What makes you laugh?

turn 1 : It gives you insight of how to be a man and take care of your business and have integrity, visionary goal-setting and respect for one another.

turn 1 : The person being referred to has accomplished many things and is currently engaged.

turn 1 : how she became herself implies the story of her discovery and success

turn 1 : The literal meaning suggests that breaking into the restaurant business is not difficult for women. However, the actual meaning is that women need to have the desire and motivation to pursue a career in the industry.

turn 1 : A implies that her knowledge of business helps her manage the financial aspects of her career as a comedienne.


Absolutely. Well, all right politics isn't everything. It just seems like it sometimes. So what else is going on?

Magic Johnson found himself in the center of news again, unwillingly. As most people know, he retired from the NBA after contracting the HIV. But two Minneapolis radio hosts had some fun at his expense. So here's a clip of that.

Unidentified Radio Host #1: What about diseases that are eminently treatable and you can live with for a long, long time quite healthily if you just get some drugs.

Unidentified Radio Host #2: Like Magic Johnson. Like Magic with his faked AIDS.

turn 0 : politics isn't everything implies there are other important things in life

turn 0 : gravity implies that in politics a person's actions can hinder them from acting further

turn 0 : A is advocating for social and political change.

turn 0 : Being engaged in the political process is important for protesting against things you disagree with.

turn 0 : This statement implies that George W. Bush is not as relevant in American politics as he used to be.


turn 3 : It implies that issue of rape and AIDS are interconnected and cannot be viewed in isolation from one another.

turn 3 : I couldn't think of any better way to show people that, you know, this isn't the 1980s anymore. You can live a long and healthy life living with HIV. People like me don't bring death, we can actually bring life.  The actual meaning of this turn goes beyond its literal meaning. While A is stating that HIV is no longer a death sentence and that people with HIV can live long, healthy lives, the turn also communicates A's desire to challenge stigmatizing beliefs about HIV and to educate people on the reality of living with HIV. The phrase "People like me don't bring death, we can actually bring life" is a powerful statement that challenges the notion that people with HIV are a danger to society.

turn 3 : It is suggested that Magic Johnson is faking his illness of AIDS.

turn 3 : Incorporating a superhero with HIV in real life situations to raise awareness of the disease.

turn 3 : (4) B: People in Great Britain are turning to each other now and wondering - not to wrench things out of context - but if there's something going on and the way they behave as the nation that aids and abets a kind culture of silence when such allegations are made.


We do a lunch business. We are in the central business district of Cincinnati. And then we also do some progressively busier dinner period with the theaters at night.

Yeah. So, how is the lunch crowd now?

Well, the lunch crowd is down. We do have a lot of people who used to have business expenses that do not anymore, expense accounts. And downtown Cincinnati, I guess, has experienced its own economic shortfall with businesses moving out of town and what not. So, lunch has seemed to be down a little bit. I am part of a - it's called the Greater Cincinnati Independence of Independent Restaurant Owners - which is a dying breed, anyway - but we're all pretty lamenting the lack of business and just the current climate that we're trying survive in.

So, you are in your mid-40s, I think?

turn 2 : The restaurant is experiencing a decline in business due to the current economic situation

turn 2 : The economy is doing very poorly, and consumers are struggling to pay their debts and bills.

turn 2 : Many people are losing their jobs and companies are going bankrupt.

turn 2 : The restaurant industry is struggling due to economic hardships.


Well, the president really is his own brand. And that's kind of a double-edged sword - right?- for Democrats. You know, there's an opportunity for them to legislate with the president. At the same time, there has been, you know, voter research that has shown that voters don't necessarily view President Trump as a dyed-in-the-wool Republican.

He's really his sort of own brand. And so the question is whether voters are going to want to punish Republicans, you know, for what they may see as the president's inability to perform, if that, in fact, turns out to be the case. Hopefully, there's going to be some legislative victories coming here in the next few months, particularly on taxes.

But, yeah, the president's going to zig, and he's going to zag. And in the meantime, I think the Republicans are going to have to do their best to try to muscle through an agenda. And the big one coming up for them is going to be this debate over taxes.

When you say muscle through an agenda, the implication is they've got to twist arms in their own party?

turn 0 : People who usually would vote for the Republican candidate are considering voting for Hillary Clinton instead.

turn 0 : The president is trying to prioritize the needs of those who have been forgotten by society.

turn 0 : The President's lack of loyalty to the Republican Party may lead to voters punishing Republicans in the upcoming election.

turn 0 : A prefers Obama over the Republican candidate but is hesitant to vote for him.

turn 0 : Republicans in Congress are complicit in Trump's attacks on democracy.


turn 3 : People are uncertain about their vote in this election, and are hesitant to support either the Republican or Democratic candidate.

turn 3 :  (4) - This turn implies that A will support McConnell if he succeeds in passing the tax plan, and that the Republicans still have a chance to win.

turn 3 : implies a contrast between the two parties and the different ways that they conduct their caucuses.

turn 3 : (4) is that the Republicans must use pressure tactics to pass their agenda, rather than just relying on persuasion alone.

turn 3 : (4) Indicates that the speaker would use passive-aggressive tactics to undermine Donald Trump's confidence.


turn 3 : The implication is that the Republicans may have to use strong tactics to pass their agenda, even if it means having to pressure members of their own party.

turn 3 : The person wants to know what can be done to find a common thing the two political parties can agree on.

turn 3 : Congressional Republicans won't pass the bill unless the President makes sure they will not be hurt politically.


I'm not sure. I think, certainly, if the other leading candidate in the Democratic primary, Hillary Clinton, had won, she would also be generating a lot of interest. I think it's, at the end of a two-term presidency, you always get an upsurge anyway. But I think you're right. There's no doubt about it. These are historic elections. And for the same reasons that the American public have gotten so engaged in them, probably some of the same reasons are affecting foreign publics.

You know, there have been a lot of memorable phrases that have come out during this election. Maverick is one word that we've heard a lot, and what about lipstick on a pig?How do you explain that phrase, which seems particularly American, or lipstick on a pitbull?

What is fascinating is that, both those terms that you brought up, I know of cases where people here that work with me with journalists on a day to day basis have been asked to help. One was working with German press and the term Maverick and how could they, you know, where does that come from and so on. And we actually have a researcher that works here and can go back and find, you know, the roots of these different phrases. Even - I speak Spanish pretty well, and even lipstick on a pig, I wouldn't even try.

So, I don't know how they go about trying to kind of - I think they go through a longer two-paragraph explanation.

turn 0 : This implies that Senator Clinton does not really want to become the Vice President, she just wanted to be honored for trying.

turn 0 : Everyone is talking about something that no one can deny as everyone sees it. It might not upset people who like Bernie Sanders and make them want to vote for someone else.

turn 0 : Hillary Clinton would also generate a lot of interest.

turn 0 : They aren't literally going to put a black man in the White House, they are going to vote him in.


turn 1 : The speaker is pointing out the cultural differences between America and their country, where America tends to cover up imperfections while their country embraces them. Implicated meaning: The speaker values authenticity and honesty over superficial appearances.

turn 1 : The phrases 'Maverick' and 'lipstick on a pig' are peculiar American expressions that non-Americans may not understand.

turn 1 : The speaker is using Scottish slang to describe animals.

turn 1 :  the figurative use of the phrase "flipping the bird" and the phrase's implication in New York City, respectively.


There's a couple of things they have to deliver. I'll give you an example. In Jarabulus, 22,000 refugees are there, and the town is dealing with them. There is no international aid there. And so it is up to the townspeople to care for 22,000 people who have descended on this small farming town. They have to take the money out of their own pockets, buy the tents, bring them bread, make sure they're OK. So there is an international aid component to this. There, of course, is also an arms part to this.

But let me tell you, there were two events over the last couple of days that really mean that the rebels don't need international arms. They took two major bases around Aleppo. And as one commander said, I have never seen so much booty. And these were heavy weapons that were taken from the Syrian army.

You know, analysts in the past couple of days have stopped calling this a stalemate. And they are beginning to recognize that the rebels have made significant gains on the battlefield. And the weapons that they took in these two places will make a major difference in the way that they're able to fight. And it also shows that they are more organized than they've been in the way that they are fighting the regime.

We've also - obviously the opposition forces inside Syria have no air force whatsoever. They have been trying to attack Syrian air bases on the ground to limit Syria's air capabilities that way. Is that beginning to have an effect?

turn 1 : Not arms that are funneled but weapons that are provided to them.

turn 1 : The rebels are effectively using weapons they captured from Syrian airbases.

turn 1 : means that powerful weapons with lots of capacity on our streets should not be allowed because they are meant to be used in an offensive manner;

turn 1 : The rebels can handle their rebellion without anyone helping them.

turn 1 : The Rebels have gained access to heavy weapons through their victories, and they may not need international arms.


Well, Jackson had come into my E. R. because he had been shot, and an area surrounding the bullet wound - which was still lodged in his leg - appeared infected. And while I was examining him, a medical student handed me a piece of paper that revealed the results of a microbiological test which showed that Jackson had contracted a superbug.

And the terrifying part for him and for our team is that the infection was only treatable with one antibiotic called colistin. And that's a drug that fell out of favor years ago because it was so outrageously toxic. But here we were on the cusp of so much medical advancement, and we were reaching for outdated drugs to treat patients because the bacteria had evolved and mutated in ways that we only had incredibly limited treatment options.

From there, you take us back 100 years to a World War I battlefield in France, a field hospital actually. Tell us why you are connecting these two moments.

Well, I connect those moments because there was a similar situation of a young physician treating a bullet wound. And he was practicing medicine in the days before antibiotics. His name was Alexander Fleming. And he was only using antiseptic fluid and scalpels.

turn 1 : Many things that were once considered archaic, or even dangerous, are still used in medicine today

turn 1 : Despite medical advancement, outdated and toxic drugs were used.

turn 1 : Doctors may push certain medications for reasons other than effectiveness

turn 1 : Everyone is aware that the issue of high prescription drug costs needs to be addressed, but there are opposing views on how to do so.


turn 1 : Despite medical advancement, limited treatment options force us to use outdated and toxic drugs.

turn 1 : The severity of the opioid crisis affects people of all backgrounds and has far-reaching consequences.


I think that they're at peace with it now. And we're at peace with each other. But that took - you know, that took a lot of time.

So we've already talked a bit about how the cello is this character in your life. And I want to talk about how it functions throughout this album. Let's listen to the song "Poor Fake. "

(Singing) Don't matter where you are, it'll catch right up to you. You can try to resist the feeling, set the canvas in my blues.

So cello, you know, it isn't an instrument I think of playing a huge role in pop songs. But it does play a huge role in this song and throughout other songs on the album.

turn 1 : The cello plays an important role in the album despite not being a typical instrument in pop music.

turn 1 : the scene in this context means genre of music

turn 1 : Asking about musical influences, not comparing the album to other artists

turn 1 : The music in the beginning sounded like rap to me, which is a form of music that has a strong focus on rhythm and poetic lyrics.

turn 1 : Why do you think people relate to music as a way of understanding and humanizing other people? What is it about music that's so special?"


turn 3 : Even though they faced many obstacles in their music career, they persevered and continued to move forward.

turn 3 : the musicians actually created a spark in the speaker's imagination, but the figurative meaning is that the musicians inspired the speaker's creativity.

turn 3 : The cello plays a significant role in the album.

turn 3 : B is interested in the connection between jazz and hip-hop in A's work.

turn 3 : The orchestra was not used to rehearsing without sheet music and music stands.


I wouldn't say a list of specific charges but some general charges. So the one that is the most specific is the claim that in 1996 she went on a spy mission to China to Guangxi province and, you know, spied for the FBI. And, I mean, there's a number of issues with that. I mean, one of them is that I have all kinds of evidence that Sandy did not go to China in 1996. I have the evidence of her passport. I have the evidence of her paystubs.

I mean, she was a full-time employee of the Houston Police Department as a secretary, a clerk typist, when she allegedly was doing the spy work. The paystubs show that she'd taken 11 hours off during the time in question. I've also got a newspaper article that she appeared in. So, I mean, we have a fair amount of evidence that shows that she was not in China in 1996.

Why would the Chinese government be interested in putting your wife in prison if there wasn't something that made them suspicious?

So this is not the police that investigate regular crimes. This is the, you know, China Ministry of State Security. This is a bunch of spies. They don't trust anybody. And in point of fact, I mean, they look at people involved in nonprofit work like my wife with a great deal of suspicion. And the fact of the matter is the state security has sent a number of people to the U. S.  to spy, and the FBI has been catching these people. And I am sure that the Ministry of State Security is just not very happy about that.

turn 2 : It implies that there is a lot of political maneuvering happening behind the scenes in China which an average Chinese person have no knowledge about.

turn 2 : (4). While the literal meaning of the turn is that President Obama will be somewhere, the actual meaning is unclear without further context. It is possible that the speaker is asking whether the person they are speaking to wants President Obama to make a statement or take action regarding Sandy's situation, but this is not explicitly stated.

turn 2 : In turn (3), when Mary's cousin joked about making the candidates carry her bags if the reporters weren't able to do so, the actual meaning is that Mary was a skilled and respected journalist who deserved better treatment than having to rely on others to carry her equipment. The joke is a sarcastic critique of the sexist attitudes prevalent at the time,

turn 2 : Turn (3) describes the discovery of clues that led to the unraveling of the scandal, which is consistent with its literal meaning.

turn 2 : In turn (3), the implied meaning is that the Chinese government has some reasons to suspect Sandy and may be looking for some evidence that would justify putting her in prison.


turn 2 : Of course, as I don't have to tell you, it is a fact that Chinese hackers have been accused of stealing intellectual property from U.S. businesses and breaching U.S. government systems. That's a concern for you, too?  The actual meaning of this turn is to subtly imply that the previous speaker (A) should also be concerned about the actions of Chinese hackers and their impact on U.S. businesses and government systems. It implies that the issue raised by A should not be seen in isolation but should consider the broader context of national security and potential threats.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of the turn is to ask what role the United States can play in trying to combat human trafficking. The implied meaning is to ask what role the United States should play in trying to combat human trafficking.

turn 2 : (2) The literal meaning of this turn is a simple question, but the implied meaning is that the speaker wants to know what actions can be taken to address the issue being discussed and is seeking guidance or suggestions.

turn 2 : asking why the Chinese government is interested in putting your wife in prison. The actual meaning of the turn is to ask why the Chinese government is suspicious of your wife's activities.


turn 3 : Of course, as I don't have to tell you, it is a fact that Chinese hackers have been accused of stealing intellectual property from U.S. businesses and breaching U.S. government systems. That's a concern for you, too?  The actual meaning of this turn is to subtly imply that the previous speaker (A) should also be concerned about the actions of Chinese hackers and their impact on U.S. businesses and government systems. It implies that the issue raised by A should not be seen in isolation but should consider the broader context of national security and potential threats.

turn 3 : (4) The literal meaning of turn (4) is that the reporter contacted the Department of Justice for comment, but the implied meaning is that the reporter wants to highlight the lack of response from the Department of Justice, which can suggest a lack of transparency or accountability.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of (4) is that the speaker is physically located in Luliang, a city in China's coal country, and is observing the area's economy. However, the implied meaning is that the speaker is reporting on the current state of China's economy outside of Shanghai,

turn 3 : In turn (4), the implied meaning is that the Chinese Ministry of State Security is trying to take revenge for the U.S. FBI catching their spies in the U.S.

turn 3 : The actual meaning of the third turn is that the speaker is implying that the current administration is trying to prevent important information from being released, and this is why they are pushing people to contact them with information.


They still want the same things they wanted on Tuesday, but because of the heavy-handed security tactics, they're also now saying that they want the Iraqi army and the Iraqi security forces to stop firing on them. What they - overwhelmingly, what you hear is, we are Iraqi. We are the people of this country. Why are you firing at us?We have a right to protest.

And what is the scene tonight?This is Friday. This is typically a day of rest in Iraq. Is - are the streets quiet right now?

Well, the curfew has now been in place, you know, almost 36 hours. There are checkpoints every 300 meters. One of my Iraqi friends actually turned around to me and said, this feels like it was during the height of the invasion and the occupation of Iraq in. . .

Wow.

turn 0 : The tactics used were very dangerous and deadly to the protestors.

turn 0 : The protest turned violent, despite initially being peaceful.

turn 0 : The protest has been peaceful despite potential for violence.


So why did some members of Congress choose to vote for the bailout bill and some against it. We've got two prominent members of Congress who made up their own minds and made different choices. A little bit later, we're going to talk to Representative Sheila Jackson Lee of Texas who voted against. But first we have Representative Maxine Waters of California, who voted for. How are you?

Hello. How are you doing today?

I'm doing great. So you voted for this bailout bill, why?

This is a rescue effort that has caught everybody by surprise. The fact of the matter is not only do we have to be concerned about our financial institutions and the market, we've got to be concerned about trying to do something to stem the tide of foreclosures and keep people in their homes. And part of this bill had in it a modification plan. We're going to acquire, that is buy up all of these toxic paper, or bad paper from these financial institutions. We then have an opportunity to do the kind of modification that we've been urging all along.

In addition to that, we have small businesses that are at risk. These small businesses that depend on banks for loans to make the payroll will literally go out of business. And we have the smaller minority bank, many of them who had their money invested in Fannie and Freddie when it was taken over, and they've lost all of their investment in that preferred stock. So we're trying to stem the tide of this devastation, to get the market stabilized and to protect the average citizens.

turn 3 : The government is demanding that the banks that received the bailout maintain mortgage lending and small-business lending at the levels of last year while also requiring leaders of these banks to step down and freezing bonuses for executives who stay.

turn 3 : The bailout bill is necessary to help homeowners avoid foreclosure and help small businesses stay afloat.

turn 3 : The bailout is not punishment enough for the people responsible for the financial crisis.

turn 3 : The British government has set important conditions in exchange for bank bailouts.

turn 3 : The oversight of the bailout money may not be as strong as it is intended to be.


And it all comes down really to these apple trees. The husband, James, is obsessed with apples, growing the sweet apples. She, Sadie, the mother, is - well, she's a drunk. She's looking for applejack. She likes the spitters - not the eaters - the spitters.

Yes, and Johnny Appleseed is a little bit like her drug dealer because he comes along twice a year in his canoe to see how they're doing. And he sometimes takes off the barrels of apples and brings them back pressed for them as cider. And, you know, I don't think he does it maliciously, but he is, as I said, he's a businessman. So he's got a slightly different take on it all.

And why don't you describe what Johnny Appleseed looks like in your novel as you paint him?

Actually, some of the myth is true. He did sometimes wear a tin pot for a hat. His clothing was interesting, shall we say?He often wore a coffee sack that he cut holes out of and a rope for a belt. So, yeah, he was a strange guy. He was actually making all this money, not for himself, but really because he was what they called a Swedenborgian, a very peculiar Christian sect. And Johnny Appleseed spent a lot of time proselytizing. And he'd go on this kind of rant, and a lot of the settlers - I read some hilarious accounts of them going, oh, this guy, we don't understand a word he's saying, but, you know, he's kind of entertaining, so he's harmless.

turn 2 : A has a high opinion of James Jones' character and career.

turn 2 : The author's portrayal of Johnny Appleseed's appearance highlights his eccentricity and unconventional ways, which contrast with his successful business dealings and religious beliefs.

turn 2 : The content of the book is humorous and not meant to be taken seriously.

turn 2 : A decided to be vulnerable and share about his severe depression in order to be authentic in his book and play.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of (3) is asking what type of story was popular in the 19th century that could be compared to a modern day internet meme. The implied meaning is asking what was popular or trendy in the 19th century.


turn 3 :  (4) Implies an acknowledgement of the dangerous risks taken when crossing the border illegally.

turn 3 : The speaker is suggesting that, similar to the evolution of laws and attitudes towards domestic violence, there needs to be a similar shift in the understanding and treatment of animal abuse. This implies that the speaker believes that animal abuse should be taken seriously and treated as a potential indicator of violent behavior, and that there needs to be a comprehensive effort involving legislators, law enforcement, prosecutors, and judges to address this issue.

turn 3 : the phenomenon described in the book is extraordinary and could be perceived as a miracle by some readers, even though the literal meaning is simply acknowledging that the phenomenon is portrayed realistically in the book.

turn 3 : Johnny Appleseed's proselytizing and peculiar behavior may be seen as harmless by some settlers, but it also alienates him from others who do not understand or agree with his beliefs.

turn 3 : In these turns, the speakers are discussing the implications and deeper meanings behind the actions and ideologies of the person they are talking about. They are not merely discussing the literal surface-level interpretations, but rather the underlying motives, strategies, and persuasive effects of those actions and ideologies.


Well, you're talking about scholarships, and that's interesting. We've seen now at least one major university and many more smaller colleges offering esports scholarships, which is this new development where schools are now getting in on this. And they're recruiting top gamers and - or esports athletes, as they're known. What's in it for a university?Why are they getting in on this, too?

What's funny is it's a really big recruitment tool for them. Typical esports gamers, they over-index with engineers and with math majors. And so they're trying to, you know, bring in sort of the best of the best in those disciplines into the school, and this is a way to do it.

Wow.

At least that's what the gamers tell their mothers.

turn 3 : This turn is literal in meaning, as it is a straightforward question asking about the speaker's children.

turn 3 : The literal meaning is that the speaker wants to examine the motives behind the actions of the people involved in the events. The implied meaning is that the speaker is questioning whether their mother's version of events was accurate and whether the motives behind the actions were as terrible as their mother portrayed them to be.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be suggesting that there are some hidden or unknown factors that could influence the situation being discussed.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a euphemism or understatement to convey a more significant or sensitive message.

turn 3 : In turn 4, the speaker is implying that the claims made by gamers to their mothers may not be true.


It sounds like from what you're saying the city leadership including the mayor is very much in support of there being this massive celebration.

I think that's fair to say. It's kind of been interesting to watch this unfold over the last couple of weeks, because the venues that would have been available, Soldier Field, the football stadium just a little ways away from here wasn't available apparently, or couldn't accommodate the Obama Campaign. The indoor arena, the United Center, some thought may be too small, seating 18,000, 20,000. But there's a concert there tonight anyway, so that was ruled out.

And it seemed to surprise city officials to some degree a month or so ago when the Obama campaign said they'd like to do it in the park. But the city has been very accommodating. They have pulled back - and initially Mayor Daley said everybody should come down, even if they don't have a ticket and just be a part of the celebration in the streets and around the park. The police department and the fire department and the emergency management folks for the city kind of pulled back on that and said, we only want people in the are who are supposed to be in the area, let's try to set up an alternative venue. And so that's what they've gone ahead and done in setting up in another section of Grant Park the big Jumbotrons.

Now, I understand that you have already gone and voted today.

turn 1 : to watch someone play means to watch them perform

turn 1 : to watch something unfold means to watch an event happen

turn 1 : to look forward to something means they are excited for an event.

turn 1 : "watch" - This verb usually means to observe something with one's eyes, but in this context, it implies enjoying or experiencing a film.

turn 1 : To pull the trigger means to decide to make something happen.


Hi, Farai.

So what's the scene like now?

Well the scene right now is, people are still setting things up, they're testing the music system right now and - but it's a beautiful scene, it's a beautiful day here in Chicago. Grant Park, of course, it's on Chicago's lakefront with the skyline as a backdrop. It's a beautiful day weather-wise. I mean, this time of year in Chicago, you could get, you know, temperatures in the 20s or 30s, so our - you know, unusually like today, we have temperatures in the 70s. So it couldn't be better, that means probably we'll have a great big turnout. And some people are already lining up to try to get in. these are ticketed people who are trying to get in. They just wanted to be here so early so they could get the best possible location in front of the stage.

How are things working in terms of how many people are going to be let in, what the ticketing process has been, all of that?

turn 1 : The music in the beginning sounded like rap to me, which is a form of music that has a strong focus on rhythm and poetic lyrics.

turn 1 : The speaker is mentioning a song that reflects their current emotions.

turn 1 : Why do you think people relate to music as a way of understanding and humanizing other people? What is it about music that's so special?"

turn 1 : playing refers to as and implies engaged with or undertake

turn 1 : the scene in this context means genre of music


This is News and Notes. I'm Farai Chideya.

For decades, the Big Three auto companies have been an integral part of the U. S.  economy. Now those companies are struggling to survive and pleading for a federal bailout. General Motors, Ford and Chrysler have until Tuesday to submit a restructuring plan to Congress. For more, we've got Jerome Vaughn. He's the news program director for WDET in Detroit, Michigan. Jerome, great to have you back on the show.

Thanks. Glad to be with you.

So what we've been hearing a lot about is basically just a failure of these negotiations to move forward. Before we get to the nuts and bolts of it, from an economic level, how are people in Detroit dealing with what appears to be a reluctance on the part of the federal government to really enter into a bailout?

turn 1 : The auto companies need to restructure their fixed costs due to the current economic situation, resulting in significant losses.

turn 1 : The current economic situation requires more than loans to help the auto companies - other measures must be taken.

turn 1 : The Big Three auto companies are facing financial difficulties.

turn 1 : The federal government has not provided a bailout for the auto industry in Detroit and people are scared and angry about the potential consequences of this.


Thanks. Glad to be with you.

turn 3 : The federal government has not provided a bailout for the auto industry in Detroit and people are scared and angry about the potential consequences of this.

turn 3 : The auto companies need to restructure their fixed costs due to the current economic situation, resulting in significant losses.

turn 3 : The current economic situation requires more than loans to help the auto companies - other measures must be taken.

turn 3 : The federal government is hesitant to provide financial assistance to the struggling auto industry.


So I do miss it, but you know, I don't miss it enough to go back anytime soon. I'm not going to volunteer.

When you think about the losses, people who have been killed and some of the ones who've been profoundly injured in ways where they'll never lead an independent life again, do you ever ask yourself the question: Is it worth it?Is that a question you ask yourself?

No, I can never ask that question. Because if I do, then I'll start doubting my orders and doubting my job. But I will tell you this: Up to the point to where we caught Saddam Hussein, you know, one life is too many to lose, but it was worth the lives up until that point. So from that point on to now, as long as catch bin Laden, we free people, and we do our jobs, it'll be worth it. I'm not saying that we should have any American young men and women killed, but as long as we get the job done, then that's the sacrifice we have to make, even if it takes my own.

Well, Jeremiah, thank you.

turn 1 : The shooting was a terrible tragedy and has left a lot of hurt and healing needed in the community.

turn 1 : There is no way to get over losing loved ones, but we can learn to manage our grief.

turn 1 : The implied meaning is that the demise of all people on earth is not a reason to be optimistic.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: Is it possible to continue with a normal life despite the conflict?

turn 1 : When you think about the losses, people who have been killed and some of the ones who've been profoundly injured in ways where they'll never lead an independent life again, do you ever ask yourself the question: Is it worth it? Is that a question you ask yourself?


Well, Jeremiah, thank you.

turn 2 : "discounts the value of life on the ground": the literal meaning of this phrase is that the value of life on the ground is not being reduced; however, the actual meaning is that all lives, including friendly, enemy, and civilian non-combatant, are equally important and should not be devalued in any way.

turn 2 : No, I can never ask that question. Because if I do, then I'll start doubting my orders and doubting my job. But I will tell you this: Up to the point to where we caught Saddam Hussein, you know, one life is too many to lose, but it was worth the lives up until that point. So from that point on to now, as long as we catch bin Laden, we free people, and we do our jobs, it'll be worth it. I'm not saying that we should have any American young men and women killed, but as long as we get the job done, then that's the sacrifice we have to make, even if it takes my own.  In turn (3), the actual meaning is different from the literal meaning. The speaker states that they cannot ask themselves whether the losses are worth it, as it would lead to doubting their orders and job, implying that they have a duty to follow orders regardless of the human cost. This suggests a belief in a greater cause or duty, beyond one's own personal beliefs or values. This is different from the literal meaning, which would suggest that the speaker is simply unable to ask the question for personal reasons.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of turn (1) is a request for information about the options available to the United States at present. The implied meaning, however, is that the speaker is concerned about the situation in Syria and is looking for possible courses of action that the United States could take to address the root cause of the humanitarian crisis there. The speaker believes that the Assad regime's practice of shelling populated areas not under its control is the main driver behind the crisis and that this should be the focus of the United States' response.

turn 2 : In turn (3), the speaker says "You can achieve limited political objectives with support for the opposition and limited military force. But the ultimate political objective of regime change takes a lot more than we have been prepared to do." The literal meaning of this turn is that achieving limited political objectives requires some support for the opposition and limited military force, while achieving the ultimate political objective of regime change requires more effort than what has been done so far.


My father believed the world was divided between those who were mentally and physically strong and those who were weak and lazy. For this, I had to undergo a physical and psychological training.

Can you tell us about those nights in the cellar?

From the age of 6, I had to spend one night a month in the basement meditating on death. I sat on a stool, alone, in the dark, surrounded by rats. And I had a cardigan with small bells on it. I wasn't allowed to let the bells tinkle, as it meant that I was moving. It was one of his exercises.

There are just too many instances of abuse and cruelty to recount - I mean, the way he didn't turn on the heat, the way he made you bathe in his dirty water. He said he gave you his energy that way or something.

turn 1 : the turns whose actual meanings are different from their literal meanings. By saying "you're not one of these people that thinks I'm young and strong and nothing will happen"

turn 1 : AGREE WITH THE TURN AND IMPLIED MEANING AND BELIVE THAT EVERYONE

turn 1 : They wished luck to people that are trying to make changes in their lives that make them act different or live different than they did before.

turn 1 : My father was trying to instill a sense of superiority and strength in me by contrasting the strong and the weak.

turn 1 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer


turn 1 : "those nights in the cellar" - this is a euphemism for the traumatic and abusive experience that the speaker had to endure as a child. It is a way of avoiding directly mentioning the abuse, perhaps to downplay or conceal its severity.

turn 1 : "Something about the noises he heard the night before, and that was horrifying." - The literal meaning is that the son heard noises the night before, which were scary or upsetting. However, the actual meaning is that the son may have overheard the person having sexual activity, which was embarrassing and uncomfortable for the person to hear.

turn 1 : "abused by a priest" - This phrase refers to a specific type of abuse, sexual abuse, rather than physical abuse or verbal abuse.

turn 1 : In turn (4), the speaker is using understatement to describe the horrific experiences of child soldiers, emphasizing how young and innocent they are and how terrible it is for them to witness and experience such violence and trauma.


turn 2 : A decided to be vulnerable and share about his severe depression in order to be authentic in his book and play.

turn 2 : He was forced to go back to the church under protest and resistance from himself.

turn 2 : There were some personal problems, and he is trying to understand the reason behind them without being too direct.

turn 2 : His views of the world were oppressive and unfair, requiring certain people to be subjected to physical and mental hardships.

turn 2 : He made a promise that was stressed by him and gave people the impression he would do it regardless of what happens.


turn 3 : What I think is so interesting about looking at the life of someone like my grandfather over the course of nearly a century is that you see that there is a kind of ongoing momentum of change that exists throughout his life and that takes him and those alongside him in many different directions - This implies that change is an ongoing process that people must adapt to if they want to move forward.

turn 3 : People who can manage to stay passionate and motivated to bring about change, despite the length of time it takes.

turn 3 : My father wanted to create a dichotomy between those who could endure physical and psychological hardships and those who were not as strong or determined.

turn 3 : It made the person feel sadness and it was hard for them to see.

turn 3 : The author included difficult experiences in the book for a reason.


Yeah. There was actually at this last Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, there was a talk about a possible Mercurian meteorite.

Would you know it if you found it?

That's the good question. I mean in the case of the Mars meteorites and the moon meteorites, there's actually - we have pieces of evidence from other sciences that can relate to that. And we know that these things are fairly solid. But in the case of a Mercurian meteorite, that would be a little bit harder to do, but it wouldn't be impossible. Hopefully there might be a sample returned sometime in the future.

So there could be around us now and we wouldn't know it.

turn 3 : It's likely there are similar Earths out there

turn 3 : The stars are not actually very close to Earth. The implication is that they are closer to Earth and its Sun than other stars.

turn 3 : The planet is far away from us, but it's measurable

turn 3 : THere may be mercurian meteorites in the solar system, although not as close "as around us" implies


Over 700 people were killed this week when a stampede took place during the Hajj, the annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca. The sheer volume of pilgrims every year has led to problems before. In fact, over 1,400 people were killed in a similar incident back in 1990. This week, Iran and other regional powers criticized the Saudi Arabian government for poor management of the crowds that come to their holy places. Gary Sick is a senior research scholar at Columbia's Middle East Institute. He joins us now from New York. Thanks so much for being with us, Mr.  Sick.

It's a real pleasure.

What do you read into Iran's outspoken criticism of Saudi Arabia over these deaths?

This is very standard stuff. The Iranians and the Saudis have a running battle about the Hajj. And the worst incident they've ever had was actually back in 1987. In each case, they've blamed the Saudis. And in each case, the Saudis have blamed the pilgrims for misbehaving, for not doing what they were told. And on the previous case, the Saudis broke diplomatic relations with Iran over the incident. And that was only restored a few years later after Khomeini died.

turn 1 :  (2) Pleasure, Scott. (implied meaning: It is a pleasure to be here with you, Scott.)

turn 1 : (2) A: It's a real pleasure. (implied meaning: I am happy to be here and discuss this important topic)

turn 1 : Good to be here implies that it's very interesting and I'm accepting to be part of it

turn 1 : very enjoy am very nice feel very enjoy am very nice feel

turn 1 : it represents the person is very enthusiastic and interested to be engaged in doing it


It's a real pleasure.

turn 2 : The implied meaning of (3) is that Marwan Muasher is a respected expert on the Middle East and his opinion is valued

turn 2 : (3) Although the question appears to be asking whether there is disappointment among Saudi activists about President Obama and other U.S. officials not voicing their concerns about human rights in Saudi Arabia, the actual meaning is that the question is raising the issue of whether there is disappointment that such concerns were not voiced during President Obama's visit.

turn 2 : The implied meaning is that the Obama administration's efforts of threatening military force and imposing economic sanctions have been successful in making Iran take the US seriously.

turn 2 :  B: What do you read into Iran's outspoken criticism of Saudi Arabia over these deaths? (implied meaning: What do you think is the underlying meaning behind Iran's criticism of Saudi Arabia?)

turn 2 : The statement mean that There is possibility for Iranian government to face difficulty for survival if there is not support.


It's a real pleasure.

turn 3 : (4) Implied meaning: The United States has to choose between Assad and ISIS, and it should prioritize the destruction of ISIS.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of (3) is that Marwan Muasher is a respected expert on the Middle East and his opinion is valued

turn 3 : (4) A: This is very standard stuff. (implied meaning: This type of disagreement between Iran and Saudi Arabia is not unusual or surprising.)

turn 3 : They need the countries to realize this is the way things should be done in other countries.

turn 3 : In (4), the speaker is suggesting that given Iran's past negotiating behavior and internal divisions, it would be unwise to take too seriously any public statements made by Iranian officials about their negotiating positions. The implied meaning is that the speaker believes that Iran may be using public statements to gain leverage in the negotiations, and that the true negotiating position may be different from what is publicly stated.


There are over 2,800 official emojis. You know those little icons you use to spice up your texts - a cow, a doughnut, a queen, and my personal favorite, the eye roll. The Unicode Consortium, the nonprofit that oversees emojis - yes, there is such a thing - has been criticized for its lack of diversity and inclusivity when it comes to LGBTQ or religious expression. And now they're under fire for one more - the afro. That's right. Of the more than 15 hairstyles offered in emoji form, not one is an afro. Rhianna Jones wants to change that. She's a freelance writer based in New York. And she joins me now from our studios there.

Rhianna, welcome.

Hi, Lulu. Thank you so much for having me.

It is an absolute pleasure to have you. Let's talk through this. There's already been some diversity in the emoji world. We have different skin tones included in emoji form. But why do you think an afro should be included too?

turn 0 : The phrase, "under fire", implies that criticism has been levelled at the Unicode Consortium for the lack of an emoji with an afro hairstyle..

turn 0 : Raging flames implies that the flames are very strong and active

turn 0 : The criticism is by some that are offended by the langauge.

turn 0 : burning out implies that people are being frustrated and not burnt out in fire

turn 0 : The speaker uses 'literally' in a figurative sense.


I Hope I didn't butcher your name too much. I apologize if I did. This book delves deeply into all of the political powers struggles involved in the building of our nation's capital. Really briefly, first talk about how the capital was moved from Philadelphia to Washington.

Well, first, let's frame it a bit by way of saying that we got our capital on the Potomac River thanks to the politics of slavery and thanks to the hard physical labor of enslaved African-Americans in the 1790s. There was a terrific political battle in the early 1790s over where the nation's capital was going to be. Think of the United States as a - just a collection of little mini-states mostly at odds with each other and without any great unifying national symbol. The capital was supposed to be that unifying symbol.

Congress originally voted to place the capital in Pennsylvania, a free state in the north. However, as you can imagine, Southern slave owners were irate at the prospect of a free-state capital that would set freedom as the national paradigm. They lobbied very aggressively for a Southern capital. There were 32 different sites originally considered, but the capital wound up on the Potomac thanks to probably the country's first real backroom deal cut between Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton.

Well, in fact, you talk a lot in the book about what you call corruption that surrounded the establishing of the capital where it was, and you mention, as you've just now done, that there were presidents involved - Jefferson, Washington, Madison and Hamilton. So how much was the corruption a part of this?

turn 0 : They hope that the did not mispronounce the person's name too badly.

turn 0 : The speaker is reflecting on their mistakes and hoping to learn from them.

turn 0 : The person is thinking of a particular person but they are not going to say who.

turn 0 : Although the speaker is trained, they may not have noticed the suspicious behavior of the suspects.

turn 0 : The speaker was falsely accused and wrongfully blamed.


(Singing) I don't need much to be happy. Four walls and a roof overhead. Books and food in my belly, cool sheets upon the bed. A fire that warms up December. The sound of a thaw in the eaves. Sometimes it's hard to remember how tough we are to please. All in good time, somehow I find days that still shine with a light. All in good stead, I'm safe and I'm fed. With dreams in my head, goodnight. The feel of my hand being taken, driving at night all alone. The breeze on a warm summer evening and coming home.

(Singing) All in good time, somehow you find days that still shine with light. All in good stead, you're safe and you're fed. The dreams in your head, goodnight. Don't need much to be happy. A friend to soften a fall. Something to show for my labors. After all, I had to learn to be grateful, I had to learn how to see. Mistakes that might have proved fatal are gifts I now receive.

Thank you.

They don't make them this way anymore, but that would've been on the second side of the album?

turn 0 : The speaker feels a strong emotional connection to New Orlean

turn 0 : The speaker doesn't need much to be happy, but they need basic necessities like food, shelter, and warmth. They are content with what they have.

turn 0 : The speaker feels the need to perform music to feel complete.

turn 0 : The speaker is often expecting bad things to happen, so when something good happens, it's more exceptional than usual.


Today, Turkey formally requested NATO to deploy Patriot missiles on the border with Syria. And while the new anti-government coalition wins friends in foreign capitals, it gets a mixed reception from rebel groups inside Syria. NPR correspondent Deborah Amos joins us now by Skype from southern Turkey. And Deborah, always good to talk with you.

Thank you, Neal. Glad to be here.

And some European nations are already considering Turkey's Patriot missile request. If fulfilled, will that effectively establish a no-fly zone over parts of - over northern Syria?

NATO officials are downplaying the no-fly zone aspect of this. But there is no doubt that if there are Patriot missiles on the border, the Syrian air force will think twice about bombing any city close to that border. That is already happening on this - on the Turkish border. There are towns now that are under the umbrella of Turkey.

turn 2 : Jordan is open to international efforts to resolve the situation in Syria, but is not taking unilateral action

turn 2 :  A's actual meaning in this turn is that the United States and Russia, along with Russia's influence on Syria, could potentially make progress on the cease-fire in less than the suggested six-month waiting period.

turn 2 : Russia is opposing US plans to put missile defenses in the Czech Republic and Poland.

turn 2 : Fulfilling Turkey's request for Patriot missiles may establish a no-fly zone over northern Syria, but NATO officials are downplaying it.

turn 2 : The Free Syrian Army is operating from Turkey which is being used as a safe haven for fighters and injured individuals. Jordan has not allowed any military operations from its territory despite receiving defectors from Syria.


Thank you, Neal. Glad to be here.

turn 3 :  (4) implies that the US is trying to reach a political solution to the conflict in Syria, but without a strategy to deal with Assad and the refugee crisis.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of this turn is that the ICRC should do more about Syria, but the implied meaning is that some people might find this conversation interesting, but they may ask why the ICRC is not doing more to help with the situation in Syria.

turn 3 : The airstrikes are hitting civilians and causing harm

turn 3 : The presence of Patriot missiles on the border will deter the Syrian air force from bombing cities close to the border.

turn 3 : (4) Implied meaning: The United States has to choose between Assad and ISIS, and it should prioritize the destruction of ISIS.


Well, up until about two decades ago there were no rights for crime victims. Victims were treated basically as another part of the evidence of the crime. So, really we've seen a great development in crime victims' rights in the criminal and juvenile justice systems since that time.

Who pioneered that change?

Really, it was driven by the experience of victims and survivors themselves. Like the example of Miss Hawkins, who turned the worst event in her life into a catalyst to make a difference for other people, so that other people wouldn't have to go through the same thing that she went through, that's the story of the Victims' Rights Movement. It has been people who felt that they were so poorly treated by the criminal justice system, that they had to make a difference and make sure it would be better for the next person.

How would you define victims' rights?Just you know, what do you think victims' rights really means?

turn 0 : Stripping someone of their rights does not protect them.

turn 0 : The behavior was unacceptable to what the people would accept.

turn 0 : Prisoners are not treated with basic human rights in jail despite being convicted

turn 0 : Victims did not have any legal rights until recently.

turn 0 : The Justice Department position is that preexisting conditions should not be protected


Who pioneered that change?

turn 2 : The speaker is expressing sympathy for the victims and their families.

turn 2 : (3) Implies that while the issue of violence and firearm violence must be addressed, the rights of gun owners should be respected as well.

turn 2 : (3) is different from its literal meaning. While the speaker is describing the vulnerability of women and children in a humanitarian crisis, the implied meaning is that despite the significant amount of funding provided in 2017, the situation has worsened in 2018 and there is still a critical need for aid.

turn 2 : Victims themselves have been the driving force behind the development of victims' rights.


To the tax issues that tanked a lot of the nominees that couldn't go forward. Some of the most common errors are incorrect or missing social security numbers. It sounds so simple, and yet, that something that catches a lot of people. The incorrect tax entered, based on your taxable income and filing status; math errors!Math errors is a huge issue for a lot of people. That's why it's important that if you can to e-file, because that will eliminate one of the major errors people make, which is in the math. And if you make less than $56,000 a year, you can get your taxes e-filed for free. You have to go to the IRS Web site to do it. But also this year for the first time, you can e-file even if you don't meet that. Now, you don't get the tax software that goes along with it that sort of walks you through, but if you already know how to do your taxes and you don't want to pay extra, you can e-file.

OK, let's talk about an issue that seems to be the third rail for a lot of political appointees or nominees, and that is the nanny tax. What should we, ordinary people, know about this kind of tax. . .

When we're hiring people to do stuff around the house?

Well, here's the thing: Most people are not going to have this problem.

turn 0 : Despite having a good credit history, the credit was not available on time and it caused a lot of inconvenience

turn 0 : Congress passed a bill despite the likely negative consequences.

turn 0 : The tax issues caused a lot of nominees to not be able to continue. The software helps a person to understand and work the tax filing correctly.

turn 0 : We already knew about the uncertainty regarding tax and spending policies in 2013

turn 0 : There is a possibility of an election despite no official announcement yet.


And what makes them so good at invading?

Well, they share a suite of traits with a lot of the world's worst invasive ant species, one of which is that they are what's called super-colonial. And on a continental scale they can be called uni-colonial. What that means is that colonies don't recognize boundaries. There's no (unintelligible) population there's no aggression between crazy ants. All individuals in the population treat other individuals in the population as members of the same colony.

So you can take ants from any population in Texas, introduce them into another population in Texas or - I haven't tested this - but probably other parts of the Southeast, and they will join and work together. So that's - it really cuts down the costs of interest-specific competition and can allow the more efficient use of space in the environment they're in.

They also rely very heavily on sugary resources that they get from homoptera insects, things like aphids and mealy bugs. And they seem to be very good at exploiting these resources, which helps maintain their populations at very high densities.

turn 1 : There are videos of ants moving about rapidly and randomly.

turn 1 : There's no aggression with ants that do not behave like normal ant colonies.

turn 1 : more ants pile on means that more ants are attracted to the sent.

turn 1 : Fire ants are not ants of fire but they have a sting that feels like fire on the person.


What sorts of things have you been doing?What has Save The Children been doing?

Well, obviously, we focus on children, but we're looking at livelihoods. You know, I was saying that fishing boats have been destroyed and people are now really struggling. So we'll be working with fishermen to try to support them to repair their boats. We're repairing schools that children can go - try and go back to school. Over 3,000 schools were damaged, meaning that over a million children are now not being able to go back to school.

So we are really still working around the clock to do what we can to make sure that families can get back on their feet.

Now, this is a holiday week and the Philippines is a predominantly Christian country. Has there been any Christmas celebrating going on?

turn 3 :  (4) is an expression of surprise. The implied meaning is an expression of admiration.

turn 3 : They are focusing on the true meaning of Christmas rather than gifts and themselves

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at a desire or need for help or support from the listener.

turn 3 : (4) - The actual meaning is to ask if the Mexican governments and the agency were ready for the floods and its aftermath.

turn 3 : (4) - The actual meaning of this turn is that the speaker is asking whether the people in the Philippines have been able to find any joy amidst the disaster, not just asking if they have been celebrating Christmas.


That poem is called "A Flower Song For Maidens Coming Of Age. "It was written in 1440 before European contact in Mexico. And it's from a collection of Mayan poems - extraordinary. Tell me about why this poem resonated for you. It describes a moon ceremony.

It was such an important revelation to have come across this poem. I cried. I cried for two days - the whole week because, as you know, colonization basically eradicated all of our written documentation in the Americas. All of our traditions have been passed down through word of mouth. But to have written documentation that women have been honoring the moon and celebrating their bodies and their transitions, their milestones in this way, I really felt like my ancestors were watching over.

And you wrote in the afterword to this book that you really wanted young women to find their own way to connect with their roots. Why?

Well, I think it's important for any person, really, but young girls in particular who come from marginalized communities to find their - not only their roots but the meaning and the legacy of wisdom and power that comes from those traditions. And Celi, because she's bicultural and multiracial, she has all of these beautiful intersections happening that I really tried to play up in the novel because I wanted children that are just like Celi, who are multiracial and bicultural, to see themselves and their hybridity in all of its beauty and all of its power.

turn 1 :  (2) A is implying that they also share a shared sadness about the same thing.

turn 1 : B is sarcastically suggesting that the reason A didn't cry was that they were not affected emotionally by the movie.

turn 1 : The tear in your eye is not a literal tear, but a metaphor for sadness or emotions

turn 1 : The person implies that they cried all week. Actually they are just implying that they were emotionally affected for days by the poem.

turn 1 : The actual meaning of (3) is, A is expressing a feeling of sadness and nostalgia over the loss of a loved one.


turn 2 : roots implies your family or your earlier days and not the part of trees or plants in the soil

turn 2 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 2 : The country does not have children but it means the people that are born and raised there.

turn 2 : People do not have roots but they do have places where they began something or where family is.


turn 3 : Despite being unified there are many roads to go forward to in order to find their goal to reach.

turn 3 : "possible paths" - This is a literal expression referring to different options or courses of action that could be taken.

turn 3 :  The actual meaning of these turns is that A and B are inquiring whether the car has been used and tested, not just looked at.

turn 3 : They don't have road intersections but their meanings do connect with one another.

turn 3 : None of the turns have implied meanings that are different from their literal meanings. They all convey their literal meanings without any hidden or implied messages.


That's because they're dark horses, Tony. I don't who they are.

I know who will not be in the final four this time around. My beloved Bruins from UCLA, they're not going anywhere this year.

Serves then right.

Yeah. They had their chance, right?

turn 0 : Dark horse is implying an unexpected person or candidate and not an animal that's dark

turn 0 : dark horse in this case implies an unknown entity, as in a team that no one knows of or is aware of.

turn 0 : This phrase does not mean that the speaker is physically in a dark place or lacks light. It figuratively means that there is a lack of understanding or knowledge about dark matter.

turn 0 : (3) - "Dark horse" is a metaphor meaning an outsider who unexpectedly wins or succeeds.

turn 0 : when something is made clear in this context it means that it is explained so people understand


Correct. These are not embryonic stem cells. These are what we would call neural stem cells. In other words, these are stem cells that come from the nervous system.

And why - and, I guess, you give them a little - they have a little head start knowing they're going to be neurons from being injected.

Exactly. Well, they, you know, they have a head start in knowing at least that they're meant to be living in the nervous system, which means that there's a little bit of built-in safety and stability that may not quite exist in cells. They can become and kind cell to.

And how long are they effective for in the life of the mice they're injected into?

turn 1 : The stem cells have an advantage in developing into neurons.

turn 1 : Stem cells are more stable and safe than cells but can become any cell type

turn 1 : Further investigation needed to determine if stem cells can have longer effects

turn 1 : The question caught A off guard, but they believe that improving STEM education is crucial for technological advancement in the future.


turn 2 : Further investigation needed to determine if stem cells can have longer effects

turn 2 : Stem cells are more stable and safe than cells but can become any cell type

turn 2 : The loss of mice was a great setback as they are vital for research purposes

turn 2 : Neural stem cells have a better chance of becoming healthy cells.

turn 2 : mice play a crucial role in the scientific research conducted by the speaker.


I'm doing great. So when you think about. .

I guess so. You know, when you think about what Marcus Mabry just said, he said, this is a Wall Street issue, not a Main Street issue. Do you agree with that?

Not at all. I mean, I think he's basically right that it hits Wall Street harder than it hits Main Street, but it does hit Main Street too especially if you are an African-American and had already bumped up against a stringent credit requirement. I think that there is going to be - there's going to be several restructurings, and one thing that needs to happen is we need to talk about people's right to have access to credit and the ways that people are judged as being credit worthy.

turn 1 : "I'm doing well, but some people aren't. And let's talk about these figures and really, what is shifting in our economy right now in terms of the different sectors where people are losing these tens of thousands of jobs?" - The literal meaning is a statement about the current state of the economy and its impact on employment. The implied meaning is a suggestion to discuss the economic issues and the resulting job losses.

turn 1 : "You're doing better than the economy, right?" The literal meaning of this sentence is that the speaker is asking whether the person they are speaking to is doing better than the economy. However, the actual meaning is that the speaker is using sarcasm to imply that the economy is not doing well.

turn 1 : Implied Meaning: The speaker's use of sarcasm suggests that they do not believe the statement they just made is true, and instead are expressing the opposite sentiment.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using sarcasm or irony to convey a different meaning than what is being explicitly stated.


Because they need to. They need to become the number two search-engine in the world. Google is number one. Microsoft's MSN's portal is a lame duck in the number three position. This would give them a better search-engine opportunity, which would increase the amount of online advertising dollars, which is where everyone is going and why this would make a lot of sense to do.

So are they going to take the offer, you think?

You know, I hope so. It would be nice to see. You know, I would like to see Yahoo stay independent, but I don't know. I mean, they're talking about a thousand layoffs, Farai. So if it can stop people from losing their job, I'm all for it.

All right. Well, Mario, thanks a lot.

turn 0 : The speaker in turn (1) is not just explaining the reason why Microsoft needs to become the number two search-engine in the world, but also implying that acquiring Yahoo is the best way for them to achieve that goal. The speaker suggests that Microsoft's MSN's portal is not doing well in the number three position and acquiring Yahoo would give them a better search-engine opportunity, which would increase online advertising dollars. The speaker believes this acquisition would make a lot of sense to do.

turn 0 : This implies that the speaker is proposing the need for a black search engine, even though there are other search engines available, and believes that it could be successful with proper marketing.

turn 0 : Yahoo was considering selling out but decided to keep their brand intact.

turn 0 : B threw another company in the discussion and assuming that yahoo, google and microsoft gonna buy AOL together


The president of the United States, the leader of the free world, who's the person who is in a best position of any human being on the planet to help Baltimoreans who need help, instead of doing so is using his office to beat down an American city.

NPR White House correspondent Franco Ordoñez is following the story. He's in our studios. Good morning.

FRANCO ORDOÑEZ, BYLINE: Good morning.

So the president grabs attention. Everybody takes the bait. But why does he do it now?

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at a deeper or hidden motive or intention behind their actions or words.

turn 3 : take the bait means someone was tricked into something

turn 3 :  (4) is an expression of surprise. The implied meaning is an expression of admiration.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at something they want or need, but they don't want to ask for it directly.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a euphemism or understatement to convey a more significant or sensitive message.


The weather forecast is planning for 600 millimeters of rainfall in the coming days, which is twice as much as the quantity of rain we have seen in Beira after the first cyclone, which is really concerning because in Beira, the situation was very bad. So if the weather forecast turns out to be correct, the health and sanitation situation here will worsen, and it will be harder to access areas with food as well.

The recovery effort after Cyclone Idai was already facing a funding shortfall. Do you think relief organizations will have the resources they need to respond to another disaster?

We definitely need more support from the international community. We are expecting that our financial need will raise very quickly as we see that the situation is worsening now in the north of the country. But we are able to respond nonetheless because we already had means on the ground. We had a team that was quickly able to deploy. And we have two helicopters that just arrived today in Pemba. And we'll be able to fly as soon as tomorrow if the weather permits.

What do you think are going to be the biggest concerns in this region going forward?

turn 3 : The economic situation will get worse, and it's uncertain how bad it will be.

turn 3 : several big issues are being discussed and negotiated at the same time

turn 3 : There will be significant concerns in the region moving forward.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: Is there any indication of what will happen next in the conflict?

turn 3 : Implies that the speaker would like to see further reforms beyond what is suggested by Speaker Ryan.


Yeah.

Some old steelworker or some young hip-hop kid.

Racial moment, that's nice.

You know, and everybody wants to know what people are thinking about race.

It's like racial moment versus the senior moment.

turn 2 :  (3) - The speaker is suggesting that the woman might have been racist and they needed to take her seriously.

turn 2 : The remark had racial undertones because of his skin color

turn 2 : The speaker faces racial discrimination and stereotypes from both white and black people.

turn 2 : The speaker is sarcastic about the so-called 'racial moment'

turn 2 : The speaker is asking if the listener believes in racial justice and if it is possible to achieve it. The speaker suggests that African-Americans have debated this issue for a long time, indicating that it is a complex issue.


Yeah, I believe there's a certainty of it. I started out my career as a journalist covering races in Mississippi, and every year people would try to give black people bad information, and we at the local black newspaper would find ourselves, you know, working with the NAACP, trying to get out good information. They would go through black neighborhoods and pass out flyers saying don't forget to vote on Wednesday, for instance. I'm sure that tactic, which is one of the tried and true, will be tried again somewhere in this country.

Well, Benjamin Jealous, thank you so much.

Thank you. It's a real pleasure.

Benjamin Jealous is the president of the NAACP.

turn 0 : to cover something in this context means to report on something

turn 0 : to approach someone with something in this context means you are showing them something

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker is indirectly suggesting that they may have information or opinions that they are hesitant to share openly.

turn 0 : The reporting brought emphasis to the harrassment so that others would notice.

turn 0 : following refer to or implies being interested in a situation or information


Thank you. It's a real pleasure.

turn 0 : People may try to give misleading information to black people during an election.

turn 0 : They aren't literally going to put a black man in the White House, they are going to vote him in.

turn 0 : Believing false information can impact voting decisions and democracy.

turn 0 : The person being black is relevant to the conversation

turn 0 : It implies that media and the McCain campaign were biased as they have used coded language to criticize Obama, and that this language is racially charged.


One of the main things that the sheep people face is the predators. And coyotes, wolves will impact your herd and kill lambs and so forth. It's kind of hard to imagine. But, at one point, I was trapping as many coyotes in a year as when I had sheep running on the land. And this is one of the things that this Barrasso bill seemed to address is the threshold level and not letting that level be like a mirage that you never really get there.

I apologize in advance for my city kid naivete, but isn't there something you can do to prevent the coyotes from getting to your - do I say flock or herd?

It's difficult. You got to remember, you know, it takes 30 acres to run a cow on my place. And you just can't be every place at once. So consequently, the cows have to kind of take care of themselves. And predators are very hard to offset in that instance.

How would increased state involvement, which is called for in the Barrasso bill, improve things as far as you're concerned?

turn 2 : Poaching is a major problem and is wiping out the forest's animal population.

turn 2 : There are better meat choices to reduce environmental impact.

turn 2 : The speaker is implying that some law enforcement professionals may be resistant to gathering and analyzing data on animal abuse because they view it as an added bureaucratic burden. This suggests that the speaker believes that some law enforcement officials may be unwilling to take the issue of animal abuse seriously or prioritize it as a potential indicator of violent behavior.

turn 2 : Ranchers are not as abundant as they used to be.

turn 2 : Despite efforts to protect livestock, it's difficult to fully control predators and their impact on the herd.


You know, he wrote that in all caps. This tweet was then followed by a statement from Taiwan's government that contradicted what Trump had just tweeted, saying that the call between the two leaders was set up by both sides in advance. Soon after that, Trump seemed to dig himself an even bigger diplomatic hole by tweeting (reading) interesting how the U. S.  sells Taiwan billions of dollars of military equipment, but I should not accept a congratulatory call.

So from his Twitter posts, it does seem like he's genuinely flummoxed about why his conversation with Taiwan's president was seen as such a big deal. On the other hand, though, it's certainly possible that this could have been a calculated signal that Trump's team of advisers was sending to China's leadership. It's important to mention here that Trump's advisers on China are a very hawkish group. They've written, in the past, about the importance of Taiwan. And it's likely they would approve of testing China's leadership like this.

Thanks very much, NPR's Rob Schmitz.

Thanks.

turn 2 :  The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is thanking the guest for appearing on the show and expressing appreciation for their insight

turn 2 : The literal meaning of the statement is Deborah Amos thanking the speaker, but the implied meaning is that the conversation is over.

turn 2 : The turn in (3) has an implied meaning of appreciation rather than a literal meaning of thanks.

turn 2 : thanking the NPR reporter, so it does not have a different actual meaning from its literal meaning.

turn 2 : The actual meaning of turn 3 is "Thank you for joining us and providing information on the topic."


So we really need to do research and try to pin that down. Another thing that's critical is - so what is the long-term prospect for our cities and our ports?How much is the sea level going to rise?What are our coast lines going to look like?Well, that depends upon how fast Greenland and parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet melt. That's a big unknown.

There was a piece appearing in the New York Times this week that described new research that basically found even if we curb emissions now, climate change will likely continue until at least the year 3000. Do you feel like there is any solution?Can we ever go back?

We should not think about the fact that we're going to be pristine and back what we were like before the industrial revolution. I think we have to have a different notion. We have used the industrial revolution to get rich. We've improved our quality of life. Now, those very techniques are reducing the quality of life through environmental side effects. Let's try to prevent it from getting a lot worse.

So while we can't stop a few degrees of warming on top of where we already are, we can stop the 10 degrees. My notion is do as much as you can, as fast as you can, as fairly as you can, and as cost effectively as you can, and don't get hung up on the numbers because three degrees is a lot better than six, and 10 degrees is dramatically worse than any other numbers.

turn 0 : They asked more questions to find out the answer and got one.

turn 0 : The situation is uncertain and they need to take it one step at a time

turn 0 : "the numbers do check out" - this means that the numbers are correct and accurate.

turn 0 : They need to do research and find out the answer that they are looking for.


turn 0 : to make a switch mean they go do something else.

turn 0 : "checking that box" - This is a figurative expression meaning to select or choose an option, rather than actually checking a physical box.

turn 0 : pin that down implies to solve the problem or get something done rather than to put a pin on something


turn 3 : It's best to be receptive to any thought that comes your way.

turn 3 : Their notion is to do as much as you can and don't think about the numbers too much.

turn 3 : They could not come up with an idea that would impress people.

turn 3 : BELIVE THAT MOST THEM WILL AGREE EVERY SURE

turn 3 : THERE IS A BIG CHANGE THE PEOPLE HAVE ALREADY LOST THEIR MONEY


Governor Mike Pence endorsed Ted Cruz yesterday in Indianapolis, although he also had kind words for Donald Trump. Mr.  Trump has also been endorsed by perhaps the best-known Hoosier on the planet. Forgive me Cole Porter. We mean Bobby Knight, the legendary Indiana University basketball coach. Coach Knight is celebrated for winning national championships, running an honest program and holding his players to high academic standards. He's also famous for having a titanic, chair-hurling temper. He is not known for political endorsements or being involved in campaigns.

I think that I'm like millions of Americans today that would like to see some things done that take us back to where we want to be, where we can really be proud of America, we have leadership that enables us to do that. I think I'm just one of millions of people. I'm not out there by myself. I just want to see us be the very best that we can possibly be and be thought of worldwide by the very best there is.

What did you hear Donald Trump say that convinced you you wanted to help him?

Well, Donald Trump didn't say anything that convinced me 'cause I went through people and people that were involved and least - involved themselves in the election. I made a little chart. I put together the things that he's done in life. And Donald Trump has created more jobs than all of the other candidates and politicians in the country. That's huge. That's important. That was a big thing for me to put down on my checklist.

turn 1 : The speaker believes that the current state of affairs in America is bleak and lacking in resources and opportunities for most people, regardless of their race.

turn 1 : The speaker believes that America is currently not living up to its potential and wants a leader who can bring the country back to a place of pride and respect on the world stage.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of this turn is that some people may question whether the President of the United States, who is from the South Side, is a role model for people in that area. However, the implied meaning is that the President should be doing more to address the issues and problems faced by the people in the South Side. The speaker is suggesting that the President has a responsibility to use his position to help the community and that some people may feel disappointed by his lack of action.

turn 1 :  This turn actually means that the speaker is more concerned with the alternative (Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, or Bernie Sanders) than with a "Never Trump" attitude, and that it is important for the country and party to come together despite any reservations about Trump.


turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker might be implying a hidden agenda or ulterior motive behind their words, actions, or decisions, without making it explicit.

turn 2 : The implied meaning of turn (4) is that the speaker is acknowledging what was said but may not have a specific response or further comment. It implies a lack of elaboration or engagement in the conversation.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: Although there may be variations in how people interpret it, the speaker is fairly confident that a significant number of individuals will understand that there is an underlying or implicit message conveyed through this turn. The meaning might not be immediately apparent and could require additional context, but the speaker believes that most people will recognize that there is a subtext or insinuation.

turn 2 : Implied meaning for turn (3): The questioner assumes that the speaker decided to support Donald Trump based on something he said, but the speaker clarifies that his decision was based on Trump's track record of job creation, as well as input from other people involved in the election.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at a deeper meaning or intention behind their words or actions, which requires further investigation or understanding to fully grasp.


How big a deal is this for you, Freddie Hubbard?Is this sort of a moment of, you know, am I able to do and be what I once was or am I having to accept that time has put me in a different place?Are you sort of at that?

So much that because you have to realize at one time or another in your career when you get a little older, you can't do the things that you did before. Now, it's been very hard for me to accept that. I never - I felt like - I always felt like I could blow it and nothing would never happen until this happened. So now, it's - no matter how hard I practice, it just seem like I can't do the plays I did. But people tell me, they say, man, you don't have to prove nothing. All you have to do is play good enough to get your point across because you're not going to play like - I'm not going to play like I did when you played those earlier records. And I'm just - it's hard for me to accept that, you know, all I want is young (unintelligible) getting off on me, you know.

Let's go back to 1964. This is "Breaking Point. "

See, I was trying to play like a saxophone.

turn 0 : just shy of 30 means the person is almost 30-years-old.

turn 0 : Age is just a number and doesn't define how one feels

turn 0 : The person is thinking of a particular person but they are not going to say who.

turn 0 : How important is this for the person and also they want to know if they are different now that they are older.

turn 0 : B is asking about your age, not your grade.


turn 1 : He made a promise that was stressed by him and gave people the impression he would do it regardless of what happens.

turn 1 : He did not just get carried away but he exaggerated his claims.

turn 1 : "I could blow it" implies that he felt like he could ruin everything

turn 1 : He was having a hard time thinking of an idea and then saw something.

turn 1 : "blowing away" in line 2 - The phrase "blowing away" is being used metaphorically here to refer to the Tampa Bay Lightning's dominant performance against their opponents, rather than literal blowing.


So, yeah, just for the people who don't know, New Faces is a place where, like, up-and-coming comedians can perform in front of agents and people who can, like, change their life essentially, right?So his set was 50% I'm bad at sex, I'm, like, kind of pudgy and I feel weird about it - right - and, like, very, very well-mined place for comedy. And the other 50% of his comedy was about how he's from Mechanicsburg, Pa. , and he just moved to New York. And he's sort of, like, straddling the line between his, like, racist stuff - his uncle's posts on Facebook - and, like, the aggressively woke friends he's making now in New York and just sort of trying to traverse the two worlds.

And his set got - you know, I put him on the list because his set got a lot of laughs. He has great, like, timing. And, like, the aggressive energy that's in his podcast was sort of, like, shaved off just enough, you know?

Did you hear him make any actual racist comments during his set?

Every sort of, like, racist comments were sort of, like, couched in, like, oh, my uncle just hates Kaepernick - like, that sort of thing - like, in the voice of.

turn 3 : He used racist language but tried to hide it behind humor.

turn 3 :  "Although lots of the things the racist rulers said were very funny.I don't think they intended it that way."

turn 3 : The video blog post was racist and offensive.

turn 3 : The remark had racial undertones because of his skin color

turn 3 :  (3) - The speaker is suggesting that the woman might have been racist and they needed to take her seriously.


So how do you think we should be thinking about this?I mean, are you personally prepared to say this warrants an impeachment inquiry at this point?And we only have - I beg your pardon - about 30 seconds left.

Well, I don't think there's any question that this whole issue needs to be investigated. And frankly, the Republicans ought to be working with the Democrats on this issue. This is a question of checks and balances. Are we going to prevent a president and limit a president from abusing his powers as president?That's something that's not just in the Democrats' interest. It's in the Republicans' interests because one of these days, there'll be a Democratic president, and they will be very concerned if that president behaves as this president is and is not held accountable.

That was Leon Panetta. He's a former director of central intelligence. He's a former secretary of defense and has held a number of important posts, as we have said.

Mr.  Secretary, thank you so much for speaking with us once again.

turn 2 : The information does not boil down, but it gets to the most practical facts.

turn 2 : He gives him the content to use against him. He has negative information that can hurt him.

turn 2 : He is a reliable source of information and is knowledgeable and qualified and what he says can be trusted.

turn 2 : A has recently researched various topics and is knowledgeable about them.

turn 2 : He worked on the intelligence committee and learned a great deal of things that most people don't know about the world.


(Singing) Don't act surprised, It ain't like you didn't know. It's been a long, long time comin' And it's time for me to go.

Tryin' to split things up Could drive us crazy.

So where'd that song come from?

That song - Frank Rogers is my producer, and we got together - it was the first time we had met each other, we were talking about what kind of record I wanted to make. And I told him I really wanted to make a country record, and that was the first song we wrote together.

turn 3 : The singer is implyihng that Frank Rogers and he cowrote the song in question together.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of (3) is a simple expression of agreement, while the implied meaning is that the speaker is amazed by the story of Steve Dalkowski's feats.

turn 3 : The lyrics of the song in turn 3 are actually about a romantic relationship, not an actual shark in the water.

turn 3 : This turn is literal in meaning, as it is a straightforward question asking about the speaker's children.


The best story.

Just another story.

Really quickly, the New York Jets have announced their new head coach, Bill, and I know that that is a subject of your next wonderful column. Give us a sneak preview.

Well, yeah. Buddy Ryan's son, Rex Ryan, had his first conference yesterday, and you know, he was so enthusiastic I was ready to snap on the pass.

turn 2 : (2) implies that the speaker is not enthusiastic about the topic

turn 2 :  (2) implies that Mr. Groves is joining the conversation for the purpose of providing his expertise on the topic.

turn 2 : "and I know that that is the subject of your next wonderful column" implies that the next column written should be about that subject

turn 2 : She is agreeing that they debated and making it humorous.


The best story.

Just another story.

turn 3 : A isn't really ready to snap on the pass. That just means that the coach's enthusiasm was infectious, and 'A' felt like he was ready to play football for him.

turn 3 : He felt like he was watching a contestant on a game show.

turn 3 : to be rolled over means to step aside and the narrator is suggesting that the man needs to defend himself.

turn 3 : is to practice or prepare for a performance.

turn 3 : B is implying that the situation is challenging and nerve-wracking for those involved in the operation, not necessarily that A and their team are nervous.


Will you try and legislate in spite of the president instead of with him?I mean, it seems that he is distracting from what the Republican Congress is trying to do.

Oh, absolutely. I think we'll move forward without that. I think that the president can certainly - I mean, it would be helpful, obviously, if the president makes that pivot - and I certainly hope that he does - where he's certainly more deliberate, more thoughtful in his approach - certainly gets off this Twitter stuff (laughter) - where, you know, I think that, as commander in chief - and I've said this before - that the men and women who serve this country in uniform want to see a president focused on the fact that we're a nation at war and not in a Twitter war with Rosie O'Donnell.

And so I think - I hope that this president can self-correct - this presidency can stabilize. But the Congress needs to move forward with policies that matter to the American people. And the president is doing something important right now in having visited Saudi Arabia - and to strengthen our alliance with Saudi Arabia, to counter that Iranian - Syrian, certainly under Assad, and Russia axis of power that is strengthening.

You know, you're talking about Twitter, but there were reports last week that the president disclosed sensitive intelligence information from Israel to Russian diplomats in an Oval Office meeting. You're a veteran. Do you have any concerns about the president's national security judgment, just briefly?

turn 0 : The actual meaning different from the literal meaning is:  "...the president's budget director had to walk that back and say we shouldn't take that word for word."  The literal meaning of this sentence is that the president's budget director had to retract or clarify the statement made by the president. However, the implied meaning is that the president's initial statement was not accurate or well-thought-out, and it needed to be corrected or softened to avoid negative consequences.

turn 0 : (1) Implied meaning: Are you suggesting that despite the good things Franklin Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln did, they were still wrong for certain actions?

turn 0 : "legislate in spite of the president instead of with him" - figurative meaning, implies that the Congress will pass laws even if the president is not in agreement with them.

turn 0 : Congress passed a bill despite the likely negative consequences.

turn 0 : Congress is not doing its job and is passing their responsibilities to the president who then abuses his power


turn 1 : The actual meaning different from the literal meaning is:  "We're getting a tweet from President Trump... But he's tweeted, I called Chuck Schumer yesterday to see if the Dems would do a great health care bill. Obamacare is badly broken, big premiums. Who knows?"  The literal meaning of this statement is that President Trump tweeted about calling Chuck Schumer and his concerns about the broken state of Obamacare. However, the implied meaning is that the president's use of Twitter to discuss important matters like healthcare policy is unorthodox and lacks the seriousness or deliberation that is typically expected in political discourse.

turn 1 : "get off this Twitter stuff" - figurative meaning, implies that the president should stop using social media as a means of communication and focus on more important issues.

turn 1 : We cannot trust Twitter as a reliable source of information.

turn 1 : The president is trying to divert attention away from negative news about him and his administration


turn 2 : And Lamar Smith, the congressman and head of the Judiciary Committee, has a statement basically saying this is why we need a new, stronger Congress to pass tougher immigration laws here in Washington, thanks to - these kind of decisions show we need stronger laws out of Washington.  The turn does not have a figurative meaning different from its literal meaning.

turn 2 : to adopt laws means to make new laws

turn 2 :  "the Congress needs to move forward with policies that matter to the American people" - literal meaning, refers to the Congress passing laws that are important to the citizens of the United States.

turn 2 : Pushing for better policy implies that we are actively working to achieve a better policy to be produced by the government.


My final thing is this, and I appreciate your coming on, one of the cornerstones of the president then-candidate Obama's approach to the people was that he would reach across the aisle, and there have been questions as to whether he really reached across the aisle effectively as far as the stimulus is concerned, fair or unfair?

I think he was effective. I mean, I'm not sure he ever could have expected to win a lot of people over but he had to be seen as trying. A budget after all like this stimulus economic recovery plan is actually a budget measure. It incorporates the priorities of the majority party, and the Republicans and Democrats have very different ideas of how to handle spending and taxes. So he was never going to get a lot of votes, but he tried. And he clearly, he tried not just stylistically but substantively. And what your listeners have to remember is that there are very moderate Republicans left in Congress. There's very few people left to deal with because Democrats have been so successful at the polls for the last two cycles.

I've got about 15 seconds for this, would you say that the president - this president - is under more public scrutiny that either of his recent predecessors?

Well, any president is under scrutiny, but I think yes. I mean, he's a ground breaker. He is the first African-American president that alone would bring him more scrutiny.

turn 0 : on that note means speaking of which, or they are moving the discussion forward with a topic that was mentioned.

turn 0 : cornerstone means in this context that it is a significant issue.

turn 0 : The bottom line means the most important fact of the situation.

turn 0 : it is a metaphorical field, it just means there are not as many candidates running for the election as there was in the past because some decided not to continue running

turn 0 : being adopted in this context means "is something being used?"


. . . For your research on pulsars and for being a leader in the scientific community. So what does this latest accolade mean to you?

Well, it left me speechless when I got the news because I never, ever dreamt of this, I must admit. And it's a vast sum of money, as well, which. . .

. . . Is, really, I think, a bit hard to believe.

It certainly is. A lot has changed for women in science, but, as I'm sure you know, a lot hasn't. And I think the fact that you're giving away the money for scholarships may be a nod to the fact that it's still hard for certain people to break into the field.

turn 3 : B is asking A to distinguish between teens who experiment with gender identities and those who genuinely feel comfortable identifying outside of traditional gender roles.

turn 3 : The implication of this statement is that the scientific community needs to come together and use their collective power to push for change.

turn 3 : It's best to be receptive to any thought that comes your way.

turn 3 : Their notion is to do as much as you can and don't think about the numbers too much.

turn 3 : It may be a way to give attention to women trying to break into science.