I, Karen Bass. . .

In May, Bass was sworn in as the first black female speaker of California's Assembly. That post has been called the second most powerful in the state behind the governor.

I recently asked Speaker Bass how she's dealing with her rise in profile and her new level of responsibility.

I felt definitely overwhelmed. But, you know, since May, or really since the election in February, I've just had a tremendous amount of support and welcome and good will. So I'm very excited about serving in the role.

You are someone who has certain interests that particularly are important to you. Foster care is one of them. Tell me about foster care.

turn 1 : Race relations are a critical issue in California

turn 1 : The United States is the only place where the speaker can survive.

turn 1 : Speaker Bass's post is the second most powerful position in California, behind the governor.

turn 1 : There are many potential candidates for the Senate seat

turn 1 : not the right hand or right side, but the   speaker agrees with the other speaker


I, Karen Bass. . .

turn 2 : The speaker feels he has reached the height of his professional career by performing in a certain venue

turn 2 : Speaker Bass has experienced a rise in her profile and level of responsibility.

turn 2 : The speaker's experience as a consumer helped in building their business.

turn 2 : The turn suggests that the speaker is feeling frustrated and overwhelmed.

turn 2 : The speaker is less confident than their parents about the future.


And now we're going to move on to our broader Africa update. We'll look at upcoming elections on the Comoros Islands why South Africa says Chinese residents can now call themselves black. For more we've got Cassandra Waldon. She's chief of external communications at the United Nations Development Program. Hey Cassandra.

Hi Farai, great to be with you.

Always great to have you on. And let's actually start with another issue, which is the global food crisis. Africa's second most populous country, Ethiopia, is asking for emergency food aid. The government says more than four and a half million people are in desperate need of help because of a drought which struck most of the country earlier this year. So Cassandra, what makes this food crisis different from past ones?

Well I think this one is being exacerbated by the crisis of higher food prices that we've seen across the globe. We see in Ethiopia that you have children, as many as 75,000 kids, who are already acutely malnourished, now finding themselves deteriorating even further because of the drought and the lack of food that is available to them. We see that seasonal rains in Ethiopia have failed completely or are very poor in many parts of Ethiopia, and this is really hurting crop production, it means that farmers can't take care of their livestock. It is just a very devastating situation.

turn 3 : The drought in Ethiopia is causing a devastating food crisis

turn 3 : The World Food Programme has to decide who is not going to get food due to the lack of resources, and those who are most in need often have to go without.

turn 3 : The farming communities are disappearing due to factors such as depopulation, urbanization, and economic challenges.

turn 3 : The government’s lack of interest and prioritization of political issues is causing a delay in getting necessary approvals and treatments for crops and animals.


. . . which has its own problems. Arranged marriages are - people are speaking up for them nowadays.

Well, you know, I mean, that that is the time. The woman - he asked the hand of this woman, his late 20s. But this is also because of that, that you can have this kind of melodrama. I mean, "Romeo and Juliet" today, it cannot happen because if the father of Juliet today say to Juliet, you cannot marry Romeo; and she say, I don't care. And she will go out and marry him anyway. And if she marries him, then there is no more love story anymore. You know, they marry; then they had a - lots of children.

You know, imagine Romeo and Juliet and they have like, 12 kids. Who would care about their story, you know?

Romeo and Juliet go to Costco. . .

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker is indirectly suggesting that they may have information or opinions that they are hesitant to share openly.

turn 0 : The speaker is worried about their own marriage

turn 0 : "Arranged marriages are - people are speaking up for them nowadays." The literal meaning of this turn is that arranged marriages have some problems, but people are starting to support them nowadays. However, the actual meaning is that arranged marriages are controversial and people have different opinions about them.

turn 0 : Turn (2): The speaker is implying that the person proposing marriage to a woman at the ballpark is likely to be rejected in public.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: People are feeling resentment and anger towards people who think they don't have to follow the same rules as everyone else.


Romeo and Juliet go to Costco. . .

turn 1 : The literal meaning: The speaker mentions that they discuss this as a significant starting point or origin for the book. The implied meaning: The speaker suggests that this event plays a crucial role in shaping the themes or direction of the book.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of the turn is asking why they want to cause violence, but the implied meaning is asking why they find violence appealing or attractive.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of (3) is asking what type of story was popular in the 19th century that could be compared to a modern day internet meme. The implied meaning is asking what was popular or trendy in the 19th century.

turn 1 : "But this is also because of that, that you can have this kind of melodrama." The literal meaning of this turn is difficult to determine because it is not grammatically correct. However, the actual meaning seems to be that the societal norms and traditions of the past allowed for dramatic love stories like Romeo and Juliet to occur, but modern society would not allow for such a story to unfold in the same way.

turn 1 : The story is emotional and difficult to hear.


Romeo and Juliet go to Costco. . .

turn 2 : The story is a happy one that is also distracting and the people have been feeling sad so they need the story to make them happy again.

turn 2 : 3) is the same as its literal meaning, which is asking for information about the number of stories typically received by the literary magazine.

turn 2 :  "I don't know that story" - This turn has a literal meaning, which is that the person speaking is not familiar with the story being referred to.

turn 2 : Turn (3) is an example of a statement whose meaning is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is not actually asking about the ages of the women, but rather expressing surprise or concern about how young some of them were.

turn 2 : "Who would care about their story, you know?" The literal meaning of this turn is that if Romeo and Juliet had 12 children, their story would not be as interesting. However, the actual meaning is that the tragedy and romance of Romeo and Juliet's story would be lost if they had lived a long and mundane life with many children.


Thanks for having me, Michel.

So organizers say that there were about a million people protesting today. The police say it's more like a quarter of a million. Still, that is a lot of people in a city of 7 million people. You were out in the streets. What did you see?

The streets were completely packed. It was just jammed - a complete mosh pit. I was out there, and I had just never seen so many people out on the streets before. They were marching through the city's main east-west artery for about two and a half miles from the park to the government headquarters. The head of the crowd started streaming out of the park at around 2:30 in the afternoon. And five hours later, as I was circling back to the start of the march, people were still going strong, and the tail end of the crowd was nowhere to be seen. So that just shows you how many people were joining this march for hours on end.

The issue of extradition is certainly important, but it just isn't something we often see people demonstrating about. And why do you think this sparked such a massive response?

turn 1 : The police may be downplaying the number of protesters.

turn 1 : This implies that the morale of the protesters' was weakened probably because of the low turnout.

turn 1 : The protest will be disruptive and cause inconvenience to the city

turn 1 : The tactics used were very dangerous and deadly to the protestors.

turn 1 : The protest has been peaceful despite potential for violence.


And there were a lot of things we did with George, always trying to recover the Pinta population of tortoises.

But nothing worked out, huh?

Nothing worked out. George was never very interested in any other tortoises. He was pretty much of a loner. And if you think about his life on Pinta, he spent probably the first half of his life alone on that island, and maybe by the time he'd gotten company with other tortoises, he just wasn't too into socializing much anymore.

Now, what made him unique genetically?Why is he the last of his kind?

turn 2 : "Have you been able to restore the populations to any extent?" This turn has a literal meaning. It asks whether any progress has been made in increasing the population of the tortoises.

turn 2 : "out of danger" - This implies that the populations of the tortoises are no longer threatened or endangered, rather than just not in immediate danger.

turn 2 : "Nothing worked out." - The literal meaning of this sentence is that none of the attempts to recover the Pinta population of tortoises were successful. However, the actual meaning conveyed by the speaker is more negative in tone, suggesting that their efforts were futile and perhaps even frustrating.

turn 2 : "released back to that island through the reproduction program" - This implies that young tortoises were bred in captivity and then reintroduced to the wild on the island of Espanola to increase the population, rather than just physically released.


But nothing worked out, huh?

turn 3 : "it kind of reinforced the importance of the work we do and the future and trying to ensure that no other species or subspecies are lost in Galapagos." This turn has a metaphorical meaning. It means that the death of Lonesome George highlighted the significance of preserving endangered species and preventing their extinction.

turn 3 :  "Why is he the last of his kind?" - The literal meaning of this question is asking for the reason behind George being the last of his species. The actual meaning is more complex, as the speaker is likely asking for an explanation of the genetic factors that led to the extinction of the Pinta tortoise population and George's unique genetic makeup.

turn 3 : "clone him" - This implies the possibility of cloning Lonesome George, a tortoise, rather than just asking if it is possible to create a genetic duplicate of him.

turn 3 : "Have you been able to restore the populations to any extent?" This turn has a literal meaning. It asks whether any progress has been made in increasing the population of the tortoises.


Smaller splinters of gangs.

Exactly, a small splinter of a gang. And I think that everybody just wants to be the man. Things was a lot different when I was a kid, though. Back then, you could probably ask a kid who they wanted to be when they grew up, and they would probably say a teacher or a doctor. And now, you probably would get something like I want to be like my big homie. I want to be OG. Like, this is the only thing that they're exposed to, so this is all they can aspire to be.

Are you afraid to go out of your apartment?

If I was afraid all the time, I probably wouldn't be in this line of business, which is HugsNoSlugs. I started this movement to try to bring more positivity into the poverty-stricken areas of Chicago. And I see a lot of really good people in these neighborhoods. These people have hearts, too.

turn 3 : (4) Implied meaning: The speaker is not afraid of going out of their apartment; instead, they are motivated by their desire to bring positivity to their community and recognize the potential of the people in poverty-stricken neighborhoods.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is suggesting that they are uncertain about the future outcome of a situation, and are not making any definitive statements or commitments. The tone and context of the statement could suggest that the speaker is being cautious, non-committal, or may be waiting for more information before making a decision.

turn 3 :  Implied meaning: There is a fear of the spread of Zika, malaria, cholera, and other diseases due to the lack of access to aid.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at a desire or need for help or support from the listener.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at a deeper or hidden motive or intention behind their actions or words.


Explain what it means that the buyer sees more value in the brand of Sports Illustrated than the magazine itself.

Such a good question. Authentic Brands Group represents a lot of big names, some in sport, like Dr.  J - Julius Erving - Shaquille O'Neal, a lot of icons of culture that have passed - Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley - and some, you know, other sporting figures and brands in culture - Juicy Couture, fashion, the like. And they see. . .

It's a good collection.

It's incoherent, but it's broad. Let's put it that way. They see the ability to do things they think - in live events, in conferences, perhaps in gambling, I guess. Casinos could be branded with - or certain kinds of lotteries could be branded with Sports Illustrated - gaming, presumably - video games and the like. They think that this is a franchise that has a strong name, even if publication of Sports Illustrated is down from its heyday. You know, you think of such an important publication - the journalism of Frank Deford, of Gary Smith, of the photography of Neil Leifer and others - so many impressive works over the years. That's not what these guys are about. These guys want to draw on that intellectual property, maybe sell it, maybe find ways to wrap new products around - that name around new products.

turn 3 : not a physical drawing board or easel, but the most important thing on an agenda or plan; not a physically big-in-size plan, but a plan with many elements or parts to it

turn 3 : This implies that the collection is not well-defined or organized, but it covers a wide range of areas.

turn 3 : The person has a great many books in stacks around his home.

turn 3 : (4) implies that part of the appeal of the installations is that people have to work to see them, rather than them being immediately visible.

turn 3 : "possible paths" - This is a literal expression referring to different options or courses of action that could be taken.


And then there's the hurricane season that starts in the Atlantic tomorrow.

Yeah. And of course, hurricanes are changing as the Earth warms. This is sort of the classic, archetypal climate-affected weather system. They're getting larger and wetter. They're dropping more rain. Think Hurricane Harvey in Texas in 2017. Think Hurricane Florence in the Carolinas last year. This year, the Weather Service predicts a normal year. I'm putting that in scare quotes. That means two to four major hurricanes. But it only takes one of those hitting the U. S.  to do a lot of damage, so it all adds up to just an enormous amount of flood danger for a lot of Americans.

That's NPR science reporter Rebecca Hersher. Becky, thank you.

Thanks.

turn 1 : The hurricane may cause severe impacts along the coastline despite staying offshore.

turn 1 : Hurricanes are becoming more dangerous due to climate change

turn 1 : The hurricane in the Bahamas is a developing story.

turn 1 : Surviving hurricanes is a common occurrence and a way of life for the Bahamians.


Thanks.

turn 1 : Hurricanes are becoming more dangerous due to climate change.


Well, tortoises in general in the Galapagos Islands were exploited primarily by the whalers, before that by buccaneers, but whaling logbooks show that there were probably 100,000 to 200,000 tortoises removed from Galapagos in the 1800s. And each island that suffered that exploitation resulted in some with very, very few tortoises, such as Espanola that only had 14 tortoises left, and then Pinta that ended up with only George left on that island.

So it was primarily through exploitation from previous centuries, and then some hunting, perhaps, in the 20th century, but George was all alone up there.

Let me ask you, you said something very interesting before. You said that George had a unique personality. Do tortoises really have personalities?

turn 2 : "it kind of reinforced the importance of the work we do and the future and trying to ensure that no other species or subspecies are lost in Galapagos." This turn has a metaphorical meaning. It means that the death of Lonesome George highlighted the significance of preserving endangered species and preventing their extinction.

turn 2 : "Have you been able to restore the populations to any extent?" This turn has a literal meaning. It asks whether any progress has been made in increasing the population of the tortoises.

turn 2 :  the figurative use of the phrase "flipping the bird" and the phrase's implication in New York City, respectively.

turn 2 : In turn (3), the speaker uses the word "hunting" to refer to the killing of tortoises, but this word carries a connotation of hunting for sport or pleasure, rather than the more utilitarian and exploitative meaning of the word as used in the context of the Galapagos tortoise population. Additionally, the speaker uses the phrase "all alone up there" to describe George's isolation on his island, when in fact the actual location of the island is not specified and the use of the phrase "up there" is a colloquial expression that does not convey any specific location or orientation.

turn 2 : All the turns in this conversation appear to have their literal meanings, and there are no metaphors, figurative language or idioms used.


Well, first of all, you know, with the nurses, every hour, every day are stories about the suffering of patients. And every social problem presents in the hospital. And even with the new mandate of the ACA, which has some positives, obviously, what we're finding is that the quality is decreasing. The premiums are increasing. Patients are cutting their pills in half. The out-of-pocket costs are enormous.

I mean, our health shouldn't be a commodity. And that's what's happened. And so fighting for a single-payer system has become a bedrock issue in this campaign. It's always been a bedrock issue for the nurses nationally. And when we joined with the campaign, Bernie Sanders amplified all of the issues of the nurses.

Hillary Clinton, who served the Obama administration and quotes the president a lot on the stump, says that it's just not practical to expect - in the political landscape today to expect the U. S.  Congress to approve a single-payer health care system. And she wants to expand the Affordable Care Act. That's. . .

Hillary Clinton. . .

turn 3 : implies that A has endorsed Hillary Clinton and believes she effectively addresses the issues.

turn 3 : Implies that Bill Clinton is both a valuable asset and a potential liability to the campaign.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of (4) is that Hillary Clinton does not support a single-payer health care system.

turn 3 : (2) Implied meaning: Is there any incentive for Democrats to cooperate with Republicans on health care reform now that they have been successful in preserving the original?

turn 3 : B confirms that the president is a recent one and hints at Bill Clinton being the right answer.


There's got to be a point where sooner or later the public is going to say, oh, this is just going too far with some of these technologies.

Well, again, that's why we call, you know, for the engineers to work with the regulators, to make sure that that doesn't happen. I mean, we all want everybody to enjoy sport, and that's why we have to make sure that they are working with them because - you know, and it keeps them interesting.

I mean, one of the other things is you have to think about how sports develop. You know, we have mountain biking that's emerged from road cycling, snowboarding emerged from skiing. So, you know, it's the creation of new sports that is also encouraged.

Let's talk about some of the other technologies in the London Olympics. Let's take bicycling. What's new there?

turn 3 : They suddenly started talking about new technologiesin London

turn 3 : It tells about developed our nation and innovoted lot of things

turn 3 : The speaker believes that Gates and West intentionally shifted their focus away from producing groundbreaking works in their field.

turn 3 : They could not come up with an idea that would impress people.

turn 3 : Despite being unified there are many roads to go forward to in order to find their goal to reach.


I gather - at first, you thought this might be a short book. Why?

Now, our research team tells us split pea soup is a dish that reaches across the region we're talking about.

It is. One thing that ties the whole region together is the fact that you'll have four very distinctive seasons, and at least one of them, regardless where in the region you are, is going to be a season where you can't really harvest any plant materials for food. So a lot of those dishes that are based on something that can be stored really well through winter like, for example, the dried peas for the split pea soup, they are actually dishes that you can find, if not in the whole region, at least in parts of it.

turn 1 : The implied meaning in turn (3) is that the author saw a lack of knowledge among young people in their community about their own cultural history and wanted to address this deficit by creating a book with images and information about that history.

turn 1 :  I thought, and actually, at first, I didn't want to do it when it was proposed to me. And I was even a little bit offended by the fact that someone wants to kind of lump this very, very large region into one book. You know, the Nordics is a geographical region. It's not really a cultural region.  In this turn, the speaker is expressing their initial reluctance and offense towards the idea of creating a book that encompasses the entire Nordic region. The literal meaning of the statement is clear, but the implicated meaning goes beyond the words themselves. The speaker implies that the cultural diversity within the Nordic region is significant and should not be oversimplified or generalized.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of the statement is that the speaker talks about the genesis of the book and how they were inspired to write it. The implicated meaning is that the speaker was motivated to write the book by their observations about the U.S. military presence in Afghanistan and the reactions of the Afghan people to it.

turn 1 : The implied meaning in turn (2) is that the author created the book out of a desire to educate young black people about their cultural history, which they may not have learned from mainstream media sources such as hip-hop videos.


The proposed bailout of the auto industry, which includes $15 billion in loans and a car czar to oversee the company's business decisions, is being criticized by some people as too much government interference. Malcolm Salter has advised Ford and GM, and he has studied the auto industry for decades. He's a professor emeritus at Harvard Business School. Welcome to the program.

Good to be here.

Well, what do you think of that plan?

I have some very serious questions about oversight, and I think we're moving awfully quickly on this because, obviously, the events are forcing us to do so. But I have some concerns about this so-called car czar. I'm not quite sure I know what it means. I'm not quite sure I know what decision rights the car czar will have.

And if, in fact, the car czar does have decision rights such as reported the Wall Street Journal this morning, which was where they were to review and presumably review all transactions more than $25 million, that seems to me like pretty granular oversight. And the question that I would ask, who has sufficient specific knowledge to make those kind of decisions who really hasn't been involved in the auto industry?

turn 1 : The oversight of the bailout money may not be as strong as it is intended to be.

turn 1 : The bailout could have potential negative consequences for the average taxpayer

turn 1 : The professor welcomes the opportunity to share his expertise on the proposed bailout plan.

turn 1 : The administration should be planning for the future and not just focusing on immediate reactions

turn 1 : The bailout is not punishment enough for the people responsible for the financial crisis.


Good to be here.

Well, what do you think of that plan?

turn 1 : (2) A: It's a real pleasure. (implied meaning: I am happy to be here and discuss this important topic)

turn 1 : Good to be here implies that it's very interesting and I'm accepting to be part of it

turn 1 : nice to be here means its nice that I'm here being interviewed

turn 1 : because the speaker said always good to be here

turn 1 : AGREE WITH THE TURN AND IMPLIED MEANING AND BELIVE THAT EVERYONE


So off I went to Moscow with a couple of colleagues to talk about how intelligence services should work in democracies. And I found myself sitting in the Lubyanka, their headquarters, which over the years had been sort of prison death cell torture chamber, facing a long line of KGB officers and talking to them about democratic oversight and such things. It was certainly one of the strangest events of my working life I think.

(Laughter) Forgive me, but this is a week to ask - do you think they took good notes?Were they paying attention to this democracy?

(Laughter) No, I don't think they were actually. They looked at us with rather hard, cynical eyes. And I wrote somewhere that it seemed to be like two wild animals surveying their prey but not being able to get at them. But I don't think they were particularly interested in all this oversight and democracy stuff, no.

And may I ask you, just based on your experience and the way you survey events, what does Russia want these days?

turn 1 : The implication of this turn is that the speaker was one of the first British intelligence officers to meet with the KGB after the fall of the Soviet Union.

turn 1 : The actual meaning of (3) is that many people wrongly assume that suspects will remain silent when questioned, when in fact they rarely do.

turn 1 : (2) implies that the speaker doubts whether the KGB officers were actually interested in the discussion of democratic oversight and were just pretending to pay attention.

turn 1 : Well, that raises another question.So, did you take some top-secret operation and just thinly fictionalize it to this book and, you know, are... The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is asking if the author took a real, top-secret operation and used it as the basis of their fictional book, and whether it might be recognizable to Russian agents.


turn 2 : The implication of this turn is that the speaker was one of the first British intelligence officers to meet with the KGB after the fall of the Soviet Union.

turn 2 : In turn (4), the implied meaning is that the Chinese Ministry of State Security is trying to take revenge for the U.S. FBI catching their spies in the U.S.

turn 2 : The actual meaning of (3) is that many people wrongly assume that suspects will remain silent when questioned, when in fact they rarely do.

turn 2 : (3) implies that the speaker found the KGB officers intimidating and felt like they were looking at him and his colleagues with menace.


turn 2 : Implied meaning: Although there may be variations in how people interpret it, the speaker is fairly confident that a significant number of individuals will understand that there is an underlying or implicit message conveyed through this turn. The meaning might not be immediately apparent and could require additional context, but the speaker believes that most people will recognize that there is a subtext or insinuation.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using subtext or implications to communicate something that they don't feel comfortable saying outright, but the listener may need to read between the lines to understand their true meaning.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at something indirectly and expects the listener to read between the lines.

turn 2 : Implied Meaning: While there may not be a clear and definitive implied meaning behind this turn, it's possible that there is a subtle message or intention that can be inferred based on the speaker's tone and the context of the conversation. However, not everyone may agree on what the implied meaning is, as it may be subject to interpretation. Nonetheless, there is a likelihood that most people would perceive some sort of subtext or hidden intention in this turn.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at a deeper meaning or intention behind their words or actions, which requires further investigation or understanding to fully grasp.


Well, I think they'll help fill in some of the gaps that the U. S.  commander there, General John Nicholson, talked about in his testimony earlier this year. He needs some more forces to be able to get out with Afghan units as advisers. He needs more forces to do the counterterrorism mission against a Islamic State force there that's growing in strength.

And so it's simply going to be a gap-filler in many respects. I don't think it's going to be some type of a decisive increment of troops, and all of a sudden it's going to turn around the battlefield results and make this a war that we're suddenly winning when those troops get deployed.

And does it strike you, though, that in trying to come up with a new strategy, there are really any more options than have been on the table in past administrations who have been trying hard - and much blood and treasure has been spilled - in trying to answer these very same questions for many, many years now?

I think there's some potential different openings here. You've got a very different president with a very different outlook about American commitments around the world. I think he is going to consider all options, including a zero option, potentially, for Afghanistan.

turn 1 : There is a risk of military conflict due to misunderstandings.

turn 1 : Short deployments had negative consequences, contrary to expectations.

turn 1 : The deployment of additional troops is not expected to have a significant impact on the outcome of the war or lead to a sudden victory.

turn 1 : Military interventions often escalate beyond their original scope.

turn 1 : There is a risk of a catastrophic situation if a full war breaks out in the area with civilians


Yeah, well, in fact, what our(ph) antihydrogen atoms bump into when we release them is gold. The inside of our apparatus is gold-plated, so they're actually hitting gold nuclei. So what happens is the antiquarks in the antiproton finds some quarks in a gold nucleus and annihilate with those. The amount of energy released is about the same, right?You're annihilating the rest mass of the antiproton on the same rest mass of the quarks that make up the nucleus.

So does the gold get changed any way from. . .

Not in any way that you would measure macroscopically, right, but - because we're talking about, we trap one atom at a time, right?So there's no macroscopic effect that you would be able to measure. But for us, that's a microscopically violent event, right?There's a lot of energy released, and we're pretty good at detecting that so we can actually see the energy release when you lose one atom of antihydrogen. By the way, you couldn't do that with hydrogen. If hydrogen hits the wall, nothing happens, right?So this is one way that antimatter is actually fun to work with.

When you shoot that radiation at it to flip it around, does it self-annihilate against the wall?Is that what happens?

turn 0 : Antihydrogen atoms hit gold nuclei in the apparatus.

turn 0 : It is not actually zapped. It has been exposed to radiation.

turn 0 : (1) The speaker is explaining why dark matter cannot be seen because it has no charge and therefore does not emit light.

turn 0 : The cell doesn't literally "read" the protein, it merely reacts to the stimili.

turn 0 : They need to do research and find out the answer that they are looking for.


turn 2 : you don't really know that much about this.

turn 2 : that the people don't want any more violence and want it to stop

turn 2 : Antimatter is fun to work with because of its violent microscopically violent events.

turn 2 : You will never be taken seriously no matter how hard you try.

turn 2 : It is easier to do something when there are no obstacles (guards) around.


As you were growing up, your father wouldn't even let you sit back in a chair.

My father believed the world was divided between those who were mentally and physically strong and those who were weak and lazy. For this, I had to undergo a physical and psychological training.

Can you tell us about those nights in the cellar?

From the age of 6, I had to spend one night a month in the basement meditating on death. I sat on a stool, alone, in the dark, surrounded by rats. And I had a cardigan with small bells on it. I wasn't allowed to let the bells tinkle, as it meant that I was moving. It was one of his exercises.

There are just too many instances of abuse and cruelty to recount - I mean, the way he didn't turn on the heat, the way he made you bathe in his dirty water. He said he gave you his energy that way or something.

Yes. There was a lot of violence in what my father made me do. We could describe it as sadistic. For him, violence was meant to make me stronger and to remind me that life was horrible.

turn 0 : A had a difficult childhood with no celebrations, and later moved in with his father who was involved in illegal activities.

turn 0 : NOTHING IS NOT GOOD.SO IT WAS A VERY MEANING FULL

turn 0 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 0 : 1. The implied meaning of this statement is that the father was very strict and did not allow the speaker to relax.


And also they X-rayed them and they put it contrast eyes. And they found this sort of anatomical differences that would allow owls to do this.

One thing that struck you about the video that they sent as well as it struck me.

I think struck you. I'm not sure.

Was that right at the beginning of the video, you watch the video and one of the scientists is there and he's got an owl on his arm. And they're absolutely - they look alike. And now you say people look like their pets. He looks — he's standing still. Both their eyes are facing forward and it looks like - just like his owl.

turn 1 : Literally, this turn is a short response to A's previous statement about the time-lapse videos of human development. However, the implied meaning is that B understands and acknowledges A's previous statement about the videos featuring embryos, and is simply reiterating that fact.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at something indirectly and expects the listener to understand the intended message.

turn 1 : The literal meaning is that the speaker would have appeared on a media outlet many times. The actual meaning is that the speaker would have been very vocal and persistent on the issue, possibly annoying the media host.

turn 1 : The implication is that the person realised something about the video - it did not literally hit them.

turn 1 : The person was surprised greatly by the information and it affected many of their thoughts and emotions. They were not struck but what they saw made them notice it and think about it more.


As I say, I'm not doubting too much that Iran had a hand in this thing. Their motive is I think quite clear. We are in the middle of a signaling process that is going on. The United States is actually cracking down on Iran so that, basically, Iran not only can't sell oil. It can't sell its refined products. And, increasingly, Iran's closed out of international markets for just about anything that they produce.

So we are basically putting Iran under siege, and they're going to try to strike back at some point. So if I were sitting in Iran and thinking about what I could do, making the cost of oil higher for the rest of the world is a pretty interesting way of responding and saying, you can't do this cost-free.

Where do you see this going?Given that you've identified that the administration is engaged in a policy of trying to isolate Iran, diplomatically and economically, to achieve what it would consider better terms in the Iran nuclear deal - so is there any scenario in which you can see this tactic bringing Iran back to the negotiating table?

If the United States wants to do that, they're not going to succeed by just piling on the pressure until Iran collapses. Iran won't collapse. They've been through some very tough times - including a war with Iraq, which was far more dangerous to them than the threats that we're putting against them now - and they didn't crack.

turn 1 : The Trump administration's strategy of maximum pressure may lead Iran to negotiate

turn 1 : The situation between Iran and the US may lead to a military conflict, which nobody wants.

turn 1 : The United States' policy of isolating Iran will not bring Iran back to the negotiating table by just piling on pressure until Iran collapses.

turn 1 : If the Trump administration offers to remove some of the sanctions on Iran, Iran would be willing to negotiate.

turn 1 : Iran would be willing to negotiate if some of the sanctions were removed.


We wanted to learn more about all this, so we've called on Daniel Fessler. He is a professor of anthropology at UCLA, and he is the inaugural director of the Bedari Kindness Institute. And he's with us now. Professor Fessler, thank you so much for talking to us.

Well, thank you for your interest. I'm happy to be here.

I was just looking at your bio, and you say in your own bio - your own university bio that when your colleagues talk about your work, they politely call it eclectic. And I took that to mean that your work is hard to categorize. So I just wanted to ask, you know, how - what is your work, and how does it translate into this task of creating this kindness institute?

So it is indeed eclectic, broad-ranging, you might say. I'm an evolutionary anthropologist. And, in particular, I work on understanding contemporary human behavior, contemporary human health and how the mind works in the contemporary world in light of our species' long history of evolution. And in terms of kindness, an important feature of our species is that we are perhaps the most cooperative animal on the planet. So in no other species do you see cooperation between large numbers of unrelated individuals, or even, in many species, tolerance of large numbers of unrelated individuals.

turn 3 : something that was hinted at or suggested, but not directly stated.

turn 3 : His work is odd and seen as very different from what people normally do and/or expect.

turn 3 : The boss refuses to change their mind on what they think about situation.

turn 3 : The narrator can visualized the art like how all artists done.

turn 3 : The author included difficult experiences in the book for a reason.


What about beyond the environment?- because your platform goes well beyond just issues. . .

Yeah.

. . . Of climate. What else do you stand for?

Well, having a clear attitude against racism through our diversity, not flirting with populist parties but confronting them. This is something that the Greens have been always good in. And I think that resonates with the population. And also, the Green Party has always been most pro-European party, longing for United States of Europe as a vision.

turn 3 : implies a contrast between the two parties and the different ways that they conduct their caucuses.

turn 3 : Liberals in this place have socially conservative views.

turn 3 : People are uncertain about their vote in this election, and are hesitant to support either the Republican or Democratic candidate.

turn 3 : The political divide between the Democratic and Republican parties is not the only divide that exists, there are divides within the two parties as well.

turn 3 : The Green Party has good attitudes towards diversity, opposes populist parties, and is pro-European.


Yeah.

turn 3 : The Green Party is against racism, doesn't support populist parties, and supports a united Europe.

turn 3 : The person wants to know what can be done to find a common thing the two political parties can agree on.


Well, you know, performance is really one of making sure you understand and document what's expected of you in your given role. One of the mistakes I see many professionals make, minority or otherwise, is they don't document and understand really what's expected of them.

And so they go throughout the whole year performing at what they may thing is the optimum level, only to get to the end of the year and find out that they've missed a mark. They're not doing one-on-ones or meetings quarterly or monthly with their manager, and so it's really important that if, you're going to track your performance that you understand what's expected, but more importantly that you follow up to make sure that you're on course.

Now, you have these performance evaluations in some cases, and is that a 100 percent of your success?How much are we talking about?

Yeah, I'm a big believer that success in corporate America, that performance really accounts for 50 percent of that. And what I mean by that is if you go back to childhood, most of what we were taught as children was you are rewarded based on how well you performed.

turn 0 : (1) has an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The literal meaning is that the speaker is asking if there is any sign of improvement in the situation being discussed, but the implied meaning is that the situation is bad and the speaker is hoping for some positive news or indication that things will get better.

turn 0 : "performance is really one of making sure you understand and document what's expected of you in your given role" - The literal meaning would be that performance is about actually performing one's job duties, but the actual meaning is that it's about understanding and documenting what's expected in order to perform well.

turn 0 : (1) The implied meaning is that the speaker has encountered some subtle differences in language between American and British audiences while performing, which has been challenging but also rewarding.

turn 0 : to take on a role in this context means to act like a character.

turn 0 : has a literal meaning of "Yes, the numbers aren't looking good for the person," but its actual meaning is "It looks like the person isn't likely to succeed."


turn 1 : you've got the whole thing likely means that they have everything needed to succeed.

turn 1 : "they go throughout the whole year performing at what they may think is the optimum level, only to get to the end of the year and find out that they've missed a mark" - The literal meaning is that they perform well all year but still don't meet expectations, but the actual meaning is that they don't understand what's expected of them and therefore can't perform well.

turn 1 : (3) Implies that the speaker used to have a difficult time during the holidays, as they had to worry about bills and expenses that come with the season.

turn 1 : Being good at something is not enough for success.

turn 1 : In this turn, the speaker is not just providing a definition of success but also implying that the program is already showing signs of success by highlighting the increase in tips and information received.


turn 3 : In this turn, the speaker is not just providing a definition of success but also implying that the program is already showing signs of success by highlighting the increase in tips and information received.

turn 3 :  "I'm a big believer that success in corporate America, that performance really accounts for 50 percent of that" - The literal meaning is that performance is half of what determines success, but the actual meaning is that performance is important, but not the only factor, in determining success.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of (3) is a simple expression of agreement, while the implied meaning is that the speaker is amazed by the story of Steve Dalkowski's feats.

turn 3 : Being good at something is not enough for success.


It's kind of laid back and peaceful. That's how we kept it this whole protest. We've been peaceful. And, you know, we're all looking after each other just like we would down in the mine. We got each other's back.

Are you supporting a family?What's it like living without the paycheck that you've been expecting?

Well, it's rough, I mean, you know. But I'm fortunate. It's just me and my wife. Our kids is grown.

You've spent your career working in the coal mines.

turn 0 : The protest turned violent, despite initially being peaceful.

turn 0 : The speaker believes that the protests need to be more extreme for America to acknowledge the issue, but not necessarily violent.

turn 0 : The protests are still significant despite not being widespread

turn 0 : The tactics used were very dangerous and deadly to the protestors.

turn 0 : The protest has been peaceful despite potential for violence.


Yes. In fact, he displays every symptom of chronic sleep deprivation as described by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine - difficulty processing information, paranoid tendencies, mood swings. The way he made statements that he actually had to retract, like banishing women who have abortion, shows that sleep deprivation is a slippery slope.

You tried to uphold an editorial policy early in the campaign about not covering Donald Trump as a political story but as an entertainment story. Then after, what, a couple - a few weeks or months, you found you couldn't do that.

Well, what happened is that we changed our policy the day that he proposed to ban 1. 6 billion Muslims from this country. The day he made this completely un-American pronouncement, we believe that covering him as a clear and present danger was legitimate.

turn 3 : The interviewer reminds the speaker of what they've been saying, which is different from what the speaker is saying now.

turn 3 : In turn (4), the question "How many times have you been doing interviews for this book and somebody has pretended to fall asleep on you?" is not asking about literal instances where someone has actually fallen asleep during an interview. Instead, it is likely implying that the interviews may have been boring or uninteresting for the interviewee, and therefore they may have appeared to be falling asleep as a way to show disinterest or disapproval.

turn 3 : the literal meaning is that the interviewer asks if recent events and debates make a scene in a book more significant.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of turn (4) is that the interviewer is seeking clarification on what the interviewee means by "bad things going on." However, the actual meaning is that the interviewer is making an assumption that "bad things going on" primarily refers to guards abusing inmates, even though the interviewee did not explicitly state this.


The Fed's dual mission is always the same - to control inflation and encourage full employment. Now, right now, the numbers say that the Fed's done a pretty good job tapping the accelerator and tapping the brake when they've seen fit. But it is not their job to make sure that the president looks good. And so that's a source of real conflict between these institutions.

As we noted, the president has arrived in France for the G-7 meeting. He seems to also be using the occasion to get closer to Russia once more.

And apparently proposing that Russia be brought back into the group, an idea that's already been rejected today by the European Council president. This is one way that Trump uses Vladimir Putin and that relationship to perhaps pressure some of our allies more toward his positions. But it's also at least potentially a way in which Putin can use Trump to weaken the European alliance and advance his own agenda.

Ron, there has been so much violence and death this summer. And we know opinion polls show the American public broadly supports, for example, red flag laws in hopes of averting mass shootings. Congress seems to differ with the American public when it comes to trying to control access to guns.

turn 0 : soared in this context means to go up, or increase significantly.

turn 0 : "tapping the accelerator and tapping the brake" refers to the rate at which inflation is increased within this context.

turn 0 : when something is referred to as a hurdle in this context it means its something that stands in the way of getting something done

turn 0 : (1) "it's just growing too fast" - This phrase is not referring to the physical speed of growth but rather the rate of growth over time.

turn 0 : "change the calculus" - this is a metaphorical expression that means to change the way people are thinking about something.


Yeah. And it really. . .

Maybe, it's social media now.

Right. And that I'm pitiful at. But I think when you have something like a Weinstein Company, or you have Fox Searchlight, you have these big studios that have supported independent filmmaking and tried to create larger platforms for them. If you have those larger companies that have a lot of history backing you, you end up having a better foot in the door. And so I think we are a dark horse (laughter).

Why do you hope people will go to see this film?

turn 2 : (3) - "Dark horse" is a metaphor meaning an outsider who unexpectedly wins or succeeds.

turn 2 : Dark horse is implying an unexpected person or candidate and not an animal that's dark

turn 2 : dark horse in this case implies an unknown entity, as in a team that no one knows of or is aware of.

turn 2 : the meaning of "pin your heart on this beautiful little horse and this odd cast of characters around him" is to invest your emotion or faith in Chrome and his team, even if there is no guarantee of success.


Perhaps Thursday night. And he had also mentioned that there - Democrats were, quote, "trying to steal the election" and had sort of mentioned fraud and referred the matter onto the state's version of the FBI called the Florida Department of Law Enforcement, known as the FDLE. Well, FDLE, the next day, said, hey, there's no allegation of fraud, that it - they don't even have a complaint.

So far, all of these folks are saying, on the Republican side, hey, there's fraud, it needs to be investigated, while the state investigative agency is like, we're here to investigate. Show us. And so far, there's nothing.

With 20 seconds left, why does this happen a lot in Florida?

Because that's just how we are. I think Tim Russert said Florida, Florida, Florida. Or some people call us Flori-duh (ph). And this is just part of the nature of living here and being a reporter in the Sunshine State.

turn 0 : The government rigged the election and caused violence.

turn 0 : Republicans in Congress are complicit in Trump's attacks on democracy.

turn 0 : it is a metaphorical field, it just means there are not as many candidates running for the election as there was in the past because some decided not to continue running

turn 0 : "eluding us" - This means that the centrist white male and conservative white male voters are not voting for the Democratic Party, but the literal meaning of "eluding" is to escape or avoid something.

turn 0 : "trying to steal the election" and "fraud" are used in a figurative sense to imply that the Democrats were attempting to win the election through illegitimate means.


turn 1 : The congressional committees are trying to gain public attention and support for their investigations, while Mueller is working in the shadows and his findings will only be revealed when it is time to take legal action.

turn 1 : The person thinks there is contitutional responsibility to investigate areas that the president has said not to. The Mueller team did not as the president told them to investigate only so much and then to stop.

turn 1 : "on the Republican side" and "investigated" are used in a figurative sense to imply that the Republicans are making unsubstantiated claims of fraud, while the state investigative agency is seeking evidence to determine if such claims are true.

turn 1 :  turn is asking about the use of subpoenas to compel witnesses to testify and whether they are a last resort or a negotiating tool. The actual meaning, however, is asking about the effectiveness and necessity of using subpoenas in congressional investigations.

turn 1 : (2) Implies that Republicans are avoiding talking about gun policy and are only willing to talk about it on Fox News, suggesting that they are being disingenuous in their approach.


turn 3 :  "Flori-duh" is a pun that plays on the literal name of the state, Florida, and the slang term "duh" which is often used to indicate stupidity or foolishness. This turn is figurative in nature.

turn 3 : "Oh, wow." - This turn's actual meaning is different from its literal meaning. In this context, it is used sarcastically to express disbelief or surprise.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using understatement or exaggeration to convey a message, often to emphasize a point or to add humor to a situation.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using humor or sarcasm to make a point or convey a message in a lighthearted way.

turn 3 : (3) is a sign of amusement, indicating the speaker was laughing at the metaphor.


He is now in Napa State Mental Hospital, he - until he is - can be fit to stand trial. He's been declared unfit to stand trial because of his, you know, he's psychiatrically unable to stand trial at this point. And so he's undergoing compulsory medication to try and get him ready.

And Oikos University, what's happened there, there was something of a decertification.

Yeah. This is a couple months ago, I think, and the school went above - went in front of the regulatory board because the nursing students were passing the statewide nursing exam, like the graduates were passing it at such a low rate. And I think they were put under probation for a while. And I think all of that has been cleared since, though.

And you went back to visit the school a couple of times, and I wonder, you know, the peace park is there, you went to that memorial service and reported five other people were there.

turn 3 : something that was hinted at or suggested, but not directly stated.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be suggesting that there are some hidden or unknown factors that could influence the situation being discussed.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is subtly trying to convey a sense of urgency or importance in the matter being discussed, without explicitly stating it.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at a deeper or hidden motive or intention behind their actions or words.


Even bigger than a football field, you know. And we would walk our way across it and everybody who needed to observe this, the staffs, other commanders of supporting elements, fighter squadron commanders, bomber squadron commanders, helicopter commanders, they'd all be gathered around on the sand dunes around watching as we walked our way through it. And we did this repeatedly.

Did anybody in your experience rehearse what would happen after you closed in on Baghdad?

Yes, as a matter of fact, my boss at Camp Pendleton during a war game that we had in June of 2002. And on the first day of the war game - this is really about how does a battle unfold?We were looking at Iraq, of course. And he said - he pulled out the entire planning staff that usually is playing the next day or the next week's fight. And he said, you're going to concentrate on the post-combat phase. He said, I'm not getting enough guidance on it. I want to know what we're going to do when the fighting is done.

Although I get the impression from your book and from having covered the war in Iraq as a journalist that the United States reached a point where there had been no plan, where people had not rehearsed it a thousand times, where on a very high level it was not clear at all what the United States wanted to do in Iraq and how the United States wanted to achieve it.

turn 2 : The lack of planning for the post-war phase in Iraq despite previous war games.

turn 2 : People are not playing a game but taking part in a military conflict.

turn 2 : The key point is made to make people want to learn more about what happened.

turn 2 : The regime has been causing damage to the country and harming innocent people.


Yeah - African-American mayor from Tallahassee.

Yes. So this is sort of a test of whether real progressive candidates can win in these sort of purplish states. And so that's going to be a really - you have a Trump ally there in Ron DeSantis. It's going to be, I think, a really close race still. Next door in Georgia, another woman trying to make history - Stacey Abrams would be the first African-American woman ever elected governor.

Right.

And that's a state that is changing. Has it changed enough?That's a really big question. And then there's sort of a handful of surprising opportunities for Democrats in the Midwest and in the Sun Belt. Nevada and Ohio - those were always sort of toss-ups. But then Democrats have real chances to flip some places - really ruby-red territory - like Kansas, South Dakota, maybe even Oklahoma.

turn 1 : red states meaning those that are primarily seen as republican dominated

turn 1 : whites refers to the Europeans and Americans and not just a color

turn 1 : "Purplish" states are not really colored. They refer to US states that are neither clearly Republican (red) nor Democrat (blue) in their voting..

turn 1 : "multicolored" is a figurative language that means it was not just one racial group that supported Barack Obama.


Right.

turn 3 : red states meaning those that are primarily seen as republican dominated

turn 3 : whites refers to the Europeans and Americans and not just a color

turn 3 : implies a contrast between the two parties and the different ways that they conduct their caucuses.

turn 3 : Ruby-red states re not literally colored. They vote nearly always for Republicans, who are "red" in American political parlance.


We have what are called the three amigos. And the three amigos are Secretary Perry, again, Ambassador Volker and myself. And we've been tasked with sort of overseeing the Ukraine-U. S.  relationship.

ORDOÑEZ: And mind you that all this is happening even as Trump and his officials are in the process of ousting the U. S.  ambassador to the Ukraine, who Trump recently called bad news.

What kind of reputation has Sondland built during his brief time as a diplomat?

ORDOÑEZ: You know, in some ways, Sondland is kind of like Trump. He's a businessman. He made his name in the hotel industry. People I spoke to said he has kind of a similar brash personality - a wheeler, a dealer, someone with a lot of confidence. He's kind of a larger-than-life character. When he hosted an Independence Day celebration in Brussels, he actually brought in Jay Leno as entertainment.

turn 1 : The candidate had something troubling in their past.

turn 1 : The president thinks that the media is out to ruin him and makes them out to be evil.

turn 1 : He would be fulfilling a government role and Trump makes it look like he does all of the work.

turn 1 : Trump said the person is bad at their job and causes trouble to others.

turn 1 : The president is trying to divert attention away from negative news about him and his administration


turn 3 : The person found a lot of people not shopping and instead watching how much they spend on things in order to save money.

turn 3 : People may be selling their belongings to cope with the financial crisis.

turn 3 : It's important to prioritize the country's future over personal gain.

turn 3 : THERE IS A BIG CHANGE THE PEOPLE HAVE ALREADY LOST THEIR MONEY

turn 3 : The person makes a great many large financial deals and is loud and confident.


So, this isn't someone who is just - and forgive a homey analogy for our listeners - this isn't someone who is just the Michael Jordan of Indian cricket. This is somebody who is the Michael Jordan times five, six or ten.

Probably yes, exactly. All - the Babe Ruth, Mickey Mantle, Lou Gehrig all combined. I don't know which other icons to come with from which sport that Americans relate to. And he somehow managed to be uncontaminated by scandal, by controversy in a sport that's been laden with examples of both. And his rise, in a sense, became tied up with or almost emblematic of India's own rise to ascension on the world stage. When Sachin Tendulkar made his debut for India in 1989 at the age of 16, India was still a developing country, a poor country, one with lots of problems, a semi-closed economy, that still called itself socialist. All of these problems. And then India liberalized in 1991 with the end of the Cold War and the major change in financial calculations and political philosophy in the country, and that coincided with Sachin's rise. So, India rose and Sachin rose, and he leaves just as our economy has also begun to tank a bit over the last year or two.

Shashi, what happens to a star of this magnitude in the retirement?Any idea?

Well, amusingly enough, my government nominated him to our Upper House. We have an Upper House that's weaker than your Senate.

You know, Shashi, let me simply interject: very few things are weaker than our Senate at the moment, but go ahead.

turn 2 : The stars are not actually very close to Earth. The implication is that they are closer to Earth and its Sun than other stars.

turn 2 : big star implies being very popular  well known  or famous and not talking about the star in the sky

turn 2 : Is there any idea what happens to a star of this magnitude in the retirement?

turn 2 : If they began to lose money steadily then they would change their pay.

turn 2 : star implies a luminous body in the sky and not a celebrity.


turn 3 :  Has my government nominated Sachin Tendulkar to our Upper House?

turn 3 : Implies a question as to whether any action has been taken to remove President Kabila from power.

turn 3 : The supporters of Jeremy Corbyn are very committed and enthusiastic about him.

turn 3 : (3) Implied Meaning: Is President Kabila using the current situation to remain in power?

turn 3 : It is being implied that if everyone resigns he will be the new leader.


And then the women also said they wanted their jacket to look like that. They wanted to wear a male tie, which is unusual. Usually women wear, like, kind of a little crosshatch-looking tie. But they wanted to wear a long, male tie. And they wanted a pencil skirt.

Were the women and the men in the military polled about this?

Yeah. From different ranks, they had people come in and look at the uniforms or hats, you know, sent the prototypes to them and said, what do you like?Is this comfortable?And what would you like to see?

So they get some sartorial input.

turn 0 : the war on women meaning that the government is trying to tell a woman what she can and cannot do with her body.

turn 0 : There is an idea that women must suffer through the pain of wearing high heeled shoes to be professional.

turn 0 : The women wanted to wear a male tie and pencil skirt, which is unusual for women's clothing.

turn 0 : The women that were photographed did not see themselves as beautiful before the project

turn 0 : Her life was a representation of the celebrated tradition of women warriors in France at that time.


So they get some sartorial input.

turn 0 : The women wanted to wear a long, male tie and pencil skirt, which is unusual for women.


Why reform?What has been wrong with the bail system up to this point?

It is extremely unfair. Essentially, what you're doing is taking people who have zero dollars and asking them to pay you dollars to preserve their own liberty. In New York, it's something like 45,000 people per year are detained on bail. And of those, 85 percent have a bail that they can't afford to pay, even though it's less than $500. And we have to keep in mind that in New York City, the cost of jail is something like $400 - at least $400 a day, so the math quickly does not add up.

Which is why I'm wondering, you know, why does the system do it this way?How does the system benefit from the current way of asking for bail?

I think that it's kind of a version of inertia. I think, you know, the idea was that the most important thing we have in our society and culture is money, so if you take that away from somebody or threaten to take it away from them, then you can compel them to do what you want them to do, which is to return to court. And then we have an industry that this set up - often, you know, in any downtown area, you see the bail bondsmen is right next-door to the court. And so we have an industry that has a lot of entrenched interest to keep the current system alive and well.

turn 1 : This statement implies that the amount dollar charged for bail in New York is exorbitant.

turn 1 : The oversight of the bailout money may not be as strong as it is intended to be.

turn 1 : The bailout could have potential negative consequences for the average taxpayer

turn 1 : Companies are misusing bailout money and need to be held accountable and punished for doing so.

turn 1 : Prosecutors have more power than judges in determining charges


Sure, thanks for having me.

It wasn't so long ago that rich Russians were strutting a little. What's happened?

Well, just what you described. There's been fall in the oil prices, which has had a big effect on the ruble; exacerbated by the sanctions, in my view, and suddenly a confident Putin and a confident Russia is no more. I think growth is next to zero by the end of the year and many people are predicting negative four - maybe even negative 5 - percent economic contraction next year.

Does anyone in Russia say - are they bold enough to now say in public that invading Crimea doesn't look like such a smart move?

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of a certain word or phrase may have a hidden connotation or subtext that is meant to convey a particular idea or message, such as irony or euphemism.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using sarcasm or irony to convey a different meaning than what is being explicitly stated.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of sarcasm or irony suggests that they hold a different opinion or belief than what they are expressing explicitly.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a sarcastic or ironic tone to convey their true feelings or opinions about the situation, without explicitly stating them.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of repetition or emphasis on certain words may convey a hidden or implied meaning, such as sarcasm, irony, or frustration, that complements or contrasts with their words.


The narrower strike, I think, on chemical weapons, there probably would be - would have been a favorable vote because most - this is a - this has nothing - in a sense, it's not Syria. We're against chemical weapons wherever and however they're used. So that kind of strike, I think, has a justification in international law and in history. But it's the idea of a - intervening in this tragic civil war, I think, is a much broader question.

A while ago, Senator King, you were among those people in the Senate who supported greater support for Syrian rebels in the hope that they might be able to overturn the Assad regime. How do you feel about that now?Has the time for that opportunity passed?Does a strike like this promote that or have got nothing to do with it?

I don't think it has much to do with, as I say, the overall calculus on the battlefield in the civil war. And I'm afraid you may be right. Clearly, the momentum at this point is with Assad. The critical moment was when Russia came in in support of the Assad regime. And then you add Iran, Hezbollah and the other support that they're getting, all you'd have to do is look at the map. Two years ago, the opposition controlled a great deal of the country. And now, that territory is narrowing. And the fight now, this alleged chemical attack, took place in the Damascus suburbs.

So what should the U. S.  strategic goal be as far as you're concerned?

turn 2 : The regime has been causing damage to the country and harming innocent people.

turn 2 : The opposition has lost territory and the alleged chemical attack took place in Damascus suburbs

turn 2 : A is implying that there have been small reports of violence, such as stones being thrown at mosques and shops being burned down.

turn 2 : Jordan is open to international efforts to resolve the situation in Syria, but is not taking unilateral action

turn 2 : ISIS in Afghanistan is a threat through high-profile attacks


What put this story into your mind?

Well, I was researching a, you know, just a short magazine piece on the media's infatuation with lists. And I stumbled across this, to me, arresting factoid that there was a - someone named Frederick of Saxony who lived in the early 16th century, but he had a collection of holy relics. This collection of holy relics numbered 19,013. The second thing I found out was that Frederick of Saxony was Martin Luther's employer. And it sort of, you know, took off from there. But I - the - there was the relic collection that - and I - as I looked into that, it had marvelous things - a strand of Jesus's beard, a piece of straw from the holy manger - I'm not making this up - a vile of the Virgin Mary's breast milk. I mean, these were among the items in this collection.

In fact, the book opens with a scene at the Basel Relic Fair.

Yeah, it was a - it opens - they - a trade fair and Dismas notes that there are two adjacent booths, each offering a complete crown of thorns for sale.

turn 3 : Turn (3) describes the discovery of clues that led to the unraveling of the scandal, which is consistent with its literal meaning.

turn 3 :  (4) is an expression of surprise. The implied meaning is an expression of admiration.

turn 3 : In a literal sense, A is simply confirming that the book opens with a scene at the Basel Relic Fair. However, the implied meaning is that the mention of the two adjacent booths offering a complete crown of thorns for sale is significant and foreshadows something that will happen later in the book. It sets up an expectation in the reader's mind that will be fulfilled or subverted later on.

turn 3 : The literal meaning: The speaker mentions that they discuss this as a significant starting point or origin for the book. The implied meaning: The speaker suggests that this event plays a crucial role in shaping the themes or direction of the book.


I think that with that time, you just need to map it out and make sure that you stay busy. Because if you don't, there's a lot of other elements, you know, inside, that could possibly corrupt you. And you might not only lose your freedom, you might end up losing your life. So you've got to be really careful while you're in there.

Now your song "It's Real" deals with a really heavy topic: AIDS.

Right.

Let's take a listen.

turn 1 : The speaker is mentioning a song that reflects their current emotions.

turn 1 : What matters is how the song makes a person feels and how it sounds.

turn 1 : The song It's Real addresses a serious issue.

turn 1 : The story is emotional and difficult to hear.

turn 1 : The music in the beginning sounded like rap to me, which is a form of music that has a strong focus on rhythm and poetic lyrics.


Governor, let me have you answer your own question. Why are fewer businesses being created?

There are a combination of reasons behind the reduction in business creation. One is that we - like any enterprise - and government is an enterprise - we've had more and more kind of red tape. And sometimes that bureaucracy is excessive and makes it harder for people - the successful employees in somebody else's company - makes it harder for them to take a leap and start their own business.

But I also think a big part of it is we have a consolidation of just two or three companies dominate that industry, right?There - 84% of all the hardware sales are from two companies. So starting a neighborhood hardware company is almost out of the question. People don't think they have a chance.

The question of whether or not certain companies are monopolies has come up again and again throughout the course of this campaign. Would you break up the big tech giants - Facebook and Amazon - as Elizabeth Warren has said she would do?

turn 1 : Discussing the difficulties to get something done despite bureaucracy

turn 1 : Red tape and excessive bureaucracy make it hard to start a business.

turn 1 :  (2) implies that people are facing a lot of bureaucracy and paperwork,

turn 1 : The government could acquire loans and make changes more easily.

turn 1 : The people should obey their leaders or lose their jobs.


turn 2 : Many people are losing their jobs and companies are going bankrupt.

turn 2 : The stock market is not reliable to determine whether companies will create more jobs or not.

turn 2 : Corporations have piled up capital but do not know how to use it productively.

turn 2 : There is a shift in consumer behavior towards cheaper options, benefiting certain businesses.

turn 2 : Dominance of a few large companies is discouraging people from starting their own businesses.


And it's in Kuwait where you have thousands of people now for the last three months, four months, have been out in the street demonstrating. Again, they're not calling for the overthrow of the regime, but they're publicly calling out the emir's name, saying we will not let you run an autocratic system and abuse power. They want more representation, the more equitable representation of parliament, less corruption and more citizen involvement or engagement in public life.

They haven't articulated their demands very clearly, but these are - this is what they're talking about. They just want to feel that they're not, they're not simply living in a shopping mall where they can go and buy six cell phones and have no other rights. They have rights more than material rights, that's what they're saying.

So Kuwait is fascinating because it's wealthy, the government gives them everything, and they're still out there demonstrating for political change. And I think these sentiments run throughout the whole region, including Saudi Arabia and other places, to some extent. None of them are revolutionary in the monarchies, but none of the citizens of these countries either will accept total and permanent acquiescence in the existing power structure.

I know you're on your way from here back to the airport and back home, and I don't mean to send you there early, but a report today from the Bulgarian investigation into that terrible bombing, and, well, clearly that's going to be a development that's going to be - we're going to keep an eye on.

turn 3 : something that was hinted at or suggested, but not directly stated. When a person looks at his watch

turn 3 : to keep an eye on means to watch something closely

turn 3 : "watch" - This verb usually means to observe something with one's eyes, but in this context, it implies enjoying or experiencing a film.

turn 3 : They are asking if the person watches over other's actions and controls them.

turn 3 : monitor implies to watch and detect presence of something, it's not the computer television-like device


Do you remember some of the people you were able to help?

I do, yeah. There was a couple in particular who kind of lived in a - not assisted living, but it was designated for elderly couples. And they needed help. I mean, they had almost three feet of water in their home. So you couldn't get there by boat necessarily. And you couldn't get there by lifted Jeep, either. So the only option was to go in with an inflatable kayak. And the husband had just had heart surgery, so it was really difficult getting them out. You know, they needed to bring all their medications and everything.

But we just brought the inflatable kayak into their house and got them out the best way we knew how. The front entrance of their neighborhood was completely blocked off by water. There was a gate entrance. You couldn't even get in, so we had to bust down a fence to the back of the neighborhood to bring them out, so. And that flooding. . .

And let me - you - these were strangers to you. You didn't know who they were.

turn 3 : (4) "And let me - you - these were strangers to you.You didn't know who they were." implies a different meaning from its literal meaning. The speaker is not simply asking for confirmation that the people the other person helped were strangers to them, but rather expressing surprise or admiration that the person was able to help strangers in need.

turn 3 : (4) - The actual meaning is to ask if the individual remembers the people whose lives were positively impacted by their help, rather than asking if the individual remembers helping people.

turn 3 : They are asking if the other person can help them to understand what they mean.

turn 3 :  People who are, you know, afraid to walk the street. Implied meaning: The speaker is not simply describing individuals who have fear while walking on the street, but is implying that there is a pervasive sense of fear and danger in the neighborhood.

turn 3 :  (2) Implies that the speaker is asking if the person they are talking to has anyone that helps them verify the facts that they are gathering.


Please tell us, what are your feelings, in the wake of Charlottesville, about the statues of your ancestor?

Well, I'm a pastor. And one of the things that I automatically go to is this is a form of idolatry, very plain and simply. We have made an idol of Robert Edward Lee. We have made him an idol of white supremacy. We have made him an idol of nationalism and of bigotry and of hate and of racism. And that's unacceptable. And not only as a person of goodwill but as for me as a Christian, I can no longer sit by and allow my family's name to be used as hate-filled speech.

Pastor, I'd like to note that you have, since you have come out publicly and talked about this, been receiving threats. Can you tell me what's been going on?

Yeah. Well, the message boards are lit up with people saying that people who are speaking out against white supremacy, including myself, should be taken care of, whatever that means. And it's been hard. I mean, I'm a 24-year-old. I'm a pastor. I'm not a violent person. I don't condone violence in any form. And so to see that there are people who wish to be violent against me and my family, against my church community is terrifying.

turn 1 : The actual meanings of these turns are: (2) Martin Luther King was killed by a white assassin; (3) America doesn't understand or appreciate the contributions of black leaders during Reconstruction; (4) America's history of racism and white supremacy has been ignored or minimized for many decades.

turn 1 : The implied meaning in turn (2) is that the author created the book out of a desire to educate young black people about their cultural history, which they may not have learned from mainstream media sources such as hip-hop videos.

turn 1 :  "Frankly, they kind of overdo it, you know? So for blacks to support Obama, he's got to make up his mind. Is he African or American? Because he can't be both. That doesn't make sense." The literal meaning of this turn is that Obama cannot be both African and American, and that it is difficult for black people to support him. However, the actual meaning is that there is a sense of confusion and identity crisis regarding Obama's background, and that this confusion affects how some black people feel about him.

turn 1 :  A's turn: "We have made an idol of Robert Edward Lee. We have made him an idol of white supremacy. We have made him an idol of nationalism and of bigotry and of hate and of racism. And that's unacceptable."  The actual meaning of this turn is that the speaker believes that the way Robert Edward Lee is being celebrated is unacceptable, as it is a form of idolatry that promotes hate, racism, white supremacy, and nationalism.


turn 3 : The actual meanings of these turns are: (2) Martin Luther King was killed by a white assassin; (3) America doesn't understand or appreciate the contributions of black leaders during Reconstruction; (4) America's history of racism and white supremacy has been ignored or minimized for many decades.

turn 3 : The speaker is worried that their work may contribute to the stereotype that black people are oversexualized.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that other members of the White House may seek legal counsel in light of President Trump's actions.

turn 3 : A's turn: "the message boards are lit up with people saying that people who are speaking out against white supremacy, including myself, should be taken care of, whatever that means."

turn 3 :  "Although lots of the things the racist rulers said were very funny.I don't think they intended it that way."


Thanks, Michel.

Now, you've been reporting along the border all day. What have you seen?

Well, I was at the actual border this morning. It's a river that divides Mexico and Guatemala. And there was no presence of authorities there. So there are these inflatable rafts that carry people and goods across the river, and they were traveling without a problem across the river. So I saw several groups of migrants cross this morning. But things change as you move north on highways here.

So I'm currently at a highway checkpoint. There's about a dozen Mexican migration officers, as well as Mexican Army and Mexican police. And they're stopping every van and bus that comes by here and checking it for undocumented migrants.

So tell us a little bit more, if you would, about what happens to travelers who arrive at those checkpoints.

turn 1 : The speaker interviewed young children affected by the border crisis.

turn 1 : Journalists tend to talk over each other in a room full of journalists

turn 1 : As a journalist, you've been observing the border.

turn 1 : The president is trying to divert attention away from negative news about him and his administration

turn 1 : The other journalists are fascinated by the reason behind the interest in the candidate Senator Obama.


Thanks, Michel.

turn 2 : A wall is not a good solution for border security and would waste taxpayers' money.

turn 2 : They are not going to do nothing while the obstruction is going on.

turn 2 : People are concerned about immigration, not just interested.

turn 2 : Authorities are not present to regulate illegal border crossings.


Thanks, Michel.

turn 3 : We need shift focus to stop the people who are scamming the system and not discriminate against honest people because they are immigrants.

turn 3 : (4) - The actual meaning is to ask if the Mexican governments and the agency were ready for the floods and its aftermath.

turn 3 : We are being deprived of the media that tells the stories of illegal activity in Mexico.

turn 3 : Mexican officials are actively searching for undocumented migrants.

turn 3 :  (4) Implies an acknowledgement of the dangerous risks taken when crossing the border illegally.


Yeah. They're like, oh, my God. Make that face again. That's so funny. But it's not like that. And the reason I talked about it and shared when I did was because there started to be all these compilations of my tics that were made by the fans, which they just thought it was, like, goofy Billie is making a bunch of faces. And they're funny. Let's make a video about it, which is, of course, out of love. And they think that's funny. And they didn't - they don't know, you know?

O'CONNELL: Especially if they think you're doing them on purpose, then it's totally out of love.

They think I'm doing it on purpose. But I felt almost, like, attacked in a way, which was kind of stupid. But it's something like I've lived with my whole life and, like, not been open about because I didn't want it to label me, you know?

Sure, you don't want the whole - that to be the second sentence of every every paragraph about you.

turn 0 : A is unhappy that their music is not receiving as much attention as other artists.2. B is trying to console A by mentioning that they have received praise from Vibe Magazine.

turn 0 : The speaker is highlighting the severity of the allegations against Jeffrey Epstein and warning the listeners that the details may be upsetting.

turn 0 : (1) B: Well, the call has gone out to our NPR listeners, who are either going to be repulsed or intrigued by what you're talking about here, Terry Lee.

turn 0 : A is expressing a desire for love and acceptance, despite making mistakes.

turn 0 : "And they're funny.Let's make a video about it, which is, of course, out of love." - The implied meaning here is that the fans are making videos out of love for Billie, but they do not realize that these tics are a result of a neurological condition.


turn 1 : The implication is that the person realised something about the video - it did not literally hit them.

turn 1 : The implied meaning in turn (2) is that the author created the book out of a desire to educate young black people about their cultural history, which they may not have learned from mainstream media sources such as hip-hop videos.

turn 1 : The singer is not actually asking someone to show them the way home but rather expressing their loneliness and desperation due to feeling lost and without direction.

turn 1 : In turn (3), when Mary's cousin joked about making the candidates carry her bags if the reporters weren't able to do so, the actual meaning is that Mary was a skilled and respected journalist who deserved better treatment than having to rely on others to carry her equipment. The joke is a sarcastic critique of the sexist attitudes prevalent at the time,

turn 1 : "Especially if they think you're doing them on purpose, then it's totally out of love." - The implied meaning here is that the fans' intentions are good, and they are not trying to harm Billie by making videos of her tics.


turn 2 : (3) A: ...Which people might think is a very sort of girly kind of sound. But - I mean, I have no defense for that.  The implied meaning in this turn is that the speaker is acknowledging that some people may view the sound they made as "girly," but they don't have any justification or explanation for why they made that sound. They seem to be a bit embarrassed or self-conscious about it.

turn 2 : "But I felt almost, like, attacked in a way, which was kind of stupid." - The implied meaning here is that Billie is feeling defensive about her tics and is hurt by the fans' reaction.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is expressing a sense of frustration or dissatisfaction with a situation or person, without explicitly stating it.

turn 2 : In turn (3), when Mary's cousin joked about making the candidates carry her bags if the reporters weren't able to do so, the actual meaning is that Mary was a skilled and respected journalist who deserved better treatment than having to rely on others to carry her equipment. The joke is a sarcastic critique of the sexist attitudes prevalent at the time,

turn 2 : (3) implies that the speaker is annoyed that the announcement about their Tourette's syndrome has become the focus of attention, even though they had only announced it in order to clear things up.


turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is implying that her character's story line on the show mirrored her own life experience.

turn 3 : "Sure, you don't want the whole - that to be the second sentence of every every paragraph about you." - The implied meaning here is that Billie does not want her tics to define her in the media or public perception.

turn 3 : her stories were not what people were usually reading and the topics of them were not what was normally talked about.

turn 3 : "It's a big, tall woman with a terrible voice. And of course, that was Julia." - The literal meaning of this turn is a description of Julia's physical appearance and voice, but the actual meaning is that A is identifying Julia as the woman they were discussing earlier.

turn 3 : The comment made by 'she' had a significant impact on A


God, I know, the torment of it. You know, it's weird to be an artist who works really slow. I mean, we have a country that does not like people to take the time. We have a country that even its artists are on the punch-clock. So someone like me really stands out, you know. But you've got to do what you've got to do. And hopefully I can just finish it, forget how long it takes. As long as I can finish the darn thing, I'll be grateful.

Yeah, the last book took - I know it was sort of a painful process for you, wasn't it, this most recent book?

But, you know, that process gets lost. No one remembers it. No one - and that's what's the best part about being artist. There's all the sweat you break, all the dust you raise, all the sort of things, all the internal emotional timbre that goes in the work. No one will remember. That's the best part. All that's left is the actual work.

And, you know, my books, I try to keep the sweat off the books. So people read it, and they're like wow, this feels like this was effortless. That's a great - for me, more than anything, that's the best part of this. My work, that what I put into it doesn't show on the page. That's, like, great.

turn 0 : People want to work hard for things.

turn 0 : Artists need to make mistakes to create something great.

turn 0 : A feels pressure to work faster as an artist in a society that values speed and efficiency.

turn 0 : "performance is really one of making sure you understand and document what's expected of you in your given role" - The literal meaning would be that performance is about actually performing one's job duties, but the actual meaning is that it's about understanding and documenting what's expected in order to perform well.

turn 0 : Pushing away emotions and experiences only leads to exhaustion and they must be faced.


turn 2 : Art helps people escape from the harsh reality of life.

turn 2 : Despite tough times, art will survive and music helps people cope.

turn 2 : The hard work and emotions put into creating art are not always acknowledged or remembered.

turn 2 : This is implying that A believes art should have an interesting or captivating element to it.

turn 2 : Artists need to make mistakes to create something great.


The attorney general says they're all murderers who preyed on children and the elderly. The first is named Daniel Lewis Lee. He's a member of a white supremacist group who killed a family of three people. The next is another inmate. He stabbed a grandmother, then drove with her granddaughter for 30 miles before killing the granddaughter very brutally too. The Justice Department says all five of these men have exhausted their appeals, so it says there are few, if any, legal hurdles to executing them later this year and early next year.

I'm thinking most violent crimes are - tend to be prosecuted by the state - right?- not the federal government. How do you even land on federal death row?

There has to be some kind of federal connection in the case. There are about 60 people on federal death row right now. Many of them killed somebody on federal land or inside a federal prison. For others, there were murders as part of a drug crime or a broader federal conspiracy.

Now, the last person executed in the federal system in 2003 killed an Army private. Before that, the most prominent was probably Timothy McVeigh, who was put to death in 2001 for his role in the Oklahoma City federal building bombing. Now, some other well-known people on death row right now in the federal system include Dylann Roof, who shot nine people at the AME Church in Charleston, S. C. , and Jahar Tsarnaev, who was convicted of crimes related to the Boston Marathon bombing.

turn 0 : to feel sorry for someone means that you feel sad for someone, or showing compassion

turn 0 : Implied meaning: People are feeling resentment and anger towards people who think they don't have to follow the same rules as everyone else.

turn 0 : implies that the speaker was advocating for themselves to be violently punished,

turn 0 : prey in this context means to physically hurt or emotionally hurt

turn 0 : Being like a velociraptor means that the person is dangerous and threatening.


They survived, but it's not like they were back at a comfortable hospital stateside within a few weeks is it?

No, their reward for surviving was Japanese captivity. And you know, what lay ahead for them was famously fictionalized in the movie "The Bridge On The River Kwai," the so-called Burma-Thailand Railway, which was a - it was a war crime, really. These POWs were set to work for the Japanese, building this railroad through the jungle up in Burma and Thailand. And it was a case, literally, of the survivors in some sense envying the dead. 20 percent of the survivors would die in captivity. And so out of that 1,100-man crew, fewer than 300 came home.

It seems good here to remember the words that President Roosevelt said after the sinking, quote, "our enemies have given us the chance to prove that there will be another USS Houston and yet another USS Houston, if that becomes necessary. And still another USS Houston, as long as American ideals are in jeopardy. "

Well, he spoke those words, I believe, it was on Memorial Day, 1942. The president had a special relationship with this ship and its crew. Four times during the '30s he took world cruises on the Houston. It got to the point where when he called the Navy Department and said, bring the boat around, the admirals on duty knew exactly which ship he meant; he meant the Houston.

turn 1 : Turn: "didn't quite get the same glory" Actual meaning: Did not receive the same recognition or fame.

turn 1 : In turn (2), the phrase "envying the dead" is a figurative expression that means that the survivors of the USS Houston were in such dire conditions during their captivity that they would have preferred to die rather than continue living in those conditions.

turn 1 : The actual meaning of (3) is, A is expressing a feeling of sadness and nostalgia over the loss of a loved one.

turn 1 : "You didn't come here to stay and you will perish." - This turn is a figurative expression and means that we all have a limited time on earth and will eventually die. It does not have a literal meaning.

turn 1 : "it kind of reinforced the importance of the work we do and the future and trying to ensure that no other species or subspecies are lost in Galapagos." This turn has a metaphorical meaning. It means that the death of Lonesome George highlighted the significance of preserving endangered species and preventing their extinction.


turn 2 : (3) The implied meaning is that there is a great sense of uncertainty and concern about what will happen next, and it's not clear whether the situation is still a political game or has escalated to military brinksmanship. The literal meaning is consistent with this implied meaning.

turn 2 : (3), "It seems good here to remember the words that President Roosevelt said after the sinking, quote, 'our enemies have given us the chance to prove that there will be another USS Houston and yet another USS Houston, if that becomes necessary. And still another USS Houston, as long as American ideals are in jeopardy.'"  The literal meaning is simply a quote from President Roosevelt about the USS Houston and its crew. However, the implied meaning is that the quote represents the resilience and determination of the American people in the face of adversity and how they will continue to fight for their ideals even in the most difficult of circumstances. It is a call to action and a reminder of the sacrifices made by those who fought for their country.

turn 2 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply asking for a description of the current situation, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker is expressing frustration or confusion about the conflicting messages they have heard from President Trump regarding the removal or retention of U.S. forces in Syria. It could be interpreted as a way of questioning the credibility of the information that has been provided so far and seeking clarification or a more definitive answer.

turn 2 : thanking the NPR reporter, so it does not have a different actual meaning from its literal meaning.

turn 2 : (2) - The actual meaning is that the Trump administration is facing criticism for their use of private jets, which goes against their promise to "drain the swamp" and reduce government corruption.


OK. So it's clear that this poll is showing there is broad support out there for at least some changes. So how much guidance should Congress take from a poll like this to do something?

Well, you know, whether Congress will do anything actually is very much up in the air. And there's a real sense of urgency for Congress to act, especially among Democrats and some Republicans, after this summer because we saw so many mass shootings. . .

Right.

. . . I mean - Dayton, El Paso, Odessa, Texas. But here's the thing. This all comes down to President Trump. Congressional Republicans are not going to take a risk passing anything that could be seen by groups like the NRA as anti-gun, unless President Trump comes out and gives them political cover, which he hasn't yet. And Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell is not exactly going to bring anything to the floor unless he knows that President Trump is definitely going to sign this. And it's kind of risky of a move for Republicans if they don't come out for these things because, you know, the NRA was outspent for the first time in 2018 by groups that want to see these restrictions in place.

turn 1 : Congress is not doing its job and is passing their responsibilities to the president who then abuses his power

turn 1 : congress is uncertain, often because other matters have to be decided

turn 1 : The outcome of the parliamentary election is uncertain, and it is difficult to predict what will happen next

turn 1 : (2) Implied meaning: Get enough votes to pass the legislation, no matter the number of votes required.

turn 1 :  (2) implies that people are facing a lot of bureaucracy and paperwork,