But I have to say, every time that I think, OK, now is the time I'm going to get in, this is a great buying opportunity, as everyone tells me, every time I look at the stock market, it's gone down again, and I think, phew, it's the end of the day. Thank goodness I didn't buy in today. But then the next day, it happens again.

Yeah, I know. It's depressing. Looking at this market, the market is a reflection of worldwide psychology. So clearly, people around the world are depressed right now, and they're not optimistic about the future, which is sad.

But in the long run, the things that will make the most money are not pieces of rock like gold or liquids like oil or cash, which is just pieces of paper, but real growing companies that are servicing strong demographic trends.

It's impossible to call a bottom. Yes, all these stocks that are cheap could get cheaper, but now is certainly one of the best times to buy stocks that we've seen in the past 70 years. I mean, it's incredible, which is why Warren Buffett is out there buying stocks right now.

turn 1 : People are more afraid of losing than they are of gaining in the stock market.

turn 1 : The state of the stock market reflects the worldwide pessimism and depression

turn 1 : The financial crisis is recurring and becoming more severe each time it comes back.

turn 1 : The days of capitalism defined by constantly increasing prices and reaching new highs are disappearing quickly.


turn 3 : Although stocks may continue to decrease in value, it is currently a great time to invest in the stock market

turn 3 : The stock market bouncing around means that its values are changing rapidly.

turn 3 : People are more afraid of losing than they are of gaining in the stock market.

turn 3 : (3) Will stock markets still be gaily rising? Implied Meaning: Will stock markets still be increasing in value?

turn 3 : The economic situation is causing a significant decrease in hiring, sales, and investment.


And so the children - we have 9,000 children in freedom schools around the country, but many of them are going to go out tomorrow, including Washington, D. C.  and then their state capitals and go see their senators and congressmen and say it is time to cover every child. Not some. God did not make two classes of children.

Tell me about tomorrow's day of social action. What specifically is it going to look like and where is it going to be?

Tomorrow is a civic participation day, they will be going to see their senators and congressmen and others. March into their offices and saying that it is time for every child to have healthcare. All should have the same benefits. All should be able be born with good healthcare.

They are going to tell them how upset they are that children died last year from dental abscesses that just didn't get treatment because children fell through the bureaucratic cracks. And while all of us at the Children's Defense Fund want universal coverage for everybody in America, which is long overdue, children can't wait while we debate for another two, three, four, five, 10 years, for universal coverage for everybody. And so next year they're going to be considering again the funding for the Child Health Insurance Program, but we want to make sure that any consideration of that program will say we're going to cover every child. Right now.

turn 2 : Republican lawmakers recognize that not taking action on health care would have negative political consequences.

turn 2 : The rule would allow healthcare workers to refuse certain services based on moral beliefs

turn 2 : The civic participation day involves marching to senators' offices and demanding that every child should have access to healthcare, regardless of class or social status.

turn 2 : (2) Implied meaning: Get enough votes to pass the legislation, no matter the number of votes required.

turn 2 :  implies that the Democrats should not become complacent with their current demographics and should focus on further outreach


It would basically just restore a tax on stock compensation income in our city. And this is a tax that actually existed prior to 2012, when we started granting tax breaks to grow the tech sector in our city. And the revenue would be used to address the growing inequality crisis in our city, to expand affordable housing for working-class and middle-class residents, to support and stabilize our small businesses here in the city that are struggling and haven't benefited from the same tax breaks.

And just to be clear, you've written this proposal so that this tax would apply to IPOs that have already recently happened, like Lyft and Pinterest. And we should note that your proposal still needs to be passed by the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, and then it would go directly to the voters on the ballot in November.

Exactly. I mean, it's still - there's still going to be a lot of public process and debate about this.

OK.  Now, one of your colleagues on the board of supervisors told the San Francisco Chronicle that it's, quote, "arrogant" to think that tech companies won't leave the city if they are taxed more aggressively. Are you worried about that risk, that your tax proposal might drive some tech companies out of San Francisco?

turn 0 : "And in that sense, we are having a crisis that really affects Western liberal democracies writ large."  The actual meaning implied here is that the crisis being discussed is not limited to a specific country or region but has a broader impact on Western liberal democracies as a whole. It suggests that the crisis is significant and far-reaching.

turn 0 : "address the growing inequality crisis" - Literal meaning: to deal with the issue of inequality that is becoming more severe. Actual meaning: to take measures to reduce the gap between the rich and poor and provide support for those who are struggling.

turn 0 : (1) has an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The literal meaning is that the speaker is asking if there is any sign of improvement in the situation being discussed, but the implied meaning is that the situation is bad and the speaker is hoping for some positive news or indication that things will get better.

turn 0 : "puzzle pieces to fall back down in place" - This is a metaphorical phrase used to describe the resolution of trade issues. It means that the trade issues need to be sorted out and resolved before the situation can return to normal.

turn 0 : (1) is the same as its literal meaning, which is explaining the decision-making process behind cutting rations in a situation where there is a shortage of aid.


turn 1 : Turn (3): The speaker is suggesting that the proposal at the ballpark is likely to be a rejected one.

turn 1 : Turn (4): The speaker is confirming that the proposal at the ballpark is likely to be a rejected one.

turn 1 : The speaker is asking for an explanation of the actions the committee plans to take to investigate the administration's immigration policies.

turn 1 : "proposal still needs to be passed by the San Francisco Board of Supervisors" - Literal meaning: the proposal requires approval from the Board of Supervisors. Actual meaning: the proposal is still in the process of being reviewed and discussed by the relevant authorities.


turn 3 : San Francisco needs to start asking the tech sector to pay their fair share of taxes so that everyone can live and thrive in the city.

turn 3 : "drive some tech companies out of San Francisco" - Literal meaning: to force tech companies to leave San Francisco. Actual meaning: to cause some tech companies to consider moving out of San Francisco due to the proposed tax increase, which may negatively impact their financial situation.

turn 3 :  "put out of the country" in turn (4) is an idiom that means "to force someone to leave a place or country", which is different from its literal meaning.

turn 3 : The phrase "down the road" is a figurative expression meaning at some point in the future.


. . . In terms of choices. I mean, am I wrong about that?

You know, that research is still in the early stages as well. And I don't want to undermine it or underplay it, but you have to think about things sort of globally. And one thing that you can do is - if you're concerned about sunscreen use is you can just be extra careful about covering up.

So I know for my own kid, the swimsuit I got for him has long sleeves. And I'm always putting, like, a big hat on him. So you're telling me that's not overkill.

That is not overkill. That's actually a great idea. You know, there are a lot of sun-protective clothing on the market now, so that will help protect the environment 'cause you're using less sunscreen. And it will also help protect you against any potential problems with sunscreen ingredients.

In the end, how big a deal is this study published by JAMA?

turn 2 :  "These buildings carry their own sunscreen, in a sense." - This turn means that the buildings have a feature that provides protection from the sun, rather than literally carrying sunscreen.

turn 2 : Sunscreen with an SPF higher than 50 gives people a false sense of security.

turn 2 : Covering up with sun-protective clothing is a good idea.

turn 2 : Sunscreen ingredients can be absorbed by the skin, but the health effects are still unknown


turn 3 : A explains the importance of micronizing molecules for sun protection.

turn 3 :  "These buildings carry their own sunscreen, in a sense." - This turn means that the buildings have a feature that provides protection from the sun, rather than literally carrying sunscreen.

turn 3 : Using sun-protective clothing helps protect the environment and against potential problems with sunscreen ingredients.

turn 3 : Sunscreen ingredients can be absorbed by the skin, but the health effects are still unknown

turn 3 : Sunscreen with an SPF higher than 50 gives people a false sense of security.


Absolutely. And that's on the left and on the right. You have your most liberal members of the House and Senate and your most conservative members of the House and Senate essentially joining hands coming 360 on this thing and saying we're all the populists here. We're not the centrists. We're not the establishment. We're speaking for the angry little guy. And there's some irony in that perhaps, and some discomfort when, you know, you look over and see who you're in bed with on this thing. But politics makes that kind of bed fellows, and we're certainly seeing it in this particular context.

Ron, we only have a few seconds left, but both Senators Barack Obama and John McCain voted for the provision. Is that good enough cover for them I guess during the campaign?

Well, it certainly makes it less of a presidential issue, and that had been a big problem, frankly, in the politics of it last week. Once you inject the White House contest into this, everything kind of tends to blow up.

That was NPR's senior Washington editor Ron Elving. He joined me from our headquarters in Washington, D. C.

turn 2 : There is doubt whether the Congress will be able to come up with a comprehensive solution for all the issues and it may require multiple attempts

turn 2 : The implication is that the Presidential contest will make a difference to this issue but that it is not literally going to be injected.

turn 2 : He will not take an actual shot but will try to become president if he gets the chance.

turn 2 : It would be difficult to conduct an election in the 9th District quickly.

turn 2 :  Making the declaration can have serious implications, and the panel will consider it.


Well, you have roots in the South, so what are some of the food prep and food producing traditions of the South that you think we need to reconnect with?

Yeah, for me, it's really about helping people remember and as you said, reconnect with these issues - or these ways of connecting with the land and producing our foods that we saw just a couple of generations ago. As Will Allen said, you know, most people in America were producing their own food. And when I think about the African-American community that I grew up in, you know, my grandparents had practically an urban farm in their backyard. You know, everyone on the street was growing some type of food, small plots, people had mini- orchards.

And you go back to the same neighborhood now and it's, you know, practically a shell of itself. And I think we need to just kind of like remember that the way that people are advocating for eating local, healthy, sustainable food, you know, these ways that many of us were eating. And this isn't just about African-Americans. I think that a couple of generations ago a lot of us were eating this way, and we just need to get back to that.

Well, some argue that the locally sourced organic food movement is elitist and out of reach for the budget of lower-income city folks. So, what do you think?

turn 2 : The World Food Programme has to decide who is not going to get food due to the lack of resources, and those who are most in need often have to go without.

turn 2 : Food is the most important think for each any every human.

turn 2 : The person loves science and anything related to it and is intelligent.

turn 2 : It's important to live in the moment rather than for posterity.

turn 2 : It's best to be receptive to any thought that comes your way.


turn 3 : It's best to be receptive to any thought that comes your way.

turn 3 : It's important to prioritize the country's future over personal gain.

turn 3 : Their notion is to do as much as you can and don't think about the numbers too much.

turn 3 : This is a day where a something very important has happened or is happening.

turn 3 : Food is the most important think for each any every human.


Well, it's a wide hurricane. So we expect impacts on both the east coast and the west coast. But the major impacts are going to be in the Florida Keys, particularly the lower Keys - then into the Naples area and then up the coast more into the Fort Myers area and into - early in next week into the Tampa area.

What do you see over the next 24 hours?

We see that it'll make this final turn. And we'll really be able to zero in on where that core is going to go. There's still a little bit of uncertainty, but we're looking most likely that the biggest impact's along southwest Florida.

What are your biggest concerns?Mr.  DeMaria. We have, of course, this whole constellation of effects between the winds and the storm surge and the flooding.

turn 1 : (2) - This is asking for a prediction for the events that will occur in the next 24 hours.

turn 1 : a request for a reminder of the timeline of events leading up to the current situation.

turn 1 : at the end of the day means something is likely going to happen or what happens after everything else.

turn 1 : This implies that there is another event coming up soon, not just asking for information.


What do you see over the next 24 hours?

turn 3 : The hurricane may cause severe impacts along the coastline despite staying offshore.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of (3) is to encourage people to learn and understand the connection between the hurricanes, tornadoes and other natural disasters, without relying on someone else to do it for them.

turn 3 : "But do you think that the lessons of storms like that, but especially of Galveston, mean that the loss of life and property on that scale really isn't likely to happen again?" - The literal meaning of this turn is whether the lessons from Galveston and similar storms will prevent a recurrence of such a disaster. The actual meaning is whether the efforts to mitigate the effects of such disasters can prevent such high levels of loss of life and property.

turn 3 : (4), B is not simply asking Mr. DeMaria what his concerns are in a general sense, but is instead implying that there are multiple potential sources of damage and danger associated with the hurricane, including strong winds, storm surge, and flooding. The use of the phrase "whole constellation of effects" suggests that there are a range of different factors that could contribute to the overall impact of the hurricane, and that these factors are complex and interrelated. Therefore, the actual meaning of B's question is more concerned with the various risks and challenges associated with the hurricane, rather than simply asking Mr. DeMaria to name his general concerns.


What do you see over the next 24 hours?

turn 3 : The implied meaning is to ask for an update on the current condition of Baho after the typhoon.

turn 3 : (4) - The actual meaning is to ask if the Mexican governments and the agency were ready for the floods and its aftermath.

turn 3 :  (4) - This is asking for the biggest worries or concerns of Mr. DeMaria regarding the effects of the hurricane.

turn 3 : There will be significant concerns in the region moving forward.

turn 3 : (4) - The actual meaning is that the Republican Party's leadership is being questioned due to their inability to pass important legislation and their slow response to certain issues, such as the hurricane in Puerto Rico.


It was the claim that Clinton had been personally responsible for people's deaths that set off alarm bells for Russell. So he decided to do some fact-checking.

I came to the realization pretty quickly that someone may have been probably lying to me on social media.

It turned out there were many false stories circulating that year. But Russell was skeptical of claims that Russia had anything to do with them until lists of Russian troll accounts began to appear online. He was shocked.

My god, they're right. They're exactly right. What they've been telling me about this is literally happening. I can go look this stuff up. It's right there.

turn 0 : Donald Trump is using Bill Clinton's personal history as a distraction from legitimate campaign issues

turn 0 : Russell was alarmed by the false claim that Clinton was responsible for deaths

turn 0 : The president may be lying about not being informed

turn 0 : It is unclear exactly what the motive for the actions was.

turn 0 : The government rigged the election and caused violence.


turn 2 : Disinformation networks are spreading false and hateful content rapidly

turn 2 : troll accounts implies that the user intentionally spreads misinformation to others

turn 2 : Implied meaning: This turn's use of humor or sarcasm may indicate a deeper subtext or intention, highlighting the potential for indirect communication to convey complex messages.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker might be implying a hidden agenda or ulterior motive behind their words, actions, or decisions, without making it explicit.


I didn't. I've always had the theory that the shower scene works as well as it does because just beforehand, you have this quite long supper conversation between Normal Bates and Marion Crane - Anthony Perkins and Janet Leigh - which is the quietest, calmest moment in the film.

And it lulls you and it prepares you for the shocking, violent moment that is to come.

And so I went for that scene because I think it's a beautiful, beautifully acted scene and really, the heart of Anthony Perkins' performance. And I think that sometimes, an actor is essential. I don't know who else could have played that part.

That's interesting. So it's not the stab in the shower or the bridge blowing up that stays with us.

turn 1 : is a private meeting between people, while the actual meaning of "dress rehearsal" (

turn 1 : The turns (2) and (4) are both expressions of laughter, which implies that the speaker is amused by the story being told, rather than the literal meaning of making a noise.

turn 1 : the literal meaning is that the other person laughs in response to something that was said.

turn 1 :  (2) The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is curious to know what kind of help the two people provided each other with during their lunch time.

turn 1 : implies that the quietness of the supper conversation before the shower scene prepares the audience to be shocked by the violent moment that follows


Yes.

. . . He did in a helicopter crash in 2005. A lot of people loved John Garang, a lot of people didn't. Do you have to worry about that when you design currency?

Absolutely. And in my visit there, he was universally respected, if not loved. He was really the only national hero they could agree to. So he actually appears on all denominations of the money. So he's the only really unifying hero of South Sudan.

What about other symbols that you have to include?

So there's the flag. The flag is a carryover from the People's Liberation Army, so that was an easy symbol. So it's a six color flag that people really used during the second civil war, and it's a natural rallying point. So that's their symbol. And when you're a new nation, you're defining your sort of, like, territory. So this, like, updating of signs was really a big deal, so they made banners and they made these sort of, like, 10 signs to say South Sudan.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of a particular tone or emphasis suggests that they may be implying something indirectly, without stating it explicitly.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker's tone and word choice suggest that they may be withholding information or expressing something indirectly, potentially due to fear of judgement or repercussions.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker is expressing their disappointment or dissatisfaction with the outcome of a situation or decision, without directly stating it.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker's tone or choice of words may suggest that they have reservations or doubts about a particular topic or decision.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at an underlying issue or concern that they are not comfortable discussing directly.


Right. Yeah, yeah. Yeah, I will definitely take what the defense gives me.

And, again, the up-tempo scoring machine that Grinnell College is, is that what attracted you?You were originally at another school.

Yeah. Yeah, I was. One of my friends had played basketball here and told me about the system. And my ability to kind of create for myself off the dribble fit perfectly in the system, and I made the right decision.

And this is a kind of funny day on a lot of campuses as they empty out kids going home for Thanksgiving. But I wonder if you had any reaction from your fellow students, from your teammates, from professors?

Yeah. They're all kind of in shock, similar to myself. I don't think reality has really set in yet, although it's starting to.

turn 1 : We appreciate the opportunities we get to perform

turn 1 : In this turn, the speaker is not just providing a definition of success but also implying that the program is already showing signs of success by highlighting the increase in tips and information received.

turn 1 : Not all students understand the goal mentioned before.

turn 1 : They asked more questions to find out the answer and got one.

turn 1 : Grinnell College's up-tempo scoring machine was the deciding factor in A's decision to come here.


It's really - it's really unlike any other church in the city and, you know, very, very few in Europe. It's not simply a church. It's almost like stepping into a kind of medieval marketplace inside. It's enormous. It's - there's always a hurly burly. And there's always a - you know, numerous things going on in there.

Well, now, we were seeing reports that officials are saying the fire might be connected to the renovation work going on in there. You've reported on the renovations for Time. What kind of shape was the cathedral in before this fire?

Well, you know, for years they have been saying that the church was in terrible shape. And in fact, church officials had taken me up onto the roof not that long ago, when I was reporting this for Time, to show me how pieces of the building were simply dropping off. They described the gargoyles, the medieval faces on the side of the church, as being like ice cream melting in the sun. They would simply, like, drop away. The church had no money to replace them or restore them. And so they were using, like, PVC pipes to just, you know, stick on the side of the walls where the gargoyles had been. And. . .

Oh, my goodness, wow. I mean, Notre Dame is one of the most iconic symbols of Paris. Can you talk about the cultural significance of this cathedral for France?

turn 0 : The church has hurt many people and concealed crimes.

turn 0 : The actual meaning, however, is that the speaker is expressing agreement with the pope's approach and support for creating an inclusive and accepting environment for gay individuals within the Catholic Church.

turn 0 : The church is unique and busy, unlike any other church in the city and very few in Europe.

turn 0 : The town has farms and preserves as part of its tradition.

turn 0 : All they have is the way of life that takes place outside of buildings.


turn 1 : The implied meaning is that there is hope that the restoration of the cathedral will take a similar timeframe to that of Windsor Castle. The literal meaning is that the restoration of Windsor Castle took five years and it's a reasonable timeframe for the project.

turn 1 : The cathedral was in poor condition before the fire due to lack of funding for maintenance and restoration.

turn 1 : This implies that despite the devastation caused by the fire, people are showing kindness and support to one another.

turn 1 : The church is in danger of losing its moral authority.


Yeah. Well, I mean, as you said, Dorian was moving west across the Caribbean toward Puerto Rico. But as of this evening, Puerto Rico's main island has been spared a direct hit. The storm did pass over two small island municipalities off of Puerto Rico's eastern coast, Vieques and Culebra, and also caused widespread power outages in the U. S.  Virgin Islands. Just a little while ago, the National Weather Service lifted its hurricane and tropical storm warnings for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. But as you mentioned, forecasters now say that Dorian is heading toward Florida and could be a dangerous Category 3 hurricane affecting that state by this weekend.

We said that you're in Puerto Rico's capital, San Juan. Can you just give us an idea of how things are looking there?

It's cloudy, a little rainy but mostly calm at this point. The streets are empty because, you know, schools and government offices closed, and most businesses closed today too. Some of the only people out on the streets are security guards. The plan was to have schools and government offices closed through tomorrow, but the governor has now reversed that decision because things seem to have been - are calm now and there's no longer a big risk here in Puerto Rico.

OK. So it sounds like Puerto Rico might have avoided the worst with this storm. But, you know, there are still two months left in the Atlantic hurricane season. It's been almost two years since Hurricane Maria. How prepared is Puerto Rico to handle another big storm, should one come?

turn 1 : can be interpreted as a way to inquire about the current situation in the city, not just the events taking place.

turn 1 :  (2) implies that B is wondering what the latest news or developments are in the situation,

turn 1 : Reporter is asking about current situation in San Juan, not just asking for an idea.

turn 1 : Turn (2) implies a question, implying that the speaker is asking if the shootings in San Bernardino represent something different than what we've seen in other mass shootings, and if they could be potentially inspired by something like a foreign authority-directed attack.

turn 1 : People are starting to notice and take action on the issue.


Well, we obviously have our seismologists and the geologists which look at the pattern and the history. And ultimately, we start with looking at all the faults that are in the Bay Area, the proximity. In the Bay Area, we have two very large faults, frankly. One of them is the San Andreas Fault, which produced the 1906 earthquake, which runs a few miles away from the Golden Gate and runs up and down the coast of California, goes all the way down to Southern California. The other one is the Hayward Fault, which is in the Berkeley Hills, and is also a major earthquake.

So those quakes, we basically look at their seismic hazard, if you will, and from that generates the possible or potential seismic hazard. And then we get intensities that, based on the soils that we have, based on the history of ground motions that we recorded, we come up with those intensities at very different frequencies I was talking about earlier.

(Unintelligible)

And then from that, we generate a spectrum that ultimately gets used to generate multiple, different simulated ground motions. That we take our structure and in a computer model, we run that structure and we subject this with those displacements. And the computer model is intended to do the equilibrium, statically, at every instant in time, microsecond. And the target would be that we know what the forces are in our structure and what the displacements are in our structure.

turn 2 : (4) is the same as its literal meaning, which is a brief acknowledgement of what was just said.

turn 2 :  (3) is not a meaningful statement, so its actual meaning is different from its literal meaning.

turn 2 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer


Well, in the Democratic side, among bloggers, the Web site Blogpolls, which measure these trends, posted about Hillary Clinton outnumbered blog post about Barack Obama, leading up to last weekend, South Carolina primary. And interestingly, on January 24th, two days before the voting started in South Carolina, posts about Bill Clinton spiked and they equal the numbers of posts about Barack Obama. But after he won in South Carolina, post about Obama spiked and he's been the most blogged about candidate ever since. Now, on the Republican side, John McCain has been and is the most blogged about candidate.

What about on News and Views, our own blog?

Well, lot of issues people are talking about. They run the spectrum. They're talking about Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick's text message scandal, suggesting an affair with his female chief of staff, which could lead to perjury charges. We called it textual healing on our blog.

turn 0 : The person is happy, engaged, and hopeful by having teenagers on the blog.

turn 0 : on that note means speaking of which, or they are moving the discussion forward with a topic that was mentioned.

turn 0 : The hosts of the story series in the body issue wanted to cover all aspects of sports, including pee breaks. Implicated meaning: The hosts of the story series were willing to explore even the less glamorous aspects of sports and physical activity in their coverage.

turn 0 : kicked around means people are talking about it quite frequently

turn 0 : B: Now, what about the bloggers who are, you know, in our camp. What story are they hitting? The actual meaning: What topics are the bloggers supporting or focusing on? Literal meaning: What stories are the bloggers physically striking or hitting?


turn 3 : not a literal meaning but rather a rhetorical question.

turn 3 : In these turns, the speakers are discussing the implications and deeper meanings behind the actions and ideologies of the person they are talking about. They are not merely discussing the literal surface-level interpretations, but rather the underlying motives, strategies, and persuasive effects of those actions and ideologies.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is implying that her character's story line on the show mirrored her own life experience.

turn 3 : A: Well, a lot of issues people are talking about. They run the spectrum. They're talking about Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick's text message scandal, suggesting an affair with his female chief of staff, which could lead to perjury charges. We called it textual healing on our blog. The actual meaning: They are discussing various topics or subjects, including the scandal involving Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick. Literal meaning: They are physically running across a spectrum, discussing the scandal involving Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that other members of the White House may seek legal counsel in light of President Trump's actions.


turn 3 : Turn (3) describes the discovery of clues that led to the unraveling of the scandal, which is consistent with its literal meaning.

turn 3 : (4) The literal meaning of turn (4) is that the reporter contacted the Department of Justice for comment, but the implied meaning is that the reporter wants to highlight the lack of response from the Department of Justice, which can suggest a lack of transparency or accountability.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of this turn is that the bloggers on News and Views referred to the scandal involving the Detroit mayor's text messages as "textual healing." However, the implied meaning is that the bloggers are using a humorous or ironic phrase to refer to a serious and potentially damaging scandal. The phrase "textual healing" is a play on words on the song "Sexual Healing" by Marvin Gaye and suggests that the scandal is being trivialized or made light of.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using humor or sarcasm to make a point or convey a message in a lighthearted way.


First of all, there is a lag time of - it's several months before raw material costs work their way all the way through the system. And farmers will be quick to tell you that they only get 20 cents from every food dollar. The rest of it goes to processing and labor and transportation. So all of these other factors also effect what we're paying at the grocery store.

Essentially the department is assuming that the volatility in the prices for energy and commodities is going to be with us for a while, at least through the middle of next year. In other words, the recent trends of lower prices for oil and other commodities isn't going to last, and if you look at today's spike in the price of oil, that's a good case in point.

John, you mentioned how we'll be seeing this at the grocery store. What about at restaurants?

Well, that's interesting. USDA forecast compares prices of food at home with those away from home. And in 2005 and 06, restaurant price and inflation was much higher than in grocery stores, but that changed last year and this year and supposedly will continue next year. Restaurants are now raising prices more slowly than grocery stores. Basically, restaurants are trying to absorb some of their higher food costs to cushion the blow to their customers and to keep them coming in.

turn 0 : "farmers will be quick to tell you" - This is an idiomatic expression that means farmers are likely to agree or acknowledge this statement rather than being quick to say something.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker is indirectly suggesting that they may have information or opinions that they are hesitant to share openly.

turn 0 : when something is made clear in this context it means that it is explained so people understand

turn 0 : to give an idea means to tell them their opinion, or what is happening

turn 0 : (1) has an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The literal meaning is that the speaker is asking if there is any sign of improvement in the situation being discussed, but the implied meaning is that the situation is bad and the speaker is hoping for some positive news or indication that things will get better.


turn 3 : "feeling the pinch" - actual meaning: experiencing the negative effects or consequences of something.

turn 3 : The whiplash means that a person turns their head around quickly as the other person change's their opinions.

turn 3 : (4): Implied meaning: Advising to not waste energy in trying to convince people who are negative about unknown normal things, since it is not possible to change their mindset.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using understatement or exaggeration to convey a message, often to emphasize a point or to add humor to a situation.

turn 3 : "cushion the blow" - This is an idiomatic expression that means to lessen the negative impact of something rather than actually providing cushioning.


. . . And because I've written certain things. And now I know that certain people in Saudi Arabia that I can't even name, people who work at the Royal Court, are putting names on a list, people like me and others. And these people are now blacklisted in this country. And we know it. I mean, we all know it, OK?So this is it. This is what's at stake.

Why do you think this is happening now?

What's different now is certain regimes, even if they were fierce and bold and sometimes ruthless with their own opponents, did not do this level of things abroad or in the daylight, OK?Mubarak could make opponents disappear in Egypt. He would never dare to touch someone in the streets of London or Berlin. The Saudi leadership used to kidnap some princes for family reasons in Switzerland or elsewhere, but they would not kill someone in the streets of Paris or Rome, OK?So this is now different. These countries today feel that they have withered an extraordinarily enormous storm, which is the Arab revolution that started in 2011, OK?So they are today on a full-blast quest and hunt against anybody who could threaten their political existence.

If the West specifically and the United States don't react forcefully to Jamal Khashoggi's disappearance, what do you think the effect will be?

turn 0 : They are on a list of people that are treated badly by the country.

turn 0 : People are concerned about immigration, not just interested.

turn 0 : They want to know if the seriousness of the situation makes the government appear to be bad to the public.

turn 0 : It is unexpected for a country with low crime rate to experience such a violent crime

turn 0 : The situation is more dire than what is being reported, as the resources available are not able to meet the needs of the refugees.


Why do you think this is happening now?

turn 2 : All they can do is accept what happened to them before.

turn 2 : you don't really know that much about this.

turn 2 : The key point is made to make people want to learn more about what happened.

turn 2 : They would not do bad things were most people would find out about them.

turn 2 : They will wonder about this at various times for the rest of their life.


I'm Farai Chideya, and this is News & Notes. The UNITY Convention, considered to be the largest annual meeting of journalists around the world, kicks off tomorrow in Chicago. The convention brings together the National Association of Black Journalists, the National Association of Hispanic Journalists, the Asian-American Journalist Association, and the Native American Journalist Association.

This year's theme is a new journalism for a changing world. Joining us to talk about the gathering is UNITY president Karen Lincoln Michel. So Karen, can you give us a diversity report card of how the industry is doing overall regarding journalists of color?

Yes. The Radio-Television News Directors Association just released a survey yesterday that showed that there were some slight gains that were made in television among women and minorities. And I'm not sure if that also showed if the work force is shrinking in broadcast, but there some gains made there. But it's still below the levels of people of color in the U. S.  population.

There's a recent employment survey of minorities in the newsroom done every year by the American Society of Newspaper Editors. And this year's showed a very slight increase in the number of people of color in supervisory positions. Now granted, the whole industry shrank by about 2,400 positions, and nearly 300 of them were people of color. But in this climate, I think you need to build on small gains like the slight increase in people of color in supervisory positions.

turn 2 : We need more people to hire black people in the media.

turn 2 : The speaker believes that the current state of affairs in America is bleak and lacking in resources and opportunities for most people, regardless of their race.

turn 2 : The representation of minorities in newsrooms is still inadequate.

turn 2 : We are being deprived of the media that tells the stories of illegal activity in Mexico.


Yeah. But you keep going and you keep going with the help of your friends and your family and something like songwriting, your art. It gives you purpose and meaning in life.

There must be moments there you say, well, let's hang it up?

You know, as we talked - as you mentioned grief as a companion, without putting it in a tidy box, grief also is a guide. And I think it helps you relearn how you are in the world. And, you know, that's just how you use the things that you have, at least that's how I have.

An organizing principle, in a way.

turn 1 : B is trying to express that love still exists despite some setbacks

turn 1 : The implied meaning is that B has a unique and special person in their life that they want to share with the world.

turn 1 : The actual meaning of (3) is, A is expressing a feeling of sadness and nostalgia over the loss of a loved one.

turn 1 : B has found purpose and meaning in life despite grief.

turn 1 :  (2) A is implying that they also share a shared sadness about the same thing.


How?What happened?

Well, it was taught by a professor who was also a resident at a Cleveland clinic. He was an interventional radiologist. And he was teaching part-time at Ursuline. And when he came in the class, he just lit up. He was dead tired, eyes were bloodshot red. He would just oftentimes come off of his shift, straight to the college to teach. Just his enthusiasm for medicine, his breadth of knowledge about the human body was just so fascinating to me. And all of those ideas when I was a kid of wanting to become a physician and my intrigue of how things work just came rushing back.

And within that first hour, I came home and I told my wife, honey, I need to do something in medicine. And I wasn't exactly sure if it was going to be nursing or a physician assistant or become a medical doctor. But I just knew that I was going to have to pursue this further if I wanted to live life with no regrets.

I'm going to guess when you walk into Cleveland Clinic Akron General it's not lost on you that there are not a lot of African American physicians.

turn 1 : The notion of gender and race plays a significant role in the medical field.

turn 1 : As an African-American, I had to explore unconventional areas such as Chinese medicine, classical homeopathy, and African cultural arts, to gain a wider perspective in medicine.

turn 1 : Failing chemistry is a hindrance to becoming a doctor

turn 1 : The professor's enthusiasm for medicine and knowledge about the human body made A interested in pursuing a career in medicine.

turn 1 : Prior to medical school, I gained knowledge of diet and nutrition through martial arts and vegetarianism, which was lacking in my medical education.


You can see the hurricanes. . .

That's right.

. . . the tornadoes and things and try to connect the dots themselves if no one else is going to connect the dots for them.

That's exactly right.

turn 2 : The speaker aims to evoke empathy and raise awareness about the devastating impact of the natural disaster on the community, including loss of life, destruction of infrastructure, and the displacement of individuals, such as the mayor being left homeless.

turn 2 : "But do you think that the lessons of storms like that, but especially of Galveston, mean that the loss of life and property on that scale really isn't likely to happen again?" - The literal meaning of this turn is whether the lessons from Galveston and similar storms will prevent a recurrence of such a disaster. The actual meaning is whether the efforts to mitigate the effects of such disasters can prevent such high levels of loss of life and property.

turn 2 : B is referring to the Hurricane Katrina catastrophe in New Orleans and it aftermaths.

turn 2 : The implied meaning of (3) is to encourage people to learn and understand the connection between the hurricanes, tornadoes and other natural disasters, without relying on someone else to do it for them.

turn 2 :  Implied meaning: There is a fear of the spread of Zika, malaria, cholera, and other diseases due to the lack of access to aid.


My pleasure.

So take us back to 2001 when the Enron scandal broke. What had the company hidden, and how did it come to light?

The company has hidden the fact that it was making up most of its earnings, and rather than having solid profits as it reported, it was actually losing money. And the way this came to light was that some people with the Wall Street Journal had trouble understanding what the company was doing - started raising questions about it. And then the Securities and Exchange Commission, which I suspect reads the Wall Street Journal very closely, began looking into it, and then the whole thing just sort of blew off and exploded.

There are a few names that we remember from this case. Give me an example of a couple of the folks who - a lot of folks said that the hubris was amazing, not, you know, when people were finally identified. So who were some of the key players in this?

turn 1 : The speaker is implying that the future is arriving faster than expected.

turn 1 : There is not an actual timeline but some things do change in time in the book that affect the future and the past.

turn 1 : He is asking for a historical recap, not literal time travel

turn 1 : It's not an insult to think about what has happened again and to make sense of it and see where things were related to each other.

turn 1 : Implies that the event was of great significance


And both of those things are true and not true in about equal measure. What happened instead was that Russia didn't embrace democracy. Russia didn't embrace freedom. And that's what I tried to write a book about, which is a difficult task - to try to write a book about absences.

I didn't know until reading your book that the Putin regime has incinerated food in a country with a history of famine. Why?

It wasn't extraordinary then. This was a few years ago after Putin had introduced counter-sanctions in response to the Western sanctions imposed on Russia after its invasion of Ukraine. And the counter-sanctions were very much designed to make Russians feel the brunt of sanctions - right?- because the sanctions that are imposed by the West wouldn't necessarily sort of mobilize the population against the West.

Yeah.

turn 1 : This statement implies that the situation is unpredictable and confusing for many people.

turn 1 :  Implies disbelief in the official explanation for the meeting and wanting a better answer.

turn 1 : The theories do not float but are being spoken out to repeatedly to a large number of people to see if others will believe them.

turn 1 : The answer to (2) is not a literal request for information, but instead implies a feeling of disbelief and surprise that such a thing could happen.


Well, what happened is I - we plan an escape. It was really, really dangerous. The movement that we're struggling in became tribal and so, you know, you see soldiers who are turning on each other. And so we decide, look, I rather go and die where my family members are. We were, like, around - between two to 400, I think, and only 16 people survived. And the way some died of starvation, dehydration and a lot of things that attacked us on the way that we weren't prepared for.

You wound up at a place called Waat.

Yeah, when I arrived in a place called Waat and I met a British aid worker called Emma McCune. And so Emma McCune was the one who smuggled me into Kenya and put me in school, so she disarmed me.

So when you heard the news that 3,000 child soldiers may be gradually released in South Sudan, what did that make you feel?

turn 2 : Implicated meaning: The speaker is expressing a desire to create a character in their book who is strong and believable, rather than simply creating a character who is physically strong. The implied meaning is that the speaker values depth and authenticity in their character portrayal, rather than creating a one-dimensional, superficial character.

turn 2 : Implies that the judge believes that the shooting was done out of self-defense, even though others may say differently.

turn 2 : Implicated meaning: In this context, "disarmed" does not refer to physically taking away weapons from the speaker, but rather, to the act of helping the speaker move away from a violent and dangerous situation and giving them a chance at a better life. It implies that Emma McCune provided emotional and practical support to the speaker, and helped them escape the violence they were trapped in.

turn 2 : The speaker is suggesting that the situation might not be as serious or dangerous as it initially seemed.

turn 2 : shooters means people using a gun, usually for bad purposes


Your own ministry was, at one point, attacked by a crowd. Does the government have a policy, when it comes to dealing with protesters - particularly if acts of violence occur?

Yesterday, as soon as I became aware that the ministry was being attacked, I came back and I asked for reinforcements, which were immediately provided. So, we managed to have a situation where no one was hurt and the crowd was controlled relatively quickly. This kind of degradation or attacks against the building, such as the foreign ministry, which is one that inhabitants of Brazilia and Brazilians in general are very proud of - it's an icon of modern architecture - are entirely unacceptable. And that for manifestations to carry a message that will be seriously heard and taken into account, they cannot include this kind of behavior.

Antonio Patriota is the foreign minister of Brazil, speaking with us from Brazilia. Thanks very much, sir.

Thank you very much.

turn 1 : In this turn, the speaker is not just providing a straightforward answer to the question asked by the interviewer. Instead, they are using the opportunity to condemn the violent behavior of protesters and emphasize the importance of peaceful demonstrations. The implied meaning is that the government does have a policy for dealing with protesters, but the speaker is more interested in making a statement about the need for peaceful protest.

turn 1 : The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is asking if the Alderman has any reservations about the safety of the St. Louis area, given the protests and violence that have been occurring.

turn 1 : The speaker is implying that their protests might elevate beyond peaceful methods if they don't get what they think they deserve.

turn 1 : The speaker believes that the protests need to be more extreme for America to acknowledge the issue, but not necessarily violent.

turn 1 : (2) The literal meaning of this turn is a simple question, but the implied meaning is that the speaker wants to know what actions can be taken to address the issue being discussed and is seeking guidance or suggestions.


In the late '70s and early '80s, the Mutiny Hotel in Miami was the place to be seen and to drop scads of cash. Everyone from Arnold Schwarzenegger to Led Zeppelin to Teddy Kennedy might be found at the Mutiny's exclusive, members-only nightclub. It was a palace of decadence and intrigue, and it quickly became a hub for Miami's exploding cocaine trade. Journalist Roben Farzad charts the rise and fall of the Mutiny in his new book "Hotel Scarface. "Roben, welcome to the program.

Thank you so much for having me.

And Miami is your hometown. Why don't you describe what had become of the Mutiny Hotel when you first saw it when you were a teenager in the early '90s?

I mean, I grew up with much of the rest of the world experiencing Miami Friday nights on "Miami Vice. "That was the it show of the mid-1980s, kind of a Hollywood MTV-ized representation of a lot of the ugliness and cosmopolitan splendor (laughter) that we had of Miami at the same time. But right before I left off for college up north in 1994, I had a job just downtown in Miami, and I was stationed in front of this abandoned building. And, really, for the first time in my life I feel like I was truly, truly haunted.

turn 3 : The speaker's emotions and thoughts are being explored in order to gauge their optimism and trust in the peace process.

turn 3 : The speaker realizes the value of being present in the moment and the importance of not missing out on important experiences.

turn 3 : The abandoned building had a significant impact on the speaker's emotions and thoughts, making them feel haunted.

turn 3 : It made the person feel sadness and it was hard for them to see.

turn 3 : The speaker feels like an outsider wherever they go.


Well, we'll see, won't we?I think that the issue here is really is how you talk about it, and how you educate. For instance, food banks for years have done this. I might say, without naming the names, one of the leading best-regarded brands in the large, national food industry, they basically recover the food within their stores; cook it up; and put it out on their hot trays the next day and offer that at, you know, at fair full prices. That's the stuff that we're going to be talking about. We're talking about taking and recovering food. Most of what we offer will be fruits and vegetables that have a use-by date on it that'll be several days out.

Well, customers nevertheless have to consume the food pretty quickly.

As you know, when it comes to bread, most of America, if they didn't buy the bread yesterday, already has it out of code at home. And we all know, if you put it in the refrigerator, it can last for weeks. Milk lasts for days. You know, it all depends on the temperature of your refrigerator, frankly.

Yeah.

turn 1 : Basically, when we haven't got enough money, we have to decide who's not going to get food."  The actual meaning implied in this turn is: "Essentially, when we lack sufficient funds, we need to determine which individuals will not receive food."

turn 1 : A uses the phrase "eating a hamburger or something" to refer to what he will eat on that day. The actual meaning of the phrase is that he will likely have a meal that is quick and easy to obtain, rather than specifically referring to a hamburger.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of (2) is that customers have to consume the food quickly, but the implied meaning is that customers should be aware that the food has a limited shelf life and should be consumed soon.

turn 1 : food for thought implies deep reasoning or a concern. Not really a meal to be eaten


Well, I think his biggest mistake was that he was a very strict controller of how the theory was handled by his disciples. In other words, he permitted no deviation or modification of his theory or methods, and he didn't encourage any research to empirically validate his theory. So basically, people that followed him and embraced his theory had to take it on faith.

A somewhat lesser-known figure I found fascinating to read about, Dr.  Benjamin Rush, the only doctor to sign the Declaration of Independence. I guess he's known as the father of American psychiatry. But I've got to tell you after reading about him, I wonder why a pretty good medical school is named after him.

Again, we have to understand that to view things through the lens of the 21st century, it puts things in a really - a different light. Benjamin Rush was a physician, and what he did was to really take seriously the plight of people who were mentally ill. He wasn't a psychiatrist. He was a physician. The problem is is that the knowledge was so limited at the time, they really weren't able to gain any traction in understanding the underlying basis of severe mental illnesses. And so they came up with these ideas and these treatments that now seem to be either cockamamie or cruel.

Yeah. Psychiatry over the years has been back and forth on if mental disorder - for example, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia - is inherited.

turn 1 :  "he introduced concepts that were completely novel to civilization and endure today as valid" - This phrase is not meant to be taken literally. It means that Freud's theories and concepts were groundbreaking and still have relevance and influence today, not that they are literally the only valid concepts in the field of psychiatry.

turn 1 : "No name is bigger still, in a way" - This phrase is not meant to be taken literally. It means that Sigmund Freud's influence is still significant and widely recognized in the field of psychiatry.

turn 1 : The actual meaning of turn (2) is different from its literal meaning. While the literal meaning refers to the painful methods that psychiatry has used in the past to cure people, the implicated meaning is that psychiatry has a history of questionable and even harmful practices, which have affected people's trust in the field.

turn 1 : "father of American psychiatry" - This is a figurative expression that refers to Dr. Benjamin Rush's significant contributions to the field of psychiatry. It does not mean that he was literally the biological father of psychiatry in America.


turn 2 : (4): Implied meaning: Advising to not waste energy in trying to convince people who are negative about unknown normal things, since it is not possible to change their mindset.

turn 2 : Being good at something is not enough for success.

turn 2 : More promising implies very beneficial and advantageous

turn 2 : "gain any traction" - This means to make progress or gain momentum. It is a figurative expression that refers to the difficulty of making progress in understanding severe mental illnesses due to limited knowledge at the time.


Our reporters do OK because we report in English, but the people who reach everyday Venezuelans through radio and TV are under enormous pressure and censorship. And now, they're aiming - they're taking aim at the Internet as well. Earlier this week, there was a crackdown on Twitter. Twitter was shut down throughout Venezuela. Instagram was spotty. The state ISP wouldn't allow people access to these critical sources of news.

Tell us about Juan Guaido, head of the National Assembly. How did he become the main challenger to Maduro?

He is a smart, young guy. He's an industrial engineer. He's 35 years old. His grandparents were members of the military a couple of generations ago. So he has this kind of family understanding of what military codes and military conduct and sort of the military lifestyle it's like in Venezuela. And that really scares the regime because he knows how to speak to military officers. And we're all very clear that this will ultimately come down to whether the mid-ranking members in the military go to their generals and say, sorry, your time is up.

Francisco Toro, who's editor-in-chief of the news site Caracas Chronicles, thanks so much.

turn 2 : sharing your time with us implies listening to the show

turn 2 : They are implying that they are short on time

turn 2 :  "every time I get a clock on my working license [...] they'll say, oh, it's stopped." The literal meaning of "it's stopped" is that the clock is no longer measuring time. However, the actual meaning is that people mistakenly assume that the clock is stopped because it is set to 12 o'clock.

turn 2 : you can say all day long means that they can say it repeatedly.

turn 2 : your time is up means that they have to talk about something else before the program ends


All right. I want to take a quick detour. Staying with Secretary Rice, she spoke at a conference this week concerning HBCUs, or historically black colleges and universities. And she championed more diversity among diplomats, saying, I have lamented that I can go into a meeting at the Department of State, and as a matter of fact I can go into a whole day of meetings at the Department of State, and actually rarely see somebody who looks like me. And that is just not acceptable.

So Emira, do you think that having more black people in diplomatic positions will change, for example, Africa policy?

Well clearly, we have had Condoleezza Rice at the top of the ticket, right?She has been the lead in U. S. -Africa policy and broader U. S.  foreign policy. And that has not necessarily improved U. S.  relations with Africa. If anything, this administration has had a more militaristic approach to Africa under Condoleezza Rice. So it is important to make sure that there are a range of views represented in foreign policy, a range of views that will bring about a more responsible U. S.  engagement with the continent, and with the rest of the world.

And so, yes, it would be great to have more people from black and brown communities in those senior places, but it is important what their views are, what their foreign policy agenda is. I think we are now in the 21st century, where we have to push forward to say, we demand, really, that the U. S.  engages in a more responsible way with Africa and the rest of the evolving world.

turn 3 : Having people from diverse communities in senior positions is important, but their views and foreign policy agenda matter more

turn 3 : Although there is a new generation of younger leaders, the older leaders still play a role behind the scenes.

turn 3 : One should prioritize the country's future over personal gain.

turn 3 : It's important to prioritize the country's future over personal gain.

turn 3 : inquiring about strategies or approaches politicians use to engage and maintain public attention for issues that may seem disconnected or less relevant to the lives of everyday Americans.


"The Interview," a bromance.

Tamara, are these mostly symbolic sanctions?I mean, North Korea's already under significant sanctions.

Significant. There have been four UN Security Council resolutions adopted since 2006, as well as two U. S.  sanctions programs. These are largely targeted at North Korea's weapons development - nuclear weapons development. So you could easily argue that these new sanctions are just piling onto a pretty big pile already.

U. S.  officials insist, though, that these are new and different because they name 10 individuals, most of whom work for the country's main arms dealer. They say that this naming them is going to make it very hard for those people to do business basically anywhere in the world. The White House also says that there are more sanctions yet to come.

turn 1 : This statement implies that A believes that the sanctions would have been better it were multilateral sanctions and not unilateral.

turn 1 : It is not yet known how the sanctions will be received

turn 1 : (2) Implies that the speaker is questioning whether or not the sanctions are just symbolic gestures with no real, tangible impact.

turn 1 : The speaker is suggesting that there may be a hidden agenda or underlying motive behind their words.


"The Interview," a bromance.

turn 2 : This statement implies that A believes that the sanctions would have been better it were multilateral sanctions and not unilateral.

turn 2 : The sanctions may not be as effective as the president suggests.

turn 2 : Implies that the sanctions put in place by the UN Security Council and the US government are more of the same and not necessarily new or different in any meaningful way.

turn 2 : It is not yet known how the sanctions will be received

turn 2 : The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker believes that the U.S. will suffer from the consequences of withdrawing from UNESCO, both on a global and a national level.


"The Interview," a bromance.

turn 3 : The literal meaning is about how the countries are going to continue despite the sanctions, but the actual meaning is about how the sanctions could benefit Russian producers.

turn 3 :  Implies that the new sanctions are going to make life very difficult for the individuals named, and that there may be more sanctions in the future.

turn 3 : The sanctions may not be as effective as the president suggests.

turn 3 : The economic situation will get worse, and it's uncertain how bad it will be.

turn 3 : This statement implies that A believes that the sanctions would have been better it were multilateral sanctions and not unilateral.


So, you know, so I think that all those things have - there's just been a confluence of just, you know, just a cynicism, I think.

So, will Michael Phelps be the person who emerges as the American with the greatest number of gold medals and, you know, sort of the Mark Spitz of the new millennium?

Well, you know, they were kind of hyping that last time, too. And don't be surprised. You might think that, from our standpoint - our meaning the United States and marketing - people would love to say, well, who's the American who's going to kind of put us on the marketing tip?And I think that that's part of the problem, too, Tony, is that we're focus - we want Michael Phelps to win because there's marketing, where - you've got a lot of Chinese swimmers, man, who are just waiting to ambush Phelps. So, on paper, it looks kind of good, but who knows?Allyson Felix may be the American who emerges as sort of the star and the salvation of our hopes over there.

Well, the race with Tyson Gay and - God, I'm kind of blocking on the name of the other runner who's the fastest man in the world at the moment - that ought to be pretty interesting.

turn 2 :  The actual meaning of this turn is that professional athletes should take advantage of the opportunities they have and make the most of them, because they may not get the same opportunity again.

turn 2 : He is glad that he is not so famous that he is recognized everywhere he goes all of the time.

turn 2 : The speaker suggests that many people are only interested in the Olympics for popular events

turn 2 : The speaker is reflecting on the declining interest in Olympics and questioning the reasons behind it.

turn 2 : A suggests that Michael Phelps winning is not guaranteed and marketing is not the only factor in determining the star athlete.


turn 2 : The people in France are actively watching the race and will be discussing the winner.

turn 2 : The US wants Michael Phelps to win because of marketing but he might not be the best, and Allyson Felix could emerge as the star.

turn 2 : The people have seen what he is capable of and believe he posses the skills and abilities to win.


What do you think - if this decision is permanent, what do you think the U. S.  will miss by not being a member of UNESCO?

Oh, I think the U. S.  will miss a lot. It's a big loss for the United Nations family because we are part of this family. It is a big role for multilateralism. But I believe it is also a loss for the U. S.

Irina Bokova is director general of UNESCO. Thanks so much for joining us.

Thank you very much for inviting me.

turn 0 : The literal meaning of turn (1) is a request for information about the options available to the United States at present. The implied meaning, however, is that the speaker is concerned about the situation in Syria and is looking for possible courses of action that the United States could take to address the root cause of the humanitarian crisis there. The speaker believes that the Assad regime's practice of shelling populated areas not under its control is the main driver behind the crisis and that this should be the focus of the United States' response.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker is indirectly suggesting that they may have information or opinions that they are hesitant to share openly.

turn 0 : (1) has an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The literal meaning is that the speaker is asking if there is any sign of improvement in the situation being discussed, but the implied meaning is that the situation is bad and the speaker is hoping for some positive news or indication that things will get better.

turn 0 : The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is asking the listener to provide their opinion on the potential consequences of the U.S. withdrawing from UNESCO.

turn 0 : (1) The actual meaning of turn (1) is different from its literal meaning, as it implies that the speaker is ready to defend their state against any legal challenges from the Trump administration and has a track record of success in litigation against them, indicating a confident and confrontational approach.


Thank you very much for inviting me.

turn 1 :  (2) Implied meaning: The US is in a difficult situation with North Korea and Russia, and the president's actions have made it even more difficult.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of turn (1) is a request for information about the options available to the United States at present. The implied meaning, however, is that the speaker is concerned about the situation in Syria and is looking for possible courses of action that the United States could take to address the root cause of the humanitarian crisis there. The speaker believes that the Assad regime's practice of shelling populated areas not under its control is the main driver behind the crisis and that this should be the focus of the United States' response.

turn 1 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply asking for a description of the current situation, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker is expressing frustration or confusion about the conflicting messages they have heard from President Trump regarding the removal or retention of U.S. forces in Syria. It could be interpreted as a way of questioning the credibility of the information that has been provided so far and seeking clarification or a more definitive answer.

turn 1 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply an acknowledgement or agreement, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker may not be fully engaged or interested in the conversation. It could be interpreted as a way of signaling disinterest or a desire to move on to a different topic.

turn 1 : The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker believes that the U.S. will suffer from the consequences of withdrawing from UNESCO, both on a global and a national level.


Thank you very much for inviting me.

turn 2 : The speaker is expressing his appreciation and gratitude for the guest taking the time to be on the show.

turn 2 :  The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is thanking the guest for appearing on the show and expressing appreciation for their insight

turn 2 : The speaker is actually expressing gratitude and appreciation for the host's interest in their work.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of this turn is to thank the guest for joining the show and being available. The implied meaning is to thank the guest for their contribution to the show and for providing useful information.


Thank you very much for inviting me.

turn 3 :  The implied meaning of this turn is that the guest is expressing gratitude for being invited to the show

turn 3 : The literal meaning of this turn is to thank the guest for joining the show and being available. The implied meaning is to thank the guest for their contribution to the show and for providing useful information.

turn 3 : "Thank you." - The literal meaning is a polite response to being welcomed to the show. The implied meaning is that the guest is ready and willing to contribute to the discussion.

turn 3 :  the literal meaning is that the host is thanking the guest for being with them. However, the actual meaning is that the host is ending the interview and thanking the guest for participating.

turn 3 : The speaker is expressing his appreciation and gratitude for the guest taking the time to be on the show.


The other thing that we're doing is making a mouse that has Beatrice's exact genetic variant so that we may be able to recapitulate what Beatrice has so - you know, with the muscles and that sort of thing - and then study that mouse in great detail. And also. . .

You're - I mean, you're making an actual, physical, fur-covered mouse?

Yeah. In fact, I just saw a picture of four of the pups today. They carry Bea's identical variation. Mice live to be 2, and so if they develop heart problems or vascular problems or other problems, we'll be able to know that - if we're not able to find other Beatrices.

A lot of people, I gather, are very happy for you and certainly, for Beatrice, but is this necessarily a good example for other families that have a sick child?

turn 0 : The speaker is using the mouse as a model to study Beatrice's genetic condition and potentially find treatments for it.

turn 0 : mice play a crucial role in the scientific research conducted by the speaker.

turn 0 : they are performing experiments on mice, and the mice are all dead

turn 0 : The speaker is reflecting on their mistakes and hoping to learn from them.


turn 1 : mice play a crucial role in the scientific research conducted by the speaker.

turn 1 : The listener is surprised that the speaker is creating an actual, physical mouse with Beatrice's genetic variant for research purposes.

turn 1 : they are performing experiments on mice, and the mice are all dead

turn 1 : The implied meaning is that the interviewer wants to hear about the findings of the mouse study and what was administered to the mice during the study.  I apologize for any confusion caused by my earlier response.


. . . That it's biased especially against people of color.

Correct. And to be sure, we need to take great care to be refining our use of risk assessments as much as we can. But the alternative is to do it the way we've always done it, which is to rely on judicial hunch and money, which, of course, makes no sense.

Judge Morrison, you've been on the bench here in D. C.  for 40-some years?

Almost 40 years.

turn 2 : Pleases the court could mean "good enough for the court" or something like that.

turn 2 : Case is a legal judgement that will take place before a judge.

turn 2 : Being benched implies temporary substitution and inactiveness,  not being seated in a bench

turn 2 : The person in question is not willing to resign from his position despite the controversy surrounding him

turn 2 : He has not been on a bench but has been working as a judge for some time.


So ultimately, it ended up ruining my life in every capacity. It's affected my health, my family, my emotional and mental well-being and, ultimately, even jobs. You know, I've been offered all these amazing jobs of a lifetimes that I fought really hard to get and I beat out other candidates for. And each time the job would be offered to me, it would then be retracted because of my connection to Jeffrey Epstein.

So that's what led me to finally come forward because I had just reached a point where I was like, you know, this man was out buying second islands and second airplanes just to show off while I was struggling to feed myself and couldn't even get myself a good job because of him, you know?

Right. How did you feel when you found out about Epstein's death?

It was definitely not a good moment. And it's still not, you know?Even every single time I hear those words, there's a certain amount of anger that shoots through my blood that I can't explain.

turn 0 : The connection with Jeffrey Epstein caused me to lose job opportunities

turn 0 : Epstein's death was a very emotional and upsetting event for A

turn 0 : Joi Ito received money from Jeffrey Epstein, leading to his resignation from the Media Lab.

turn 0 : The speaker is highlighting the severity of the allegations against Jeffrey Epstein and warning the listeners that the details may be upsetting.


turn 1 : Epstein's death was a very emotional and upsetting event for A

turn 1 : MIT concealed their financial ties with Jeffrey Epstein.

turn 1 : Jeffrey Epstein was wealthy and showing off while I was struggling to feed myself

turn 1 : Joi Ito received money from Jeffrey Epstein, leading to his resignation from the Media Lab.

turn 1 : The speaker is highlighting the severity of the allegations against Jeffrey Epstein and warning the listeners that the details may be upsetting.


Firefighting is dangerous - raging flames, choking smoke, hot, floating ash - but what about the long-term health effects that persist after the fire's been doused and firefighters have gone home?The Chicago Tribune investigated links between fighting fires and deadly cancers that can catch up to those first responders long after they leave a scene. Karen Ann Cullotta reported the story, and she told us she started looking into it after two firefighters in the Chicago area died.

I wrote obituaries for both of them, and I was kind of taken aback that they were both young, and these were what was being called line-of-duty deaths cancer deaths. So I started asking around different fire departments and saying, you know, is this something you're seeing?Is this something that's being talked about?And without exception, every department I spoke with said this is pretty much all we're talking about.

Is it the toxic smoke?What is it?

Yeah. So there's just - there's a lot of questions - unanswered questions. And while there's been research into this for years, it's still unfolding. They've always known that, of course, inhaling smoke is dangerous. But now, these studies are looking at these toxins that are in the smoke and that settle on the skin. So it's not just inhalation. It's actually getting into the skin and into the blood stream from exposed areas.

turn 0 : There is a dangerous situation happening that requires people to seek shelter and take precautions.

turn 0 : There is a risk of a catastrophic situation if a full war breaks out in the area with civilians

turn 0 : Staying in low-lying areas during hurricane will cause certain death

turn 0 : Despite the relief of averted war, people are still afraid of the war on terror and the potential for civilian casualties.

turn 0 : Firefighting can have long-term health consequences for first responders, including deadly cancers.


Is it the toxic smoke?What is it?

turn 0 : extinguished implies to become hopeless and not to put out firr

turn 0 : burning out implies that people are being frustrated and not burnt out in fire

turn 0 : Raging flames implies that the flames are very strong and active

turn 0 : None of the turns have implied meanings that are different from their literal meanings. They all convey their literal meanings without any hidden or implied messages.

turn 0 : All the turns in this conversation appear to have their literal meanings, and there are no metaphors, figurative language or idioms used.


Well, Secretary Kerry has been talking about this idea of a transitional government. It's kind of - if you remember, back in January they tried a ceasefire that was disrespected by both sides because it told people to stop fighting. It didn't address why they were fighting, which was to control the government.

So now there's a conversation that Kerry's having with both President Kiir and over the phone with the rebel leader, Riek Machar, saying, OK, you guys need to sit down and discuss a transitional government that will include both tribes, but - at least we're reading between the lines here - probably not include either of you guys. Now, whether he can get that across might be possible. The U. S.  does have a lot of power in this region. But it really does depend on these two sides sitting down.

Greg, the U. N.  special adviser says there's, quote, "the risk of genocide. "That will make a lot of people wonder if we're on the verge of another Rwanda or Bosnia.

One very chilling account was before the recent massacre in Bentiu. Rebel commanders were said to have used a local radio station to tell men to commit acts of rape against women from the ethnic opposition. That reminds people of Rwanda. The true fear - and this is already happening - is that this hate speech will blur the line between civilian and combatant.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of this turn is that Secretary Kerry has been talking about the idea of a transitional government. The implied meaning is that Kerry is proposing a new government as a way to address the root of the conflict and end the fighting.

turn 1 : The implied meaning of this turn is that Democrats might not be interested in a bipartisan effort since their own plan has been successful.

turn 1 : (3) The implied meaning is that there is a great sense of uncertainty and concern about what will happen next, and it's not clear whether the situation is still a political game or has escalated to military brinksmanship. The literal meaning is consistent with this implied meaning.

turn 1 : (2) The implication of this turn is that Kerry is trying to get the two sides to agree to a transition government that will not include either of them, despite their protests and desires.


turn 2 : Implied meaning: Is there any indication of what will happen next in the conflict?

turn 2 : The regime has been causing damage to the country and harming innocent people.

turn 2 : (3) The implication of this turn is that the U.N. special adviser believes that this conflict has the potential to be as destructive and deadly as the genocides in Rwanda and Bosnia.

turn 2 : A believes that Maduro's actions are similar to those in Rwanda and that a peaceful solution is needed


The militant group ISIS, the Islamic State, has lost much of the territory it held when it was, as reporter Azadeh Moaveni says, running a kind of killing spree in Iraq and Syria. But many of the young women and girls that left their homes to join ISIS view the group differently.

The story I wanted to tell is how it unfolded in the lives of so many young women as kind of, in a very perverse way, an empowerment project.

Moaveni's new book is called "Guest House For Young Widows: The Women Of ISIS. "It follows some of the girls who left their families in Tunisia, Germany and England to join the caliphate. We begin with the story of the Bethnal Green teenagers.

These were a group of young high school students. They were 15. They went to school in a very urban, dense neighborhood of London. They were straight-A students. They were popular in school. These were not girls who you would think would be really susceptible, but a lot of them also had absent fathers.

turn 1 : Isis began just as the Arab's began to collapse or at least lose popularity.

turn 1 : ISIS crimes did not make some women lose confidence

turn 1 : The literal meaning of this turn is that the tribal aspect of this conflict has triggered the most horrific aspects of this war. The implied meaning is that the tribal divisions are at the root of the war and are responsible for the extreme violence.

turn 1 : (3): The implication is that intelligence officials have already confirmed the suspicion that ISIS was behind the attacks.

turn 1 : Unfolded meaning that things are revealed to what they really are, in this case the lives of young women involved in ISIS.


When you hear the Spanish word quinceanera, you might think of poufy, pink dresses, big, boisterous family parties and a traditional rite of passage for 15-year-old Latina girls. A new HBO documentary series takes us inside the modern quinceanera. There are profiles of an East LA teen boxer. OK, so she does wear a pink, poufy dress, albeit with boxing gloves. There's also a rodeo duo and a transgender coming-of-age story. One of the girls whose quince was featured in the HBO series, "15: A Quinceanera Story," joins us now from Fort Myers, Fla.  She's Rosi Alvarez.

Welcome.

Hi.

Hi. And we also have the filmmaker and director Matthew O'Neill on the line from New York.

turn 0 : The story was told to people and many became aware of it.

turn 0 : The story is very different from stories people normally here

turn 0 : The documentary series goes beyond traditional quinceaneras with different stories.

turn 0 : The story is not wild but interesting or exciting.

turn 0 : The cover story in question caused controversy but served an important purpose.


Pretty soon the island will be a donut.

In other words, there'll be land surrounded by a hole filled with water.

Oh (laughter). Is it hard for you to go back to Martha's Vineyard as a visitor?

We went back a year ago, June, for a wedding of a young woman who'd been one of the children who had kind of grown up at our house. And going to that wedding really helped me feel a lot of peace about the island and about no longer having the same purchase on it because I realized that my psychological purchase is as real - maybe not as real as owning a piece of property, but it has a great deal of reality for me. Basically, I think that when the house was being sold, I was just so - I found that summer of 2014, I was in a state of what I call extreme mixed feelings. I felt very sad about losing the house.

turn 2 : 3: Is it hard for you to go back to Martha's Vineyard as a visitor? - This implies that the person is no longer a resident of Martha's Vineyard, and is now visiting as a tourist or guest.

turn 2 : nice to be back means its nice that I am here again

turn 2 : You may not actually want to be here.

turn 2 : (3) Implies that the speaker used to have a difficult time during the holidays, as they had to worry about bills and expenses that come with the season.

turn 2 : The situation was dire and I was desperate to get to my destination.


Yeah, so in the final bend, Maximum Security drifted wide into another horse's lane. That caused a domino effect, disrupting the progress of three other horses. Country House's jockey, Flavien Prat, was the one who filed the objection after the race. So three stewards, which are basically, like, referees, reviewed the footage and interviewed the affected jockeys. Eventually, steward Barbara Borden gave a brief statement saying that they unanimously decided to disqualify Maximum Security, then walked away without taking any questions.

Wow, it sounds like a political conference. All right. Has anything like this ever happened before?

So one other horse was stripped of his title after the fact. That was because he essentially failed a drug test back in 1968. But no, this - this was a first. And the outcome of this year's Derby was just so unpredictable. The original horse couldn't even compete. And the second favorite, Maximum Security, lost even though he crossed the finish line first.

All right, so give us the story with Country House briefly. His trainer is named Bill Mott. Did you hear from him?

turn 0 : It wasn't the pink silks that won but the horse and jockey wearing them.

turn 0 : It was not dominoes but horses that began to fall in the race.

turn 0 : "and that was the beginning of the fatalities." - The implied meaning here is that the fall resulted in people dying, rather than just being the start of a sequence of events.

turn 0 : He did not have a canoeing accident, he was running away from something.


So you can actually go to their job section and look for opportunities with the Office of Personnel Management using their website. Now they say that these are for non-career positions, whether in the White House, or in any federal department, agency, or commission. So this is interesting. I mean you just fill out the form below and you know, right on this website. I'm looking at it right now, and submit if you think you should be working for Obama and Biden.

It looks like - and other folks on NPR have spoken about this as well. There are so many questions - basically you have to have apparently lived a life of a saint in order to be able to pass some of these. . .

Some way of putting it.

Litmus tests. I mean is that really true or does it just seem that way because they really ask you basically have you ever jaywalked, have you ever - of course, not literally, but kind of.

Right, right. Well, I mean the point is this. Look, why waste time?I mean they're going to do what they need to do to process applications the way the federal government would do anyway. So why waste the time?The point is be transparent. I think what they're also trying to say here is send a message, be transparent with us because we're going to find out one way or the other. We're going to look at - if we really seriously are looking at considering hiring somebody, we're going to look at their online footprint, and I do think that they actually do mean that. They are going to look at that online footprint.

turn 1 : It's not an extremely hard and complicated procedure to perform.

turn 1 : The requirements for these positions are very strict and may seem excessive.

turn 1 : It's not a field, but a large number of people the person would want to interview.

turn 1 : The situation is much worse than ever before and people are starting to think about alternative options if their current job is not secured.

turn 1 : A was hesitant to accept the job due to the limited time given for instruction.


Some way of putting it.

turn 4 : The website provides personal and political information about people based on their address, which may be an invasion of privacy.

turn 4 : We need shift focus to stop the people who are scamming the system and not discriminate against honest people because they are immigrants.

turn 4 : This implies that in the age of the internet, it's more important than ever to focus on the subject of authenticity because it's difficult to distinguish between true and false information.

turn 4 : Applicants should be honest and transparent about their online presence because the government will check.


Wow. I guess the submarine floats. It's still watertight.

Well, you know, we were wondering about that because, you know, it was built in America - built to last. So would it still be floating after all these years?And the answer is, yes, it is floating. Half of it is floating. So we had to strategically float some aspects of it and bury some aspects of it. The goal was to get the rudder to dig into the ground almost as an additional anchor point, which is something that, you know, for a bunch of museum professionals, you'd never anticipate having to do.

Now, I gather there is some concern if the Batfish were to break free of the lines you're trying to secure it with and - what?- float on down the river, what would - what are you preparing for here?

Well, that was a huge concern on Thursday and Friday. So some of the lines started snapping, and we were actually on-site when the lines started snapping, and it was probably one of the scariest things I've seen in my life. So it was in danger of floating down the river, which the main concern would be that it would float down and hit a dam. And if it would have hit the dam - see, Muskogee already had a problem with loose barges. Had they actually breached a dam, it would have wiped out communities completely instead of just giving communities time to evacuate.

turn 3 : The boat had engine trouble and flooded due to a group of Delta commandos shuffling to the back

turn 3 : Loose barges had already caused problems in Muskogee.

turn 3 : Short deployments had negative consequences, contrary to expectations.

turn 3 : There will be significant concerns in the region moving forward.


Mercy. It could have been - could it have been prevented?Aside from maybe not inventing it, could it have been prevented somehow?

Great question, and yeah, here's the thing - the software flaw is something in the Microsoft operating system, in Windows. Microsoft released a patch for it way back in March. So in an ideal world, you would have installed the patch and been protected from this onslaught, this ransomware campaign. But obviously, we don't live in an ideal world, and it's not reasonable to expect every local IT guy to update immediately.

So 15 seconds we have left - we know a lot of people listening to us are online. What do they do or not do?

Well, absolutely backup your data. Have a way to have your data backed up in a trusted cloud provider or an external drive because the fact is if you backup your data, this kind of attack loses its fangs.

turn 1 : world in this context means that there is many

turn 1 : (2) Ideal world: An imaginary or hypothetical perfect world.

turn 1 : urn: "take apart the world" Actual meaning: To understand or analyze the world in a deep and comprehensive way.

turn 1 : All ideas are different between all human beings.


But you paint such a visual picture down the line. I mean, is there one moment, or does this sort of take a long time to bring that image together?

I mean, for this cluster, it actually was a very visual moment. I mean, the cluster was found and it was essentially just a number, like how massive the cluster is, and that was two years ago. But when we got the X-ray data, I mean, I was at my desk and the image downloaded, and I had up on my screen the X-ray image of the cluster. And it looked so different than any other cluster I've looked at. So it was a very visual a-ha moment.

Hmm. I read somewhere that - I think you were quoted as saying that it's sort of - it has - the name Phoenix, and that might relate to - also to how it's risen from the dead or something like that. Can you explain that?

Right. I mean, the reason it's named that is because it's in the constellation of Phoenix, so that's sort of traditionally how these types of systems are named or how they were named back in the day. But the name's appropriate because in the middle of clusters usually you have this really massive galaxy that was essentially the first one to form. So they formed billions of years ago, and now there's star formation around them. But they're pretty much dead, and they're only growing by sort of accumulating smaller galaxies or eating smaller galaxies.

turn 1 :  A: "And when he was exactly about five feet away from the Monet the sound system was activated and the room was abruptly flooded with Debussy." - The speaker is describing an experience where the collector used music to enhance the viewing of the artwork, suggesting that the collector has a deep appreciation for the arts and values different sensory experiences.

turn 1 : The speaker was deeply struck by the X-ray image of the cluster, which stood out from all other clusters observed and made a lasting impression.

turn 1 : The speaker has emotional attachment to the apartment despite its flaws.

turn 1 : The speaker's childhood experiences were similar to those in the photograph


Well, this, of course, has been something people have been looking for for a long time. Family members of those who were killed are calling it a victory. Fred Guttenberg, father of Jaime Guttenberg said - this is a quote from him - he said, "he could have saved my daughter, and he didn't. May he rot in hell. "Jaime Guttenberg was one of the last to be shot that day, and so that's some pretty raw feelings here about all this.

What we heard from a - the current sheriff in Broward County, Gregory Tony, said it's never too late to - for accountability and justice. He also fired another officer who was involved at the school today, as well. He's not charged. And we heard from Florida Department of Law Enforcement head Rick Swearingen who said there can be no excuse for Peterson's complete inaction and no question that his inaction cost lives.

That's NPR's Greg Allen in Miami. Thank you for your reporting.

You're welcome.

turn 0 : The family members of the killed victims are happy to see that the offender is finally being held accountable for his actions.

turn 0 : The speaker is expressing sympathy for the victims and their families.

turn 0 : The government of the United States is treating families seeking asylum inhumanely.

turn 0 : The shooting was a terrible tragedy and has left a lot of hurt and healing needed in the community.


I'm delighted.

The two countries have narrowed their differences and that presumably includes Crimea, Ukraine, Syria. How does narrowing their differences sound to you?

It sounds hopeful but far from definitive. We have a long way to go to resolve our disagreements on either one of these two issues. But at least it is movement in the right direction. And it has in it the potential for being quite constructive in its consequences.

Does it involve any change in Russian behavior or policy?

turn 3 : implies asking for an opinion on Russia's ambitions.

turn 3 : They mean that this is not a small way of being associated with Russia.

turn 3 : The literal meaning is about how the countries are going to continue despite the sanctions, but the actual meaning is about how the sanctions could benefit Russian producers.

turn 3 : Implies that A is being asked if the progress made involves any change in Russian behavior or policy.

turn 3 : asking if the US is responding to Russia's attempts to meddle in the elections "in kind".