Media looks very bad on this. It looks credulous for Justice Department sources. Hatfill had filed suit against the government and, you know, sought to get the names of sources from journalists, taking them to court to do so, and to try to prove that the Justice Department had intentionally leaked this, as they sought to, you know, circle in on him and to capture him for these attacks.

Now, this year, there was a settlement, a legal settlement, for Steven Hatfill from the government.

That's right. Just a few months ago, the government essentially paid out a package - depending on how you value it - but about 5. 85 million dollars to compensate him for lost revenue over the course of his career. He lost a job at Louisiana State University, as a result of this, that he had been offered. Interestingly, the government did not exonerate him directly. Although the entire settlement tended to do that, but it not explicitly exonerate him, and nor did it apologize to him for this. CHADWICK: I don't imagine that we in the media are going to be apologizing to him either. NPR's David Folkenflik, thank you.

You bet.

turn 0 : News coverage can cause people to pay more attention to things that were happening anyway.

turn 0 : The speaker is highlighting the severity of the allegations against Jeffrey Epstein and warning the listeners that the details may be upsetting.

turn 0 : "Media looks very bad on this." - The literal meaning is that the media appears to be performing poorly in reporting the news related to the Steven Hatfill case.

turn 0 : They want to know if the seriousness of the situation makes the government appear to be bad to the public.

turn 0 : The constant stream of bad news online contributed to the financial crisis.


You bet.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of this turn is that the settlement in the lawsuit had already been reached. However, the actual meaning is that the settlement was being discussed and was close to being reached.

turn 1 :  “The settlement was reached.Well, one of these suits was about to go to trial on Monday, wasn't it?” - Implied meaning: Trump was attempting to postpone the trial due to his busy schedule.

turn 1 : "Now, this year, there was a settlement, a legal settlement, for Steven Hatfill from the government." - The literal meaning is that the government reached a legal agreement with Steven Hatfill to compensate him for lost revenue.

turn 1 : The company may be motivated to pay the settlement to avoid further legal complications.


You bet.

turn 1 : "there was a settlement...for Steven Hatfill from the government." - The actual meaning is that Steven Hatfill received a monetary compensation from the government as a result of a legal settlement.

turn 1 : The lawyers took up the case against KBR to end human trafficking and get justice for the victims, not only for U.S. government compensation.


You bet.

turn 2 :  “The settlement was reached.Well, one of these suits was about to go to trial on Monday, wasn't it?” - Implied meaning: Trump was attempting to postpone the trial due to his busy schedule.

turn 2 : The speaker was falsely accused and wrongfully blamed.

turn 2 : "Interestingly, the government did not exonerate him directly...nor did it apologize to him for this." - The actual meaning is that while the settlement may imply exoneration and an apology, the government did not explicitly state that Hatfill was innocent or offer an apology for their actions.

turn 2 : A is admitting their mistake and asking for forgiveness


You bet.

turn 3 :  The phrase "You bet" in (4) is a colloquial phrase which means "You're welcome" or "No problem".

turn 3 : "You bet." - The actual meaning is "You're welcome" or "No problem".

turn 3 : "Thank you." - The literal meaning is a polite response to being welcomed to the show. The implied meaning is that the guest is ready and willing to contribute to the discussion.

turn 3 :  implies that the speaker is expressing gratitude for the other person's time and attention.

turn 3 : "You're welcome." This turn is an example of conventionalized language, where the speaker uses a set phrase to respond to the expression of gratitude. The literal meaning of "you're welcome" is an invitation for the other person to come in, but in this context, it's used to acknowledge and accept thanks.


You and your fellow Democrat Peter Welch gave the president a proposal that would allow the government to use the leverage of Medicare to try to negotiate lower prices with drug manufacturers. Let me ask you a question from the Democratic primary. If that was such a great idea, why didn't the Democrats do it themselves when they controlled Congress in 2010 and passed the Affordable Care Act?

That's a great question. What happened back then is I think President Obama was trying to get the deal through. And as you know, we got very little, if any, cooperation from the Republicans. And I think that this was. . .

Well - but you had the votes in your own party to make this a part of the legislation.

Yeah, but, Scott, you know that that doesn't always work that way. It's not that simple because we had a lot of blue dogs. We had people who - Democrats who really didn't even want to go along with the Affordable Care Act. And so there was a lot of compromise there. And part of the compromise was to work through a deal where the prices of Medicare Part B - that is the prescription - drug prices would not be negotiated. I was against that because I thought that we were - I thought that we were bulk purchasing. And as most bulk purchases do, you're usually able to get a discount. But that was a part of the deal to get through the Affordable Care Act, and that's one of the reasons why I think you had a lot of Democrats who were concerned about the act even back then.

turn 2 : Turn (3): The speaker is suggesting that the proposal at the ballpark is likely to be a rejected one.

turn 2 : turn is to challenge the idea that the proposal was a great idea in the first place.

turn 2 : Turn (4): The speaker is confirming that the proposal at the ballpark is likely to be a rejected one.

turn 2 : The key point is made to make people want to learn more about what happened.

turn 2 : (2) Implied Meaning: Is this the overall goal we are striving towards?


So I think - I think we're - we have to understand the complexity of it. I think we have to understand that the president has put together a good team on this. And now we're really looking at the next step. But I do think it's important to underscore that in this kind of negotiation, especially at this high level, you get to walk away from the table once. You don't get to walk away from the table twice.

Right. I mean, you used a phrase there, pick up the pieces. It's not just President Trump and North Korea. It's the president's son-in-law trying to almost single handedly bring Middle East peace after the United States took a move like moving the embassy to Jerusalem. You know, some would say that the Trump administration gives away the carrots, like moving the embassy to Jerusalem, without getting concessions and only selectively applies the sticks, like curtailing Palestinian aid. Doesn't that make it harder to negotiate?

Sometimes it can. Sometimes, however, that - what you want to do is try to rearrange the pieces on the table and do so in ways that are surprising or unexpected and can open space for - for talks and negotiations.

Do you think Jared Kushner is the man to do that?

turn 0 : The person thinks that the situation will come to an end with both sides negotiating with one another. There is no game or table.

turn 0 : There is no actual table, just the hope that Iran will negotiate with them.

turn 0 : There is not a table but people get to leave the negotiation.

turn 0 : The table simply means that Iran is being forced to return to negotiations.

turn 0 : They are not going to a table and picking up pieces but are actually just resuming conversations and trying to fix problems between them.


turn 1 :  (2) is a metaphor that implies the speaker was impressed by the announcer's ability to quickly and accurately recite all the names of the horses.

turn 1 : The horses can be tamed and controlled if people approach them calmly and gently.

turn 1 : The carrots and sticks refer to how you get a horse to move the way you want.

turn 1 : The horses are usually calm when approached with care and respect.

turn 1 :  The turn of phrase whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning is:  (2) "out of the gate" - in this context, it means how well the horse starts the race from the starting gate, rather than literally coming out of a gate.


turn 2 : There are not pieces on a table but there are happenings in countries that are open for negotiation.

turn 2 : There is no actual table, just the hope that Iran will negotiate with them.

turn 2 : The table simply means that Iran is being forced to return to negotiations.

turn 2 : The person thinks that the situation will come to an end with both sides negotiating with one another. There is no game or table.

turn 2 : The talks had gotten worse as they were returning to what they had spoken of before. Offers were made and rejected. The table is just a metaphor for the two sides talking to one another.


Yep, I mean, that is absolutely true. I'm, you know, I'm still young but I've definitely moved past the age where, you know, I feel young and feel completely invincible. Something catastrophic, whether it's an illness that comes along or whether it's an accident, or something of that nature, is a risk that's there. And, you know, it still seems to be a very low risk. But you're right. I mean, there's no logical way around that. That is definitely something that could happen at any time.

So you're not one of these people that thinks I'm young and strong and nothing will happen.

No. My, you know, shoulder and back hurts bad enough right now that. . .

. . . I know that's not the case.

turn 1 : All the turns in this conversation appear to have their literal meanings, and there are no metaphors, figurative language or idioms used.

turn 1 : None of the turns have implied meanings that are different from their literal meanings. They all convey their literal meanings without any hidden or implied messages.

turn 1 : the turns whose actual meanings are different from their literal meanings. By saying "you're not one of these people that thinks I'm young and strong and nothing will happen"

turn 1 : There are no turns in this conversation.whose actual meaniniNG are different from their literal meanings .All of the turns are being used in a straightforward and litreal meanings

turn 1 : There are no turns in the given conversation that have a meaning different from their literal meanings. All the turns convey their literal meanings without any implied or figurative language.


Some people call you the Architect or the Godfather of the surge. You know, it was not that big an increase in troops originally calling for just 20,000. What made you think that was going to be enough of a margin to establish order, or try to establish order, or something like order?

The surge, really is a horrible term, but the term stuck and in military terms it's a counter-offensive designed to wrest the offensive away from your opponent, in this case, the insurgency and the al-Qaeda in Iraq. And the surge, well everybody focuses on the troops, the real issue was we changed the strategy. For the first time we were going to protect the people and actually take on the mission to defeat the insurgency.

In the past, our mission was to transition to the Iraqis till down the road they could defeat them. To do that, you need additional forces because you have to decentralize and put the troops on the streets where they live in the neighborhoods, mulhollans as they call them in Iraq, and districts in those major urban centers. That is the issue. And in an urban insurgency the people are the issue.

You know there are some including the West Point history professor, Lieutenant Colonel John Gentile, who say that it's not so much that we've sent in these extra troops or changed our strategy, it's that we got Muqtada al-Sadr's forces to have a ceasefire and we essentially hired 100,000 former Sunni insurgents to come onto our payroll and try to keep quiet.

turn 2 : The opposition has lost territory and the alleged chemical attack took place in Damascus suburbs

turn 2 : The lack of planning for the post-war phase in Iraq despite previous war games.

turn 2 : The tactics used were very dangerous and deadly to the protestors.

turn 2 : Additional forces were needed to decentralize and put troops on the streets to address the urban insurgency.

turn 2 : The majority of security forces are with the people due to the impact of the crisis on their families


Earlier this week, Deacon White was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame. And yes, we know, you've never heard of him. White's career began in 1871, at the dawn of professional baseball. He played catcher in the days when catchers use no equipment at all: no glove, no pads, no facemask. They became heroes celebrated for their courage and their wits, and Deacon White stood out as one of the best.

Baseball historian Peter Morris serves on what used to be called the Veteran's Committee at Cooperstown. It's now called the Pre-Integration Era Committee. He's also the author of "Catcher: How the Man Behind the Plate Became an American Folk Hero" and joins us now from the studios at Michigan Radio in Ann Arbor. Good to have you with us today.

My pleasure to be here, Neal.

And in your book, you argue that the generation that came of age after the Civil War looked around for some heroes and found them behind home plate.

turn 0 : Turn: "didn't quite get the same glory" Actual meaning: Did not receive the same recognition or fame.

turn 0 : big name implies being very successful and wealthy

turn 0 : The man was highly involved in social events and had long-standing involvement with various organizations.

turn 0 : Hall of Fame implies a recognition of being a noble and outstanding


My pleasure to be here, Neal.

turn 3 : The children in the war had to face and endure many difficult and tragic things.

turn 3 : They had a large amount of weapons from the United States.

turn 3 : The generation after the Civil War looked to catchers as heroes.

turn 3 : Although there is a new generation of younger leaders, the older leaders still play a role behind the scenes.

turn 3 : The disaster was so severe that it was impossible to save everyone, and the situation was out of control.


For smart kids. We're talking with Laura Overdeck on SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR. Her book is "Bedtime Math: A Fun Excuse to Stay Up Late. "Do you think grown-ups can enjoy it, to learn something when they're reading this to their kids?

Oh, sure. We actually have a whole crowd of adults who follow our website who do them as a brainteaser.

Mm-hmm. Do the kids fall asleep if they're thinking about a math problem?Does it get them sleepier or keep them awake?

You know, I'll tell you, I have three really lively children, so if it can calm them down, it can help anybody. That might have been, actually, how we started doing it.

turn 1 : The teacher gets the class ready for school work by giving them a math problem to do.

turn 1 : The movement to get kids to do math is becoming known and done by a large amount of people.

turn 1 : Their kids starting asking them repeatedly for math problems every night.

turn 1 : the adults do the math as a way to get their brains stimulated.

turn 1 : They begin the math with the kids,not actually roll anything.


Have you spoken to the attorneys for Epstein?And what are they saying?

They were stunned. I mean, in fact, I told them myself. They didn't know about it when I called them last night. They were shocked.

Wow.

But they were pretty elated. More importantly, the victims, the four women that I interviewed - I spoke with one of them last night. And I heard through her lawyer from another and. . .

turn 1 : Stunned and shocked means that they were surprised greatly by the information.

turn 1 : "they were shocked, stunned" implies they were surprised in a negative way.

turn 1 :  In this context, "shocked myself" is not meant literally, but figuratively. It is meant to imply that the speaker was pleasantly surprised by their own work.

turn 1 : "shocked - really shocked" is a figurative way of expressing the speaker's strong emotional reaction.


All right, we'll have to keep our eye on that one. You mention the Super Bowl. I was going to bring up Santonio Holmes but you did it. You know, last year you and I had a bet about the Super Bowl which I won. This year, I guess you are afraid. . .

No (laughing).

To bet - to bet with me. Were you surprised that it turned out the way that it did?I know you thought Pittsburgh probably was going to win, but I bet you were really scared with about a minute left in the game.

I was stunned. I mean, I thought, you know, I thought the game turned at intermission, you know, when the NFL's most valuable player rumbled a hundred yards Harris(ph) within a reception. But yeah, I was stunned by the catch. I think the entire world was stunned by what has to be the most perfect throw and catch in Super Bowl history. I mean. . .

turn 3 : The ball that was thrown was caught and it could only have been a miracle due to how and when in the game it was thrown.

turn 3 : most perfect catch in superbowl history was implied

turn 3 : The catch was great, but this moment was even better.

turn 3 : The Steelers and Bengals were both playing aggressively and making mistakes that could have cost them the


Yeah. And the Curia is the administrative. . .

The Curia is basically the civil servants, the bureaucrats. Although, this weekend we do see that he has replaced Cardinal Muller, who was the prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.

Can you tell us what that is for people who may not know?

The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith deals with discipline within the church and doctrinal matters. But it also handles all cases of abuse and the disciplining of perpetrators of abuse, et cetera. So they are very much involved in actual cases of abuse that are brought to the church.

turn 1 : "resistance from some quarters in the Vatican" - This phrase implies that there are factions within the Vatican that are opposing change, rather than a physical space within the Vatican.

turn 1 : "The Curia is basically the civil servants, the bureaucrats." - The literal meaning of this turn is that the Curia is a group of civil servants or bureaucrats. However, the actual meaning is that the Curia is the administrative body of the Catholic Church, which includes the civil servants and bureaucrats but also includes the Pope and other high-ranking officials.

turn 1 :  Implies a personal question about the speaker's past, not just a factual question about whether or not they considered becoming a priest.

turn 1 : "Carry under the surface" means the Catholics would not publicly display anything that reveals that they are Catholic.


turn 3 : The speaker's faith in the Catholic Church has been damaged by the abuse scandal, but their personal faith remains intact.

turn 3 : The committee will investigate churches' mishandling of abuse cases.

turn 3 : "abused by a priest" - This phrase refers to a specific type of abuse, sexual abuse, rather than physical abuse or verbal abuse.

turn 3 : "But it also handles all cases of abuse and the disciplining of perpetrators of abuse, et cetera." - The literal meaning of this turn is that the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith deals with cases of abuse and disciplining of perpetrators of abuse. However, the actual meaning is that the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith deals with cases of sexual abuse within the Catholic Church, which is a highly sensitive and controversial topic.

turn 3 : The church is in danger of losing its moral authority.


It's been, you know, the most difficult and the most rewarding. And as I've performed in America and in England, I've seen some of the slight language differences have actually come up between, you know, performances and altering things.

Joe, do you think that you've learned something about human nature, in other words, the things that the psychologists are trying to put - to quantify and put numbers on. Do you think that you've instinctively figured out some things about human nature, about how the mind works, and how perception works?

JOE #2: Absolutely. Absolutely. And it's the most rewarding part about being a magician, I think. And I think that anybody who would want to go to your public library and get, you know, the first book on card tricks or coin tricks or whatever interests you, you'll find that you'll learn way more than just how to do a trick at a party because it's in performing that trick at a party or for your friends or your family that you'll find that you get a little inside glimpse at the backstage of the human mind.

Interesting. Joe, thanks very much for your call. You're listening to TALK OF THE NATION on NPR News. Teller, we have an email that's just come in. Guess what the guy's name is.

turn 0 : (1) has an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The literal meaning is that the speaker is asking if there is any sign of improvement in the situation being discussed, but the implied meaning is that the situation is bad and the speaker is hoping for some positive news or indication that things will get better.

turn 0 : The speaker is pointing out the cultural differences between America and their country, where America tends to cover up imperfections while their country embraces them. Implicated meaning: The speaker values authenticity and honesty over superficial appearances.

turn 0 : (1) The actual meaning of turn (1) is different from its literal meaning, as it implies that the speaker is ready to defend their state against any legal challenges from the Trump administration and has a track record of success in litigation against them, indicating a confident and confrontational approach.

turn 0 : (1) The implied meaning is that the speaker has encountered some subtle differences in language between American and British audiences while performing, which has been challenging but also rewarding.

turn 0 : Turn (1) has an implicated meaning that is different from its literal meaning. Although the speaker denies that the remarks were racially motivated, the implication is that the speaker believes they were in fact racially motivated, and is trying to downplay or avoid addressing that implication.


Well, the bubbles are held together by this sort of membrane of various things that surround the carbon dioxide that's making the bubble. And when you add something like too much detergent, somebody doesn't really wash out the glass well or some people even rub their nose and then put their finger down.

And this kills bubbles. And the oils - any type of oil, including the ChapStick, Vaseline, et cetera, will actually cause the bubbles to burst. It really destroys the surface tension - makes it uneven and the bubbles burst this way. So it's very interesting to see and it's very obvious on New Year's Eve, generally, women have less bubbles in their glass of champagne than men do for the obvious reason that women generally wear lipstick. On the other hand, this thing I just told you doesn't always work, because just like you can have second-hand smoke, Ira, you can have second-hand lipstick.

So try it out.

I'll tell you. What a pick-up line for New Year's Eve. I am doing a scientific survey of the lipstick around here. Let me ask you a few questions about your lipstick and your champagne. There's an opening.

turn 3 : (4) implies that the speaker is being sarcastic or making a joke in response to the other person's comment.

turn 3 : Turn (4): The speaker is confirming that the proposal at the ballpark is likely to be a rejected one.

turn 3 : (4) Indicates that the speaker would use passive-aggressive tactics to undermine Donald Trump's confidence.

turn 3 : The speaker is using the scientific survey as an excuse to flirt with the person they are talking to.

turn 3 : Turn (3): The speaker is suggesting that the proposal at the ballpark is likely to be a rejected one.


And what that piece was about, the previous show was about immigration. It was called, Immigration Stories. And the idea that we are all exiting our countries now by any means necessary, by boat, by train, by plane. And the Golden Ticket was the name of that piece, and I found an old Mexican airplane at a Mexican flea market, and I had it redone in gold leaf paint. And it's literally covered in black and brown babies.

In the sense of, I used babies because of the innocence that we think we're going to this golden place where life will be better. And when it's mounted, they're hanging out of the doors, it's just littered. And the runway is the old middle passage of all the slaves on the slave ships.

Before we let you go, of course, I have to ask what you're working on now?What are you doing in the world of acting?

Well, I've kind of got two wonderful things going for me at the same time. You know, my husband and I own the first Museum of Contemporary Art in Descartes. And this was the year he was finally recognized by the European Union. So, we've actually had an acknowledgement that a private museum exists and lives, and it's the most beautiful place in Descartes, so I'm really proud of that.

turn 0 : "And it's literally covered in black and brown babies." - Here, the word "literally" is used for emphasis, but the statement is not to be taken literally. The airplane is not actually covered in babies, but rather has depictions of them on its exterior.

turn 0 : The speaker uses 'literally' in a figurative sense.

turn 0 : This is a figurative expression that describes the appearance of an early-stage embryo.

turn 0 : black kids implies children of African American people and not black colored kids

turn 0 : The country does not have children but it means the people that are born and raised there.


I just said I don't think. At the moment, I can't think of one. How do you follow "Death of a Salesman"?I actually can't, I mean, I suppose I could add "Long Day's Journey into Night. "But I never get a feel to do it again. And anyway, "Long Day's Journey into Night," we've seen it most - pretty recently. I actually can't think of anything, but I don't need to. I'm perfectly happy at home.

Well, that's a luxury.

Yeah.

Do you go back and see your plays often after they're up and running?

turn 1 : The speaker wonders if the average person is also experiencing a similar change in circumstances from being wealthy to not wealthy, as opposed to just a select few.

turn 1 : (2) can mean "I'm grateful for this opportunity"

turn 1 : The speaker is acknowledging the wealth of their country and how they have been living in luxury, but now they feel like beggars due to the sudden change in their circumstances.

turn 1 :  (2) Implied Meaning: I am fortunate because I don't have to do the night shift that often and I get a break when I am covering the legislative session.

turn 1 : "Well, that's a luxury" is an idiomatic expression that means "That's a privilege" or "That's a rare and fortunate thing to have."


And that would work quite well.

Her instructions are easy. Mush up your beans, mixing in lemon, oil, salt and cumin. Then add the garnish. Through the magic of radio, we'll fast-forward to the important part.

Now you can taste and see if the seasoning is right.

Taste and see. Wow, it's flavorful.

turn 2 : It's important to emphasize not to put raw food in the same container

turn 2 : It is important to taste the food to ensure proper seasoning

turn 2 : It is being implied that setting out the food was a temporary fix.

turn 2 : It is not that is something to be tasted. It is something people don't like to hear about.

turn 2 : The book contains more than just recipes - it is also a way to gain insight into and appreciate the culture and history of the cuisine.


You know, everybody is talking about it. I mean, there's a - one idea is to raze Sandy Hook Elementary School because it's just unthinkable that people would send - parents would send their children in or - and particularly children who were ushered out of that school have nothing but horrific associations with it. You know, that - they can never go back to that school. Why not raze it and turn it into a playground where children can play happily and safely and you can honor those - what happened there on December 14th. That's one idea.

There will certainly be a monument. There are a lot scholarship funds that are going to be raised. We're - it's still early to know exactly what we want to do as a town. And that's really what Newtown United and all these other groups that are meeting are ultimately going to try to do. They're going to try to figure out what we as a community - and as I said and wrote in my piece in the Journal, it is a very strong community. We have to think about it holistically, about what it is we want to be, how we want to memorialize what happened here and those children.

And you know, frankly, there's nothing more that we can do than change our society in some way, whether it's through legislation or just through the act of showing our love for these children and change the laws that might have actually led - allowed Adam Lanza to walk into an elementary school with a battlefield weapon.

Rob Cox, thanks very much for your time today and our condolences.

turn 0 : "kind of a punk kid" - This is a figurative expression meaning that the speaker was rebellious and anti-establishment in their youth.

turn 0 : "address the growing inequality crisis" - Literal meaning: to deal with the issue of inequality that is becoming more severe. Actual meaning: to take measures to reduce the gap between the rich and poor and provide support for those who are struggling.

turn 0 : All the turns in this conversation appear to have their literal meanings, and there are no metaphors, figurative language or idioms used.

turn 0 : "raze Sandy Hook Elementary School" - this phrase means to completely demolish and destroy the school building. The actual meaning is figurative as it suggests the idea of erasing the painful memory associated with the school and creating a new space for happy and safe experiences for children.

turn 0 : The implied meaning of the first turn is that people have become apathetic to the problems facing the city and are not taking action.


Well, I say that may be the case. And I'm for affirmative action. I'm for giving opportunities to minorities. I'm for immigration reform. I'm a very proud Hispanic. But I just think the Democratic Party has to communicate a better message of economic populism, of helping small businesses. Somehow the centrist white male, the conservative white male that used to vote Democratic from the South and the Midwest is eluding us. And we've got to get that base back or get some portion of the base because they're leaving us in droves.

And what about those politicians that might say, hey, look, we won a couple of national elections with the demographics that we have in the Democratic Party.

Well, what I say to them is that's great. But we've lost the Congress. We've lost the House. We've lost the Senate. We lose governorships. And, you know, it's not just the presidency that has the power in this country. It's local officials, it's county commissioners, it's governors. It's not just the Congress. It's a whole range of offices where we're not competing because we - we need a stronger, compelling economic message. And somehow, that seems to be eluding us if you look at recent elections, especially in the South and the Midwest.

You've already cited Bernie Sanders. And I gather you have endorsed Hillary Clinton for the Democratic nomination for president. How do you think Secretary Clinton addresses these issues?

turn 0 : it is a metaphorical field, it just means there are not as many candidates running for the election as there was in the past because some decided not to continue running

turn 0 : Everyone is talking about something that no one can deny as everyone sees it. It might not upset people who like Bernie Sanders and make them want to vote for someone else.

turn 0 : "eluding us" - This means that the centrist white male and conservative white male voters are not voting for the Democratic Party, but the literal meaning of "eluding" is to escape or avoid something.

turn 0 : "taking these protests one step further" - This phrase means that the protestors are escalating their actions beyond just protesting.

turn 0 : To the right means politically right wing, not that they are actually sitting on the right


turn 1 : The implied meaning of this turn is that Democrats might not be interested in a bipartisan effort since their own plan has been successful.

turn 1 :  implies that the Democrats should not become complacent with their current demographics and should focus on further outreach

turn 1 : It implies that no matter the impact of the program the society will still change those impacts.

turn 1 : Democrats are usually in favor of reform while Republicans are not.

turn 1 :  This turn actually means that people should not expect to "love" Donald Trump as the Republican nominee, but should come together as a party to face the challenges that lie ahead.


turn 2 : the democrats did everything they could to make it look bipartisan.

turn 2 : People are uncertain about their vote in this election, and are hesitant to support either the Republican or Democratic candidate.

turn 2 : Democrats are usually in favor of reform while Republicans are not.

turn 2 : (4) is that the Republicans must use pressure tactics to pass their agenda, rather than just relying on persuasion alone.

turn 2 : suggests that the Democratic Party must put forth a more persuasive and powerful economic message to win more elections


turn 3 : Implies that Bill Clinton is both a valuable asset and a potential liability to the campaign.

turn 3 : The implied meaning behind this question is that A was initially willing to support Donald Trump and even offered to be his running mate at one point, but has since changed his mind and is now opposed to him.

turn 3 : The implication is that the Republicans may have to use strong tactics to pass their agenda, even if it means having to pressure members of their own party.

turn 3 : implies that A has endorsed Hillary Clinton and believes she effectively addresses the issues.

turn 3 : B confirms that the president is a recent one and hints at Bill Clinton being the right answer.


Well, it just occurred to me in the last few months that what I do is almost like a drug for me. If it's not there on some nights when my instrument is not working correctly like I want it to, or the sound isn't right, or the audience is heckling me, or somebody's not happy, it's almost like I'm not getting that fix that I need. And it is kind of the biggest drug in my life is taking music to people, in a way.

So, Lalah, you have a bunch of different sounds on this CD, and let's talk a little bit about the song, "One Mile" which has a little bit more of a hip-hop, R&B edge.

(Singing) Bring me all around the world, Tell me I'm the only one. I believe you love me so, Wondered how you let me down. Tricky how you said the words, Didn't even feel disturbed. You're my one and only girl, Those are only words I heard.

So, when you think about the story telling, and this sound, how do you cross-pollinate them when you put together something like this song?

turn 0 : The speaker feels a strong emotional connection to New Orlean

turn 0 : The speaker doesn't need much to be happy, but they need basic necessities like food, shelter, and warmth. They are content with what they have.

turn 0 : The listeners might be motivated to offer help.

turn 0 : The speaker feels the need to perform music to feel complete.

turn 0 : The speaker is often expecting bad things to happen, so when something good happens, it's more exceptional than usual.


turn 3 : "pick through and serve yourself whatever you want" - This is a figurative expression, meaning to choose items from the antipasti spread rather than actually picking through the food with one's fingers.

turn 3 : Food is the most important think for each any every human.

turn 3 : cross-pollinate implies to understand and digest things

turn 3 : A implies that the impact of the spoon on people's perception of food is not significant but it is a curious question.

turn 3 : This implies that A wouldn't want to kill the organism with the process he want to apply to take it portrait.


"The Burning Girl" is the latest novel from Claire Messud, author of "The Emperor's Children" and other acclaimed novels. She's also taught creative writing and special programs at many colleges and joins us from New York. Thanks so much for being with us.

Thanks, Scott, for having me.

(Laughter) You know, I think it's an almost ineffable experience. And maybe that's why I wanted to try to write about it. When you're a kid, and someone is your best friend, you almost don't need words. It's almost like puppies in a - frolicking in a garden or something. You don't articulate stuff. You just live it. And one of the things I fear that happens is you get - move into adolescence is a sort of self-consciousness and self-awareness that makes that unthinking intimacy less possible.

turn 2 : As a leader and parent, it is important to help young people achieve their dreams and goals

turn 2 : Helping young people achieve their goals gives them confidence to take on the world

turn 2 :  (3) What's the special intensity of being BFFs as youngsters?

turn 2 : Adolescence is when children change and is not easy to go through.

turn 2 : People of all ages can make good friends regardless of their stage in life


I saw poofy hot pants. They were like, they were kind of like a poof skirt but done in a hot pants style.

So many regrettable. . .

Regrettable, regrettable fashion sense.

Just unfortunate that you just sort of go, OK, all right. Just X, you know, that X thing they have with Glamour?Yeah, a lot of that.

turn 0 : The women wanted to wear a long, male tie and pencil skirt, which is unusual for women.

turn 0 : Poofy hot pants are a ridiculous and impractical fashion choice.

turn 0 : The women wanted to wear a male tie and pencil skirt, which is unusual for women's clothing.

turn 0 : There is an idea that women must suffer through the pain of wearing high heeled shoes to be professional.

turn 0 : suits refers to make proper or fit in and not a set of clothes to be worn


So many regrettable. . .

Regrettable, regrettable fashion sense.

turn 0 : B is describing a pair of shorts that have a poofy appearance, not actual pants made out of hot air.

turn 0 : B is surprised or impressed by what A just said

turn 0 : B is not really interested in what A is wearing and is just making small talk.

turn 0 : B is asking A if he/she thought carefully before doing something.

turn 0 : B wants A to explain what makes the agreement better


Shawn Zahir. I want to share one quick story. I have many stories. The surgeon said to me - and this was one we still didn't know his name - he said, listen, you're very lucky and your daughter's very lucky because she got the liver of a good man. I've done this surgery many times. Most people when they wake up they say, when can I get back to work?When can I play sports?The first question that he asked was, when can I donate blood again?

Yeah. Nusayba was all set up for an initial transplant, but these things are unpredictable - didn't work out.

Gut punch at the last second. The donor, who was an acquaintance of mine, who had never met Nusayba - and I can finally reveal her name because the text just came through, Scott, that she gave me permission - Megan Black was willing to donate a piece of her liver. Her entire family was on board. And at the last second, the lead doctor, Dr.  Fishbein, who's been doing this for 30 years, saw a complication, called it off. Megan was crying. Her family was crying. She apologized. But if it wasn't for Megan stepping up and for this bad news, we wouldn't have done the call out. And we wouldn't have gotten Shawn. So we also owe Megan a huge gratitude. Thank you, Megan.

Boy. Nusaybe, you've been able to - she's been able to talk to you and Sarah.

turn 0 : Despite her domineering personality, she suffered from a lack

turn 0 : See how he treats his mom poorly or disrespectfully

turn 0 : The person has no regrets about the way they have lived their life.

turn 0 : She got the liver of a man that cares about others more than himself.

turn 0 : She probably did not literally say "OK" etc. The implication is simply that she thought these types of things and decided to act upon them.


Remind everyone that immigrants are one of the greatest blessings that the good Lord has brought to America. Immigrants are a blessing and not a curse. This dumb idea that Latinos are changing America - and if the manifesto is legitimate - we're not a hundred percent certain - but if the manifesto is legitimate and authentic, it speaks to a troubled individual that may very well be part of a troubled group of individuals in this country that once again want to resurrect a nativist, white nationalist mindset that will not survive in the 21st century.

My message is this - conservatives, Republicans, Democrats, liberals - let's come together, and let's annihilate white nationalism, nativistic, xenophobic attitudes in America once and for all. Let's bring the country together and let's address immigration. And it's a win-win across the board.

That's Reverend Samuel Rodriguez. He's president of the National Hispanic Christian Leadership Conference.

Reverend Rodriguez, thanks so much for talking to us once again.

turn 0 : The speaker is pointing out the cultural differences between America and their country, where America tends to cover up imperfections while their country embraces them. Implicated meaning: The speaker values authenticity and honesty over superficial appearances.

turn 0 : The speaker acknowledges some people don't support the asylum seekers, but they believe that most of them don't understand the situation well.

turn 0 : The speaker wants to address the negative views towards immigrants in America and reject white nationalism and xenophobia

turn 0 : People are concerned about immigration, not just interested.

turn 0 : The speaker believes that the protests need to be more extreme for America to acknowledge the issue, but not necessarily violent.


Exactly, exactly.

How often does this happen?This is quite rare, is it not?

Yeah, we haven't had an annular eclipse in the United States since 1994, and this is part of what's called a sero-cycle(ph) that repeats itself every 18 years, 11 days and six hours - but who's counting that?But it repeats itself very precisely, and so we'll have another eclipse just like this 18 years, 11 days and six hours from now.

And in a couple of weeks, there's going to be another big sky show, right?The Transit of Venus. Tell us about that.

turn 1 : This is a rare event that happens every 18 years

turn 1 : The rareness of the event made it unexpected and surprising.

turn 1 : Implies that the event was of great significance

turn 1 : The times have changed a lot in society and it is noticeable.


Exactly, exactly.

turn 2 : coming year means the year that is coming up

turn 2 : This goes beyond what is being asked and explains the cycle of annular eclipses in more detail.

turn 2 : The actual meaning is that near-Earth asteroids are easier to reach than the surface of the moon.

turn 2 : you don't really know that much about this.

turn 2 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer


Exactly, exactly.

turn 3 : a request for a reminder of the timeline of events leading up to the current situation.

turn 3 : The information was told to others when it was not supposed to be told.

turn 3 : This implies that there is another event coming up soon, not just asking for information.

turn 3 : something that was hinted at or suggested, but not directly stated.


. . . A different kind of catch and kill.

. . . Another chapter of the story, yeah. NPR's David Folkenflik.

Thanks, David.

You bet.

turn 3 : "You bet." - The actual meaning is "You're welcome" or "No problem".

turn 3 : (4) implies that the speaker is being sarcastic or making a joke in response to the other person's comment.

turn 3 : The turn in (3) has an implied meaning of appreciation rather than a literal meaning of thanks.

turn 3 :  The phrase "You bet" in (4) is a colloquial phrase which means "You're welcome" or "No problem".

turn 3 : The actual meaning of turn 4 is "You are welcome and appreciated for joining us and discussing the topic."


From NPR News, it's Day to Day. Mexico could collapse if it doesn't get control of the drug war there. That's the conclusion of two reports, one from the Defense Department, the other from former drug czar Barry McCaffrey, who says Mexico is, quote, "on the edge of the abyss. "

NPR's Mexico City correspondent Jason Beaubien is in Tijuana. And Jason, that sounds pretty dire, "on the edge of the abyss. "What are these reports saying?

Both of these reports are basically saying that the drug war in Mexico at the moment is escalating, and it's out of control in some parts of the country, and that the U. S.  should be considering that these confrontations that the Mexican state is having with drug cartels almost all across the country could push the state into a failed state.

A failed state. So what actually could trigger that?What could push Mexico over the edge?

turn 1 : The situation in Venezuela is very violent and dangerous.

turn 1 : We are being deprived of the media that tells the stories of illegal activity in Mexico.

turn 1 : The Mexican government is constantly communicating things about the army in all ways that they can.

turn 1 : Mexico is facing a very serious and dangerous situation.


There were. There were. There were.

Who were they?

Jefferson and I don't have the full list, but there were some other people who did declare.

Well, I was not aware that there had been a big rush yesterday.

Yeah. Well, I mean, it's not just among the CBC, although there were other members besides yourselves but also in general. You saw this momentum. Do you think that there is an effort to really try to pull together around the presumptive nominee?And to. . .

turn 4 : The implied meaning behind this question is that A was initially willing to support Donald Trump and even offered to be his running mate at one point, but has since changed his mind and is now opposed to him.

turn 4 : B confirms that the president is a recent one and hints at Bill Clinton being the right answer.

turn 4 : This implies that B is aware that there are some other people who are trying to join hands and support the nominee.

turn 4 : A is willing to support the campaign in any way he can


Yes. I don't think the government contends that she was a spy. She pled guilty to one count of failing to register as a foreign agent. But still, in her statement of the offense, the activities she undertook weren't necessarily covert or spycraft. There's no allegation she's a member of Russian intelligence. And I think that's worn out, although she did pled guilty - plead guilty and is accepting responsibility for not registering as a foreign agent.

Yeah. What was she trying to do then?

She was trying to build bridges between the two countries, and through civil society groups, which I think happens with a lot of foreign nationals and foreign students.

Well, build bridges or - I'm going to mix metaphors here - or create a road in for Russian interests?

turn 1 : gained the friendship implies making connection and meeting new people

turn 1 : Having the right connections, personality and know-how is essential for success.

turn 1 : "the nature of friendship and how you navigate fundamental differences with people" is not meant to be taken literally, but rather as a metaphorical way of describing the dynamics of a complex relationship.

turn 1 : People of all ages can make good friends regardless of their stage in life

turn 1 : build bridges implies engaging in good human relationship and connections


Yeah. What was she trying to do then?

turn 2 : Having the right connections, personality and know-how is essential for success.

turn 2 : gained the friendship implies making connection and meeting new people

turn 2 : build bridges implies engaging in good human relationship and connections

turn 2 : A is reflecting on the nature of relationships between people close to each other.

turn 2 : sail back to the centre implies engaging in doing things right this time in order to build bridges and connection


That's a really good question. I just want to know that he worked alone, that it was all him. Because there is a lack of official information coming out, that area's just been filled up with conspiracy theories. And, you know, with time, I've come to say, OK. It's just one person who was fully loaded with ammunition. But there's still in the back of my mind - did he really work alone?Did he carry all that stuff up to his room by himself?I feel like there's some more pieces. And they've just really clamped down on it.

What about a week like this when so many people observe the 5th anniversary of the - yeah, of the children who were killed at Sandy Hook?

First time I'm going to cry talking to you. Yesterday was so hard on me, thinking about those beautiful, beautiful children. And I'm a teacher. And thinking about the educators that were killed - it just is such a sad day in our history. And then seeing that it happened at our concert and then seeing what happened in Texas, you know, a couple weeks later - it's just not stopping. And it just affects so many people. And what did we really change?Did we help anyone with mental illness?Did we change anything about gun control or school safety?You know, it's just a really sad brotherhood or sisterhood. But you feel connected because you understand what they went through. And some of them just have such a long road to go.

Yeah. What about your road?

turn 3 : BELIVE THAT MOST THEM WILL AGREE EVERY SURE

turn 3 : Everyone should respect other people's feelings and not try to control them, even if they don't agree.

turn 3 : Their notion is to do as much as you can and don't think about the numbers too much.

turn 3 : AGREE WITH THE TURN AND IMPLIED MEANING AND BELIVE THAT EVERYONE

turn 3 : It's best to be receptive to any thought that comes your way.


(Laughing) Someone said, you'd better bring that spear because he's going to need it over the next four years.

You know…

And. . .

Coming from Washington, I think that's absolutely right.

turn 0 : "getting impaled by a spear is not that good" - The literal meaning suggests that getting impaled by a spear is not a positive experience. However, the implied meaning is that getting impaled by a spear is extremely dangerous and can result in severe injuries or even death.

turn 0 : better bring that spear because he's going to need it means the person needs to be more aggressive.

turn 0 : spearheading refers to leading  or to initiates an activity such as the negotiations

turn 0 : This made the person have to stay where they were at.

turn 0 : He said he doesn't demean his defense of assistance. That's something another person would do.


Absolutely. But on the other hand, you know, basically going toward an impeachment process without making sure that we have done our homework and have the case to win the approval of the American people and to get a conviction in the Senate may not be the best course. So right now. . .

But forgive - we just have half a minute left. Forgive - you and I always use baseball analogies. Are you essentially saying we're not going to begin the game until we know we can win it?

I think what I'm saying is we have to make sure that we go down the path where we can actually achieve the intended result. And right now, going into the impeachment process without having done all our homework is not what my constituents want. And I think that it's not necessarily the best course.

Representative Raja Krishnamoorthi of Illinois, thanks so much for being back with us.

turn 0 : They are not going to do the impeachment until they have studied all of the evidence and the laws regarding it.

turn 0 : They don't think Nancy Pelosi would begin impeachment proceedings if she wasn't sure that what she knew would get the president impeached.

turn 0 : The governor has abused his power according to the impeachment committee, which is not surprising given the current situation.

turn 0 : The house of representatives has absolute power of impeachment and there is no way to argue the point.


turn 1 : It's not a game. They mean they are not going to begin the impeachment unless they know they can succeed.

turn 1 : They don't think Nancy Pelosi would begin impeachment proceedings if she wasn't sure that what she knew would get the president impeached.

turn 1 : Democrats wanting to impeach Trump is not a good idea and they should focus on other issues.

turn 1 : Congress is not doing its job and is passing their responsibilities to the president who then abuses his power


Is that more troubling to you than if he had a grand plan?

It is more troubling, yes. I mean, we might, in the end, be safer for it. You know, the narrative when this administration began is that he was a right-wing despot and thug who would bring terrible policies to the United States. And I think there's probably less of a chance of that because everything shifts from moment to moment, and he has no grand intentions here. Whatever irrational moment he has now might as well be reversed by another irrational moment to come.

Michael Wolff is the author of "Siege: Trump Under Fire. "Thanks so much.

Thank you.

turn 1 : The speaker is implying that the increase in closeness to the action is not matched by an increase in safety, so people may be put in danger.

turn 1 : They are worried about any negative consequences of their actions and will fix them quickly.

turn 1 : This statement implies that the situation is unpredictable and confusing for many people.

turn 1 : A suggests that unpredictability may make the situation safer because there are no grand intentions.

turn 1 :  you imply that something is the case


Yeah. I mean, since the first century, it becomes sort of the core element of Christian prayer. Obviously, there's a huge amount of diversity today among different groups of Christians and in antiquity. Likewise, there is a huge amount of variation. But in the Gospel of Matthew and in the Gospel of Luke, it's used to teach Jesus's followers the right way of praying - sort of the model for prayer.

And so why is it that the pope is supportive of the change?I do want to note that it's not that he wrote it. It was approved by the - maybe he did. I don't know. But it was approved by the General Assembly of the Episcopal Conference of Italy last month, and the pope has approved it. But I do understand that he said back in 2017 that he thought the wording should be altered. Why is that?What does he think this new wording does that the old one did not?

Well, the old wording - lead us not into temptation - can imply that God has some hand in leading people into sin or allowing people to sin or tempting them. And so I think the pope is uncomfortable with that idea, which is fair enough.

And now to your view of it because you are an expert in, among other things, the Greek New Testament. So tell me your concern - or is it an objection to it?

turn 0 : The phrase 'lead us not into temptation' does not mean that God leads people into sin, but that we ask God to help us resist temptation.

turn 0 : has a literal meaning of "Yes, the numbers aren't looking good for the person," but its actual meaning is "It looks like the person isn't likely to succeed."

turn 0 : A is expressing a desire for love and acceptance, despite making mistakes.

turn 0 : In this turn, the speaker says "I love the word no" and goes on to explain how the word "no" was actually a motivating force for them, rather than a discouraging one. This is different from the literal meaning of the word "no," which is generally used to signify a negative response or refusal. The speaker's implication is that they have learned to reframe the word "no" in a positive way and use it as a tool for success.

turn 0 : You do not actually enter the person's heart or mind, it means that you start to understand their perspective


turn 2 : This statement implies that there is a disagreement between A who is a religious person and the Activists who have different opinions about how faith works.

turn 2 : Well, why don't I read just the first few verses of the Lord's Prayer that most people are familiar with? (Actual meaning: A suggests reading a portion of the Lord's Prayer that is well-known to most people.)

turn 2 : When A says 'there's a huge amount of diversity today among different groups of Christians and in antiquity', they mean that different groups of Christians have different prayer practices.

turn 2 : The speaker is implying that the same divide between religious people and non-religious people is present across the political spectrum, not just within one party.

turn 2 : You quote with approval the words of an Australian bishop who says quote, "we cannot talk about the integrity of creation, the universal and inclusive love of God, while at the same time colluding with the forces of oppression and the ill-treatment of racial minorities, women, and homosexual persons."


But you're talking to the real deal now, Ira. This is not about - there's no science fiction here.

When you have an antihydrogen and a hydrogen bumping into each other, they get annihilated, right?

That's right.

But what happens if an antihydrogen bumps into something bigger - let's say a carbon atom?

turn 0 : B wants A to explain what makes the agreement better

turn 0 : The whole sentence e is not literal. "Real deal" (there's no actual 'deal' involved) and no science fiction implies that what B is saying seems unbelievable, but is in fact real and true.

turn 0 : the big picture means the main idea, or what the whole truth is

turn 0 : B is surprised or impressed by what A just said

turn 0 : This statement implies that B wants to know how A's family are dealing with the downturn economy and what the also think about America's economy.


Putin has, shall we say, not excluded the possibility that he may want to run again for yet another term. He is aware that a lot of people didn't want to come - him to come back this time, even amongst with his own closest collaborators. So he is not trying to drive home the point that, you know, you get 12 years of me now. He says, we'll have to see, and for a lot of people, that's a hopeful possibility.

Ambassador Sestanovich, thanks very much.

Thanks a lot.

Stephen Sestanovich of the Council on Foreign Relations joined us by phone from here in Washington. Tomorrow, Henry Louis Gates, Jr.  on a new collection of his writings on race, culture and politics. Join us for that. I'm Neal Conan. It's the TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News.

turn 0 : He is not saying that Putin never does anything wrong and is very nice.

turn 0 : It changes the way you think about the situation. Russia wants to capitalize on everyone's problems in the region.

turn 0 : Putin has not excluded the possibility of running again for another term: Although Putin is not making any firm commitment, his statement suggests that he is considering running for another term in the future. This is an example of implied meaning, as Putin does not explicitly say that he will run again.

turn 0 : (1) - The actual meaning is that every president in their first year faces unexpected challenges, and Donald Trump is currently facing one. He may be feeling the pressure and acting out as a result.


UNIDENTIFIED REPORTER #3: Mass squadrons of bombers and transports led the way, more than 11,000 planes spearheading the attack. Paratroopers landed in Normandy behind the coastal defenses.

You're standing up as we hit the coast, and you're ready to go. And finally, you wait for the green light. Green light comes, and it's like a slingshot out the door.

Were you scared?

Never thought about. . .

turn 1 :  In turn (4), the speaker describes the birds "flying" in the wind tunnel with the wind blowing in their faces, which is not a literal description of flight but rather an approximation of the experience.

turn 1 : Describing the experience of jumping out of a plane in a positive light

turn 1 : soared in this context means to go up, or increase significantly.

turn 1 : The dangers of the ground is something the person remembers and thinks about a lot.


And, you know, in 2015, the Supreme Court ruled the Affordable Care Act is constitutional by calling the penalty for not having insurance a tax. And Congress has the power to tax people. So these attorneys general come in, and they argued that since Congress eliminated that tax penalty, the law can no longer stand. And that's what the judge agreed to last night. And he took that argument, and he struck down the entire law.

Now, it's going to be appealed.

Yeah.

The attorney general of California's already said so.

turn 0 : The hearing could have an impact on the Supreme Court ruling.

turn 0 : The judge rejected the law so hard that it's being compared to striking something down.

turn 0 : Standing up for what is right even if it goes against the law.

turn 0 : The behavior was unacceptable to what the people would accept.

turn 0 : The decision was not something that was given up by one side.


It sounds good. But obviously, I just think it's important to point out, like, do not put your raw stuff. . .

Definitely.

. . . In the same container, if I could say that, like, super-loud.

When you marinate after grilling, you actually make a marinade that doesn't touch any of the raw fish or meat.

Got it. OK.  What about people who don't eat meat?There are a lot of people who really are trying to move more toward a plant-based diet. How do you manage that on the grill if you have limited grill space?Because, I mean, it depends on why you're not eating meat. I mean, if you're not eating meat because you have strong ideological reasons, you don't necessarily want that touching. How could you manage that?And what are some things that you should consider for the non-meat eaters?

turn 2 : It's important to emphasize not to put raw food in the same container

turn 2 : It is being implied that setting out the food was a temporary fix.

turn 2 : It is important to taste the food to ensure proper seasoning

turn 2 : The World Food Programme has to decide who is not going to get food due to the lack of resources, and those who are most in need often have to go without.

turn 2 : Not soup, but they have to study the situation to see if it will be good or be trouble.


OK.

Lots of people have them. It's not open-heart surgery. Stents are often put in through the wrist these days. So - yes, so it's not super invasive. And people can go back to work if they choose after this procedure in just a few days, even a couple of days.

I'm trying to think back to what I know about Bernie Sanders' health generally and his past health history. Has he had any kind of signs of heart trouble?

I mean, what we do know is that as of January 2016, when he was campaigning last time, his doctor wrote a letter. The campaign put it out. And the letter said that Sanders had no history of cardiovascular disease at that time. He also had a normal EKG. So right back then, he seemed healthy heart-wise. Now, people may remember recently he canceled some other events after that last debate. That was very minor. He was recovering from a hoarse voice, his campaign said. This is very different.

turn 1 : The problem is extremely hard and difficult to understand as well as constantly changing.

turn 1 : It's not an extremely hard and complicated procedure to perform.

turn 1 : The situation is urgent and requires immediate action.

turn 1 : The requirements for these positions are very strict and may seem excessive.

turn 1 : I don't like it so it sounds bad, or sounds ugly.


I'm great. So, you were hearing about Dr.  Maxwell and her approach to sex and sexuality in the discussion between parents and kids. How do you think that conversation changes when you're talking about teen to teen?

Well, I think it's much better teen to teen because most of the teenagers, they kind of don't listen to their parents or adults. They think they don't know what they're talking about. And when you hear it from your friend or peer, they kind of take it more seriously. They're like, oh, I didn't know that. You know, and they believe it more.

Give me an example of a conversation - well, first of all, tell us what it means to do peer education. What kind of, you know, a space are you in?How many people are you talking to?Just give us a visual for that.

Well, a teen advocate is basically a teenager's resource. We help teens who have questions or concerns regarding sex, sexuality, dating relationships, dating violence and so on. And I kind of speak to roughly about three to four teenagers a day, and I'm constantly giving advice. We reach out to teens in our classrooms, community centers, MySpace, Facebook. We do everything from performing skits to community outreach to talking one-on-one with the teens. And because we care so much and our only concern is keeping teens healthy and safe, we advocate. Once a year we go up to Albany and lobby to legislators to pass the Healthy Teens Act,which is a piece of legislation that provides resources for schools to - that give comprehensive sex education.

turn 1 : Adults tend to make mistakes and create chaos when they meddle in things that are meant for teenagers.

turn 1 : People of all ages can make good friends regardless of their stage in life

turn 1 : Children need attention, guidance, and someone to listen to them, despite their environment.

turn 1 : Suggesting that adults are often responsible for causing problems.

turn 1 : Teenagers are more likely to take advice from peers than adults


So tell us what happened on the site last week.

Well I mean, what the culmination of a week of DDoS attacks, you know, it started off on Monday with DDoS attacks. And basically what that means is. . .

Please, go ahead. I was about to ask you what that meant.

Yeah. What happens is, you know, basically they send out little robots. They put robots on computers across the country, which make requests your website, which essentially brings your website down because of an overload of requests. So a DDoS stands for denial of service. And they do that by basically clogging up your arteries, basically, with actual requests from robots that are not regular people, and overwhelming your server.

turn 1 : It is expected that your online privacy will be compromised.

turn 1 : DDoS attacks are caused by little robots, not human attackers.

turn 1 : There is fear and uncertainty due to potential attacks by unidentified individuals

turn 1 : So this attack is raising one of these fundamental issues that we talk about in the security world about whether NSA surveillance protects people or creates unexpected damage that does more harm than good."


turn 3 : This is implying that the speaker is asking for advice or suggestions on how to protect oneself from such attacks in the future, rather than just a quick summary of the issue.

turn 3 : DDoS attacks are like clogging up your arteries with requests, overwhelming the server.

turn 3 : It does not make logical sense to attack people are trying to help get a dieses from spreading.

turn 3 : It is expected that your online privacy will be compromised.

turn 3 :  (4) suggests that the NSA's efforts to protect the country may have caused damage around the world.


turn 3 : implies that this sensitive information could be used by malicious individuals to blackmail federal employees.

turn 3 : Of course, as I don't have to tell you, it is a fact that Chinese hackers have been accused of stealing intellectual property from U.S. businesses and breaching U.S. government systems. That's a concern for you, too?  The actual meaning of this turn is to subtly imply that the previous speaker (A) should also be concerned about the actions of Chinese hackers and their impact on U.S. businesses and government systems. It implies that the issue raised by A should not be seen in isolation but should consider the broader context of national security and potential threats.

turn 3 : "unprecedented assault on the Clean Air Act" - This turn has a figurative meaning, as it refers to the Trump administration's efforts to weaken or dismantle the Clean Air Act, which is seen as an attack on the law itself and its purpose.

turn 3 : This statement implies that the attack are intentionally used to disrupting a website's availability and causing damage to computer systems or networks. which is a cyber offense.


But if a member of the Trump team before the election or after the election was talking to the Russians and saying, all right, we are - want to help you throw the election in our favor, is that illegal?I mean, that's what the implication is here essentially.

Actually, Russians telling Trump officials that they want to help in any way to throw the election would not necessarily be illegal. Now, what you look for then are whether the steps taken to fulfill that purpose are criminal. The crimes that get people in trouble in Washington are generally what happens after an event. You know, this is a city filled with A personality types. They tend to try to take control, and God knows, President Trump is the poster boy for that. That's where you get into trouble is when people make false statements to federal investigators or they obstruct an actual proceeding. But in terms of alleging collusion like it's a standalone crime, I am afraid that dog won't hunt.

That's Jonathan Turley. He's a law professor at George Washington University. Thanks so much.

It's my pleasure.

turn 0 : It implies that the judicial system is at jeopardy.

turn 0 : bad faith implies that the Justice Department is acting improperly and knows they are doing so

turn 0 : implies a request for a summary of the facts of the case

turn 0 : "That's where you get into trouble is when people make false statements to federal investigators or they obstruct an actual proceeding."

turn 0 : The speaker was falsely accused and wrongfully blamed.


All right, so how did it feel in those moments after the race?Take us there.

Picture this. There are about 150,000 people at Churchill Downs rooting for this race, plus millions more watching at home. But from the vantage point of the people in the stands, all they see are the pink silks of Maximum Security's jockey pulling out ahead and crossing the finish line on a muddy track. So first, there was cheering. I mean, Maximum Security was the favorite to win, and a lot of people were betting on that horse.

Then there was 20 minutes of confusion. You have the objection. You had these unofficial results on the board, saying that Maximum Security won. You have people trying to cash in their tickets at the betting windows. Other people are leaving not knowing who won. And in the press room, we were just sitting there stunned, waiting for the official call.

Why did racing officials disqualify Maximum Security?

turn 1 :  (2) is a metaphor that implies the speaker was impressed by the announcer's ability to quickly and accurately recite all the names of the horses.

turn 1 : It was not dominoes but horses that began to fall in the race.

turn 1 : "It's really asking a huge amount of them" - This indicates that the race requires a significant physical and mental effort from the horses, rather than simply making a request or demanding something from them.

turn 1 : The speaker is suggesting that if people remain calm, then the horses will remain calm as well.

turn 1 : It wasn't the pink silks that won but the horse and jockey wearing them.


Yes, this is sort of an old issue that the court dealt with about 10 or 12 years ago and sort of settled on a - and that sort of seemed like a compromised position, which was to say you could have a buffer zone around the entrance to an abortion clinic, so patients and doctors could go in and out, but the protestors could stand on the sidewalk and hold signs or protest.

And now the court's going to revisit a Massachusetts law that does something like that, and my impression - my sense of it is is that the conservative justices think this is a little bit unfair to abortion protestors, that they should be able to walk up to somebody on the sidewalk and say here's a pamphlet, or you should reconsider your decision. They're going to allow, I think, a little more leeway for sidewalk protestors to speak to patients.

Another case that will be also closely watched, NLRB versus Noel Canning, and that's about the president's power to so-called recess appointments.

Yes, that's a big sort of a political - in a sense, Washington political story. It's a big deal for the Obama administration because the House Republicans have used their minority and the filibuster rule to block a vote on a lot of Obama nominees for agencies like the National Labor Relations Board and this Consumer Financial Protection Board.

turn 0 : People that are in the area of the conflict while it is happening.

turn 0 : The buffer zone is an area where people can go in and out without coming in to contact with protestors.

turn 0 : There will be a lot of formal events but street protests will be the highlight.

turn 0 : There is a dangerous situation happening that requires people to seek shelter and take precautions.

turn 0 : The tactics used were very dangerous and deadly to the protestors.


Mr.  Mayor, in the half a minute we have left, there a lot of people listening to you. A lot of people will be becoming familiar with Beaufort today. They might be moved to help. How can they?

Well, that's a great question. Let us do the initial damage assessment first. And again, I think the biggest thing right now is for those that did evacuate, please standby, be patient with us as we kind of blaze a path for you to return - a safe path for your return.

Rett Newton is the mayor of Beaufort, N. C.  Mr.  Mayor, thanks so much for being with us.

Thank you, Scott.

turn 0 : The speaker feels the need to perform music to feel complete.

turn 0 : Nobody wants to be helped when they can help themselves.

turn 0 : The speaker is reflecting on their mistakes and hoping to learn from them.

turn 0 : The listeners might be motivated to offer help.

turn 0 : The speaker feels a strong emotional connection to New Orlean


Thank you, Scott.

turn 1 : The mayor cannot guarantee a quick return for those who evacuated.

turn 1 : The situation is so dangerous that people who refuse to evacuate should identify themselves in case of death.

turn 1 : People in some communities refuse to evacuate despite being warned of floods and tornadoes.

turn 1 : A evacuated on their own accord to avoid traffic.


What motives him is he actually has recently discovered that he has a civilizational mission. He wants a Russia that will become the traditional values capital of the world, that would hold back Western encroachment. This is what he sees happening in Ukraine. He's carrying out his historical mission. A subtext of it is also recreating the Soviet Union and sort of gathering Russian lands, but that's not even the most important part at this point. The most important part is that he thinks that Russia has a unique place in the world and a unique civilization to protect.

Is there a particular political ideology here or would you say rather a conservative moralistic anti-Western ideology that's driving his actions?

That's exactly right. It's a conservative, moralistic anti-Western ideology. It is mostly based on negatives. There's very little that he can say in the affirmative except for the very vague notion of traditional orthodox culture. But the negatives are actually effective in mobilizing a population, in creating a sense of fear and imminent danger.

Has he been persuasive, do you think, internally, with his arguments that what he's basically doing is protecting Russian interests and people?

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at a deeper or hidden motive or intention behind their actions or words.

turn 3 : Implied Meaning: Based on the speaker's tone and choice of words, there may be an underlying message or intention behind this turn that suggests they have a particular opinion or feeling about the subject being discussed. However, the meaning is not entirely clear and may be open to interpretation, leading to some level of uncertainty about whether everyone will agree on its implied meaning.

turn 3 : In these turns, the speakers are discussing the implications and deeper meanings behind the actions and ideologies of the person they are talking about. They are not merely discussing the literal surface-level interpretations, but rather the underlying motives, strategies, and persuasive effects of those actions and ideologies.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is subtly trying to convey a sense of urgency or importance in the matter being discussed, without explicitly stating it.

turn 3 : not a literal meaning but rather a rhetorical question.


Justice Brennan wrote the majority opinion. But the swing vote holding that it was protected speech was Justice Antonin Scalia.

And President-elect Trump has often said he wants to appoint justices like Justice Scalia.

I think that's right. And I would hope that anyone who he would appoint would have a very solid respect for First Amendment values. I think it's crucial to our politics and our democracy that we respect even protests that really get on our nerves or that really we find deeply offensive.

But are we living in a time when people - and many of them on the opposite side, politically, from President-elect Trump - say they shouldn't have to put up with speech or accept speech that they find offensive, hurtful?

turn 2 : Others attribute the speaker's opinions to anger rather than listening to them

turn 2 : the literal and actual meanings are the same. The speakers are simply exchanging pleasantries and expressing gratitude for the conversation

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using nonverbal cues, such as facial expressions or body language, to convey a message that complements or contradicts their spoken words.

turn 2 : A humorous response indicating agreement with continuing to criticize the British.

turn 2 : speaker is talking about the importance of respecting speech that is offensive


I did want to ask you about that. What do you think - does it say something that there are, at the moment, two dozen candidates in the Democratic field?I mean, does that say anything about - does it say anything about the party?Does it say something?

Well, I think it says that there's a whole lot of energy and engagement to make sure that this guy isn't reelected come 2020. And that is goal number one. And for folks that say, all right, we have to bring back some of the voters that voted with us, well, I've done that. I've won in some of the difficult places. When you talk about actually standing up with records, so many of the things that we're talking about in this field of 35 I've had direct influence and impact on as governor.

And finally, you've rejected the possibility of a Senate run, OK?And this has inspired, as I understand it - the Senate minority leader from New York, Chuck Schumer, has been aggressively trying to recruit candidates to take on these Senate races because the Democrats would very much like to take back the Senate. What do you say to people who say - forgive me, I'll just be blunt. . .

No, sure.

turn 3 : something that was hinted at or suggested, but not directly stated.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be suggesting that there are some hidden or unknown factors that could influence the situation being discussed.


Are there specific goals you all are trying to achieve in terms of advancing one policy or another?

Yeah. So the overarching mission is really to support science for the public good. I think it's really important to say that when politicians attack science, it's not necessarily across the board. It's certain types of science. So if you look at climate change or public health, they're under attack from certain groups because, you know, they involve regulation or some businesses have an interest in them or there's some political thing to be gained for them. And so what we will be doing after the march is putting out a policy platform on all of these specific areas.

Is that a little like herding cats?I mean, I'm guessing the scientific community (laughter), like any other, is hardly monolithic in what it thinks is the way forward.

Well, this is what we have to do. Right?So if, at the end of the day, we get bogged down in research grants, we get bogged down in having to write the next paper - but we do science 'cause we care about improving society. And if that's what it takes for us to really, you know, bring all of these diverse voices into the room and figure out, you know, how we can be unified and how we can be a political force, that's where we're at at the moment. And we're going to push for that hard after the march.

turn 1 : (3) When the speaker states that science is under attack, they are implying that politicians are misusing science to further their own agendas, rather than relying on scientific evidence to inform their decisions.

turn 1 :  The implication of this statement is that certain groups are attacking certain types of science, like climate change and public health, because they may be interested in gaining something politically or economically.

turn 1 : (2) implies that the media environment is desperate for viewers, and so it chooses to show people yelling at each other instead of presenting the science of climate change in an informative way.

turn 1 : "And will we know if this does move into the - more into the political discourse as well as the public discourse?" - This is a literal question about whether or not the topic of climate change will become more prominent in political and public discussions.


turn 2 : Scientists need more data to confirm their hypotheses.

turn 2 : Not all scientific beliefs are accurate, even if widely accepted.

turn 2 :  The implication of this statement is that it will be difficult to reach a consensus among the scientific community due to their diverse opinions

turn 2 : (3) When the speaker states that science is under attack, they are implying that politicians are misusing science to further their own agendas, rather than relying on scientific evidence to inform their decisions.


turn 3 : The actual meaning of turn 3 is "Thank you for joining us and providing information on the topic."

turn 3 : The implication of this statement is that the scientific community needs to come together and use their collective power to push for change.

turn 3 : It may be a way to give attention to women trying to break into science.

turn 3 : The speaker believes in the science of climate change and will not compromise on evidence-based reality, but thinks the conversation needs to be framed differently


Good to be here, David.

So let's return briefly to that last decision of the court on the Affordable Care Act. It was controversial, to say the least. Public opinion surveys after that decision showed how, you know - I mean, I guess it raises the question: How can the court convince the public that it really is impartial, since that case seemed to really bring it into the field of politics in so many ways?

Well, look at the John Roberts opinion. The chief justice was the deciding vote. He's a conservative guy, a Republican appointee. And in the end, he wasn't willing to strike down the entire Affordable Care Act. I think Roberts' view was, what he has said all along, was that it's my job. If there's a constitutional basis to uphold a law passed by Congress, I should do it.

He didn't think this was - could be justified as a regulation of commerce, because that would be requiring people to buy a product. But he also thought, gee, the government has very broad power to use its taxing power. And so he accepted the sort of fallback argument, which is that it could be upheld as a tax.

turn 2 : The judge ruled that the entire Affordable Care Act is unconstitutional

turn 2 : It's getting harder to make people believe that the Supreme Court is not political.

turn 2 : Republican lawmakers recognize that not taking action on health care would have negative political consequences.

turn 2 : The conservative Chief Justice John Roberts upheld the Affordable Care Act despite his political affiliations.


So you had to come prepared to tell a good yarn, tell a good story or something.

Yeah, well, a good science is a good story. We're all storytellers, you know, all of us, from the novelist to the artist trying to say something new and take us in a new direction on canvas to scientists who have discovered something. And when they discover something, they want to tell a story. They want to fill out and explain to others why, where it came from, what's happening, what kind of a process is going on and where is it going to lead?

And you talk about it - and there is a chapter that I think it's entitled "I Never Change. "And you are - does that mean you stay true to yourself, or you wear the badge of being a free thinker?

I - well actually I became, like so many kids, fascinated by insects when I was about nine years old. And, you know, it's a saying, every kid has a bug period. I never grew out of mine, and thank heavens I didn't. I usually spent a lot of time alone. We traveled a lot; I was an only child.

turn 2 : you don't really know that much about this.

turn 2 : You are a free thinker and that is very obvious to everyone you meet.

turn 2 : It's best to be receptive to any thought that comes your way.

turn 2 : They are saying that at the risk of sounding like they are perfect and above others they think you have to be honest.

turn 2 :  Tell us a bit about your life, could you, and your family.


Good morning.

Many of us didn't think it would happen but the two delegations finally sat down face to face. Tell us about the dynamics in the negotiating room today and what you're expecting.

What we heard from media sources that the meeting kicked off 15 minutes late. Every detail was negotiated. The delegates enter from different doors. There are no flags in the room but they can wear their flag pins. It's been decided which side of the table they'll sit on, how far apart. And as we heard from the U. N.  negotiator, Lakhdar Brahimi, it's the most inaccessible room within the United Nations compound here in Geneva. The delegations - they won't talk directly to each other. Brahimi will be in the middle and they'll address him. The only thing common to all of them is language. Everybody at the table speaks Arabic. But aside from that, they are very far apart. They're there because both sides were under intense pressure from the U. S.  and Russia not to walk out.

Well, as you said, at least they are in the same room. What are they talking about today?What's the goal?

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is subtly trying to convey a sense of urgency or importance in the matter being discussed, without explicitly stating it.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of "What are they talking about today? What's the goal?" is asking for information about the subject matter and objectives of the negotiations. However, the implied meaning is that the speaker is expressing skepticism about the likelihood of any productive outcome from the negotiations, given the difficult dynamics described in the previous turn. The speaker is implying that the negotiations seem to be more about appearances than substance, and that there may not be a clear goal or path forward.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at something they want or need, but they don't want to ask for it directly.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of (4) is asking what North Korea wants to achieve with nuclear weapons. The implicated meaning is questioning why North Korea wants nuclear weapons in the first place.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is suggesting that they are uncertain about the future outcome of a situation, and are not making any definitive statements or commitments. The tone and context of the statement could suggest that the speaker is being cautious, non-committal, or may be waiting for more information before making a decision.


Haven't there been gag orders during the transition of previous administrations too?

Certainly, every administration tries to control information. That's something, as you said in particular, that the Obama administration was quite aggressive on. And we had put out over many years plenty of not just critical information about the Obama administration but critical information based on inside sources that we cultivated. I will say one of the things that you're seeing with this administration is instances in which various bureaucracies have simply been cut off or shut down. The National Park Service stopped tweeting for a couple of days after they had done a tweet about climate change. And their first tweet after that was an apology for that tweet. That is quite unusual.

But do you have some concern that by making this public call under the Trump administration, at least to more notice than under the Obama administration, you're encouraging the view that the press has a liberal bias?

No, no. Again, what we are encouraging is for people to send information. Now, you can judge us on our stories, if our story may be unfair, if our story may not have enough context. Our job is simply to put important information out there, and we're going to keep doing it. If somebody wants to accuse us of being biased as a part of that, well, there's nothing we can do.

turn 1 : B implies that coming forward and giving information to the government was risky or dangerous

turn 1 : Implied: The Obama administration was aggressive in controlling information and preventing it from being released to the public

turn 1 : The actual meaning of the third turn is that the speaker is implying that the current administration is trying to prevent important information from being released, and this is why they are pushing people to contact them with information.

turn 1 : The White House made a mistake by not releasing the Democratic memo, which may discredit their claims of FBI corruption.

turn 1 : The president is trying to divert attention away from negative news about him and his administration


I think that the idea of business is that we'd like to serve customers around the world with the capabilities and technologies that we have. But we understand that countries operate differently. They have different political structures. They have different economic priorities. That's just the way the world is, and it's - I think it's always going to be to some degree. What we think is that business can help keep the world a more peaceful place and a more prosperous place. We have a really critical role in keeping the engagement between nations constructive, to make sure that nations talk to each other and feel mutually dependent.

Tom Linebarger is the CEO of Cummins Inc, an Indiana-based company that manufactures diesel engines.

Thanks very much for joining us today.

It was a pleasure speaking with you, Ailsa. Thank you.

turn 0 : Despite being one of the wealthiest countries, people are struggling to make ends meet.

turn 0 : A is advocating for social and political change.

turn 0 : Business can promote peace and prosperity between nations despite their differences.

turn 0 : People want to work hard for things.

turn 0 : they are trying to imply they want peace not war instead


Black tea, cotton jumpsuits and snowblowers made in China are all getting more expensive today. Those are some of the thousands of items now being targeted by the Trump administration with a new 15% tariff. It's the latest salvo in the president's trade war with Beijing. China had threatened to retaliate but may hold off as the two countries prepare for what could be another round of trade negotiations.

NPR's Scott Horsley is here to explain this.

Good morning.

Good morning. The tariffs taking effect today cover more than $100 billion worth of Chinese imports, but other products were spared - at least for now. Explain what the administration is up to here.

turn 0 : Trump's executive order may not be achieving anything new.

turn 0 : The executive order signed by Trump may not be accomplishing anything new.

turn 0 : Despite congressional interest, the Trump administration is not listening to anyone but Donald Trump

turn 0 : "the latest salvo" implies the latest executive directive by the Trump administration.

turn 0 : White House conducts briefings in an inappropriate way.


And Kellie, I hear a child behind you. May I ask, are you in a clinic?

Yeah. So I'm inside the health clinic at the refugee settlement.

OK. So you have a clinic set up to deal with Ebola cases. You also have, as you say, thousands of Congolese crossing the border every couple of weeks into the settlement where you are. What is the level of worry that you might get more cases?

People are very worried. I think until the outbreak stops in DRC, then the chances that new cases arrive in Uganda is very high.

turn 1 : The speaker and their friends committed crimes to fulfill their basic needs in the refugee camp

turn 1 :  The asylum-seekers have a legal status, which means the speaker is not responsible for them.

turn 1 : The speaker is expressing sympathy for the victims and their families.

turn 1 : The United States is the only place where the speaker can survive.

turn 1 : The speaker is in the health clinic at the refugee settlement.


turn 3 : The chances of new Ebola cases arriving in Uganda are high until the outbreak stops in DRC.

turn 3 : The response to the Ebola outbreak in DRC is not going well and there are a lot of challenges to overcome

turn 3 : It is becoming very dangerous for workers to run Ebola clinics

turn 3 : People in the DRC are not trusting the response to the Ebola outbreak and need to start bringing suspected cases into clinics for treatment


This is SCIENCE FRIDAY, I'm Ira Flatow. Remember the meteor that exploded over Siberia and the asteroid that took a close swing by our planet?You also remember that these things happened on Friday, the same day. Congressman Lamar Smith, chairman of the House Committee on Science, Space and Technology, called these two events a stark reminder of the need to invest in space science. He says we need to study and track near-Earth asteroids and invest in research on how to protect our planet from space rocks.

But with the nation collectively tightening its belt and with $85 billion in automatic spending cuts going into effect today, the sequester deadline, where's the money going to come from?Representative Lamar Smith is a Republican from the 21st District of Texas. He is chair of the House Committee on Science, Space and Technology. He joins us by phone from San Antonio. A shout-out to Texas Public Radio, San Antonio and Austin, one of our two most powerful stations is your district, Congressman. Welcome to SCIENCE FRIDAY.

I'm glad to hear it, Ira. Good to be with you and your listeners, as well.

Thank you. You're going to have a hearing soon, is that right, to discuss. . . ?

turn 0 : The use of the word "exciting" suggests that the developments in space during 2015 were particularly noteworthy or significant.

turn 0 : late to the party implies that the scientists engaged with the issue after most people

turn 0 : Congressman Lamar Smith believes that recent space events are a reminder to invest in space science.

turn 0 : Being the dominant power in space can deter others from challenging us in that domain.

turn 0 : Some successful scientists adopt unconventional approaches after achieving something significant.


Yes, they are. They're very much weather aware, because the weather here is sometimes pretty tough, like it is in Kansas and Texas and all the other places. But they're weather aware. So, a little bit different. They're used to what we have. They seem to handle it quite well. They, you know, they all pretty well know their safety precautions. They usually react well. So, a little bit different group of people in Oklahoma than you'll find in some other states.

It certainly does. And, you know, we do our best to train people to get up in the morning, obviously, and find out if there's a risk. And with the advent of all the wireless devices - the phones and such - it's much easier to do.

But despite all the technical innovations there've been over the years, including a few that you've figured in, like the use of Doppler radar, how predictable is a thing like a tornado?

turn 1 : The implied meaning of (3) is to encourage people to learn and understand the connection between the hurricanes, tornadoes and other natural disasters, without relying on someone else to do it for them.

turn 1 :  B states that "Getting up so many mornings of the year not knowing whether or not a tornado might come churning through your street must make a different kind of person." The implied meaning here is that people who live in areas prone to tornadoes must be resilient and adaptable in order to deal with the constant threat of danger. The literal meaning is simply that living in an area prone to tornadoes must create a different type of person.

turn 1 : The tornadoes did not actually hit but touched down in the areas.

turn 1 : Tornado Alley is the area of the country that has the most tornadoes.