Basically. Well, what hydrogen does is at soon as it escapes into the atmosphere it starts bonding with whatever it can find. You know either hydrocarbons or oxygen to create water or whatever. It doesn't sit in the environment once it leaks out, for example, out of a tank or whatever. It doesn't sit there, you know, waiting for something to happen. It moves very quickly, where as something like gasoline by comparison, does not do that.

How do you compare in terms of, you know, environmental impact and cost these developing hydrogen cars to hybrids like the Toyota Prius?

We'll, we're seeing things like the Prius that are already on the road and there are a number of other hybrids. We're developing a hybrid which will be on the road next year as well. Hydrogen is still in the development phase and so we're still a ways away from having vehicles on the road. So it's a little tough to make a direct cost comparison. I mean, the fleet of 100 hydrogen-powered seven series cars we've got on the road now were obviously very expensive to develop and to build just because of their very unique nature.

Who's your market?I mean, BMW is known a very quality brand, but that also means that your price point is probably above that of a lot of working folks who are commuters. So who do you find is your market?

turn 3 : BMW is interested in developing an internal combustion engine powered by hydrogen.

turn 3 : BMW's market for their cars is not working-class commuters.

turn 3 : The Big Three auto companies are facing financial difficulties.

turn 3 : THEIR VARITIES OF VEHICLES EXPLAINS THE CONDITION

turn 3 : Uber promised to make transportation more efficient and eco-friendly by getting more people in fewer cars on the road, but this promise has not been fully realized.


The charges are wire fraud, aiding and abetting and lying to the FBI. Now, the Department of Justice called this a brazen bribery scheme in a letter that came out today with the indictment. According to them, it involves a wealthy businessman, two of his associates and, as you mentioned, Robin Hayes. He's a former five-term congressman and currently still as of this moment leads the state Republican Party.

The indictment lays out in some very specific detail what amounts to an effort to gain favorable treatment from the state Department of Insurance. And allegedly the businessman, this man named Greg Lindberg, offered millions of dollars to the state insurance commissioner. His name's Mike Causey - the commissioner - who is also an elected Republican. And what they wanted - the business folks - in return were looser regulations and some control over personnel within the state Department of Insurance.

How did the alleged fraud come to light?

Well, according to federal prosecutors, it was the insurance commissioner himself, Causey, who had just been on the job for a few weeks, maybe a month or two who came to them in 2017. He had concerns about what he perceived were illegal campaign contributions, and he agreed to cooperate with them if there was an investigation. And of course there was this investigation. And it's unclear exactly what mechanism was used, but there are direct quotes throughout this indictment - phone conversations, in-person correspondence. So a lot of what is alleged to have happened in this conspiracy appears to in some form or fashion have been recorded.

turn 3 : The complaint was about someone that exposed something being done illegally by another person or group.

turn 3 : The President is worried about the contents of the report despite claiming exoneration and vindication.

turn 3 : implies that this sensitive information could be used by malicious individuals to blackmail federal employees.

turn 3 : The insurance commissioner reported concerns about illegal campaign contributions and cooperated with federal prosecutors to investigate the alleged fraud.

turn 3 : The emergency declaration was made just to access funding.


Well, first of all, you have to question your decision as to whether or not you're at the end of the road. You're in the road if somebody's hitting on you, no doubt about it, you're at the end of the road. But you have to really question, am I at the end of the road?Or am I just at the beginning of a road where I need help. You need to go to a marriage counselor to make sure that decision needs to be made.

In this current economic situation where houses have lost value, I mean, it's unique in that sense, sometimes, and that's usually the biggest asset that anybody has, that has, and there's been a study done on it recently, compelled people who would otherwise divorce to stay together. So once you have, made a decision that economically, it is not feasible, you have to make it emotionally reasonable, and you have to do something to address the emotional issues that you have because you simply cannot get out.

If you just had one sentence of advice for someone who really does think that they've reached the end of the road, but the other person in the relationship says no, we haven't. What would you say to that person?

Go to a marriage counselor. Go to a third party and work it because you don't know where it went wrong, probably.

turn 0 : The phrase "down the road" is a figurative expression meaning at some point in the future.

turn 0 : All the turns in this conversation appear to have their literal meanings, and there are no metaphors, figurative language or idioms used.

turn 0 : The implied meaning of the first turn is that people have become apathetic to the problems facing the city and are not taking action.

turn 0 : The road is a metaphor, not literal. It refers to the path a people take from a happy marriage to needing divorce. End of the road is the latter.


turn 2 : The phrase "down the road" is a figurative expression meaning at some point in the future.

turn 2 : The speaker is implying that the song was inspired by wanting to write a stereotypical country song about heartbreak and the wife leaving

turn 2 : There are no idiomatic expressions or figurative language in this turn.

turn 2 : Same "road" metaphor is repeated. End of the road means the marriage needs to end.


A lot of my time will be really spent spreading the good word about restorative justice. I also really want to deepen my understanding and lifting up of the indigenous roots from which much of restorative justice comes from and sort of the original teachings that come from Mennonite communities and my own faith tradition - the Tibetan system of justice prior to Chinese occupation - and so the roots in Buddhism there. These are the things that I think I'm really excited about having some time and space to research and learn more about. How do we bring these teachings and these learnings into our secular practices of justice-making in the United States?This seems like a good use of the time.

Well, congratulations. Keep us posted on what you do next. We can't wait to hear.

Thank you so much.

That's sujatha baliga. She is the director of the Restorative Justice Project at the Impact Justice Research Center in Oakland. This week, she became one of the latest recipients of the MacArthur Fellowship - the so-called Genius Grant - for her work in the area of restorative justice. Sujatha baliga, thanks so much for talking to us.

turn 0 : The food in a region is influenced by its religion and proximity to other countries.

turn 0 : People do not have roots but they do have places where they began something or where family is.

turn 0 : Buddhism is not actually planted but it was the first religion in the area that others came from.

turn 0 : All they have is the way of life that takes place outside of buildings.

turn 0 : A civilization that has become unknown to other civilizations over the years.


Do we know what was in these emails?What were they about?

It was basically a whole range of emails - the fast-moving events of the Arab Spring, Afghanistan, the war in Syria. One person told me that emails in question were summaries of cell phone conversations with foreign ministers that wanted to get urgent messages passed along to Hillary Clinton. So, you know, remember, it's cell phone conversations, so not on a very secure line.

One key point to tease out here is that the material here was not classified at the time the emails were sent, right?They were - it was retroactively classified.

That's right, and that's the big question that a lot of these diplomats have. You know, they were a dinner conversation with a bunch of foreign officials or with a bunch of foreigners, and they were writing back to this. Why would that be classified now?And that's a question that a lot of these people are having - why they were retroactively classified. And by the way, I should mention that some were told that they were retroactively classified in 2015, 2016, before the Trump administration came to office. Others didn't know when theirs were retroactively classified.

turn 2 : you don't really know that much about this.

turn 2 : It affected the young people's emotions when they saw what happened.

turn 2 : They would not do bad things were most people would find out about them.

turn 2 : The information does not boil down, but it gets to the most practical facts.

turn 2 : The key point is made to make people want to learn more about what happened.


One has to wonder why this had not surfaced before and wondered, too, if it might be connected to those controversial remarks that Sarah just referred to that he made last week with regard to abortion. That may have caused this to come to the surface in a way that in his political career heretofore - he was just elected governor in 2017 - it never did.

Ron, they're going to be 22 people at any one time on the field in the Super Bowl tomorrow. There might be more Democrats running for president than people in the Super Bowl tomorrow. In fact, you're going to announce an exploratory committee, aren't you?

(Laughter) I'm just going to go on a listening tour, Scott.

All right.

You know, Cory Booker is the latest Democrat to get in, but most of the conversation this last week was about Howard Schultz, who calls himself a longtime Democrat - lifelong Democrat - but who is talking about running as an independent.

turn 0 : to cover something in this context means to report on something

turn 0 : when something is made clear in this context it means that it is explained so people understand

turn 0 : give away in this context means to tell someone something without much warning, usually a secret

turn 0 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 0 : to surface in this context means that something has been kept secret but isn't anymore


I have many objections. I do want to say, I think whistleblowing is a very important function in democracy. The problem I'm seeing increasingly is that instead of careful curated whistleblowing that takes public interest into account, what we are seeing is these mass-hacked emails just being dumped without any consideration for the privacy of the people.

And there's a lot of personal information that is being exposed. What this does - and this is what scares me - is that this method is going to be used in the future to any political organization - dissident organizations - that are trying to challenge power. And what they're going to end up seeing is that their personal information is going to be dumped for the world.

It looks like the method that started as a way to bring more challenge to secretive elites is actually now evolving into a method that is going to be very destructive to the ecology of dissent.

Professor, I'm sure write dumb emails every day. But I was told a number of years ago by a lawyer - and I'll bet Hillary Clinton and Huma Abedin have been told this by high-price lawyers, too - you never write an email that you wouldn't be willing to see on the front page of The New York Times.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a euphemism or understatement to convey a more significant or sensitive message.

turn 3 : The actual meaning of the third turn is that the speaker is implying that the current administration is trying to prevent important information from being released, and this is why they are pushing people to contact them with information.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of the fourth turn is that one should be careful when writing emails so that they wouldn't be embarrassed if they were published. However, the implied meaning is that one should be careful when writing emails because they may be exposed and used against them.

turn 3 : (4) is the same as its literal meaning, which is stating the range of submissions received by the literary magazine.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of this turn is that people might think news organizations are concealing information, but the actual meaning is that people might think news organizations should not be concealing information.


turn 3 : The actual meaning of turn 3 is "Thank you for joining us and providing information on the topic."

turn 3 : The actual meaning of this turn is to be aware of the potential consequences of what you write in emails and to be careful with what you say via email.

turn 3 :  implies that you should be mindful of the information you hear and stay informed.


Yeah, a big one.

Arguably, a full-time job outside the White House. So it's hard to see him fulfilling the in-house advisory role of the NSA. And critics are going to call Bolton's departure another high-profile example of how the Trump White House is basically a one-man show with occasional guest stars. But on substance, that quarreling you referred to, Bolton and the president clashed because Bolton wanted to aggressively confront U. S.  adversaries around the world. And the president seems more focused at this point on domestic politics and his reelection year.

Let's talk about the third Democratic debate, this one in Houston. Just 10 candidates this time. How do you think it compared to the previous shows?

From the consumer standpoint, there was improvement, Scott. You still had more contestants than are comfortable for a TV quiz show screen. But at least you knew these were the real contenders and not so many career builders and people bolstering their brands. The show was too long at three hours, but the format seemed relatively brisk. The candidates got to respond and engage. Also, the ABC moderators asked good questions and then stood back to let the candidates speak and interact, yet they never lost control of the proceedings and never actually intruded on them, either.

turn 1 : The president thinks that the media is out to ruin him and makes them out to be evil.

turn 1 : Congress is not doing its job and is passing their responsibilities to the president who then abuses his power

turn 1 :  This turn actually means that people should not expect to "love" Donald Trump as the Republican nominee, but should come together as a party to face the challenges that lie ahead.

turn 1 : Obama is already working before he is officially in office.

turn 1 : He would be fulfilling a government role and Trump makes it look like he does all of the work.


Yes, particularly when we were starting out science at the beginning of - I think what you would call middle school, about age 12. This, of course, was the mid-1950s. And in Britain at that time, girls were only expected to get married and keep house. So instead of getting a chance to go the science laboratory, we got directed to the domestic science room to learn cookery and needlework.

And how did you fight your way into the science classes?

My protestations weren't heard. But when I told my parents that first evening, they were extremely angry. And I think the headmaster's telephone got a little hot.

(Laughter) And then you went to university. And I also read that, you know, you would get cat-called and that it was not a very friendly environment for women.

turn 3 : "catnip" - figurative language meaning something that is appealing or attractive to a particular group

turn 3 :  (4) is an expression of surprise. The implied meaning is an expression of admiration.

turn 3 : Cat called means to have mean loudly say sexual things to you in front of others.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at a desire or need for help or support from the listener.


Controversies erupted around a condolence call made by President Trump to a grieving widow whose husband died in armed service to the United States. The president called Myeshia Johnson, widow of the late Sergeant La David Johnson who was one of four soldiers killed in an ambush this month in an operation in Niger. His body was found nearly a mile from the scene of the fight. And Sergeant Johnson is being laid to rest today. The call of the president to a widow seems to be remembered differently by everyone involved. We're joined now by Seth Moulton. He's a retired Marine Corps officer and a Democrat who represents northeast Massachusetts in Congress. Mr.  Moulton, thanks so much for being with us.

It's good to be here.

Representative Frederica Wilson of Florida said that the president upset a soldier's widow when he told her he knew what he signed up for. If I can follow this, she's been criticized by both the president and his chief of staff, General John Kelly - also a Gold Star father - for politicizing the issue, in their judgment. General Kelly said that phrase was one he suggested to the president because it had been said of Robert Kelly, the general's son, when he died.

Is it possible that everyone is just misunderstanding each other at a stressful time?

turn 2 : "But, you know, who knows?" - The literal meaning of this turn is simply acknowledging the uncertainty of the situation. The implied meaning, however, could be interpreted as a sarcastic remark indicating the speaker's lack of faith in the legal system's ability to keep information confidential.

turn 2 :  The phrase "he knew what he signed up for" is being interpreted and remembered differently by different individuals involved in the situation. The actual meaning of the phrase may vary depending on the context and the perspective of the people involved.

turn 2 : There were some personal problems, and he is trying to understand the reason behind them without being too direct.

turn 2 : "you know" is used as a filler phrase and does not add any literal meaning to the sentence

turn 2 : His memory had these girls staying the way they were and not changing into what they are now.


The federal investigations looming over the Trump administration kicked into high gear this past week, yielding legal consequences for not one but four of his associates. Former campaign Chairman Paul Manafort was convicted on eight counts in federal court while, at virtually the same time, Trump's personal lawyer Michael Cohen pleaded guilty and implicated the president. Add to that news that prosecutors reached immunity deals with two Trump allies - David Pecker, the publisher of the National Enquirer, and Allen Weisselberg, chief financial officer of The Trump Organization. To sort through what all this means, I'm joined by Anne Milgram, a former state and federal prosecutor and former attorney general of New Jersey. Welcome to the program.

Thanks for having me.

And let's talk about that immunity. Prosecutors have worked out deals to get cooperation from at least these two men that we know about. What's the upshot of that?

So the upshot with Pecker, I think, could be enormous for the government in terms of getting evidence about Donald Trump. We understand that he had - he's friends with Trump for 20 years or more and that they've had a long relationship. What I think is one of the most interesting questions here is not just that he's cooperated related to the Cohen piece but also what other evidence he may have. Were there other deals made?Were there other stories that they caught and killed, as they say in the business, where they pay people to not actually publish a story and not have it go public?So that, I think, is particularly interesting.

turn 0 : Kicked into high gear isn't literal. It's a phrase meaning the investigations started to produce some results and seemed likely to produce more.

turn 0 : The speaker uses 'literally' in a figurative sense.

turn 0 : kicked around means people are talking about it quite frequently

turn 0 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer


Thanks for having me.

turn 3 : This statement implies that the newspaper was taking extra precautions to ensure the accuracy of their reporting.

turn 3 : “The confessions were false” but not “The confessions were short and contained false-fed facts” which is the literal meaning of the turn.

turn 3 : Turn (3) describes the discovery of clues that led to the unraveling of the scandal, which is consistent with its literal meaning.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of this turn is that people might think news organizations are concealing information, but the actual meaning is that people might think news organizations should not be concealing information.

turn 3 : "Caught and killed" is not literal. It refers to newspaper stories being not being published due to interference from the subject of those stories.


Lawrence Bartley was 17 when he was convicted of second-degree murder. He spent the next 27 years in New York state prison until he was granted parole last year. Now he's on the staff of the news organization The Marshall Project. He has created a criminal-justice-focused print publication to distribute in prisons around the country. It's called News Inside. Lawrence Bartley, welcome to ALL THINGS CONSIDERED.

Thank you for having me.

Before we dive into the publication, I want to ask about your own story. A year ago, you were in Sing Sing. Now you are in New York City working for a national media organization. What's that been like for you?

It's absolutely mind-blowing, you know?Learning the hustle and bustle of the city and the train system and the technology has been a challenge at first. But I gave my mind towards conquering it, and I was able to do it, you know?And it feels good to be able to find my way around the city in the subway system. . .

turn 3 : A is in prison and has developed coping mechanisms to get through the day. He keeps himself busy and tries not to dwell on negative thoughts.

turn 3 : There are many obstacles to achieving a formal exoneration for Timothy Cole due to the addiction of the court system to convictions.

turn 3 : What I think is so interesting about looking at the life of someone like my grandfather over the course of nearly a century is that you see that there is a kind of ongoing momentum of change that exists throughout his life and that takes him and those alongside him in many different directions - This implies that change is an ongoing process that people must adapt to if they want to move forward.

turn 3 : Adjusting to life outside of prison has been a challenge, but he has successfully adapted.


You know, you've been criticized on both sides of the aisle, as they say now. I think some scientists are saying: Why did you publish - why didn't you publish it in legitimate, peer-reviewed journals first?

Oh, we're following the - I mean, we're following the tradition of science, which is that you distribute this widely to your peers before you publish it. Jim Hansen does the same thing. He puts his papers online. This is a tradition in the field.

Peer review means you present results in a public forum, you distribute pre-prints. Most of my important papers were widely distributed to other scientists far before they appeared. It's the best kind of peer review.

And you challenge anyone to come up with a better explanation.

turn 1 :  The implication of this statement is that it will be difficult to reach a consensus among the scientific community due to their diverse opinions

turn 1 : (3) When the speaker states that science is under attack, they are implying that politicians are misusing science to further their own agendas, rather than relying on scientific evidence to inform their decisions.

turn 1 : The implication of this statement is that the scientific community needs to come together and use their collective power to push for change.

turn 1 : "Oh, we're following the - I mean, we're following the tradition of science" - The actual meaning is that the speaker is defending the decision to not publish in peer-reviewed journals by saying it is a common practice in the scientific community, even though it may not be the best practice.


turn 2 : The speaker is asking the listener for their opinion about the article, and how it was received by the public.+++

turn 2 : A: Oh, that's another fine magazine.  This turn is an example of sarcasm. The speaker, A, uses the phrase "another fine magazine" to indicate that they do not believe that National Review is a fine magazine, despite what the previous speaker, B, has implied. The literal meaning of the phrase is positive, but the actual meaning, conveyed through the speaker's tone and context, is negative.

turn 2 : The speaker is implying that the initial positive buzz surrounding the book was overshadowed by the negative review and the controversy that followed.

turn 2 : "It's the best kind of peer review." - The actual meaning is that the speaker believes that distributing pre-prints and receiving feedback from other scientists is a valuable form of peer review, even though it is not the traditional peer review process of submitting a paper to a peer-reviewed journal.


Thanks so much for having me, Farai.

So this is a whole special issue on the issue of prisons. Your article talks about the economic impact the prison system is having on the nation. So what kind of money are we talking about?

We're talking about a tremendous amount of money that's being spent nationally and by the individual states, at least 55 billion dollars a year spent on our prison system, on every conceivable aspect of it. And the numbers are absolutely astonishing, as you mentioned.

Times like this, when the economies of states are in default, can states really afford this?

turn 1 : The cost of running prisons is diverting resources from other important areas such as healthcare and education.

turn 1 : The prison industry has become too expensive for some states to handle and rehabilitation is a possible solution

turn 1 : B is interested in learning about racial issues among inmates and whether there is a difference between county jails and state/federal prisons.

turn 1 : The topic of discussion is about the cost of prisons.

turn 1 : The states are considering new strategies to reduce prison population and save money for other budget priorities.


It looks like a stationary bike.

It was enamored with this lab. I'm just going to be honest. I thought it was the coolest lab.

Coolest lab in the world.

turn 1 : This is an idiomatic expression that refers to a selected video for the week, rather than a literal pick of a video.

turn 1 : In turn (3), the speaker is using the phrase "LHC stands for dark matter factory" figuratively, as the LHC is not literally a factory that produces dark matter particles. The speaker is expressing hope that the LHC will be able to detect or produce dark matter particles, which would help solve the mystery of dark matter.

turn 1 : "This is a fascinating piece of history and just to put this into some perspective, another Hasselblad camera that's sort of the direct lineage of this camera - that was said to have flown to the moon - sold earlier this year for nearly a million dollars." - Actual meaning

turn 1 : B: "And in your video - it's our Video Pick of the Week, which you have called the best laboratory in the world?" In this turn, the phrase "best laboratory in the world" is likely being used metaphorically to describe the quality or significance of the subject being discussed in the video, rather than referring to an actual physical laboratory.

turn 1 : Literally, this turn is a short response to A's previous statement about the time-lapse videos of human development. However, the implied meaning is that B understands and acknowledges A's previous statement about the videos featuring embryos, and is simply reiterating that fact.


It looks like a stationary bike.

Coolest lab in the world.

turn 2 : The scientists didn't actually run me out of the lab, but were very supportive.

turn 2 : (2) implies that A has a very tiring day in the lab and wants to finish the work quickly and go home.

turn 2 :  A: "It was enamored with this lab. I'm just going to be honest. I thought it was the coolest lab." In this turn, the phrase "enamored with this lab" and "coolest lab" are used figuratively to express a strong liking or admiration for the lab, rather than indicating a literal romantic or temperature-related meaning.

turn 2 : You take the unimportant things out of something beautiful and bring them to the lab.


You know, it's not fair to put the blame on the entire system. You know, we countlessly says in sexual assaults it's not a fraternity problem. It's not an alcohol problem. But we also can't be naive enough not to point out that there seems to be a theme happening where people have this groupthink and are able to hide behind a larger organization.

Can you give us any more insight as to what the conversation on your editorial board's been like?

We were shocked and disgusted when this information came out. You know, one of our first editorials was just somewhat emotional - us explaining that we are very frustrated that this has happened. We are disgusted. These actions are vile, and we, as a student newspaper, are putting our foot down. We're not going to stand for it. As more information has unfolded, specifically the anonymous interview that came out in Philadelphia magazine - that was another topic of one of our editorials.

I don't know that story.

turn 0 : "an attack on a small business" is a metaphorical expression for a physical attack on the business, as opposed to a verbal attack or criticism.

turn 0 : The phrase "it's also a campaign against collective silence"  has a non-literal meaning, as it does not refer to an actual physical campaign but rather a figurative one, meaning that the author's book aims to raise awareness and encourage people to break their silence on the topic.

turn 0 : "address the growing inequality crisis" - Literal meaning: to deal with the issue of inequality that is becoming more severe. Actual meaning: to take measures to reduce the gap between the rich and poor and provide support for those who are struggling.

turn 0 : to cover something in this context means to report on something

turn 0 : "hide behind a larger organization" - This phrase means that individuals use the larger organization as a shield to protect themselves from accountability. Its actual meaning is figurative, not literal.


I don't know that story.

turn 2 : The phrase "push you off to the side" is figurative and means to physically force someone to move out of the way. The speaker is using this expression to describe their aggressive driving style in Iraq, which is not acceptable behavior on American roads. The phrase "watch my attitude" is also figurative, as it means to monitor and control one's behavior and emotions rather than their physical posture or demeanor.

turn 2 : "putting our foot down" - This phrase means that they are taking a strong stance against something. Its actual meaning is figurative, not literal.

turn 2 : (2) The literal meaning of this turn is that A made a stand against the colleague, but the actual meaning is that A had the power to stand up for others but didn't.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker might be implying a hidden agenda or ulterior motive behind their words, actions, or decisions, without making it explicit.


I don't know that story.

turn 3 : The turn that has a figurative meaning is turn (4), where the speaker uses the phrase "remind us of your story" to mean "tell us about your experience with this issue". The literal meaning of "remind us of your story" would be asking the person to recall a previous narrative they had shared.

turn 3 : None of the turns in this conversation have a figurative or non-literal meaning.

turn 3 :  "I don't know that story" - This turn has a literal meaning, which is that the person speaking is not familiar with the story being referred to.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is implying that her character's story line on the show mirrored her own life experience.

turn 3 : has a figurative meaning, as it is implying a joke about the idea of Dame Stella turning her experiences into a novel.


There's no simple answer to that. What will happen, some of our experiments will be back up and running within two or three weeks. Some of the most complex genetic processes will probably take over a year to get back together. And, you know, disruptions like this push us to think hard about what we want to do and where we want to go.

So I think even though I wouldn't have chosen this - and it really is tremendously sad to have lost our partners in these mice - it's going to push us to think about some new directions which we might not have tried had this not happened. So there is a bit of a silver lining to that.

I wonder if your colleagues are as cheery about this, or at least as optimistic about it as you are.

You know, I've really been impressed and really hardened by the way everyone around me at NYU and people all over the world - I was talking to Ben Crowley(ph) of the New York Times, and I mentioned that I had gotten some 40-odd emails. That's doubled since then. And these are individuals who are offering to give me my own lines back, give me their own lines, to help me with space and resources, to literally take over my experiments until we get back on our feet.

turn 1 : The loss of their partners in mice experiments can lead to new research directions

turn 1 : The loss of mice was a great setback as they are vital for research purposes

turn 1 : mice play a crucial role in the scientific research conducted by the speaker.

turn 1 : The mice were intentionally infected to study the effect of bacteria, rather than catching an actual sinus infection.


turn 1 : they are performing experiments on mice, and the mice are all dead

turn 1 : The listener is surprised that the speaker is creating an actual, physical mouse with Beatrice's genetic variant for research purposes.


A busy week at the U. S.  Federal Reserve. The central bank announced it would end its stimulus program after six years. And later in the week, the Fed's chair, Janet Yellen, gave a speech about diversity in the field of economics. She said the profession, which seems to be dominated by white men, would benefit from a wider variety of viewpoints and pointed to what she called a leaky pipeline that's prevented women and minorities from making it into the top ranks of academia. We're joined now in our studios by labor economist Julianne Malveaux. Dr.  Malveaux, thanks very much for being with us.

DR.  JULIANNE MALVEAUX: It's absolutely a pleasure. Thank you, Scott.

What do you make of that leaky pipeline analogy?

It's absolutely the case. When you look at the research from the past, white males were the norm. It was not until the '70s that folks like Janet Yellen and others introduced women into, essentially, the research - just the research. I think that some of my work and others began to introduce black women, but by and large you're talking a white male space.

turn 1 : Pleasure to speak to you. (This is a polite way of expressing appreciation for the invitation to speak on the show.)

turn 1 : (2) -- Dr. Malveaux is expressing her pleasure at being invited to the show.

turn 1 : The speaker is expressing his appreciation and gratitude for the guest taking the time to be on the show.

turn 1 :  The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is thanking the guest for appearing on the show and expressing appreciation for their insight

turn 1 :  implies a respectful and grateful invitation to Professor Dredge to join the show, while


turn 3 : The notion of gender and race plays a significant role in the medical field.

turn 3 : Opinions on gender differences are subjective and not absolute, hence should not be generalized to all men and women

turn 3 : This statement implies that the interviewer is suggesting the standards be changed to encourage more equal numbers of men and women, instead of asking a question.

turn 3 : (4) -- It is true that the field of economics has been dominated by white men for a long time, and that it was only in the 1970s that people like Janet Yellen began to introduce women into research.


I want to ask you how important you think flavors are. Yesterday, the Trump administration announced that it would ban thousands of flavors used in e-cigarettes. How much of a difference do you think that would make in discouraging kids from vaping?

They're tackling it backwards. At the end of the day, put in age verification because otherwise, every teenager would be drinking beer and going to the liquor store four, five times a day. Put in age verification. Make sure - and keep those companies - and hold them accountable. But if you put in age verification as an adult product, that is all you need to do.

So how much business do you stand to lose once this ban on thousands of flavors goes into effect?

That remains to be seen. I don't know. And I don't think it will go into effect. I think, at the end of the day, cooler heads will prevail because what's going to happen is you have to have the understanding and the knowledge and have all the information available to you prior to making such a drastic statement and doing something that will ultimately drive most people back to cigarettes.

turn 1 : No one is getting tackled. The people are trying to solve the problem the wrong way.

turn 1 : Nothing is getting tackled. The people are trying to solve the problem the wrong way.

turn 1 : to be tackled in this context means to do something first before anything else

turn 1 : The situation is uncertain and they need to take it one step at a time


You know, while the cat was away the mice could play, and the gangsters increased their power, because being gangsters, a lot of them didn't have to serve. You know, they got out of the draft and a lot of men were aware and effort was focused elsewhere. So, their power increased and that's why you had a lot of gang wars at the end of the '40s and the beginning of the '50s. And I grew up in that era. But I also grew up with gangsters, because my father had to deal with them in various capacities and we lived among. . .

Your father ran the film company.

My father ran London Films. He made films like "The Red Shoes," "The Third Man. "And he had had a long career in the film business, which was bifurcated with a career in intelligence. He had to deal with gangsters, and sometimes he would take me with him. Also, I went to school with their children. So, my rendition of gangsters is a little different from screenwriters' rendition of gangsters because screenwriters only know what they see in other movies. I actually grew up with these people and I think I have a pretty realistic take on it.

I was struck by something that Harry Copeland tells his aunt at one point in Staten Island. He says there was more light and air in the war than now. What did that mean?

Well, that I take from my own experience.

turn 3 : not a literal meaning but rather a rhetorical question.

turn 3 : "what more you know" - This turn literally means "what additional information do you have," but it implies that the person being asked already has some information about the bombings, so it is asking for further details.

turn 3 :  "What's the reason for that?" is a literal question that means what is the motive or purpose behind the actions described in the previous turns, and its actual meaning is the same as its literal meaning.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of (3) is asking what type of story was popular in the 19th century that could be compared to a modern day internet meme. The implied meaning is asking what was popular or trendy in the 19th century.

turn 3 : In (4), the question "What did that mean?" implies that the listener wants an explanation of the deeper meaning or significance behind Harry Copeland's statement, rather than a literal interpretation of the words "more light and air in the war than now."


Thank you so much, Scott.

Let me put this bluntly. In the 1970s, Argentina was in the grip of what was called the Dirty War. People being disappeared. Which side was man now known as Pope Francis on?

I think he was on the wrong side. I think he didn't understand the consequences of what the junta meant to do when it came to power. He had been very involved as a young man in politics. He was interested in communism.

But then he turned really to the right. He was an admirer of Juan Domingo Peron, the soft man of Argentina - to put it somehow. And he joined or was on the margins of a right-wing peronist group. And there were a lot of his priests who were very much on the left-wing side. And what happened is that he essentially failed to protect two of his most radical priests by demanding essentially that these priests leave the Jesuit order.

turn 3 : The implied meaning behind this question is that A was initially willing to support Donald Trump and even offered to be his running mate at one point, but has since changed his mind and is now opposed to him.

turn 3 : He was forced to go back to the church under protest and resistance from himself.

turn 3 : "joined me" - This is an idiomatic expression that means to come together for a meeting or an event. It does not mean that Ron Elving physically joined the person he is speaking to.

turn 3 : A: "He joined or was on the margins of a right-wing peronist group." - This is an idiomatic expression that means he was involved in or affiliated with a political group that supported the ideas of Juan Domingo Peron and his political movement.

turn 3 : (3) Implied meaning: Despite the fact that Buchanan was liked for his civility, he was still an ineffective leader and failed to take action in a crucial moment.


It came as a bigger surprise over the last three to six months when our young scientist Robert Rohde was able to adopt really excellent statistical methods and push the record back to 1753. With such a long record, we could then separate out the signatures of solar variability, of volcanic eruptions, of El Nino and so on. And actually, to my surprise, the clear signature that really matched the rise in the data was human carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. It just matched so much better than anything else. I was just stunned.

You know, you wrote in your book, even, page 75: The evidence shows that global warming is real, and the recent analysis of our team indicates that most of it is due to humans.

(Technical difficulties). . .  And then we had these new results. I was much more cautious in the version of the book that was sent around for pre-review, and then we managed to get the new results in the new book.

You know, you've been criticized on both sides of the aisle, as they say now. I think some scientists are saying: Why did you publish - why didn't you publish it in legitimate, peer-reviewed journals first?

turn 2 : The implied meaning of turn (2) is that the speaker was tempted to find out if it was possible for the student to access the books they mentioned.

turn 2 :  "we managed to get the new results in the new book" - this implies that the results were obtained with some difficulty or effort, whereas the literal meaning would suggest that they were simply included in the new book.

turn 2 : This implies that the book has potential benefits over time, but it may not have widespread appeal and may only appeal to a small or specific audience.

turn 2 : The speaker is implying that the initial positive buzz surrounding the book was overshadowed by the negative review and the controversy that followed.


Well, in some states, let's say New Mexico, Latinos went for Obama 69 to 30. So that was quite decisive. And in Colorado, it was also a decisive victory, 73 to 27 for Obama.

You know, thinking back to the primaries, there was a question at one point about whether Barack Obama would be able to appeal to Latinos. This was sort of one of the great problems he was supposed to have. And he seems to have solved that problem rather decisively.

Now, let's talk about white voters. That was also a big question mark. And he did get a firm portion of white voters, the largest share of white support of any Democrat in a two-man race since 1976. But still more white voters went for McCain.

One of things that Obama was able to do is shrink that margin. Republicans tend to do better with white voters and have traditionally done better. So, it's not surprising that they went to the Republican. What's important for Obama as a governing matter is that he was able to shrink that margin, that he doesn't seem to have a quote, unquote "problem" with those kinds of voters. Again, this was a big issue during the primaries and in the general election, and, in fact, among younger white voters, he did quite well.

turn 2 : Obama received significant white support but still lost the white vote

turn 2 : The election of a Democratic House and the rise of white supremacy have made it possible for the issue of slavery and reparation to gain more attention.

turn 2 : Obama needs to balance his support from civil rights figures and moderate Democrats and Republicans

turn 2 : Obama missed the chance to claim his bi-racialness.

turn 2 :  "Frankly, they kind of overdo it, you know? So for blacks to support Obama, he's got to make up his mind. Is he African or American? Because he can't be both. That doesn't make sense." The literal meaning of this turn is that Obama cannot be both African and American, and that it is difficult for black people to support him. However, the actual meaning is that there is a sense of confusion and identity crisis regarding Obama's background, and that this confusion affects how some black people feel about him.


And it was remarkable to find these little details that people had. Oh, yes, when he was in college, you know, he belonged to this - some society. I'm forgetting the name right now. But the idea of it was to perfect one's dancing and etiquette. And the next door neighbor said he was always very interested in, you know, in correct speech and in, sort of, you know, elegantly holding himself out and that this was something that just went back, back, back, back, back.

Alan Feuer tells Alan Feuer's story in two articles in The New York Times, the most recent, "The Secret Life of a Society Maven. "You could find a link to that on our website. Go to npr. org, click on TALK OF THE NATION. And, Alan Feuer, thank you so much for sharing your story.

Oh, my pleasure.

Alan Feuer is a reporter for The New York Times. Tomorrow, after a gun battle outside the prime minister's house in Tripoli, we'll talk about progress and pitfalls and the ripples of revolution in Libya. Join for us that. It's the TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News. I'm Neal Conan in Washington.

turn 0 : All the turns in this conversation appear to have their literal meanings, and there are no metaphors, figurative language or idioms used.

turn 0 : "performance is really one of making sure you understand and document what's expected of you in your given role" - The literal meaning would be that performance is about actually performing one's job duties, but the actual meaning is that it's about understanding and documenting what's expected in order to perform well.

turn 0 : be put right means that something should be made correct, or something should be corrected

turn 0 : "perfect one's dancing and etiquette" - The phrase "perfect one's dancing and etiquette" does not mean that one should aim to become absolutely flawless in their dancing and manners. It means to improve or refine one's skills in these areas.

turn 0 : The implied meaning of the statement "They make you very proud" is that the person is proud of their achievements.


Oh, my pleasure.

turn 1 : Fabric of society is actually just the way the society is made up of different personalities and choices.

turn 1 :  the speaker is not talking about physical separation but rather a more metaphorical one in which the Brethren are cut off from the outside world in terms of their beliefs and practices. The mention of working only for other Brethren and mass confessions also indicate a more metaphorical level of control and surveillance.

turn 1 : outsiders implies people who aren't a family or organization member and not people who stands outdoors

turn 1 : A: "breaking free from all of these identities and get down to that last one, which is human" - This turn is figurative language as it refers to the author's desire to move beyond societal labels and stereotypes and focus on our common humanity rather than actually breaking free from physical identities.

turn 1 : "The Secret Life of a Society Maven" - The phrase "The Secret Life of a Society Maven" does not refer to the secret life of someone who is an expert or connoisseur in a particular area, as the literal meaning of the word "maven" suggests. It refers to the secret life of someone who is a member of a particular society.


Oh, my pleasure.

turn 1 : The speaker is suggesting that there may be a hidden agenda or underlying motive behind their words.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of this turn is that people might think news organizations are concealing information, but the actual meaning is that people might think news organizations should not be concealing information.

turn 1 : The speaker is asking the listener for their opinion about the article, and how it was received by the public.+++

turn 1 : The speaker is referring to an article in The New York Times about a person's secret life as a society maven.


Again, I don't sign off on absolutely everything Nancy Pelosi, Donald Trump, Mitch McConnell, Chuck Schumer or Kevin McCarthy may tweet or declare. I don't. I'm not the endorser of anyone. And I have pushed back on statements that I do believe do exacerbate the very climate and culture that I just referenced. Indeed. But to put the onus exclusively on the president when on the other side of the aisle there are calls of uber-racism and absolutely. . .

When has Nancy Pelosi ever told anybody to go back where they came from?

No, Nancy Pelosi hasn't told anyone to come back where they came from. But there have been policies and exacerbated hyperbole in rhetoric as it pertains to statements made on both sides - Democrats and Republicans - that have led to this sort of climate. So to put the onus exclusively on the president would not be fair. Are there things the president has stated or tweeted that I have disagreed with?Absolutely. But the same thing on the other side of the aisle.

What do you see as your role in the days ahead?

turn 0 : The speaker does not endorse everything politicians tweet but criticizes some statements as exacerbating culture and climate (score: 4)

turn 0 : The speaker is pointing out the cultural differences between America and their country, where America tends to cover up imperfections while their country embraces them. Implicated meaning: The speaker values authenticity and honesty over superficial appearances.

turn 0 : Climate change is a significant issue in people's opinions and politics

turn 0 : A is advocating for social and political change.

turn 0 : (2) implies that the media environment is desperate for viewers, and so it chooses to show people yelling at each other instead of presenting the science of climate change in an informative way.


turn 2 :  This turn actually means that the speaker is more concerned with the alternative (Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, or Bernie Sanders) than with a "Never Trump" attitude, and that it is important for the country and party to come together despite any reservations about Trump.

turn 2 : Implies that the speaker is asking for the other person's opinion about the political implications of the current situation.

turn 2 : The speaker believes that blaming only the president for the current political climate would not be fair since both parties have contributed to it (score: 4)

turn 2 :  In statement 2, the speaker is implying that Trump should make a statement that can help heal the divide between him and the Republicans.

turn 2 : The speaker believes in the science of climate change and will not compromise on evidence-based reality, but thinks the conversation needs to be framed differently


I think Gary offers central location. It's close to a number of freeways. There's access to Chicago. There's certainly lower cost of living for employees. Yeah, the employees will be generously compensated. But, you know, moving into a larger market - Chicago, Boston, possibly some places like Austin - you're going to have a lot of that income gobbled up immediately by real estate and housing. And I think for Gary, it's a tremendous opportunity to turn a corner.

Yeah, but what about the tax rate?

Tax rate - I mean, it's more generous than Illinois, so, certainly for businesses and corporations. So there's that appeal there. And I know there's been, you know, conversation with the governor of Indiana, Governor Holcomb, about kind of preparing this plan. I can't speak to how much of that has happened or not. But I think that's another advantage.

There's so many cities preparing a bit for Amazon's second headquarters. But will the winner have to grant so many tax breaks, it won't wind up being that much of an economic gain?

turn 1 : suggests that other states will start to take legal action against Countrywide and other similar companies

turn 1 :  The implied meaning of the second turn is asking if the tax rate in Indiana is lower than Illinois, and if it is, will the winner of Amazon's second headquarters have to grant so many tax breaks that it won't be a big economic gain in the end.

turn 1 : The implied meaning in this turn is that the speaker is asking for an opinion on the fiscal policy situation in Europe.

turn 1 : (3) Implied meaning: Do states have to make a difficult decision on how to use the limited funds?


Tell me how you grew up.

Well, my grandparents raised me. When their - they had - they've been foster parents for as long as I can remember. And I was actually the first child other than their own that they actually took care of, and they raised me since I was six months old.

Although my mom lived there as well, she was always - you know, raised me as well, but I lived in their house. I always kept myself around something musical, whether it was being in a play where I played the drunk daughter, or sneaking out to the studio to make a, you know, a demo that never became anything. But you know, it was all a part of what I felt I needed to do beyond, you know, those - that house and beyond church. You know, I was always looking for something to do outside of that - of those four walls.

In this book, you talk about some really rough times you went through. Being held out a window by an abusive boyfriend who threatened to drop you to your death, being beat up, being manipulated. Why do you feel that it was important to put all that in the book?

turn 1 : B was raised by his grandparents who were foster parents, not his biological parents.

turn 1 : The implied meaning is that B has a unique and special person in their life that they want to share with the world.

turn 1 : A is jokingly referencing the title of B's book

turn 1 :  B implies that the character A is old or elderly.

turn 1 : The statement implies that the relationship was from childhood but has now taken a new dimension.


Tell me how you grew up.

turn 2 : B pursued music and activities outside of his grandparents' house and church.

turn 2 : B may not be a man and likely didn't just turn 21. B is singing a Bo Diddley song in honor of his death.

turn 2 : His memory had these girls staying the way they were and not changing into what they are now.

turn 2 : A felt out of place in his new environment and struggled to fit in.

turn 2 : that the acquaintance between the two people had grown over the years.


Tell me how you grew up.

turn 3 : The author included difficult experiences in the book for a reason.

turn 3 : the phenomenon described in the book is extraordinary and could be perceived as a miracle by some readers, even though the literal meaning is simply acknowledging that the phenomenon is portrayed realistically in the book.

turn 3 : The story is emotional and difficult to hear.

turn 3 : A thinks that the world prefers simple or sad narratives over other themes.

turn 3 : the literal meaning is that the interviewer asks if recent events and debates make a scene in a book more significant.


Right. Reckitt Benckiser made Suboxone Film. It was actually made by a division of the company called Indivior, which the parent company spun off five years ago. This is an opioid medication that's actually used to treat people recovering from addiction. You take it by dissolving it under your tongue rather than in tablet form. And back in April, Audie, the Justice Department filed criminal charges, claiming this drug was marketed using false claims that it's safer, less prone to abuse than cheaper alternative drugs. The feds said the company earned billions of dollars bilking healthcare providers and insurers, including Medicaid.

The $1. 4 billion - what is the U. S.  government going to do with that money?

Yeah. Well, most of this will go into the federal government's coffers. But interestingly here, $200 million will be divided up between any states that sign onto the settlement - the money going to reimburse their Medicaid budgets.

But if the company doesn't make this drug anymore and now you've got the spin-off company that makes it, why did they agree to this huge payout?

turn 3 : The literal meaning of this turn is that the settlement in the lawsuit had already been reached. However, the actual meaning is that the settlement was being discussed and was close to being reached.

turn 3 : (3) implies that there is a possibility of further financial compensation beyond the previously approved payments, while

turn 3 : They are implying that deals are done in inappropriate places

turn 3 : The company may be motivated to pay the settlement to avoid further legal complications.

turn 3 : People may view media entities as easy targets for lawsuits in order to make a quick profit.


He was all those things. I. . .

I think that shook him deep to his soul. But I think the other thing that happened was his father's stroke. He had to get his father off his back. Joe Kennedy Sr.  was a formidable but, I think, menacing figure in his life who took a sweet, young seventh born who he had called a runt and encouraged him to become tough and ruthless - first a jock at Harvard, getting his letter with a broken leg, and then becoming this enforcer for his brother.

That's what won, finally, the attention of the old man. And only when he was tough did the old man respect him. And I think when his father became incapacitated, Bobby began to resort to who he was as a kid. As a kid, he was - he hung around all the time with African-American kids. Those were his playmates, even in Hyannis. He was - he, you know, Father Feeney - when Father Feeney said no salvation outside the Catholic Church, he railed against that, which was so extraordinary in that very Catholic family.

turn 1 : The literal meaning: The speaker mentions that they discuss this as a significant starting point or origin for the book. The implied meaning: The speaker suggests that this event plays a crucial role in shaping the themes or direction of the book.

turn 1 : The actual meaning of (3) is, A is expressing a feeling of sadness and nostalgia over the loss of a loved one.

turn 1 : The literal meaning is that the speaker questions the accuracy of their mother's version of events. The implied meaning is that people have different perspectives and interpretations of events, and that the speaker wants to understand the motives behind their mother's actions.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a metaphor or analogy to explain or describe something, often to make a complex idea easier to understand or to create a vivid image in the listener's mind.

turn 1 : Did his brother's death, in a sense, liberate him to seek a new identity, to travel, to get to know and reflect the world?  In this turn, the literal meaning would be asking if the brother's death physically freed him to pursue a new identity and travel. However, the implied meaning goes beyond the literal words and suggests whether the brother's death had a profound impact on the person's perspective and motivation, allowing them to explore new aspects of life and gain a deeper understanding of the world.


He was all those things. I. . .

turn 2 : I think that shook him deep to his soul. But I think the other thing that happened was his father's stroke. He had to get his father off his back.  The literal meaning would suggest that the person was deeply affected by something that shook them to their core and that their father had a stroke. However, the implied meaning suggests that the significant event had a profound emotional impact on the person, causing them to reassess their relationship with their father and seek some kind of liberation from his influence or control.

turn 2 :  B: "her father seems to have entered a veritable spiral between a scorched-earth strategy and a political suicide." The statement uses a metaphorical description of the father's behavior, comparing it to a downward spiral.

turn 2 : The traumatic memories of the author made it hard for him to translate the novel himself, so he had someone else do it

turn 2 : A decided to be vulnerable and share about his severe depression in order to be authentic in his book and play.


He was all those things. I. . .

turn 3 : That's what won, finally, the attention of the old man. And only when he was tough did the old man respect him. And I think when his father became incapacitated, Bobby began to resort to who he was as a kid.  The literal meaning would indicate that the person gained the attention and respect of their father by being tough, and when their father became incapacitated, they reverted to their childhood behavior. However, the implied meaning suggests that the person's father only recognized and valued them when they displayed strength and resilience, and when their father's condition changed, they reverted to their true self, which may have included aspects of vulnerability or a different set of values.

turn 3 : My father wanted to create a dichotomy between those who could endure physical and psychological hardships and those who were not as strong or determined.

turn 3 : A was taken advantage of by a manipulative older man in her youth.

turn 3 : My father was trying to instill a sense of superiority and strength in me by contrasting the strong and the weak.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of (4) is that Tracy Letts watched his family suffer when he was 10 years old, but the implied meaning is that the experience had a lasting effect on him and shaped his life and art.


Right. So a lot of this book takes place in a world that is slightly adjacent to our own perhaps. And my wife and I are both Jewish, and we really wanted to keep our wedding very small and very simple. We didn't invite a lot of people, and a lot of people were very upset about that. But we really wanted to keep it simple and not have a big to-do. And I was shocked that even when we were both in agreement about that of how complicated it was to just have this small, simple wedding. And some of the things we wanted, I couldn't explain to you why it was that - you know, why must we get married under a chuppah?I don't know, but we both have to. Or, like, the food - I go, oh, we'll just get, like, some takeout. It's only 20 people. We're not getting takeout for our wedding.

And then I thought we were on the same page on this.

I thought we were on the same page.

We've had conversations about this.

turn 1 : on the one hand refers to one argument a person might have, or an opinion

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker is aware that there may be differing opinions on the topic being discussed and is acknowledging the possibility of disagreement.

turn 1 : AGREE WITH THE TURN AND IMPLIED MEANING AND BELIVE THAT EVERYONE

turn 1 : on the same page implies having the same opinion and understanding about something

turn 1 : The turn "Yeah" in this context implies agreement with the previous statement, understanding, and interest in the topic, which is different from its literal meaning.


So, this is an exciting moment for us to take a look at ourselves. So, you know, first of all, how do you compare this presidential race with ones in the past?

Can't do it. This is not like any presidential race in the past. We have already had the first woman candidate to be this close to being nominated. The first Hispanic candidate to be a major candidate. First Mormon. We have the first African-American nominee, now presumptive nominee of the Democratic Party. And we also had a very interesting race on the Republican side that would have been kind of a barnburner in its own right. So, this has been a much more interesting presidential race that we've had in my lifetime. And it's just got an awful lot of facets of great news value.

So, how would you say, what would you say even coverage is?What is the goal really?

The best thing you can do is to reach the end of the campaign and have people say, well, we got a fair look at the candidates from the beginning to the end. We got a fair look at the two nominees of the major parties. We got a fair look at the third party candidates. And we got a fair look at all the competitors back in the primaries. I don't think you can say that at all is going to be exactly the same number of minutes devoted to each.

turn 1 : run for president means to campaign for presidency

turn 1 : The candidate had something troubling in their past.

turn 1 : This implies that this presidential race is unique and different from previous ones, possibly due to the diversity of candidates and the amount of news value it has.

turn 1 :  This turn actually means that people should not expect to "love" Donald Trump as the Republican nominee, but should come together as a party to face the challenges that lie ahead.

turn 1 : The Senate race was controversial due to bad ballot design.


turn 3 : People are uncertain about their vote in this election, and are hesitant to support either the Republican or Democratic candidate.

turn 3 : It would be difficult to conduct an election in the 9th District quickly.

turn 3 : Equal coverage for all candidates is difficult to achieve.

turn 3 : Senate race implies the quest to become a senator and not a running competition between senators

turn 3 : There is doubt whether the Congress will be able to come up with a comprehensive solution for all the issues and it may require multiple attempts


There's been considerable criticism of even this temporary deal in advance - in the U. S.  Congress, as you note; in Israel, in Saudi Arabia. How do we understand the ground of those disagreements?

Well, on paper a lot of the criticism seems overblown. I mean, it's more an argument about unintended consequences. As the Obama administration describes this package, the relief is just a fraction of what Iran is going to continue to lose over the next six months, if there is a deal. In the oil sector alone, Iran's losing an estimated $5 billion a month. And officials say there's no way they're going to get $25 billion out of what's on the table here. But the latest argument from the opponents is more psychological. If the international business community senses that there is a trend towards lifting sanctions altogether, there could be some kind of a rush to get in early, start doing business again, beat out the competition. So, if you don't trust Iran, and apparently don't trust the business community either, there is an argument to be made that the value of this sanctions relief could turn out to be higher.

NPR's Peter Kenyon in Geneva. Thank you so much.

You're welcome, Scott.

turn 2 : thanking the NPR reporter, so it does not have a different actual meaning from its literal meaning.

turn 2 : The actual meaning of this turn is to express gratitude for Peter Kenyon's contribution.

turn 2 : The turn in (3) has an implied meaning of appreciation rather than a literal meaning of thanks.

turn 2 : The actual meaning of the turn in (3) is to express gratitude and appreciation to Robert Groves for his time. The literal meaning of the turn is to thank Robert Groves for being present with them.

turn 2 : The actual meaning of turn 3 is "Thank you for joining us and providing information on the topic."


No. There's no sort of smoking gun theory about that. So our philosophy is anytime you can get your hands on some antimatter, you should take a really careful look. And the best way to do that is with atomic physics techniques to look at the spectrum of antihydrogen. What kind of light does it like to absorb and emit?Is that the same color of light that hydrogen absorbs and emits?

So also in the meantime, we've built a new machine we call ALPHA-2, which is improved and upgraded, that will allow us to actually shine laser light on trapped antihydrogen. So when we come back online in 2014, we have a brand-new machine. We'll have some lasers to shine on it, and it's a really very exciting time for us.

Can you keep it trapped for longer than 16 minutes?

You know, it's not really worth looking because it's long enough. We showed with the microwave experiment that that was long enough. I have to tell you, it's an incredibly boring experiment to do. You know, you trap your antihydrogen. You wait for 16 minutes and you release it. You know, go have a coffee or something while you're - it just doesn't tell you anything more that we really need to know right now.

turn 1 : The development of ALPHA-2 is a significant improvement

turn 1 : The loss of mice was a great setback as they are vital for research purposes

turn 1 : Scientists need more data to confirm their hypotheses.

turn 1 : More promising implies very beneficial and advantageous


No, he's not. I mean, you know, these Democratic candidates, it's essentially partisanship that's slipping in. You have them pretty split amongst the general election overall - Bernie Sanders, not very well-liked overall - 55%. And President Trump himself, his approval rating is only 41%, among the highest he's had for strongly disapproving at 45%. And it looks like a lot of the economic worries over the summer are starting to take a bit of a toll on him.

So does that mean that people think - clearly they have issues with his policies. According to your poll, does it mean they think he's going to lose?

Actually, no, (laughter) that's kind of surprising here that most Americans or more Americans think he's going to win reelection than lose by a 46%-to-37% margin. You know, people have a mostly positive outlook on the economy, and that really is buoying him right now.

We also have a result from a special election in North Carolina that we need to talk about. This was for the House seat that was up for grabs. The Republican won, but the margin of victory was still pretty small. And this was someone President Trump had campaigned for. What should he and his reelection team take from this, if anything?

turn 2 : A is willing to support the campaign in any way he can

turn 2 : A believes that George Bush would want to avoid political discussions and focus on a more positive conversation.

turn 2 : Despite facing insults and criticism, the writer encourages others to have hope and support Barack Obama's presidential campaign.

turn 2 : The positive outlook is giving him the support he needs to continue campaigning.

turn 2 : Donald Trump's success is partly due to the ability of individuals to spread their message without the support of the political establishment.


So what about this contest?

What the CDC is trying to do is not just figure out what's going on right now with the flu, but what's going to happen in a week or two weeks out. Traditionally, we do what's called surveillance, which is what's going on right now in the United States. And that's a really hard problem because if you think about it, without using something like Twitter, you have to ask people what's going on. And the CDC does this; they do a very good job. But it takes them about two weeks to get those responses collected. What we're trying to do is predict things like what week is going to be the worst for the flu season; when is it going to end?

Do you run the risk of putting through the algorithms a lot of tweets from people who don't use, let's say, a word like fever in the same way people with flu would use it?

It's actually very tricky to use Twitter in order to get a flu rate. So, for example, someone might say, I have Bieber fever, which is not actually a disease that we care about tracking.

turn 1 : It implies how important vaccination is against seasonal flu.

turn 1 :  The literal meaning is that the CDC is trying to predict the severity and duration of the flu season by analyzing current data and using traditional surveillance methods. The actual meaning is that the CDC is exploring new methods of surveillance, such as using social media data to predict flu trends in real-time.

turn 1 : A's turn: The implied meaning is that media coverage plays a significant role in shaping public perception and awareness of issues like climate change. Despite the visible impacts of CO2 emissions, many people remain unaware of the severity of the issue until they learn about it through media outlets. If the media fails to report on climate change, it can become an "out of sight, out of mind" issue for many people.

turn 1 : (2) implies that the media environment is desperate for viewers, and so it chooses to show people yelling at each other instead of presenting the science of climate change in an informative way.

turn 1 : (4) The literal meaning of turn (4) is that the reporter contacted the Department of Justice for comment, but the implied meaning is that the reporter wants to highlight the lack of response from the Department of Justice, which can suggest a lack of transparency or accountability.


So what about this contest?

turn 3 : The actual meaning different from the literal meaning is:  "We're getting a tweet from President Trump... But he's tweeted, I called Chuck Schumer yesterday to see if the Dems would do a great health care bill. Obamacare is badly broken, big premiums. Who knows?"  The literal meaning of this statement is that President Trump tweeted about calling Chuck Schumer and his concerns about the broken state of Obamacare. However, the implied meaning is that the president's use of Twitter to discuss important matters like healthcare policy is unorthodox and lacks the seriousness or deliberation that is typically expected in political discourse.

turn 3 :  Implied meaning: There is a fear of the spread of Zika, malaria, cholera, and other diseases due to the lack of access to aid.

turn 3 :  The literal meaning is that it is difficult to use Twitter to track the flu because people may use words like "fever" in non-medical contexts. The actual meaning is that there are challenges associated with using social media data to track the flu, including the need to filter out irrelevant or misleading information.

turn 3 : It implies how important vaccination is against seasonal flu.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: Dr. Yphnatides is being asked to think about what changes should be made in the future to prevent another outbreak like this.


Yeah, well, when I was a young, little Muppet baby version of myself, you know, I mean - I guess people were right in that I was kind of a punk kid. I was anti-everything. I was anti-capitalist, first of all. I just don't have a lot of respect for profit motive. So as an artist, you know, I had a hard time. You know, when I was living hand to mouth, you know, my first manager - as a teenager, you know - tell people you have tapes for sale. Like, no, no.

(Laughter) You didn't even want to do that.

I just feel like a jerk. I didn't want to. I couldn't do it. I couldn't do it.

What I loved about the book was that I didn't come away with an impression that you suffered from self-doubt. You kind of always knew that it just didn't matter how hard it was, you were just - this was your thing.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: People are feeling resentment and anger towards people who think they don't have to follow the same rules as everyone else.

turn 0 : In this turn, the speaker is describing the difficult situation of children seeking refuge in the US and the unreasonable expectations placed on them to quickly share their traumatic experiences with strangers in a language they don't speak. However, the implied meaning goes beyond the literal description of the situation and suggests that the speaker is critical of the policy and decision makers who would put vulnerable children in such a position. The tone and choice of words such as "expedite" and "perfect stranger" convey a sense of urgency, frustration, and perhaps even outrage about the situation.

turn 0 : "it's almost like avant-garde film" - this is a figurative expression meaning that the footage is very abstract and unconventional, similar to avant-garde films, rather than a literal comparison to a specific genre of film.

turn 0 : implies that the speaker was advocating for themselves to be violently punished,

turn 0 : "kind of a punk kid" - This is a figurative expression meaning that the speaker was rebellious and anti-establishment in their youth.


turn 0 : "It makes you consider your own brain, I suppose." - This turn is a figurative expression that means the speaker is reflecting on their own life and experiences in comparison to the circumstances of the individuals whose brains were taken.

turn 0 : Muppet baby version of myself implies being naive and innocent or having little or no knowledge

turn 0 : "seeing myself as the hero of my own story" is a metaphorical expression meaning to view oneself as the protagonist in one's own life story and to take control of the situation.

turn 0 : None of the turns in this conversation have a figurative or non-literal meaning.

turn 0 : "I just have to create my own identity - that was the hard part." (Literal meaning: Creating one's own identity was difficult.)


turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is expressing a sense of frustration or dissatisfaction with a situation or person, without explicitly stating it.

turn 2 : : The speaker is expressing frustration or disappointment about a situation, and may be looking for empathy or support from the listener.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be expressing their dissatisfaction or disappointment in a subtle or indirect way, rather than stating it directly.

turn 2 : "I feel like a jerk" - This is a figurative expression meaning that the speaker feels embarrassed or foolish.

turn 2 : (3) is a sign of amusement, indicating the speaker was laughing at the metaphor.


turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be expressing a hidden emotion or attitude, such as resentment or envy, that is not directly stated in their words, but is conveyed through their tone, facial expressions, or choice of language.

turn 3 : "it just didn't matter how hard it was, you were just - this was your thing" - This is a figurative expression meaning that the speaker was committed to their artistic pursuits despite the challenges they faced.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using understatement or exaggeration to convey a message, often to emphasize a point or to add humor to a situation.

turn 3 :  "And the thing is - and this is so beautiful - is that when you get to watch lives change...And that occupied my entire day."  The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker has overcome addiction and now enjoys helping others in a similar position, which is incredibly fulfilling. They used to be preoccupied with obtaining drugs, but now their focus has shifted to improving the lives of others.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a euphemism or understatement to convey a more significant or sensitive message.


Ooh. Ooh. So small dive.

You need to be very careful. Keep your limbs in.

And why - what's so fascinating about espresso?

Well, one of things that espresso drinkers will know probably is that when you have an espresso straight, not a latte, not a cappuccino, just a straight little mug of espresso, when it comes out to you, it has this frothy, foamy thing on top. It's a little thin layer of tiny bubbles. It's a little lighter in color, and it's called the crema.

turn 0 : "inject alcohol into the situation" - this is an idiomatic expression and does not actually mean injecting alcohol into something. It means to add alcohol to a situation to make it more fun or relaxed.

turn 0 : (1) B: "Obviously, we should then inject alcohol into the situation." - This turn does not mean that they should literally inject alcohol into something, but rather that they should add alcohol to the situation.

turn 0 : It is a dive into drinking the espresso, taking a chance by drinking it.

turn 0 : The water is so clean that it is safe to drink.

turn 0 : The French coffee machine that presses beans is hard to understand.


And what's your budget been?

Our budget is around $130,000. And that might sound like a lot, but it's a lot - it's way, way cheaper than, you know, most space programs.

SpaceX probably spends that on lunch.

Sounds about right.

turn 2 : SpaceX spends a lot of money on their projects

turn 2 : The music business was losing a great deal of money with end in sight.

turn 2 : The amount of $3 billion is relatively small compared to the Defense Department and NASA budgets.

turn 2 : Corporations have piled up capital but do not know how to use it productively.

turn 2 : money to burn implies being able to spend money as desired and unnecessarily.


Good to be with you, Scott.

Marked difference in tone between President Trump's comments that we just heard and the tweet he posted just after Judge Kavanaugh's testimony on Thursday - what happened?

You could say it was an incredible difference, Scott. Earlier in the week, the president had scoffed openly at Dr.  Ford's story. Now the president seems deeply impressed, calls her testimony very compelling. Some of this could be the different ways the president gets information. He apparently watched her on television. Or it could be about the different ways he communicates - on Twitter, on one hand, versus TV coming from the Oval Office. And as to which are his true feelings, as the president says, we'll have to see.

Reports are that, at any given time, 20 percent of U. S.  households were tuning in. And that, of course, doesn't count people who watched in airports, at work and public places. Used to be, we all tuned in for moon landings. This week, it was for a symbolic event, that it's become for many, but also the story of two people and what happened one night in 1982.

turn 1 : President Trump's tweet after Judge Kavanaugh's testimony contradicts his earlier comments

turn 1 : Trump's tweet was an attempt to influence the outcome of the military trial

turn 1 : This statement implies that the New Yorker's testimony about Kavanaugh sexual assault was countered by the 65 women signatories to Kavanaugh good character in High school.

turn 1 : The actual meaning different from the literal meaning is:  "We're getting a tweet from President Trump... But he's tweeted, I called Chuck Schumer yesterday to see if the Dems would do a great health care bill. Obamacare is badly broken, big premiums. Who knows?"  The literal meaning of this statement is that President Trump tweeted about calling Chuck Schumer and his concerns about the broken state of Obamacare. However, the implied meaning is that the president's use of Twitter to discuss important matters like healthcare policy is unorthodox and lacks the seriousness or deliberation that is typically expected in political discourse.


Good morning.

Good morning.

The U. S.  has been unstoppable so far. Should the American women be worried about the Dutch?

Well, yes, the U. S.  has been amazing so far. They've only allowed three goals the entire tournament, and they've now won 11 World Cup games in a row, which is a record. But this could be a tricky match against the Netherlands. This Holland team has made it to the final by upsetting teams that were supposed to beat them. And this is, actually, only their second time playing in a World Cup. They made it to the round of 16 four years ago in Canada. But then they won the 2017 European Championships, and they've only gotten stronger since then.

All right, we'll get to Megan Rapinoe in a second. But I want to ask about the Dutch side first. Who are you watching there?

turn 3 : The Steelers and Bengals were both playing aggressively and making mistakes that could have cost them the

turn 3 : It made the person feel sadness and it was hard for them to see.

turn 3 : The teams were not upset emotionally but picked to win and lost.

turn 3 : The disaster was so immense and overwhelming that it was hard to comprehend.

turn 3 : Veterans were upset about the decision to shut down the flame.


How did that affect you and your political consciousness or your sense of your place in Iran?

Well, my father's jailed especially, but also the way my parents were, always made me feel politically suspicious of whoever was in power.

You know, and I think that I have kept that in a sense. And to be politically active, not in the sense of wanting to ever myself become part of any political group or clique, but there were certain values, certain principles, that became very important. And I felt that that is the main thing, not to compromise those principles, not to be, as my father used to say, not to be ashamed of yourself. But it's really, really, I think, changed my world forever. I could never ever again trust anything. If my father, who, one moment was one of the most popular mayors Tehran ever had - I was in Switzerland at the time, and you know, we would see his picture with General De Gaulle in Paris Match, or with the king of Denmark, with the chancellor of Germany; you know, he seemed to be top of the world - and the next moment almost, he would be in jail. If that could happen so easily, then I realized that anything could happen and you cannot trust at least the political life.

Azar Nafisi, coming up, we continue our discussion. She talks about the sexual abuse she had been silent about and how that influenced her view of Nabokov's novel "Lolita. "

turn 2 : "Top of the world" is not literal, it just means the man was very successful at the time.

turn 2 : world in this context means that there is many

turn 2 : there isn't a "top" of a field... it just means he is performing the best currently

turn 2 : Was he brilliant at some level? - Implied meaning: Was he very wealthy or successful?

turn 2 : "Whole world" is an exagerraiton, most likely. It means that religion was a huge force in her younger life.


Yeah. If you've ever heard stories about people who win the lotto, their lives are in inalterably changed by that. It's a hard thing to imagine. And for NPR and The Salvation Army, these huge gifts - and it's important to point out that The Salvation Army got close to 10 times more than NPR did - it was challenging.

How do you continue to reach out to donors when you've received this windfall?In the case of NPR, how do you explain, in this complex matrix that we've got of member stations in the network, how the money will get dispersed?In the case of The Salvation Army, Joan asked for recreation centers to be built all around the country. But The Salvation Army really wasn't equipped to do that. It had done it once in San Diego, where Joan lived, but it wasn't something that was in their wheelhouse, so to speak.

So yeah, it's a terrible burden. It's a wonderful one, but it was complicated for both organizations.

How fair or accurate is the idea that Joan Kroc gave away Ray Kroc's money to a lot of places and causes of which he would not have approved?

turn 3 : The children in the war had to face and endure many difficult and tragic things.

turn 3 : Their notion is to do as much as you can and don't think about the numbers too much.

turn 3 : The disaster was so severe that it was impossible to save everyone, and the situation was out of control.

turn 3 : dispersed terrible burden How fair or accurate is the idea


I think it's actually the opposite. And Jay Inslee ran as the climate candidate, but it turns out there are several climate candidates. So if you are a voter who's looking for someone who wants to overhaul the entire economy over the coming decades, to transition to renewable energy, massively cut down on greenhouse gas emissions, you have your pick - Beto O'Rourke has a plan to do that, Elizabeth Warren, Joe Biden to a more moderate degree, others. Many have put forward plans that would go far further than what the Obama administration tried to do on this.

Inslee did have the most detailed plan. He did talk about this the most. But that really didn't allow him to end up to stand out on the front. And you're right; most polls show that climate change is one of Democratic voters' top issues. This is something that this year Democrats are regularly talking about, voters are asking about, it's a topic in debates. In the past, that hasn't been the case. This has often been an issue that ends up getting ignored during elections.

You mentioned Bernie Sanders. He just rolled out a big climate plan. How does his proposal compare to the other plans we've seen?

I think it's fair to say this is the most aggressive plan yet.

turn 1 : to put something forward is to give an idea, they are giving ideas for climate change

turn 1 : The idea of climate change is not new but our understanding of it has improved.

turn 1 : We are already committed to climate change, so we need to focus on adapting to it.

turn 1 : (2) implies that the media environment is desperate for viewers, and so it chooses to show people yelling at each other instead of presenting the science of climate change in an informative way.


All right.

OK, but anyway, we're all working at the same - working so hard and so long on trying to get something done because we're - people like me are doing this because they love the country, and they're worried about it. We've got a lot of us around, and we're trying to find our place in this thing, and it looks like the White House and the Republicans do have a way to get information in.

It's very hard for changes to be made and agreements. I don't know how they're doing that. It's a very strange kind of organization. But. . .

Well, let me ask you, how much did the election change things?There's the same cast of characters, pretty much.

Well, I - people that aren't there negotiating, and I'm not there, but people that aren't are speculating on all kinds of things, in terms of the president is playing with more power, he acts like a tyrant because he won the election. I don't really see that at this point, that there is any big change because of the election.

Well, the president, if he campaigned on one thing, it was raise taxes on the wealthy.

turn 4 : when someone acts like a tyrant it means they are very demanding

turn 4 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be indirectly suggesting a course of action or solution to a problem without explicitly stating it.

turn 4 : to hold something in this context means that the person has power

turn 4 : The people should obey their leaders or lose their jobs.

turn 4 : (4): Implied meaning: Advising to not waste energy in trying to convince people who are negative about unknown normal things, since it is not possible to change their mindset.


All right.

turn 4 : Congress is not doing its job and is passing their responsibilities to the president who then abuses his power

turn 4 : The president doesn't seem to be acting like a tyrant, despite speculation that he's using more power since winning the election.

turn 4 : He would be fulfilling a government role and Trump makes it look like he does all of the work.

turn 4 : It is being implied that if everyone resigns he will be the new leader.


Make sure you got the right booty shorts on.

Well, it depends on the job you're applying for, I guess.

Yeah. I guess it does. No. I think you're bringing up something that's happening not only in the employment sector, but also for college admissions, and all types of things. So it's finding itself, trickling down into other areas. So the bottom line, first foremost, remember that the Internet is a public space. All right?Anything that you put up there can ultimately - I don't care if you're password protected or not. Ultimately that could be copied, found, and reposted somewhere else. So first and foremost, make sure that your content that you're revealing of yourself is something that you're comfortable with showing to a possible employer or a college admissions officer.

Secondly, use it to your advantage. Use these things like LinkedIn. You create your own blog site. Make sure that some of the discussion that is out there about you, you're controlling that. Make sure you have your own presence online. So talk about some of the extracurricular activities, your hobbies, your interests, things that you've done really, really well or you're very proud about, and take advantage of some of that. I think that's something to really take consideration of because this is a time where people are actually looking at these online sources, and you have to separate between your social life and your business life, and be able to understand how to do that in this online world.

turn 1 : Choosing the appropriate outfit is important for job interviews.

turn 1 : It's not a field, but a large number of people the person would want to interview.

turn 1 : The interviewer reminds the speaker of what they've been saying, which is different from what the speaker is saying now.

turn 1 : The business suit has a casual element to it with a short-sleeved shirt.

turn 1 : It gives you insight of how to be a man and take care of your business and have integrity, visionary goal-setting and respect for one another.


turn 2 : Networking is crucial for career opportunities and learning from others' experiences

turn 2 : Be mindful of the content you share online as it can affect job and college opportunities.

turn 2 : The shift from print to online journalism will benefit the industry

turn 2 : Personal responsibility, hard work, and self-acceptance are essential for success.

turn 2 : This implies that in the age of the internet, it's more important than ever to focus on the subject of authenticity because it's difficult to distinguish between true and false information.


(Laughter) I have no idea. I know that the pope - his five most famous words may be - who am I to judge?- which is about gay people. And I know that he has gay friends. You know, one of the people that he met with during his papal visit in the United States was a gay friend and his partner. So he's open to what he calls a culture of encounter and accompaniment. He's certainly in favor of listening to people and meeting them where they are. And so on that page, you know, we agree.

You suggest in a couple of sections of the book that there must be priests who are LGBT, but they are faithful to their vows of chastity.

Yeah, I know them. And, you know, by saying that a priest is gay, it doesn't mean that he's breaking his promise of celibacy or his vow of chastity or, you know, lesbian nuns. And one of the challenges for the church is to recognize these people and to see them as the gifts that they are as all LGBT people are to the church. They are gifts, beloved children of God who bring certain gifts and certain talents to our church, to the community.

Father James Martin - his book, "Building A Bridge: How The Catholic Church And The LGBT Community Can Enter Into A Relationship Of Respect, Compassion, And Sensitivity" - thanks so much for being with us.

turn 0 : The speaker does not agree with the Catholic views of the pope but acknowledges his power.

turn 0 : "he upheld church teachings while signaling a new openness to conversation about change" - figurative language, implying that the Pope is willing to consider new ideas and perspectives, even if they challenge traditional church teachings.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker is indirectly suggesting that they may have information or opinions that they are hesitant to share openly.

turn 0 : The actual meaning, however, is that the speaker is expressing agreement with the pope's approach and support for creating an inclusive and accepting environment for gay individuals within the Catholic Church.

turn 0 : (1) has an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The literal meaning is that the speaker is asking if there is any sign of improvement in the situation being discussed, but the implied meaning is that the situation is bad and the speaker is hoping for some positive news or indication that things will get better.


turn 2 : The church is in danger of losing its moral authority.

turn 2 : advocating for the recognition of these individuals within the church and emphasizing that their sexual orientation should not diminish their inherent value and contributions as beloved children of God.

turn 2 : You quote with approval the words of an Australian bishop who says quote, "we cannot talk about the integrity of creation, the universal and inclusive love of God, while at the same time colluding with the forces of oppression and the ill-treatment of racial minorities, women, and homosexual persons."

turn 2 : The church should clean up its own act before telling others what to do.


turn 3 : the speaker is thanking Father James Martin for his insight and wishing him a good holiday.

turn 3 :  expressing appreciation for Father James Martin's efforts to promote understanding and dialogue between the Catholic Church and the LGBT community, as reflected in his book.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: Some people find it controversial to accept that God loves everyone equally.

turn 3 : The speaker is expressing appreciation for the theme of father-daughter relationships in the book and acknowledging that it has personal resonance for them.

turn 3 : The author included difficult experiences in the book for a reason.