There's a group of Americans who've been dubbed the Young Invincibles. They're not, of course. But they are young, healthy and people the administration needs to buy health coverage under the Affordable Care Act. The new health insurance exchanges opened October 1st and officials want at least 2. 7 million of the seven million estimated new enrollees to fall inside that 18 to 35 age range to keep insurance rates low.

The president and Hollywood stars have made special appeals to this group, nicely reminding them that those who choose not to enroll have to pay a fine. In 2011, over 18 million of these young adults were not insured for health care.

We spoke with Lisa Dubay, a fellow at the Urban Institute, about why many have not had coverage.

Only about 11 percent of the uninsured Young Invincibles aren't purchasing coverage because they think they don't need it. Most of them are saying they're not purchasing coverage because it's unaffordable. So I'm not convinced that they're not going to enroll. I think they probably will enroll. If the rates are good and they look like they're going to be low with the subsidies, I think that we will get Young Invisibles to come in. And they have a lot of options.

turn 0 : The implied meaning of this turn is that the implementation of the ACA has not achieved its goals as intended, as evidenced by the fact that many states have opted out of Medicaid, leaving many people uninsured and leading to an increasing number of rural hospital closures.

turn 0 : The implied meaning of the speaker's response to the question of overturning the Affordable Care Act is that they don't only want to do away with it, but also to replace it with something better.

turn 0 : (1) B: There's a group of Americans who've been dubbed the Young Invincibles. They're not, of course. But they are young, healthy and people the administration needs to buy health coverage under the Affordable Care Act.  The literal meaning of this turn is that the speaker is introducing a group of Americans who are referred to as the Young Invincibles, and clarifying that they are not actually invincible. However, the implied meaning could be that the speaker is trying to downplay the idea that young people are invincible and don't need health insurance, in order to encourage them to enroll in the Affordable Care Act. The speaker may also be using irony to draw attention to the fact that even though these young people are not invincible, they may feel that way and be hesitant to enroll in health insurance.

turn 0 : (1) A: The speaker implies that the lack of certainty from Congress regarding support for insurance premiums for lower income people is causing instability in the individual insurance markets, which is leading insurance companies to price their policies very high.


turn 3 : "It saved people on Medicare more than $23 billion." This turn is not meant to be taken literally, as "saving" here means that the Affordable Care Act reduced the amount of money that people on Medicare had to pay for prescription drugs, rather than physically saving money.

turn 3 : The judge ruled that the entire Affordable Care Act is unconstitutional

turn 3 : The Affordable Care Act provides an incentive for young people to obtain health coverage, as those who do not enroll will incur a financial penalty.

turn 3 : B is questioning the reliability of high-risk pools, implying that they may not be effective in providing affordable care.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that the implementation of the ACA has not achieved its goals as intended, as evidenced by the fact that many states have opted out of Medicaid, leaving many people uninsured and leading to an increasing number of rural hospital closures.


Have you been - has there been any retribution for that kind of storytelling?

Actually, there has not been overall. There has been certain individuals from the book who have contacted me, who now are upset, because they figure can immediately identify them. But prior to the book, and while I was writing it, I did reach out to the majority of the people in the book, and, you know, inform them that I was writing the book, and how I was depicting them in the book.

And I told them that I was changing their names and - you know, and I read to them their descriptions and things of that nature. So a lot of people were very supportive in the beginning, and a lot of people are still continuing to be supportive.

But I think, you know, because now the book, you know, is festering, people are starting to read it, they're getting to pick out and, you know, identify certain people in the book. . .

turn 1 : People's avoidance made the speaker feel isolated and angry

turn 1 : The speaker is expressing frustration with the limitations imposed on them by their identity.

turn 1 : It seems like a book that gives advice that helps people get with the one they love, in this case, what they love.

turn 1 : She hopes people find a way to read the book that she has written.

turn 1 : Certain individuals are unhappy because they can recognize themselves in the book


I want to kind of mention quickly the things that are floating out there as rumors and are not confirmed. Again, these are things that people are talking about and are not confirmed. There are many people who immediately assumed this is a terror attack. Tovia, this is not confirmed.

Not confirmed. Nothing about the cause of this, whether it was some kind of unintentional explosion from down in a manhole or something or whether it was a bomb. The police do tell me that the bomb squad is on the scene, as you would expect, along with police and fire and rescue, but they are not talking about the cause. They - a briefing is coming soon but it's taking some time to maneuver down there and also to collect some good information, some hard data about what's going on and numbers of injured and the rest.

What agency are you speaking with to confirm what's going on?Is it the Boston Police Department?

Boston police is who I have been talking to. The hospitals are confirming that people are on their way as well.

This is TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News.

turn 0 : They found out the information in an indirect way from people not involved.

turn 0 : The president may be lying about not being informed

turn 0 : Some of the cases from long ago are still relevant to what is happening in this day.

turn 0 : The person being talked about made a fake emergency call

turn 0 : "floating out there" implies that people are talking about this incident without any confirmed information so what is being spread may not be true


turn 1 : Not a shell of a bomb, but a very surprising bit of information that shocks people.

turn 1 : The energy released in the explosion is incredibly powerful.

turn 1 : The authorities are not revealing the actual cause of the explosion.

turn 1 : The images being shown are very graphic and violent, and our thoughts are with those affected by the explosions

turn 1 : the situation in Mumbai is so tense and unpredictable that even small sounds like explosions can cause fear and panic.


That Sean Combs did. Were you guys benefiting from that?Was your family - was your son actually able to get some of the money that came out of that project?

Excuse me. Well that was actually the only reason that I decided to do the record with Paul, because this was still at a time when I was - I just kind of shut everything down. I have been working on my second album prior to B. I. G. 's death.

And I didn't go back in the studio, until he called me and asked me to do this record. And the one line that, you know, that caught - got me and hooked me was all the money is going to go to the kids. All the royalties will go to CJ and Siana(ph). So yes, they do have trusts set up where the royalties from that song go into that trust. . . TEXT: CHIDEYA: What is the thing that you're most proud of, that you've done as a writer and a recording artist?

Mm. Most proud?Wow. I think that I'm proud of the fact that I didn't even really - you know, when I actually got my record deal with Bad Boy, Puff heard me sing one line, and I wasn't there in any capacity of auditioning or anything. I was just the baby's mama in the lounge, and my opportunity came.

turn 1 : to break records means that a previous record was taken away by a new record

turn 1 : The speaker was falsely accused and wrongfully blamed.

turn 1 : The speaker agreed to do the record for the money, not for personal reasons.

turn 1 : The speaker lost a significant amount of money through gambling.


Back-and-forth, funny lines, that sort of thing. So it was quite clear what that was. And also accompanying that were three videotapes, one of which was of Governor Bush doing a Tim Russert-style interview in his shorts. I watched that for a few seconds, and I realized I shouldn't be having these materials. And so right after that, I called up our campaign manager, and I said, we've got some problems here. I've gotten stolen materials. And my lawyer came not long after that, and we decided that we needed to turn those materials over to the FBI.

Not just the FBI, also the press, right?You guys sought sort of transparency in this.

Yeah, well, we issued a very noble-sounding press release recusing myself from that. But we didn't disclose any of the materials. That actually - they left my office at about 1 o'clock. The FBI came over to interview me, oddly, that day, and I had found myself in an odd position of explaining to the agents why this was a crime. They were unfamiliar with it. And they didn't realize that these debate materials were probably some of the most valuable things in the United States at the time. And eventually Louis Freeh became the agent of record. He was the FBI director.

I want to follow up on that point because while you acted out of an abundance of caution, President Trump was considerably more nonchalant, let's say, about the idea of receiving dirt on an opponent. Were you surprised when you heard his comments?

turn 2 : The first memorandum makes unfounded allegations to undermine the FBI.

turn 2 : The FBI intentionally avoided revealing that the Hillary Clinton campaign paid for the Steele dossier.

turn 2 : The White House made a mistake by not releasing the Democratic memo, which may discredit their claims of FBI corruption.

turn 2 : The FBI agents were unaware that the debate materials were valuable

turn 2 : The Democratic memo contends Page was under surveillance for many reasons which initially had nothing to do with the controversial Steele dossier


And I gather these are specialists, not just regular line firefighters.

Yeah, that's correct. We send - they usually run out of incident management team people, so the teams of planning officers and operation officers and incident managers who actually organize and manage the battle against the fire but also aviation specialists and fire-behavior-type specialists. So they are the type of people that they need and run out of when they've got, you know, the fire activity that they see this summer.

Are the Australian, American and Canadian approaches to firefighting sufficiently similar that you can swap personnel like that?

Well, they certainly are. And we've been swapping personnel particularly with United States since the year 2000. So we've done quite a few deployments from Australia to the U. S.  and Canada. And we've also had Canadian and U. S.  folks come across to Southern Australia and help us.

turn 1 : In turn (2), the speaker is describing the use of oversized slingshots in a conflict to throw pipe bombs farther than they would normally be able to reach. The literal meaning is a description of the physical objects and their use, but the implied meaning is the unusual and desperate measures taken in a violent conflict.

turn 1 :  Turn (2) implies that the speaker is looking for someone who is reasonable and easy to work with,

turn 1 : (2) Implied meaning: The specialist personnel needed to battle the fires are in high demand and these personnel include aviation specialists and fire-behavior-type specialists.

turn 1 : The actual meaning is different from the literal meaning in turn (3). When A says "these are a very tall or short people. A one-eyed sniper was one person that he referred to," they are not literally referring to people who are only tall or short or have one eye. Rather, they are using these descriptions as a way to suggest that the volunteers mentioned by the separatist commander are unconventional and perhaps not what one would expect to see in a typical military unit.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be indirectly suggesting that they have insider knowledge or expertise on a particular topic, and that their opinion or perspective should be given special consideration.


turn 2 :  A's actual meaning in this turn is that the United States and Russia, along with Russia's influence on Syria, could potentially make progress on the cease-fire in less than the suggested six-month waiting period.

turn 2 : The situation is not necessarily an 'either/or' between China and the United States.

turn 2 : The actual meaning of turn 3 is "Thank you for joining us and providing information on the topic."

turn 2 : (3) Implied meaning: Are the Australian, American and Canadian approaches to firefighting compatible enough that personnel can be exchanged between the three countries?

turn 2 : They need the countries to realize this is the way things should be done in other countries.


Yeah, he was a loner. He was very studious in high school. He was a brilliant student and a bookworm. Obama has a reputation for having been a bookworm himself, so maybe there's something there.

Right. Something.

Yeah, it's a little silly to read too much into this. But it's - if you look too deeply into anything, you'll find metaphors, right?So. . .

Right. Spinning a web, any size. Catching Republicans just like flies. I don't know.

turn 3 : B in the statement made a reference to the Spider-Man theme song, which implies that they find the previous discussion to be overly speculative or not worth taking seriously.

turn 3 : Implies that the speaker found the information about spiders and their webs interesting or impressive, despite the fact that they also thought it was "cool." So, the actual meaning of (4) is slightly different from its literal meaning.

turn 3 : not a literal meaning but rather a rhetorical question.

turn 3 : something that was hinted at or suggested, but not directly stated.


Yeah, we're looking at how people make movies through a microscope. And I hadn't really thought about this much before this week, but there's a sort of long history of this, and there have been a few real pioneers of this field. And one of them is a guy, a photographer called Roman Vishniac.

And you may know this name because he's famous for sort of a very different kind of photography. He took portraits. He has a picture of Einstein that's pretty famous. And he is famous for documenting Jews in Eastern Europe for World War II.

But it turns out that he also was this huge science buff, and he made these educational movies funded by NSF and others for classroom use, and a lot of them featured his micro-movies, these movies that he did in his New York apartment through the microscope with, you know, pond scum that he collected I don't know where, my guess would be Central Park, just looking at some of the footage.

Right, and so then he trained - this moviemaker trained his camera into the lens of the microscope.

turn 1 : She was able to rise above her difficult circumstances and become a successful artist despite her hardships.

turn 1 : Roman Vishniac was a multifaceted artist who had interests in various fields.

turn 1 : Basquiat faced discrimination due to his race in the art world, and his success was groundbreaking for artists of color.

turn 1 : As an African-American, I had to explore unconventional areas such as Chinese medicine, classical homeopathy, and African cultural arts, to gain a wider perspective in medicine.

turn 1 : The narrator can visualized the art like how all artists done.


turn 2 : The novel educates readers about science in an unobtrusive way

turn 2 : Roman Vishniac's educational movies had a scientific component featuring micro-movies.

turn 2 : The appearance of the starfish is monstrous, and could be used in a science fiction movie.

turn 2 : The use of synthetic biology is likely to be controversial as it involves scientists manipulating and creating living organisms.

turn 2 : "figure out how things have changed" - this is a figurative expression meaning to understand how the field of microscopy has advanced and evolved since the time of Vishniac's work, rather than a literal physical measurement of change.


Before that, he'd been seen frequently, but always waddling with a really bad limp. He was clearly in discomfort, and finally the North Korean authorities said he is in physical discomfort. So there's something up. We don't quite know what. The speculation is he's had surgery, he's ill, ranging right through to there's been a coup, and he's lost power or certainly being shunted away from power. That's the speculation.

Now, we're talking about somebody who - as my recollection is - he's on television every two minutes. So this must be a tremendous vacuum in the lives of North Koreans.

That's right. The print media in North Korea is still putting all these statements thanking the supreme leader in that sort of glorious way they do, praising him for, for example, the pretty good performance of the athletes in the Asian games a week ago. So all that stuff is still coming out. There's no devaluation of him by the state media. But he's not there. Now, having said that, his father disappeared from sight at odd times as well. And sometimes that was seen as being a mark of his strength in that he felt that he was so strong that he didn't need to do all this stuff.

Is this a matter for particular distress because, after all, we are talking about a nation that's either a quasi-nuclear power or might be a nuclear power?

turn 0 : "there's been a coup, and he's lost power or certainly being shunted away from power" - This turn uses figurative language. The speaker is suggesting that there might have been a political power struggle or a change in leadership, rather than the literal meaning of physical shunting or pushing.

turn 0 : (1) has an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The literal meaning is that the speaker is asking if there is any sign of improvement in the situation being discussed, but the implied meaning is that the situation is bad and the speaker is hoping for some positive news or indication that things will get better.

turn 0 : (1) - The actual meaning is that every president in their first year faces unexpected challenges, and Donald Trump is currently facing one. He may be feeling the pressure and acting out as a result.

turn 0 : (1) The actual meaning of turn (1) is different from its literal meaning, as it implies that the speaker is ready to defend their state against any legal challenges from the Trump administration and has a track record of success in litigation against them, indicating a confident and confrontational approach.

turn 0 : The turn in (1) implies that the speaker is excited about the attention they're receiving because they have a history of making groundbreaking decisions in the political arena.


turn 2 : None of the turns in this conversation have a figurative or non-literal meaning.

turn 2 : None of the words or phrases in this turn have a figurative meaning. It is a straightforward statement about the print media in North Korea continuing to praise the leader, despite his absence, and how his father had also disappeared from public view at times.

turn 2 : There are no idiomatic expressions or figurative language in this turn.

turn 2 :  Even though the conversation is centered on the North Koreans who have escaped, turn (3) highlights the fact that there are still millions of people living under the oppressive regime in North Korea, and their plight should not be overlooked or forgotten.


You got a sinus infection but you taking a yeast infection medicine figuring if you lay down, it'll work its way up.

Do you believe in Mars and Venus, the whole idea that men and women are totally different?

I really do. And if I can get women to understand that every man that sleeps with you is not going to love you, then half of us will be all right.

What about the other half?

I mean, the other half - they won't get it. They think that every man that sleeps with them is going to love them. And if I could get women to understand that just because a man sleeps with another woman it doesn't mean that he doesn't love you. If I can get them to understand that, then we'll be all right.

turn 4 : Turn not provided. Please provide a turn for me to analyze.

turn 4 : can refers and implies the cylindrical vessels and not to be able to do something

turn 4 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be indirectly suggesting a course of action or solution to a problem without explicitly stating it.

turn 4 : The turn that has an actual meaning different from its literal meaning is (4): "How do you cast sculptures in what amounts to an underwater gallery, not just this installation in the Thames, obviously, but some that you've done all over the world?"


The rules were meant to give people more control over the data that the Internet providers collect about them. Telecom and cable companies were supposed to start getting explicit consent from customers before selling some of the more sensitive information, things related to finances or health. And there were other requirements for increased transparency and security.

So they were going to have to get your actual consent before they could sell that information, right?

The technical term was opt in.

So given that those rules won't be going into effect, does that mean, let's say, my Internet provider - say Comcast - can sell to an advertiser a package that says here's what Lulu Garcia-Navarro reads online and watches on TV?

Well, so practically that's unlikely. You might have seen some stories of activists pouncing back against the lawmakers who repealed the rules. Folks were raising tons of money online, tens of thousands of dollars, to presumably buy the browsing history and other data about those lawmakers themselves - sort of you sold our privacy, well, we will buy yours. But that's not exactly how this market works. You can't go to Comcast and say, give me everything you've got on Senator Jeff Flake. And frankly, the advertisers don't really sit around and say, let's go after Lulu or Alina. They say, let's go after all women in a particular age group in the Washington area, and then, they buy ad targeting for individuals in that cohort.

OK. So what data do Internet providers actually collect then?

turn 4 : The literal meaning of this turn is that the listener is being asked to visualize the scene of the Romney-Ryan announcement. However, the actual meaning is that the event is being presented as a carefully planned media spectacle designed to generate excitement and favorable media coverage.

turn 4 : The literal meaning of this turn is that people might think news organizations are concealing information, but the actual meaning is that people might think news organizations should not be concealing information.

turn 4 : Literally, the turn means that activists were raising money to buy the browsing history and other data about lawmakers who repealed the rules, and that advertisers do not target individuals but rather a specific group.

turn 4 : Turn (4) is implying that even though research has been conducted in this area, law enforcement has not been paying attention to it and is only now beginning to do so.

turn 4 : The actual meaning of the third turn is that the speaker is implying that the current administration is trying to prevent important information from being released, and this is why they are pushing people to contact them with information.


I don't think that that's what Israel really wants. I don't think they've made that decision. But I think we know in these circumstances things could escalate, get out of control, despite the intentions of the parties who are involved. And in this case, I think Israel was hoping that the Palestinians would stop firing rockets sooner than they have. They may feel compelled to do more, but that would obviously be an extremely dangerous bet.

These events, of course, are occurring at a time when there is an election coming up in Israel. Help us understand popular opinion in Israel on this subject.

Well, I think from an Israeli perspective, there's a consensus that it was simply unacceptable to live under the constant threat of Palestinian rockets, which led to as many as a million Israelis having to sometimes take shelter. So, there is that uncertainty, that constant sense of insecurity, even though the number of Israeli casualties have been extremely low. But that was something that most Israelis were not prepared to live with, and that's why you were finding this wall-to-wall, this quasi-unanimity behind this operation.

Help us understand Egypt's role. The Egyptian prime minister came to Gaza yesterday. Obviously, under the Mubarak regime that would have been unthinkable. What's Egypt's role in events now?

turn 2 : They don't mean literally wall to wall but that everyone was for it.

turn 2 : A opposes a wall due to its inefficiency and cost

turn 2 : "Trying to build walls" - The actual meaning is that they are trying to create barriers and divisions instead of promoting unity and understanding.

turn 2 : A wall is not a good solution for border security and would waste taxpayers' money.


Again, going back to the example of Dayton, you said getting people together in one room did not work so well there.

Oh. You know, we had an opening banquet, which we had in this museum. I mean, it was an air museum, so, ironically, above the head of one the Serbs, we had a cruise missile, which had recently. . .

That was quite a coincidence. We didn't mean to do that. It had to do with the seating chart. But anyway, it all went very well and we saw that President Izetbegovic, the president of Bosnia, was talking to President Milosevic. So we thought, wow. This is going to be easier that we think, you know?Hold the food order. We think we can get out of here pretty quickly.

So the next day, we brought them all together, and they all screamed at each other so much so that I said to Holbrooke, we better not try this again. He said, you're not kidding. This could be the end of the whole conference. So we never did it again, until the very last day when we asked - when we had an agreement, and the three leaders of the three, what we called, warring factions, which a term they never liked, got together and actually initialed the Dayton Peace Accods.

turn 1 : Despite the seriousness of the situation, the placement of a cruise missile in the air museum at the opening banquet was an amusing coincidence.

turn 1 : Sailing across the ocean during wartime was a perilous experience.

turn 1 : Not a shell of a bomb, but a very surprising bit of information that shocks people.

turn 1 : Implies that the event was of great significance

turn 1 : Josh Farahzad had a random idea about launching a rocket and reached out for help. A worked hard to lead the team.


But so yeah, so toilet seats and pillowcases are very, very similar. We tend to find more species associated with our mouths on pillowcases and more species associated with feces, with gut microbes, on toilet seats. But in any given house we might or might not be able to distinguish those two. And in general, you know, these places that we sit, that we lay down, they sort of fill with species that fall off of us, you know, biased in one way or another toward a specific part of our body.

But it's kind of this mark we leave on the world everywhere we go, and presumably it's the same on planes, it's the same in our cars.

It sounds like our dogs leave a mark, too.

Yeah, so one of the really interesting things for us was to try to figure out what explains why your house is different from my house, why any house is different from any other house. And there are lots of things that you can imagine might be important, you know, the size of your house, your air conditioner, the number of people in your house, whether you're a vegetarian.

turn 0 : smell like rotten eggs is about bacteria smell

turn 0 : Many parts of the human body are colonized by bacteria.

turn 0 : Antimicrobial use, including antibiotics, can deplete microbiome diversity.

turn 0 : There is a dangerous situation happening that requires people to seek shelter and take precautions.

turn 0 : Toilet seats and pillowcases have more microbes than we think.


turn 1 : Our bodies leave a mark on everything we touch.

turn 1 : By being a touchstone it means it will be a strong stable moment that will evoke emotion.

turn 1 : The brain is capable of adjusting to unusual situations quickly.

turn 1 : lightened their touch implies to say their minds or to speak for everyone to understand and not putting on touch light

turn 1 : Physical touch and affection can help complete the stress response cycle and create a feeling of safety.


I mean, as far as I'm not a Catholic, but the pope can do whatever he likes. But the gospels are pretty clear in the Greek that the original translation - lead us not into temptation - is the best reflection of that biblical Greek. It's a subjunctive verb. It's used in the second person, addressed directly to God. And it really does say, do not lead us into temptation. Please - I hope that you do not lead me into temptation. And that's really what the Greek says.

And what is the Greek, by the way?

(Speaking Greek). That's the end of it. That's the addition - (speaking Greek). There's an addition. So for thine is the kingdom, the power and the glory is a later addition. So originally, when they translated the text - the King James version - they thought that that bit was original, but actually, it ends with deliver us from evil, so that for thine is the kingdom is sort of - it's a doxology that was added on later.

Yet another change.

turn 0 : "he upheld church teachings while signaling a new openness to conversation about change" - figurative language, implying that the Pope is willing to consider new ideas and perspectives, even if they challenge traditional church teachings.

turn 0 : The actual meaning, however, is that the speaker is expressing agreement with the pope's approach and support for creating an inclusive and accepting environment for gay individuals within the Catholic Church.

turn 0 : The speaker disagrees with the other person's argument.

turn 0 : The speaker does not agree with the Catholic views of the pope but acknowledges his power.

turn 0 : he literal meaning is that the speaker agrees with something and acknowledges that the other person is correct, and they both laugh.


So it's not unusual for hospitals to sue patients for unpaid medical bills, but there's so much striking about this situation. Like, what are some of the things where - that stands out about this about how unusual this is?

So Methodist is really aggressive in their use of the courts to collect on these debts. Once they get a judgment, they will hound a patient from low-wage job to low-wage job to try to garnish their wages, and that's what we saw with the main character in our story, Carrie Barrett. I call her Ms.  Carrie. So Ms.  Carrie had surgery in 2007, was sued in 2010. And since then, the hospital has actually added $18,000 worth of interest to her debt. So not only do they add, you know, $5,000 in attorney's fees - they're also accruing interest even as they know she works at low-income jobs.

So part of how this works is Methodist gets the judgment, and then they filed a garnishment order. The employer can return that garnishment order saying, basically, this person doesn't make enough to even have their wages garnished. Ms.  Carrie's employer was telling her she's not even making more than enough to have her wages garnished, and Methodist kept after her. It was like they were just waiting to see if she made a little bit more money so they could take it.

And they also are affiliated with the United Methodist Church. I mean, there are three bishops, as I understand from your reporting, that serve on the board. Did they have something to say about this?

turn 0 : Methodist hospital is very aggressive in collecting unpaid medical bills.

turn 0 : The state of California is in financial trouble and may not be able to pay its employees or meet its financial obligations

turn 0 : Growing up in an impoverished neighborhood hindered A's path to become a medical doctor.

turn 0 : Asking if all family members are in the hospital

turn 0 : Having Medicaid is helpful, but we still struggle financially.


What is at the top of your to-do list right now today?

Right now, we continue to monitor Dorian. As you well know, you know, we continue to go up our East Coast. We're positioned to support all four states. Florida is looking fairly good right now, however, they still have some impacts.

But we really don't want our citizens to, you know, fall asleep on this storm. Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, they're going to feel the blunt of Hurricane Dorian - a lot of rain, a lot of surge and a lot of wind primarily down on the coast. But, you know, these things can that create weather hazards well inland, so - and they're doing a great job of being prepared for that. So we're focused on supporting our states, supporting our locals.

Four states is a long stretch of coastline. This storm is so big. How does that affect your preparations?

turn 0 : top pick usually means the number one choice

turn 0 : The bottom line means the most important fact of the situation.

turn 0 : top of to-do list means something the person really needs to do first.

turn 0 : don'ts  refers to unacceptable behavior and activities

turn 0 : to make a switch mean they go do something else.


turn 1 : Hurricane Dorian is a severe and dangerous storm that poses a serious threat to the Bahamas

turn 1 : Monitoring Hurricane Dorian is our top priority today.

turn 1 : Alex Cepero faced a devastating experience during Hurricane Dorian

turn 1 : Hurricane Dorian caused extensive damage and loss of life.

turn 1 : The impact of Hurricane Dorian resulted in extensive damage and loss of life.


As we started reporting on this, I mean, everyone in higher education seemed to say, like, yeah, it's a problem - we all knew that it was a problem for so long, and nothing has really changed the system, changed the culture. Could this be the moment?Or is there a feeling in the field of education that, I mean, it's just so entrenched that it's going to be very hard to change the system?

Well, I have seen a lot of conversations about kind of how do we get low-income students to kind of get into college?It's certainly renewed a conversation around legacy admissions, which is the system that gives extra points to students whose parents or siblings already attended a specific school. And there's also a renewed interest in schools that don't require the college entrance exams like the ACT or the SAT, though the College Board, the company behind the SAT, says using an outside assessment actually makes it harder to pull off fraud.

But even this idea of college as nonprofit status, like, should they have this if they're not really an open-access organization or serving the greater public?So these are kind of the things that I'm keeping an eye on, and we'll see what happens.

All right. Quite a story to follow. NPR education reporter Elissa Nadworny. Thanks so much.

turn 1 : Legacy admissions and college entrance exams are unfair to low-income students.

turn 1 : The underlying implications are that elite colleges are more concerned about their own bottom line and reputation than actually providing access to higher education for all.

turn 1 : The consequences of the scandal go beyond those immediately involved and have raised questions about the integrity and fairness of elite college admissions.

turn 1 : (4) B asks if the costs of the College Board tests deter students from applying to more than one college and if it discourages poorer families. The actual meaning here is that the high costs of the College Board tests may create barriers to higher education for students from low-income families, who may not be able to afford to take the tests multiple times or to send their scores to multiple colleges.


Now, we're going to head east to New York. NPR's Robert Smith spent the day in the raucous Harlem Armory yesterday. He joins us now. How are you doing, Robert?

I'm doing great. And no offense to Cheryl; she's talking about the hometown pride for Barack Obama. They like to point out in Harlem that before he moved to Chicago, Barack Obama went to Columbia University and lived in East Harlem. So, there you go.

All right. Well, how did they process this spectacle yesterday?

"Process" is a tame word for it. It was an out-and-out party. Everything from giant video screens on 125th Street; there were big events at the Schaumburg Center for Black Culture and at the Apollo Theater. I went to a schoolchildren event at the Harlem Armory, and if you can imagine the sound of about 5,000 middle-school students in a concrete bunker like the Armory screaming at the top of their lungs, you can imagine, it not only hurt your ears, but it was a little hard to follow the inauguration with that much excitement in one place.

turn 1 : Harlem is now more diverse, attracting non-African Americans.

turn 1 : Harlem residents take pride in Obama's previous residency

turn 1 : Harlem's culture is thriving due to the influx of wealth and new residents.

turn 1 : Blacks have had a historical investment in Harlem since the 1600s, predating the Harlem Renaissance and great migration

turn 1 : Harlem has always had a black presence, with blacks helping to build it since the 1600s.


You know, this is a very opaque system in Iran. And it's tough to sometimes know to what extent an action was sanctioned from the very top. And in some ways, President Trump gave Iran an out by saying that this was just a big mistake. This was a misunderstanding.

Could have been a junior officer somewhere or something like that.

Exactly.

Could it have been a junior officer somewhere?

turn 0 : Iran has a system of government that does not tell anyone what is going on.

turn 0 : The U.S. blames Iran for the explosions, but Iran denies involvement and considers it part of a campaign against them.

turn 0 : The situation with the US and Iran is concerning for Europeans

turn 0 : Israel the little Satan and America the great Satan implies that the two countries do acts that Iran greatly disapproves of.

turn 0 : If the Trump administration offers to remove some of the sanctions on Iran, Iran would be willing to negotiate.


Exactly.

turn 1 : A statement implies that they were caught off guard or surprised by the previous speaker's comment.

turn 1 : The speaker suggests that a junior officer may have been responsible for the action, not a higher-ranking official.

turn 1 : Officers are selectively recording only parts of interactions, thereby hiding misconduct that occurs off-camera and only recording interactions that appear to be professional.

turn 1 : This statement of  A implies that the Aspirant is too old and does not have a good communication skill to be a leader.

turn 1 : (4) The literal meaning of turn (4) is that the reporter contacted the Department of Justice for comment, but the implied meaning is that the reporter wants to highlight the lack of response from the Department of Justice, which can suggest a lack of transparency or accountability.


I've got to ask you a high hard one, as they call it in baseball, Monsignor. Can you understand if a number of faithful Catholics stand up during Mass tomorrow and tell their priest, look; I'm sorry, father, but what moral authority do you or does the church have to tell me anything when it's hurt so many people who loved it and concealed those crimes for decades?

You know, I certainly understand it. That was what Cardinal Cupich said, actually. He said that if the church doesn't get this right, its moral authority is shot. And so why we're having a global summit on an issue that the church says this is in the front burner and we - they don't do global summits on anything. So the church is trying to say, yeah, this is important, and if we don't get this right, it's over.

Are you concerned the church is going to lose its moral authority over this issue or has already lost its moral authority?

Well, I'm sure it has. It has with many people. There's no question about it. And right - and I think the church has a responsibility, say, to clean up its own act before it tells other people how to act. I totally agree with that.

Monsignor Stephen Rossetti of the Catholic University of America, thanks so much for being with us.

turn 0 : The committee will investigate churches' mishandling of abuse cases.

turn 0 : The church has hurt many people and concealed crimes.

turn 0 : The church is unique and busy, unlike any other church in the city and very few in Europe.

turn 0 : There is a problem with gun violence in America.

turn 0 : The Vatican is beginning to take action to change the church


turn 1 : The Vatican is beginning to take action to change the church

turn 1 : The committee will investigate churches' mishandling of abuse cases.

turn 1 : The people should obey their leaders or lose their jobs.

turn 1 : The church is in danger of losing its moral authority.


turn 3 : The Vatican is beginning to take action to change the church

turn 3 : The committee will investigate churches' mishandling of abuse cases.

turn 3 : People should not put too much faith in any single person or institution to solve all of their problems.

turn 3 : The church should clean up its own act before telling others what to do.

turn 3 : Everyone should respect other people's feelings and not try to control them, even if they don't agree.


That's right. Even as he says he's open to talking with China, the president has left in place this latest round of tariffs, and the tariff rate is still 15%. That's up from 10% when the tax was initially announced.

Trump is also threatening to raise the tariff rate on another $250 billion worth of Chinese imports that are already being taxed at 25%. Trump wants to raise that to 30% on October 1 unless there's some kind of deal between now and then. U. S.  and Chinese negotiators are supposed to meet here in Washington sometime this month in September, but we haven't seen a real date yet.

How is all this affecting businesses, consumers?

Consumers are still spending pretty freely. We got new numbers from the Commerce Department on Friday showing consumer spending grew at a solid pace in July. And that's encouraging because consumer spending has been the most durable pillar propping up the economy.

turn 3 : The economic situation will get worse, and it's uncertain how bad it will be.

turn 3 : THERE IS A BIG CHANGE THE PEOPLE HAVE ALREADY LOST THEIR MONEY

turn 3 : People aren't spending money due to the recession.

turn 3 : Spending is not an actual pillar but the strongest part of the economy.

turn 3 : Both A and B agree that the tax bill is not popular


So is presentation, how you present the food, influence how it's tasting, you know?Does the fact that it's presented in - on a tray in an airplane at 40,000 feet mean it's going to taste different, or your expectations might be different?

Absolutely. Presentation is very important. And you bring up an interesting point about eating at 30,000 feet. The - as we all know, if we're lucky enough to get served a meal in an airplane. . .

. . . food just doesn't seem to taste right on an airplane.

Right.

turn 2 : The turn in (2) is a figurative expression and its actual meaning is different from its literal meaning.

turn 2 : There are no turns in the given conversation that have a meaning different from their literal meanings. All the turns convey their literal meanings without any implied or figurative language.

turn 2 : The turn whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning is turn (3).  In turn (3), the speaker says "food just doesn't seem to taste right on an airplane." The literal meaning of this statement is that the food does not taste good when eaten on an airplane.

turn 2 : None of the turns have implied meanings that are different from their literal meanings. They all convey their literal meanings without any hidden or implied messages.


Absolutely. And that's something that my father always stressed upon my sisters and me and that we've all thought it's very important that you should be engaged in the process. In this case it is a political process, because the process of electing our government leaders is one that will have a direct impact on whether we're here and what we do here. So it's fine to criticize, but at the same time if you're not engaged in the process I feel that's a real discredit to everything you try to protest against.

Do you sense a great excitement among the men and women there about the election?

Well, there's certainly a lot of open questions, a lot of us are wondering if Barack Obama's elected versus John McCain and vice versa, whether that will have an effect not just on this tour, but on future military careers because we have a lot of soldiers and a lot of officers who are planning to make a military career and I'm not one of them. I'm going to be leaving active duty when we return from this tour.

But for those soldiers especially, the big question now is, when and how soon they'll have to deploy to Afghanistan. Because many of these soldiers are on their third, some even on their fourth tour here to Iraq. And so now they're looking at another open ended involvement in Afghanistan. And so they've got a lot of questions about that and so we're really just curious right now what both candidates - what decisions they'll make.

turn 0 : A implies that the process of political maneuvering can be absurd and comical to an outside observer.

turn 0 : A is advocating for social and political change.

turn 0 : The turn in (1) implies that the speaker is excited about the attention they're receiving because they have a history of making groundbreaking decisions in the political arena.

turn 0 : it is a metaphorical field, it just means there are not as many candidates running for the election as there was in the past because some decided not to continue running

turn 0 : "engaged in the process" - this means actively participating in the political process, not just being present or observing it.


turn 0 : The speaker believes that the protests need to be more extreme for America to acknowledge the issue, but not necessarily violent.

turn 0 : The protest has been peaceful despite potential for violence.

turn 0 : Being engaged in the political process is important for protesting against things you disagree with.

turn 0 : A is advocating for political activism and social justice


turn 1 : The actual meaning of the turn is different from its literal meaning. The turn is using a hypothetical scenario to explain how a narrow victory in the upcoming election could be possible based on current polling data.

turn 1 : The turn in (1) implies that the speaker is excited about the attention they're receiving because they have a history of making groundbreaking decisions in the political arena.

turn 1 : can be interpreted as a way to inquire about the current situation in the city, not just the events taking place.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of turn (2) is a question asking what the speaker can add to the race that other candidates do not already have. However, the actual meaning is that the speaker is being challenged to prove their value and justify their entry into the race. The literal meaning of the turn does not reflect the underlying challenge and skepticism expressed by the speaker.

turn 1 : There is no indication that the actual meaning is different from the literal meaning. It's a straightforward question about whether people at the location are excited about the election.


turn 2 : The military is associated with masculinity and force as a solution.

turn 2 : "make a military career" - this means pursuing a long-term career in the military, not literally constructing a military career.

turn 2 : The Trump administration has taken several steps that have made it harder for military members to get citizenship

turn 2 : Military interventions often escalate beyond their original scope.

turn 2 : A's decision to join the U.S. military is not typical due to his background and experiences in Pakistan.


turn 3 : A is confident about the success of the mission and reassures B

turn 3 : "open-ended involvement" - this means a long-term and uncertain commitment to the mission, not literally an involvement that has no end or closure.

turn 3 : So you think there's more to be known about this mission and about U.S. operations in that area of the world?" Implicated meaning: The speaker believes that there is additional information or details that have not been disclosed regarding the mentioned mission and broader U.S. operations in that region.

turn 3 : The actual meaning of turn 3 is "Thank you for joining us and providing information on the topic."


The flu hits with the regularity of seasons. But it's hard to know when it will peak, and how it might spread. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention want to forecast yearly bouts of influenza the way that meteorologists predict storms. So they've set up a contest every two weeks through March, in which competing teams submit predictions for when the flu will peak and how intense it will be.

Mark Dredze is a professor of computer science at the Johns Hopkins University. He analyzes social media data, to try to learn about health trends. Professor Dredze, thanks so much for being with us.

I'm happy to be here.

So how do you use social media to make a prediction on a medical matter?

turn 1 : implies that A is happy to be on the show;

turn 1 :  implies a respectful and grateful invitation to Professor Dredge to join the show, while

turn 1 : The speaker is expressing his appreciation and gratitude for the guest taking the time to be on the show.

turn 1 : Pleasure to speak to you. (This is a polite way of expressing appreciation for the invitation to speak on the show.)

turn 1 :  The implied meaning of this turn is that the guest is expressing gratitude for being invited to the show


I'm happy to be here.

turn 3 :  implies a respectful and inquisitive inquiry into how Professor Dredge uses social media to make predictions.

turn 3 : The speaker is using the scientific survey as an excuse to flirt with the person they are talking to.

turn 3 :  implies that you should be mindful of the information you hear and stay informed.

turn 3 : The actual meaning of this turn is to be aware of the potential consequences of what you write in emails and to be careful with what you say via email.


Hudson is confident that Broadway Federal Bank won't be harmed by the recent spate of bankruptcies and bailouts. Though the bank specializes in real estate and caters to minority investors, it never got caught up in the subprime mortgage game that has become the downfall of other banks.

In order to play in that game, you had to have large volumes and small margins, which has made mortgages like commodities. So the Countrywides, the WAMUs, the big mortgage companies, you would lose your shirt trying to compete with it. So, really, the small banks had to stand on the sidelines while a lot of money was being made by churning these loans and fees, and people were making huge amounts of money, banks were very profitable, and we weren't able to participate. But now, you know, the kind of like slow and steady feels very good right now.

Now, Hudson says he's starting to get a lot more calls from people who want to put their money in Broadway Federal.

Here's what used to happen in the old days. People would only put 100,000 dollars in Broadway because they knew that was the maximum FDIC insurance. They put a million dollars in Bank of America. They figured, well, I only - because Bank of America only has the same insurance as we do, only a 100,000. So they left 900,000 dollars uninsured because they said, well, that's Bank of America. I'm only worried about Broadway. I'm not worried about Bank of America.

turn 0 : There is a sense of panic in the financial system and central banks are the only ones willing to finance the banking sector.

turn 0 : Broadway Federal Bank is in a better position than other banks because it did not get involved in subprime mortgages.

turn 0 : Central bankers' actions have positively affected the market.

turn 0 : The government has not handled the financial crisis effectively.

turn 0 : Despite having a good credit history, the credit was not available on time and it caused a lot of inconvenience


turn 1 : There is a sense of panic in the financial system and central banks are the only ones willing to finance the banking sector.

turn 1 : The federal government has taken control of mortgage companies Freddy Mac and Fannie Mae

turn 1 : Small banks were unable to compete with big mortgage companies in the subprime mortgage game, but now slow and steady feels good.

turn 1 : The government's backing of Fannie and Freddie's debts lowered mortgage rates, but Lehman's struggles may reverse this progress.


turn 2 : Passing this bill may not be enough to improve the credit market.

turn 2 : The rating agencies play an important role in the banks' ability to borrow money.

turn 2 : The government could acquire loans and make changes more easily.

turn 2 : There is an increasing interest in investing money in Broadway Federal Bank.

turn 2 : The current financial situation has disrupted people's sense of security.


turn 3 : Using government money to prop up the banking system is better than letting it implode.

turn 3 : The government is aware of the issues with state-owned enterprises and banks, but it will be difficult to make changes due to vested interests

turn 3 : THERE IS A BIG CHANGE THE PEOPLE HAVE ALREADY LOST THEIR MONEY

turn 3 : Having all your money in one bank is risky.

turn 3 : People tend to trust larger banks more than smaller banks and leave more money uninsured in larger banks.


Not letting anybody down - what do you mean?just being able to hold the salute for so long.

Yeah, maintain my position and in life. You know, it's much more than one day out of the year thing. The families that lost their loved ones, they're like, wow, my son wanted to be that. And it kind of honors them, in essence, because it doesn't let the sacrifice go in vain.

This seems to resonate with Korean vets, who are getting older now, vets from Vietnam, same thing - also Iraq, Afghanistan. I mean, it's all generations.

Yes, and it's very humbling. I was in a diner in Lexington, Ky.  And this guy saw a shirt I had with my salute on the back that said, thank you, veterans in all the wars. And he goes, I know that Marine. And I'm like, well, I'm that Marine. He started to cry. He said, please keep doing it. He had to give up his motorcycle when he came home from war. And now he bounces and tries to go to school and is trying to find his way.

turn 0 : drop policy implies to neglect an already made policy in favor of someone

turn 0 : to carry something out means to do something

turn 0 : Are they willing to let people die over that principle?

turn 0 : Implied meaning: People are feeling resentment and anger towards people who think they don't have to follow the same rules as everyone else.

turn 0 : letting anybody down implies not to disappoint anyone not to bring people down from carrying them on high


Yeah. I mean, the choices - we take in quite a range of groups clan, the Nazi groups, other kinds of white nationalist groups by which I mean, generally more kind of the suit-and-tie crowd than you'll find with the clan in the skinheads. But we also include some very extreme anti-gay groups, some radical traditionalist Catholic groups, these are groups that believe that Jews are evil and so on, murdered God and what have you, and a number of other groups along those lines.

What's driving this growth in the numbers of hate groups?Is it the economy, social forces, a combination of both perhaps?

I think all of those things. During the last eight years or so, most of the period, these groups have very successfully and almost exclusively exploited the issue of illegal immigration. In other words, every clan group, neo-Nazi group out there has kind of put aside all other enemies to concentrate heavily on the so-called threat of people with brown skin coming here, to you know, kind of rape our daughters and destroy our society. That has begun to change in just the last year, especially since last fall when we had two major things going on, of course, the economy crashing and unemployment in particular getting worse and then of course, the election of a black man to the White House. Those things together have really created kind of perfect storm.

Are the number of hate crimes and the number of hate groups increasing on a parallel track?

turn 2 : "Perfect storm" isn't about a literal storm; it means a bunch of conditions coming together to produce something negative. The rape and destroy comments also aren't literally what immigrants will do, but what A is characterizing these clans claim they will do.

turn 2 : They will continue reporting on the storm via the internet no matter what.

turn 2 : B is referring to the Hurricane Katrina catastrophe in New Orleans and it aftermaths.

turn 2 : A is implying that there have been small reports of violence, such as stones being thrown at mosques and shops being burned down.

turn 2 : The Daily Stormer readers are not just exchanging information but also inciting each other to commit violent acts.


And from New York, Serena Blanchard, as in: From Serena, 1988. Thank you for being with us.

Thank you for having me.

I wanted to write a poem for my father's book. I wanted to write an introduction. Apparently, he was looking for some form of dedication page. So I was tying my shoe one day, and I came up with a poem, and I offered it to my father and to Stan. But I think Dad can probably explain the rest from there.

turn 2 : The implied meaning of turn (2) is that the speaker was tempted to find out if it was possible for the student to access the books they mentioned.

turn 2 : (3) B: Now, Ms. Blanchard, you were only 8. So how did you wind up getting cited in this eminent textbook?  The literal meaning of this turn is that the speaker is asking how an 8-year-old got cited in a textbook. However, the implied meaning could be that the speaker is curious about the circumstances that led to this unexpected accomplishment, or that the speaker is impressed by the achievement and wants to know more about it.

turn 2 : The implied meaning in turn (3) is that the author saw a lack of knowledge among young people in their community about their own cultural history and wanted to address this deficit by creating a book with images and information about that history.

turn 2 : The implied meaning in turn (2) is that the author created the book out of a desire to educate young black people about their cultural history, which they may not have learned from mainstream media sources such as hip-hop videos.


Thank you for having me.

turn 3 : The speaker's parents' love of reading played a crucial role in their development as a poet.

turn 3 : "ended up" in (2) means that the person did not plan to do something, but it happened anyway.

turn 3 : "Well, about 20 years ago, we were thinking about doing a literary magazine because at the time there weren't too many journals out there for new writers. There weren't many literary journals at all during that time. And so we stumbled upon an idea that we had started with one of our friends from college where he had given me a first line to start a story." - This turn has a literal meaning and it explains how the idea of the literary magazine was born and how they came up with the concept of exchanging first lines to create stories.

turn 3 : I wanted to write a poem for my father's book. I wanted to write an introduction. Apparently, he was looking for some form of dedication page. So I was tying my shoe one day, and I came up with a poem, and I offered it to my father and to Stan. But I think Dad can probably explain the rest from there. Implicated meaning: A is explaining how she came up with a poem for her father's book in a spontaneous and unplanned manner. The phrase "came up with" implies that the idea for the poem suddenly occurred to her, without deliberate effort or prior intention.


So I'm afraid he's not someone who looks at the situation in the same way that Western leaders do. He has different calculations, and he's trying to see if the Syrian state can be held together by Mr.  Assad. And I guess he will wait until it becomes completely apparent that that will not happen.

We're speaking with Fiona Hill, co-author with Clifford Gaddy of "Mr.  Putin: Operative in the Kremlin. "Her recent piece in Foreign Affairs, "The Real Reason Putin Supports Assad: Mistaking Syria for Chechnya. "You can find a link to that article at our website, go to npr. org, click on TALK OF THE NATION. And this is TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News.

Now, there is some suspicion that Syria may devolve into, well, different little warlord states, including an Alawite state led by Mr.  Assad based in the western part of the country near the Mediterranean. That's where the Alawites, 12 percent of the population live, and that's the element from which Mr.  Assad's family comes as well. At that point in the game, what does Russia do?

Well, you know, it's a very good question. I think it will depend on whether Assad asks for some kind of recognition for that state as the rump state of Syria, with the expectation that the rest of the territory might be regained. And if you think back to 2008, Putin actually has a track record already established, a recognition of entity.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker is indirectly suggesting that they may have information or opinions that they are hesitant to share openly.

turn 0 : has a literal meaning of "Yes, the numbers aren't looking good for the person," but its actual meaning is "It looks like the person isn't likely to succeed."

turn 0 : (1) has an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The literal meaning is that the speaker is asking if there is any sign of improvement in the situation being discussed, but the implied meaning is that the situation is bad and the speaker is hoping for some positive news or indication that things will get better.

turn 0 : I'm afraid in this context means that the person doesn't like what they are saying but its true

turn 0 : when something is made clear in this context it means that it is explained so people understand


Me, too.

. . . when they would have lunch every day.

Thank you for saying that, yes.

So how did they help each other?

turn 1 : (2) The literal meaning of this turn is a simple question, but the implied meaning is that the speaker wants to know what actions can be taken to address the issue being discussed and is seeking guidance or suggestions.

turn 1 :  (2) The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is curious to know what kind of help the two people provided each other with during their lunch time.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at something indirectly and expects the listener to understand the intended message.

turn 1 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply an acknowledgement or agreement, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker may not be fully engaged or interested in the conversation. It could be interpreted as a way of signaling disinterest or a desire to move on to a different topic.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at something indirectly and expects the listener to read between the lines.


Of course. First of all, we created a group of specialized prosecutor and specialized law enforcement agencies, so we try to look at this unique phenomenon as a criminal network behind this. For this reason, we - first of all, we interview immediately the migrants when they arrive here in Palermo, in Sicily, Lampedusa and many of the towns that we are competent on - to get the material that we can use for the follow-up to our investigation - telephone numbers, identification, social network account - everything that we can use later.

And we build a trip, the route with the statements of the survivors of these terrible tragedies. But also, we had the corroboration of what we heard during our investigation directly from the traffickers operating in Africa - in Libya and Sudan - and also in Italy and in northern Europe.

Mr.  Ferrara, compared to La Cosa Nostra, are the smugglers well-organized?Are they - are they rich?

We are talking about a very structured criminal group. We are not talking about people that just put people in a boat and send them here. But we are talking really about criminal groups, very, very structured and very, very organized.

turn 1 : can be interpreted as a way to inquire about the current situation in the city, not just the events taking place.

turn 1 : It is being implied that the criminals are having a difficult time.

turn 1 : Turn (3) describes the discovery of clues that led to the unraveling of the scandal, which is consistent with its literal meaning.

turn 1 :  implies that the investigators used information from the traffickers to further investigate the route of the people who survived the tragedies.

turn 1 : Implies that Dr. Stephen Loyd is a reliable source of information on the subject, and that they are asking him to provide insights on the issue.


I'm Farai Chideya and this is News & Notes. The roots of jazz reach down on to the Mississippi Delta and the West Coast of Africa. Now, the many sounds that make up modern jazz can be heard virtually anywhere in the world. The Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz keeps the music alive and nurtures the next generation of jazz musicians. And this weekend, the institute is honoring B. B. King, plus, holding the finals of its annual performance competition. Joining us now is Monk Institute President Tom Carter.

Hi. It's a pleasure to be here.

Yeah. Yeah. You're right here in the studio. So we've been hearing a little bit of the great B. B. King, who I've had the pleasure of watching play. And you're honoring him in Los Angeles this weekend at a concert called 'The Blues and Jazz, Two American Classics. 'Tell me a little bit more about how got things structured.

Absolutely. It's going to be an incredible weekend. We have saxophone competition which we'll be talking about. But as a part of the competition, we also have a major tribute concert each year and this year, it's dedicated to B. B. King and to the blues. The blues have had a huge influence on jazz, and we established last year an education program in Mississippi Delta called 'The Blues and Jazz, Two American Classics,' which is the theme of this weekend. And there, we worked with young kids and really introduced them, originally in the Mississippi Delta to their great roots and heritage and the life of B. B. King, who is from Indianola.

turn 1 : playing refers to as and implies engaged with or undertake

turn 1 : to watch someone play means to watch them perform

turn 1 : The person must be watching every moment and every detail of the games.

turn 1 : "watch" - This verb usually means to observe something with one's eyes, but in this context, it implies enjoying or experiencing a film.

turn 1 : to watch something unfold means to watch an event happen


There's something magical about that part of a meal that really seems to have inspired the book. Like, the beginning, when everyone is, like, just arriving and gathering and, like, what you want to serve in a moment like that.

Yeah. I mean, even just hearing you describe it that way, it's the best moment of a party. So, you know, everyone's hugging and kissing, and there's catching up and clinking of wine glasses. And it's just the best moment. And I think when those first platters of food start to roll out of the kitchen, it's just a celebration.

Do you ever really sit down, or is it constant movement, like, more plates coming out and just kind of wandering around and eating and talking?

What I love about antipasti is that even in a restaurant, oftentimes they'll have sort of a big communal table in the center of the restaurant, and they'll allow you to come up with, you know, your plate and a big spoon and just kind of point to or pick through and serve yourself whatever you want from the antipasti spread. So that's kind of the most interactive moment of the meal, which is maybe also why it's one of my favorites.

turn 0 : The speaker is saying that money is important, but not as important as the enjoyment of cooking.

turn 0 : The speaker is expressing amusement at the topic being discussed.

turn 0 : "Magic is illusion, and it's make-believe." In this turn, the speaker is using the term "make-believe" to refer to the nature of magic. The literal meaning of "make-believe" is pretending or imagining something that is not real. However, in the context of magic, it implies the creation of illusions and the suspension of disbelief.

turn 0 : not literally served, as someone placing prepared food on a table for someone to eat, but working in a job or position

turn 0 : "There's something magical about that part of a meal" - The speaker is expressing their emotional response to a particular part of a meal and not actually talking about any magic that might be involved.


turn 1 : "You're welcome." This turn is an example of conventionalized language, where the speaker uses a set phrase to respond to the expression of gratitude. The literal meaning of "you're welcome" is an invitation for the other person to come in, but in this context, it's used to acknowledge and accept thanks.

turn 1 :  implies that the speaker is expressing gratitude for the other person's time and attention.

turn 1 : "everyone's hugging and kissing" - This is a common expression used to describe a warm and friendly greeting between people, but it doesn't always literally mean that people are hugging and kissing.

turn 1 : B: "Abby, thank you" - This turn has a literal meaning as it is a polite expression of gratitude towards the person being addressed.


turn 2 : "change the dynamics" means to alter the way things are done

turn 2 : The turn suggests that the speaker is feeling frustrated and overwhelmed.

turn 2 : The speaker is hinting that the situation is difficult or complex.

turn 2 : "constant movement" - The speaker is referring to the busy atmosphere of a party, where people are moving around and socializing, but not necessarily in a literal sense of constant movement.

turn 2 : "fast" - The word "fast" is being used in a religious context to mean abstaining from food and drink during daylight hours as an act of devotion. It is not being used to describe moving quickly.


turn 3 :  (4) implies that retailers want customers to pick up their items in-store so that they can be enticed to purchase other items while they are there.

turn 3 : Basically, when we haven't got enough money, we have to decide who's not going to get food."  The actual meaning implied in this turn is: "Essentially, when we lack sufficient funds, we need to determine which individuals will not receive food."

turn 3 : cross-pollinate implies to understand and digest things

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at something they want or need, but they don't want to ask for it directly.

turn 3 : "pick through and serve yourself whatever you want" - This is a figurative expression, meaning to choose items from the antipasti spread rather than actually picking through the food with one's fingers.


My goodness.

Yeah, and he's going to try to sort of and see if it can sort of go on where he picks up from the news to sort of, you know, sort of portray different events that are going on with them. So, it's - I'm looking forward to that, because I like RuPaul, so I think it's going to be really interesting.

It will be interesting. All right, what about the Screen Actors Guild strike?What does that mean for people who watch movies or people who make them?

I think, you know, it's going to be a problem. For us, I think, you know, again, TV is going to become even more important, and I think TV was going to become important anyway because of the recession. I think a lot of people - because they know it's really expensive to go out and see movies. So, I think it's sort of a bad time in a way just because of that. But I think, yes, reality TV is going to sort of become even bigger than it already is. And you look at the shows, and it's, like, you know, endless, the kind of shows reality TV-wise that are coming. And I think they sort of - you know, they have everything in place for that to sort of work out.

turn 1 : it represents the person is very enthusiastic and interested to be engaged in doing it

turn 1 : to look forward to something means they are excited for an event.

turn 1 : The turn in (1) implies that the speaker is excited about the attention they're receiving because they have a history of making groundbreaking decisions in the political arena.

turn 1 : "Looking forward to your next rotation?" - This is an expression of anticipation and excitement for the Ambassador's next assignment.

turn 1 : can be interpreted as a way to inquire about the current situation in the city, not just the events taking place.


UNIDENTIFIED WOMAN #2: (Reading) That they are endowed by their creator. . .

Those voices were recorded last year on the National Mall. This year, to celebrate the Fourth of July, we're examining the text of the Declaration of Independence, but not the parts you've heard over and over again. The smallest details of phrasing in that declaration were crucial. Many words carried hidden meanings, small proclamations meant to legitimize aspirations for independence and little barbs for the British. It's part of Mark Memmott's job to pay attention to how we use words. He's NPR's supervising senior editor for standards and practices. Welcome, Mark.

Glad to be here.

OK, point us to a word in the Declaration of Independence that we might not have paid that much attention to.

I should say right here that I learned a lot about this this week from Professor Stephen Lucas, University of Wisconsin-Madison. The word is necessary.

turn 1 : The books were released on inauguration day may have been significant

turn 1 : B: Those voices were recorded last year on the National Mall. This year, to celebrate the Fourth of July, we're examining the text of the Declaration of Independence, but not the parts you've heard over and over again.

turn 1 : We're in a tent at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. So if you hear some extraneous sounds that you wouldn't normally hear in Studio 3A, please forgive us. But it gives us the opportunity to do some things that we wouldn't ordinarily do. We want to hear from comedians today. How do you translate your material, which comes from a certain time and place, to a wider or different cultural or even ethnic group? Give us a call: 800-989-8255. Email us: talk@npr.org. (This turn has a literal meaning of explaining the setting and purpose of the radio show)

turn 1 : (4) implies that the speaker wants to know what happened during the gaggle and why certain news organizations were excluded.

turn 1 : Obama wants to be seen as the voice of the people.


Once the canvassing board signs off on the recount and stamps it as completed, the loser will have up to seven days - calendar days, not business days - to file a legal contest to the recount. And it's very likely that that's going to be happening and accordingly, that we will not have a certified winner for some time in Minnesota.

Well, if you stick to that calendar and start filling in little blanks for January, do you actually go over into February when you're trying to figure out the schedule?

Well, I think that's anybody's guess right now. It just depends on what type of litigation is filed, if anything does come, and how long it takes to work it out.

Of course, Norm Coleman could say, could he not, well, OK. I'm a good sport. There it is.

turn 0 : He is implying that the first place winner will get the prize.

turn 0 : There is a possibility of an election despite no official announcement yet.

turn 0 : "the actual count won't be completed until April 20" is meant literally as it refers to the official count of the votes.

turn 0 : There will be a delay in determining the certified winner due to possible legal challenges.


The state has also promised that they will do spot checks after the storm to make sure that facilities that have gotten generators have those generators up and running. We've been told that the state has stockpiled additional generators in case some of those generators fail so that they have backups. And we're told that the Department of Health is also helping with that, too - the State Department of Health.

That was Miami Herald reporter Elizabeth Koh joining us from WFSU in Tallahassee, Fla.

Elizabeth, thanks so much for joining us, and thanks for your reporting.

Thank you very much.

turn 2 : joining us implies being part of a program or activity and not referring to mixing or attaching people together

turn 2 : joining us implies being a part or a participant

turn 2 : joins me now implies to be a part of program or activity and not referring to get attached together

turn 2 : joining us implies being part of an activity and not being to mix up


Yeah, I think that's true. And I think any country would really struggle to deal with something this extreme. MSF was already in the country working with patients with HIV. And we're looking at Mozambique's emergency response for at least the next six months. But it's likely that it will take longer.

I mean, we've got to remember that people have lost their crops; people have lost their homes. And these are not wealthy people. These are people who - you know, many people live kind of hand-to-mouth, so their struggling is huge.

Caitlin Ryan is emergency communications officer for Doctors Without Borders. Responding to the situation in Mozambique, she's in the city of Beira this morning.

Thank you very much.

turn 1 : Living hand-to-mouth implies that you're just barely making ends meet. A subsistence standard of living with little to spare.

turn 1 : Life is going to be a struggle due to limited resources

turn 1 : A moved from a middle-class area to a poorer area with a stark contrast in living conditions.

turn 1 :  I'm, you know, it's almost paycheck to paycheck meaning they don't have much money

turn 1 : Despite being one of the wealthiest countries, people are struggling to make ends meet.


Hey, thank you very much.

Everybody who is an average taxpayer wants to know, how does this bailout affect me?So how does it affect the average taxpayer?

Well, it affects you in a couple of ways. One of which is is that, if it that if it works and the financial system does in fact stabilize and move forward, we're all better. We've averted a vast crisis. But it also does mean that probably down the pike you might be seeing higher taxes, you might be seeing higher inflation, you might be seeing a lower dollar. All of these things are potential possible fallouts from the bailout.

To follow that point a little bit further. Let's say you have a person who pays his bill on time - his or her bills on time - has a mortgage, has a small savings account and no major investments. What does this mean to that person?

turn 2 : The oversight of the bailout money may not be as strong as it is intended to be.

turn 2 : The bailout could have potential negative consequences for the average taxpayer

turn 2 : The bailout is not punishment enough for the people responsible for the financial crisis.

turn 2 : Companies are misusing bailout money and need to be held accountable and punished for doing so.


Yeah.

. . . . Who have a record of accomplishment, who think that they can appeal to a broad range of voters. So what do you think you add to the race that isn't already there?

No, you bet. And why would I be the 37th or 24th (laughter) candidate or whatever it is?And I just got in now because I literally signed my last bill on Monday and had a job to do, getting Medicaid expansion and other things reauthorized. So I think I bring to the race - I think I'm probably the only one in the race that actually won in a Trump state. I mean, I got reelected in 2016. Donald Trump took Montana by 20 points. I won by four. Twenty-five to 30% of my voters voted for Donald Trump. And that's not, for me, changing who I am. I think I add to the race inasmuch as that people want government to function. I've been able to bridge divides in a very partisan time and get Republicans and Democrats to work with me to try to improve people's lives.

I think Joe Biden thinks the same. I mean, the former Vice President Joe Biden, who, obviously, has broad name recognition, you know, everywhere, who has been elected many times in his own right, never ran successfully for president. But I think he could argue that he ran successfully in Trump states - states that became Trump states - twice. And in addition to that, he's raising millions of dollars on his past name recognition. How are you going to compete with that?

turn 1 : The actual meaning of the turn is different from its literal meaning. The turn is using a hypothetical scenario to explain how a narrow victory in the upcoming election could be possible based on current polling data.

turn 1 : Turn (2) has an actual meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is not discussing an attempt to physically move goalposts, but rather a rhetorical strategy of avoiding answering certain questions.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of turn (2) is a question asking what the speaker can add to the race that other candidates do not already have. However, the actual meaning is that the speaker is being challenged to prove their value and justify their entry into the race. The literal meaning of the turn does not reflect the underlying challenge and skepticism expressed by the speaker.

turn 1 : (1) The actual meaning of turn (1) is different from its literal meaning, as it implies that the speaker is ready to defend their state against any legal challenges from the Trump administration and has a track record of success in litigation against them, indicating a confident and confrontational approach.

turn 1 : Turn (1) has an implicated meaning that is different from its literal meaning. Although the speaker denies that the remarks were racially motivated, the implication is that the speaker believes they were in fact racially motivated, and is trying to downplay or avoid addressing that implication.


I watched the movie "Concussion," and that kind of really gave me some insight onto what could happen if I kept on playing football and some of the injuries that could occur.

So nobody had ever spoken to you about this before - your coach, your family. It wasn't something that really was on your radar at all.

No, it really wasn't any of my concern. I wasn't really worried about it. You know, I had a head injury my junior year in football and then, you know, I kind of just shrugged it off, didn't think it was much of anything

So looking at the film with Will Smith, you thought, hey, I'm a football player. I'm, you know, in high school. And if I keep this up, something terrible could happen.

turn 1 : The speaker feels guilty about watching football because of the permanent damage it causes to players' health

turn 1 : The speaker implies that there may be injuries, but they haven't been reported yet.

turn 1 : The speaker did not receive any prior warning or education about the risks of playing football, indicating a lack of adequate information and awareness among coaches, families, and society as a whole about the dangers of sports-related injuries.

turn 1 : Watching football is difficult because of the risk of players being permanently damaged.

turn 1 : Football players today have too much respect for each other to intentionally hurt another player, despite injuries occurring on the field.


turn 3 : The speaker feels guilty about watching football because of the permanent damage it causes to players' health

turn 3 : The speaker was able to empathize with the film's portrayal of the risks associated with playing football, realizing that their own participation in the sport could have serious consequences. This suggests the power of media and storytelling to influence and educate individuals about important issues.

turn 3 : In these turns, the speakers are discussing the implications and deeper meanings behind the actions and ideologies of the person they are talking about. They are not merely discussing the literal surface-level interpretations, but rather the underlying motives, strategies, and persuasive effects of those actions and ideologies.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that A is implying that the way media is consumed has changed drastically, and this could lead to the failure of the American experiment.


Well, Michelle, we are going to miss you so much, but our listeners, they'll still be able to keep in touch with you, right?

Absolutely. I'm going to still be doing my column for the Washington Post. You can go to WashingtonPost. com. I have my own personal Web site, michellesingletary. com. And I've got a book coming out in the fall that I hope people get a hold of because it will help you during this crisis and afterwards. It's called "The Power to Prosper: 21 days to Financial Freedom. "And I'm going to, hopefully, come to some communities, and I hope people come out for some of the book readings.

All right Michelle, it's been a great pleasure interviewing you and speaking with you over the years. I've just loved your energy and your advice, and I wish you the very best, and thank you so much for being on our show.

You're so welcome. I'm really, really going to miss it.

turn 1 : She creates lines of written work in stories that sound good and have a great deal of emotion. Also, the way she writes her stories has a great deal of meaning.

turn 1 : She hopes people find a way to read the book that she has written.

turn 1 : She writes a wide variety of stories and the lessons that she learns as a writer can be seen in her stories.

turn 1 : What she writes makes people feel comfortable in a way that reminds them of the past.

turn 1 : She began to act like and say things like the author, Virginia Woolf.


Well, we've got quite a few people that have moved in with other family members. Some houses that have only been destroyed partially - some are completely to the ground. We've still got some living in hotels. We've got some that are living in tents and vehicles. We found out yesterday from our school district that quite a few schoolkids are homeless. You know, 67 percent of the property here has been damaged in some way - or more.

So people have got stress trying to do a normal life during the day and have a normal job and then end up having to deal with the insurance companies and dealing with your mortgage companies and dealing with the assistance programs that you're trying to get help from that just takes repetitive, repetitive visits with to get things done. And it's not their fault. It's just the bureaucracy that's involved in everything doing nowadays.

Yeah. So they have to make repeated visits and work for a living all at the same time.

Yes, sir. It takes a mental strain on you. In my case, we sleep on a mattress in the back part of my living room 'cause the other half of my house doesn't have electricity and has got - you know, leaks like a sieve. And that's not a normal life.

turn 1 : It is being implied that the criminals are having a difficult time.

turn 1 : Discussing the difficulties to get something done despite bureaucracy

turn 1 :  Implied meaning: These cases may lead to a general mistrust of institutions that are supposed to represent hard work and excellence

turn 1 : The situation is much worse than ever before and people are starting to think about alternative options if their current job is not secured.

turn 1 :  (2) implies that people are facing a lot of bureaucracy and paperwork,


turn 3 : The speaker is hinting that the situation is difficult or complex.

turn 3 : The speaker tried to protect themselves from danger.

turn 3 :  (4) implies that the speaker is facing a difficult living situation.

turn 3 : (3) implies that the speaker wants to know what the speaker observed,


What do you expect to see in the Basilica today?

Well, most of conservative legal Washington I expect to be there and also liberals who were Scalia's friends. That includes Vice President Biden. Antonin Scalia was one of these guys who really didn't care what your politics were. If you liked him, he liked you. He was not doctrinal in his friendships. And so I expect that it'll be somewhat mixed. Sen.  Cruz is said to be coming. I talked to one of Scalia's closest friends yesterday who said that Scalia certainly know who Cruz was. He's running for president. But, Cruz said he was going because he had this connection to the Supreme Court from when he was a clerk for Chief Justice Rehnquist. And my source said, well, unfortunately, Scalia really didn't remember him from his clerkship at all.

NPR legal affairs correspondent Nina Totenberg, Nina, thank you.

Thank you, Linda.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of turn (2) is a question asking what the speaker can add to the race that other candidates do not already have. However, the actual meaning is that the speaker is being challenged to prove their value and justify their entry into the race. The literal meaning of the turn does not reflect the underlying challenge and skepticism expressed by the speaker.

turn 1 : (2) The literal meaning of turn (2) is the speaker thanking the person who introduced him, but the implied meaning is just a polite expression to acknowledge the introduction. (3) The literal meaning of turn (3) is the speaker thanking the other person, but the implied meaning is just a polite expression to end the conversation.

turn 1 : The actual meaning of turn (2) is different from its literal meaning. While the literal meaning of the text is about who is expected to attend the Basilica, the implied meaning is that Scalia was a person who valued personal relationships more than political affiliation. The statement reflects his personality and attitude towards others.

turn 1 : (1) The actual meaning of turn (1) is different from its literal meaning, as it implies that the speaker is ready to defend their state against any legal challenges from the Trump administration and has a track record of success in litigation against them, indicating a confident and confrontational approach.

turn 1 : The turn in (2) is a figurative expression and its actual meaning is different from its literal meaning.


Well, I talked to - obviously, I've been all over Iowa and New Hampshire. And most people really want to beat Trump. And I think if we don't stand up and say that we don't - you know, that Democrats don't stand for socialism, we're going to end up reelecting the worst president this country's ever had. And I feel sometimes a lonely voice.

But I think we've got to speak loud and clear that jobs matter. Our economy has to grow. And certainly we want to address income inequality. Absolutely we want to make sure that women have a right to choose, that civil rights and social justice are addressed aggressively. But we've also got to recognize to win in Ohio and Michigan, North Carolina and Wisconsin, we're going to have to, you know, get more to those kitchen table issues that have to do with, you know, somebody's job and - or how many jobs they're having to work just to balance their household budget.

And do you think your fellow candidates are not doing that?

Well, they're certainly doing it to a certain extent. I'm not diminishing climate change or - as an important issue or health care. But I don't think we're going to address climate change by guaranteeing every American a federal job, which is what part of the Green New Deal was. I don't think we're going to address the spiraling inflation in health care by forcibly telling 150 million people that we're going to take away their private insurance.

turn 1 : Republicans need to compromise and negotiate instead of trying to get everything they want.

turn 1 : To win in key states, Democrats need to prioritize jobs and economic growth.

turn 1 :  implies that the Democrats should not become complacent with their current demographics and should focus on further outreach

turn 1 : Democrats are usually in favor of reform while Republicans are not.

turn 1 : Democrats wanting to impeach Trump is not a good idea and they should focus on other issues.


So right now, there are multiple congressional committees investigating this issue. We've got them on the House side. We've got a couple on the Senate side. I guess I want to know why is there a need for multiple investigations, and how do these congressional investigations differ at their core from what Special Counsel Robert Mueller is conducting?

Well, Senate Intelligence looks at intelligence matters primarily. Senate Judiciary looks at matters that fall under the broad scope of the Judiciary Committee. All these congressional investigations differ very much in function from what the Special Counsel Mueller does. Mueller works in secret and long, long deep studies of things like finances. And he doesn't bring his results public. If he finds something that's really important, he won't let you know until it's time to indict somebody. Whereas, the congressional committees when classification allows them to be in the open, they live for open hearings. They want people to know what they found.

And what about compelling witnesses to testify?The subpoena, is that a last resort thing or is it just a negotiating device?

Oh, the subpoena is the basic working tool of these investigations. It can be a single piece of paper that demands that the witness show up on pain of contempt. Or it can also be a subpoena of the kind that seeks documents, including digital material like emails. By bringing in a witness, they cut through a lot of the stalling. And by demanding the documents, they have the materials to pin the witness down in the questioning.

turn 1 : The congressional committees are trying to gain public attention and support for their investigations, while Mueller is working in the shadows and his findings will only be revealed when it is time to take legal action.

turn 1 : Trump is now openly calling for the Mueller investigation to be shut down

turn 1 : The person thinks there is contitutional responsibility to investigate areas that the president has said not to. The Mueller team did not as the president told them to investigate only so much and then to stop.

turn 1 : B is asking for an update on the Mueller investigation.


turn 2 : (2) The literal meaning of this turn is a simple question, but the implied meaning is that the speaker wants to know what actions can be taken to address the issue being discussed and is seeking guidance or suggestions.

turn 2 :  turn is asking about the use of subpoenas to compel witnesses to testify and whether they are a last resort or a negotiating tool. The actual meaning, however, is asking about the effectiveness and necessity of using subpoenas in congressional investigations.

turn 2 : The actual meaning of the third turn is that the speaker is implying that the current administration is trying to prevent important information from being released, and this is why they are pushing people to contact them with information.

turn 2 : is asking for the president's statement today, but the actual meaning is asking for an update on the situation.


turn 2 : The subpoena is a powerful tool of influence and negotiation, not just a last resort.

turn 2 : The rules of subpoenas work in favor of the executive.

turn 2 : (4) To be subpoenaed means to be compelled to testify in court or provide evidence.

turn 2 : It is being implied that it will be difficult to proceed to court.

turn 2 : Despite legal and PR efforts, it is difficult for experts to make sense of the situation


turn 3 : (4) To be subpoenaed means to be compelled to testify in court or provide evidence.

turn 3 : demanding the documents, they have the materials to pin the witness down in the questioning. The literal meaning of this turn is explaining the different types of subpoenas used in investigations and how they are effective in obtaining witness testimony and documents.

turn 3 : Turn (4): "subpoenaed the president to sit down for an interview" is an idiom that means legally compelling someone to appear and give testimony. It does not mean literally inviting someone to sit down for a friendly conversation.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that other members of the White House may seek legal counsel in light of President Trump's actions.

turn 3 : In (4), the speaker is explaining that they want a full trial to build a complete record of the case, in order to bring attention to the issue of privilege and preference in society, particularly those that benefit white men.


turn 3 : The subpoena is a powerful tool to get the truth out of witnesses and to obtain documents that may be relevant to the investigation.

turn 3 : There is a possibility that the Trump administration may prosecute journalists.

turn 3 : The witness is receiving immunity in exchange for his testimony.