I would too. I would too.

turn 1 : "I saw so many people who wouldn't necessarily know the difference between an end zone fade and icing in hockey say automatically without parsing through the situation of his play at all that it has to be racial."  The actual meaning implied in this statement is that many people who lack knowledge about football and its technicalities automatically assume that Colin Kaepernick's situation is racially motivated, without analyzing the specifics of his performance.

turn 1 : The implied meaning of (4) is that the tensions between Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois are still relevant today. This is different from the literal meaning, which is that the two men had tensions.

turn 1 : In (2), B asks about working with actors and acknowledges that the actor's performance is distinct from the creator's vision in graphic novels. The literal meaning of the words is straightforward and does not imply any additional or hidden meanings. However, the implied meaning is that B is curious about the challenges A faces in collaborating with actors, and whether A finds it frustrating to work with actors who have their own interpretation of the material.

turn 1 : (2).  When B says "With all due regard to Beckett and Shakespeare and the other fine playwrights you mentioned, I'd put Tennessee Williams up against all seven or eight of them," they are not actually suggesting that they would pit Tennessee Williams in a physical or competitive sense against other playwrights. Rather, they are expressing their high regard for Tennessee Williams as a playwright and suggesting that they consider him to be on par with, or even superior to, other great playwrights like Beckett and Shakespeare. This is a common expression used to convey a high level of respect or admiration for someone or something, without actually implying a literal competition.

turn 1 : (3) "What's the mix of ambition and vulnerability that makes child actors prey?" - The speaker is not actually asking for a mix of qualities that make child actors vulnerable, but rather pointing out that child actors are often vulnerable to abuse and questioning the underlying factors that contribute to this vulnerability.


(Laughter) Well, listen. This was an amazing victory for Alabama. It was a victory, I think, for decency - common decency. And it shows that Alabama was willing to put principle over party. I was very excited that my district overperformed. And I was particularly excited about the African-American turnout. You know, I think that people understood that the stakes were high. This administration has had a negative effect on our community. It's reversing a lot of the Obama-era progress that we've made. And I'm just very pleased that people showed up and showed out.

Was the role of women especially important?

Absolutely. You know, it was shown that Doug received 57 percent of all female votes. And that included 98 percent of the African-American women vote. The issues that matter most to my district affect the family and affect our children. And so I think that you really saw a major outpouring of women, especially African-American women, in this election.

On the other hand, as there always is with those journalists, Roy Moore was an especially polarizing figure, even among Republicans. Do you draw any significance from what you were able to accomplish in this election with what you think Democrats ought to be doing for 2018?

turn 1 : And as women become more politically active, they become more politically attuned - they are seeing these things, and they are realizing that they need to be represented in Congress to have full power and full equality in this society."  In these turns, the speakers are implying that there is a need for increased representation of women in Congress in order to achieve gender equality and address the underrepresentation of women in positions of power. The literal meanings of the statements may focus on the numbers or demographics, but the implied meaning goes beyond that to highlight the importance of equal representation and the pursuit of gender equality.

turn 1 : The women are not running but they are trying to get elected.

turn 1 : The listener asks whether women played a crucial role in the election.

turn 1 : The candidate had something troubling in their past.

turn 1 : (2). The literal meaning of (2) is that a record number of women were elected to the Senate and House in 1992, and there has been a gradual increase since then. However, the implied meaning is that there is still a significant underrepresentation of women in Congress, and more needs to be done to achieve full equality and representation.


There's been a lot of death on this mountain over the past couple of years. 2012, six climbers died one day on the summit. In 2013, there was that brawl between some Sherpas and some European climbers. Sixteen people died last year on Everest, and there was the April earthquake. Why would someone want to climb Everest now?

You know, it baffles me, but, you know, this mountain has an inescapable pull for a lot of people. It's been more than four years now since there's been, you know, what would pass for a quiet season on Mount Everest. And each year that I thought that there might be a normal season, it got unimaginably worse, which is just difficult to fathom.

You know, I think that some teams are thinking about going to the North side. Some people are actually, you know, canceling their trips, and people are thinking about other mountains. But for a lot of people, you know, Everest is - it's a mythical kind of place. And for a lot of people, I think it's a lifelong dream that nothing is going to stand between them and the summit.

Grayson Schaffer, Outside Magazine senior editor, speaking with us from Santa Fe. Thanks so much for being with us.

turn 1 : (2) In this turn, the speaker says "this mountain has an inescapable pull for a lot of people" which means that Mount Everest has a strong attraction that draws many people towards it, despite the danger and risks involved. The literal meaning would be that the mountain physically pulls people towards it, which is not true.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of turn (4) is that the speaker could have reached the summit of K2 but chose not to risk losing their fingers or a tip of a finger. However, the implied meaning is that the speaker prioritizes their physical well-being over the achievement of reaching the summit of K2. This suggests that the speaker is sensible and cautious when it comes to decision-making, even in high-risk situations.

turn 1 : In turn (2), the speaker is describing the use of oversized slingshots in a conflict to throw pipe bombs farther than they would normally be able to reach. The literal meaning is a description of the physical objects and their use, but the implied meaning is the unusual and desperate measures taken in a violent conflict.

turn 1 : The literal meaning: The speaker mentions that they discuss this as a significant starting point or origin for the book. The implied meaning: The speaker suggests that this event plays a crucial role in shaping the themes or direction of the book.


turn 2 : "Top of the world" is not literal, it just means the man was very successful at the time.

turn 2 : "Monument Avenue is one of the most beautiful stretches of street in the United States of America. I mean, it's tree-lined. It's on the national historic registry. There are statues to Robert E. Lee. There's a statue to Jeb Stuart, to, you know, Stonewall Jackson. And there's a lonely statue of Arthur Ashe, which I call the only true champion on that stretch of street." - The actual meaning is the speaker is expressing their opinion about Monument Avenue and the statues on it, highlighting the controversial nature of the Confederate statues and elevating Arthur Ashe as a true hero, rather than just providing factual information.

turn 2 : (3) Here, the speaker says "Everest is - it's a mythical kind of place" which means that Everest has a legendary and symbolic significance in people's minds and imaginations. The literal meaning would be that Everest is a place of myth or fiction, which is not true

turn 2 : world in this context means that there is many

turn 2 : The turn that has an actual meaning different from its literal meaning is (4): "How do you cast sculptures in what amounts to an underwater gallery, not just this installation in the Thames, obviously, but some that you've done all over the world?"


And it's most importantly for us, combined with great food, great food and dining experiences. And as more of our culture gets into more of the artsy and fine wine and fine dining experiences, wine is more of a part of that for all cultures.

Do you ever find people saying to you, OK, it's great that you do this, but your world is so on another planet. And what you do is so ridiculously specialized, I can't even talk to you because I don't know what you're talking about?

Definitely find less and less that. I think everybody in our - the mystique of wine and the exclusivity of wine, those barriers have been broken down, to a large degree, and people are less and less afraid to try wine and to have fun with it themselves.

They ask questions about some of the technical aspects of it. We're very fortunate as a family, and the other members of the African-American Association of Vintners are also from various backgrounds, and they get the same kind of questions that we do. . .

turn 1 : Starting a wine-making business is a significant achievement.

turn 1 :  where the speaker uses words that are not typically associated with wine tasting, such as "burnt hair," "desiccated strawberry," and "armpit," to describe the taste of wine. The implied meaning is that sommeliers use highly imaginative and unconventional ways to describe the taste of wine, which may not be easily understandable to the average person.

turn 1 : A: "My wine epiphany happened while I was watching other people drink and in particular, because I got sucked into watch - binge-watching YouTube videos of the Best Sommelier in the World competition. And all my life, I have been obsessed with obsession. And so when I stumbled into this subculture, I was hooked. I was just fascinated by these stories."  In this turn, the actual meaning is different from the literal meaning because the speaker is not simply talking about watching other people drink wine and getting interested in it. The implied meaning is that the speaker became deeply engrossed in the world of sommeliers and their stories through watching videos, which led to their passion for pursuing professional wine-drinking. The emphasis is on the fascination with the sommelier subculture rather than just watching people drink wine.

turn 1 : People feel intimidated by the specialized wine culture.

turn 1 : Implicated meaning: The descriptions used in the wine tasting group were incredibly imaginative and evocative, to the point where they seemed like mystical incantations or enchantments found in a Wiccan book of love spells. It implies that the language used to describe the flavors and aromas of wine can be poetic, enchanting, and highly creative, going beyond literal descriptions.


turn 2 : Starting a wine-making business is a significant achievement.

turn 2 : The exclusivity of wine has decreased, and people are more open to trying it.

turn 2 : Implicated meaning: The descriptions used in the wine tasting group were incredibly imaginative and evocative, to the point where they seemed like mystical incantations or enchantments found in a Wiccan book of love spells. It implies that the language used to describe the flavors and aromas of wine can be poetic, enchanting, and highly creative, going beyond literal descriptions.

turn 2 : this entire line is more joking, unusual fermented beverages just means they went around the world and found different alcoholic beverages depending on the country and culture.


He wrote tons of letters. I bet there are a hundred thousand - hundreds out there signed, all the best, George Bush. Many of them are compiled in a lovely volume he did. His - you know, he was the son of a mother who insisted that he not talk - that one not talk about oneself. He was - so when it came time to write a book after he left the presidency, he didn't. . .

Oh, right.

His mother's ghostly influence was such that he felt it would be too puffed up to write a standard memoir. So he wrote a - he essentially published a compilation of his letters. I believe it's called - the title is "All The Best, George Bush. "Famously, in 19 - excuse me - '88, when he was running for president of the United States and he was home and in Greenwich for Thanksgiving, sitting around the table, telling, you know, pretty interesting stories about running for president, his mother rapped on the table and said, George, you're talking about yourself too much. Stop it.

Now. . .

turn 0 : tons of letters implies a very large number and not to full a ton

turn 0 : "writ large" - This phrase means "on a large scale" or "as a general principle," rather than referring to something that is physically written in large letters.

turn 0 : a lot of stuff means there is a massive amount

turn 0 : tons of letters implies large quantities of letters and not letters that measured up many tons


Tomorrow, car sales numbers for November are due out, and they're not expected to be good. That could lead to more dealerships shutting down, and that could mean a big loss of revenue for local governments. For example, this year, the state of California has lost at least two billion dollars in sales taxes due to the drop in car sales.

To get a better sense of how local governments are coping, we're joined now by Marshall Bond. He is the city manager for Monroeville, Pennsylvania. Thanks for joining us, and why don't you tell us how many car dealerships are in Monroeville?

Just about every major domestic and foreign manufacturer sells cars here in Monroeville.

And so, how much of your budget comes from the revenue from car sales at these dealerships?

We have a business tax which obviously is, I'd say, probably of that - I'd say total tax is probably about 15 to 20 percent is based upon our related car industry.

turn 0 : The car sales numbers for November are expected to be bad and it may lead to dealership shutdowns, causing a big loss of revenue for local governments.

turn 0 : The auto industry is experiencing trouble and unemployment is rising. The Dow Jones Index's drop below 8,000 has Wall Street concerned

turn 0 : The lack of bonuses affected stock market sales.

turn 0 : Leasing becoming more expensive will make it difficult for some people to afford cars

turn 0 : The recession will not have a quick recovery


turn 0 : Car sales numbers for November are not expected to be good


turn 1 : There is a serious need for public transportation in the region.

turn 1 : can be interpreted as a way to inquire about the current situation in the city, not just the events taking place.

turn 1 : Car companies want to know the future regulations to plan ahead

turn 1 : The guest will provide insight into how local governments are dealing with the issue of car sales.

turn 1 : The speaker is implying that kids are getting involved in stealing cars at a very young age.


turn 4 : This implies that there's a lot of deduction or loopholes in the tax code.

turn 4 : Efforts are being made to increase the efficiency of American cars and shift towards renewable energy sources

turn 4 : "taking a car city, a city that was designed for cars, and turning it into a walkable city" This turn has a metaphorical meaning. It does not refer to physically turning a city but rather transforming the urban infrastructure and policies to make it more pedestrian-friendly.

turn 4 : San Francisco needs to start asking the tech sector to pay their fair share of taxes so that everyone can live and thrive in the city.

turn 4 : A significant portion of the city's tax revenue is generated from the car industry.


turn 4 :  The implied meaning of the second turn is asking if the tax rate in Indiana is lower than Illinois, and if it is, will the winner of Amazon's second headquarters have to grant so many tax breaks that it won't be a big economic gain in the end.

turn 4 : A significant portion of Monroeville's tax revenue comes from the car industry

turn 4 : The demographics of Los Angeles may affect the demand for public transportation.

turn 4 : Sales tax is crucial to South Dakota's budget due to lack of income tax


Well "Band of Gold" would be it, but by the time I get to the end of the show, and I'm coming back for that last encore…

(Singing) Now that you're gone, all that's left is a band of gold…

A lot of times, I will do "Band of Gold," and as a matter of fact, I - and I find that it's a good thing because I see people in the audience just light up, like (unintelligible)…

turn 0 : Do you ever feel that way, you're just so tired of singing, but you know you have to because that song is so closely associated with who you are?" - The implied meaning here is that the person is feeling tired of singing a particular song, but they feel obligated to continue performing it because it is an integral part of their identity and public persona.

turn 0 : Singing my dad's music wasn't literally the last thing I wanted to do, it just means I really didn't want to do it.

turn 0 : The speaker feels the need to perform music to feel complete.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: People are feeling resentment and anger towards people who think they don't have to follow the same rules as everyone else.

turn 0 : The songs that I sing have a message that can inspire change in the world.


turn 1 : The speaker is mentioning a song that reflects their current emotions.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of the statement is Deborah Amos thanking the speaker, but the implied meaning is that the conversation is over.

turn 1 : A is asking B if they have over a thousand songs.

turn 1 : "Well 'Band of Gold' would be it, but by the time I get to the end of the show, and I'm coming back for that last encore…" - The implied meaning here is that "Band of Gold" is the song that the person is referring to, but they are indicating that they may be too exhausted by the end of their performance to give it their all during the final encore.

turn 1 : The singer is not actually asking someone to show them the way home but rather expressing their loneliness and desperation due to feeling lost and without direction.


turn 2 : The speaker is mentioning a song that reflects their current emotions.

turn 2 : "(Singing) Now that you're gone, all that's left is a band of gold…" - The implied meaning here is that the person is singing a melancholy song about the loss of a loved one and how all that remains is a tangible reminder of their love (represented by a band of gold).

turn 2 : (3) The actual meaning of this phrase is to remember those people who have died, not to pray for the singer.

turn 2 : The speaker is implying that the song was inspired by wanting to write a stereotypical country song about heartbreak and the wife leaving


turn 2 :  (3) is not a meaningful statement, so its actual meaning is different from its literal meaning.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of (3) is a simple expression of agreement, while the implied meaning is that the speaker is amazed by the story of Steve Dalkowski's feats.

turn 2 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 2 : The actual meaning of (3) is, A is expressing a feeling of sadness and nostalgia over the loss of a loved one.


turn 3 : "A lot of times, I will do 'Band of Gold,' and as a matter of fact, I - and I find that it's a good thing because I see people in the audience just light up, like (unintelligible)…" - The implied meaning here is that the person often performs "Band of Gold," and they enjoy doing so because they observe that it brings joy to their audience and creates a positive atmosphere.

turn 3 : The speaker is mentioning a song that reflects their current emotions.

turn 3 : the musicians actually created a spark in the speaker's imagination, but the figurative meaning is that the musicians inspired the speaker's creativity.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using understatement or exaggeration to convey a message, often to emphasize a point or to add humor to a situation.


The storm was downgraded to a category-two hurricane just as it hit land. So, that's got to be good news for everybody there.

Oh, yes. The staff here, were all looking at the - upstairs in the ops room and stuff - They're looking at the weather, everybody's feeling much confident. Our field units - people who first responded are feeling better about the situation, we'll just wait for the past five - even more so that we can get crews out and do a real good damage assessment of the whole parish including the parts in the lower parishes, which will be closer to the eye itself.

Now that the storm has hit land, what are the projections for where it will go and how it will go over the next twelve hours?

Well, my understanding, it's going to slowly drift north, stretching north west and then a little more to the west, and there's a possibility that it may slow down and maybe even stall near the Louisiana, Texas line.

turn 3 : "But do you think that the lessons of storms like that, but especially of Galveston, mean that the loss of life and property on that scale really isn't likely to happen again?" - The literal meaning of this turn is whether the lessons from Galveston and similar storms will prevent a recurrence of such a disaster. The actual meaning is whether the efforts to mitigate the effects of such disasters can prevent such high levels of loss of life and property.

turn 3 : The hurricane may cause severe impacts along the coastline despite staying offshore.

turn 3 : The hurricane caused severe destruction and devastation in the area.

turn 3 : The hurricane may slow down and cause damage near the Louisiana-Texas border.

turn 3 :  (4) - This is asking for the biggest worries or concerns of Mr. DeMaria regarding the effects of the hurricane.


Hi, Tony. How are you?

Listen, people define hate groups in different ways. So two things for you, how does the Southern Poverty Law Center determine if an organization deserves this classification, and what kinds of groups are we talking about here?

Basically, our definition of a hate group is a group which in its platform statements or in the speeches or writings of its leader says that an entire group of other people by virtue of their group characteristics is somehow less. So in other words, a group that says, you know, all black people are criminals, all white people are blue-eyed devils, all the Jews are whatever, is a hate group by our definition.

Are we talking then about the Klan, Nazi skinheads, something different and new perhaps?

turn 2 : The remark had racial undertones because of his skin color

turn 2 : I do not think that the ugliness mentioned is meant to be literal but metaphorical.

turn 2 : whites refers to the Europeans and Americans and not just a color

turn 2 : White progressives cause harm to people of color despite their belief that they are not racist.

turn 2 : "Blue-eyed devils" isn't literal. something people might say to indicate they think white people are evil. But they don't have to have blue eyes or be literal devils.


Exactly. And so this is how you get this agency in the middle of this fight with its current director leaving and trying to set something up to protect it on his way out the door.

So why is this complicated?Because directors leave agencies all the time and acting directors come in through clear lines of succession and then ultimately somebody else might be appointed. What's going on here?

Yeah. So Richard Cordray, the Obama-era appointee, was basically trying to protect the agency. And written into its founding document - written into the Dodd-Frank law - it says that when there's a vacancy, the deputy director becomes the acting director. So Cordray named Leandra English, who had been his chief of staff, to be the deputy director as he was walking out the door. Then, a few hours later, the White House announced that the president had picked Mick Mulvaney to be the acting director. He's the White House budget director, also an outspoken critic of CFPB - basically, saying at one point along the way that he thought it should be shut down.

Now the White House says the law's on their side.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that other members of the White House may seek legal counsel in light of President Trump's actions.

turn 3 : The actual meaning of the third turn is that the speaker is implying that the current administration is trying to prevent important information from being released, and this is why they are pushing people to contact them with information.

turn 3 :  implies that something else is going on behind the scenes that is not typical of director changes, (3) implies that the Obama-era appointee was trying to protect the agency in an unconventional way, and (4) implies that the White House is attempting to justify their side of the argument by citing the law.

turn 3 : Implies that the speaker would like to see further reforms beyond what is suggested by Speaker Ryan.

turn 3 : (4). While the literal meaning of the turn is that President Obama will be somewhere, the actual meaning is unclear without further context. It is possible that the speaker is asking whether the person they are speaking to wants President Obama to make a statement or take action regarding Sandy's situation, but this is not explicitly stated.


Not solely, no. And this is something that is commonly, I think, misunderstood. The cornerstone of the healing profession and the physician is the patient relationship. But psychiatry more than any other really has an imperative to maintain the primacy of the patient relationship, so medications were extraordinarily important; they were miraculous developments, but medications alone can't do it.

Yeah. Between fever cures and induced comas and drilling holes in the skull and lobotomies, psychiatry has done some painful things to people in the name of science over the years, hasn't it?

Well, that's the point. That's why it's the untold story. In order for us to genuinely make a case for why psychiatry is a medical discipline that deserves sort of equal footing and respect as other medical specialties, we needed to fess up in terms of what the past was. And so in order to do so, we needed to tell the unvarnished history of the field and then describe why things may not have been helpful and in some cases harmful then, but why that's different now. And nobody should avoid seeking treatment if they think they need it because of uncertainty or fear.

Dr.  Jeffrey Lieberman has written, with Ogi Ogas, a new book "Shrinks: The Untold Story Of Psychiatry. "Thanks so much for being with us.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of this turn is that someone is suffering from schizophrenic paranoia and another person believes they should be put in jail instead of a hospital. However, the implied meaning is that the speaker is discussing the mental state of someone else and their legal situation, which may be relevant to the conversation but is not explicitly stated.

turn 1 : The actual meaning of turn (2) is different from its literal meaning. While the literal meaning refers to the painful methods that psychiatry has used in the past to cure people, the implicated meaning is that psychiatry has a history of questionable and even harmful practices, which have affected people's trust in the field.

turn 1 : The turn in (2) is a figurative expression and its actual meaning is different from its literal meaning.

turn 1 : Turn (2) has an actual meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is not discussing an attempt to physically move goalposts, but rather a rhetorical strategy of avoiding answering certain questions.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using metaphors or analogies to convey a complex idea or emotion in a more relatable or understandable way.


turn 3 : The literal meaning of this turn is to thank the guest for joining the show and being available. The implied meaning is to thank the guest for their contribution to the show and for providing useful information.

turn 3 :  The implied meaning of this turn is that the guest is expressing gratitude for being invited to the show

turn 3 : "Thank you." - The literal meaning is a polite response to being welcomed to the show. The implied meaning is that the guest is ready and willing to contribute to the discussion.

turn 3 :  the literal meaning is that the host is thanking the guest for being with them. However, the actual meaning is that the host is ending the interview and thanking the guest for participating.

turn 3 :  A: "Thanks, really, for having me." - The literal meaning of this turn is an expression of gratitude for being invited to participate. The actual meaning is that the speaker appreciates the opportunity to share their knowledge and expertise on the topic at hand.


And could you please describe the dish for us?

Yeah, without getting into all the controversy surrounding the dish, basically it consists of guanciale, which is the cured, salted cheek of a pig, tomatoes, usually tinned or jarred, not fresh tomatoes, pecorino, which is sheep's milk cheese, and a little bit of dried hot chili pepper, which the Italians called peperoncino.

And it was, at one point, distinct to this area of Italy.

It's hard to be absolutely hard and fast about these things. But, yes, I mean, there was a version which is currently called pasta Gricia, which is without the tomatoes, and that's definitely from this region. And it's probable that the version with tomatoes, which is called Amatriciana now, is from the region. But some people think that the tomatoes happened in Rome. Rome has certainly taken the dish to its heart, and you'll often find it described as a Roman pasta.

And what's the controversy that you were trying to avoid?

turn 4 : (4) - This turn implies that the speaker is urging the other speaker to stay and lend their voice to the debate, as their opinion is important and relevant.

turn 4 : (4) Implies that the speaker is asking if the restaurant that the person they are talking to owns has helped them in any way with their endeavours.

turn 4 : Implies that the speaker has knowledge of a controversy related to the dish, but doesn't want to talk about it.

turn 4 : The speaker is suggesting that there may be a hidden agenda or underlying motive behind their words.


Tracy Letts, who won the 2008 Pulitzer Prize for his play, has adapted it for the screen. He's also won a Tony for starring on Broadway in "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?"He plays a U. S.  senator in the latest season of "Homeland," and is a member of Chicago's Steppenwolf ensemble. Tracy Letts joins us from Chicago. Thanks so much for being with us.

Thanks for having me.

You know, such a well-known play, but I'm afraid I don't think I've ever heard the story of how you came to write "August: Osage County. "

It's based on family history. My grandfather - my mother's father - committed suicide when I was 10 years old. And my grandmother descended into years of downer addiction, which had a horrible impact on my family and has ripples in my family even to this day. And watching all of that unfold as a 10-year-old certainly had an impact on me.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is implying that her character's story line on the show mirrored her own life experience.

turn 3 : This turn is literal in meaning, as it is a straightforward question asking about the speaker's children.

turn 3 : The literal meaning is that the speaker wants to examine the motives behind the actions of the people involved in the events. The implied meaning is that the speaker is questioning whether their mother's version of events was accurate and whether the motives behind the actions were as terrible as their mother portrayed them to be.

turn 3 : The actual meaning of (3) is, A is expressing a feeling of sadness and nostalgia over the loss of a loved one.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of (4) is that Tracy Letts watched his family suffer when he was 10 years old, but the implied meaning is that the experience had a lasting effect on him and shaped his life and art.


Well, we got some comments about a story we did on a reported drop of media coverage on the war in Iraq. Charles Durn(ph) in Doylestown, Pennsylvania wrote us this. I am amazed how the various reasons given for the reduced coverage skip the obvious. One of your guests said that coverage switched off the same week General Petraeus said the surge was working. The obvious reason is the press is not interested in success in Iraq, especially if it made Bush look good.

Caroline Madelle Bennett(ph) in Rochester, New York praised us for a guest on that same segment. I don't care for much of what NPR puts on anymore, but I want you to know that I appreciate your having Laura Flanders on this evening. She's one of the intelligent voices of which there are so few on radio, in broadcast news, commentary and analysis.

We got a couple of comments on the monthly series on jazz that we're doing. Last week, we talked about how radio stations were dropping jazz from their programming lineups. Melinda Kennedy, who listens on WMUE FM noted this. It's not the music that keeps me from listening, but the radio personalities that host the shows.

And Don Nickels(ph) from Wildwood, Missouri chimed in, jazz has not suffered. Most of the greats are gone, but other than that it is the same as it's been for decades. It is a black genre and has never made it out of that community. Should it have more exposure on the radio?Maybe. But if no one is listening, who will pay?Welcome to what makes the world go round. It's called capitalism.

turn 0 : The press is biased and not interested in reporting positive news about Iraq.

turn 0 : The chaos in the White House is providing a lot of news content for journalists to cover.

turn 0 : The media does not have as much influence over voters as people might think.

turn 0 : News coverage can cause people to pay more attention to things that were happening anyway.

turn 0 : Journalists sometimes face danger, and killing them won't stop the truth.


turn 2 : The music business was losing a great deal of money with end in sight.

turn 2 : There is a lack of new soul music that can become classics in the future.

turn 2 : The radio personalities hosting jazz shows are not good.

turn 2 : B is interested in the connection between jazz and hip-hop in A's work.

turn 2 : Soul music by independent artists is scarce and difficult to find on the radio.


Like, for example, in Denmark, they have these open sandwiches that they're very famous for. And they really say a lot about, you know, Denmark as a country, being a very rich agriculture region, and you see this on these sandwiches. You know, they're fully laden with a huge spectrum of different toppings, very sort of rich and opulent sandwiches that you can't even - you know, you have to eat them from a plate with knife and a fork, right?

Yeah.

And then if you go up to where I grew up, a sandwich there would probably be more of a, you know, a piece of flatbread with a layer of butter and a layer of cheese on it that you would eat standing up. And I think it's a very interesting thing, you know, those things that, you know, are kind of a broader concept exist in a big geographic region but that vary a lot depending on where you are.

Chef Magnus Nilsson of "The Nordic Cookbook. "Thank you, chef.

turn 0 : The food in a region is influenced by its religion and proximity to other countries.

turn 0 :  I thought, and actually, at first, I didn't want to do it when it was proposed to me. And I was even a little bit offended by the fact that someone wants to kind of lump this very, very large region into one book. You know, the Nordics is a geographical region. It's not really a cultural region.  In this turn, the speaker is expressing their initial reluctance and offense towards the idea of creating a book that encompasses the entire Nordic region. The literal meaning of the statement is clear, but the implicated meaning goes beyond the words themselves. The speaker implies that the cultural diversity within the Nordic region is significant and should not be oversimplified or generalized.

turn 0 : when a country is divided it means that the people living in the country have very different opinions from one another

turn 0 : "they really say a lot about, you know, Denmark as a country" - This turn means that the open sandwiches are representative of Denmark's rich agricultural region, not that they literally communicate something about the country.

turn 0 : The speaker is pointing out the cultural differences between America and their country, where America tends to cover up imperfections while their country embraces them. Implicated meaning: The speaker values authenticity and honesty over superficial appearances.


Yeah.

turn 1 : "a sandwich there would probably be more of a, you know, a piece of flatbread with a layer of butter and a layer of cheese on it" - This turn means that the sandwiches in the region where the speaker grew up are simple and easy to eat on the go, not that they are literally only made with flatbread, butter, and cheese.

turn 1 : A uses the phrase "eating a hamburger or something" to refer to what he will eat on that day. The actual meaning of the phrase is that he will likely have a meal that is quick and easy to obtain, rather than specifically referring to a hamburger.

turn 1 :  (2) The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is curious to know what kind of help the two people provided each other with during their lunch time.

turn 1 :  "referred to a BLT as a BLT without saying bacon, lettuce and tomato" - The literal meaning is that the person referred to a BLT sandwich without mentioning its components, which is also the actual meaning.

turn 1 :  "You can indict a ham sandwich." - This turn of phrase is an idiom and does not have a literal meaning. It means that a prosecutor can secure an indictment, or formal accusation of a crime, against anyone, even if the evidence is weak or lacking. The turn of phrase is used to emphasize that the indictment alone does not prove guilt.


Scott, I've never seen anything like this really in China. I've been in and out of here for close to 20 years. And so I was talking to this low-level manager, and he said officials here were getting kickbacks to approve coal mines and other businesses.

Yeah.

They were using shell companies to invest. So what they were basically doing was - they don't really care about the real economy. They were just looking for ways to profit. And so you sort of see this breakdown in the system where you've got the wrong incentives and corruption is driving a lot of this.

Have you been able to talk to people, Frank?

turn 0 : kicked around means people are talking about it quite frequently

turn 0 : on and off means in this context that they are doing something then not doing something

turn 0 : The behavior was unacceptable to what the people would accept.

turn 0 : A "kickback" in this case refers to a bribe or some other incentive, no actual physical interaction is happening in reality.

turn 0 : It is unclear exactly what the motive for the actions was.


He wound up in a room in Jordan for 45 days and sent along the most dangerous road in the world and then become some kind of global symbol.

And then what happened to Kamala?

To be a widow in Nepal, you're pretty much - you become the property of your husband's family after you get married. And if he dies, you're sort of treated that way, sadly. So she was completely isolated by his family. She was cast out. She wound up at a home for widows and their children in Kathmandu, an ashram. I found her there in 2005. She was so devastated, she couldn't even look at me.

I went back to Nepal in 2013 to write about the same supply chains feeding guys making cameras for the iPhone 5 in Malaysia. And some of the families that I wrote about at the time and got together and - was this woman, this magnetic woman who lit up the room, who was leading the conversation that everybody was deferring to. She was cutting off the men, which you also don't see much of in Nepal. And I didn't even recognize her.

turn 2 : The treatment of widows in Nepal is unfair and oppressive.

turn 2 : The woman was a strong leader and dominated the conversation despite the patriarchal society in Nepal.

turn 2 : The living conditions of workers are terrible and lack privacy and basic necessities

turn 2 : It is being implied that her sister was not treated according to law.


Well, I think they're convening a panel tomorrow to discuss it once more. Declaring a public health emergency of international concern has big implications. So the closing of borders - you know, these are border towns. People - their livelihoods are dependent on being able to cross borders and do business.

Yeah.

Refugees who are fleeing armed conflict in DRC not being able to come into Uganda. So it - there are some serious implications on making that declaration, and I'm sure those will be considered.

How hopeful are you that this outbreak can be contained?

turn 0 : Is this situation just overshadowed by other refugee and humanitarian crises in the world?  Implicated meaning: Is this situation being overlooked or given less attention compared to other refugee and humanitarian crises in the world?

turn 0 : There is a dangerous situation happening that requires people to seek shelter and take precautions.

turn 0 : They want to know if the seriousness of the situation makes the government appear to be bad to the public.

turn 0 : People are concerned about immigration, not just interested.

turn 0 : Declaring a public health emergency of international concern has big implications for border towns and people's livelihoods.


Yeah.

turn 0 : Declaring a public health emergency of international concern has serious implications on border towns and people's livelihoods.

turn 0 : The situation of sick children at the border is worse than immigration officials claim


Yeah.

turn 2 :  Making the declaration can have serious implications, and the panel will consider it.

turn 2 : A implies that Sovereign act in its acceptable sense does not exist when a decree has been made which makes such claim vague.

turn 2 : There is doubt whether the Congress will be able to come up with a comprehensive solution for all the issues and it may require multiple attempts

turn 2 : Plan to make sure that the oversight is improved by the treasury Department


I think his great forte is understanding the problems that we face. He's had great experiences. You know, he was raised - a good part of his youth was in France. He speaks French fluently and understands Europeans quite well, and his being the Allied commander in Europe was absolutely a perfect fit. And he can expand that in giving advice in problems, literally, all over the world.

I read that James Jones went to Georgetown University, where he played basketball. Do you have any sensed of maybe whether he and President-elect Obama might discuss security issues over a game of hoops?

I wouldn't doubt it. President-elect Obama would also find he's a competitor. That ought to be an interesting basketball game.

Congressman Ike Skelton of Missouri. Thank you.

turn 0 : The speaker is pointing out the cultural differences between America and their country, where America tends to cover up imperfections while their country embraces them. Implicated meaning: The speaker values authenticity and honesty over superficial appearances.

turn 0 : following refer to or implies being interested in a situation or information

turn 0 : The person mentioned has a talent for comprehending problems and advising on them worldwide, due to his experiences and background, not necessarily related to France.

turn 0 : The person is thinking of a particular person but they are not going to say who.

turn 0 : They are on a list of people that are treated badly by the country.


turn 2 : President-elect Obama and James Jones may engage in an exciting basketball game because both are competitive, not just because they will discuss security issues.

turn 2 : Despite their past rivalry, Jim Jones may be needed to help smooth relations between Obama and Clinton

turn 2 : The Knicks come in and let people do better than they do at basketball.

turn 2 : Slam-dunked and dunked are basketball terms that aren't literal. Here, they mean making an effective attack on someone in the political arena.


That's right. And the U. S.  scientists had been very disappointed in the '58 Brussels fair because they felt the Russians had outshone us in terms of science. And they said we need to do something. And the Seattle guys came along and said, we want to do a fair. You want a science fair. That's what this will be about. The Space Needle was designed to be a symbol of the kind of uplift that science and technology represented to the world.

When they broke ground on the Space Needle, it was literally the same time that the Berlin Wall was being built. And it became this kind of symbol about the difference between us and the Soviets. They were putting up barbwire. We were putting up a vista to the world.

Talking with Knute Berger on SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR. I'm Ira Flatow here at - in Seattle at the Pacific Science Center right next to the Space Needle. If it were to be built today, would anything be built differently about it, structurally or design-wise or is it almost a perfect needle?

You know, I asked the engineer who's still alive who worked on it. I asked him that exact question. I said what would you today?And he said, basically, we wouldn't anything different. He said we could take some of the weight out of it. They overbuilt it. He. . .

turn 0 : Russian operatives used deceptive tactics to create far-right groups.

turn 0 : It changes the way you think about the situation. Russia wants to capitalize on everyone's problems in the region.

turn 0 : The Russian government does not get many chances for people to see them all over the world.

turn 0 : They felt the Russians had done a great deal better than they had. The Seattle guys contacted them about doing a fair. The Space Needle is a large tower with a pointed end at the top.

turn 0 : Russians have interfered in the elections and are doing it again.


turn 2 : The object is a tower that is very tall and has a sharp point at the end.

turn 2 : A is worried that he will face more difficulties in the upcoming games.

turn 2 : He causes chaos and trouble but he does not actually sow it

turn 2 : There were some personal problems, and he is trying to understand the reason behind them without being too direct.

turn 2 : He wants to know if the tower is perfect as is or should it be changed.


Thanks so much for being with us.

Thanks for having me.

One of the things you've written about is complicity in the power establishment. But also, you believe some women have been complicit - people you call game girls.

I do indeed write about the way that many of the women - including myself - many of the women I know are wrestling with the ways in which we have participated in this system or not participated in this system. So many of us - if not all of us - have engaged in this in one way or another, whether we were the objects of harassment or assault, whether we decided to stay silent and not report assaults - sometimes in an effort to not get the backlash that many women got when they did file complaints. But if we did that, then did we enable the perpetrators to do it to other women who are our younger colleagues or who came after us?If we did not participate - if we rebuffed, did that hurt our careers?

turn 1 :  (4) - Implied meaning: I am very grateful for the opportunities I have been given at my age.

turn 1 : (2) can mean "I'm grateful for this opportunity"

turn 1 : The turn in (3) has an implied meaning of appreciation rather than a literal meaning of thanks.

turn 1 : (3) implies gratitude and appreciation, (3) implies that the conversation is coming to an end


Thanks so much for being with us.

Thanks for having me.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be suggesting that there are some hidden or unknown factors that could influence the situation being discussed.

turn 3 : Women are vulnerable due to lack of privacy and basic necessities

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at a desire or need for help or support from the listener.

turn 3 : (4) can mean "Many of us have participated in this system in some way, whether we were the victims of harassment or assault, or if we chose to stay silent, which may have enabled perpetrators to do the same to other women."

turn 3 : The actual meaning of (3) is that many people wrongly assume that suspects will remain silent when questioned, when in fact they rarely do.


Well, there is actually a pretty good and well-established hypothesis about what actually happened 1300 years ago. There was giant lake of fresh water that spilled into the North Atlantic - this was sort of leftover water from the last ice age - and all this water affected the ocean circulation in the North Atlantic and stopped a conveyor belt of both water and air that was bringing warm air up from the equatorial regions to higher latitudes. And that's been the leading hypothesis for what caused this event, which is called the Younger Dryas. And so, somehow or other, they would have to figure out how the comet impact/collision event would fit in with this pretty well-established idea that there was this huge burst of fresh, cold water that went into the North Atlantic.

So, how will all this get sorted out?

Well, more data are needed, I think, is what scientists are fond of saying, and this is certainly a case where that is true.

NPR science correspondent, Richard Harris, thank you.

turn 2 :  The implication of this statement is that it will be difficult to reach a consensus among the scientific community due to their diverse opinions

turn 2 : The information does not boil down, but it gets to the most practical facts.

turn 2 : "What evidence do you cite? What evidence is there that human intelligence is slowly declining?"

turn 2 : (3): The research requires a lot of different initiatives. = It takes a lot of effort to research this field.

turn 2 : Scientists need more data to confirm their hypotheses.


Well, it certainly, was fine with you because I'm reading from your book here. This is what you said about non-African-American writers. Quote, "I have learned over the years as much about African-American life from non-African-American writers as I have from African-Americans. "That's interesting.

Yeah, I've read some very important books. I mean, there've been some very important scholars in my field which I deal with African-American studies. There've been some very important non-African-Americans who have written in that field and - who've done tremendous, pioneering work in that field and who were important. And I've learned a great deal from them as a result. I feel no reason to discriminate against them in any way. I remembered that John Hope Franklin once told me that in the south African-American colleges he said were he called - were integrated so he called them, these islands of civility. I like to think that the volumes that we're putting out are sort of islands of civility where, you know, lots of people can, you know, be shoulder to shoulder.

Gerald Early, thank you very much. Good luck with this project.

Thank you very much.

turn 1 : Despite the lack of power, the people on the island are doing what they can to recover and rebuild.

turn 1 : The storm caused significant damage and flooding, which was expected given the flat terrain of the islands.

turn 1 : The United States treats the Virgin Islands as a colony.

turn 1 : No actual islands, but small groups of people that acted civilly toward one another surrounded by large groups that did not.


It's a pleasure to be here. And I'm one of many people who are running the Dog Aging Project.

What do you folks hope to learn?

We're trying to create the largest long-term study of aging in dogs that anyone has ever done, with the goal of trying to understand how genes and environment determine healthy aging in dogs.

So it's not just that old rule of thumb that one year is seven years in a dog's life?

turn 1 : (2) Implied Meaning: Is this the overall goal we are striving towards?

turn 1 : (2) The literal meaning of this turn is a simple question, but the implied meaning is that the speaker wants to know what actions can be taken to address the issue being discussed and is seeking guidance or suggestions.

turn 1 : A has recently researched various topics and is knowledgeable about them.

turn 1 : (2) - What do you folks hope to learn? - Implied Meaning: What is the purpose of your research?

turn 1 :  implies a question asking if the idea has been used in any other contexts.


What do you folks hope to learn?

turn 3 :  (2): This is a rhetorical question that implies that there may not just be a "rule of thumb" when it comes to aging in dogs.

turn 3 : The speaker is suggesting that, similar to the evolution of laws and attitudes towards domestic violence, there needs to be a similar shift in the understanding and treatment of animal abuse. This implies that the speaker believes that animal abuse should be taken seriously and treated as a potential indicator of violent behavior, and that there needs to be a comprehensive effort involving legislators, law enforcement, prosecutors, and judges to address this issue.

turn 3 : Turn (3) is an example of a statement whose meaning is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is not actually asking about the ages of the women, but rather expressing surprise or concern about how young some of them were.

turn 3 : In turn (4), the speaker is not actually asking if the study is disproving the old rule of thumb that one dog year is equivalent to seven human years. Rather, they are asking if the study is more complex and nuanced than that oversimplified rule, and if it takes into account factors such as genetics and environment in determining a dog's age.


What do you folks hope to learn?

turn 3 : life beyond his means that something lasts beyond his lifespan

turn 3 : The literal meaning of (4) is that Tracy Letts watched his family suffer when he was 10 years old, but the implied meaning is that the experience had a lasting effect on him and shaped his life and art.

turn 3 : (4) - So it's not just that old rule of thumb that one year is seven years in a dog's life? - Implied Meaning: Is there more to aging in dogs than just a general estimate of one year to seven years?


And what we found in these focus groups was that most people, Democrats and Republicans in this - in the sort of middle of the spectrum, they did think there was something there with the investigation. They thought it was a good thing for it to be investigated. Maybe some of the Republicans felt it was going on too long. But you see this in polls as well. People generally supported the investigation, thought it was merited. And they were confused by it, frankly. They weren't - they weren't following all of the twists and turns of it.

It's a hard story to follow (laughter).

Even for those of us whose job it is to follow it, it can be confusing. And that's certainly true for the public. It wasn't that it was confusing and therefore shouldn't exist. They thought it was a - it was a good thing. But they certainly could not tell you every twist and turn.

NPR conducted a poll with PBS News Hour and Marist. And that poll found that 78 percent of Republicans are now satisfied with the investigation, 35 percent of Democrats and about half of independents. That seems to have literally flipped the script. Is that similar to what you heard?

turn 0 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 0 : None of the words in turn (1) have a different meaning from their literal meanings.


Last week, the French ended their rotation at the head of United Nations Security Council. Their permanent representative, Ambassador Gerard Araud, had one preeminently difficult issue on his agenda while in charge. And, of course, that was the question of what to do about Syria. Ambassador Araud joins us from his office in New York City. Mr. Ambassador, thanks very much for being with us.

Good morning.

Mr. Ambassador, first, of course, there seemed to be more reports of civilian deaths every day in Syria. How frustrating were these last few months for you?

It was extremely frustrating because we have seen Syria sinking into what is now a real civil war. And we have desperately tried to avoid it because this country has an incredible potential for violence, violence within Syria and unfortunately also beyond the borders of Syria.

turn 2 : In turn (4), the statement suggests that despite the appearance of a positive sign, the comments from the British Foreign Secretary indicate that the situation is more challenging and difficult to resolve than it may seem. The literal meaning of the words may convey a positive outlook, but the implied meaning highlights the potential obstacles and complexities involved.

turn 2 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 2 : The turn whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning is (3) where the interviewer asks the French Ambassador how frustrating the last few months were for him.


Well, actually, we - there's three records on the chart, the chart of this year. Within the top of 30, you have Flo Rida, and then there - a couple of other songs that were charting this year were Alicia Keys and one by Timbaland with "One Republic. "

So, you know, in the - if you look at the top ten, one thing I'm happy about in terms of grading on the curve, if you look at the top ten, every decade that this chart has touched, is represented here. We have one from the 50s, and we also have the '60s, '70s, '80s, and '90s, and this decade represented.

But yeah, there's ample representation of recent hits here. One from this decade in the top 10 being by Mariah Carey, "We Belong Together. "

All right, what is changing about the music game with digital distribution?Does it affect how people buy singles, and what might be on the top 100 in the next 50 years?

turn 0 : There are songs from various decades in the top 30 chart.

turn 0 : The music played in clubs and on the radio has changed significantly over time

turn 0 : The new music coming out of Atlanta is a combination of the old and the new

turn 0 : The songs that I sing have a message that can inspire change in the world.

turn 0 : The new music coming out of Atlanta is building on the past and pushing boundaries.


turn 0 : A is asking B if they have over a thousand songs.

turn 0 : A is unhappy that their music is not receiving as much attention as other artists.2. B is trying to console A by mentioning that they have received praise from Vibe Magazine.

turn 0 : The speaker is referring to the top 30 songs on the chart, not just three.

turn 0 : The speaker feels the need to perform music to feel complete.


turn 2 : Despite the relatively short period since its launch, iTunes has sold a lot of songs.

turn 2 : The person singing the song is rebellious and the listener can relate to it

turn 2 : There are recent hit songs in the top 10 chart.

turn 2 : What matters is how the song makes a person feels and how it sounds.

turn 2 : A is asking B if they have over a thousand songs.


This is News and Notes. I'm Tony Cox. According to the American Medical Association, addiction is the most untreated treatable disease in America. It doesn't discriminate, affecting people without regard to race, sex, or economic status. And many addicts manage to function everyday without others knowing who they are. But how do they do it?Today, we continue our series on addiction with a look at functioning addicts. We're joined by Ed Storti, the author of several books and a certified alcohol and drug counselor and intervention specialist. Ed, welcome to News and Notes.

Thank you, Tony.

Let's begin with this. Give us an example of what a functioning addict is?

I think the functioning addict is one that's out there, they're on the freeway, they're going to work, they're trying to do the right thing, but ultimately, they're living in fear, they're living in emotional turmoil. Many find a way to sedate their feelings sometimes at night or early in the morning. But overall, they're still pulling it off. Meaning, folks haven't caught on or it takes for some folks, years and years. Personally, my youngest patient has been 12 years of age. My oldest patient has been 94 years of age. And I was just working with a group of people that the family said we need to intervene on this 82-year-old female. And I said when did you start noticing problems and issues with her and they said, well when she was about 41 years of age.

turn 3 : Functioning addicts hide their addiction while carrying on with daily life.

turn 3 : People brought substance abuse to my parties, but I never had a habit.

turn 3 : The availability of technology is causing more people to become addicted to activities they might avoid.

turn 3 : "And now, you know, providing them with quality help and watching them change their lives is one of the most fun things that I've ever been involved with... we need to make evidence-based treatment available without the stigma that goes along with it."  The implied meaning of this turn is that providing quality help to people struggling with addiction and witnessing their transformations is incredibly rewarding. The speaker believes that access to evidence-based treatment should be expanded, and the stigma surrounding seeking help for addiction should be reduced.

turn 3 : "So crack down on the doctors, but make sure there's a support system ready for their patients."  The implied meaning of this turn is that while it is necessary to hold doctors accountable for any role they may have played in fueling addiction, it is equally important to ensure that patients receive the necessary support to cope with the aftermath of addiction.


It's hell seeing 6, 7 years old burying their own dead. Nobody's going to give them questions when they're beginning to ask questions. Simple questions - why are we here?Where's my mommy?That's when you get to know, like, these are children sometimes when the terrible things happen.

So on the one hand, they're killing people and on the other hand they're still children.

>>JAL They are still children, but, you know, they've been - they've grown really fast in terms of - to be trained to be killing machines because - the only thing is children don't know you die once. And also - AK is also a terrible gun that has been invented because young people can carry the gun - 8 years old can fire an AK47 that's as good as a 20-year-old.

How did you get out of that?

turn 2 : shooters means people using a gun, usually for bad purposes

turn 2 : Children are being trained to be killing machines, and a gun was invented that is easy for young people to use, leading to more violence.

turn 2 : that the people don't want any more violence and want it to stop

turn 2 : (3) Implies that while the issue of violence and firearm violence must be addressed, the rights of gun owners should be respected as well.

turn 2 : A "son of a gun" can be an insult or a term of endearment, the latter in this case. It has nothing to do with guns.


So you have companies like Altria, a tobacco giant, that sent four representatives right in the middle of this decision-making process. Altria, several years later, went on to buy a 35% stake in the company Juul, which was the most popular e-cigarette among teens. So you certainly see representation from the tobacco companies showing up at the Office of Management and Budget during this time frame.

Can I just clarify that, 'cause I think many people might find it curious that the tobacco companies were involved here because I think a lot of people have the impression that e-cigarettes are an alternative to tobacco products?I mean, the whole point was to get people to stop using tobacco products. That's not true?

Very interesting point that you make. And that's a question that many federal officials are trying to get to the bottom of right now. Even in Congress, Senator Durbin is on top of this issue. You've seen companies like Juul arguing that they are an alternative to tobacco, that they're even a safe alternative to tobacco. But, of course, giant tobacco companies have a large stake in the company. So a lot of people are wondering the same thing you're wondering - how can that be?

So when you approached former Obama administration officials to ask them what happened there, what did they say?

turn 0 : Altria is an extremely large tobacco company that sent representatives.

turn 0 : The Koch network uses health care as a ploy to gain Republican support.

turn 0 : Despite not making any specific requests, the lobbyists were successful in getting people to say positive things about Qatar.

turn 0 : They are on a list of people that are treated badly by the country.

turn 0 : The behavior of the company should be investigated since it continued for many years.


In other words, says Ambassador Hill, the error was to call for the removal of President Bashar al-Assad. Christopher Hill joins us now from his office at the University of Denver, where he's dean of the School of International Studies. He's former ambassador to Iraq, Macedonia, Poland and South Korea, a former assistant secretary of state as well. Nice to talk with you again.

Good to talk to you.

And you concede in your piece that President Assad should be tried for war crimes. How can he be part of a diplomatic solution?

Well, that's not a concession on my part. I'm simply pointing out that the conflict in Syria is a pretty complex one. And the issue often is not how do you get rid of these guys, these dictators, but how do they get there in the first place. And when we start looking into Syria, you see that it wasn't quite the same pattern as Moammar Gadhafi or even the situation in Egypt or some of these other places associated with the Arab Spring, you have a very complex problem. And to this day, some couple years later, you have a lot of people fighting on Assad's side, and they're not fighting on his side because they like him, support him, want to see him continue.

They just fear the future even more than they fear him. And so I think the problem was that in calling for his ouster, we didn't explain what would happen the day after he's gone.

turn 3 : the protests got worse and worse until there was no way to control them any longer.

turn 3 : The tactics used were very dangerous and deadly to the protestors.

turn 3 : This implies that the morale of the protesters' was weakened probably because of the low turnout.

turn 3 : They didn't get into position in the same way as some places were protests and riots occurred.


From NPR News, this is News & Notes. I'm Farai Chideya.

It's Uncle Sam to the rescue, but what is the long-term fallout for your mortgage or your community?We're talking about an unprecedented takeover. The federal government has seized the reigns of mortgage giants Freddy Mac and Fannie Mae. Together the companies hold nearly half of the country's mortgages. And here to break down the bailout and other economic news we've got Keith Reed. He's a business reporter for the Cincinnati Enquirer, and he blogs for BET's finance page, Dollar Out Of 15 Cents. Keith, how are you?

How you doing, Farai?

Good. Now give me a really quick hit on what these two entities are and how they've worked with the government until now?

turn 1 : The government's backing of Fannie and Freddie's debts lowered mortgage rates, but Lehman's struggles may reverse this progress.

turn 1 : The federal government has taken control of mortgage companies Freddy Mac and Fannie Mae

turn 1 : The housing bill implies mortgage rate shouldn't emburden anyone.

turn 1 : If mortgage companies agree to modify loans according to government standards, the government will help shoulder future losses.


No, and to be honest, when we get into the 80s, people start taking off work because this is hot. This is, you know, incredible summer weather. We have to go enjoy it. And then so to make the jump up to 90 degrees was watercooler talk. Everybody - that's all you're talking about is how hot it got. Did you hear it got to 90 degrees?So this is a big deal for us.

Do you have air conditioning up there in Anchorage?

Most people don't in their homes. The office buildings do, naturally, but your regular home, my home doesn't. So I had to open windows. I have one little, tiny fan. You cannot find a fan on the shelves in stores in Anchorage. They're all bought up. As soon as they get some in, every store says they go out within an hour.

Well, how about the land around you?How prepared is it?I mean, I gather there are fires.

turn 2 : Fans are in high demand and difficult to find in Anchorage

turn 2 : The temperature has been steadily increasing in Anchorage and all of Alaska.

turn 2 : No one is currently out due to the strong winds

turn 2 : Online traffic and opinions are high during the convention.

turn 2 : The situation is concerning enough that it could make someone anxious, despite the monitoring systems in place.


The fear is magnified by a third factor, which is uncertainty, and the uncertainty level is enormous right now. We're really at the brink. People don't know - are we entering an inflationary environment or a deflationary environment?We really don't know what's going to happen. And the potential outcomes are so different and so huge in their consequences that there's just an enormous amount of uncertainty, and that magnifies the fear. People say, I don't want to play this game if I don't have any idea where it's going to head.

Haven't there been studies that show that people are more motivated by fear than by the lure of profit or the lure of gain?

Exactly. People are twice as afraid of taking a loss or afraid of the pain of taking a loss as they are of the feel of pleasure of taking a gain. So what you have in the markets is the effect where as stocks drop and people become more and more into negative territory, they're both afraid of taking the pain of a loss but at some point, as they're riding down, they're losing stocks, they capitulate. They finally throw in the towel and say, that's it. This is too much pain. I can't take it anymore. It's one explanation for why bull markets tend to be long and trending while bear markets like this are rapid and short.

So how do we get out of this?How do we get out of this negative feedback loop?

turn 0 : The fear is intensified by the enormous amount of uncertainty.

turn 0 : Preparing for something anticipated, but uncertain of where and when it would happen.

turn 0 : There is fear and uncertainty due to potential attacks by unidentified individuals

turn 0 : Despite the relief of averted war, people are still afraid of the war on terror and the potential for civilian casualties.

turn 0 : I'm afraid in this context means that the person doesn't like what they are saying but its true


turn 2 : The stock market bouncing around means that its values are changing rapidly.

turn 2 : People are more afraid of losing than they are of gaining in the stock market.

turn 2 : Although stocks may continue to decrease in value, it is currently a great time to invest in the stock market

turn 2 : Many people are losing their jobs and companies are going bankrupt.


No, no, and I think my guess is that a good part of this was done before the president made that announcement. It is the case - immigration law is so complicated, and so much of it is unclear that it certainly argues, as Obama said today, that this is something that Congress should go back and try to come up with some clear and more comprehensive immigration reform law, but maybe, as you know, that's for some future Congress.

The critics, those who were in the minority on the 5 to 3 part, those included Justices Scalia and Thomas. Did either of them say anything interesting in their dissent?

Justice Scalia said a lot that was interesting. He said, here's a quote. "As a sovereign, Arizona has the inherent power to exclude persons from its territory subject only to limitations written into law by Congress. "He took a very strong view - he mentioned it at the argument - that a sovereign state has the sort of authority on its own to arrest or kick out unwanted people.

I had never heard that before. I didn't think states had that power. But Justice Scalia wrote a very strong dissent, sort of arguing for this is a sovereign right of Arizona, and we the Supreme Court shouldn't step in and block what they're doing.

turn 1 : "say anything interesting" - The actual meaning implied here is that the dissenting justices had differing opinions that were worth discussing or noteworthy.

turn 1 : The justices can not avoid being questioned and they are different from the justice who sided with both political parties.

turn 1 : The justices will give their opinions on certain issues for the first time.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker is aware that there may be differing opinions on the topic being discussed and is acknowledging the possibility of disagreement.


And in addition to all else, the administration's actually delaying an entire piece of the website for another entire year?

That's right. Small businesses were supposed to be able to sign up online to enroll their employees through the federal website starting this month. That was already delayed from October 1st. Now, that won't happen online until next November. They can still compare plans online but they'll have to use paper applications and go through an insurance broker or an agent or an insurance company directly, unless they're one of a handful of states that actually has its small business exchange up and running. The administration's been pretty candid about this. They've said their top priority is to make the website work for consumers first. Pretty much everything else taking a back seat.

NPR's Julie Rovner. Thanks so much.

Thank you.

turn 1 : The actual meaning of the third turn is that the speaker is implying that the current administration is trying to prevent important information from being released, and this is why they are pushing people to contact them with information.

turn 1 :  (2) implies that people are facing a lot of bureaucracy and paperwork,

turn 1 : In (2), the speaker is discussing the delay in the implementation of an online enrollment system for small businesses through the federal website. While the speaker is providing a factual description of the delay, the implied meaning is that this delay is causing inconvenience and frustration for small business owners who now have to resort to paper applications and other means to enroll their employees. The speaker also suggests that the administration's priority is to make the website work for consumers first, implying that the needs of small businesses are not being prioritized.

turn 1 : In turn (2), the speaker expresses their hope that The Root evolves into a platform where writers engage with each other and with communities outside the website, creating a vibrant marketplace for ideas. The literal meaning of the turn is straightforward. However, the implied meaning is that The Root aims to foster a diverse and inclusive online community where different perspectives are heard and debated. This suggests that the website has a broader mission than just providing a platform for writers to share their ideas.


And I did. And it hurt me. And I've cried. I've made defendants cry. I had the whole courtroom crying once because my sense of hurt was so real and so immediate.

And everybody talks about the problem in general or their dealing with one person, I used to get the individual en masse, day after day after day. And after a while - now, if you don't care, it's fine. But once you do care, it is exasperating, exhausting, and you feel a sense of complete impotence in dealing with the issue.

What do you think about the debate that goes on in our community around this?Because Judge Arrington has now appeared at an event with Bill Cosby, who's been a big critic of what he sees as the negative sides of black behavior.

So, when you look at this, you look at your experience with seeing the same people go in and out of court, with having people come on your show and disrespect the idea of trying, do you think that the debate that's going on right now in our community is going to produce change or could it divide us, where some people say, I don't need your judgements?

turn 0 : He said that he had a huge emotional reaction to the testimony.

turn 0 : THE WHOLE COURTROOM CRYING BECAUSE OF THE HURT WHICH IS REAL AND ITS HURT

turn 0 : The speaker did not cry because they were not moved by the movie, while everyone else was

turn 0 : The whole courtroom was probably not crying, it just means that a lot of people present were crying or just moved emotionally.

turn 0 : A did not cry while everyone else did at the theater.


So we're getting 40 new mutations per generation in these 2,000 necessary genes for intelligence is what you're saying, and over the millennia, these things add up.

Exactly. I mean, that is - you made one jump there that is not correct, and that is that the new mutations are not necessarily in the intelligence genes. They're just spread out randomly over the genome.

I see.

They have a certain probability of hitting these - this group of genes that are the cognitive genes so that among those genes, we know that they behave like links on a chain, that is if any one of them is mutated there is a cognitive problem.

turn 2 : (3) is a short form of "I will," meaning "I understand," indicating agreement with the speaker's sentiment.

turn 2 : I see means in this context I understand

turn 2 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at something indirectly and expects the listener to read between the lines.


What a coincidence. Serendipity.

Absolutely. So this is a very festive lab and we asked if they would look into this and they did, several times over, for us. And so we have the results on Video Pick of the Week is originals of our sample size of one - we should be clear - experiment into this.

Right. And you found that if you out enough - spike your eggnog enough, should we. . .

Well, yes. So you can go to our website for the recipe. But after - the key to this, and actually, we'll have - let's have Vince Fischetti, sort of, give us a little background.

turn 0 : The speaker is expressing amusement at the topic being discussed.

turn 0 : The speaker is often expecting bad things to happen, so when something good happens, it's more exceptional than usual.

turn 0 : The speaker is expressing amusement at the idea of the future being here.

turn 0 : The speaker is expressing surprise and amazement at the coincidence.

turn 0 : Despite being nervous, the speaker finds the current situation interesting


What a coincidence. Serendipity.

turn 2 : Breakfast is going to be a serious problem

turn 2 : The speaker is suggesting that the situation might not be as serious or dangerous as it initially seemed.

turn 2 : what they meant is that it's going to impress their brains later

turn 2 :  Implying that the conversation is about spiking eggnog with alcohol.

turn 2 : Turn 4 has an implied meaning that conveys a sense of irony or humor. While the speaker's comment is framed as a joke and elicits laughter from their conversation partner, it also carries a serious message about the importance of getting enough sleep.


What a coincidence. Serendipity.

turn 2 : They're implying that if you spike your eggnog enough, you'll get drunk.

turn 2 : (1) B: "Obviously, we should then inject alcohol into the situation." - This turn does not mean that they should literally inject alcohol into something, but rather that they should add alcohol to the situation.


When we had a transfer of presidencies in this country, when Barack Obama came in four years ago and George W.  Bush got aboard the helicopter and left town, well, George W.  Bush has pretty vanished from the American political leadership. He wrote a book, did pretty well with that. I gather he gives some speeches, but he plays no great part in the American political system. Bill Clinton has been playing a little bit more in this election.

But in the meantime, Mr.  Hu Jintao on his way out - really, on the way out?He will be a member of the Standing Committee. He's not going to be president. He's not going to be chairman of the party anymore, but?

He still may have a pretty strong role in the military. There's also the former president of China, who I covered back in the '90s, named Jiang Zemin who's from Shanghai. He has been front and center at the Party Congress. He's been out and about. He's in his mid-80s. He's playing role in terms of lining up who's going to take over. There's a lot of horse trading, but it's very, very opaque. And the average Chinese person really doesn't have any sense of where it's heading.

So you're getting this new generation of younger leaders, but the gerontocracy, the old leaders, behind the scenes, they're still playing a role.

turn 0 : He made into the White House because of how fast information is shared.  If you take people back to a time when they did not happen no one will like it.

turn 0 : The president's words are exaggerated and they are not meant to be taken literally.

turn 0 : George W. Bush has disappeared from American politics despite writing a book and giving speeches.

turn 0 : Congress and the president are not working at the moment.

turn 0 : Steve Bannon is responsible for giving Michael Wolff access to the White House, which is hard to ignore.


turn 0 : This statement implies that George W. Bush is not as relevant in American politics as he used to be.

turn 0 : "creating a sense of movement among the millions who now acclaim him as the best thing that happened to American politics since Jack Kennedy." - This implies that Barack Obama has generated a significant amount of enthusiasm and support from a large number of people, which goes beyond his role as a senator and his political legitimacy.

turn 0 : politics isn't everything implies there are other important things in life

turn 0 : The president is trying to prioritize the needs of those who have been forgotten by society.


turn 2 : "... it really marks the first time that they've had an equal seat at the rulemaking table since World War II." This turn has a figurative meaning, as it suggests that China sees itself as an equal player in global decision-making and wants to have a greater say in international affairs, rather than literally referring to a physical table.

turn 2 : There are several issues that could lead to conflict between US and China in the short term

turn 2 : It implies that there is a lot of political maneuvering happening behind the scenes in China which an average Chinese person have no knowledge about.

turn 2 : The situation is not necessarily an 'either/or' between China and the United States.

turn 2 : This implies the growing economic war between Trump administration and China.


turn 3 : Although there is a new generation of younger leaders, the older leaders still play a role behind the scenes.

turn 3 : It is being implied that if everyone resigns he will be the new leader.

turn 3 : What I think is so interesting about looking at the life of someone like my grandfather over the course of nearly a century is that you see that there is a kind of ongoing momentum of change that exists throughout his life and that takes him and those alongside him in many different directions - This implies that change is an ongoing process that people must adapt to if they want to move forward.

turn 3 : People who can manage to stay passionate and motivated to bring about change, despite the length of time it takes.

turn 3 : Having people from diverse communities in senior positions is important, but their views and foreign policy agenda matter more


But I understand the point that you're making. She drill - she drilled that into. . .

You know what I'm saying?She drummed that - she drilled that into us. . .

There you go.

One blow, you go. You don't examine; you don't wonder. You run, and you come home, and then we talk from there. And that needs to be - you have to have a line in the sand that is clearly drawn from a young age. And I don't think that happened.

turn 1 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 1 : turn is to challenge the idea that the proposal was a great idea in the first place.

turn 1 : something was done repeatedly over and over so it became second nature

turn 1 : A agreed to do something but later realized it wasn't what they wanted

turn 1 : It's not an insult to think about what has happened again and to make sense of it and see where things were related to each other.


There you go.

turn 3 :  (4) Implies an acknowledgement of the dangerous risks taken when crossing the border illegally.

turn 3 : line in the sand refers to having boundaries about what is acceptable and what is not ok

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be suggesting that there are some hidden or unknown factors that could influence the situation being discussed.

turn 3 : They are implying that deals are done in inappropriate places

turn 3 : Turn not provided. Please provide a turn for me to analyze.


Well, a number of the Iraqis have wished us a happy new year. They know that New Year's is a pretty big deal for us. But right now, our new year is coinciding with the Ashura pilgrimage, which is a Shia holiday. And so, a number of the Iraqis are making their way down to the holy cities in Najaf and Karbala.

And the loudspeakers on a lot of the mosques are broadcasting prayers pretty much all day and all night. So that makes it a little bit interesting when we try to sleep, but we know that that's a real large holiday for them, as well.

Right. So I don't know if you can characterize it, but what's the general mood there among the soldiers as the year turns?

Well, a lot of the soldiers are really looking back on this year as one where we've made tremendous progress. My unit in particular, when we left at the end of 2006, things were really rough, and there was a lot of sectarian violence. And we really didn't know which way this thing was going to turn.

turn 1 : The loudspeakers broadcasting prayers all day and all night is causing disturbance for the soldiers trying to sleep.

turn 1 : The alarm bells have quieted a bit - means things are not as hectic as they have been up until now

turn 1 : The speaker assumes that the background noise suggests an emergency control headquarters

turn 1 : The speaker is taking measures to protect their home from potential storms in the future

turn 1 : People don't actually stand ready to help but they are alert and ready to help when needed.


It is John McCain's night tonight. He's got to deliver the speech. You're widely acknowledged as one of the best speech writers in the country. What would you - what would you ask of Senator McCain tonight?

We've had a wonderful opportunity to hear about his biography and he's been praised by others. Not a good idea, ever, to praise yourself. You show what you are. You don't tell people what you are. Now he has to make the case as to how what he wants to do connects with the interests of ordinary people. Through his - through the past half dozen years, McCain's interest in reform - he had a very keen interest in reform, but it's tended not to touch much on bread-and-butter issues.

Most people don't see a connection with their lives and, say, campaign finance, whether McCain is right or wrong. Now he needs to show, I care about the things you care about. I'm not just a Washington insider. And he needs to connect his agenda on healthcare - which is hugely important - on energy, on taxes, all of those things, the pocketbook of middle-income people who basically have not done that well out of the past eight years.

David Frum, former presidential speech writer for George Bush and a blogger at National Review Online. David, thank you.

turn 1 : John McCain's economic message is weak and inconsistent.

turn 1 : John McCain is facing political isolation and uncertainty in the Senate

turn 1 : Senator McCain needs to connect with ordinary people and their interests, especially on pocketbook issues like healthcare, energy, and taxes.

turn 1 : John McCain is doing well in the Republican primaries.

turn 1 : McCain campaign is facing a difficult challenge from Obama


There are 13 suspects being held in connection with these bombings. Is there much known about them?

Not much. Police say they've also uncovered a van that was used by the attackers, also a safe house. Three police officers were killed in a blast at that property. Officials say the suspects detonated explosives, killing themselves rather than being taken into custody alive. The big question is who those suspects are, whether these attacks were planned locally or internationally. And there's been no claim of responsibility. Sri Lanka's been through this before, though. It fought a 26-year civil war. And at the height of that conflict, bombings were common on shopping malls, hotels, attacks like this. And what's sad is that Sri Lanka was just about to celebrate 10 years of peace, 10 years since the end of that conflict.

Lauren, it was just five weeks ago that the mosque shootings happened in New Zealand. Do you have any sense of worldwide reaction to what happened in Sri Lanka?

Yeah. I mean, the Eiffel Tower shut off its lights tonight to pay tribute to the Sri Lanka victims. Messages of shock and condolences are pouring in, including from the New Zealand prime minister. President Trump also tweeted his condolences. He said, quote, "we stand ready to help" - exclamation point. Pope Francis spoke at St.  Peter's Square in Rome, saying that he wanted to express his loving closeness to the Christian community in Sri Lanka. He noted that, you know, many of these people were killed while they were praying, attending services on Easter Sunday morning.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at a desire or need for help or support from the listener.

turn 3 : The actual meaning different from the literal meaning is:  "We're getting a tweet from President Trump... But he's tweeted, I called Chuck Schumer yesterday to see if the Dems would do a great health care bill. Obamacare is badly broken, big premiums. Who knows?"  The literal meaning of this statement is that President Trump tweeted about calling Chuck Schumer and his concerns about the broken state of Obamacare. However, the implied meaning is that the president's use of Twitter to discuss important matters like healthcare policy is unorthodox and lacks the seriousness or deliberation that is typically expected in political discourse.

turn 3 :  A: "Thanks, really, for having me." - The literal meaning of this turn is an expression of gratitude for being invited to participate. The actual meaning is that the speaker appreciates the opportunity to share their knowledge and expertise on the topic at hand.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of this turn is that the person being addressed has kept a lot of people warm and safe throughout the year and is being thanked for it. The figurative meaning, however, is that the person being addressed has done something good or helpful for others and is being appreciated for it, but not necessarily in a literal sense of keeping them warm and safe.

turn 3 : A: "President Trump also tweeted his condolences.He said, quote, 'we stand ready to help' - exclamation point." - The literal meaning is that President Trump expressed his sympathies for the victims and offered to assist in any way possible. The actual meaning is that President Trump's offer to help may be perceived as insincere or politically motivated by some people, given his controversial history with certain groups and countries.


No, so Wim van Egmond is an artist, and he was trained as an artist. He was a painter at first, and he was really into painting from these scientific illustrations, biological illustrations from hundreds of years ago. And he said, well, you know, I could just do this myself. So he purchased his first microscope about 20 years ago and since then has been kind of perfecting the technique.

But when he started, you know, he was also working with film, like Roman Vishniac. And, you know, when he had to look up what he was looking at, these organisms, he was looking in reference books, things that are just unthinkable these days, of course you would just Google.

So he said that, you know, progress has gotten much faster because now you can just look and see your result immediately. You don't have to develop your film, and - you know, and so he's gotten - it sounds like he's gotten - he's sort of refined his techniques much more quickly in the days of the digital camera.

Now I know you like to limit the size of your video pick to like three or four minutes.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: the West's obsession with originality is a cultural clash with the East's approach to objects, which is to replace the parts of objects and thus keep them alive in memory and history.

turn 0 : paint a portrait means that they are asking for an explanation of the area in this context.

turn 0 : "his brain has been touched by God" - This turn has a figurative meaning and is not meant to be taken literally. It is a common expression used to describe someone who is exceptionally intelligent or talented.

turn 0 : Artists need to make mistakes to create something great.

turn 0 : "he was really into painting from these scientific illustrations, biological illustrations from hundreds of years ago." Literal meaning: Wim van Egmond enjoyed painting scientific and biological illustrations from a long time ago. Actual meaning: Wim van Egmond was inspired by scientific and biological illustrations from the past and used them as a reference for his own artwork.


turn 1 : "dug up" - This implies that the speaker did extensive research and found information that was not easily accessible.

turn 1 : "when he had to look up what he was looking at, these organisms, he was looking in reference books, things that are just unthinkable these days, of course you would just Google." Literal meaning: Wim van Egmond used to search for information about organisms in reference books, which is an outdated practice now that we can easily search on Google. Actual meaning: Wim van Egmond used to search for information about organisms in reference books, and nowadays it's more common to use online resources like Google for such searches.

turn 1 : The internet had a large amount of cites where they was mentioned

turn 1 : The implied meaning of turn (2) is that the speaker was tempted to find out if it was possible for the student to access the books they mentioned.

turn 1 : Information on the internet is passed from person to person quickly. The man did some work for an organization where people think of solutions to problems.


turn 2 : The implied meaning of turn (1) is to hurry up and finish the task quickly.

turn 2 : The speaker is implying that the future is arriving faster than expected.

turn 2 : "figure out how things have changed" - this is a figurative expression meaning to understand how the field of microscopy has advanced and evolved since the time of Vishniac's work, rather than a literal physical measurement of change.

turn 2 :  "progress has gotten much faster because now you can just look and see your result immediately." Literal meaning: Advances in technology have made progress faster because you can immediately see your result without having to wait. Actual meaning: The availability of digital technology has allowed Wim van Egmond to refine his microscopy techniques more quickly than he would have been able to in the past.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of (3) is asking if the evidence gathered so far supports the eyewitness accounts of the train not slowing down. The implied meaning is asking if the evidence gathered so far indicates that the train did not slow down.


turn 3 : This is an idiomatic expression that refers to a selected video for the week, rather than a literal pick of a video.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at something they want or need, but they don't want to ask for it directly.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is subtly trying to convey a sense of urgency or importance in the matter being discussed, without explicitly stating it.

turn 3 : Now I know you like to limit the size of your video pick to like three or four minutes." Literal meaning: The speaker has learned that the person being addressed prefers videos that are three or four minutes long. Actual meaning: The speaker is likely to be suggesting that the person being addressed limit their video pick to a short length of time, possibly due to some constraint such as the attention span of the intended audience.


This is the people we hired to.

Yeah.

We paid off.

Yeah, well, I wouldn't call it that. I mean, what they - it's so unprecedented. The way insurgencies end and the way the Sunni insurgency has ended is that it just sort of fades away, then they either come into the political process, or they go into hiding. They leave the country. They just put their weapons and go back to doing what they normally did.

turn 3 : The Iraqi Sunni insurgents have given up their struggle against the US-led government, and have accepted its terms for peace.

turn 3 : implies that the fight against the Houthi rebels could relieve al-Qaida pressure in the region.

turn 3 : The way the Sunni insurgency has ended is not as simple as just being paid off

turn 3 : Khaled faced a difficult decision to stay and work for ISIS or leave and risk facing repercussions from them.