Well, I can tell you that people like me and organizations like mine will be pushing for in the new year real spending reform, and there's real spending reform to - had across the board. That's from the military industrial complex all the way through the welfare system. Senator Tom Coburn, when he was in the Senate, demonstrated, according to the CBO, over $400 billion of waste and duplicative spending every year. We ought to start there. And I'm hoping that the country can get rational. Both parties can begin to address that stuff beginning in 2018.

Do you think that Republicans will campaign on spending reform anymore?

You know, I don't know whether they will or not. It depends on how hard the grassroots push them. And I hope the grassroots do continue to push them on that.

Is it important to the grassroots to have that still?

turn 2 : Grassroots are known to be stuck to the soil, the narrator mean by that as the Republicans are stuck on their roots.

turn 2 : grassroots is a movement made by a district and still implies that it holds the feature in order to hold the government's attention.

turn 2 :  implies that the Democrats should not become complacent with their current demographics and should focus on further outreach

turn 2 : "Well, both candidates have stumped a lot in Michigan, and is either candidate getting more traction?" - This turn has a literal meaning and is also used with its actual meaning.


They're all priceless.

Exactly.

Tell us about the priceless ones in your collection. How many do you have in your collection?

We have about - in excess of 1,800 different meteorites. If you consider. . .

turn 0 : They are not asking for a lot of really expensive items.

turn 0 : "excessively high percentages of sales" - This turn's actual meaning is different from its literal meaning because "excessively high" means a lot or too much, but it is not necessarily related to a specific number or percentage.

turn 0 : figures in this context means numbers, referring to money likely

turn 0 : Indicating that they are priceless means that they have high value.

turn 0 : has a literal meaning of "Yes, the numbers aren't looking good for the person," but its actual meaning is "It looks like the person isn't likely to succeed."


They're all priceless.

Exactly.

turn 2 : The dollar is not physically stronger, but more can be bought with it now than before.

turn 2 : They are not asking for a lot of really expensive items.

turn 2 : (1) B is implying that something valuable is coming to an end, beyond just a literal fade out.

turn 2 : priceless implies a zero price or worthless, but it really means valuable


Before summer slips away, North Country Public Radio's Brian Mann decided to take a day off from work for one last hot-weather canoe trip in upstate New York. With his wife Susan, Brian paddled and trekked through the Ausable Marshes in the Champlain Valley. He sent back this audio postcard.

We've just set out into the Ausable Marshes, this gorgeous delta of marshlands and ox-bows that form here between the Ausable River and Lake Champlain. Already, just a few paddle strokes from the road, it's green and humid.

B.  MANN: The forest along the river is lush with birds. A kingfisher loops from bank to bank. It feels sort of tropical and up in the bow of the canoe, Susan strips down to her swimsuit.

This paddling reminded me of the Louisiana bayou. Not quite as hot.

turn 0 : The Manns were looking forward to a relaxing and enjoyable day out in the nature.

turn 0 : There is a dangerous situation happening that requires people to seek shelter and take precautions.

turn 0 : The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker enjoyed the solitude of working at night, as it made them feel like a vampire who only came out when it was dark and disappeared again when the sun rose.

turn 0 : They had a hard time coming up with something that would amaze and impress people.

turn 0 : Despite the chaos, people had a good time at the event.


turn 1 : Brian and Susan were looking forward to having a peaceful and relaxing day.

turn 1 : implies that Donna is reflecting on the day Brian returned from Afghanistan and feeling emotional about it;

turn 1 : The alarm bells have quieted a bit - means things are not as hectic as they have been up until now

turn 1 :  "And the thing is - and this is so beautiful - is that when you get to watch lives change...And that occupied my entire day."  The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker has overcome addiction and now enjoys helping others in a similar position, which is incredibly fulfilling. They used to be preoccupied with obtaining drugs, but now their focus has shifted to improving the lives of others.

turn 1 : implies Donna was trying to make Brian feel special by dressing the girls up and making a sign, but Brian was still not the same;


She does. I'm afraid she is both beautiful and brilliant and clever but also rather naive, and she meets the wrong guy. She isn't. . .

She's naive because she's lonely, Dame Stella.

She's lonely. She is lonely, yes, but she's also - I think she's also naive. I have to say that. I mean, you can be lonely and cautious. But, I mean, she is an example, I think, of somebody who believes in civil liberties, as do I, as do many people. But she also believes, you know, in the need for our intelligence services to have the right powers. And she finds herself, I suppose, torn in the middle of that debate. And, as you say, unfortunately, she falls for the wrong guy whose interests are not hers.

Dame Stella, is MI5 ever worried that you'll just wake up one morning and say, oh, remember when this happened?I think I'll make it a novel.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is implying that her character's story line on the show mirrored her own life experience.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using humor or sarcasm to make a point or convey a message in a lighthearted way.

turn 3 : has a figurative meaning, as it is implying a joke about the idea of Dame Stella turning her experiences into a novel.

turn 3 : This turn does not have an implied meaning different from its literal meaning. It is a straightforward expression of gratitude towards Laura Sydell, the NPR correspondent.

turn 3 : This turn is literal in meaning, as it is a straightforward question asking about the speaker's children.


So there you are standing in the checkout line, that one with a big sign above it that says express, 10 items or less. You notice the basket of the woman in front of you. You silently start tallying. OK, eight or nine items, fine. But wait, she has a six pack under her hand, and under her other arm is a bag of pretzels. And then she's going for that pack of gum. And you're fighting the urge to scream: You had no business in the express line.

If that's you, then John Trinkaus feels your pain. He decided that instead of complaining about it, though, he'd study it. Trinkaus researches not only the express line, but how many people stop at stop signs and the average wait at the doctor's office. My next guest is Marc Abrahams, editor and co-founder of the Annals of Improbable Research, and the founder and master of ceremonies for the Ig Nobel Prize. He'll explain the data details and why it's the simple things that count. He joins us from WBUR in Boston. Hi, Marc.

Hello, Flora.

Tell me - give me some other names of his studies, because they're all really funny.

turn 0 : a lot of stuff means there is a massive amount

turn 0 : The woman in front of you has more than 10 items, and you are annoyed about it.

turn 0 : The numbers tossed around you indicates that the objects that you used.

turn 0 : going overboard means you overreact to something bad or good.

turn 0 : They are not asking for a lot of really expensive items.


Hello, Flora.

turn 0 : top of to-do list means something the person really needs to do first.

turn 0 : This made the person have to stay where they were at.

turn 0 : It would be a mistake for me to do that.

turn 0 : The woman in front of you has more than 10 items but still stands in the express line, which is irritating.

turn 0 : to approach someone with something in this context means you are showing them something


Hello, Flora.

turn 1 : John Trinkaus studies seemingly mundane things, but they can reveal significant patterns.

turn 1 : He said that practical applications are things a person would only find in science fiction novels and shows. It can not be done in reality.

turn 1 : The details in the Tom Swift books are surprisingly accurate.

turn 1 : The person loves science and anything related to it and is intelligent.

turn 1 : The story is not wild but interesting or exciting.


Yeah, because, particularly when you're talking about tipped industries, where if somebody has a bad experience and they leave you zero dollars, that's your rent money. You get paid $2. 13 an hour. And particularly on alcohol-fueled public holiday, it gets even a little sketchier because you never know who's going to have, like, a fight with their friends, and nobody remembers the tip. And it's not that you did anything. It's just that drunk people are less frequently reliable as far as social norms.

You wrote a very successful book a couple of years ago, and now you're a professional writer. What are the holidays like for you now?

Oh, man, I do nothing. It's fantastic. I don't think I'm ever going to have the inclination to do a lot of work around the holidays because, to me, luxury is not doing a whole lot of anything. And it's - it's good to see the kids. That's a huge difference. I never saw the kids near the holidays. My youngest is 3. You know, seeing a 3-year-old on Christmas is pretty amazing - and not having to stress about the bills. The holidays were often the worst times of the year because you have so much extra social expectation and spending that needs to be done. You can be cheery and merry if you're not calculating in the back of your head the nickels.

So tonight, when - when people are out to have a good time, they should remember the servers that they deal with this. This is a living for them.

turn 0 : The sweet spot means they are in a good situation financially to lend to others.

turn 0 : has a literal meaning of "Yes, the numbers aren't looking good for the person," but its actual meaning is "It looks like the person isn't likely to succeed."

turn 0 : The economists spoke up and said that people should take caution in their finances.

turn 0 : (1) Implies that people who work in the tipped industry suffer financially when they don't receive tips, as the low wages don't cover the costs of their rent.

turn 0 : (1) is the same as its literal meaning, which is explaining the decision-making process behind cutting rations in a situation where there is a shortage of aid.


turn 2 : (3) - The speaker is expressing surprise and disbelief at the changes that have taken place in the household.

turn 2 :  (4) implies that the speaker is facing a difficult living situation.

turn 2 : The speaker is hinting that the situation is difficult or complex.

turn 2 : The turn suggests that the speaker is feeling frustrated and overwhelmed.

turn 2 : (3) Implies that the speaker used to have a difficult time during the holidays, as they had to worry about bills and expenses that come with the season.


Well, I'm not sure I can say what is enough. I do know that the Census Bureau has a unique feature to its budget in that it goes up and down in a 10-year cycle. And about this time every decade, this is an issue as the ramp up begins.

So you need to spend more the closer you get to actually counting people?

Absolutely. In the 2010 census that I was involved in, at one point, there were 600,000 employees of the Census Bureau knocking on doors around the country to follow up those who didn't respond on their own.

Well, what would the risks be of a census that is not done well?

turn 1 : People aren't spending money due to the recession.

turn 1 : The census results are of great importance to the allocation of resources in the United States.

turn 1 : The government could acquire loans and make changes more easily.

turn 1 : The disagreement with Congress over funding for the 2020 census could have implications for the accuracy and reliability of the census results.

turn 1 : The closer it gets to the census, more money needs to be spent


So there's a relationship between the velocity of the coffee and the slope that you can generate there. And although the physics are very different in the ocean, you'll establish the same relationship between a pressure gradient or that difference in height and speed of the current. So if the gulfstream slows down, the slope at a sea surface is going to decrease, and water will rise at the coastline.

And what is this due to?

The slowing of the current?Yeah, that's the big question right now. And there's a lot of debate about what will drive those kinds of changes in the climate. Obviously, temperature, you know, it all starts with wind, so how do you - yeah, what could affect the wind field?But it really comes back to the distribution of temperature in the atmosphere and. . .

Global warming?

turn 3 : The conclusion that global warming was taking place was surprising to A and matched previous predictions.

turn 3 : "Global warming?" - This is a question that implies a possible explanation for the changes discussed in the conversation, but it does not necessarily mean that global warming is the only cause or that it is the direct cause of the changes being discussed.

turn 3 : "And will we know if this does move into the - more into the political discourse as well as the public discourse?" - This is a literal question about whether or not the topic of climate change will become more prominent in political and public discussions.

turn 3 : So why are we all under the impression that there is not this majority? (Literal meaning: asking for an explanation for the discrepancy between the actual support for global warming priority and the perception that such support is lacking)

turn 3 : The speaker believes in the science of climate change and will not compromise on evidence-based reality, but thinks the conversation needs to be framed differently


What if Dr.  Martin King Jr.  were alive today?Would he be proud of America's progress on civil rights?Maybe he'd say we let him down by allowing the activism that fueled his movement to die from neglect. And what would King think of Obama's historic White House bid?Can you tell us anything new about his own assassination?

In his new book, "What Would Martin Say?," Clarence B.  Jones uses King's life and speeches to guess where the late reverend might stand on the Iraq war, affirmative action and black leadership. Jones knew King well. He was one of the reverend's closest advisers. Jones even helped write the famous "I Have a Dream" speech.

Clarence Jones, welcome to NEWS & NOTES.

Hi, thank you so much. Glad to be here.

turn 1 : The book "What Would Martin Say?" uses King's speeches and life to guess his possible stance on current issues such as the Iraq war, affirmative action, and black leadership. The author, Clarence B. Jones, who was one of King's closest advisers, provides his interpretation of King's views.

turn 1 : The speaker believes that the country needs to move past the legacy of slavery and racism to make progress. The reference to Martin Luther King Jr. suggests that the speaker believes in King's philosophy of non-violent protest and advocacy for civil rights.

turn 1 : The actual meanings of these turns are: (2) Martin Luther King was killed by a white assassin; (3) America doesn't understand or appreciate the contributions of black leaders during Reconstruction; (4) America's history of racism and white supremacy has been ignored or minimized for many decades.

turn 1 :  "Frankly, they kind of overdo it, you know? So for blacks to support Obama, he's got to make up his mind. Is he African or American? Because he can't be both. That doesn't make sense." The literal meaning of this turn is that Obama cannot be both African and American, and that it is difficult for black people to support him. However, the actual meaning is that there is a sense of confusion and identity crisis regarding Obama's background, and that this confusion affects how some black people feel about him.


So, you know, it was a very, very gutsy move because he and I, we didn't have a quarter. And I'm sure you're saying, well, how did you open up a restaurant without any money?Well, my grandmother, who was in her 90s, was gracious enough and had enough faith and confidence in us to use her house as collateral, and we took out a small 20,000 dollar loan, opened up a 2,000-square-foot restaurant in 1988.

And, the first day we opened, we were dead broke. We didn't have a cash register. There were so many things that we didn't have that I wouldn't dare try to open up a restaurant in today's time without. But in less than the two years - we leased the building for two years - in two years, not only had we paid my grandmother her money back, but we had saved 40,000 dollars. And we took that money and used it as a down payment and purchased our first restaurant.

Well, you know, I want to go to you, Gina, because I understand that there was a reunion at which you two reconnected. Tell me about that, first of all.

Pat and I dated in high school. As a matter of fact, our parents went to the same high school, and we got back together - we dated all through high school, we broke up, of course, and then we got back together at our 10-year reunion.

turn 0 : Starting the spa business was a way to escape from monotonous work.

turn 0 : Despite the presence of goods in shops, people are still starving due to lack of money and high taxes.

turn 0 : When you hand out money quickly with no regulations people will spend it on things that are not needed.

turn 0 : Opening a restaurant without money was a difficult and risky venture

turn 0 : The restaurant industry is struggling due to economic hardships.


turn 1 : Using "dead broke" to mean completely out of money is a non-literal meaning.

turn 1 : "dead broke" - This means that they had no money, rather than literally being physically broken or dead.

turn 1 : broke implies having bodily injury and not referring to being financially ruined

turn 1 : I was broke implies being financially bankrupt and not implying having broken bones


turn 3 : A is reflecting on the nature of relationships between people close to each other.

turn 3 : Family was not lost, but separated by circumstances

turn 3 : "got back together" - This means that they resumed their romantic relationship, rather than literally getting back to the same physical location.

turn 3 : it does not mean "gone Girl" but something like "gone girl"

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is implying that her character's story line on the show mirrored her own life experience.


I think that teenagers - I mean, some were very passionately involved in this. And, you know, teachers do feel things very passionately. It's why they're such a great audience to write for. But others are getting a little bit fed up because these controversies within YA, especially, are dominated by adults, and they're led by adults. So the teens are starting to kind of push back a little bit and saying, you know, this community is supposed to be for us, and you guys are messing it up.

(Laughter) As adults often do mess up things, don't we?

It's true. We ruin everything.

Kat Rosenfield, her article "The Toxic Drama On YA Twitter" is on Vulture. com. Thanks so much for being with us.

Thank you for having me.

turn 1 : Teenagers are more likely to take advice from peers than adults

turn 1 : Adolescence is when children change and is not easy to go through.

turn 1 : Adults tend to make mistakes and create chaos when they meddle in things that are meant for teenagers.

turn 1 : They are worried about any negative consequences of their actions and will fix them quickly.

turn 1 : He is the sort of person that still acts like a kid even though he is an adult.


It's true. We ruin everything.

Thank you for having me.

turn 2 : Suggesting that adults are often responsible for causing problems.

turn 2 : They are worried about any negative consequences of their actions and will fix them quickly.

turn 2 : The speaker is suggesting that the situation might not be as serious or dangerous as it initially seemed.

turn 2 : We are taking strict actions against irresponsible prescribers.


It's true. We ruin everything.

Thank you for having me.

turn 2 :  "It's true. We ruin everything." Here, the speaker uses sarcasm to convey a sentiment of self-deprecation. The actual meaning is that the speaker doesn't believe that adults ruin everything, but rather they are making a sarcastic remark to emphasize the point made by B in the previous turn. It's a humorous way of acknowledging the flaws and mistakes made by adults.

turn 2 : Implied Meaning: The speaker's use of sarcasm suggests that they do not believe the statement they just made is true, and instead are expressing the opposite sentiment.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of this turn is that the speaker is excluding the people currently present from the criticism they are about to make. However, the actual meaning is that the speaker is making a sarcastic remark and implying that the people present are also guilty of the behavior they are criticizing.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: This turn's use of humor or sarcasm may indicate a deeper subtext or intention, highlighting the potential for indirect communication to convey complex messages.


Right.

How do you think the election changed the political landscape in this country, or do you?

Well, it's changed the landscape entirely. All of the talk of the time of Bush's presidency from 2002, when we started, all the way up until Obama's election, things got more and more depressing as time went on. Even though Bush got actually elected in 2004 as oppose to the disputed election in 2000 - still, most of the news was bad news, and we had a steady diet of bad news and flubs in this, and worries about war and worries about domestic policy and civil liberties and civil rights, and it was just bad news. It was like everything was downhill. And the country was depressed, psychologically. And Bush, now that he's gone, you got a breath of fresh air. Everybody is waiting expectantly. People have been happy. They've celebrated. And now the news is always about, you know, what is going now and how is it going to play out, and with most people hoping that it will play out positively after so much depression.

Are you surprised at the level of engagement of what I would arguably say is the black community at large in the political arena, both as voters, as viewers, as readers and particularly, as political pundits.

turn 1 : The voters did not seem to change their opinions when they voted again.

turn 1 : They want to know how the election changed the way politics in the country work. Also, the people had a a steady amount of news information to read and watch and listen to.

turn 1 : They've been making the National Election Pool worried and extremely concerned.  Also, it is not a pool, but an organization that gets information from groups of people.

turn 1 : The candidate had something troubling in their past.

turn 1 : The outcome of the parliamentary election is uncertain, and it is difficult to predict what will happen next


Right.

turn 2 : Everything was becoming negative in their respective areas. People got a change when the new president was elected. The news is about what is happening and what will happen.

turn 2 : The president is trying to divert attention away from negative news about him and his administration

turn 2 : the protests got worse and worse until there was no way to control them any longer.

turn 2 : The economic change has been very destructive to everyone and everything.


Well, I just hope that we can make it through. I don't know. We don't know what is in store - you know, the future has for us because we've already - when they cut the shifts back, we've already lost a lot of our business from over there. Now, there's going to be nobody, and we just don't know where it's going to go from there.

And this is a family business, I understand.

Yes, it is. Yes, it's me and my sisters. My father works here. My son's a grill cook. And, you know, we're not a big chain, so we're just really wondering what's going to happen. We're trying really hard to hang in there, but it's pretty scary.

And you say that you've had this business for 15 years.

turn 1 : Preparing for something anticipated, but uncertain of where and when it would happen.

turn 1 : "you know" is used as a filler phrase and does not add any literal meaning to the sentence

turn 1 : to not know whats in store means that you don't know what will happen

turn 1 : They are worried about any negative consequences of their actions and will fix them quickly.


turn 2 : They are not going to do nothing while the obstruction is going on.

turn 2 : They are worried about any negative consequences of their actions and will fix them quickly.

turn 2 : They are trying to ask what happen in Europe

turn 2 : Implicated meaning: We have been extremely busy or working at full capacity.

turn 2 : hang in there means they are trying to keep their business functioning properly.


Well, as you say, an assistive technology, other robotics to make people able to be more on their own. But I imagine that somewhere down the line, you'd like to be able to rejuvenate the arm itself, would you not?

Yeah, exactly. I think for people with locked-in syndrome, such as the two participants in the study - that is, no functional movement of their limbs and unable to speak - a comparatively simpler goal and one that we've published some work on over the past few years would be the simple control of a computer cursor on a screen.

And if one could provide point-and-click control over a cursor 24 hours a day, seven days a week, that would certainly be a useful assistive technology for somebody with severely limited communication.

But just as you said, for somebody with paralysis, somebody who's unable to move their arms and their legs, the real dream for the research is to one day reconnect brain to limb, to take those signals out of the brain, to root them back down to the peripheral nerves in the arm, to stimulate those nerves and to have somebody use their own arm and hand to pick up that coffee again.

turn 2 : Computers can replace low-level intellectual work and allow for self-improvement.

turn 2 : The availability of technology is causing more people to become addicted to activities they might avoid.

turn 2 : monitor implies to watch and detect presence of something, it's not the computer television-like device

turn 2 : the computer gets upset implies that the computer does not do what the person wants it to do

turn 2 :  Providing 24/7 control of a computer cursor on a screen would greatly improve the quality of life for people with limited communication abilities.


Well, there's no secret about this. The chief justice has been very clear. He doesn't want the court to be seen as a partisan institution. The other members of the court, both liberal and conservative, go around saying that this isn't a partisan institution at all. That's the message they want to convey, which is sort of hard at the moment.

But is that possible in this day and age, when we know by their - in their own account, conservative Republicans have tried to win elections so they can win Supreme Court appointments and you have several Democrats running for president now on the issue of enlarging the court?

You know, I wish I knew whether it's even possible anymore to have a Supreme Court that doesn't look partisan. I had always thought you really could. But if you look at the two cases before the court that are overtly partisan, the gerrymandering case and the census case, both would structurally allow Republicans to entrench their power even more than they have in the last decade or two. And I think it gets harder to sell the court as an apolitical institution, which is, as I said, what every member of the Supreme Court still tries to do.

You know, I interviewed Justice Stevens about a month and a half ago for a piece about his new book. And even he, a lifetime Republican, although deemed a Liberal on the court, appointed by President Ford, said it was hard for him to see the current court as apolitical. He said he still has hope, and so do I, but it's difficult.

turn 0 : The Supreme Court is perceived as a partisan institution despite their efforts to appear apolitical.

turn 0 : The justices can not avoid being questioned and they are different from the justice who sided with both political parties.

turn 0 : The supreme court has a great many decisions to make on cases.

turn 0 : The hearing could have an impact on the Supreme Court ruling.

turn 0 : Both political parties have biased the judicial nomination process.


turn 2 : Both political parties have biased the judicial nomination process.

turn 2 : It's getting harder to make people believe that the Supreme Court is not political.

turn 2 : the democrats did everything they could to make it look bipartisan.

turn 2 : There is doubt whether the Congress will be able to come up with a comprehensive solution for all the issues and it may require multiple attempts


turn 2 : The speaker's bill allows for more states to follow suit in independent congressional redistricting.

turn 2 : It would be difficult to conduct an election in the 9th District quickly.

turn 2 : The election of a Democratic House and the rise of white supremacy have made it possible for the issue of slavery and reparation to gain more attention.

turn 2 : The gerrymandering and census cases before the Supreme Court would allow Republicans to increase their political power.


Thank you, Linda. Happy to be here.

Is it fair to say what I said in this introduction that a Clinton or Sanders win in Nevada could depend on how the Hispanic vote breaks?

You're absolutely right. Here in Nevada, the Latino vote has been decisive in the past several election cycles. We saw it in 2006 in my race for state assembly, where we tripled Hispanic turnout. We saw it in 2008 for the caucuses here for Hillary Clinton to win the popular vote. And then we saw it again in 2012. You know, we saw President Obama get re-elected and win Nevada thanks to the Latino vote.

What do you think is going to move the Hispanic community in Nevada to the polls in 2016?Is it going to be immigration reform?Is it the problem of jobs, new jobs, higher paying jobs?

You know, I believe it'll be a combination of a few different things. You're seeing right now Republican candidates Donald Trump, Rubio, Cruz, even my opponent Cresent Hardy, who have taken a pretty strong stance against immigration. And, you know, Latinos not only care about immigration, we care about every other issue - jobs, health care, education. But immigration usually tends to be the litmus test for candidates. If you support immigration reform with the path to citizenship, then we know that you are welcoming to our Latino community.

turn 2 : Turn (2): The speaker is implying that the person proposing marriage to a woman at the ballpark is likely to be rejected in public.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of (3) is "We know about Internet-radicalized lone-wolf scenario. It's very interesting and unusual to have a woman involved and a couple involved." However, the implied meaning is that the speaker finds it notable that a woman and a couple are involved in the scenario, which may suggest a stereotype or bias about the typical profile of individuals involved in internet-radicalized lone-wolf scenarios.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker might be implying a hidden agenda or ulterior motive behind their words, actions, or decisions, without making it explicit.

turn 2 : The implied meaning is that A is inquiring about the details surrounding B's special person.


I think my career - had before this was 48, and I thought I had a pretty good game in that game. But it turns out it didn't even come close to this one.

I've read you just came from a weekend tournament where you went 11-41 in two games; from the depths to the heights.

Yeah. Yeah. I had a pretty poor shooting weekend. So coming into this game, my coaches and my teammates really wanted to get me going a little bit offensively to get my confidence up before we head into conference play.

And get your confidence up, you made, I think - what was it?More than 50 shots.

turn 1 : soared in this context means to go up, or increase significantly.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a metaphor or analogy to convey a deeper meaning or idea, often related to emotions or personal experiences.

turn 1 :  "from the depths to the heights" is an expression used figuratively to describe a significant improvement or progress, rather than literally referring to a physical location or elevation.

turn 1 : (2) In this turn, the speaker says "this mountain has an inescapable pull for a lot of people" which means that Mount Everest has a strong attraction that draws many people towards it, despite the danger and risks involved. The literal meaning would be that the mountain physically pulls people towards it, which is not true.


turn 3 : They are implying they don't have any confidence

turn 3 :  My experience with my level of confidence has been a bit of a roller coaster ride. I started out quite shy and timid, but over time I have been able to gain more and more confidence. I have found that the more I put myself out there and take risks, the more confident I become. I have been involved in activities such as public speaking, volunteering, and even starting my own business, which has all helped to boost my confidence.

turn 3 :  "get your confidence up" is an idiom that means to increase one's self-assurance or self-esteem, rather than literally raising something up.

turn 3 : I’ve also experienced times where I have been too confident. I have taken risks that have not paid off and I have overestimated my abilities or made decisions without thinking things through. This has been a hard lesson to learn, but it has taught me the importance of being humble and realistic about my capabilities.

turn 3 : Helping young people achieve their goals gives them confidence to take on the world


turn 3 : Take a shot means have a try in this context, not actually shoot someone

turn 3 : A describes his fear and relief during a shooting incident

turn 3 : shots implies the activities in a game and not referring to a gunshot

turn 3 : shooters means people using a gun, usually for bad purposes

turn 3 : Implies that the judge believes that the shooting was done out of self-defense, even though others may say differently.


And I have to - forgive me - begin by asking, weeks like this bring memories back?

Weeks like this remind me of why a community is so important - that you are responsible for each other as a whole community.

Would you give any advice to counselors who have seen troubled students - students who they think might create trouble - as to what they should do?

Absolutely. You want to talk with parents. You want to make it a part of the conversation. You want to talk with administrators and make sure that the school environment is safe and always possible. You want to make sure that you've created a community among the students where the students - when they see something, they will tell you.

turn 1 : The literal meaning: The speaker mentions that they discuss this as a significant starting point or origin for the book. The implied meaning: The speaker suggests that this event plays a crucial role in shaping the themes or direction of the book.

turn 1 : A's turn has a figurative meaning, as "weeks like this" doesn't necessarily trigger memories, but rather serve as a reminder of the importance of a community.

turn 1 : Turn (2) has a meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is using the phrase "count it as an adventure" figuratively to mean that they view their travels and time away from home as an exciting experience for the family, rather than just a regular trip.

turn 1 : The turn that has a figurative meaning is turn (4), where the speaker uses the phrase "remind us of your story" to mean "tell us about your experience with this issue". The literal meaning of "remind us of your story" would be asking the person to recall a previous narrative they had shared.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a metaphor or analogy to convey a deeper meaning or idea, often related to emotions or personal experiences.


In real terms, it could be all of them. When this rolls out, we have to roll it out very carefully. Anything that is attached to the artwork must do no damage. So it's easy or relatively easy to tag - put the tag on the back of a painting. It's not going to be visible from the front and it's a relatively straightforward process. And I say relatively because the adhesion processes have to be very carefully analyzed. The second stage of this is actually getting into artwork with, for example, contemporary art that is in the form of sculptures. And we have to develop a methodology to apply these tags to non-flat surfaces.

And how expensive is a DNA embed, Mr.  Tenniswood?

So basic costs of the tag will probably be about $150 per piece of art.

Well, big museums can afford that, although some of the large collections that's - that'll be quite a lot of money, won't it?

turn 1 : The literal meaning of turn (2) is a question asking what the speaker can add to the race that other candidates do not already have. However, the actual meaning is that the speaker is being challenged to prove their value and justify their entry into the race. The literal meaning of the turn does not reflect the underlying challenge and skepticism expressed by the speaker.

turn 1 : In turn (2), the literal meaning is a straightforward question about the cost of DNA embedding. However, the implied meaning is that the cost of DNA embedding may be high or prohibitive, and the question is intended to confirm this suspicion.

turn 1 : The turn (3) by speaker B is an example of a statement whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning.  In this turn, speaker B uses a metaphor of a bucket of rice to explain the concept of DNA analysis and how it can be used to identify the origin of a sample. The actual meaning of the turn is that DNA analysis can reveal subtle differences in the genetic makeup of individuals, which can be used to identify their origin or other characteristics. However, the literal meaning of the turn is about a bucket of rice and the difficulty of identifying a few brown grains of rice in a sea of white grains.

turn 1 : Literally, this turn is a short response to A's previous statement about the time-lapse videos of human development. However, the implied meaning is that B understands and acknowledges A's previous statement about the videos featuring embryos, and is simply reiterating that fact.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: DNA may not be suitable for carrying out everyday tasks due to its slow processing speed.


Well, the state of the free world is at stake as always in college football, as you know. I really feel that the one thing about college football that people do gravitate toward - I'm not a huge college football fan myself - but I feel like what it does to people who really care about it is that it really is a winner-take-all type of thing. You kind of have to win every single game. You lose one game and your national title hopes are dashed. So, when you have a big matchup early and you're just getting started, this is a big game. Well, I think it's a bigger game for Michigan and for Alabama, naturally, because Alabama is defending national championship. They'll be there at the end. But if you're Michigan, this is a good chance early on to show what you've got.

I guess things don't look so great for my Boise State Broncos, right?This is a rebuilding year in Boise.

Exactly. And I was thinking that last night when they lost. I said, oh, well, goodness, Boise State lost one game therefore their entire future has been destroyed, and for - at least there's next year, right?

At least there's next year. Howard Bryant, senior writer at ESPN. com and ESPN the Magazine. Howard, thanks so much. Have a good U. S.  Open.

turn 2 : (3) The implied meaning is that there is a great sense of uncertainty and concern about what will happen next, and it's not clear whether the situation is still a political game or has escalated to military brinksmanship. The literal meaning is consistent with this implied meaning.

turn 2 : (4): This turn actually means: "Will people now start to support the Columbus Blue Jackets?"

turn 2 : (3) is a short form of "I will," meaning "I understand," indicating agreement with the speaker's sentiment.

turn 2 : (3) "I said, oh, well, goodness, Boise State lost one game therefore their entire future has been destroyed, and for - at least there's next year, right?" - The actual meaning of this turn is sarcastic, implying that losing one game does not mean the end of the world or the destruction of Boise State's future, and that there is always another chance next year.

turn 2 : (3) has an actual meaning different from its literal meaning. The speaker is discussing how video games can impose consequences for harming civilians in-game, and how this is similar to the rules set by the Geneva Conventions in real-life conflicts. The implied meaning is that video game developers have a responsibility to consider the consequences of their game mechanics and the messages they send to players.


turn 2 :  "It's true. We ruin everything." Here, the speaker uses sarcasm to convey a sentiment of self-deprecation. The actual meaning is that the speaker doesn't believe that adults ruin everything, but rather they are making a sarcastic remark to emphasize the point made by B in the previous turn. It's a humorous way of acknowledging the flaws and mistakes made by adults.

turn 2 : The implied meaning is that the demise of all people on earth is not a reason to be optimistic.

turn 2 : Turn (4): "And it remains to be seen what climate is actually going to do." This response is a figurative way of saying that the future is uncertain and unpredictable. The literal meaning of the words is that the speaker does not know what the climate will do, but the figurative meaning is that the future is always unknown and there are many factors that can influence it.

turn 2 : In this turn, the speaker is using sarcasm to imply that the reaction to Boise State losing one game is exaggerated and that there is always a chance for redemption in the future. The literal meaning of "therefore their entire future has been destroyed" is not true, but the speaker is using hyperbole to make a point. The actual meaning is that losing one game is not the end of the world, and there is always the possibility of improvement in the future.


No, wow.

Well, all right. So, let's get to your best political conversation of the week.

You know, it's about John McCain. Everybody in town just watched as McCain came back, and it was very low key. And not only was it at low key; there was a sense of, you know, sadness about it. There he was; suddenly Joe Lieberman's over arguing with the Democrats and trying to get back in with the Democrats and retain his position, in terms of a leader on the Democratic side, no longer hanging around with John McCain. The right wing of the Republican Party never wanted much to do with John McCain, and so they're not rallying to him; they're not offering him any leadership position. So, John McCain is kind of out there on his own, and everybody is saying, you know, what's to come of John McCain?And the answer is, you know, John McCain will try to be his own man, but the fact is he's a man really without a country in the U. S.  Senate at this moment.

NPR news analyst Juan Williams, always a pleasure.

turn 0 : B is impressed or surprised by what A said.

turn 0 : B is asking A if he/she thought carefully before doing something.

turn 0 : B is surprised or impressed by what A just said

turn 0 : B wants A to explain what makes the agreement better


No, wow.

turn 2 : McCain campaign is facing a difficult challenge from Obama

turn 2 : John McCain is facing political isolation and uncertainty in the Senate

turn 2 : McCain already has a team of potential cabinet members lined up.

turn 2 : John McCain is doing well in the Republican primaries.

turn 2 : Senator McCain needs to connect with ordinary people and their interests, especially on pocketbook issues like healthcare, energy, and taxes.


Well, that is a great question. And the real question here - and the son of the famed Northern Alliance commander Ahmad Shah Massoud this week is actually hedging his bets. He is bringing together on Wednesday an anti-Taliban coalition. They say they're going to fight the Taliban politically and militarily, if necessary - really kind of an indication that the Afghans aren't sure that they can trust the Taliban at all. Leila, while these negotiations have begun going on for nine months, the Taliban have continued to fight on the ground trying to increase their leverage on the battlefield so that they would have more influence at the negotiating table. And so Afghans aren't sure whether this - any peace agreement will mean the fighting is going to stop.

So then what does that mean for Afghanistan's upcoming presidential elections scheduled for later this month?

Well, President Ghani has insisted these elections should go forward. But this week, Abdullah Abdullah, his main contender and his chief executive officer, has said, he's ready to quit the elections for the sake of peace and that kind of throws things into question. So far, we understand the elections are going forward. Election materials are being distributed now as we speak. The elections are only four weeks away. And it - what's really uncertain is whether the Taliban who have vehemently opposed these elections have said that they will attack anything associated with the elections whether they're trying to make this a condition for further talks with the Afghans, which is the next step in this process.

That's reporter Jennifer Glasse in Kabul. Jennifer, thank you.

turn 0 : Hedging bets could result in supporting the losing side.

turn 0 : to be at odds means that you disagree with someone and argue about it

turn 0 : It's not betting but making sure that his chance has a better chance of succeeding.

turn 0 : has a literal meaning of "Yes, the numbers aren't looking good for the person," but its actual meaning is "It looks like the person isn't likely to succeed."


Joined by David Albright, he's president of the Institute for Science and International Security, speaking with us from Germany. Mr.  Albright, thanks so much for being with us.

Glad to be here.

We're a weekly show, so let let's go back a few days. Before North Korea said it would fire test missiles near Guam, before President Trump said the U. S.  is locked and loaded or vowed fire and fury, there was the news that North Korean had figured out how to put a nuclear bomb on a missile. Now, that's despite talks under the Bush administration or the 1994 deal with the Clinton administration. What's to be done?

Well, I think one is that I think there's time. I mean, the goal, I think, of everybody is to get negotiations going that can lead to denuclearization. People don't want North Korea to have nuclear weapons. It's just too dangerous, and it could cause further proliferation in the region and just constantly create instability that could lead to the use of nuclear weapons. So I think the goal is clear. How to get there is very difficult. And the Washington Post story kind of created a shock that somehow we don't have the time, that we're already in the bull's-eye of North Korea's nuclear weapons. As we sit in Seattle or. . .

turn 2 : In turn (4), the literal meaning is that North Korea's nuclear capabilities are something to be reckoned with and the speaker is asking why we shouldn't be concerned about this one move. However, the actual meaning is that the speaker is asking for an explanation as to why the reassembling of the site should not be a cause for concern, despite the fact that North Korea's nuclear capabilities are usually considered a threat.

turn 2 :  (2) Implied meaning: The US is in a difficult situation with North Korea and Russia, and the president's actions have made it even more difficult.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of (4) is asking what North Korea wants to achieve with nuclear weapons. The implicated meaning is questioning why North Korea wants nuclear weapons in the first place.

turn 2 : Before North Korea said it would fire test missiles near Guam, before President Trump said the U.S. is locked and loaded or vowed fire and fury, there was the news that North Korean had figured out how to put a nuclear bomb on a missile."  In this turn, the literal meaning is that North Korea made an announcement about firing test missiles near Guam and President Trump made statements about being prepared for conflict. However, the implicated meaning is that there were significant events and developments regarding North Korea's nuclear capabilities that preceded these recent announcements.


Glad to be here.

turn 3 : Well, I think one is that I think there's time... And the Washington Post story kind of created a shock that somehow we don't have the time, that we're already in the bull's-eye of North Korea's nuclear weapons."  The literal meaning of this turn is that there is a perception that there is enough time to engage in negotiations for denuclearization, and a Washington Post story caused concern that time is running out and the threat of North Korea's nuclear weapons is imminent. However, the implicated meaning is that the perception of having enough time for negotiations is in contrast to the urgent and imminent threat posed by North Korea's nuclear weapons. The Washington Post story has highlighted the need for immediate action.

turn 3 : (4) A: "And I believe there's a moment - a conjunction of factors that call for a pivot to serious diplomacy." - The literal meaning would be that the speaker thinks it's time to switch to more serious diplomacy with North Korea. However, the implied meaning is that the speaker believes that the current situation with North Korea calls for a change in approach and a greater emphasis on diplomacy rather than military action or acquiescence to North Korea's nuclear capabilities.

turn 3 : In turn (4), the literal meaning is that North Korea's nuclear capabilities are something to be reckoned with and the speaker is asking why we shouldn't be concerned about this one move. However, the actual meaning is that the speaker is asking for an explanation as to why the reassembling of the site should not be a cause for concern, despite the fact that North Korea's nuclear capabilities are usually considered a threat.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of (4) is asking what North Korea wants to achieve with nuclear weapons. The implicated meaning is questioning why North Korea wants nuclear weapons in the first place.

turn 3 : The situation in Pyongyang is extremely unclear and difficult to understand


They have a really good chance. They could pick up as many as a half dozen or more seats. And this is incredibly important for them this year because we're heading into 2020, when there will be a census that will affect redistricting. This is how Republicans sort of got in the really good position that they were in. They won a ton of governors' races in 2010. They controlled redistricting in very important states. So they were able to draw congressional maps to their liking. You know, we've already seen good signs for Democrats when it comes to this. They've flipped a ton of state legislative seats. And so it's a good sign for Democrats. This map is really for them.

What states are you watching heading into this last month of the campaign?I mean, where are the really tight races?

So there's a couple of pickup opportunities for Democrats that look like really sure things - Illinois, New Mexico, Michigan. I say some of the really tight races are Florida and Georgia. Florida is always, you know, the perpetual swing state. Andrew Gillum was sort of the surprise nominee there. He's a progressive.

Yeah - African-American mayor from Tallahassee.

turn 0 : it is a metaphorical field, it just means there are not as many candidates running for the election as there was in the past because some decided not to continue running

turn 0 : People who usually would vote for the Republican candidate are considering voting for Hillary Clinton instead.

turn 0 : To the right means politically right wing, not that they are actually sitting on the right

turn 0 : It is the number of people voted in that are of a particular party, not an actual seat.

turn 0 : There is a possibility of an election despite no official announcement yet.


I suppose worth noting - the - these were young women at the time that they were employed working in factories. Not. . .

Teenagers, many of them. Yeah.

Teenagers - I mean, how young were some of them?

Well, the youngest - records show that the youngest were 11.

turn 2 : This turn is literal in meaning, as it is a straightforward question asking about the speaker's children.

turn 2 : Turn (2) implies that the speaker has no opinion on the subject but is interested in hearing the opinions of others and is marveling at the idea of how much can change in 40 years.

turn 2 :  (3) is not a meaningful statement, so its actual meaning is different from its literal meaning.

turn 2 : Turn (3) is an example of a statement whose meaning is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is not actually asking about the ages of the women, but rather expressing surprise or concern about how young some of them were.


Right. I don't think we're at the stage of a full sectarian civil war, but we're certainly moving in the direction of greater sectarianism. The government is pushing this to some extent by doing some ethnic cleansing of villages where there's mixed Alawites and others, and they want to get the Sunnis mostly out.

Should they need to retreat to those regions, they want them fully Alawite.

Well, that's one theory. I think the idea of an Alawite state, where Assad and the Alawites can retreat, is not realistic, it wouldn't work, it wouldn't last. But they have to work out some kind of system, ultimately, where all Syrians can live together, which is how they've always done it.

You don't have a history of sectarian tensions in Syria like you do in some other countries. But you never also had a history of real democracy either. So they've never had a chance to work out a democratic system for power-sharing. The Iraqis are going through the same thing right now, huge demonstrations by Sunnis against the Shiite-led government. The Kurds are more or less on their own in the North.

turn 0 : to move around in this context means to move from place to place, like moving from one house to another

turn 0 : to approach someone with something in this context means you are showing them something

turn 0 : to move in direction in this context means to change something

turn 0 : (1) has an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The literal meaning is that the speaker is asking if there is any sign of improvement in the situation being discussed, but the implied meaning is that the situation is bad and the speaker is hoping for some positive news or indication that things will get better.

turn 0 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer


Well, thanks for having me.

You're at the start of your book tour, maybe midway. You have been saying in interviews you don't think you'll ever coach again.

I don't and I'm basically trying to motivate myself to not only put closure on a career but to get going with something else. I've said for years idleness is the devil's workshop. So I always tied up my day, every minute of the day from 6 a. m.  to late at night with basketball, scouting, recruiting. And now I wake up at 6 o'clock and put on my gym shorts, and there's no place to go.

You still give, I gather, motivational speeches and make appearances, don't you?

turn 1 : The interview or conversation is coming to an end and the speaker needs to conclude.

turn 1 : The interviewer reminds the speaker of what they've been saying, which is different from what the speaker is saying now.

turn 1 : interviewer is asking if he is ready to start the interview again

turn 1 : the literal meaning is that the interviewer asks if recent events and debates make a scene in a book more significant.


Absolutely. I think some Republicans have. The administration has missed a political opportunity to expand their base. They're speaking to a very small portion of the Republican base, and it's a big missed opportunity for them.

You engaged with President Obama and the Democrats on this issue. Explain how you did that.

I was asked by the State Department to travel to India and Germany and meet with mayors in those countries to talk about what the U. S.  is doing and, in the case of India, to encourage those local mayors to influence President Modi of India to actually come to Paris and sign the agreement. That was up in the air for a long period of time.

You know, what the mayors in India told me, for instance, was that the U. S. 's leadership means a lot. It helps them get to where they want to be, and that's probably my greatest fear with this change, is that some of these countries won't come along. And so my message to those mayors I spoke with in India today would be - simply because the federal government isn't going to make progress, our mayors are going to continue to make progress. We're going to keep our word. We're going to honor the commitments made and continue to improve the air quality and reduce our carbon emissions in each of our cities.

turn 3 : "keep our word" - this is a figurative expression meaning to fulfill a promise or commitment, rather than literally retaining the ability to speak.

turn 3 : to get word on something means that you were told something by someone

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The way people communicate can reveal their values, beliefs, and attitudes, and understanding these can help build stronger relationships and resolve conflicts.

turn 3 :  implies that the interlocutor agrees with the previous statement and is encouraging the speaker to continue talking.

turn 3 :  Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples.


Is this a book about how someone becomes a terrorist?

In part. I talk about this as a sort of - as a Genesis moment for the book. But I remember distinctly I was watching this interview with a foreign affairs expert. And it was in the wake of the - there had been these sort of protests in an Afghan village against the U. S.  military presence in Afghanistan.

And the interviewer's question was something along the lines of, why do they hate us so much?And as part of his answer, this expert noted that sometimes the U. S.  forces have to go conduct these nighttime raids in these villages. And when they do this, they'll sometimes have to hold the women and children up at gunpoint. And they'll tear the places apart. And then he added, you know, in Afghan culture, this sort of thing is considered very offensive.

And I thought, you know, name me one culture on earth that wouldn't consider this sort of thing offensive?And so part of the book is - has to do with this idea that we all suffer the same way, and we become damaged by suffering in the same way regardless of which part of the world we grew up in or what we believe.

turn 1 : The implied meaning in turn (2) is that the author created the book out of a desire to educate young black people about their cultural history, which they may not have learned from mainstream media sources such as hip-hop videos.

turn 1 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply an acknowledgement or agreement, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker may not be fully engaged or interested in the conversation. It could be interpreted as a way of signaling disinterest or a desire to move on to a different topic.

turn 1 : (2) The literal meaning of this turn is a simple question, but the implied meaning is that the speaker wants to know what actions can be taken to address the issue being discussed and is seeking guidance or suggestions.

turn 1 : The literal meaning: The speaker mentions that they discuss this as a significant starting point or origin for the book. The implied meaning: The speaker suggests that this event plays a crucial role in shaping the themes or direction of the book.

turn 1 : The turn that has an actual meaning different from its literal meaning is (2). The speaker is not talking about physically diving into something, but rather delving into the topic of a new class of online retailer that uses Shopify and AliExpress. The implied meaning is that the speaker has started researching and investigating this topic in depth


turn 1 : The literal meaning of the statement is that the speaker talks about the genesis of the book and how they were inspired to write it. The implicated meaning is that the speaker was motivated to write the book by their observations about the U.S. military presence in Afghanistan and the reactions of the Afghan people to it.

turn 1 : The implied meaning in turn (3) is that the author saw a lack of knowledge among young people in their community about their own cultural history and wanted to address this deficit by creating a book with images and information about that history.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of this turn is that the tribal aspect of this conflict has triggered the most horrific aspects of this war. The implied meaning is that the tribal divisions are at the root of the war and are responsible for the extreme violence.

turn 1 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply asking for a description of the current situation, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker is expressing frustration or confusion about the conflicting messages they have heard from President Trump regarding the removal or retention of U.S. forces in Syria. It could be interpreted as a way of questioning the credibility of the information that has been provided so far and seeking clarification or a more definitive answer.


turn 2 : The turn (2) "did you ever look at him across the table and say, don't treat me like Hamid Karzai" is an example of figurative language, as it uses a metaphor to convey a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation. Hamid Karzai is a former President of Afghanistan and the metaphorical use here is to suggest that the speaker felt like they were being treated unfairly or without respect by the person being referred to.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker might be implying a hidden agenda or ulterior motive behind their words, actions, or decisions, without making it explicit.

turn 2 : The literal meaning: The expert states that in Afghan culture, the described actions are perceived as highly offensive. The implied meaning: The expert implies that such actions are universally considered offensive and not limited to Afghan culture.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is indirectly suggesting that they have personal experience or knowledge related to the topic being discussed, and are subtly trying to convey their expertise without appearing arrogant.


And I went into Washington Park on Chicago's south side and met some retired African-American men who were spending their days fishing and who really were living history for me. You know, I had these books, but they would give me the ins and out of the black political machine, the state of race relations in the city. And everything that I was reading in these textbooks seemed dead because they could say exactly the same thing with so much more spirit, and I wanted to find a way to spend time with folks like that instead of just asking them a few questions and hoping they could give me short answers.

They basically told you, okay, I'm glad you talked to us, but talk to some younger guys. So what did you do?

So they sent me to a few neighborhoods. I constructed a survey, and I said okay, let me go see if I can start up some conversations. I went to the Robert Taylor Homes, a very poor public-housing development in Chicago. And I walked into this stairwell, and I met this street gang that was selling drugs in the stairwell, and they wondered who I was, and they thought I was a gang member, and they thought I was a Mexican gang member.

They started calling me Julio, and I administered the survey to them, and they just laughed. And they thought, okay, you must be from another gang because nobody's going to ask stupid questions like this. They kept me there, and I had. . .

You had multiple-choice questions like how do you feel being poor and black?

turn 0 : The success came quickly with one book after writing for many years.

turn 0 : The subject matter of the memoir is controversial and intriguing

turn 0 : The details in the Tom Swift books are surprisingly accurate.

turn 0 : B wants to know more about the writer's personal journey, but also wants to understand how the writer's experiences may have shaped their writing

turn 0 : The experiences and stories of real people can offer more insight and authenticity than textbooks


I fear there could still be a lot of fighting with many, many thousands of men armed to the teeth with no option but to fight or die. It will also threaten the lifeline that 12,000 humanitarian colleagues - our collective lifeline is very fragile to 2 million people in non-government-controlled areas in the north.

Is the deal in effect now?Is there a deadline?

Well, these are decisive days because between now and mid-October, the buffer zone is supposed to be established. That, in a way, will hold back any ground offensive by the Syrian army and allied forces. Presumably, there will be fighting - these groups. Al-Nusra have said that they will not leave their positions. So there will be fighting now first in the buffer zone, possibly, and then later on in other parts of Idlib.

Jan Egeland is secretary-general of the Norwegian Refugee Council and a special adviser to the U. N. Thanks so much for being with us, sir.

turn 0 : People that are in the area of the conflict while it is happening.

turn 0 : they are trying to imply they want peace not war instead

turn 0 : A is concerned about the possibility of violent conflict with no other options.

turn 0 : A is advocating for social and political change.

turn 0 : A implies that the process of political maneuvering can be absurd and comical to an outside observer.


So you just said that hitting hospitals would be the primary target of any military operation. Did I understand you correctly?

That's perfectly correct. When there is an intent to displace people, then hospitals start to get targeted and in a pattern that's very predictable. We've seen it before in Aleppo. In addition to putting those hospitals in underground structures or in caves hospital (ph), we share the location, the coordinates of these hospitals with the U. N.  agencies, with Russia, with the United States, as they both are leading the humanitarian task force in Syria.

So everybody is aware of the locations of those hospitals. And last week for example, going back to what's going on in Idlib, when you have 12 hospitals hit in a small area, when they're struck and they're damaged directly, you realize that this is beyond just collateral damage and beyond just a limited-scale operation.

Are these bombings of medical facilities that you describe causing the health care system, what's left of it, to collapse?

turn 1 : Despite efforts to shelter them, hospitals in Syria are being targeted during military operations.

turn 1 : Military interventions often escalate beyond their original scope.

turn 1 : Military operations intentionally target hospitals during displacement of people.

turn 1 : The militias have amplified the outbreak of the virus by delaying healthcare workers from reaching affected areas.


And now it's letter time. Our editor, Sasa Woodruff, is here with me. Hey, Sasa.

Hey, Farai. How's it going?

I'm doing fabulously. So, what are folks saying this week?

Well, our series on race and our discussions on California's measure to ban gay marriage got the most hits this week. Jenny Livingston(ph) in Brooklyn, New York wrote in after hearing one of our discussions about Prop 8. She wrote: As a supporter of the Obama campaign, I was ecstatic about the Obama victory. Then the news the next day about Prop 8 and about other civil rights setbacks for lesbian and gay and transgender families flavored our victory with more than a dash of bittersweet. I like your piece the other day, as I always like your show. But I think it could have gone much deeper. The question I wanted to hear more directly addressed was, is the black community and Americans at large open to seeing gay, lesbian, transgender rights as a civil rights issue?

turn 3 : Then they changed the topic to President Obama

turn 3 : George H.W. Bush had a lot of preparation and experience for presidency

turn 3 : Artists are portraying Obama as a symbol of hope

turn 3 : The victory of Obama was flavored with sadness after Prop 8.

turn 3 : Obama is not yet in power but is being kept informed of the situation


Wouldn't you like to know?

I would.

They are being very, very discreet, and they're not telling anybody anything. And I think the usual conclusion from that is that they're not doing things with it that we would be pleased about. One of the things that they appear to have done with it is pay out $1. 6 billion in bonuses and other benefits to executives, which obviously is not something that would have gone over very well. From the banks' perspective, obviously, they will say, hey, wait a minute. We don't put the taxpayer money in a particular bucket and then use that to make certain things. It just all goes into a big cash bucket, and obviously, we have to pay our people. But no, we're not going to give you details on that or anything else even though it's your money.

But they are supposed to use it, or at least the intent of the legislation was for them to use it, to loosen the credit squeeze, to ease up credit and to lend to one another.

turn 2 : Using "a quarter" to mean money is a non-literal meaning.

turn 2 : There is no literal bucket - it just means that there is a collection of cash in a bank or something.

turn 2 : Pouring money is a metaphor, not literal. It just means the government gave a lot of money to the bank, who spent a lot on bonuses and dividends.

turn 2 : "And no one's above the law. This guy's family has got $2.7 billion." - Literal meaning: The person's wealth is irrelevant to the statement that no one is above the law. Actual meaning: None. This turn is meant literally.

turn 2 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer


Wouldn't you like to know?

I would.

turn 3 : The new terms of the loan are unfavorable.

turn 3 : Credit is important for farmers to survive and the credit crunch has made it more expensive and difficult to obtain

turn 3 : to loosen the credit squeeze means that credit is very harsh and it needs to be less harsh in this context

turn 3 : Despite having a good credit history, the credit was not available on time and it caused a lot of inconvenience

turn 3 : Passing this bill may not be enough to improve the credit market.


It's always right to do right. And I basically was in it because I feel the Lord had me in it. It was a work of righteousness which was a work of God. And that's - I think that's why the movement can't be killed - 'cause it's the work of God.

We asked Bishop Woods to take us upstairs at the A. G.  Gaston Motel to the room where he recalls talking to Martin Luther King.

We went upstairs to go to his room.

The stairs of the Gaston are scuffed from rain and time. The windows are boarded. The rooms are bare and dark. It's a little like looking into the wreck of a great, old ship and trying to imagine the people who are now gone and the way they changed our lives.

turn 3 : The turn whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning is (4) "He said to the sailors who were with him, he said, you men are young.I've lived the major part of my life; I'm willing to go."

turn 3 : "It's a little like looking into the wreck of a great, old ship and trying to imagine the people who are now gone and the way they changed our lives." The literal meaning is that the scene being described is similar to looking at an old, abandoned ship and trying to imagine its history. The actual meaning, however, is that the scene is nostalgic and evokes a sense of loss for the people who once occupied the space and made an impact on the speaker's life.

turn 3 : The actual meaning of (3) is, A is expressing a feeling of sadness and nostalgia over the loss of a loved one.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of (4) is that Tracy Letts watched his family suffer when he was 10 years old, but the implied meaning is that the experience had a lasting effect on him and shaped his life and art.

turn 3 :  "I don't know that story" - This turn has a literal meaning, which is that the person speaking is not familiar with the story being referred to.


Yes, ma'am.

So locked down, and what is the forecast for the Christmas shopping season?

It's going to be negative for the first time in many, many, many years. The consumer just can't spend money. Consumer bankruptcies are on the rise. Consumers have 14 trillion in debt, negative saving. They can't pay their credit card bills. They can't pay their home loans. They can't pay their auto loans. The banks are not offering financing. They've got a negative wealth effect from housing to the tune of 8 trillion. The consumer is in lock down. They just don't have money.

Well, any bright spots out there because they do have to spend money on some things. Maybe the dollar stores are doing well?

There's definite bright spots. If you're Wal-Mart, you're doing fine. If you're Costco, you're doing fine. If you're Family Dollar, you're doing fine. If you're Dollar Tree, you're doing fine.

turn 2 : Many people are losing their jobs and companies are going bankrupt.

turn 2 : The economic change has been very destructive to everyone and everything.

turn 2 : The restaurant industry is struggling due to economic hardships.

turn 2 : The economy is doing very poorly, and consumers are struggling to pay their debts and bills.

turn 2 : People aren't spending money due to the recession.


And some news from the art world now. The secretive artist Banksy is known for the political street art he paints in cities around the world. On Friday night, one of his paintings of a small girl and a heart-shaped red balloon just out of reach went to auction at Sotheby's in London and sold for almost $1. 4 million. But the room and, presumably, the painting's anonymous buyer were in for a surprise. I asked New York magazine's art critic Jerry Saltz to explain.

As it was being sold, and the hammer went down over $1 million, suddenly, it started to rumble and buzz, and the canvas sort of disappeared down into the frame and came out beneath it shredded. It was fantastic.

What was the reaction?

Well, I think people were horrified, amazed, shocked. The market is such a kind of dumb organism. People in the market buy what other people in the market buy. And suddenly, one of the things they are buying changed. So he pranked them. Maybe it is only a prank, but, God, it felt good.

turn 3 : The market is not the organism but the people that buy and sell are the organism.

turn 3 : This implies that A wouldn't want to kill the organism with the process he want to apply to take it portrait.

turn 3 : The use of synthetic biology is likely to be controversial as it involves scientists manipulating and creating living organisms.

turn 3 : The implication of this statement is that the scientific community needs to come together and use their collective power to push for change.

turn 3 : cross-pollinate implies to understand and digest things


Oh, yes. In the business environment where you have a rational time schedule, then you have more productivity per hour worked. In Spain, we are the last ones in Europe in productivity per hour.

I wonder what you'd say to Americans who may have a romantic view of the siesta, who on any given workday inhale a sandwich while they stand looking at their computer screen.

Well, that is terrible too. I think we need one hour to have lunch in a decent way. This is very good, but not two or three hours that we have here. The hope to be similar to you and all the European countries beside us because really we need that for health, for family. We will have more time for having this life that we want to have. And for sure, you could have also some more time to have the lunch which is healthier.

Nuria Chinchilla is an economist and professor of management at the IESE Business School in Barcelona. Thanks very much for joining us.

turn 3 : This turn does not have an implied meaning different from its literal meaning. It is a straightforward expression of gratitude towards Laura Sydell, the NPR correspondent.

turn 3 : Turn (4) implies that Nuria Chinchilla is thankful for being invited to the show and is concluding the interview.

turn 3 :  The implied meaning of this turn is that the guest is expressing gratitude for being invited to the show

turn 3 :  the literal meaning is that the host is thanking the guest for being with them. However, the actual meaning is that the host is ending the interview and thanking the guest for participating.

turn 3 :  implies that the speaker is expressing gratitude for the other person's time and attention.


They have to do this because if they don't do this, they end up rolling back into the dung pad. And there's a lot of beetles there, all competing for this very valuable resource, and it's very likely that they get their dung ball stolen after quite a fight often. So they must get away from the dung pad in a straight line. That's the quickest and the most efficient way of leaving the dung pad, and so it's critically important for them that they do this. And so the stripe of light in the sky helps them to do this. They can actually orient with respect to it and orient in straight line away.

So what happens when it's a cloudy night and they can't see the sky?They just don't go out that night?

No, they do but they roll in circles. So it's actually a very dangerous night indeed for dung beetles.

But thankfully, in South Africa where we were working, cloudy nights are not all that common.

turn 1 : The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker enjoyed the solitude of working at night, as it made them feel like a vampire who only came out when it was dark and disappeared again when the sun rose.

turn 1 : He is implying that the beetles will be blind at night.

turn 1 : He is just trying to get people to laugh around Halloween by telling a joke.

turn 1 : He was having a hard time thinking of an idea and then saw something.


Honestly, it looks totally different than a Porsche looks like today. It looks more like a carriage.

Now, why was this powered by electricity as opposed to gas?

In the time when Ferdinand Porsche invented the first cars, there were three engine types competing to each other. This was gas, steam and the other engine was electrical power. And for Ferdinand Porsche, his true interest was in the field of electricity, and so he was very keen on creating very efficient electrical cars.

Efficient, so that was a consideration even then, in 1898?

turn 1 : The actual meaning of this statement is that it is asking why the combustion engine became the predominant power supply for cars instead of the electric engine.

turn 1 : In turn (2), B's question implies that there is a specific reason or advantage for using electricity instead of gas to power the vehicle. The underlying meaning could be that B wants to explore the advantages or benefits of electric power in comparison to gas power.

turn 1 : (2): Implied meaning: Would the energy companies be opposed to this idea?

turn 1 : (2) The literal meaning of this turn is a simple question, but the implied meaning is that the speaker wants to know what actions can be taken to address the issue being discussed and is seeking guidance or suggestions.


turn 3 :  The actual meaning of these turns is that A and B are inquiring whether the car has been used and tested, not just looked at.

turn 3 : In turn (4), B's response implies that the concept of efficiency was not commonly associated with automobiles in 1898. The underlying meaning could be that B is surprised or impressed that Ferdinand Porsche had already considered efficiency as an important factor in car design at that early stage.

turn 3 : The actual meaning of this statement is that it is asking why the combustion engine became the predominant power supply for cars instead of the electric engine.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of (3) is a simple expression of agreement, while the implied meaning is that the speaker is amazed by the story of Steve Dalkowski's feats.

turn 3 : In turn (4), the statement suggests that despite the appearance of a positive sign, the comments from the British Foreign Secretary indicate that the situation is more challenging and difficult to resolve than it may seem. The literal meaning of the words may convey a positive outlook, but the implied meaning highlights the potential obstacles and complexities involved.


I stopped the clocks because, A - my contract was running out, and, yes, I am eligible for retirement 'cause I'm 72 now. But the hand-wound ones, they're big cast iron weights. If the weights, when they run out, fell over, it would take three men to reconnect all the wires going through the pulleys and things, so it was on a safety grounds that I stopped them.

Why did you stop both hands at 12?

Well, I stopped them at 12 o'clock because every time I get a clock on my working license, and my father-in-law before me, people seem to think, oh, that clock is at 12 o'clock. And they look at their watch or something, and they'll say, oh, it's stopped. Whereas if I left it at any time, they don't seem to pick it up quick enough.

Well, Mr.  Mitchell, may I ask, are there a lot of other people doing a job like yours or is that number dwindling these days?

turn 0 : "I stopped the clocks because [...] so it was on a safety grounds that I stopped them." Here, the literal meaning of "stopped the clocks" is to prevent them from continuing to measure time. However, the actual meaning is that the clocks were intentionally stopped for safety reasons related to the weight system.

turn 0 : "and that was the beginning of the fatalities." - The implied meaning here is that the fall resulted in people dying, rather than just being the start of a sequence of events.

turn 0 : at the end of the day means something is likely going to happen or what happens after everything else.

turn 0 : last minute means to basically to do what you are meant to do close to a due date.

turn 0 : The pilot could have intentionally crashed the plane.


Why did you stop both hands at 12?

turn 2 :  "every time I get a clock on my working license [...] they'll say, oh, it's stopped." The literal meaning of "it's stopped" is that the clock is no longer measuring time. However, the actual meaning is that people mistakenly assume that the clock is stopped because it is set to 12 o'clock.

turn 2 : your time is up means that they have to talk about something else before the program ends

turn 2 : the time has flown means time went by fast.

turn 2 : last minute means to basically to do what you are meant to do close to a due date.

turn 2 : "Run out the clock" is not literal. There is no actual clock here, as in sports. Instead, it refers to delaying tactics where the "clock" would be the remainder of his time in office.


Why did you stop both hands at 12?

turn 2 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 2 : The literal meaning of (3) is a simple expression of agreement, while the implied meaning is that the speaker is amazed by the story of Steve Dalkowski's feats.

turn 2 : The actual meaning of (3) is that Mr. Mitchell stopped the clocks at 12 o'clock to make it easier for people to recognize that the clock was broken, as they would immediately notice that it was stopped at 12 o'clock, rather than at any other time.

turn 2 :  (3) is not a meaningful statement, so its actual meaning is different from its literal meaning.


Why did you stop both hands at 12?

turn 3 : "I'm doing well, but some people aren't. And let's talk about these figures and really, what is shifting in our economy right now in terms of the different sectors where people are losing these tens of thousands of jobs?" - The literal meaning is a statement about the current state of the economy and its impact on employment. The implied meaning is a suggestion to discuss the economic issues and the resulting job losses.

turn 3 : "are there a lot of other people doing a job like yours or is that number dwindling these days?" The literal meaning of "doing a job like yours" is performing a similar occupation. However, the actual meaning is whether there are still many people employed as clock repairers or if the profession is declining.

turn 3 : Everybody isn't struggling, but enough people are to make it notable that Person A is making money.

turn 3 : A lot of people are out of work and jobs are getting harder to find.


So when we are forced to cut, we have to decide which is the best way to do it. We can do a shallow cut, like 10 percent 20 percent of the full ration. Or we can do a deep cut if we think the contributions will not be coming in anytime soon. The difficulty with doing a deep cut is that over the longer period, of course, people will become malnourished. Their immune systems will be suppressed. And if the cuts continue, or they're getting absolutely no food from WFP, inevitably, over time, they will fall sick. And, ultimately, many people will perish.

So - I mean, forgive me. It's one thing to make appealing ads that people are in danger of starving to death. What you're saying now is, because there's a crunch for aid, people are in danger of dying slowly.

That's what, in the end, will happen to the most vulnerable. It's the women and the children who will go first. The difficulty about the situation confronting us in 2018, however, is that it comes on the heels of 2017, when the world really pulled itself together, and our donors and donors for other organizations stepped up and provided a lot of funding because we were facing what was said to be the greatest humanitarian needs. . .

Yeah.

turn 0 : (1) has an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The literal meaning is that the speaker is asking if there is any sign of improvement in the situation being discussed, but the implied meaning is that the situation is bad and the speaker is hoping for some positive news or indication that things will get better.

turn 0 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 0 : Turn (1) has a non-literal meaning. The speaker is suggesting that the cost of the program may be justified by its deterrent effect, even though it may not be cost-effective in terms of the number of arrests made.

turn 0 : (1) is the same as its literal meaning, which is explaining the decision-making process behind cutting rations in a situation where there is a shortage of aid.


Yeah.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at an underlying issue or concern that they are not comfortable discussing directly.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker has some reservations or doubts about the situation being discussed.

turn 1 : The speaker is acknowledging and agreeing with the previous speaker's statement, but does not provide any additional information or opinion. The meaning of this turn depends on the context of the conversation.

turn 1 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply asking for a description of the current situation, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker is expressing frustration or confusion about the conflicting messages they have heard from President Trump regarding the removal or retention of U.S. forces in Syria. It could be interpreted as a way of questioning the credibility of the information that has been provided so far and seeking clarification or a more definitive answer.

turn 1 : (2) is different from its literal meaning. While the speaker is apologizing for their question, the implied meaning is that they are skeptical about the severity of the situation and the potential consequences of aid shortages.


Yeah.

turn 2 : In turn (4), the statement suggests that despite the appearance of a positive sign, the comments from the British Foreign Secretary indicate that the situation is more challenging and difficult to resolve than it may seem. The literal meaning of the words may convey a positive outlook, but the implied meaning highlights the potential obstacles and complexities involved.

turn 2 :  Implied meaning: There is a fear of the spread of Zika, malaria, cholera, and other diseases due to the lack of access to aid.

turn 2 : (3) The implied meaning is that there is a great sense of uncertainty and concern about what will happen next, and it's not clear whether the situation is still a political game or has escalated to military brinksmanship. The literal meaning is consistent with this implied meaning.

turn 2 : (3) is different from its literal meaning. While the speaker is describing the vulnerability of women and children in a humanitarian crisis, the implied meaning is that despite the significant amount of funding provided in 2017, the situation has worsened in 2018 and there is still a critical need for aid.


Yeah.

turn 3 :  (3) is not a meaningful statement, so its actual meaning is different from its literal meaning.

turn 3 : (4) is the same as its literal meaning, which is a brief acknowledgement of what was just said.

turn 3 :  (4) is an expression of surprise. The implied meaning is an expression of admiration.

turn 3 : None of the words in turn (4) have a different meaning from their literal meanings.


I assume, Sean, you're not going to have anyone there kind of pulling in the CNN-type touchscreen - pulling up results from various provinces. When might we get a really solid indication of who the next president of Afghanistan will be?

You're right. It is going to take some time here. We should start to get some basic, preliminary results in the coming days. But the actual count won't be completed until April 20. But once that's released, there's going to be several weeks of challenges, and a period where another body evaluates fraud and complaints and challenges from candidates. And May 14th is when the final, certified results of today's vote will actually be released. And most analysts are convinced that there's no chance any of the candidates will get more than 50 percent of the vote today, which means the top two candidates will go to a runoff, probably to be held sometime in June; meaning, we're looking at sometime late summer, early fall, actually, before we know who the next president of Afghanistan's going to be.

NPR's Sean Carberry in Kabul. Thanks so much.

Thank you, Scott.

turn 0 : The actual meaning is that smartphones with touch capabilities have become very popular, not that handsets have literally taken off.

turn 0 : to get your hands on something is to buy something, or to touch something, in this case the person was getting a gun

turn 0 : "pulling in the CNN-type touchscreen" is not meant literally but figuratively. The speaker is referring to someone who can quickly access and display information from different sources, like a touchscreen on a news program.

turn 0 : In turn 1, the speaker is implying that they have an understanding of what it is like to be a spy, as they spend their day transforming into other people, and they must make their character and reality believable.

turn 0 : on and off means in this context that they are doing something then not doing something


Thank you, Scott.

turn 1 : (2) Implied meaning: Get enough votes to pass the legislation, no matter the number of votes required.

turn 1 : "the actual count won't be completed until April 20" is meant literally as it refers to the official count of the votes.

turn 1 : "Hanging fire" is an expression meaning to delay. Here, the issue is whether there's some issue that hasn't had an impact on the vote, but will do so before Election Day.

turn 1 : In (4), the speaker is implying that more people are choosing to vote early, not because they have to, but because they want to.

turn 1 : It is the number of people voted in that are of a particular party, not an actual seat.


Thank you, Scott.

turn 2 : thanking the NPR reporter, so it does not have a different actual meaning from its literal meaning.

turn 2 : "NPR's Sean Carberry in Kabul" is meant literally as it refers to the journalist's location.

turn 2 : The literal meaning: The expert states that in Afghan culture, the described actions are perceived as highly offensive. The implied meaning: The expert implies that such actions are universally considered offensive and not limited to Afghan culture.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of the statement is that the speaker talks about the genesis of the book and how they were inspired to write it. The implicated meaning is that the speaker was motivated to write the book by their observations about the U.S. military presence in Afghanistan and the reactions of the Afghan people to it.

turn 2 : has a literal meaning of "Glenn Thrush is the chief political correspondent of Politico," but its actual meaning is "Thank you for coming back to talk with us again."


Thank you, Scott.

turn 3 : expression of gratitude, as the speaker is thanking Alice Fordham for her report. Both turns have a figurative meaning that is different from their literal meanings.

turn 3 : The turn in (3) has an implied meaning of appreciation rather than a literal meaning of thanks.

turn 3 : you are welcome is implied in response to Thank you very much

turn 3 :  implies that the speaker is expressing gratitude for the other person's time and attention.

turn 3 : "Thanks so much" is not meant literally but figuratively as an expression of gratitude.


Yeah. So when Governor Richardson in 1994 - he was a young congressman, and he was in North Korea for his first visit. At that time, a helicopter was shot down by North Korea, and two American pilots were taken. One was killed upon the impact, and the other one was alive. And Governor Richardson stayed there on assignment by President Clinton to negotiate for two weeks.

And when he got the pilots back, he got an invoice. And that invoice included a lot of legitimate things - hotels, meals, transportation, fuel - and one line about ammunition. And the governor asked the North Koreans, what is this about?And they said, well, somebody needs to pay for the bullets we used to shoot down the helicopter.

So it's - again, it's not unique. And I have to say, we all followed last summer the return of American servicemen. We've been involved - the governor has been involved in this effort. We're currently involved in more of these. The North Koreans charge for those as well.

How are those payments understood in diplomatic terms?

turn 1 : China is willing to support North Korea's terrible regime to prevent its collapse and the horrible situation that might ensue

turn 1 :  (2) Implied meaning: The US is in a difficult situation with North Korea and Russia, and the president's actions have made it even more difficult.

turn 1 : The North Koreans are trying to make the US pay for the cost of shooting down the helicopter and for other services provided during negotiations and efforts to return American servicemen

turn 1 : North Korea's nuclear capabilities pose a direct threat to the United States.

turn 1 : The US military has evidence to support their claim.


Many of the trees were completely defoliated. It's crunchy leaves. It's trees uprooted. You see the moss has all dried. So it's a shock to the system. And it takes many, many years - could be a century or two when we see full recovery of tree species on those areas.

What about all of the animal life?Could you tell how badly it was affected if things survived?

We saw some birds that had died. And then, days later, we were able to see some of the birds kind of flying around. They're very, very visual because they have these bright greens and colors that you can pick up from the brown background. And they are just scavenging for fruits right now.

We mentioned that Puerto Rico depends heavily on rainfall coming through El Yunque. How does the defoliation of all the trees there affect the water supply?

turn 2 :  the figurative use of the phrase "flipping the bird" and the phrase's implication in New York City, respectively.

turn 2 :  In turn (4), the speaker describes the birds "flying" in the wind tunnel with the wind blowing in their faces, which is not a literal description of flight but rather an approximation of the experience.

turn 2 : The birds were trying to find food in the aftermath of the destruction caused by the storm.

turn 2 : Despite efforts to protect livestock, it's difficult to fully control predators and their impact on the herd.