Did you think twice?

I said - well, I didn't think - well, I said, sure, and I held it to the ground. And then I thought, this is not exactly what I signed up for, but, you know, you need to pitch in a little bit in these circumstances.

For a disease, a virus to spill over, is it just a matter of coming in contact with the right animal?Is it just chance, or does there have to be something special about the virus itself to be able to infect multiple species?

Well, some kinds of virus, yes, are better at this than others. And the scientists who watch the world for the next spillover are particularly vigilant about single-stranded RNA viruses, as distinct from DNA viruses that carry their genomes on the good old, stable double helix. RNA viruses, when they replicate, mutate more frequently. Therefore, there's more change. There's more genetic variation in the populations of those viruses. They replicate very abundantly, so their populations are large.

turn 0 : B is asking A if he/she thought carefully before doing something.

turn 0 : B is surprised or impressed by what A just said

turn 0 : B is asking for more information about the suspects

turn 0 : The person is thinking of a particular person but they are not going to say who.

turn 0 : B is making a pun on the word "segue" which implies that they are being professional in making smooth transitions during interviews without interruption.


Did you think twice?

turn 1 : A agreed to do something but later realized it wasn't what they wanted

turn 1 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 1 : you've got the whole thing likely means that they have everything needed to succeed.

turn 1 : AGREE WITH THE TURN AND IMPLIED MEANING AND BELIVE THAT EVERYONE

turn 1 :  Implies disbelief in the official explanation for the meeting and wanting a better answer.


Did you think twice?

turn 2 : Delays in treating people with the virus could lead to it spreading rapidly.

turn 2 : The borders are not secure enough to prevent the virus from spreading

turn 2 : THERE WAS QUARREL BETWEEN TWO AND ONE GOT INFECTED BY OTHER

turn 2 : B is asking if viruses can easily infect multiple species or if there needs to be specific conditions.

turn 2 : Humans and chimpanzees can transmit viruses to each other.


I really didn't feel safe because the Turkish government is very famous for hunting down those who oppose Erdogan. So, I mean, I just didn't want to really risk my life by going to Europe. But, you know, I talked to my team. I told them all, like, how many times I want to come because I want to be with you guys there, and I want to get a win with you guys. And then, later on, they came back with the news and said, you know what?I think the best decision is if you don't come. Let's just not risk it for one game.

Do you feel safe in New York and elsewhere in the U. S. ?

I have been getting last two, three days hundreds death threats, but I think I feel safe in America. But anywhere else in the world, I wouldn't really feel safe.

Did you say you've gotten hundreds of death threats?

turn 2 : The speaker is suggesting that the situation might not be as serious or dangerous as it initially seemed.

turn 2 : The speaker is implying that the increase in closeness to the action is not matched by an increase in safety, so people may be put in danger.

turn 2 : Not taking action to prevent something harmful from happening is wrong.

turn 2 : This is implying that the speaker is asking for advice or suggestions on how to protect oneself from such attacks in the future, rather than just a quick summary of the issue.

turn 2 : He is implying that he is still not safe.


But Zoe Wesloski(ph) emailed from Pittsburgh to say: I don't get it. I'm 39. This was not an option for my generation. Not only did I enter the job market without a college degree, but I found a way to survive. And when I left home at 22, I never went back. I found a way to make it through nursing school as a single mother in my 30s. She continued: I don't know what's wrong with this generation, but it sure as hell ain't the economy.

We also spoke with New York Times writer Alex Williams about the challenges of making friends after college. Anne Scranton(ph) in Blue Ash, Ohio, wrote: Everyone told me I'd make lots of mom friends when my kids got in school. But as a working mom, I found it tough to connect on weekends when many families are having family time. I decided to enroll in a leadership class held in the city where I work, and through that class, I've met other working families and folks of all ages and stages. Everyone needs to be open-minded in reaching out to people of all ages. We all have experiences to share.

And finally, Greg Alexander in Bloomington, Indiana reminded us that the beginning and end of the story of adult bonding is happy hour. It's good to go to a place where everybody knows your name. Cheers.

(Singing) Sometimes you want to go where everybody knows your name, and they're always glad you came. You want to be where you can see. Our troubles are all the same. You want to be where everybody knows your name.

turn 1 : People of all ages can make good friends regardless of their stage in life

turn 1 : gained the friendship implies making connection and meeting new people

turn 1 : Teenagers are more likely to take advice from peers than adults

turn 1 : Adults tend to make mistakes and create chaos when they meddle in things that are meant for teenagers.

turn 1 : Having the right connections, personality and know-how is essential for success.


Well, it occurred to me very early on in my career that there's no story to equal the story of Moses. At least, you know, to me and my background. So, I wrote some notes - this is back in 1951 - about something called the lawgiver, which I would hope someday to write. And I put these papers aside and glanced at them now and then, but I never thought I'd be able to do it because Moses was just beyond my reach.

Mr.  Wouk, I mean, I don't think telling the story of Moses is beyond you. But I do want to point out that it's been done.

Well, that really was the trouble. It's been done to utter perfection. There's no matching the tale exactly as it's told in the five books of Moses. The key to writing it was there was no narrative voice so that, quote, "Herman Wouk," unquote, is taking no responsibility for what's being written. It's just various voices around a production rather of a movie about Moses.

Every time in this book I read an email or a conversation that seemed to kind of be mocking Hollywood, I thought about the movies that have been made of your books. And they've been pretty good, haven't they?

turn 0 : He as not reaching for Moses but means that the story was something he could not write.

turn 0 : It means the poems that the author has read, not the author herself.

turn 0 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 0 : "larger struggles that were embodied in those arguments" Actual meaning: The arguments between the speaker and their mother were about more significant issues. Non-literal meaning: None.


No. From a technical point of view and economic point of view, I think objectively one would say no. Psychologically and politically at this point, because this issue had become central for more than 10 years, if they give up on that, they would lose politically. So, at this point, it's a political psychological necessity.

Exactly.

Is that a good technical - technically speaking, given your knowledge in this area, is that a good precaution for so many nations to have?I mean, what's the step between nuclear enrichment for peaceful purposes and developing a bomb?

turn 1 : (2) "They want to be able to say we're - we made a real deal, we're a real country, we can enrich uranium if we want."  The speaker is suggesting that the desire for the ability to enrich uranium is not solely motivated by a practical need, but also by a desire for national prestige and recognition as a "real country." The implied meaning is that there may be political and symbolic reasons behind a country's pursuit of nuclear capabilities, not just technical or practical ones.

turn 1 : The speaker believes that America is currently not living up to its potential and wants a leader who can bring the country back to a place of pride and respect on the world stage.

turn 1 : Iran has threatened to increase uranium enrichment, which may result in European escalation at the U.N. Security Council

turn 1 : In turn (4), the literal meaning is that North Korea's nuclear capabilities are something to be reckoned with and the speaker is asking why we shouldn't be concerned about this one move. However, the actual meaning is that the speaker is asking for an explanation as to why the reassembling of the site should not be a cause for concern, despite the fact that North Korea's nuclear capabilities are usually considered a threat.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of (4) is asking what North Korea wants to achieve with nuclear weapons. The implicated meaning is questioning why North Korea wants nuclear weapons in the first place.


Yeah, a little bit. But, you know, he's not read em(ph) and freak brothers.

That would be a whole different story. That would say something different about his personality, I think.

Something a little more disturbing, I would say.

Yeah.

turn 0 : "read em" could imply reading the comic book series "The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers", but it's possible that the speaker means something else depending on the context of the conversation.

turn 0 : The speaker is expressing amusement at the topic being discussed.

turn 0 : All the turns in this conversation appear to have their literal meanings, and there are no metaphors, figurative language or idioms used.

turn 0 : I'm afraid in this context means that the person doesn't like what they are saying but its true


Donald Trump came to the mics and said, you know, he thought it was great that they were taking their country back again, obviously echoing his own campaign slogan of make America great again and saying that it might just be good for the Brits to have their currency dropped to a 30-year low in its value because it will make their products cheaper and will bring more tourists into the country. And then he talked a little bit about how some. . .

To his golf course, I believe he specifically said.

Some of those tourists might want to play golf in Scotland. And he happened to be talking about his own golf course there in Scotland and spoke about the virtues of that attraction.

The U. S.  Supreme Court, of course, had a decision this week which blocked the Obama administration's plans for immigration programs. Does that decision, and for that matter, do the results in the United Kingdom suggest something about the potency of immigration as a political issue?

turn 1 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 1 : as it is the only turn with an implied meaning different from its literal meaning.

turn 1 : The turn in (2) is a figurative expression and its actual meaning is different from its literal meaning.

turn 1 : None of the turns have implied meanings that are different from their literal meanings. They all convey their literal meanings without any hidden or implied messages.

turn 1 : All the turns in this conversation appear to have their literal meanings, and there are no metaphors, figurative language or idioms used.


What is - let's start with this. What is your personal collection to the work and the images in this book?

Well, to me this was a labor of love. I've been living in the U. S. I came back to England. It's my homeland. I came back to London, my home city, and I felt that the culture of the young black people in particular here were suffering from a kind of deficit, historically speaking.

There were younger people in my neighborhood who were bereft of history, who took their idea of themselves from watching their kind of generic hip-hop video material that they got from the video screen rather than really inquiring into the particular history and experience of our communities in this country.

As I looked at the book, I was trying to find a theme, and I don't know if I found one or not. What was, in your view, the major trends or themes that you saw unfolding over the century that are depicted in these photographs?

turn 0 : None of the turns have implied meanings that are different from their literal meanings. They all convey their literal meanings without any hidden or implied messages.

turn 0 : None of the words in turn (1) have a different meaning from their literal meanings.

turn 0 : None of the turns in this conversation have implied meanings different from their literal meanings.

turn 0 : There are no turns in the given conversation that have a meaning different from their literal meanings. All the turns convey their literal meanings without any implied or figurative language.

turn 0 : None of the turns in this conversation have a figurative or non-literal meaning.


turn 0 : following refer to or implies being interested in a situation or information

turn 0 : having me implies hosting someone or engaging with someone and not referring to owning someone

turn 0 : The implied meaning is that the person hopes for interaction and engagement between individuals interested in building their family tree or learning about family research, and that they will come across unexpected articles and ideas, leading to interesting discussions and experiences on the site.

turn 0 : "personal collection" is a figurative expression meaning "personal connection or attachment"

turn 0 : to carry something out means to do something


turn 1 : The implied meaning in turn (2) is that the author created the book out of a desire to educate young black people about their cultural history, which they may not have learned from mainstream media sources such as hip-hop videos.

turn 1 : The literal meaning: The speaker mentions that they discuss this as a significant starting point or origin for the book. The implied meaning: The speaker suggests that this event plays a crucial role in shaping the themes or direction of the book.

turn 1 : The implied meaning of turn (2) is that the speaker was tempted to find out if it was possible for the student to access the books they mentioned.

turn 1 : Turn (1) has an implicated meaning that is different from its literal meaning. Although the speaker denies that the remarks were racially motivated, the implication is that the speaker believes they were in fact racially motivated, and is trying to downplay or avoid addressing that implication.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker might be implying a hidden agenda or ulterior motive behind their words, actions, or decisions, without making it explicit.


turn 1 : "my pleasure" - This phrase is a polite way of responding to a thank you, but it does not actually mean that the person feels pleasure.

turn 1 : (2) can mean "I'm grateful for this opportunity"

turn 1 : "labor of love" is a figurative expression meaning "a task done for enjoyment or personal satisfaction, rather than for money or reward"

turn 1 : The speaker believes that humans are both wonderful and flawed, but still deserving of love

turn 1 :  "the employment piece" is a metaphorical phrase that refers to the importance of employment in the overall economic situation, rather than an actual physical piece.


turn 2 : The implied meaning of turn (2) is that the speaker was tempted to find out if it was possible for the student to access the books they mentioned.

turn 2 : In turn (3), the speaker implies that the same forces that are affecting newspapers are also affecting books, and that books may be perceived as archaic except as a form of entertainment.

turn 2 : The literal meaning: The speaker mentions that they discuss this as a significant starting point or origin for the book. The implied meaning: The speaker suggests that this event plays a crucial role in shaping the themes or direction of the book.

turn 2 : The implied meaning in turn (3) is that the author saw a lack of knowledge among young people in their community about their own cultural history and wanted to address this deficit by creating a book with images and information about that history.


turn 2 : Studying history helps to make better decisions in the present.

turn 2 :  "Well, for so long nobody really knew where they were from." - The literal meaning of this turn is a response to the previous statement, but the actual meaning is an acknowledgment of the historical difficulties African Americans have faced in tracing their ancestry due to the legacy of slavery and displacement.

turn 2 : "bereft of history" is a figurative expression meaning "lacking a sense of connection to one's cultural or historical roots"

turn 2 : The implied meaning of this turn is that people are worried that the reconstruction of historical sites, while intended to preserve them, may actually erase the original context and erase the history that was connected to them.

turn 2 : People do not have roots but they do have places where they began something or where family is.


turn 3 : None of the words in turn (4) have a different meaning from their literal meanings.

turn 3 : None of the turns have implied meanings that are different from their literal meanings. They all convey their literal meanings without any hidden or implied messages.

turn 3 : There are no turns in the given conversation that have a meaning different from their literal meanings. All the turns convey their literal meanings without any implied or figurative language.

turn 3 : there are no turns in this conversation. whose actual meaning are different from their literal meanings. all of the turn are being used in a straight forward and literal meaning.

turn 3 : None of the turns in this conversation have a figurative or non-literal meaning.


(Singing) I've got a question When you open your eyes And you see the Sunrise Are you strengthened?

'Cause the tear in your eye Is like a sad song Or a sweet lullaby Like the birds in the sky

Is it alright?Where has the love gone?Hold on. So I left my worries in the sand

Let's talk through some of the songs on your album. You're working with Victor Redwood Sawyerr.

turn 0 : Pushing away emotions and experiences only leads to exhaustion and they must be faced.

turn 0 : "what doesn't kill you makes you stronger" - This is an idiomatic expression that means that going through difficult experiences can make a person mentally and emotionally stronger, rather than referring to actual physical strength.

turn 0 : Asking if the sunrise makes you feel stronger emotionally, not physically.

turn 0 : wake up implies for the persons to come back to their normal senses and not to dull or be fulled anymore

turn 0 : The atmosphere is how people are feeling toward one another and treating one another.


turn 1 : The actual meaning of (3) is, A is expressing a feeling of sadness and nostalgia over the loss of a loved one.

turn 1 : The person implies that they cried all week. Actually they are just implying that they were emotionally affected for days by the poem.

turn 1 : "fluid started coming out of one of the eyes" is a literal description, but the interpretation of the fluid as tears from the death mask is a metaphorical or supernatural belief.

turn 1 : The tear in your eye is not a literal tear, but a metaphor for sadness or emotions


No, there are hidden costs, of course. It's - basically what economists say is what you need to do is internalize the negative externalities, reveal those hidden costs. Make it so that at the meter, at the pump, we see the true cost.

Wouldn't the established energy companies go nuts?

It depends on who they are, of course. If it's a natural gas company or a company that has significant natural gas assets, they'd be excited about this if they thought it was going to be - really going to happen. That's our challenge at republicen. org, is convincing particularly some natural gas folks that really, this could happen, that the fossil fuels could become accountable. And, of course, when that happens, coal would fall much faster to the competitive pressure of natural gas. And the natural gas companies would make a lot more money off of their product. Is it the end-all?No, it isn't. Natural gas still has CO2 emissions. But it's 50 percent less emissions than coal. So that's an example of how fixing the economics would then fix the environmental consequence.

Mr.  Inglis, as you survey this field of Republican candidates for president, do you see and hear any who express your viewpoint on the climate change?

turn 1 : The implied meaning of the speaker's turn is that China is taking advantage of its renewable energy resources, not just for environmental benefits, but also for economic growth and job creation.

turn 1 : The topic of energy is crucial to our world's future and has significant impacts on policy decisions, including war.

turn 1 : (2): Implied meaning: Would the energy companies be opposed to this idea?

turn 1 : (2) Implied Meaning: Is this the overall goal we are striving towards?


So explain to me how this system actually works.

Well, the first thing is to know what the weather is so you can know what the weather will be. That's the crux of it. So you need as complete observations of the global atmosphere as possible, which means coming from satellites and weather buoys and from sensors and airliners. And then once you know what it is, what you can do is then begin to run it forward in time.

But rather than just, you know, sort of being plugged into the supercomputers - you know, in comes the present, and out comes the future - the models are really a kind of ongoing concern. Every six hours, every 12 hours, they compare their own forecast with the latest observations. And so the models in reality are kind of - you know, they're sort of dancing together, where the model makes a forecast, and it's corrected slightly by the observations that are coming in.

And does anyone own these models and these satellites?I mean, is it part of a global web?Or does America have a certain piece of this and every country sort of have their own proprietary information that somehow gets passed along?

turn 1 : They are just beginning and working with the first part of the data.

turn 1 : at certain points refers to periods in time

turn 1 : D-Day  implies the mapped out date or the fixed date for the event

turn 1 : (2) - This is asking for a prediction for the events that will occur in the next 24 hours.

turn 1 : It does not run but the data is joined with different days of the week, month, and year.


turn 2 : They are just beginning and working with the first part of the data.

turn 2 : the computer gets upset implies that the computer does not do what the person wants it to do

turn 2 : they are trying to imply that when typing wrong password the computer won't work

turn 2 : It's not plugged in but typed in the computers. The models don't dance together but the data works together.


It's the most vegetal thing I've ever smelled.

Excellent. And we're going to add the ginger.

OK.

And then I got some mint. And then I got a little lime. OK, and then I'll do a little agave.

turn 0 : Don't just paraphase the words! Find the implicated meaning! We don't want answers like: to be silent means stay quiet and not making noise, bad answer!  Please read the examples above carefully!      (1)	B:	Oh, it smells delicious. (2)	A:	Vegetal. (3)	B:	It's totally vegetal. (4)	A:	(Laughter).  Please choose the turns whose actual meanings are different from their literal meanings.   (1)  (2)  (3)  (4)

turn 0 : The phrase "the most vegetal thing" in turn (1) is a metaphorical expression that means the smell is very fresh and green, like a vegetable, rather than literally smelling like a vegetable.

turn 0 : The actual meaning implied here could be that whatever "it" refers to has a strong presence or quality of plant-like characteristics. It might not necessarily mean that "it" is literally made of plants or vegetables.

turn 0 : All the turns in this conversation appear to have their literal meanings, and there are no metaphors, figurative language or idioms used.


OK.

turn 3 : "Agave just..." This turn is not complete and lacks context, so its meaning is ambiguous. It could be interpreted as a response to the previous turn, where "Agave" is being suggested as an alternative to honey, or it could have a different meaning depending on the context of the conversation.

turn 3 : Adding nutmeg or cinnamon to sweet potatoes is similar to being home with family on the holidays

turn 3 : A suggests using rum and bourbon for the recipe

turn 3 : You take the unimportant things out of something beautiful and bring them to the lab.

turn 3 : (4) "And then I got some mint.And then I got a little lime.OK, and then I'll do a little agave" is a list of ingredients and a plan of action.


So two days ago, we were notified by our sheriffs, the Palm Beach County sheriff, through the Broward County sheriff. I believe they were notified by Border Patrol that 135 people will be sent each week to Broward County and Palm Beach County. The sheriffs then turned and notified myself as mayor of the county. And with that notification came no instructions on sheltering these people, feeding these people, housing these people, determining the health of anybody. Just, here's 135 people coming every week. Good luck. That's basically what the message has been.

What was your initial reaction to that?

Pretty much disbelief. Normally, when anything happens like this, the federal government contacts the state government, the state government then will contact the local county government, like us. In this situation, no protocol. There's been nothing communicated in those channels. We've contacted the governor's office. They have no idea. We contacted our U. S. Senators Scott and Rubio. They had no idea. We contacted our congresspeople. Nobody was informed by the Trump administration about any of this.

And did you get the sense that this is a done deal - this was not, like, a draft plan or a trial balloon?

turn 3 : to stand to trial means until they are ready to have a trial

turn 3 : I think "trial balloon" refers to an event being on a provisional basis to see what effects it will have.

turn 3 : Not a payment on a balloon, but a very large payment to make.

turn 3 : This implies that there is another event coming up soon, not just asking for information.


Oh, yeah. There's just devastation to all the homes. Power lines are down, broken by trees. Just devastation everywhere. I mean, mold in the homes is already setting in. Just everything is destroyed.

Alison, do you worry about some of the chemicals and the detritus that's left behind?

I do worry about the chemicals. You know, none of us are by any means professionals, but there's fiberglass in the insulation. There's mold. We don't know if there's sewage covering, you know, these belongings are anything, but we do the best we can by wearing masks and gloves. And that's pretty much all we can do for now because you can't wait long to clean these homes up or it just gets worse. So we're doing the best we can now with the tools we have available to us.

Yeah. Alison Reagan, let me ask you. People in Houston and the rest of Southeast Texas have have won so much admiration from Americans this week for reacting to these terrible events with such courage and pluck. Is there something you learned about human beings, about your neighbors and strangers this week that you'd like to pass on to us?

turn 2 : (4), B is not simply asking whether Alison is concerned about the chemicals and debris left behind, but rather is implying that there are serious health and environmental risks associated with the aftermath of the disaster. The use of the word "detritus" suggests that there is a significant amount of potentially harmful debris left behind, and B's use of the word "chemicals" implies that there may be toxic substances that have been released into the environment. Therefore, the actual meaning of B's question is more concerned with the potential risks and dangers associated with the disaster, rather than simply whether Alison is worried about the debris.

turn 2 : Asking if people are concerned about the potential health risks caused by the debris and contamination left behind.

turn 2 : The speaker is suggesting that the situation might not be as serious or dangerous as it initially seemed.

turn 2 : B is expressing concern about the safety implications of putting a sensor in the body, and is seeking more information on the subject from A


Yeah. It was over in an hour or something, right?Yeah.

Exactly.

The emperor Augustus almost cracked up on your watch.

Yeah. That was - the Vatican exhibit was coming into the Met, some Leonardos, really fine, fine pieces of art. The Augustus was one big crate. And as the truck was coming down the ramp, you could see the truck driver was going too fast. And the top of the crate hit the concrete support beam in the garage, and all you heard was a crunching of wood. And my heart almost stopped.

turn 3 : The speaker tried to protect themselves from danger.

turn 3 : The heart was not changed but the opinions of the person were.

turn 3 : It made the person feel sadness and it was hard for them to see.

turn 3 : "Something about the noises he heard the night before, and that was horrifying." - The literal meaning is that the son heard noises the night before, which were scary or upsetting. However, the actual meaning is that the son may have overheard the person having sexual activity, which was embarrassing and uncomfortable for the person to hear.

turn 3 : Their heart did not almost stop but they did fell very close to panic when they heard the sound.


It's a bit of a fly in the ointment for ethical Sarah Palin. There's - in the last month or so, there's been increasing attention paid to an incident in which her opponent say, she pressured her public safety commissioner to fire her sister's ex-husband. He's a trooper and what they're saying is that she was trying to get him canned. She denies this, but there's a lot of evidence that suggests - that things are a little more complicated than that and the legislature is investigating now.

Now, she's known as a maverick. She's bucked the establishment so in that way, she compares favorably to John McCain. And tell us a bit more about how she compares with him.

Well, she certainly loves his maverick image. She likes the fact that he challenges the party hierarchy as she has done, and so she's been early McCain supporter on that score. She's got more of a social conservative background than he does, and that may very well be why she's on the ticket because she's got more of those bona fides. But at the same time, some people in Alaska point out that in the two years she's in office so far, she hasn't actually made any big moves on the social conservative front. That she's, you know, she calls herself a social conservative, and certainly has those values, but (unintelligible) necessarily done a lot about it.

Social conservative, she's very pro-life.

turn 0 : She might have discovered the illegal activity Rudy Giuliani was conducting.

turn 0 : The conversation has shifted from talking about Sarah Palin to talking about her ethics investigation.

turn 0 : Sarah Palin may have pressured the public safety commissioner to fire her sister's ex-husband

turn 0 : She wrote an article asking if the police were not doing their jobs as well as they should have.

turn 0 : It is being implied that her sister was not treated according to law.


turn 2 : The conversation has shifted from talking about Sarah Palin to talking about her ethics investigation.

turn 2 : Liberals in this place have socially conservative views.

turn 2 : Implies that Bill Clinton should have known better than to take such an action.

turn 2 : Sarah Palin hasn't taken any significant actions as a social conservative despite claiming to be one


I learned it from you, actually. yeah.

So if you're listening - donate blood, donate plasma, and you can save someone's life by being a live liver donor.

And as is written in both - I'm sorry (laughter) - oh, as it's written in both the Quran and the Talmud, he who saves one life. . .

It's as if you save humankind. So Shawn and his family have saved my daughter's life. My life belongs to them.

turn 3 : the speaker is thanking Father James Martin for his insight and wishing him a good holiday.

turn 3 : The father is extremely grateful to the donor and the donor's family.

turn 3 : THANK YOU REFERS TO THE ONE ARE THE HELP.

turn 3 : The speaker's baby and family are doing well and they are happy about it.

turn 3 : The actual meaning, however, is emphasizing the importance of honoring the parents' decision and questioning the hospital's interference in the parents' role and their desire to provide Charlie with the best possible care and chance for survival.


I've been embedded with U. S.  troops. And, as I don't have to tell you, you know, it's close quarters out there - in all ways - and soldiers are exposed to each other in all kinds of intimate ways. Does mixing genders just add an extra complication that combat can do without?

You know, I was forward deployed with Delta Force. I slept in some pretty crappy places, for lack of a better term. Is it a little bit of extra effort?Sure. You know, I'm not going to say that it's not. But when you look at the benefit, when you look at what you're losing, OK, the qualified, talented, amazing, remarkable women who walk into a recruiter's office and want to serve their country and are told you can serve your country but you have to pick from one of these jobs. It's just that you're a woman. But you know what?Every step of progress along the way in the history of our country, there have been people who have tried to make it more difficult, you know, integrated, racially or in any other, you know, situation that we've had to take a step forward in progress. There have been people that have made it more difficult. But the benefit just far outweighs.

Major Mary Jennings Hegar. Thanks so much.

Thank you so much.

turn 2 : In turn (3), when Mary's cousin joked about making the candidates carry her bags if the reporters weren't able to do so, the actual meaning is that Mary was a skilled and respected journalist who deserved better treatment than having to rely on others to carry her equipment. The joke is a sarcastic critique of the sexist attitudes prevalent at the time,

turn 2 : She is agreeing that they debated and making it humorous.

turn 2 : The comment made by 'she' had a significant impact on A

turn 2 : (3) implies that Major Mary Jennings Hegar is being thanked and acknowledged for her efforts in making progress for integrating genders in combat.

turn 2 : He is implying that she helps a lot of people.


These are, you know, small things, but - you know, you said before somebody who is about to make a radical change. And I would advise them not to make too radical a change, because all forms of abstinence - you know, dieting radically or maybe even sexual abstinence - often, you find yourself longing so much for the thing you're missing that you will really go overboard once you get off the wagon.

Where do you see America a year from now, in terms of how people change their consumption and maybe their long-term attitudes?

You know, I'm not sure that we're going to have a great big attitude change. It's really too early to tell. Surely, when people can get less credit and if they have less jobs, they will be spending less. But you know, it's not going to be like the last Great Depression, because the last Great Depression was not preceded by a half a century of consumer culture, in which they really have brainwashed as to want to buy more and more and more things and throw them out and get the next new thing.

But already, people are changing their habits. And so I do think we may buy less, and we may start to think about buying things that are more durable, that can be fixed, that don't obsolesce so quickly. And we may begin to find, as my partner and I began to find, that you're really just as happy without it.

turn 0 : a lot of stuff means there is a massive amount

turn 0 : to carry something out means to do something

turn 0 : Implied meaning: People are feeling resentment and anger towards people who think they don't have to follow the same rules as everyone else.

turn 0 : don'ts  refers to unacceptable behavior and activities

turn 0 : going overboard means you overreact to something bad or good.


Chop, chop into smallish pieces.

OK.

Then you soften eight ounces of cream cheese, and you blend that with two-thirds of a cup of sour cream, get it all nice and smooth and then you spread that over the minced onion.

And you have the ambulance on speed dial, but yeah. . .

turn 0 : The implied meaning is to cut the onion into very small pieces.

turn 0 : (1) is the same as its literal meaning, which is explaining the decision-making process behind cutting rations in a situation where there is a shortage of aid.

turn 0 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 0 : The actual meaning implied here could be that whatever "it" refers to has a strong presence or quality of plant-like characteristics. It might not necessarily mean that "it" is literally made of plants or vegetables.


Chop, chop into smallish pieces.

OK.

turn 1 : The situation is urgent and requires immediate action.

turn 1 : It's not an extremely hard and complicated procedure to perform.

turn 1 : You can probably complete the task in two hours not that you can knock it out.

turn 1 : Hurry up and get started on the task.

turn 1 : They are just beginning and working with the first part of the data.


Chop, chop into smallish pieces.

OK.

turn 2 : Turn (2) has an actual meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is not discussing an attempt to physically move goalposts, but rather a rhetorical strategy of avoiding answering certain questions.

turn 2 : The implied meaning of turn (1) is to hurry up and finish the task quickly.

turn 2 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer


Chop, chop into smallish pieces.

OK.

turn 3 : The speaker is suggesting that the situation might not be as serious or dangerous as it initially seemed.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of (4) is to call for an ambulance in case of an emergency, however the implied meaning is that the task the speaker is asking B to do is dangerous or risky.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of turn (4) is that the interviewer is seeking clarification on what the interviewee means by "bad things going on." However, the actual meaning is that the interviewer is making an assumption that "bad things going on" primarily refers to guards abusing inmates, even though the interviewee did not explicitly state this.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at a desire or need for help or support from the listener.


This ful has more texture. And each ingredient, especially the bits of garlic, really hits the tongue. Helou says this is her favorite ful. And while she was in Syria, she became a regular at Haj Abdo's cafe. Abdo eventually moved to Cairo to escape the Syrian civil war. Helou tried to find him and reconnect.

Well, I asked around because he set up his ful stall there - cafe there. And by the time I found somebody who knew where he was, he had passed.

Well, his recipe lives in your cookbook. That's for sure.

Yeah. It's one of those meals that is basically a pauper's meal but that is absolutely delicious and irresistible.

turn 3 : Despite being a simple and cheap meal, ful is delicious and irresistible

turn 3 : Haj Abdo's ful recipe is highly regarded by locals and uses a special technique despite his simple cafe.

turn 3 : Food is the most important think for each any every human.

turn 3 : Ful medames is a very filling dish that can sustain you for several hours.

turn 3 : The book contains more than just recipes - it is also a way to gain insight into and appreciate the culture and history of the cuisine.


I mean, now in hindsight, I don't think there's any doubt that Putin used phony cease-fire talks as a sort of clever way to allow Moscow to keep one hand in diplomacy and to calibrate it but also to keep its feet on the Syrian battlefield in defense of Assad.

Is it worthwhile to make another attempt to talk to Russia?

You know, I think Mr.  Putin is most comfortable, frankly, when he has a diplomatic process going and a military process on the ground. He fashions himself not simply a combatant but a broker and a mediator and a great power. It is high time that the United States remove right now this sort of Potemkin Village fraud in which Mr.  Putin seems to have the best of both worlds. Pull it away, keep the focus on Vladimir Putin as aggressor, tar him with the responsibility and the Assads for the humanitarian catastrophe and don't give him the legitimacy to argue that in fact he can play both on the battlefield and in the diplomatic corridors of Geneva and New York.

There have been reports again that the administration's considering applying more U. S.  military power in the region. How do you feel about that?

turn 2 : He is not saying that Putin never does anything wrong and is very nice.

turn 2 : In turn 2, the speaker is implying that even though Mr. Putin's arguments may sound familiar to those of Hitler in 1938, the analogy between the two is still an exaggeration.

turn 2 : "Otherwise, blameless life." - The literal meaning of this turn is a statement about Manafort's past behavior, but its actual meaning is to mitigate his crimes and argue for a more lenient sentence.

turn 2 : "tar him with the responsibility": This phrase is being used metaphorically to mean to assign blame or responsibility to Putin, rather than literally tarring him with something.

turn 2 : Fault lines are ways that people will get shaken up over events that are being caused by Putin.


. . . Does her story intersect with KBR Halliburton's?

I mean, you know, there was a group of human rights lawyers here in the United States who heard about this case, who read my work more than a decade ago. And three very idealistic young human rights lawyers, one of them had been a Peace Corps volunteer in Nepal. And, you know, they took up this case. This was really the dawn of the era of modern-day slavery and international human trafficking. And the U. S.  government had fueled it with our own tax dollars.

What were these human rights lawyers trying to prove against KBR?

Well, they were trying to prove their culpability. First, they just needed to prove that these men were in KBR supply chain in order to get U. S.  government compensation for them, which took two years. And the key witness, you know, they needed the families. They represented the families, then, in a human trafficking civil action that they brought, hoping to end this practice in the U. S.  military and also hoping to get some justice for the - for Kamala and the other victims.

turn 1 : The issue of reparations for slavery is gaining more attention recently, especially with Democratic leadership and the rise of racial incidents.

turn 1 : The current NAFTA agreement exploited workers, disrupted lives, and took money from people.

turn 1 :  (2) is implying that the money made in human trafficking is much greater than the money made in drug trafficking due to the low cost and lack of risk involved.

turn 1 : Victims themselves have been the driving force behind the development of victims' rights.

turn 1 : The human rights lawyers took up the case to end human trafficking and modern-day slavery.


turn 1 : The U.S. government has a policy of not paying ransom for hostages or making concessions for political prisoners.

turn 1 : The law allowed sheriffs to profit from starving prisoners

turn 1 : The lawyers took up the case against KBR to end human trafficking and get justice for the victims, not only for U.S. government compensation.

turn 1 : The verdict is a powerful landmark as genocide is difficult to prove in court


There's a new commission by the president to try to look into this attack - series of attacks. What's that commission trying to do?

Well, this is a situation, Farai, that's been growing since '94, since the end of apartheid and the election of African National Congress. The problem is this. Fundamentally, the issue of poverty has not been tackled in a satisfactory way by the government. And you've had among the mass of poor people at the bottom, the so called black Africans, a very high level of patience actually waiting for something to turn around, and it hasn't.

Instead, there's been much more emphasis on the development of a black capitalist class, opening up the borders to trade, et cetera. And not enough paid attention to the grievances of people at the base.

When you have the situation like this, it is very easy for opportunists to take advantage of the situation and explode it in a very unproductive way and that's what happened. So, people's anger about the situation was channeled, much like we've seen here in the United Sates when people go against immigrants. Instead of understanding the way that the system is working and that it needs to be challenged, people start going after the vulnerable groups. So, they went after the Zimbabweans, they went after the Mozambiquens and they went after the Ugandans.

turn 0 : to look for something in this context means they are trying to see if something will happen

turn 0 : "look into" in "look into this attack" means to investigate, so the actual meaning is the same as the literal meaning.

turn 0 : to approach someone with something in this context means you are showing them something

turn 0 : looking at next in this context means the authorities are trying to figure out what will happen next

turn 0 : following refer to or implies being interested in a situation or information


turn 1 : (1) "it's just growing too fast" - This phrase is not referring to the physical speed of growth but rather the rate of growth over time.

turn 1 : "growing" in "a situation that's been growing since '94" means the situation has been getting worse or more intense over time, so the actual meaning is different from the literal meaning of physically increasing in size.

turn 1 : (4) "we've seen a huge increase" - The implied meaning here is that there has been a significant increase in the number of political references in obituaries on the website Legacy.com over the past few election cycles. The literal meaning is simply that there has been an increase.

turn 1 : The implied meaning here is that B thinks that old growth forests take a long time to develop, and won't look impressive for hundreds of years. However, the literal meaning of the statement is simply a statement of understanding about the appearance of old growth forests.


We're going to spend some time now talking about cybersecurity. Recently stolen NSA tools have been used apparently in cyberattacks in Baltimore and North Carolina. Hackers used this software to interrupt digital infrastructure like government computers, and usually demand money to stop. That's today's topic in our regular segment called Troll Watch.

This is where we've been keeping track of cybersecurity attacks, as well as the themes, memes and conspiracies being pushed by bots and trolls. Joining us now to talk more about this is Thomas Rid. He is a professor of strategic studies at Johns Hopkins University, where he teaches about cybersecurity. Professor Rid, welcome. Thanks so much for talking to us.

Thank you. Hi.

Let's walk through the facts that are known. So as I understand it, the NSA develops certain hacking tools, and somehow or another, they lost control of them. They were leaked, stolen somehow. And they started showing up in the summer of 2016. Is that right?

turn 3 :  (4) suggests that the NSA's efforts to protect the country may have caused damage around the world.

turn 3 : is asking how intelligence agencies have changed in response to Edward Snowden and WikiLeaks hacking

turn 3 : So this attack is raising one of these fundamental issues that we talk about in the security world about whether NSA surveillance protects people or creates unexpected damage that does more harm than good."

turn 3 : The NSA lost control of their hacking tools and they were leaked/stolen.

turn 3 : Asking whether the NSA should take responsibility for the leak implies the possibility that they might be at fault.


I don't even want to repeat them. They were so unfair. They were essentially stigmatizing him, someone that we consider very naturally for good reasons as to be highly, highly unacceptable such as anti-Semitism. And I think the arguments that were made by some of the people who attacked him were essentially based on that. That was really scandalous. And I'm pleased to see that the majority of the Jewish community, which is moderate and decent, doesn't identify itself with this.

Nevertheless, there are legitimate questions to be asked, and you raised several of them yourself, about, well, how they should think about the possibility of a strike on Iran. I have to say, in recent weeks, the alarm bells have quieted a bit. You quoted, though, some in the Israeli media as quoting a former national security council member of the Obama team, saying there could be an American strike on Iran by the middle of this year.

That's correct. There has been talk to that effect. And I suspect, and rather expect, that these issues will come up in the course of the discussion. But in any case, the people that he's choosing to serve him are people with the experience, with a strategic perspective. But ultimately, he, the president, will be the decision-maker.

So I don't think that one has to expect that everyone chosen by him has to agree in every respect with every single aspect of the past policies that we have had, that he wants people who can think independently and give an independent advice, which he will then accept or reject, as president - as commander in chief.

turn 0 : "an attack on a small business" is a metaphorical expression for a physical attack on the business, as opposed to a verbal attack or criticism.

turn 0 : implies that the speaker was advocating for themselves to be violently punished,

turn 0 : "larger struggles that were embodied in those arguments" Actual meaning: The arguments between the speaker and their mother were about more significant issues. Non-literal meaning: None.

turn 0 : 1- The speaker got into a fight because someone hit him after he danced with someone else's partner. It was a territorial dispute between gangs. It was also a way to gain respect. 4- The speaker was surrounded by guys and warned his friend not to give up.

turn 0 : Arguments that were made by some of the people who attacked him - attacked does not mean physically attacked. It means hurt with words.


turn 1 : The story is emotional and difficult to hear.

turn 1 : The loudspeakers broadcasting prayers all day and all night is causing disturbance for the soldiers trying to sleep.

turn 1 : People are starting to notice and take action on the issue.

turn 1 : The alarm bells have quieted a bit - means things are not as hectic as they have been up until now

turn 1 : People don't actually stand ready to help but they are alert and ready to help when needed.


And so that's what gives them some optimism, and, while they think their internal poll numbers are better than the public polls, which, in a lot of these states, show them back - in these red states or Republican states, show McCain back, in some cases, by a double digits, they say their internal poll is showing just a few points.

Still, here is Karl Rove writing in the Wall Street Journal today. His overall tone is, never mind the polls, go ahead and vote anyway. He does cite Ronald Reagan as an example in 1980. Out of the last 14 presidential campaigns, he says, Ronald Reagan 1980 was the last time that a candidate was behind in the Gallup poll the week before the election and still went ahead to win.

Yes. That's part of the tough, uphill climb the McCain campaign faces. They face the problem of history, and they also face the problem of the actual, you know, numbers that are coming from inside the important states, as opposed to, say, the national numbers.

And also, for their long shot strategy to pay off, a lot of things that we've seen on the ground, the extraordinary enthusiasm in Democratic ranks, the registration advantage Democrats have over Republicans in these key states, those have all turned out to be not as great as advertised, and that's a lot of things that have to fall in line perfectly over the next five days.

turn 2 : John McCain is facing political isolation and uncertainty in the Senate

turn 2 : McCain already has a team of potential cabinet members lined up.

turn 2 : John McCain is doing well in the Republican primaries.

turn 2 : Obama and Biden's intelligence was more appealing to voters than McCain and Palin's lack thereof.

turn 2 : McCain campaign is facing a difficult challenge from Obama


When we say kids, how old are these kids?

So once they get these cars, what do they do with them?

Well, so that's where the fact that they're juveniles really comes into play. When adults steal cars, it's often about, you know, sending them off to another continent or chopping them up for parts, making money.

When kids steal cars, they keep them on the streets. They're using them as toys. They're seeing how fast they can go - 160 miles per hour on the highway. They're driving the wrong way. They're chasing other friends in other stolen cars. In at least one case, we saw stolen cars used in a drive-by shooting.

turn 1 : Turn (3) is an example of a statement whose meaning is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is not actually asking about the ages of the women, but rather expressing surprise or concern about how young some of them were.

turn 1 : Age is just a number and doesn't define how one feels

turn 1 : The literal meaning of (4) is that Tracy Letts watched his family suffer when he was 10 years old, but the implied meaning is that the experience had a lasting effect on him and shaped his life and art.

turn 1 :  A: "We saw kids as young as 10 stealing cars. And the kids we spoke to that were older talked about getting involved around that age, around 10 or 11." - The literal meaning is that children who were 10 or 11 years old were involved in stealing cars. The actual meaning is that children as young as 10 years old were involved in stealing cars, which is surprising and concerning.


turn 1 : It is being implied that the criminals are having a difficult time.

turn 1 : This turn is literal in meaning, as it is a straightforward question asking about the speaker's children.

turn 1 :  The statement implies that it's easier to manage the situation if the children are in a familiar environment.

turn 1 : The turn with an actual meaning different from its literal meaning is (4) "Don't try this - well, he tried it at home, I guess." This statement is a sarcastic remark that implies that the speaker thinks the project the 18-year-old completed is difficult or dangerous and that the listener should not attempt it. However, the speaker acknowledges that the 18-year-old had the audacity to try it anyway.

turn 1 : The speaker is implying that kids are getting involved in stealing cars at a very young age.


turn 4 : (3) - "Grand Theft Auto" videogames is a metaphor for the risky and dangerous activities the juveniles are engaging in.

turn 4 : "taking a car city, a city that was designed for cars, and turning it into a walkable city" This turn has a metaphorical meaning. It does not refer to physically turning a city but rather transforming the urban infrastructure and policies to make it more pedestrian-friendly.

turn 4 : The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is asking how people can become trapped in debt due to car title loans and consumer finance loans.

turn 4 : A: "When kids steal cars, they keep them on the streets. They're using them as toys. They're seeing how fast they can go - 160 miles per hour on the highway. They're driving the wrong way. They're chasing other friends in other stolen cars. In at least one case, we saw stolen cars used in a drive-by shooting." - The literal meaning is that children who steal cars use them for joyriding and dangerous stunts. The actual meaning is that the behavior of juvenile car thieves is reckless and poses a threat to public safety.


Spreading hipsterism can have a cost. The kind of neighborhoods that realtors call in transition can have more places to buy organic coffee than diapers or nails. People who have lived there for years often can't afford to stay in neighborhoods after they've been gentrified. The Cereal Killer Cafe - that's C, cereal - which serves $5 bowls of breakfast cereal in a changing neighborhood in London's East End, was attacked by people who denounced the way the neighborhood is growing upscale. Somebody threw a smoke bomb at the cafe. Protesters smeared their windows with paint and scrawled scum. Alan Keery co-owns the Cereal Killer Cafe with his brother Gary. Thanks very much for being with us.

Not a problem.

You all right?

Yeah, yeah, we're not too bad. We're cleaned up sort of after the weekend. After the attacks, luckily, we only had exterior damage from paint. But at the time, there was staff, customers inside that barricaded the doors closed as they were trying to bash the doors down.

turn 2 : A is not fully agreeing with B's statement

turn 2 : The implied meaning is that A is inquiring about the details surrounding B's special person.

turn 2 : : In (3), B is asking if A is okay, which implies that B is concerned about A's well-being.

turn 2 : (4) is a straightforward denial of B's implied meaning, and does not carry any additional implied meanings beyond that.


That's right, one of these men - yeah, there was a seafood, wholesale seafood dealer in Southern China, in the province of Guangdong, who got the nickname the poison king because he had infected so many other people. He got very sick, went into a hospital in the city of Guangzhou. He started to suffer respiratory blockage.

They intubated him, they put a tube down his throat to help him breathe, but in the course of doing that, he was - you know, he was spewing out virus, he was coughing and sputtering and spitting. And health care workers became infected just in the course of intubating him.

So he infected more than his share, and then there was the other fellow at the hotel who infected more than his share.

It really - your book really made me feel a huge debt of gratitude to people who work in the health care industry because it can be really heroic work, and it seems like they put their life on the line in some cases.

turn 1 : Health care workers are at risk of getting infected.

turn 1 : The militias have amplified the outbreak of the virus by delaying healthcare workers from reaching affected areas.

turn 1 : Diseases are not breaking out but might begin to happen due to the situation.

turn 1 : The mortality rate of the disease is high and it has caused outbreaks in the past.

turn 1 : It is becoming very dangerous for workers to run Ebola clinics


But he was like an incredible, incredible hero. And when I interviewed him, God, probably two months later, he had a stroke. A year later, he was dead. So these stores are like - I mean, they're disappearing every single day.

When you think about a story like that, where someone gave his all and didn't get a lot of credit for it, is that a theme that runs through the book?

It definitely runs through the World War II section. I mean, pretty much all the vets who served in World War II. I mean, I have a vet who was at Iwo Jima, another story you don't hear much about African-Americans serving there. Also a buffalo soldier I have who came home after, you know, fighting in Italy the worst of Hitler's troop. Comes home, the ship lands in Virginia, and the white people in the town turn their back on the black soldiers. They don't even want to look at them.

I mean, it was - they walked through the town, he said it was like they were convicts. People turned their backs on them. And he was with me at the Smithsonian. We had an event for some of these vets. And he cried when he talked about that. And everyone in the audience stood up and cheered for him. And it was 60 years later, but it was like he was coming home that day.

turn 0 : at the end of the day means something is likely going to happen or what happens after everything else.

turn 0 : You don't disappear but get involved in the story due to the worlds.

turn 0 : "they're disappearing every single day" - This phrase is a metaphorical way of saying that the stories are being lost or forgotten over time, rather than literally disappearing every day.

turn 0 : The turn (1) "holding our neighbors hostage and making them watch 10,000 slides from our family vacation" is an example of figurative language and its actual meaning is not literal. The speaker is using exaggeration to emphasize how people have always had a desire to share their experiences with others, even if it means subjecting them to boring slideshows.

turn 0 : The story was told to people and many became aware of it.


So after the wasp sneaks under, it stings the tarantula. Then what does the wasp do?

Paralysis sets in almost instantaneously. In a second or two the tarantula is completely incapacitated, but still alive. And the tarantula hawk will then drag that tarantula to a burrow. So this could be the tarantula's own burrow. It could be a burrow that the tarantula hawk has dug itself. And it'll drag the tarantula down in there and place the tarantula upside down and it'll lay a single egg on the body of the tarantula. In a few days, that egg will hatch and the larvae will begin to feed on the living tarantula.

And the spider is still paralyzed.

That's right. So interestingly enough, if the egg doesn't hatch, the tarantula can actually recover and go on its way. But more often that larvae will hatch and eat its way into the living but still paralyzed tarantula, and it'll feed on that tarantula for several weeks. And at least some species will selectively feed on non-vital organs first to keep the tarantula alive longer.

turn 1 : (2) - Literal meaning: A is expressing excitement about the prospect of witnessing a tarantula hawk and a tarantula interact, and noting that tarantula hawks are common and easily spotted in certain areas. Implicated meaning: A is expressing a morbid curiosity about a potentially violent interaction between two creatures and finding enjoyment in it.

turn 1 : (2) The entire passage describing the tarantula hawk's attack on the tarantula and the subsequent feeding of the larvae on the paralyzed tarantula is figurative in its meaning, as it describes a complex biological process using metaphors and analogies.

turn 1 : The turn in (2) is a figurative expression and its actual meaning is different from its literal meaning.

turn 1 : Turn (2) contains an example of figurative language, where the connection between the publication of Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" and the discussion about regulating a particular technology is symbolic rather than literal. The bioethicist is using the reference to "Frankenstein" to illustrate the potential dangers of unbridled scientific progress, rather than making a direct comparison between the two events.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of this turn is that the tribal aspect of this conflict has triggered the most horrific aspects of this war. The implied meaning is that the tribal divisions are at the root of the war and are responsible for the extreme violence.


And the spider is still paralyzed.

turn 2 : (2) - Literal meaning: A is expressing excitement about the prospect of witnessing a tarantula hawk and a tarantula interact, and noting that tarantula hawks are common and easily spotted in certain areas. Implicated meaning: A is expressing a morbid curiosity about a potentially violent interaction between two creatures and finding enjoyment in it.

turn 2 : (3) "And the spider is still paralyzed." implies that the previous statement about the tarantula being completely incapacitated but still alive was correct, and that the paralysis has not yet worn off. However, the statement itself is quite literal in its meaning.

turn 2 : paralyzed by this idea  implies being confused and weak

turn 2 : Implies that the speaker found the information about spiders and their webs interesting or impressive, despite the fact that they also thought it was "cool." So, the actual meaning of (4) is slightly different from its literal meaning.


Now, the foreign minister of Iran is describing this as blackmail. It does sound like bribery. Whether it's legal or not, I don't know. But how does the U. S.  view this particular tactic?

Well, the U. S.  has had a program for more than 30 years called Rewards for Justice that they've used to pay money to people who provide information that helps disrupt terror networks. They used it with the son of Osama bin Laden, for example - or tried to use it. So they announced a program yesterday where they will pay up to $15 million to people for information that would help disrupt Iranian illicit networks. And this is - the offer to Kumar, the captain of the Adrian Darya ship, is actually the first time they've used this program in the case of Iran and the maximum pressure campaign.

So this is open - it appears to be on the surface, at least - within U. S.  law. There's a law to cover it. If anybody were to accept the offer of this money, would we ever know about it?

Well, I think we probably would because the State Department has been actually very kind of forward in terms of publishing - publicizing a lot of things they're doing because they want ship captains around the world to know that this is available to entice them to take up these offers. So if they don't publicize it, there's no kind of marketing campaign as such.

turn 2 : to surface in this context means that something has been kept secret but isn't anymore

turn 2 : The actual meaning is that there is growing consensus that waterboarding is unlawful and violates various international and US laws, but the attorney general has not yet defined it as torture and illegal. The words used may imply that the speaker thinks it is clear that waterboarding is illegal and the attorney general's inaction is troubling.

turn 2 : "On the surface" doesn't refer to physical being on a surface. Here, it implies that the program appears to be legal, but a deeper evaluation may show that it is not.

turn 2 : "Scratching the surface" here implies that a topic or issue has only begun to be considered or addressed, and that the scope is much greater. It has nothing to do with actual scratching anything in the physical sense.


Oh, well, you'll be surprised, Neal. Actually, Minnesota has more solar potential than anywhere in the eastern part of the U. S. , except for Florida. We have nice, clear winters and good, sunny summers. Germany, farther north than we are, has much more solar than about anywhere in the United States. So actually, we're pretty well-positioned for solar. You'll be surprised how much of the U. S.  could do well in solar. We also have a lot of wind potential here in Minnesota, especially in the western area. But it's more about, how do we get that electricity to the cities like Minneapolis or Chicago?

And, of course, we have bioenergy here, too, and the debates about things like corn ethanol. That's another big contentious issue here in the Midwest. And one where, again, middle grounds might have to be found between groups that are in very different poles on that issue.

And what do you think is the most promising - again, the symbolic areas, those are always going to be difficult. But are there other conversations that could be had that, as you say, skirt the ideology?

Well, it's very interesting. Regardless of, you know, how you think of him politically, the Obama administration has actually done more, may be by accident - or may be on purpose - to think about, to take on climate change than all previous administrations, really, combined. Our CO2 emissions in the United States have gone down pretty dramatically in the last few years, partly because of the recession, of course, but partly because people are retooling and getting more efficient.

turn 0 : Ground-based solar and wind energy are not reliable sources of power.

turn 0 : Extreme weather swings are happening more often due to climate change

turn 0 : Renewable energy is still too expensive for developing countries

turn 0 : Minnesota has good solar potential despite being in the northern part of the US

turn 0 : The power grid is unreliable due to generators and solar power being used instead.


Wow.

. . . all the different individual pieces, we've got tens of thousands of pieces, but basically, 1,800 or more than 1,800 different distinct meteorites. And we have some of the - there's all different kinds of meteorites. I know this is radio, but I actually did bring some samples in with me for the studio audience at least. So if anybody afterwards wants to come by and take a look at these. . .

You'll count them on the way out.

I will count them on the way out.

turn 3 : The narrator can visualized the art like how all artists done.

turn 3 : The audience of the website is willing to help out with the campaign.

turn 3 : You will count the number of samples you have after the presentation implying that the studio audience might steal some.

turn 3 : The speaker is expressing gratitude for being invited to the studio.

turn 3 : The approval of the audience is more important than the reviews.


So there were a couple of feuds on the blog this week. Break them down for us.

Well, I'll start with the more-amusing one: Aretha Franklin versus Beyonce and Beyonce's dad. So flash back to last week's Grammys. Beyonce introduced her duet partner, Tina Turner, as the queen. Aretha Franklin, the reigning Queen of Soul, was none too pleased and released a statement saying it was a cheap shot for controversy. Beyonce's dad/manager responded, saying Franklin's statement was ridiculous.

Now, most people on our blog seem to agree. C.  Cody(ph) wrote: Re-re(ph) should have exercised her right to remain queen by remaining silent; and Willis Page(ph) had his own beef with Ms.  Franklin. He wrote: I've had tickets to see Aretha Franklin three times, and three times she has cancelled in different cities. How about being mad at the title of Queen of No-shows?

And then the other big feud this week was between Tavis Smiley and Michelle Obama. Journalist Tavis Smiley invited Barack Obama to speak at his annual State of the Black Union. Obama declined, saying he had to campaign, but he offered to send his wife, Michelle, in his place. Tavis Smiley essentially said no thanks.

turn 1 : The president insulted her before releasing her from her job.

turn 1 : She was a remarkable and iconic figure who would still be celebrated today.

turn 1 : The discussion is still happening between a great many people. The black designers are only hurting themselves by complaining about what she wore.

turn 1 : She was able to rise above her difficult circumstances and become a successful artist despite her hardships.

turn 1 : Aretha Franklin was offended by Beyonce introducing Tina Turner as the queen at the Grammys.


turn 2 : The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is a supporter of Obama and is not afraid to express it publicly, even if it goes against the expectations of his mother.

turn 2 : They started or met during something regarding Tavis Smiley.

turn 2 : Tavis Smiley declined Michelle Obama's offer to speak at his event in place of Barack Obama.

turn 2 : The organizers faced difficulties in getting Obama to attend the convention.

turn 2 : The speaker did not want to go to the convention even if the president and the vice president were going to attend.


I see.

Yeah. And it goes around about once an hour. So what they did was they went to Pacific Northwest Bell and had the engineers there create a wireless telephone. So the Space Needle actually had wireless phones in 1962. You could sit down. You could make a call. There was a radio pickup in the wall, and they would connect you then to the operator so you could call out.

Mm-hmm. I was - I took a visit to the Space Needle yesterday. And I'm - being a geek myself, I was really enthralled with the technology and just this - the pure nuts and bolts that are holding it together. I remember walking out and seeing this giant nut and - screw and nut holding it - it's bolted to the ground. Of course, being a geek, I wanted to know the size of the wrench it took to do that.

But that seemed to be very, very simple, and it seems to be holding up very, very well.

turn 2 : A has recently researched various topics and is knowledgeable about them.

turn 2 : The novel educates readers about science in an unobtrusive way

turn 2 : Food is the most important think for each any every human.

turn 2 : The person loves science and anything related to it and is intelligent.

turn 2 : It may be a way to give attention to women trying to break into science.


Sure. The basic idea is that if, in your country, you've got natural resources, that somebody is going to pay to come into your country and extract and then sell on the international market. That seems like something that ought to economically benefit your country. You will get new revenue from the extraction and sale of your natural resources. But what we see over and over again is that selling off your natural resources in the commodities market tends to kind of ruin your country. It tends to leave you worse off, even economically worse off. And that's because it has a warping effect on your economy.

It's hard to have a diversified, stable economy when you've got one resource that's pulling in such a big revenue stream. And when you've got one resource that's pulling in such a big revenue stream, you tend to end up with very rich elites who will do anything to hold onto power, who stop doing the other things that governments should otherwise be doing to serve the needs of the people.

OK. So what does this have to do with Michael Jackson's glove?

(Laughter) Well, it's both a sad and all areas side story in this. The government in Equatorial Guinea got all these oil revenues. And they basically decided to turn the president of the country and his son into some of the richest and most ostentatiously, flagrantly tacky people on the globe while the people of that country suffered and got poorer.

turn 0 : The policies would make drastic changes for the better to the economy.

turn 0 : Capitalism has changed and now requires more regulation and reduced expectations in terms of return. Prices are not assumed to always go up anymore.

turn 0 : Selling off natural resources makes the economy in a country worse than before.

turn 0 : China sees renewable energy as a future economic opportunity, which can be exported and reduce environmental impact.

turn 0 : The economy is not humming but is working as it should.


Which might help to explain why the Office of the Special Counsel has said that the document described does not exist because you wrote in the book it was a, quote, "draft indictment," which sounds like something a little different.

Well, yeah. I guess it depends upon how you define a draft indictment. Yes. And I think it's very possible. I mean, the special counsel, when it responds, has become quite a gifted prevaricator. It is quite possible that they responded accurately but that nevertheless this document exists and goes to trying to understand a very significant moment in the thinking of the special counsel.

So the statement from Peter Carr, Robert Mueller's spokesman, is the documents described do not exist. You insist you have a document in your possession and maybe the difference here is on the word described. He thinks you described it wrong.

It is quite possible, yes.

turn 0 : The president can not be indicted while in office

turn 0 : There might be more alleged victims in the federal indictment

turn 0 : The prosecutors collaborated with the supervisor to manipulate the system.

turn 0 : The Office of the Special Counsel has the document described, but it may not be called a 'draft indictment.'

turn 0 : implies a request for a summary of the facts of the case


Four-hundred-fifty advisers - a good step, enough?

It's OK as far as it goes. It's clearly not enough. We already have about 3,100 Americans there. And ISIS has momentum, and this is not going to change that, I think.

Congressman, what do you say to, I think, a lot of Americans, including some Republicans who might be listening to this interview, who say America doesn't have a good history of sending troops to Iraq?And they're worried about sending any more.

Yeah, I worry about that, too. Clearly, the preferred option is for the Iraqis themselves to provide security for their own country. They have not been very successful at doing that so far. And so we've sent folks back into Iraq after having left there prematurely, in my view. But when we send them back, we only allow them to train Iraqis inside the bases. We do not allow the advisers to go out into the field with them.

turn 2 : (3) In turn (3), the speaker implies that the recent events in Iraq are not normal and that there is a sense of uncertainty and instability, despite some signs of progress.

turn 2 : This statement implies that Americans are skeptical about sending more troops to Iraq due to the country's previous history with military involvement in Iraq.

turn 2 :  (3) implies that B is asking A to comment on the administration's decision to prioritize the threat of ISIS over the Assad regime in Syria,

turn 2 : The deployment of additional troops is not expected to have a significant impact on the outcome of the war or lead to a sudden victory.

turn 2 : Maliki's advisers accuse rival politicians of using the American-Iraqi Treaty as a desperate ploy to gain support from the Iraqi peopl


Well, one way is that the schemes at issue here were really sprawling. This was not just one man doing something criminally inappropriate but rather pervasive, longstanding, industry-wide conspiracy, for lack of a better word, to promote these products.

And, you know, there may be a false sense of vengeance or accountability in pinning it on one individual and essentially letting others go free who were the ones that carried out this scheme. You could argue that the deterrent effect of legal action would be greater with a massive financial penalty that would really send a message to all other executives at all levels of a corporation that this could be their economic downfall.

Did we see that with the $500 million judgment in Oklahoma?Is that a big enough penalty to be a deterrent, or is it just the cost of doing business for Johnson and Johnson?

I think for a company on the scale of Johnson and Johnson, $570 million is not a lot of money. And we saw that in Wall Street's reaction to the verdict. To them, it was good news. This was probably the first time that having to pay $572 million was considered good news.

turn 1 : finger-pointing implies making of accusations or blame and not pointing one's finger at a place

turn 1 : pinning it on someone refers to someone else having to take the consequences for something

turn 1 : To pull the trigger means to decide to make something happen.

turn 1 : (2) Implies that the speaker is questioning whether or not the sanctions are just symbolic gestures with no real, tangible impact.

turn 1 : A agreed to do something but later realized it wasn't what they wanted


I'm Farai Chideya and this is News & Notes. Staycation. It's one of those newfangled words that's caught on fast. A vacation is when you vacate. You take off, you stay in a hotel, or camp out, or see the sights. A staycation is - well, you got it. With soaring gas prices and plane tickets, this was supposed to be the summer of staying at home. But was that prediction off the mark?If you're thinking about traveling soon or for the winter holidays, what should you keep in mind?With us to talk about both of those issues we've got Madeline Nunn, senior travel agent with the Richmond, Virginia, branch of the American Automobile Association, or Triple-A. Hi, Madeline.

How are you?

I'm great. So, back in May, a Rand McNally survey found that two-thirds of Americans planning road trips this summer said they would shorten their trips or cancel them all together. Summer is wrapping up, so what actually panned out?

Well, actually, the staycation thing is sort of a myth, so to speak, because Americans are traveling. They're traveling because they are hard-working and they need the rest and the revitalization. They need this vacation. So, what we're finding is that they're not staying home, per se. Some are just staying a little closer to home. And sometimes they're limiting the length of time that they may take for this vacation.

turn 0 : Staycation is a vacation taken close to home.

turn 0 : This made the person have to stay where they were at.

turn 0 : "remaining with us" means staying or continuing to be present

turn 0 : not too far down the road means that it isn't far away from a different location.

turn 0 : There is a dangerous situation happening that requires people to seek shelter and take precautions.


How are you?

turn 0 : The staycation trend was not as popular as predicted

turn 0 : The protests are still significant despite not being widespread

turn 0 : The long haul is a length of time where the issue had to be dealt with.

turn 0 : A lot of people are out of work and jobs are getting harder to find.


How are you?

turn 2 : seem to be no longer - are not contained in the House version?And the House leaders say nope, we're not going to have them," respectively.

turn 2 : Americans are not staying at home for vacations.

turn 2 : The US immigration policy should bring in the best and brightest from around the world

turn 2 : We are being deprived of the media that tells the stories of illegal activity in Mexico.


How are you?

turn 2 : People were determined and enthusiastic despite the late hour and lack of parking.

turn 2 : So you went out to see if the economy was going down in terms of less people spending money.

turn 2 : Contrary to the prediction, many Americans did not cancel their summer road trips

turn 2 : There is a serious need for public transportation in the region.

turn 2 : The coincidence of being evacuated twice is unusual


How are you?

turn 3 : Americans are limiting the length of their vacations.

turn 3 : They need the countries to realize this is the way things should be done in other countries.

turn 3 : The president will propose something new later today

turn 3 : Congressional Republicans won't pass the bill unless the President makes sure they will not be hurt politically.

turn 3 : (3) Implies that the speaker used to have a difficult time during the holidays, as they had to worry about bills and expenses that come with the season.


How are you?

turn 3 : There will be significant concerns in the region moving forward.

turn 3 : Americans are still traveling but may be taking shorter vacations closer to home

turn 3 : In (4), the speaker is implying that the U.S. is not necessarily looking forward to the fall of Assad, but rather is trying to prepare for it.

turn 3 : seem to be no longer - are not contained in the House version?And the House leaders say nope, we're not going to have them," respectively.


Are a lot of Europeans rethinking whether or not they even want to be unified?

Yes, I think they are. I think a good many Europeans are thinking maybe open borders is not such a great idea. Maybe the best thing we can do is to start closing our borders and make sure that there are no migrants, no refugees, no foreign influences that are affecting our security and well-being inside the country.

You've also suggested that there's a kind of a parallel with politics in the United States at the moment.

Yeah, in some way I think you are seeing the same phenomenon in Europe as you are seeing with the support for Donald Trump and, to some extent, for Bernie Sanders who are attracting voters who are, in the Trump case, anti-immigrant, don't really want to be part of an activist foreign policy. They're anti-trade and they're nativists.

turn 3 : In turn (4), the statement suggests that despite the appearance of a positive sign, the comments from the British Foreign Secretary indicate that the situation is more challenging and difficult to resolve than it may seem. The literal meaning of the words may convey a positive outlook, but the implied meaning highlights the potential obstacles and complexities involved.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of turn (2) is a question asking what the speaker can add to the race that other candidates do not already have. However, the actual meaning is that the speaker is being challenged to prove their value and justify their entry into the race. The literal meaning of the turn does not reflect the underlying challenge and skepticism expressed by the speaker.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of this turn is to state that the speaker is of mixed racial and/or ethnic heritage. However, the actual meaning is to downplay the significance of the speaker's racial and ethnic identity.

turn 3 : And Lamar Smith, the congressman and head of the Judiciary Committee, has a statement basically saying this is why we need a new, stronger Congress to pass tougher immigration laws here in Washington, thanks to - these kind of decisions show we need stronger laws out of Washington.  The turn does not have a figurative meaning different from its literal meaning.

turn 3 : Turn (4) is another example of a turn whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning. While the speaker suggests that the phenomenon of attracting voters who are anti-immigrant, anti-trade, and nativist is similar in Europe and the United States, it does not necessarily mean that the situations are identical.


Well, how did they react to you as a person?I mean, you're a glamorous Los Angelina, and so what did they think when you showed up?

I think that it's interesting, because I was in a program called Cross-cultural Solutions, where they send volunteers to different areas. I was the first African-American that had been at this school. So I think they were confused. I mean, and these people in the town, they were just like are you from Ghana?Or are you Yabo(ph)?Yabo is a foreigner, and most likely, more than usually, a white foreigner. But I had a couple of people call me Yabo.

But they would sort of ask like where are you from, and one of the program's administrators would have to explain, she's an ancestor of Africans, and then they would say, oh, okay. So it was definitely some confusing sort of looks that I got.

But the kids were - you know, kids are very, you know, easy to sort of get along with. These kids were, you know, absolutely adorable. They didn't understand what I was saying a lot of the time, but they really connected to me. I mean, I would bring bubbles and jumping ropes and stuff like that, stuff that they had never seen before. So, you know, I was quite popular at the school, I have to say. I mean, particularly with my bubbles, that brought even the junior-high-school kids out…

Oh, I'm sure.

turn 0 : Los Angeles is a diverse city with people from all backgrounds.

turn 0 : "fresh from Hollywood" - This turn of phrase is used figuratively to describe someone who is new to politics and has no previous political experience. It does not mean that the person actually came from Hollywood.

turn 0 : The person is thinking of a particular person but they are not going to say who.

turn 0 : The person being referred to is from Los Angeles and is considered glamorous.

turn 0 : The speaker is expressing their opinion about the actress's ability to get roles in Hollywood as an African-American woman, and how they didn't think she was a good fit for the particular movie. The literal meaning of the words used in the turn may not convey the speaker's actual opinion or intended message.


Oh, I'm sure.

turn 2 : The subject is actually from Los Angeles where as the reply is regarding an African

turn 2 : The speaker is sarcastic about the so-called 'racial moment'

turn 2 : The speaker is asking if the listener believes in racial justice and if it is possible to achieve it. The speaker suggests that African-Americans have debated this issue for a long time, indicating that it is a complex issue.

turn 2 : THe person isn't putting on an anthropologist hat. It means the person is thinking. This person is also learning about Black America, nit getting into black America.

turn 2 : B is referring to the Hurricane Katrina catastrophe in New Orleans and it aftermaths.


Oh, I'm sure.

turn 3 : This turn is literal in meaning, as it is a straightforward question asking about the speaker's children.

turn 3 :  I think that it could result in a lot of these either being kicked back to the school and these students

turn 3 : There can only be so many award winning, great movies out there for children.

turn 3 : The person being referred to was well-liked by the school kids for bringing unique items.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of this turn is that the person being addressed has kept a lot of people warm and safe throughout the year and is being thanked for it. The figurative meaning, however, is that the person being addressed has done something good or helpful for others and is being appreciated for it, but not necessarily in a literal sense of keeping them warm and safe.


I think that's true.

Yeah. I mean, what do you see in your practice, in your work?Since you are counseling people, do you see people who have kind of, like, these cross addictions that intersect with the technology?

Yeah. We have an outpatient program called No More Secrets, which is for sex addicts, and these sex addicts all are using the Internet to play out their addiction. And there are many people who are really joining their ranks just because of the availability now of pornography through, you know, their online connection.

So, I think it's - I think more people are getting hooked on activities that they might avoid if it was not so accessible. And gambling certainly is part of it, the chatting, video gaming, pornography, all of these things that are - online shopping would be another one. These things are made so easy by the availability, accessibility, anonymity of the experience, that I think more and more people are drawn in, and people who might not be drawn in to overindulging, if it were not for the Internet.

turn 2 : The availability of technology is causing more people to become addicted to activities they might avoid.

turn 2 : People with ADD are more susceptible to gaming addiction.

turn 2 : The drug epidemic is pervasive and affects people from all walks of life.

turn 2 : People are ashamed to admit they're addicted to computer games.

turn 2 : Functioning addicts hide their addiction while carrying on with daily life.


Hi. And I suppose I should say congratulations.

Yes, thank you. It's exciting.

Exciting, as you say, but what was different this time?- because the Green Party has been around for a while in Germany.

Well, on the surface, the topic of climate change and the demonstration of young people - the so-called Fridays for Future, where students skipped their classes and went demonstrating, demanding that the politicians start listening to them in terms of climate policies - this got traction among their parents, among their grandparents.

turn 3 : President Trump has caused a negative impact on climate change policies

turn 3 : Climate change is hard to see because of how we perceive it.

turn 3 : The topic of climate change and the Fridays for Future movement mobilized a wider demographic.

turn 3 : to put something forward is to give an idea, they are giving ideas for climate change

turn 3 : "Global warming?" - This is a question that implies a possible explanation for the changes discussed in the conversation, but it does not necessarily mean that global warming is the only cause or that it is the direct cause of the changes being discussed.


So, 3,000 people, more than that, are on death row. Forty-two people were executed in 2007, half of them were African-Americans. What has been the breakdown racially and in terms of other demographics of people who actually, you know, go on death row or are executed?

Well, the numbers of African-Americans on death row is about 42 percent, compared to their numbers in the population at about 12 percent. So, there's a disproportionate number of African-Americans on death row. The numbers executed is a little less, about 34 percent, but still disproportionate.

However, the biggest factor in race in the death penalty is that it depends whom you kill in the murder that got you on death row. If you kill a white person, then you really have a death penalty case that's four or five times more likely that a person, white or black, will get the death penalty if they killed a white person than if they killed a black person, which is sort of putting a value on the victims' lives by color.

So basically, all crimes are not equal. That's what you're saying.

turn 2 : black people  implies African American people and not black color humans beings

turn 2 : The culture and character of black people can be obtained from them if you get too close

turn 2 : A person wants to identify as cool, American black instead of African-American despite not being from Africa.

turn 2 : black per person implies African American person  and not a black color human being


So, the one thing about balloons is they tend to move sort of west to east. So once we put balloons up there, they will float in a ring around the world, and they're - some of the balloons are right now on their way to Chile and Argentina. The goal of the project, once we roll it out further, is to have a continuous ring around the world at 40 degrees south latitude, and anyone under those - the path of the balloons would be able to use the trial service.

So it's like if I go up in a hot air balloon, I sort of - I go where the air current go. Is that the same thing here?

And that's one of the cool things about the project. We can steer the balloons by increasing or decreasing the altitude of the balloon and finding a wind that's going the direction we want. So if we see we want to go a little bit further north, we perhaps drop down a half a kilometer, find a wind going that direction and then stop at that altitude, and that's the way we steer the balloons.

And how long can they stay up?

turn 0 : The balloons location around the planet forms a circle.

turn 0 : Jupiter being a big planet with lots of gravity attracts space rocks.

turn 0 : Well, that's around a star called HD 10 - excuse me, 40307.I'm losing track of the numbers, there are so many stars now.And this is a system where we first tried out some of these techniques, where there were already several planets known around it, three planets known around it, and we found three more by basically being more clever in how we deal with the noise due to the star's surface activity.

turn 0 : Not a payment on a balloon, but a very large payment to make.

turn 0 : The flying saucer shape is the common shape of how alien space ships were depicted.


This is ALL THINGS CONSIDERED from NPR News. I'm Michel Martin. We're starting the program today with Steve Bullock. If the name is not familiar, he hopes it will be soon. He is the governor of Montana. And last week, he joined the 21 other Democrats plus one independent who want to take on President Trump in 2020. And Governor Bullock is with us today in our studios in Washington, D. C.

Welcome. Thank you so much for coming.

It's great to be with you, Michel.

So there's the substance of your message, and then there's the politics. So why don't we take the substance first?What's your elevator pitch to voters?What have you accomplished in Montana that you think you can take nationwide?

turn 0 : "Thank you" - The literal meaning is an expression of gratitude or appreciation.

turn 0 : Expressing gratitude for the invitation and glad to be here.

turn 0 : "Thank you" is a polite expression of gratitude. Its meaning is literal and straightforward.

turn 0 : The literal meaning of "You're welcome" is to thank someone for what they have done, but the implied meaning is that the speaker is accepting the gratitude.

turn 0 : "Welcome.Thank you so much for coming." - The actual meaning is the same as the literal meaning. The intended meaning is a genuine welcome and appreciation for the guest's presence.