank you very much.

turn 1 : The government could acquire loans and make changes more easily.

turn 1 : The development of the city will be very difficult due to the lack of infrastructure.

turn 1 : There is a serious need for public transportation in the region.

turn 1 : The protest will be disruptive and cause inconvenience to the city

turn 1 : The problems of today are the necessity for innovation to occur.


You definitely - I mean, mosses definitely occur down there and hepatics, as well. But as far as I understand, there's a very limited flora down there. It's not like the Canadian Arctic, where we're in an Alpine sector of the Canadian High Arctic. So there's a lot of diversity, a lot of meso- and microhabitats for the bryophytes to survive in.

What would you - what would be a home run, a grand slam for you in this field?What would really you like to find?What would, you know, besides. . . ?

I think what would be really fascinating is that if you could go under a melting glacier that was 100,000, 150,000 years, maybe 200,000 years old, and you actually found macrofossils, what would be called macrofossils underneath the glacier and be able to rejuvenate them. That would be pretty amazing.

Yeah, about the mosses that you found. Are all mosses like this, or is this a particularly hardy species of moss that you've discovered in the ice there?

turn 1 : They are asking if the other person can help them to understand what they mean.

turn 1 : They asked more questions to find out the answer and got one.

turn 1 : They are asking what would be the best thing for the person to find.

turn 1 : you've got the whole thing likely means that they have everything needed to succeed.

turn 1 : Those are the areas where you get the most positive information.


No. He said that he doesn't knock out his defense of assistance. That's kind of a Buddy did.

Bill Rhoden, thank you very much.

Hey, Tony, it's always a pleasure.

That was New York Times sports columnist William C.  Rhoden. Bill's books include "Third in the Mile: The Trials and Triumphs of the Black Quarterback. "He joined us, as always, from our studios in New York.

turn 0 : He said he doesn't demean his defense of assistance. That's something another person would do.

turn 0 : Nobody wants to be helped when they can help themselves.

turn 0 : This made the person have to stay where they were at.

turn 0 : The speaker disagrees with the other person's argument.

turn 0 : The person refuses to change their mind on what they think about the situation.


But it feels more than a tribute to a great man. It's more about the nature of friendship and how you navigate fundamental differences with people that you care about.

Yeah. What we had that we loved together so much, you know, the things that we shared, the loves that we shared, you know, for literature and for sports other than basketball. But, you know, he was an English teacher. I was an English major. So we had that, and that was a tremendous bond. And it enabled him to reach into my life and for me to have insight into his life.

You write in this book though - and I'm quoting here - "he didn't quite understand that when you are black in America, everything is about race. "You got to know him at a time when the civil rights movement was underway. You were finding your voice on race, but he disappointed you on that issue along the way at times.

Well, I don't think coach disappointed me so much as sometimes he didn't understand how race could affect somebody. And he didn't see that until he was with me, and we went through incidents where he saw that geez, he wouldn't like to have experienced that.

turn 0 : "the nature of friendship and how you navigate fundamental differences with people" is not meant to be taken literally, but rather as a metaphorical way of describing the dynamics of a complex relationship.

turn 0 : The implied meaning is that the more A learns about the people they are close to, the more they appreciate them and form a stronger bond.

turn 0 : By connection, the narrator means to bring the audience and himself together.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: People are feeling resentment and anger towards people who think they don't have to follow the same rules as everyone else.

turn 0 : "cooperation's like being a little bit pregnant" - This is a figurative expression meaning that there is no middle ground when it comes to cooperation. Either someone is fully cooperating or not cooperating at all.


Oh, my goodness.

And it's been another brutal cycle. And the rhetoric is really intense. What do you hear?

What I hear and what I see and what's been the case for me for, gosh, two or three years now is that we are all having these conversations about big news of the day that dances around race and never really engages with it. I think, for me, the biggest example this week was President Trump's comments about possibly altering the 14th Amendment, which we know guarantees birthright citizenship. And so, you know, the history of that amendment is rooted in race. And I think a lot of folks have been really lacking to talk about that. But this amendment was passed for black people to give slave descendants the right to be citizens. And so we cannot talk about this adequately without talking about the racial history of the amendment, but even that is not enough.

Why not?Explain.

turn 1 : The conversations do not talk about race but avoid it.

turn 1 : The person being black is relevant to the conversation

turn 1 : The speaker faces racial discrimination and stereotypes from both white and black people.

turn 1 : The speaker is sarcastic about the so-called 'racial moment'


Midterm elections are always a little tricky for pollsters. What do polls about national issues and inclinations mean when control the House and Senate will be decided district by district and state by state?But this time around, there's even less data and fewer polls to analyze. NPR's Domenico Montanaro joins us. Thanks very much for being with us, Domenico.

Always a pleasure. Thank you.

Fewer polls?

Yeah. There are fewer polls this time around, and that is a real problem. I mean, when you look at the fact that newspaper readership at a local level is dwindling, their revenue is being cut, they were the ones who used to fund a lot of these polls, especially in congressional districts. And on a statewide level, there are dozens of fewer polls. So take them all with a grain of salt.

turn 1 : There are dangers that cause problems by doing these polls.

turn 1 : The outcome of the parliamentary election is uncertain, and it is difficult to predict what will happen next

turn 1 : The disagreement with Congress over funding for the 2020 census could have implications for the accuracy and reliability of the census results.

turn 1 : the accuracy of polls during midterm elections is already questionable due to the nature of the district and state-by-state voting process.

turn 1 : Not all parties weigh in on ballot design


Yeah. I know Chicken Street. But tell us what you saw at the site of the bombing.

When I heard it, I came out from the store, and I immediately saw people running from the direction of (unintelligible) the smoke billowing into the air. So I walked in the opposite direction towards the smoke. And the closer I got, the more damage there was - obviously, broken windows further away from it - and then closer to it, you know, cars on fire and completely crushed by the force of the explosion.

And then at the ground zero of the site, you know, a number of bodies that was in the immediate vicinity - I saw probably 12 to 15, all, you know, really just mangled and - you know, almost as if they were melted together. It was just a pile of bodies - you know, most of them dead, some of them still alive. I even told one man who was trying to make a phone call, you know, in this morass of bodies.

And then all around, there was, you know, the usual chaos that infuse these attacks - security forces running around with their weapons drawn, general chaos, smoke and noise, car alarms, and, you know, small explosions of oxygen tanks and petrol tanks exploding. And, you know, within a few minutes, you have these - I guess you'd call them first responders - rushing in to take the injured and the dead away.

turn 1 : (3) - "It was devastating, just absolutely devastating." suggests that the event caused immense emotional distress, rather than physical destruction.

turn 1 : "what more you know" - This turn literally means "what additional information do you have," but it implies that the person being asked already has some information about the bombings, so it is asking for further details.

turn 1 : "the closer I got, the more damage there was" - the speaker is not referring to physical damage to themselves, but rather to the increasing destruction they observed as they approached the site of the bombing.

turn 1 : The speaker is implying that the increase in closeness to the action is not matched by an increase in safety, so people may be put in danger.


turn 2 : (3) - "It was devastating, just absolutely devastating." suggests that the event caused immense emotional distress, rather than physical destruction.

turn 2 : All the turns in this conversation appear to have their literal meanings, and there are no metaphors, figurative language or idioms used.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of (3) is a simple expression of agreement, while the implied meaning is that the speaker is amazed by the story of Steve Dalkowski's feats.

turn 2 : "a number of bodies that was in the immediate vicinity - I saw probably 12 to 15, all, you know, really just mangled and - you know, almost as if they were melted together.It was just a pile of bodies" - the speaker uses figurative language to describe the state of the bodies they saw, which were not literally melted together, but were instead severely damaged.

turn 2 : "Well, let me ask you a wild question that just struck me."  This turn uses the idiom "struck me" to mean "occurred to me suddenly", rather than a literal physical action of striking.


But this radicalization on the Internet is something that the FBI has been talking about for years, and it hasn't been licked. And clearly, this is an example of that since we know that the older brother, Tamerlan Tsarnaev, spent a lot of time on the Internet, on jihadi websites.

And again, if he says anything to the investigators before he's Mirandized, that is nothing they can use in a case against him. However, given the mountain of evidence - including this video that's been described to you - they may not need it.

Well, it's funny because depending on which lawyer you talk to, they will disagree with your first supposition; which is, that it's not admissible if you evoke the public safety exception. In fact, part of the reason for the public safety exception, instead of just talking to somebody without Mirandizing them, is that some of that information may well be admissible. But in this case, this is a bit of a slam dunk. They have video on this young man, and he's going to have a hard time saying that he wasn't involved.

NPR counterterrorism correspondent Dina Temple-Raston, with us here in Studio 42 - our very first guest in Studio 42. Thanks very much.

turn 0 : A is advocating for social and political change.

turn 0 : It is expected that your online privacy will be compromised.

turn 0 : The media does not have as much influence over voters as people might think.

turn 0 : The radicalization of people through activity on the internet has not been defeated yet.

turn 0 : A is advocating for political activism and social justice


turn 1 : The person thinks there is contitutional responsibility to investigate areas that the president has said not to. The Mueller team did not as the president told them to investigate only so much and then to stop.

turn 1 : The witness is unreliable because he's a criminal and has stolen. The government is giving him some kind of benefit in exchange for his testimony.

turn 1 : Given the large amount of evidence they may not need to mirandize him.

turn 1 : The witness is receiving immunity in exchange for his testimony.

turn 1 : B is asking for an update on the Mueller investigation.


. . . (Laughter) In our house. And suddenly, we're being taken to go and see "Gone With The Wind" in the cinema.

(Laughter).

So for me, I just remember this incredible sense of vertigo and glancing at my mother constantly, like, is this OK?Are we allowed to do this?

How did working on this make sense of your childhood for you?

turn 0 : The turn "Literally, I went to the scene of the crime" is meant to be taken at face value as a statement about the speaker physically going to the location where a crime was committed. There is no figurative or non-literal meaning to this turn.

turn 0 : (1) In turn (1), the speaker uses the phrase "taken to go and see" to mean that they were brought to see the movie "Gone With The Wind" in the cinema. The phrase "taken to go" does not have a literal meaning that makes sense, but it is a common idiom that means to be brought or escorted somewhere.

turn 0 : Turn (2) has a meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is using the phrase "count it as an adventure" figuratively to mean that they view their travels and time away from home as an exciting experience for the family, rather than just a regular trip.

turn 0 : The turn (1) "holding our neighbors hostage and making them watch 10,000 slides from our family vacation" is an example of figurative language and its actual meaning is not literal. The speaker is using exaggeration to emphasize how people have always had a desire to share their experiences with others, even if it means subjecting them to boring slideshows.


(Laughter).

turn 2 : (3) In turn (3), the speaker uses the phrase "sense of vertigo" to describe their feeling when watching the movie. "Vertigo" literally means a feeling of dizziness or a spinning sensation, but in this context, the speaker is using it to describe a feeling of disorientation or confusion. The phrase "glancing at my mother constantly" also has a figurative meaning, as the speaker is not literally glancing at their mother all the time but rather checking for her reaction or approval.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at something indirectly and expects the listener to read between the lines.

turn 2 : "watch" - This verb usually means to observe something with one's eyes, but in this context, it implies enjoying or experiencing a film.

turn 2 : (3) is a sign of amusement, indicating the speaker was laughing at the metaphor.

turn 2 : The literal meaning is that the speaker wants to examine the motives behind the actions of the people involved in the events. The implied meaning is that the speaker is questioning whether their mother's version of events was accurate and whether the motives behind the actions were as terrible as their mother portrayed them to be.


Well, in short, yes, sort of. This river is high because of extreme rain. So when it rains here now, it rains more than it used to in the past. And that's in line with what we would see under climate change conditions. The National Climate Assessment predicts that when it rains, it's going to rain more in the future because warmer air can hold more moisture.

And actually, already, we're seeing that in the Midwest and along the East Coast. Sometimes 50% more rain is falling in a single rain event than used to earlier this century. I hear a lot of flood plain managers use the word unprecedented. It's the kind of rain that we just haven't seen in the past.

What does this mean for places in the Midwest and South?

Well, there's a lot of stress on infrastructure that really was not built to hold this. So all along the river, along rivers like this, there are levees. And in places like this, they were actually built to make sure there's enough water for barges to ship things down the river. They really were not designed to hold back floodwater at all, and they really weren't designed to hold back this amount of water for this long.

turn 3 : The levees are old and may not be able to withstand the water, causing people to evacuate.

turn 3 : Levees were not built to handle current floodwater levels

turn 3 : The levees are old and unable to handle the amount of water released from Keystone Dam, resulting in many evacuations.

turn 3 : Biblical proportions of rain were a contributing factor, but the failure of the dam was ultimately due to poor engineering.


As a trained economist, as you do your personal budget, what do you figure paying $60 a month would force you to do without?

If I was not looking to change my career at all, if I was tending bar and making the income that I'm making right now, I would maybe save a little less, maybe, you know, buy a cheaper brand of dog food. It wouldn't affect me too much. It would be something that would make money a little tighter. But it would be an important reason, just like having lights on in your house makes money a little tighter. It's an important thing to spend it on, you know.

As now, I'm looking for career work in Philadelphia, in the D. C.  area and New York area. So with interviews and that job hunt, there's a lot of travel expense, whether it's taking a train or jumping in the car, and going and staying for a night or staying for a couple of nights. So every little bit, when I want to be able say: Hey, you want to interview tomorrow?Absolutely, I'll be there first thing in the morning. All of my income is focused on launching this career that I've spent the last several years of my life preparing for.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of turn (4) is that the interviewer is seeking clarification on what the interviewee means by "bad things going on." However, the actual meaning is that the interviewer is making an assumption that "bad things going on" primarily refers to guards abusing inmates, even though the interviewee did not explicitly state this.

turn 2 : (3)	A:	As now, I'm looking for career work in Philadelphia, in the D.C. area and New York area.So with interviews and that job hunt, there's a lot of travel expense, whether it's taking a train or jumping in the car, and going and staying for a night or staying for a couple of nights.So every little bit, when I want to be able say: Hey, you want to interview tomorrow?Absolutely, I'll be there first thing in the morning.All of my income is focused on launching this career that I've spent the last several years of my life preparing for. (4)	B:	And are there other ways in which you live differently, Mr. Kreider, because you're worried about twisting an ankle?  Please choose the turns whose actual meanings are different from their literal meanings.   (1)  (2)  (3)  (4) ChatGPT The turns whose actual meanings are different from their literal meanings are:  (2) "save a little less" - The literal meaning would be to reduce the amount of money saved, but the implied meaning is that the person would be willing to compromise on their savings and not save as much as they currently do.  (3) "all of my income is focused on launching this career" - The literal meaning would be that the person is using all of their income for career purposes, but the implied meaning is that the person is prioritizing and investing heavily in their career, possibly sacrificing other expenses or financial goals.  (4) "live differently...because you're worried about twisting an ankle" - The literal meaning would be that the person has altered their lifestyle due to the fear of getting injured, specifically twisting an ankle. The implied meaning is that the person is cautious and takes precautions in their daily activities to avoid any potential injuries.       Reg

turn 2 : financially "pinched" implies the money situation is painful

turn 2 : Turn (2) has an actual meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is not discussing an attempt to physically move goalposts, but rather a rhetorical strategy of avoiding answering certain questions.


According with my investigation, the first responsible of this crime was the 27th Battalion in Iguala, in particular, the colonel that received the phone call from the drug lord ordering him. You have to rescue my drugs. I pay you for this. You have - I don't know what you have to do. I want my drugs back.

Have they faced any consequences?What have they said to your findings?

Even now, the Mexican government is nagging (ph) in all the ways possible that the army - they were present. The real persons that were involved on that crime are not in jail. And I think if we are able to understand, if we are able to send to these people to jail, maybe we will be able to stop all these abuses of power and human rights violations.

You have been an investigative journalist for many years. It is an incredibly dangerous profession. We've seen so many journalists in Mexico killed. You are now living in Italy for your own safety. You have received threats. Are you worried about what this will mean for you and your family?

turn 2 : We are being deprived of the media that tells the stories of illegal activity in Mexico.

turn 2 : Mexico is facing a very serious and dangerous situation.

turn 2 : Democrats are trying to limit the President's power to take military action without approval from Congress.

turn 2 : The Mexican government is constantly communicating things about the army in all ways that they can.

turn 2 : The regime has been causing damage to the country and harming innocent people.


There is a - after so long under dictatorship, and it was certainly not just Mr.  Mubarak but his predecessors all the way back through Nasser and before it had a king and, well, effective British rule before that, there's been one person in charge of Egypt for a very long time.

Yes. And, you know, people wanted that to change. And one of the things we heard a lot of in Tahrir Square today is we didn't oust Mubarak to get an Islamist dictator - oust a secular dictator to get an Islamist dictator. And Morsi was elected, but the idea is to have a democratic process. One of the complaints also about the draft constitution is it gives too much power to the president. And now people are saying, we want to be represented; all of Egypt, not just the Muslim Brotherhood.

Is there any indication that at this point, the president and the Muslim Brotherhood will reconsider?

So far we're not seeing indications of that. Of course, as you mentioned, yesterday, the president's spokesman kind of came out and tried to explain the decrees. One of the decrees basically said, any law or decision I make from now until the constitution is written or a parliament is in place has - there is no way to challenge it in courts. He said, actually that's limited to sovereign act. What sovereign acts mean, though, is so vague and unclear. And it really didn't appease his opposition.

turn 3 : A thinks that the government is not functioning properly.

turn 3 :  Making the declaration can have serious implications, and the panel will consider it.

turn 3 :  you imply that something is the case

turn 3 : Implied meaning: Is there any indication of what will happen next in the conflict?

turn 3 : A implies that Sovereign act in its acceptable sense does not exist when a decree has been made which makes such claim vague.


Yes, yes. And he stood up here and if you can see over in the distance you can see a copula - that's where the Confederates were. That's only a half a mile away. Some sharpshooters go up here, shooting at anything that moved along here. So somebody took a shot, and as you can see from this monument here, the guy standing next to Lincoln was hit and he was wounded. Imagine that that sharpshooter back there had been just a little bit more accurate. He could've very easily have killed the president. And then what?I mean, you know, can anybody name who would've become president?I don't think so. It would've been the Vice President Hannibal Hamlin.

Whoa.

Has anybody ever heard of a Hannibal Hamlin?

It sounds like a burger place.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is indicating that they are experiencing physical or emotional discomfort, and may be implying that they require sympathy or understanding from the listener. The tone and context of the situation may affect the implied meaning, as the speaker could also be indicating a desire for rest or respite, or they may be seeking permission or justification for their actions or behavior. Additionally, the speaker may or may not be seeking medical attention or advice.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is expressing a sense of frustration or dissatisfaction with a situation or person, without explicitly stating it.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: Although there may be variations in how people interpret it, the speaker is fairly confident that a significant number of individuals will understand that there is an underlying or implicit message conveyed through this turn. The meaning might not be immediately apparent and could require additional context, but the speaker believes that most people will recognize that there is a subtext or insinuation.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using subtext or implications to communicate something that they don't feel comfortable saying outright, but the listener may need to read between the lines to understand their true meaning.

turn 2 : Implied Meaning: While there may not be a clear and definitive implied meaning behind this turn, it's possible that there is a subtle message or intention that can be inferred based on the speaker's tone and the context of the conversation. However, not everyone may agree on what the implied meaning is, as it may be subject to interpretation. Nonetheless, there is a likelihood that most people would perceive some sort of subtext or hidden intention in this turn.


Wow, is this the same thing that happened a couple of years ago, or am I just imagining this?

Now, we've had actually more stratospheric warming events in the past decade than we generally have in the past. This is somewhat of a new science, we've only been able to study the stratosphere since the '50s. So we don't really have any statistically significant time periods to be looking at. But we are seeing that these are occurring now almost every year. We're seeing them about every two years in the past. Now we're seeing them almost every year for the past decade.

And so this is becoming a more common event. So I'm not exactly sure what timeline you were looking at, but we did have a stratospheric warming event in 2011.

Yeah, is there some event that actually triggers this to happen?

turn 0 : just around the corner implies it is happening soon.

turn 0 : No, this is not the same thing that happened a couple of years ago. It might be similar, but it is not the same.

turn 0 : It would be a mistake for me to do that.

turn 0 : None . There's nothing in this that implies anything.


Rod Blagojevich appealed for his sentence to be reduced last year. A judge refused, saying his long sentence is deserved, but Blagojevich's lawyer attached letters from a hundred other prisoners who spoke of his kindness and spirit. He was at the top level, wrote a man who identified himself as a convicted drug dealer, and now he is in prison with so many true felons and he accepts that as fate with his head held high, no ego, no arrogance and, most importantly, with humble humility.

A portrait of Rod Blagojevich in ornate, official hallways could remind governors who follow why citizens can be cynical about politicians. It might remind politicians not to think that getting elected endows them with honesty, wisdom or character. And, yes, it might give a disgraced politician a little recognition for finding a way to make his life useful to others.

The King. You're listening to NPR News.

turn 2 : The person singing the song is rebellious and the listener can relate to it

turn 2 : (Singing) The warden threw a party in the county jail. The prison band was there, and they began to wail. The band was jumpin' and the joint began to swing.  Implicated meaning: The warden organizing a party in the county jail and having the prison band perform creates an atmosphere of excitement and enjoyment, turning the otherwise somber and restrictive environment of a jail into a lively and energetic place.

turn 2 : "doing time" - The actual meaning of this phrase is serving a prison sentence. However, the intended meaning could be that this is an opportunity for self-reflection and personal growth.

turn 2 : This turn does not mean that the speaker is proposing to explain that they slept in motels, but rather that they are suggesting to mention it as an additional piece of information to the conversation, which is a different meaning than the literal one.

turn 2 : The speaker is emotionally moved by the lyrics of the song.


The law now differs whether the gun being purchased is a handgun or what is broadly defined as a long gun. So the law is that if it's a handgun, you need to be 21. But long guns - rifles, shotguns and assault-style rifles included - that's 18. And after Parkland, where the perpetrator was 19 and legally purchased an assault-style rifle, there has been a call to raise that minimum age for assault-style rifles and all long guns.

What about arming teachers?What changes to the law would be required?

That gets complex. We do have the Gun-Free School Zones Act, which was signed with the first President Bush. But it allows for some discretion at the state and local level. And some states allow individual districts to set their own policies. And so we at The Trace of reported on districts in Ohio that allow certain designated teachers and other school staff members to access guns. Texas is another state where that happens. So, in fact, there are some states where there are guns in schools accessible to some teachers and staff members.

Have there been gun laws that have been rolled back by the Trump administration?

The big picture under Trump is that not much has changed, which is interesting because Trump had such strong backing from the National Rifle Association. And they have two big priorities. One is something called concealed carry reciprocity. And the upshot is that if you have a license to carry a concealed gun in your home state, every other state would have to honor that license and vice versa. That does pass the House in December - not taken up by the Senate.

turn 0 : There is support for gun control measures in the US.

turn 0 : There is a problem with gun violence in America.

turn 0 : (2) Implied meaning: While individuals should have the right to own firearms, it is not practical to suggest the mass confiscation of all firearms in the country.

turn 0 : just shy of 30 means the person is almost 30-years-old.

turn 0 : The legal age for purchasing handguns and long guns is different, with handguns requiring a higher age limit.


turn 1 : Certified teachers are not paid enough for their education and experience.

turn 1 : Two "schools' are not literal schools. The implication is there are two differing beliefs about how the organization should operate.

turn 1 : Representation in court is necessary for children's cases.

turn 1 : Changes to laws regarding arming teachers are complex and vary at the state and local levels.


Thanks for having me.

Does presenting Rabbit like this make your character into a kind of everywoman that spans all experience?

I was thinking of her not necessarily as an everywoman, but as Vietnam itself in certain kinds of ways. The book is very much about a character who can hear the voices of the dead. And I was very interested in trying to transform Vietnam from the perceptions that we have about it in the West. Typically, you know, when we think of Vietnam here in the United States, we think of it as a metaphor. You know, it's synonymous with the idea of a quagmire.

And we think of it as our problem.

turn 3 : not a literal meaning but rather a rhetorical question.

turn 3 : In turn (4), the statement suggests that despite the appearance of a positive sign, the comments from the British Foreign Secretary indicate that the situation is more challenging and difficult to resolve than it may seem. The literal meaning of the words may convey a positive outlook, but the implied meaning highlights the potential obstacles and complexities involved.

turn 3 : We think of Vietnam as our problem” but not “Typically, when we think of Vietnam here in the United States, we think of it as a metaphor” which is the literal meaning of the turn.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that A is implying that the way media is consumed has changed drastically, and this could lead to the failure of the American experiment.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of the turn is to ask what role the United States can play in trying to combat human trafficking. The implied meaning is to ask what role the United States should play in trying to combat human trafficking.