I do. I hope I give them - my songs give them a reason to wake up, you know, and think about what is going on in the world. And hopefully they resonate with the audience, the people who are hearing them. I've always hoped from the time we started singing the freedom songs that our songs - was singing them to make a difference. You know, make a better place. Help somebody instead of hurting somebody. You know, so much we could do to make it better.

Well, it's such a delight to speak with you again. I am so excited that I get the chance to talk with you about this new album. You know I'm going to put you on the spot and ask you if you have a favorite.

All of these songs, Michel. I love every one. But I do love "Heavy On My Mind. "

(Singing) We did everything we could to slow this world down. Now my love is in the ground.

turn 0 : wake up implies for the persons to come back to their normal senses and not to dull or be fulled anymore

turn 0 : The turn in (1) where the speaker talks about making "crazy logical leaps" and having "delusions" that keep them "warm at night" is an example of a non-literal meaning, as they are using figurative language to describe their thought processes and coping mechanisms.

turn 0 : The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker enjoyed the solitude of working at night, as it made them feel like a vampire who only came out when it was dark and disappeared again when the sun rose.

turn 0 : You do not actually enter the person's heart or mind, it means that you start to understand their perspective

turn 0 : A life can not literally be turned upside down. The implied meaning is that the life is greatly disrupted.


turn 0 : Do you ever feel that way, you're just so tired of singing, but you know you have to because that song is so closely associated with who you are?" - The implied meaning here is that the person is feeling tired of singing a particular song, but they feel obligated to continue performing it because it is an integral part of their identity and public persona.

turn 0 : There are songs from various decades in the top 30 chart.

turn 0 : You sang tribute songs instead of creating new ones.

turn 0 : The music industry has changed dramatically over time, including accessibility through music, the transition to radio and regulations.

turn 0 : The songs that I sing have a message that can inspire change in the world.


And so it seemed to be really impervious to this kind of judicial reckoning. And the fact that it's happened is, of course, all the more remarkable, because of the obstacles that had to be overcome to reach this day.

It's interesting: The current president of Guatemala served under General Rios Montt all those years ago, and he says he accepts this verdict, and will carry out the measures ordered by the tribunal in terms of apologies, but he also said there was no genocide.

Well, he was a general during the period of Rios Montt's rule, and given his own background, it was expected that he would put up more resistance than he has to this trial. And as you said, he has said he respects the ruling of the court, but he has said it's not a genocide. It is a very powerful verdict. It's - genocide has been described repeatedly as the crime of crimes, and it's very difficult to prove in a court of law. And that's one of the other reasons why this verdict was widely seen as a landmark.

So, you know, his reticence is notable. I hope that he continues to maintain the position that he will respect the rule of law in this case, as the proceedings go forward.

turn 1 : Justice has been delayed for the victims of crimes in Guatemala.

turn 1 : The current president of Guatemala acknowledges the verdict but denies genocide

turn 1 : The government is denying their involvement in the atrocities

turn 1 : (3) The implication of this turn is that the U.N. special adviser believes that this conflict has the potential to be as destructive and deadly as the genocides in Rwanda and Bosnia.


turn 2 : The government is denying their involvement in the atrocities

turn 2 : The verdict is a powerful landmark as genocide is difficult to prove in court

turn 2 : (3) The implication of this turn is that the U.N. special adviser believes that this conflict has the potential to be as destructive and deadly as the genocides in Rwanda and Bosnia.

turn 2 : The mention of the Srebrenica massacre and the potential consequences for war criminals serves as a reminder that such heinous acts can lead to future accountability, even if justice is delayed.


(Singing) Saw my father in a dream last night. He was smiling and saying you're going to be all right. And this morning I stared back at myself, feeling as empty as I've ever felt. But I keep on rolling, and I hope I've learned more of what's right than what's wrong. It's ashes and roses and time that burns when you're chasing what's already gone. Ashes and roses and hearts that break. I tried so hard to be strong. But maybe my worst but not my first mistake. Chasing what's already gone. Mm-hmm. Hey, hey, hey, hey, hey, hey. Chasing what's already gone.

Thank you.

Mary Chasing - Mary Chapin Carpenter, "Chasing What's Already Gone. "She is good on guitar but she is not that good. She had some help from John Jennings, who's also with us here in the studio.

And I have to - that line, saw my father in a dream last night, smiling and saying, you're going to be all right. It seems like that must have been one of those events, his death, that you think you have to write about and you sit there and think, oh, God, what am I going to say?

turn 0 : The speaker is often expecting bad things to happen, so when something good happens, it's more exceptional than usual.

turn 0 : Despite being nervous, the speaker finds the current situation interesting

turn 0 : Although the speaker is trained, they may not have noticed the suspicious behavior of the suspects.

turn 0 : The speaker is expressing amusement at the topic being discussed.

turn 0 : The speaker is reflecting on their mistakes and hoping to learn from them.


Good to talk to you.

How important an event was this that Mr.  Kim missed?

It was a very important event. It's an event in a mausoleum where his father, previously ruler of North Korea is buried, interred, and so is his grandfather, the founding leader of North Korea. So it was a big deal. Kim Jong Un has not been seen since September 3, when he attended a concert in Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea, with his wife.

Before that, he'd been seen frequently, but always waddling with a really bad limp. He was clearly in discomfort, and finally the North Korean authorities said he is in physical discomfort. So there's something up. We don't quite know what. The speculation is he's had surgery, he's ill, ranging right through to there's been a coup, and he's lost power or certainly being shunted away from power. That's the speculation.

Now, we're talking about somebody who - as my recollection is - he's on television every two minutes. So this must be a tremendous vacuum in the lives of North Koreans.

turn 1 : The literal meaning: The speaker mentions that they discuss this as a significant starting point or origin for the book. The implied meaning: The speaker suggests that this event plays a crucial role in shaping the themes or direction of the book.

turn 1 : Implies that the situation is incredible and shocking, rather than simply saying that it is amazing.

turn 1 : can be interpreted as a way to inquire about the current situation in the city, not just the events taking place.

turn 1 : Implies that the event was of great significance

turn 1 :  Implies disbelief in the official explanation for the meeting and wanting a better answer.


Good to talk to you.

turn 2 :  implies that Kim Jong Un's absence is unusual and concerning

turn 2 :  Even though the conversation is centered on the North Koreans who have escaped, turn (3) highlights the fact that there are still millions of people living under the oppressive regime in North Korea, and their plight should not be overlooked or forgotten.

turn 2 :  (2) implies that the speaker was surprised by the unusual words used in the exchange between the president and Kim Jong Un, and had to look up the meaning of one of them.

turn 2 : None of the words or phrases in this turn have a figurative meaning. It is a straightforward statement about the print media in North Korea continuing to praise the leader, despite his absence, and how his father had also disappeared from public view at times.

turn 2 :  (2) Implied meaning: The US is in a difficult situation with North Korea and Russia, and the president's actions have made it even more difficult.


Good to talk to you.

turn 3 : The situation in Pyongyang is extremely unclear and difficult to understand

turn 3 : The statement implies that despite the small number of North Koreans who have escaped, they have provided valuable information about the reality of life in North Korea.

turn 3 :  Even though the conversation is centered on the North Koreans who have escaped, turn (3) highlights the fact that there are still millions of people living under the oppressive regime in North Korea, and their plight should not be overlooked or forgotten.

turn 3 :  implies that Kim Jong Un is either ill or has lost power,

turn 3 : In turn (4), the literal meaning is that North Korea's nuclear capabilities are something to be reckoned with and the speaker is asking why we shouldn't be concerned about this one move. However, the actual meaning is that the speaker is asking for an explanation as to why the reassembling of the site should not be a cause for concern, despite the fact that North Korea's nuclear capabilities are usually considered a threat.


Good to talk to you.

turn 4 : The literal meaning of (4) is asking what North Korea wants to achieve with nuclear weapons. The implicated meaning is questioning why North Korea wants nuclear weapons in the first place.

turn 4 : implies that North Koreans are used to seeing Kim Jong Un often.

turn 4 :  Even though the conversation is centered on the North Koreans who have escaped, turn (3) highlights the fact that there are still millions of people living under the oppressive regime in North Korea, and their plight should not be overlooked or forgotten.

turn 4 :  (2) implies that the speaker was surprised by the unusual words used in the exchange between the president and Kim Jong Un, and had to look up the meaning of one of them.


This appointment would make sense from the standpoint of a president, a new president, Barack Obama, wanting to assert a kind of White House control over the intelligence community. Now, Leon Panetta is not part of the intelligence community. He has had no experience with the intelligence community except as an outside observer, critic, and as one of the authors of a 2006 report on what went wrong with respect to 9/11 and also with respect to the Iraq weapons of mass destruction intelligence.

So Leon Panetta is not of the CIA. He is coming in as kind of a total outsider but somebody who has very strong confidence among not only the Barack Obama people, but also the Clinton people who are going to be at the Department of State under Hillary Clinton.

There's also word today about a choice for the post of national intelligence director, retired Admiral Dennis Blair. What can you tell us about him?

Dennis Blair has been in the Navy and in the U. S.  government for 34 years. He also worked in the White House during his long Navy career and before he was named by Barack Obama to take over this director of national intelligence job. This will actually be Leon Panetta's boss. He is in charge of the total U. S.  intelligence community, all 16 agencies, CIA, the defense agencies, and so on.

The president elect will need to pick someone else to become commerce secretary. New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson took himself out of the running because of an investigation into how some of his donors won a lucrative contract. How serious a problem is this withdrawal for the Obama transition team?

turn 0 : He worked on the intelligence committee and learned a great deal of things that most people don't know about the world.

turn 0 : Leon Panetta has no experience with the intelligence community but was chosen as CIA director for political reasons.

turn 0 : "The Trump administration, or at least the president, has expressed doubt in the CIA's conclusion, and President Trump has previously criticized the U.S. intelligence establishment.

turn 0 : The person mentioned has a talent for comprehending problems and advising on them worldwide, due to his experiences and background, not necessarily related to France.


Believe me, I was - I just went into a state of shock. Yeah, it was one of those things. I mean, I guess some people's imaginations run towards good fortune all the time, but I'm sort of the kid who's always sort of preparing myself for the apocalypse. So when something good happens, it's more extraordinary even than normal.

Yeah, do you know who nominated you, by the way?

Oh hell no, and whoever did kept their secret because I had no clue.

Oh, you won't find that out. That's so interesting because I think you'd want to go and thank them.

turn 0 : The speaker is reflecting on their mistakes and hoping to learn from them.

turn 0 : The speaker is expressing surprise and amazement at the coincidence.

turn 0 : The speaker is often expecting bad things to happen, so when something good happens, it's more exceptional than usual.

turn 0 : The speaker is expressing amusement at the topic being discussed.

turn 0 : The speaker doesn't need much to be happy, but they need basic necessities like food, shelter, and warmth. They are content with what they have.


turn 2 : There was almost a competition for who had the authority of the the situation.

turn 2 : The speaker lost a significant amount of money through gambling.

turn 2 : The person who nominated the speaker for something kept it a secret.

turn 2 : The literal meaning is that the speaker would have appeared on a media outlet many times. The actual meaning is that the speaker would have been very vocal and persistent on the issue, possibly annoying the media host.

turn 2 : He was happy to attend the talk show


turn 2 : Obama has demonstrated his credibility and is qualified to be the nominee.

turn 2 : The person campaigned without opposition and was scared while doing so.

turn 2 : The person who nominated A did not reveal themselves intentionally.

turn 2 : The candidate had something troubling in their past.


Sometimes you have prosecutors who look at this situation and realize it was just this horrible, tragic mistake. Sometimes you have prosecutors who look at the situation and say, wait a minute, is there something wrong here?Could the parent have been on drugs?Was there some extenuating circumstances that led to this parent's forgetting?And, you know, the people who study this do recommend that prosecutors look into the circumstances of the death. There is always that small chance that the parent somehow was negligent or the parent had even intended to kill the child. But it is a small subset of the number of children that have died in this way, according to the people who study this.

People have invented technologies that would prevent at least some of these deaths. Why aren't they in more common use?

One of the reasons that technologies are not more in use is that nobody thinks that this is going to happen to them. And so they don't pay the extra money that it would take to install an optional technology or pay extra money for some kind of smart car seat that might send out an alert. And that's why the people who advocate for change are asking for legislation to make the installation of this kind of technology mandatory.

Apart from technological innovations, is there anything that a parent listening to this conversation could do to make sure that this doesn't happen to them?

turn 0 : The situation is uncertain and they need to take it one step at a time

turn 0 : wait a minute usually means they are taken aback by something and need to process it

turn 0 : to hold out in this context means to wait

turn 0 : to look for something in this context means they are trying to see if something will happen

turn 0 : A is starting a conversation and B is interrupting with a short response.


Has this ever been done before, I mean, even with other types of energy like oil and gas for example?

That's not how we have historically done oil and gas use or exploration. Again, we're talking on public land. It's not been how we've done it. It is the way we've tried in recent years to think about the Endangered Species Act. Instead of looking at each little place when a question comes up and say is this an endangered habitat, is this a problem, look at large areas, ecosystems, chunks that make sense together.

Try to highlight what the problems are in that area so that subsequent development proposals are not - don't start from ground zero. Information's been gathered and looked at in a more systematic way. I mean, programmatic environmental impact assessments have been allowed ever since NEPA passed back in the 1970s.

It hasn't been used very often. I think that the Interior Department should get a lot of credit for using it this time.

turn 1 : Poaching is a major problem and is wiping out the forest's animal population.

turn 1 : Historically, oil and gas exploration has not been done on public lands in the same way as proposed here for Endangered Species Act. Instead of looking at each habitat, they will examine larger ecosystems systematically.

turn 1 : Drilling for oil is not a viable solution to the problem of oil consumption

turn 1 : The government’s lack of interest and prioritization of political issues is causing a delay in getting necessary approvals and treatments for crops and animals.


turn 2 : The NEP is not a pool but an organization that gathers information from groups of people.  The approach was not launched but newly began for the fall season.

turn 2 : The Obama administration has made efforts to combat climate change

turn 2 : Environmental impact assessments have been allowed since NEPA passed, but programmatic assessments are now used to gather information in a more systematic way for subsequent development proposals.

turn 2 : (3): The research requires a lot of different initiatives. = It takes a lot of effort to research this field.

turn 2 : Asking if people are concerned about the potential health risks caused by the debris and contamination left behind.


turn 3 : President Trump has caused a negative impact on climate change policies

turn 3 : Moving a million people to a sparsely populated area may harm the environment despite the government's plans for green development.

turn 3 : The Obama administration has made efforts to combat climate change

turn 3 : The Interior Department deserves recognition for using the programmatic environmental impact assessment method more often.

turn 3 : Asking if people are concerned about the potential health risks caused by the debris and contamination left behind.


It seems simple at the outset, and we seem - we take it for granted. I mean, we're fortunate enough to be able to exercise our sense of taste and smell three times, if not more, a day. But what "Taste What You're Missing" is about is really stepping back, slowing down and understanding a little bit more about the mechanisms of what make up the concept of flavor, taste.

And so what I hope this book does is teach people a little bit more because we know that with greater understanding comes greater appreciation. And so the bottom line takeaway from this book, I hope, is a greater appreciation for food. And I'm not talking about just those meals where we go out to a fine restaurant, we - we're spending a lot of our money to have a special occasion meal.

I'm talking about those mundane meals that we have every day because there's joy and incredible sensory experiences in everything we put in our mouth.

1-800-989-8255 is our number if you'd like to talk with Barb Stuckey, author of "Taste What You're Missing. "And let's get right into this then, and talk about what is wrong with the way that most people taste food. What you're saying, we're not taking advantage of just eating a plain old meat-and-potatoes hamburger or something like that.

turn 3 : to put something in this context is to explain something

turn 3 : "let's get right into this" - In this context, this phrase means to start discussing the topic at hand immediately. The literal meaning of getting into something would be to physically enter into it.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at a desire or need for help or support from the listener.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is subtly trying to convey a sense of urgency or importance in the matter being discussed, without explicitly stating it.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of the turn is to ask what role the United States can play in trying to combat human trafficking. The implied meaning is to ask what role the United States should play in trying to combat human trafficking.


It's 2075, and America has been beset by flooding linked to climate change. The president has banned the use of fossil fuels. The southern states have broken away looking to protect the coal mining industry, and a rabid civil war is taking place. Omar El Akkad joins us now to talk about the dystopian world he created in his new book "American War" and what inspired it. Welcome to the program.

Thanks for having me.

The main character of the book is a young girl. Her name is Sarat Chesnut. She lives in Louisiana in what is known in the book as the free southern state. Who is she at the beginning of the novel?

turn 3 : She hopes people find a way to read the book that she has written.

turn 3 : her stories were not what people were usually reading and the topics of them were not what was normally talked about.

turn 3 : A: She - of all the characters I've written, she's the only one who came to me sort of fully formed. At the start of the book, she's six years old. And to me, she's sort of this very curious, trusting, defiant young girl whose chief attribute is this kind of rebellion against unknowing. She wants to know as much as possible. And the central arc of the book is essentially her life and how her desire to know - her curiosity is sort of used against her during this war.

turn 3 : She believes that child actors are like cattle to be used by others.


Well, self-employed people are often other people's discretionary spending. In other words, if I'm cutting back, and I had a trainer who was coming to my house three times a week, maybe now she's coming in twice or once. That hits her bottom line. So we know that, essentially, self-employed people, if they're discretionary spending, are going to be on the front line.

The message for them is to diversify your portfolio to make sure that now, if you're counting on one person, let's get three lined up. Let's be more flexible. Let's deal with issues about how you might provide different kinds of payment schedules and other kinds of things.

But self-employed people, whether they're personal services, which we've just talked about, whether they're business services, the people who do the graphics artwork, who do the editing and other things, they're going to have to dance on a dime. Because, basically, when people start cutting budgets they're the easiest ones to cut.

Now if you're self-employed - and there are many people who have started, you know, any number of businesses - if you're self-employed, either like you said, doing personal services or running a small business with other employees who work for you, what can you do to sure yourself up financially?

turn 0 : The economists spoke up and said that people should take caution in their finances.

turn 0 : Despite the presence of goods in shops, people are still starving due to lack of money and high taxes.

turn 0 : People aren't spending money due to the recession.

turn 0 : The cuts will be significant and likely affect employees.

turn 0 : Self-employed people are vulnerable to budget cuts of their clients


turn 2 : Dominance of a few large companies is discouraging people from starting their own businesses.

turn 2 : Many people are losing their jobs and companies are going bankrupt.

turn 2 : People aren't spending money due to the recession.

turn 2 : The living conditions of workers are terrible and lack privacy and basic necessities

turn 2 : Self-employed people must be adaptable in budget cuts


One last question, and I'll let you go. You know, this being sequestration day, are you concerned about budgets that you control in your committee, science budgets, that they might be slashed?

Of course - well, let's put this in perspective. We're talking about across-the-board cuts of about 2. 3 percent, and while it may mean more in certain areas, nevertheless, you know, it's regrettable, I wish we weren't having these kinds of cuts, they could have been avoided. I still think we need to cut spending, but we need to do in a smart way, not across-the-board way. And we could have set our priorities up if there had been a little bit more cooperation from the White House and from the Senate.

The House of Representatives has actually twice passed offsets to the sequestration. The Senate has not passed anything. And the administration hasn't come up with any specific alternatives to the sequestration; only the House has. So if they can't come up with a better idea, let's go with the House idea, and we could have avoided it.

All right, well, I'm certainly not one to debate the politics of this with you because as you know we'll get nowhere. But I want to thank you for taking time to be with us today and wish you good luck in deciding - because I think, you know, maybe the public really does believe this is a national priority about finding that asteroid with our name on it.

turn 1 : The implied meaning of this turn is that Democrats might not be interested in a bipartisan effort since their own plan has been successful.

turn 1 : And how do they breach the differences between the House and Senate bills, when the promises some Republican Senate leaders made to get the votes of, say, Susan Collins of Maine and Jeff Flake of Arizona

turn 1 : The House Republicans have conflicting views on illegal immigration and the border wall, making it difficult to reach a deal.

turn 1 : congress is uncertain, often because other matters have to be decided

turn 1 : The speaker thinks that the across-the-board cuts are regrettable, but they could have been avoided if there had been more cooperation from the White House and the Senate.


Well, many of the discussions I've had with other educators is that many times, we have to have a partner - or if we are single, that our partner's income supports our teaching habits, if you will. Certified teachers with master's degrees teaching in their district for 15 years are still making around $30,000 to $35,000 within their district. To have that amount of education and that amount of experience and be paid that wage, that's not a livable wage.

Arizona is a right-to-work state, which means unions don't have much power to negotiate there. Kentucky, West Virginia, Oklahoma are, too. These are all states with Republican legislatures. And we've seen actions by teachers recently in those states, as well. Do you wish you had a union speaking for you?Would that be an answer?

The reason why I got involved was because of the teacher-led grassroots movement. We have been supported by other organizations. Arizona Education Association, which is our union - our teacher union here in the state - have been supporting us. Do I wish that a union was representing us?I'm glad that they are supporting us.

Why do you think this is happening now in places like Kentucky and West Virginia and Oklahoma and now Arizona?

turn 0 : Most people don't have enough money to pay for school.

turn 0 : Working with wine doesn't necessarily require formal education.

turn 0 : The amount set aside for wages is insufficient.

turn 0 : The wage paid to certified teachers with master's degrees and 15 years of experience is not sufficient to live on.

turn 0 : The education system is not working properly and is causing a lot of stress for students.


turn 0 : Certified teachers are not paid enough for their education and experience.

turn 0 : The students feel pressure to conform and not be different from their peers.


How did you feel when you found out, this summer, about the abuse of children that was going on in Pennsylvania not far from places you knew?

Yeah, it hurt reading the report because I was reading about these parishes that I went to growing up. I was born in '96, so growing up, you would hear kids joke about, oh, you know, priests molesting kids and whatnot. But I never knew that there was actually a - anything behind that. I just sort of thought it was people making fun of a religion. And then I didn't learn, honestly, until recently that the abuse scandal is something that was real and something that the world has known about since - what?- I think it was the early 2000s, whenever the Boston Globe or whatever that newspaper is broke the story. I didn't know that that was a thing. It wasn't something I'd ever been exposed to, so I wasn't really aware of the fact that this is a problem that was going on in my church. You know, it's unthinkable.

And it's hurt your faith?

I think that's a difficult thing to answer. I will say that it has hurt my faith in the Catholic Church. I don't think it has actually hurt my personal, religious faith. I'm just starting to see less of a connection between what I believe and the teachings of the Catholic Church.

turn 1 :  Implies a personal question about the speaker's past, not just a factual question about whether or not they considered becoming a priest.

turn 1 : Kids and old people are funny because they speak truthfully and without agenda

turn 1 : The content of the book is humorous and not meant to be taken seriously.

turn 1 : Joking about priests molesting children was not taken seriously.

turn 1 : They thought he was a joke or not a serious person


And it's hurt your faith?

turn 3 : "But it also handles all cases of abuse and the disciplining of perpetrators of abuse, et cetera." - The literal meaning of this turn is that the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith deals with cases of abuse and disciplining of perpetrators of abuse. However, the actual meaning is that the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith deals with cases of sexual abuse within the Catholic Church, which is a highly sensitive and controversial topic.

turn 3 : The Vatican is beginning to take action to change the church

turn 3 : Implies that religion is an important factor in the speaker's life, not just a literal question about religion.

turn 3 : The church is in danger of losing its moral authority.

turn 3 : The speaker's faith in the Catholic Church has been damaged by the abuse scandal, but their personal faith remains intact.


Good to be with you, Scott.

So who came out of that debate looking strong as we look ahead to Iowa?

What about all the time he had to spend, though, going back and forth about whether he's even eligible to run for president?

turn 2 : "Immediate fallout would be Jeb Bush's problem. He needed a revival, and he wound up looking worse than he had in the first two debates and out on the stump as well. The memorable punches in these debates tend to be counter punches. And Bush went after his one-time protege, Marco Rubio, and Rubio came back smart, fast, tough and got a highlight moment out of it, just one of several for Rubio, by the way."  Here, the speaker is discussing the consequences or negative outcomes for Jeb Bush after the debate. The implied meaning is that Jeb Bush's performance in the debate was disappointing or damaging for his campaign. The speaker highlights that memorable moments in debates usually involve counter-attacks or responses, and in this case, Jeb Bush targeted Marco Rubio, but Rubio responded effectively and gained a notable moment. The implied meaning goes beyond a literal description of the events and emphasizes the impact on Jeb Bush's candidacy.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of turn (4) is that there are several reasons why Ted Cruz wasn't able to capture the evangelical vote, and one of those reasons is that churchgoing evangelicals were less likely to support Donald Trump than those who just nominally affiliate themselves with evangelical Christianity.

turn 2 : Two people in particular, Trump and Cruz, Donald Trump and Ted Cruz. Trump is no longer the dominating personality that he was, but he's still the name leading in national polls and in most of the early states. Cruz, though, is the central figure in this particular debate if only because he was the object of most of the attacks from the other candidates. And he is masterful at slipping the punch, changing the subject, turning the criticism back onto others.  In this turn, the actual meaning goes beyond the literal meaning. The speaker is not simply providing a factual description of the debate and the candidates, but they are also implying that Trump's dominance has diminished, although he still leads in polls. They also suggest that Cruz's ability to deflect criticism and turn it against others makes him a significant figure in the debate. The implied meaning is about the shifting dynamics and strategies of the candidates and their relative strengths.

turn 2 :  This turn actually means that the speaker is more concerned with the alternative (Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, or Bernie Sanders) than with a "Never Trump" attitude, and that it is important for the country and party to come together despite any reservations about Trump.

turn 2 : In turn (4), the actual meaning is that both sides are downplaying their chances of success in the debate, even though they may privately believe that they will perform better than the other side. The implied meaning is that both sides are likely overestimating their own abilities and underestimating their opponent's abilities, and that the outcome of the debate may be more uncertain than either side is willing to admit.


Yeah, thank you.

So tell us what the article said.

Well, it's very interesting. It's in the Jesuit magazine La Civilta Cattolica. It's a very historic magazine, the Jesuits, of course, being the same order that Pope Francis - an order of priest that Pope Francis is a part of. And what's very interesting is that these two authors are known to be quite close to him. One, Antonio Spadaro, was the person who interviewed him in 2013 and made a big splash. And what they're saying is that they're concerned about ties between fundamental evangelicals and, kind of, right-wing Catholics in the U. S.  that are focused only on very neuralgic issues and kind of dividing in politics.

And the article, I believe, specifically talks about xenophobic and Islamophobic views.

Yeah. What the authors say is that, you know, Pope Francis has really been trying to create a culture of dialogue encounter, really working with people across all the spectrums. And what the two authors in this article are saying is that these right-wing groups in the U. S.  have been really doing the opposite. Where Pope Francis is trying to build bridges, they're trying to build walls. And they're playing up concerns about migration, about refugees. And they're kind of operating in the exact opposite way of the pope which, for a Catholic, is obviously a very strange thing.

All right, this article also directly mentions President Donald Trump and his adviser Steve Bannon. What does it say about them?

turn 0 : "Thank you" is a polite expression of gratitude. Its meaning is literal and straightforward.

turn 0 : Expressing gratitude for the invitation and glad to be here.

turn 0 : "Thank you" - The literal meaning is an expression of gratitude or appreciation.

turn 0 : Literal meaning: A is thanking Scott for something. Actual meaning: The actual meaning is the same as the literal meaning.

turn 0 : "Welcome.Thank you so much for coming." - The actual meaning is the same as the literal meaning. The intended meaning is a genuine welcome and appreciation for the guest's presence.


Yeah, thank you.

So tell us what the article said.

turn 1 : The speaker is asking the listener for their opinion about the article, and how it was received by the public.+++

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be expressing a subtle hint or suggestion, rather than stating something directly.

turn 1 : "Tell us what the article said" - The literal meaning is a request for a summary or explanation of the contents of an article.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at something indirectly and expects the listener to understand the intended message.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be conveying a hidden message or agenda that requires further exploration or analysis to fully understand.


Yeah, thank you.

So tell us what the article said.

turn 3 :  Implied meaning: There is a fear of the spread of Zika, malaria, cholera, and other diseases due to the lack of access to aid.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of this turn is to state that the speaker is of mixed racial and/or ethnic heritage. However, the actual meaning is to downplay the significance of the speaker's racial and ethnic identity.

turn 3 : "Xenophobic and Islamophobic views" - The literal meaning is a fear or dislike of foreigners or Islamic religion.

turn 3 : Implies that religion is an important factor in the speaker's life, not just a literal question about religion.

turn 3 :  (4) is an expression of surprise. The implied meaning is an expression of admiration.


Yeah, thank you.

So tell us what the article said.

turn 4 : "Trying to build walls" - The actual meaning is that they are trying to create barriers and divisions instead of promoting unity and understanding.

turn 4 : They don't mean literally wall to wall but that everyone was for it.

turn 4 : A opposes a wall due to its inefficiency and cost

turn 4 : It means border security... But we are calling for much more intense border security.  Implication: A is clarifying that "border security" does not only mean building a wall, but also includes other measures, such as physical barriers in certain areas and intensified security measures overall.


Yeah, thank you.

So tell us what the article said.

turn 5 : "he just finds it inconceivable it didn't." - The actual meaning of this turn is figurative, expressing Bannon's belief that it is highly likely that Trump Jr. introduced the Russians to Trump, rather than literally being unable to imagine the possibility of it not happening.

turn 5 : Steve Bannon is responsible for giving Michael Wolff access to the White House, which is hard to ignore.

turn 5 : "Directly mentions President Donald Trump and his adviser Steve Bannon" - The literal meaning is that they are specifically referred to by name in the article.

turn 5 : When the speaker references the Trump administration policies, they are implying that the policies may not be informed by scientific evidence or research, and that the march is a protest against that.


Yes. The big topic, of course, is what he'll say about the president's unfounded claims that Barack Obama wiretapped his phones. He has also accused British intelligence of wiretapping his phones on behalf of Barack Obama. There's been no evidence produced for those claims. The British have pushed back against them strongly. People on the Hill say they have not seen any evidence of this, and Comey will be asked about that first and foremost.

OK.  And over at the Senate, the first hearings for President Trump's nomination for the Supreme Court - what kind of reception is he going to get?

Well, that's going to be the big event of the week. Neil Gorsuch, who has been nominated by Donald Trump, is going to be asked a lot of questions about his views on executive power, about Donald Trump's comments disparaging judges and the entire court system. This is one of Donald Trump's most important early initiatives. The Republicans have 52 votes in the Senate. They say if they have to change the rules so they won't need 60 to confirm him, they will do that. So it's going to be very, very hard for the Democrats to stop him. But this is just the first of many, many judicial vacancies that Donald Trump will have the opportunity to fill because of the age of judges on the bench right now and the number of vacancies.

And something else we're looking at, obviously, is what's happening on Thursday - a much anticipated vote in the House. They're voting on the repeal-and-replace legislation for Obamacare. Does Speaker Ryan have the votes?

turn 1 : This implies that B is aware that there are some other people who are trying to join hands and support the nominee.

turn 1 : B: "what kind of reception is he going to get?" - This question is not referring to the physical act of receiving someone but rather inquiring about the kind of response or treatment the nominee will receive from others.

turn 1 : Asking why the candidate is outstanding, not just inquiring about the story

turn 1 : The actual meaning of (4) is that B is expressing appreciation for the invitation, and that he will bring something as a gift when he visits.


turn 2 : (2) Implied meaning: Get enough votes to pass the legislation, no matter the number of votes required.

turn 2 : The actual meaning of the turn in (3) is that if the Senate only performs a ritual of asking hard questions without any intention to actually vet the judges, then declining to do that ritual is an important signal.

turn 2 : This turn has a literal meaning of altering or modifying established regulations or guidelines. However, in this context, it is used to refer to the Republicans' willingness to change the Senate rules to confirm Gorsuch with a simple majority vote rather than the usual 60-vote threshold required for Supreme Court nominees.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker might be implying a hidden agenda or ulterior motive behind their words, actions, or decisions, without making it explicit.


turn 2 :  A: "the Republicans have 52 votes in the Senate" - This statement is not referring to physical votes but rather the number of Republican senators in the Senate who are likely to support the nomination.

turn 2 : There are many potential candidates for the Senate seat

turn 2 : And how do they breach the differences between the House and Senate bills, when the promises some Republican Senate leaders made to get the votes of, say, Susan Collins of Maine and Jeff Flake of Arizona

turn 2 :  (4) - This turn implies that A will support McConnell if he succeeds in passing the tax plan, and that the Republicans still have a chance to win.

turn 2 : The implied meaning of this statement is that the focus is not only on the states, but also on the number of delegates that the candidates can gain from those states.


turn 3 : This turn has a literal meaning of cancelling and substituting a law or policy with a new one. However, in this context, it refers to the highly anticipated vote in the House of Representatives on a bill that would repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare).

turn 3 : The implied meaning of the speaker's response to the question of overturning the Affordable Care Act is that they don't only want to do away with it, but also to replace it with something better.

turn 3 : "Obamacare" The actual meaning of this turn is not different from its literal meaning. It refers to the Affordable Care Act, which was signed into law by President Barack Obama in 2010.

turn 3 : Implies that the speaker would like to see further reforms beyond what is suggested by Speaker Ryan.


turn 3 : B: "Does Speaker Ryan have the votes?" - This question is not asking whether Speaker Ryan possesses physical votes but rather whether he has enough support from fellow lawmakers to pass the legislation.

turn 3 :  (4) - This turn implies that A will support McConnell if he succeeds in passing the tax plan, and that the Republicans still have a chance to win.

turn 3 : (4) Implied meaning: Does Mr. Trump have the support to win the Republican nomination, or is it uncertain?

turn 3 : And how do they breach the differences between the House and Senate bills, when the promises some Republican Senate leaders made to get the votes of, say, Susan Collins of Maine and Jeff Flake of Arizona


The regime does blame rebels for escalating this bout of violence. And, as you say, there's a lot at stake here. It's a place that's swollen with civilians. A lot of people who've fled the fighting elsewhere in the country have taken refuge here, and aid workers are saying it would be a catastrophe if a full war took hold here.

Oh, this is amazing. So this is where a lot of people who have fled violence arrived in huge numbers, thinking that this might be their one last safe. . .

Right.

. . . Space. And if there are that many civilians there - like, what do we know about these airstrikes so far?How badly are civilians being hit?

turn 0 : There is a risk of a catastrophic situation if a full war breaks out in the area with civilians

turn 0 : Despite the relief of averted war, people are still afraid of the war on terror and the potential for civilian casualties.

turn 0 : A is concerned about the possibility of violent conflict with no other options.

turn 0 : There is a dangerous situation happening that requires people to seek shelter and take precautions.

turn 0 : Facilities that were supposed to be safe places were bombed.


Right.

turn 2 : They are just acknowledging the person's answer

turn 2 : The speaker is acknowledging and agreeing with the previous speaker's statement, but does not provide any additional information or opinion. The meaning of this turn depends on the context of the conversation.

turn 2 : they are just acknowledging the person's response

turn 2 : (3) implies gratitude and appreciation, (3) implies that the conversation is coming to an end


Right.

turn 3 : The airstrikes are hitting civilians and causing harm

turn 3 : "It's very scary, obviously, because the airstrikes come at any time." - The literal meaning is that the airstrikes are unpredictable and can happen at any moment, causing fear and uncertainty among the people. The actual meaning may also convey a sense of desperation or helplessness in the face of the ongoing conflict.

turn 3 : The presence of Patriot missiles on the border will deter the Syrian air force from bombing cities close to the border.

turn 3 : It does not make logical sense to attack people are trying to help get a dieses from spreading.


But in addition to that, that same instrument can actually also just suck in Mars atmosphere and can look for methane. And methane is definitely something that we think is primarily associated with biological sources, obviously here on the Earth.

There are some ways in which methane can be created without, you know, living organisms, and so we need to be able to differentiate between the two. But yeah, Mars, there have been investigations done from here on the Earth where we're looking through telescopes at Mars, and we see indications of methane.

And I think hopefully, like I said in the first, next few days, we'll begin to at least see whether or not we can detect similar things.

You know, when you touched down, there were people who were talking about gee, this looks just like the Southwest, down in the desert there. Can you smell it, as if it might be the Southwest?Is there any way to say gee, it smells like the Southwest?

turn 3 : None of the turns have implied meanings that are different from their literal meanings. They all convey their literal meanings without any hidden or implied messages.

turn 3 : There are no turns in the given conversation that have a meaning different from their literal meanings. All the turns convey their literal meanings without any implied or figurative language.

turn 3 : There will be significant concerns in the region moving forward.

turn 3 : "Can you smell" implies that there is no similarity between gee and southwest.

turn 3 :  Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples.


No, no. I just - it's always - to me, it's just the joy of storytelling. And I don't think about it. Getting things in on time has never been a problem for me, so I don't worry about it. You know, I remember watching Morgan Freeman when he did the two Alex Cross movies. And he's so confident that he's going to knock the scene dead, and I'm really confident that I can tell a good story now, so I just don't worry about things.

James Patterson. His book for young readers: "Middle School: How I Survived Bullies, Broccoli and Snake Hill", co-written with Chris Tebbetts. His adult book, "Second Honeymoon", with Howard Roughan. Thanks so much for being with us.

Thank you. Nice talking to you.

You're listening to WEEKEND EDITION from NPR News.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of turn (4) is that B is interrupting A to introduce the radio program they are both on, "SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR," and to announce their names. However, the implied meaning is that B is politely interrupting A to take over as the host of the radio program.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of B's statement is that the radio program "Marketplace" will be airing soon. The implied meaning could be that B is transitioning to a different topic or segment of the radio program, or that the program has come to an end.

turn 3 : WEEKEND EDITION from NPR News." The literal meaning of this turn is that the person is informing the listener that they are currently listening to a radio program called WEEKEND EDITION from NPR News. The implied meaning, however, is that this is a standard closing statement for the radio program, and it is used to signal the end of the program. It does not literally mean that the listener is currently listening to the program, as the turn can be heard at the end of every episode.

turn 3 : Actual meaning: B is bringing the conversation to an end because of time constraints, but expressing interest in having A return in the future. Literal meaning: B is stating that A will be invited back and that Michael Graham is the podcast editor for The Weekly Standard.

turn 3 : The literal meaning is that the listener doubts that they would tire of hearing from the speaker. The actual meaning is that the listener is being polite and respectful towards the speaker.


Many Brazilians are angry over millions of dollars that the country has invested in the World Cup and upcoming Olympic Games while millions still live in abject poverty. Yesterday, we asked Brazilian Foreign Minister Antonio Patriota about this issue.

Well, for the first time in our history, we are in the position to eliminate extreme poverty in Brazil, and this thanks to the social programs that were undertaken during the Lula government and now are being intensified and broadened. So Brazil is quickly evolving into a middle-class society. And I think there is a widespread view that they reflect aspirations by citizens who have benefited from rising living standards for improvements in their lives.

But let me renew the question.

On the sports issue, yes. It's not easy to succeed in bringing the World Cup, or the Olympic Games, to your country. And these campaigns, they were based on very widespread popular support. I think it's very important, also, to highlight that these big events are not an end in themselves. As foreign minister, I've been in touch with countries such as the United Kingdom or the Russian Federation, to ensure that the improvement in infrastructure and housing can be converted into urban improvements. Let's also remind ourselves that these big events generate employment. They will bring large number of tourists to Brazil. So, I think that the majority of Brazilian society sees the benefit in hosting these events. Now, if there are views that are critical, I think they deserve to be heard as well, to the extent that they are expressed in a peaceful manner.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker's tone or choice of words may suggest that they have reservations or doubts about a particular topic or decision.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker might be implying a hidden agenda or ulterior motive behind their words, actions, or decisions, without making it explicit.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at an underlying issue or concern that they are not comfortable discussing directly.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker has some reservations or doubts about the situation being discussed.


Well, I think we're at an interesting crossroads, because modern medicine has had to acknowledge that there are other forms of medicine because of the way people are spending their dollar. People spend more money seeing alternative practitioners than they do in seeing their primary care doctors. They make more visits to alternative care. The problem is now, that modern medicine is seeking to determine what's efficacious. It's seeking to try to squeeze everything into a biomedical model, in terms of testing and creating whatever evidence that, you know, they need to create, to write an article.

But you can't really do this with energy medicine. So I think that what's going to happen is you're having stronger associations of people that are naturopaths, chiropractors, people doing craniosacral work. So what's happening is that people are getting skills in areas that are allowing them to encroach on things that have previously been treated just by modern medicine. So when you - so people - clinics and hospitals are going to have to move more in the direction of an integrated medical facility.

Well, Dr.  Kokayi, great to talk to you.

I appreciate the time and just to share and put those ideas out there.

Dr.  Kamau Kokayi is the medical director of Kokayi Health Center for Holistic Medicine. He also hosts the New York radio show Global Medicine Review.

turn 0 : The American Medical Association's membership demographics are changing.

turn 0 : People are spending more on alternative medicine than primary care.

turn 0 : Having Medicaid is helpful, but we still struggle financially.

turn 0 : touches every part of the health care system implies relates and concerns the health care system

turn 0 : Growing up in an impoverished neighborhood hindered A's path to become a medical doctor.


turn 1 : Despite medical advancement, limited treatment options force us to use outdated and toxic drugs.

turn 1 : Health care workers are at risk of getting infected.

turn 1 : Everyone is aware that the issue of high prescription drug costs needs to be addressed, but there are opposing views on how to do so.

turn 1 : Clinics and hospitals will have to integrate alternative medicine.

turn 1 : Despite medical advancement, outdated and toxic drugs were used.


And no problems for their ears?

Well, there sometimes are problems for their ears. I mean, whenever you hear a kid screaming their brains out behind you or in front of you on a plane, probably that kid is having air pressure problems. And what happens is that, if they can't pop their ears very well - that is, popping your ears is equalizing the pressure in the middle ear with that in the atmosphere around you, which we mostly do by making those funny little motions with our jaw and swallowing and things like that - little kids often don't know how to do that.

What can happen is that, as the pressure in the plane drops, the pressure in the middle ear remains at sea level, and so the ear drum gets stretched. And ear drums don't like to get stretched. Sometimes they get stretched badly enough so that they can even tear, although that's really quite rare. One of the things that it does lead to is terrible pain sometimes for kids. I always recommend that parents give kids something to drink and sometimes just sort of chewing on a candy increases saliva, so that you swallow, and it allows pressure to equalize.

OK, so for kids who are not healthy, what about them?

turn 1 : The turns (2) and (4) are both expressions of laughter, which implies that the speaker is amused by the story being told, rather than the literal meaning of making a noise.

turn 1 : the literal meaning is that the other person laughs in response to something that was said.

turn 1 : The literal meaning suggests that Todd taught A not to scream and not to pay the employees. However, the actual meaning is that A learned from Todd's mistakes and did not engage in those behaviors.

turn 1 : In turn (2), the speaker uses the phrase "screaming their brains out" to describe a child who is crying loudly. This is an idiomatic expression that means the child is crying very loudly and vigorously.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of a particular tone or inflection may suggest a certain attitude or emotion, such as sarcasm, excitement, anger, or sadness, which can provide additional context or subtext to the words being spoken.


And no problems for their ears?

turn 2 :  In turn (4), the speaker describes the birds "flying" in the wind tunnel with the wind blowing in their faces, which is not a literal description of flight but rather an approximation of the experience.

turn 2 : In turn (3), the speaker uses the phrase "the pressure in the plane drops" to describe the change in air pressure that occurs during a flight. This is an idiomatic expression that means the cabin pressure decreases as the plane gains altitude.

turn 2 : The turn whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning is turn (3).  In turn (3), the speaker says "food just doesn't seem to taste right on an airplane." The literal meaning of this statement is that the food does not taste good when eaten on an airplane.

turn 2 : In turn (3), the literal meaning of "young children don't do quite as well with lower oxygen levels as older" suggests that younger children may struggle with the lower oxygen levels on a plane more than older children. However, the actual meaning is that younger children may not tolerate lower oxygen levels as well as older children or adults, but millions of children do fly safely without problems.


And no problems for their ears?

turn 2 : Speaking, reading, and singing to young children is important for their growth and development

turn 2 : Children need attention, guidance, and someone to listen to them, despite their environment.

turn 2 : Giving kids something to drink or chew on can help alleviate ear pressure

turn 2 : Moving your body more than usual can help buffer long-term damage caused by stress.

turn 2 : Hitting the nail on the head means to state the truth. The deaf ears are people that don't want to hear about it.


And so he's been - there's a debate. I've said, you know, I don't know - it's ongoing. I don't know how active it is, you know, about whether he should be given credit for the germ theory of disease.

Instead of Pasteur, who came later.

That's right, yeah.

Yeah, oh, so he saw something, didn't know what they were, but he thought that's how they - this spread from one person to another, through these little worms or something.

turn 1 : Diseases are not breaking out but might begin to happen due to the situation.

turn 1 : The mortality rate of the disease is high and it has caused outbreaks in the past.

turn 1 : Louis Pasteur is often given credit for the germ theory of disease instead of the person being discussed

turn 1 : Health care workers are at risk of getting infected.

turn 1 : The notion of gender and race plays a significant role in the medical field.


They do now. But in researching - doing research for the piece, I asked several of my colleagues. And it turns out that very few doctors actually do keep these kinds of lists. But subsequent to the report, actually, I learned of one physician who writes obituaries for his patients. He usually waits until some time has elapsed after the patient has died, and then he goes back and I think looks through their chart and actually writes his own obituary about the patient.

Does it help you see your patients as people to do this?

Absolutely because when I remember the patients that are on my list I think about their family members with whom I've interacted and, you know, what was involved in the suffering and illness as they approached the end of life.

Now that you've written this piece for the Shots blog and done this interview, are you prepared for the patient who says, I just don't want to wind up on your list?

turn 2 : "And now, you know, providing them with quality help and watching them change their lives is one of the most fun things that I've ever been involved with... we need to make evidence-based treatment available without the stigma that goes along with it."  The implied meaning of this turn is that providing quality help to people struggling with addiction and witnessing their transformations is incredibly rewarding. The speaker believes that access to evidence-based treatment should be expanded, and the stigma surrounding seeking help for addiction should be reduced.

turn 2 : A decided to be vulnerable and share about his severe depression in order to be authentic in his book and play.

turn 2 : The turn that has a figurative meaning is turn (4), where the speaker uses the phrase "remind us of your story" to mean "tell us about your experience with this issue". The literal meaning of "remind us of your story" would be asking the person to recall a previous narrative they had shared.

turn 2 : (3) Implied meaning: When a doctor talks with a patient about end-of-life medication, the doctor should ask why and focus on addressing the patient's fear of death and alleviating their worries, rather than just prescribing the medication.

turn 2 : The speaker is implying that through remembering the patients' stories, they are able to better understand their suffering and the impact of their illness.


Now, the big moment has come for Andy Murray and, of course, the hopes of all Britain are riding on him. He plays Novak Djokovic. What do you think's going to happen?

Well, I picked Novak Djokovic to win but these two, there's really very little to separate them. The pressure on Andy Murray, the pressure on this entire country to finally break the curse of not having a men's major champion at Wimbledon - the last champion to win here was Fred Perry in 1936. The women a little bit better; Virginia Wade in 1977. But the hopes and dreams of this country - it's so personal here - is to finally have a champion. And Andy Murray lost last year to Roger Federer. This year he's got a chance, but he's going up against the best player in the world. It's not going to be easy. He's going to have the entire crowd supporting him but at the same time, he's got a huge task in going up against Novak Djokovic, who's played in eight of the last - I'm sorry, now nine of the last 12 major championships. He's the best player going. Andy Murray has a huge, huge task in front of him.

Thanks very much, Howard.

No, my pleasure. I could watch tennis all day. It's the best.

Howard Bryant of ESPN. com and ESPN the Magazine, on the line from Wimbledon.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at something indirectly and expects the listener to understand the intended message.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at a deeper meaning or intention behind their words or actions, which requires further investigation or understanding to fully grasp.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using metaphors or analogies to convey a complex idea or emotion in a more relatable or understandable way.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be conveying a hidden message or agenda that requires further exploration or analysis to fully understand.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of a particular tone or emphasis suggests that they may be implying something indirectly, without stating it explicitly.


Thanks very much, Howard.

turn 4 : Implied meaning: The speaker might be implying a hidden agenda or ulterior motive behind their words, actions, or decisions, without making it explicit.

turn 4 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be indirectly suggesting a course of action or solution to a problem without explicitly stating it.

turn 4 : The implied meaning of turn (4) is that the speaker is acknowledging what was said but may not have a specific response or further comment. It implies a lack of elaboration or engagement in the conversation.

turn 4 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at a deeper meaning or intention behind their words or actions, which requires further investigation or understanding to fully grasp.


Well, I think everybody knew something was coming. I did not have specific knowledge of the timing or the nature of the strike. But - so there may have been notification to the speaker and the majority leader but not to Congress generally.

Do you feel that Congress should have had a chance to weigh in?

I think it's very important to distinguish what the strike was and what it wasn't. It was specifically narrowly focused on chemical weapons and chemical weapons production. That's been out of bounds in military years for over a hundred years with a few exceptions. Had it been a more general strike on the Assad regime, an attempt to change the calculus in the civil war, I believe that would have definitely required congressional approval. But I think the narrow strike to maintain the principle that countries around the world have recognized for so long that chemical weapons are out of bounds, I don't think that was a case where congressional approval was necessary in advance. But had it been a different kind of strike with broader implications, I'm one of those - along with a group of others in the Senate - who strongly believe there needs to be congressional approval.

Well, let me ask - I assume the president would have won that vote, right?

turn 2 : Out of bounds implies it's not allowed to happen

turn 2 : They are not going to do nothing while the obstruction is going on.

turn 2 : This statement implies that the situation is unpredictable and confusing for many people.

turn 2 : The situation is uncertain and they need to take it one step at a time


Absolutely. I mean, people should waste less of what they buy. I mean, it's estimated that the typical family in the U. S.  tosses out about $1,600 of groceries a year. And the report out today from the U. N.  finds that food waste may contribute up to 10% of the human-made greenhouse gas emissions. So we have a whole bunch of tips on our website to help you shop smarter and waste less in your own homes.

That's NPR's Allison Aubrey.

Allison, thanks for sharing this with us.

Thanks so much.

turn 0 : Producing beef has a significant impact on the environment.

turn 0 : smell like rotten eggs is about bacteria smell

turn 0 : not literally produced or created in a lab, but emissions are a by-product of the human's food waste

turn 0 : Fracking is not as harmful as environmentalists believe.

turn 0 : The permit system for industrial farms is flawed and allows companies to discharge waste into streams and rivers without much enforcement.


And is this going to encourage changes at other state universities?Is this going to encourage more lawsuits?

I think it's hard to gauge. If you were one of the conservatives who wanted to challenge affirmative action, I would think this is a little depressing. You spent years trying to get a case at the Supreme Court, and you don't - you know, it's not much of an incentive to do it again.

I think it may encourage a few big states, as I mentioned, to try to move away a little bit from weighing race and trying to find a way, like this top 10 law, rewarding top graduates, find a way to bring in more minority students but without giving an explicit preference in the admissions policy.

Now some will remember there was another case I think from the University of Michigan that was also broadly about affirmative action. Does the Texas case supplant that, or are we awaiting a decision on the Michigan case, as well?

turn 2 : It may encourage states from taking race into account on college admissions.

turn 2 : Race may not be used by some big states in college admissions.

turn 2 : taking race off the table implies that people would not consider race in the election

turn 2 : This implies the level of Racial discrimination on Campuses.


The closest, I think, that the really strict mechanical scientists have come to that is eye tracking. And in eye tracking, they're really dealing with the most rudimentary kind of illusion perception. You know, they're saying, well, because we have now equipment that allows you to see exactly the focal point of the eye at any given moment, they have people watch videos of magicians, and they track the position of the people's eyes.

And they discovered - there are a couple of worthwhile things they have discovered. They have discovered, for example, that when a magician makes a straight movement from one point to another, the human eye looks at the first point and then dashes to the second point but doesn't really pay attention to the journey between those two, whereas, if the magician moves in a curved pattern, the eye follows the movement all the way. So that seems to me - that is the most profound revelation that I've heard from the people who are doing this sort of really lab-y, techie kind of stuff.

And is it something you can use or you're already out there using and you just never had a name for it?

I suppose if I ever thought about the small journeys of things, I probably would use it. I rarely do.

turn 3 : The actual meaning behind (4) is not just an expression of admiration but also an invitation to explore and appreciate the wonders of the world.

turn 3 : "possible paths" - This is a literal expression referring to different options or courses of action that could be taken.

turn 3 : (4) - Implied meaning: People were encouraged to enjoy the outdoors and take in the beauty of nature

turn 3 : The phrase "down the road" is a figurative expression meaning at some point in the future.

turn 3 :  A: "I suppose if I ever thought about the small journeys of things, I probably would use it." Here, the phrase "small journeys of things" does not refer to literal physical journeys. It implies paying attention to the details or processes involved in certain actions or events.


. . . in the most efficient way.

Right. So the ones in the back may get an advantage by swimming behind the fish, but they, you know, pay the cost of not getting to food first. They also are safer because they don't get eaten first if a predator is coming right at them. So it's a complicated issue, and he's just looking at this one little piece, but. . .

It's fascinating. The video is - I call it the Pied Piper fish.

Yeah, absolutely.

turn 2 : The turn (3) by speaker B is an example of a statement whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning.  In this turn, speaker B uses a metaphor of a bucket of rice to explain the concept of DNA analysis and how it can be used to identify the origin of a sample. The actual meaning of the turn is that DNA analysis can reveal subtle differences in the genetic makeup of individuals, which can be used to identify their origin or other characteristics. However, the literal meaning of the turn is about a bucket of rice and the difficulty of identifying a few brown grains of rice in a sea of white grains.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of B's turn is that the video is fascinating and is like the Pied Piper fish. However, the implied meaning is that the video is about the Pied Piper fish and thus the fish in the video are like the Pied Piper fish.

turn 2 : B finds something amusing or funny, but it's not clear what

turn 2 : The implied meaning is that A is inquiring about the details surrounding B's special person.

turn 2 : B's laughter does not have a literal meaning but is likely a response to something humorous or lighthearted in the conversation.


I think there is. There has been a lot of talk here about that, not officially from the state board. But I think when you have both candidates kind of saying they would be open to it, it's really on the table. And the state board does have the ability to do this. They can call an election if - by law, if improprieties occurred to such an extent that they taint the results of the entire election and cast doubts on its fairness.

And any idea when a new election might be in the 9th District?

So - right. We have no idea. And they have said they are mindful that the new Congress is supposed to be seated on January 3. But I think it's going to be probably very difficult if they do do an election to get it done that quickly. Another question is, kind of what kind of election would you have?Would you redo the entire 9th District. . .

Yeah.

turn 0 : it is a metaphorical field, it just means there are not as many candidates running for the election as there was in the past because some decided not to continue running

turn 0 : Congress and the president are not working at the moment.

turn 0 : Russians have interfered in the elections and are doing it again.

turn 0 : Trump's executive order may not be achieving anything new.

turn 0 : There is a possibility of an election despite no official announcement yet.


Yeah.

turn 2 : It would be difficult to conduct an election in the 9th District quickly.

turn 2 : The gerrymandering and census cases before the Supreme Court would allow Republicans to increase their political power.

turn 2 : There is doubt whether the Congress will be able to come up with a comprehensive solution for all the issues and it may require multiple attempts

turn 2 : It's getting harder to make people believe that the Supreme Court is not political.

turn 2 : The women are not running but they are trying to get elected.


And it's the same university where, in the early days of gene therapy, a young man did die in a very early gene therapy study that set the field back, like, a decade. So the last thing these researchers want to do is, you know, do anything risky. They're taking it very carefully, being very slow. They're going to follow these patients for a long time to see if it's safe and how well it's working.

All right. There's a lot at stake here. And this isn't the only study, I understand, that's trying to use CRISPR to treat diseases. What else is going on?

Yeah, yeah. It's actually a really exciting time for - in the world for CRISPR and medical treatments right now. There's about a half a dozen studies that are - have been going in China for cancer for a while. And now another half a dozen or so are being launched in Europe, in the United States and in countries like Canada that try to treat a variety of diseases. In the first one are blood disorders. One is known as beta thalassemia. That first patient was treated there in Germany recently. And then there's - another trial is going to be starting soon in this country to try to use CRISPR to treat sickle cell disease. So it's a lot happening right now with CRISPR and diseases.

And it sounds like it's still early days.

turn 1 : implying that there are ethical and moral considerations to be taken into account when conducting CRISPR research

turn 1 : The implied meaning is that the interviewer wants to hear about the findings of the mouse study and what was administered to the mice during the study.  I apologize for any confusion caused by my earlier response.

turn 1 : (3) When the speaker states that science is under attack, they are implying that politicians are misusing science to further their own agendas, rather than relying on scientific evidence to inform their decisions.

turn 1 :  The implication of this statement is that certain groups are attacking certain types of science, like climate change and public health, because they may be interested in gaining something politically or economically.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of this sentence is asking what other studies are being conducted using CRISPR. However, the implied meaning is that the stakes are high and the researchers need to be careful to ensure the success of the study.


turn 3 : Implied meaning: DNA may not be suitable for carrying out everyday tasks due to its slow processing speed.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of this sentence is that it is still early in the development of CRISPR-based treatments. However, the implied meaning is that it is still too soon to tell if these treatments will be successful.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is suggesting that they are uncertain about the future outcome of a situation, and are not making any definitive statements or commitments. The tone and context of the statement could suggest that the speaker is being cautious, non-committal, or may be waiting for more information before making a decision.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: Dr. Yphnatides is being asked to think about what changes should be made in the future to prevent another outbreak like this.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be suggesting that there are some hidden or unknown factors that could influence the situation being discussed.


Yeah. So you know, scientists know how to read the genetic code. What they want to do now is what they call write the genetic code, write DNA. And what that means is they essentially want to assemble or manufacture genomes from the chemical building blocks it's made of for all kinds of living organisms, including, as you said, people. And they want to be able do it in their labs quickly, efficiently and cheaply so it becomes something really practical and easy to do.

Well, I guess the question is - why do they want to do this?But also, it sounds like almost acting like creators themselves. I mean, are they acting as - can they create something completely new?

Yeah, well that's it. They actually - that's what they want to do. They basically want to harness the power of biology to solve some of the biggest problems that faces humanity right now. It's a field of science known as synthetic biology. And basically, what they want to do is they want to be able to build genetic codes, sort of like the way computer programs program computers. They want to be able to write DNA, rewrite it - to be able to make organisms, living things, do whatever they want it to do.

OK. This does sound controversial. Tell us why.

turn 3 : The potential consequences of genetic engineering could be extreme and far-reaching.

turn 3 : The implication of this statement is that the scientific community needs to come together and use their collective power to push for change.

turn 3 : The use of synthetic biology is likely to be controversial as it involves scientists manipulating and creating living organisms.

turn 3 : The biological threat to the country is a serious concern due to the availability of DNA synthesizers and dual-use technology


Yeah. You know what I mean?It's difficult, especially when sisters - and often in the conversation it is said that, you know, you hear a lot about black women being narcissistic or black women being gold diggers. And when you talk to young brothers, they say that a lot. That conversation comes up. That happens. And then when you talk to black women who are accomplished, they're saying, I can't find a brother. I date outside my race because I can't find a brother willing to deal with me on my level. And everybody starts to become a little bit accusatory. You know, sisters are gold diggers, that's why they won't go out with a guy that's not a doctor as well. And you know, brothers are, you know. . .

Right.

Have too many options.

Well, Judge Toler, you know what?This could go on for a lot longer, but we have to break off. I think we're going to have to pick this up. What do you think?

turn 1 : "Right. Right." implies to understand what was said.

turn 1 : as it is the only turn with an implied meaning different from its literal meaning.

turn 1 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 1 : Right implies being correct or true and not the opposite of left

turn 1 :  you imply that something is the case


You know, we like to be considered a young couple.

We are a young couple.

All right. Now, I want you to make my taste buds jump. I am not in front of any of your food, but I want you to describe this dish that sounds so intriguing, barbequed spaghetti. What does that taste like?

turn 2 : The great thing about fiction is that you can fix things and make things better.I think Vanessa is a smarter version of where I was.And it's definitely informed by my experiences in the CIA. The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is suggesting that their experiences in the CIA have informed their fiction writing, and that the character Vanessa is a version of the speaker that is smarter and more successful.

turn 2 : She creates lines of written work in stories that sound good and have a great deal of emotion. Also, the way she writes her stories has a great deal of meaning.

turn 2 : Lisa Bloom's name and simply herself, is very noticeable and memorable to a great many people.

turn 2 : But I don't know about role model and the word role model, but I like the word responsibility. And Gina and I do feel a tremendous amount of responsibility in terms of the images we project, and the fact that, hopefully - you know, we get letters all the time, and I think one of the nicest letters we received was from one of our fans that watched the show that said, you know, you gals have really enhanced my marriage. Me and my husband, we get in the kitchen, we cook, and we spend time together. And it's those types of testimonies that really motivate Gina and I, and make us feel real good about what we're doing.  The phrase "enhanced my marriage" is a figurative expression that means the show has positively impacted the viewer's relationship with their partner.


We are a young couple.

turn 3 : (4) A: "It's very vegetal."  The literal meaning of this statement is that the tequila has a strong vegetable scent. However, the implied meaning is that the tequila has a unique and high-quality taste, which is a common characteristic of premium tequilas. This implies that the speaker has a good taste in tequila and is sharing their knowledge with the listener.

turn 3 : the literal meaning of "It's very vegetal" would suggest that the tequila has a strong vegetable-like aroma or taste. However, in this context, the actual meaning might be that the tequila has a unique or distinctive flavor profile, possibly referring to the earthy or agave-like characteristics of the tequila.

turn 3 : The actual meaning: The food/drink is delicious. Implied meaning: The speaker is indicating that they are uncertain about the accuracy of their statement. However, the use of the phrase "I'm just making stuff up" implies that the speaker may be exaggerating or not entirely serious about their comment. Despite that, they still express that the food/drink is very tasty by saying "it's really yum."

turn 3 : "Burnt hair, desiccated strawberry, armpit, you know." This turn implies that the person is using unconventional and perhaps even unpleasant descriptions to convey the taste and aroma of the wine, rather than simply using literal and conventional terms like "sweet" or "fruity".

turn 3 :  All right. Now, I want you to make my taste buds jump. I am not in front of any of your food, but I want you to describe this dish that sounds so intriguing, barbequed spaghetti. What does that taste like?  The phrase "make my taste buds jump" is an idiomatic expression that means to describe something in a way that sounds so delicious that it creates a physical reaction in the listener.


(Through interpreter) I'm worried because he doesn't want to go to school. And immigration might say I don't send him to school. So I try and convince him by telling him I'm going to buy him a "Peppa Pig" backpack. But he doesn't want to go. So I don't know what I'm going to do. I don't think I'm going to be able to get him to go to school this year, but maybe next year.

Well, he's 3. I'd say it's important to be with his mother.

(Through interpreter) Yes. I have him coddled. I'm taking care of him, so he forgets the moment he was taken away. The worst part about that is that he was taken while he was sleeping. He was sleeping along the way. So he woke up without me.

I'm sorry. They took your child while he was sleeping?

(Through interpreter) Yes. He was sleeping when they came for more kids. The other kids were older, so they stayed awake. But he's younger, so he was sleeping. And I was holding him while he was sleeping for a while. But when they took him away, he was still asleep. So he woke up without me.

So when he went to sleep he was - I'm having a difficult time with this. When he went to sleep, he was in his mother's arms. And when he woke up, he thought his mother had given him up.

turn 0 : Most people don't have enough money to pay for school.

turn 0 : The kids were smarter than the other kids in their class.

turn 0 : Buying a 'Peppa Pig' backpack is a bribe for the child to go to school

turn 0 : squirrel implies to hide some money for future use and not referring to an animal or rodents

turn 0 : A rented out her classroom to students to collect information for her business.


For my country right now, I hope for the best. I really, really hope and I wish that this could have a solution that didn't include war. But honestly, after all these years, I'm really, really scared, really, really sad. But I think that it's the only way.

(Singing in foreign language).

If the military intervention happens, I hope that then - no innocents die in the process.

That was Venezuelan musician Lolita De Sola.

turn 0 : they are trying to imply they want peace not war instead

turn 0 : A is concerned about the possibility of violent conflict with no other options.

turn 0 : People that are in the area of the conflict while it is happening.

turn 0 : They are implying what is your opinion

turn 0 : Israel is engaged in a serious conflict with Hamas.


So instead, we inquired more. Where did you hear this?Where did you see this?Can you show me that?And when they showed us, I - the first thing we tried to do was say, I get why this seems funny on the surface, and I totally get why it's confusing. And they were also younger at the time, so they were probably a little more open than a kid would be at 16 or 17.

Well, you anticipate one of my questions as you talk about as youngsters age. I mean, don't teens manage to find a way to evade the best parental advice in any case?

Oh, yeah, for sure. I mean, what I hoped that we were able to build with our kids from when they were young is a foundation where they believe that when we say something is not great, maybe they disobey, but deep inside there's a little voice that's going to say to them, you know, I should question this. I should question why this seems so, you know, funny and, yet, I feel like I have to keep it a secret. But, you know, we have had parental filters on our computers and on our media. As the kids got older, we realized pretty much every kid can evade any filter.

What about the girls in your sons' classes?

turn 3 : This turn is literal in meaning, as it is a straightforward question asking about the speaker's children.

turn 3 : The question is asking if the girls in the sons' classes can evade any filters.

turn 3 : B is asking A to distinguish between teens who experiment with gender identities and those who genuinely feel comfortable identifying outside of traditional gender roles.

turn 3 :  I think that it could result in a lot of these either being kicked back to the school and these students

turn 3 : It may be a way to give attention to women trying to break into science.


Oh, yeah. Everyone - everybody is family, and the tribe itself is very into, like, community dinners and community events and just kind of making sure that everybody is involved with stuff, so it was like one big, huge family.

(Singing) And I wake up. I love you, screaming loudly, screaming softly, too.

Katherine Paul now lives in Portland, Ore. , and she just released her second album as Black Belt Eagle Scout. It's called "At The Party With My Brown Friends," and she told me that a lot of the music on the album has its origins in the music she heard on the reservation.

I guess I was just always surrounded by it. My family had a drum group called The Skagit Valley Singers, and we would host powwows. And I think for me, music is just a way of life. It's how we express ourselves. It's how we express our spirituality and how we live our culture.

turn 0 : The home became where the family would all get together at and where they felt the most love.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: People are feeling resentment and anger towards people who think they don't have to follow the same rules as everyone else.

turn 0 : outsiders implies people who aren't a family or organization member and not people who stands outdoors

turn 0 : The family in question has shown exceptional bravery and commitment to activism.

turn 0 : Everyone in the tribe is very close-knit and treats each other like family.


Their arteries expand. They become these little reservoirs of fresh blood, so that even if the arteries get pinched off, they have access to oxygenated blood while their heads are turned. And they, of course, they need this. They have huge, you know, brains and eyes.

Right. Right. Yeah. So it's a great video. If you want to know how an owl does this, we have the whole thing right there. It's our Video Pick of the Week up there on our website at sciencefriday. com. Also it's up there on YouTube in our SCIENCE FRIDAY YouTube channel. You could watch it there.

Absolutely. Go to YouTube or SCIENCE FRIDAY or download our video podcast and you can take SCIENCE FRIDAY videos on the go.

There you go. And it's made by Flora Lichtman, who is now our correspondent and managing editor for video. Congratulations on your appointment.

turn 0 : turned on their head implies that something unexpected happened

turn 0 : The implied meaning of this turn is that the recent discoveries about feathers and filaments on certain species of dinosaurs have enabled us to gain a better understanding of their visual and vocal communication.

turn 0 : This is a figurative expression that describes the appearance of an early-stage embryo.

turn 0 : Owls have a special anatomy that allows them to turn their heads far.

turn 0 : The speaker is referring to different sizes of primates.


Justice Alito wrote a dissent that was more tailored to - the federal immigration law does have a passage that says states may cooperate in the apprehension or identification of illegal immigrants, and Justice Alito said if you just read the federal law, you might have thought most of these provisions could stand. So his was a more modulated dissent.

And this also, of course, comes in the course of a national election. Any idea which side may be energized by this particular ruling?

Boy, Neal, your guess on that one is as good as mine. My impression that President Obama - several things he's done certainly would have energized the Latinos and some younger people on the immigration issue, and my impression is there's some - another bloc of voters who are very troubled by illegal immigrants.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that other members of the White House may seek legal counsel in light of President Trump's actions.

turn 3 : This turn has a literal meaning of cancelling and substituting a law or policy with a new one. However, in this context, it refers to the highly anticipated vote in the House of Representatives on a bill that would repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare).

turn 3 :  (4) Implies an acknowledgement of the dangerous risks taken when crossing the border illegally.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of the turn is to ask what role the United States can play in trying to combat human trafficking. The implied meaning is to ask what role the United States should play in trying to combat human trafficking.

turn 3 : And Lamar Smith, the congressman and head of the Judiciary Committee, has a statement basically saying this is why we need a new, stronger Congress to pass tougher immigration laws here in Washington, thanks to - these kind of decisions show we need stronger laws out of Washington.  The turn does not have a figurative meaning different from its literal meaning.


Hurricane Dorian is pounding the Carolinas. Parts of downtown Charleston are already flooded. It has weakened since it hit the Bahamas as a Category 5 storm. At least 20 people are confirmed dead there, and that number is expected to rise as recovery efforts are just beginning. Parts of the Abaco Islands in the Bahamas are destroyed.

Alex Cepero stayed in the Abacos town of Marsh Harbour, thinking he could ride out the storm with his two dogs, but Hurricane Dorian destroyed his home while he was still inside of it. And I want to warn listeners that this is a wrenching story. Alex, thank you for talking with ALL THINGS CONSIDERED.

You're welcome.

First of all, are you OK?Were you injured or hurt during the storm?

turn 0 : The hurricane caused severe destruction and devastation in the area.

turn 0 : Hurricane Dorian is a severe and dangerous storm that poses a serious threat to the Bahamas

turn 0 : The impact of Hurricane Dorian resulted in extensive damage and loss of life.

turn 0 : Staying in low-lying areas during hurricane will cause certain death

turn 0 : Monitoring Hurricane Dorian is our top priority today.


You're welcome.

turn 0 : Hurricane Dorian caused extensive damage and loss of life.


You're welcome.

turn 1 : Alex Cepero faced a devastating experience during Hurricane Dorian

turn 1 : Monitoring Hurricane Dorian is our top priority today.

turn 1 : Hurricane Dorian is a severe and dangerous storm that poses a serious threat to the Bahamas

turn 1 : The hurricane caused severe destruction and devastation in the area.

turn 1 :  (4) - This is asking for the biggest worries or concerns of Mr. DeMaria regarding the effects of the hurricane.


You're welcome.

turn 1 : The story is not wild but interesting or exciting.

turn 1 : The story is emotional and difficult to hear.

turn 1 : The story is a happy one that is also distracting and the people have been feeling sad so they need the story to make them happy again.

turn 1 : The cover story in question caused controversy but served an important purpose.

turn 1 : The issue being discussed involves human lives and families, making it emotionally charged and difficult to solve.


Well, what keeps you up at night?What do you worry about?

Well, I'm worried that this process is getting chaotic. Two and a half years ago, Great Britain had a referendum, decided to leave the European Union. But it did not decide what kind of future relationship it wanted with the 27 member states.

And because this was all about free trade, you have to know that half of the trade of Great Britain is with the other 27 EU member states, and the other half is with other countries in the world, foremost among them, the U. S.  and China. We're one year and four months into the negotiation process. And here, finally, is the proposal of Great Britain - what future relations should be. That's a bit late in the process. This particular proposal should have been there on day one.

Now, at the moment, there are 3 million EU citizens living in Great Britain, and about 1. 2 million British live in EU countries. Their rights are undefined, so it's not clear what they can do. And as you get closer to the deadline, these people are really worried. And by the way, there are industries in which there are quite a few foreigners, so if you take them out all at once, you may also have a problem keeping it going.

In the Netherlands, we know we have 30,000 businesses, mostly small and medium enterprises, that export only to EU countries, Great Britain included. That means that they've never seen a Customs and Excise control officer. They will have to get used to go through Customs and Excise.

turn 1 : The chaos caused by Brexit has unified European citizens and strengthened their attachment to the EU.

turn 1 : Populists' vision of the past could destabilize the EU

turn 1 : Great Britain's process of leaving the EU is chaotic

turn 1 : Europe wants to assert its independence from the US while risking consequences


turn 2 : Great Britain's proposal for future relations with the EU came late in the negotiation process

turn 2 : The chaos caused by Brexit has unified European citizens and strengthened their attachment to the EU.

turn 2 : They are trying to ask what happen in Europe

turn 2 : several big issues are being discussed and negotiated at the same time

turn 2 : This statement implies that while the British parliament are having approving a decision, the European parliament are good to go with the approval.


turn 3 : The UK government has removed citizenship from some people.

turn 3 : The chaos caused by Brexit has unified European citizens and strengthened their attachment to the EU.

turn 3 : He added this requires a great responsibility on the part of all of us to guarantee the good of the people of the United Kingdom and also the good and coexistence of the entire European continent. - This implies that all of us have a responsibility to ensure a positive outcome for both the UK and the EU.

turn 3 : EU citizens living in Great Britain and British citizens living in the EU have undefined rights

turn 3 : They need the countries to realize this is the way things should be done in other countries.