This is WEEKEND EDITION from NPR News. I'm Scott Simon. European leaders meet in Brussels to discuss further sanctions against Russia. That's after Russia's military incursion this week in eastern Ukraine. Those Russian troops and their military equipment are widely believed to be helping separatist fighters and their new offensive in southeastern Ukraine. The rebels were able to capture a strategic town on Thursday. And NPR's Soraya Sarhaddi Nelson is there. Soraya, thanks very much for being with us. Tell us about this town that was captured.

The town is called Novoazovsk, and it's a resort town on the seaside here - the sea of Azov. There about 13,000 people live here, although it looks very vacant at the moment. But what happened is, earlier this week, separatist forces came in. They fought with Ukrainians, who - and the separatists claim they fled fairly quickly. But the fighting was pretty intense for three days according to the residents that we spoke to.

And at this point, it's under the control of the pro-separatist forces. Now we actually saw somebody who looked - I mean, he sounded Russian. He had a Russian gun. There seems to be a mix of people here. Definitely not locals who are here. But the separatists claim that they do not have any Russians among them. That these are Ukrainian fighters who are here that are creating the new Russia and that all the weapons and tanks that we're seeing - and we've seen at least three tanks here. They claim that these are confiscated from Ukrainians.

Is the takeover popular?

turn 3 :  The implied meaning of this question is to ask whether the people of Novoazovsk are in favour of the takeover by pro-separatist forces.

turn 3 : implies asking for an opinion on Russia's ambitions.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: Is there any indication of what will happen next in the conflict?

turn 3 : Implies that A is being asked if the progress made involves any change in Russian behavior or policy.

turn 3 : They mean that this is not a small way of being associated with Russia.


Why change the law to assure social benefits will go to people, regardless of immigration status?

Immigrants contribute to our country economically. Immigrants pay taxes. And when we begin to unify our systems, I think that we will get more cohesive immigration policy, economic policy, political policy. I think that there's a political argument, an economic argument, a moral argument, for doing so. And I think it sends a message that if you contribute to our society, you should benefit from our society.

Now you're correct that immigrants pay taxes, and even people who are here without legal status often end up paying taxes. And yet, you can see the objection to that. Why should someone who is here illegally be able to claim Medicare, to claim Social Security, who knows what else?

Well, I mean, why should a billionaire who evades taxes collect Social Security, too?I think that what we can do is we can tighten up our systems and increase accountability. But what this says is that we will not discriminate solely based on immigration status.

turn 3 : They need the countries to realize this is the way things should be done in other countries.

turn 3 : THERE IS A BIG CHANGE THE PEOPLE HAVE ALREADY LOST THEIR MONEY

turn 3 : There is a concern that American lobbyists may sell secrets to foreign adversaries.

turn 3 : We need shift focus to stop the people who are scamming the system and not discriminate against honest people because they are immigrants.

turn 3 : One should prioritize the country's future over personal gain.


What were some of the challenging parts of school?What did you find the hardest?

Reading, studying my lessons. You know, because I had to read more, you know, and because, you know, as you get older, your short-term memory sort of fails you once in a while. So to make sure that you got the material where you could reproduce it, you had to study a little harder and do a little more research.

So tell me what graduation day was like?

Oh, the best day of my life, I guess. Life doesn't get any better. Life doesn't get any better. With my family there, all my friends cheering me on, I felt like I was 16 years old. What a day. What a day. I was happy. Everybody was pleased. They gave me a good ovation. I really enjoyed it. I really did. I cannot explain to you in words my feelings.

turn 0 : None of the turns in this conversation have a figurative or non-literal meaning.

turn 0 : None of the turns have implied meanings that are different from their literal meanings. They all convey their literal meanings without any hidden or implied messages.

turn 0 : There are no turns in the given conversation that have a meaning different from their literal meanings. All the turns convey their literal meanings without any implied or figurative language.

turn 0 : None of the words in turn (1) have a different meaning from their literal meanings.

turn 0 : None of the turns in this conversation have implied meanings different from their literal meanings.


turn 1 : Preparing deeply implies doing lots of work and study on the topic.

turn 1 : Memory should never be watered down or forgotten.Memory is the source of peace and the future. - This implies that it is important to remember the past in order to build a peaceful future.

turn 1 : Reading, studying my lessons.You know, because I had to read more, you know, and because, you know, as you get older, your short-term memory sort of fails you once in a while.So to make sure that you got the material where you could reproduce it, you had to study a little harder and do a little more research.

turn 1 : Studying history helps to make better decisions in the present.


turn 2 : The interviewer reminds the speaker of what they've been saying, which is different from what the speaker is saying now.

turn 2 : the literal and actual meanings are the same. The speakers are simply exchanging pleasantries and expressing gratitude for the conversation

turn 2 :  The speaker is expressing regret about the death of a fellow student.

turn 2 :  The speaker wants to know about the experience of graduating from school and what it felt like for the person they are talking to.


turn 3 : the speaker says "Life doesn't get any better" to express how happy they were on their graduation day. This is a figurative expression that means they were extremely happy and couldn't imagine a better moment in their life. The literal meaning of the expression is not true, as life can certainly get better or worse depending on circumstances.

turn 3 :  "People do have to fight and fight hard to get through adversity. And I'm certainly one that's been through a lot in the last two or three years. And I sort of have a Ph.D. on it right now. And - but I am very upbeat, very positive about the future."  The actual meaning of this turn is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is not talking about an actual Ph.D. degree, but rather a metaphorical degree gained through personal experience.

turn 3 : The actual meaning of (3) is, A is expressing a feeling of sadness and nostalgia over the loss of a loved one.

turn 3 : having regrets implies not being happy and satisfied over an outcome

turn 3 :  (4) - Implied meaning: I am very grateful for the opportunities I have been given at my age.


turn 3 : It made the person feel sadness and it was hard for them to see.

turn 3 : This is a day where a something very important has happened or is happening.

turn 3 :  (4) - Implied meaning: What thoughts or feelings were you experiencing in that moment?

turn 3 :  Tell us a bit about your life, could you, and your family.

turn 3 : Oh, the best day of my life, I guess.Life doesn't get any better.Life doesn't get any better.With my family there, all my friends cheering me on, I felt like I was 16 years old.What a day.What a day.I was happy.Everybody was pleased.They gave me a good ovation.I really enjoyed it.I really did.I cannot explain to you in words my feelings.


Yeah. I mean, you know, I've been all over places talking about this because clearly as a scientist who understands the peer review literature and the president of the AMS, who recently released a 2012 climate change statement, I know that climate change is an issue and there are things that we need to be concerned about with human-caused climate change and the natural climate change.

But on tornados, the peer review literature is just not very mature on this right now. It's much more mature on the link between climate change and drought or heat waves or even the intensity of rainfall, and even more so as well on hurricanes in terms of the intensity of hurricanes, perhaps, increasing in the future. And if I were to cascade along that spectrum, scientific literature relating individual tornadic occurrence in climate change is very immature at this point

I think we have to be careful on that jump, although I know there's a tendency to do it. There is great deal of research ongoing right now at places like Purdue University or even by one of our doctoral students, Victo Gensini, here at the University of Georgia, looking at climate change and the type of environment that might emerge that could support, you know, tornadic storms, wind shear profiles that Jeff Trapp and others at Purdue have been doing this work as well. So that's sort of where we are, and I think we just have to be very careful on sort of causality for individual tornadic storms.

And that's where we have to leave it. Thank you for joining us today, Dr.  Shepherd.

turn 0 : The tornadoes did not actually hit but touched down in the areas.

turn 0 : Tornado Alley is the area of the country that has the most tornadoes.

turn 0 : On tornadoes there is not a lot of peer review literature to read. There are more articles and studies on climate change and drought and other things. If the person were to glance at articles in those areas he would still find very few on tornadic activity.

turn 0 : People in some communities refuse to evacuate despite being warned of floods and tornadoes.


turn 2 : We have to be careful on how we link tornadic activity and other weather instances together.

turn 2 : They will continue reporting on the storm via the internet no matter what.

turn 2 : The weather is not actually blue, but it's a nice day overall

turn 2 : No one is currently out due to the strong winds

turn 2 : "the outdoor world needs more visitors" - this means that more people should visit natural outdoor areas.


I think it's going to move in a lot of different directions. There's a lot of things happening. Number one, the directors now are younger. And they usually tend to want to have the music that they grew up with, or music that they're into at that moment, in their films. So for me, I'm kind of open. I think, you know, if you have some music in your soul, and you're able to produce it however you can, you know, there's a musician there. I do miss, you know, the old days, you know, when you do a film, you get hired and the guy says, write some music, and you write music. And you come back and you talk about that music, but not in relationship to a committee deciding based on something that some kids in Pasadena thoughy. You know, so anyway.

Well, it sounds like a fascinating business.

Yeah, yeah, yeah.

Stanley Clarke, thanks for talking to us.

turn 3 :  implies that the speaker is expressing gratitude for the other person's time and attention.

turn 3 : The turn in (3) has an implied meaning of appreciation rather than a literal meaning of thanks.

turn 3 : (2) implies admiration and admiration of the business while (4) implies gratitude and appreciation for Stanley Clarke's time.

turn 3 : The actual meaning of the turn in (3) is to express gratitude and appreciation to Robert Groves for his time. The literal meaning of the turn is to thank Robert Groves for being present with them.

turn 3 : (3) implies gratitude and appreciation, (3) implies that the conversation is coming to an end


That's it. It's a very interesting technology. It shoots this - 125,000 laser pulses a second down at the rainforest canopy. Now - and then it measures the reflections. Now, 99 percent of what's reflected comes off leaves. But here and there, there are tiny gaps in the canopy where a laser beam can reach the ground, bounce off and go back up to the plane. And then with massive software processing, they're able to remove all the reflections from leaves, leaving only the ground.

And it's just incredible to see these scientists at work. I mean, you see this impenetrable rainforest canopy. And then with a press of a button, it disappears and you see everything on the ground. It's absolutely amazing.

Well, it's a little more complicated than that. They have to then process the signals that they receive back from the ground. As you say, most of them come back from leaves. And I think, what, they handed you the disc and you flew it out and gave it to the computer guy.

Well, that's right. And in fact, it is very complicated. The LIDAR machine has inside it a highly classified thing called an IMU, an Inertial Measurement Unit that was developed for the military for use in guided missiles. And in order to get an export permit for the plane, the State Department required that the plane be guarded by armed soldiers at all times when it was on the ground because this is a very highly classified piece of equipment. Because it's important to locate the plane in the air in three dimensions as it's flying to within an accuracy of about a centimeter. I mean, that's incredible.

turn 0 : The LIDAR machine is a highly classified technology.

turn 0 : It implies the inspection of all necessary equipment that was used for the voyage to Mars.

turn 0 : 1) is a statement about air conditioners and furnaces breaking down in extreme weather conditions.

turn 0 : Advancements in wheelchair technology will make it easier for everyday wheelchair users to lift them in and out of vehicles.

turn 0 : B said zap it and drill it by zap they mean by firing a laser.


turn 3 : A clear sky is all you need to make discoveries.

turn 3 : (4) - "Shoot a pencil over the Empire State Building, have it turn around and land in a shoebox vertically" - This phrase is used to illustrate how difficult the task of landing a rocket is, as it would be almost impossible to do so in reality.

turn 3 : B is making a sarcastic remark about the difficulty of discovering something new with telescopes.

turn 3 : The accuracy required to locate the plane is impressive.

turn 3 : The drone has powerful sensors and can see far distances


More than two million homes were in foreclosure by the end of last year and that has left entire neighborhoods practically abandoned. Some homes have been vandalized, used as drug dens, swimming pools become fetid, and lawns choked with weeds. Cathy Cardenas has a solution to that. She wants to make some money too. She's the owner of a new company called Designer Home Tending and she joins us now from Salt Lake City. What is Designer Home Tending?

Well, Designer Home Tending is a completely no-cost service that we offer to real estate agents and their sellers. We put qualified home tenders in a home to clean it up, bring life back into the property, and this most of time helps the house sell a lot faster than it would just sitting vacant.

What's a home tender?

A home tender is a person who moves into a house, they manage the property, they move into it, they have to have beautiful furniture, they decorate it like a model home, they take care of all the lawn maintenance, getting to weeds down. They care for the outside of the house for - they pay the utilities, cooperate for real estate showing. So it's nice because it gives them instant relief to the sellers who were already circling hard enough just to make their mortgage payment. And then to have all these other - to be relieved of these other expenses is a great service, and by having a home tender there's definitely been proven that the house would sell 40 to 60 percent faster most…

turn 0 : There was a factory in the area, not an actual plant that grows from the ground.

turn 0 : The behavior was unacceptable to what the people would accept.

turn 0 : Actual meaning implies that the bacteria has grown and spread across the plates, creating the appearance of a lawn.

turn 0 : They had a hard time coming up with something that would amaze and impress people.

turn 0 : Lawns were not choked but had a vast amount of weeds in them that was killing the grass.


We've got two foreign vessels in Iranian custody. We've got one Iranian tanker in British custody and no sign of the tensions cooling off. So what happens next is the big question and a lot of the options are not that great. I mean, remember, this is all happening in the context of the Trump administration's maximum pressure campaign against Iran.

Trump has been saying the return of American sanctions on Iran and other pressures are all designed to force Iran back to the negotiating table to hammer out a tougher version of the 2015 nuclear agreement - that's the one Trump pulled the U. S.  out of. So far, Iran's unanimous response from the military to the supreme leader has been, nope, Iran doesn't negotiate under pressure. We're not going to do it. So we'll have to see if this continuation of commercial vessels being seized in the Persian Gulf adds more pressure for some kind of international response.

That's NPR's Peter Kenyon in Istanbul.

Thank you very much.

turn 0 : The word 'Cold' does not literally mean they are cold and chill, it has the implied meaning that they are not in good terms

turn 0 : The cooling off means to wait until a person calms down if they are upset.

turn 0 : The tensions do not cool as they are hot but they do lesson.

turn 0 : The situation is uncertain and they need to take it one step at a time

turn 0 : The atmosphere is how people are feeling toward one another and treating one another.


That's NPR's Peter Kenyon in Istanbul.

Thank you very much.

turn 1 : There is no actual table, just the hope that Iran will negotiate with them.

turn 1 : The United States' policy of isolating Iran will not bring Iran back to the negotiating table by just piling on pressure until Iran collapses.

turn 1 : This implies that Iran has found ways to evade or circumvent the sanctions, despite their severity.

turn 1 : The table simply means that Iran is being forced to return to negotiations.


Of course, we should all remember and commemorate the Russian sacrifices during the Second World War and the fight against Nazis in Europe. On the other hand, we all strongly regret that Russia of today has violated not only international law, but also the security architecture we built after the end of the Cold War by attacking Ukraine. And that's the reason why Western leaders, obviously, have to send a very clear message to the Kremlin.

You're also the former prime minister of Denmark. Does Denmark feel threatened by Russian ambitions?

Well, recently the Russian ambassador to Denmark stated publicly that Danish military vessels might be targets of Russian nuclear weapons. It's incredible that an official representative of the Russian Federation can make such statements. I prefer not to take such statements seriously. But having seen the Russian behavior first in Georgia and now in Ukraine, unfortunately, we do have to take such statements from Russia seriously. So maybe we don't feel a direct or imminent threat, but, of course, we feel intimidated by such unacceptable statements from the Russian side.

And let me ask you as a diplomat to try and adopt the perspective of the people right across the way, too. NATO staged large-scale antisubmarine war games off the coast of Norway this past week. British forces are on exercises in Estonia. Does this make Russia feel encircled?

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker thinks that there is a level of ambiguity or hidden message in the turn that may not be immediately apparent, but which can be inferred or interpreted through context or other clues.

turn 3 : Implied Meaning: Based on the speaker's tone and choice of words, there may be an underlying message or intention behind this turn that suggests they have a particular opinion or feeling about the subject being discussed. However, the meaning is not entirely clear and may be open to interpretation, leading to some level of uncertainty about whether everyone will agree on its implied meaning.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker perceives that the turn may have an underlying or implied meaning that could be interpreted in various ways depending on the listener's perspective and context, and while not everyone may agree, most people are likely to recognize some level of subtext or hidden message.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of a certain word or phrase may have a hidden connotation or subtext that is meant to convey a particular idea or message, such as irony or euphemism.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be expressing a hidden emotion or attitude, such as resentment or envy, that is not directly stated in their words, but is conveyed through their tone, facial expressions, or choice of language.


And then we're going to measure not just their genotype and their environment - things like air quality, water quality, their social setting - but also all the molecular biology that might help us to understand how it is that genes and environment shape aging.

Do you have a dog, Doctor?

I have a dog. I had two dogs until last year.

Oh, I'm sorry.

Our 11-year-old Weimaraner passed away. By 11, he was pretty geriatric. I have an 11-year-old mutt. And when I take her to the dog park, people think she's a puppy. She looks like a 1-year-old. And she's still very vigorous.

turn 3 : "Oh, I'm sorry" implies an expression of sympathy for the loss of the doctor's Weimaraner, rather than an apology.

turn 3 :  "Oh, a little bit, I guess, you know?" The literal meaning is that the speaker is acknowledging that they are bothered to some extent. However, the actual meaning could be interpreted as the speaker downplaying their concerns or trying to appear nonchalant about the situation.

turn 3 : to feel sorry for someone means that you feel sad for someone, or showing compassion

turn 3 : expression of gratitude, as the speaker is thanking Alice Fordham for her report. Both turns have a figurative meaning that is different from their literal meanings.

turn 3 : B: "Abby, thank you" - This turn has a literal meaning as it is a polite expression of gratitude towards the person being addressed.


Do you have a dog, Doctor?

Oh, I'm sorry.

turn 4 : (3) The actual meaning of this phrase is to remember those people who have died, not to pray for the singer.

turn 4 : "Passed away" doesn't mean to actually leave a physical place, it's a nicer way of saying someone or something died.

turn 4 : The actual meaning of (3) is, A is expressing a feeling of sadness and nostalgia over the loss of a loved one.

turn 4 : B has found purpose and meaning in life despite grief.


Do you have any concern, Mr.  Levin, that if some of these alternatives you're talking about are used more frequently that you might have a situation where - and I'll be apocryphal here - a white college kid with access to means and a good lawyer can get a very light sentence and a kid from the inner city that lacks both will still have the book thrown at him.

Well, you know, that is an interesting question because this decision by the attorney general was one based on discretion. The public has as very low opinion of elected officials and so it's certainly the case is if you don't think much of Congress, you wouldn't want Congress' judgment to be substituted for your own if you're on the jury, especially given that it's the jury that has access to the specific facts of the case.

And certainly, though, as you mentioned, race should absolutely not be considered and we need to make sure every offender has quality representation for those who have appointed counsel. Ideally, they could have some say in choosing their own counsel with some type of voucher or something so we can make sure they get vigorous representation in court, that evidence that may exonerate them is presented.

Marc Levin is director of the Texas Public Policy Foundation Center for Effective Justice speaking with us from Austin. Thanks so much.

turn 0 : There is a racial disparity in the number of African-American and Latino youths in high-level juvenile facilities compared to Caucasian youths.

turn 0 : The white college kid may be able to get away with a lighter sentence due to their access to resources and legal representation, while a kid from the inner city will not have the same opportunity.

turn 0 : It may encourage states from taking race into account on college admissions.

turn 0 : black kids implies children of African American people and not black colored kids

turn 0 : This implies the level of Racial discrimination on Campuses.


turn 1 : The speaker is expressing concern that the justice system might be unfairly biased against certain individuals based on their race and access to resources.

turn 1 : The speaker is asking if the listener believes in racial justice and if it is possible to achieve it. The speaker suggests that African-Americans have debated this issue for a long time, indicating that it is a complex issue.

turn 1 : The speaker is suggesting that there may be a hidden agenda or underlying motive behind their words.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of turn (2) is a question asking what the speaker can add to the race that other candidates do not already have. However, the actual meaning is that the speaker is being challenged to prove their value and justify their entry into the race. The literal meaning of the turn does not reflect the underlying challenge and skepticism expressed by the speaker.


This seems to be something that President Trump does a lot. He doubles down on controversial comments.

And digs in. When someone tells him he's wrong, he especially digs in.

Yeah. Let's turn to trade now. There are reports that this administration is close to a new round of tariffs on Chinese goods, while they are still opening a new round of talks with Beijing. So what is going on?How should we read this?

Well, there might be something of a disconnect between the president and others in his administration. Others in his administration want to resolve what has been an escalating and ongoing trade dispute with China. What's being discussed here are $200 billion in tariffs on Chinese products. It isn't official yet, but according to many reports, it is coming. The question is whether these tariffs are a means to an end, the idea that you would be tightening the screws on China to get them to change their behavior and that then these tariffs would be dropped, or whether it's an end in itself.

turn 1 : "Digs in" is not literal. It is a metaphor implying that he, like soldiers in a trench, will not back easily away from his position.

turn 1 : Dug his feet in implies that he will not change his mind about the issue

turn 1 : well refers to good and not a hole dug in the ground

turn 1 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply asking for a description of the current situation, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker is expressing frustration or confusion about the conflicting messages they have heard from President Trump regarding the removal or retention of U.S. forces in Syria. It could be interpreted as a way of questioning the credibility of the information that has been provided so far and seeking clarification or a more definitive answer.


turn 3 : Screws are not tightened but pressure is being applied to China regarding tariffs.

turn 3 : There are some groups who see China as a threat, but not everyone agrees with this assessment.

turn 3 : There are several issues that could lead to conflict between US and China in the short term

turn 3 : Screws are not literally being tightened on China. It just means that increased political and economic pressure is being placed on the country.


He was an amazingly debonair guy. He was a man of society, as I came to figure out. He was a guy who attended functions at The Plaza for the Soldiers, Sailors, Marine Corps and Airmen's Association, the Petroushka Ball at the Waldorf, the Russian Nobility Ball, the Viennese Waltz Ball - all of these crazy events that, frankly, I had never heard of, but he was - had long-standing involvement with.

And he - this was his life.

This was his life. He was the organizer of these things. He would orchestrate table settings. He was the man at the door who would greet everybody. You know, he actually invited my wife and I to one of these events one time. It was one at The Plaza. And there stood Alan, right behind the reception table as you walked in: tuxedo, tails, you know, medals on his chest. He had served in the Air Force. And he - you know, he was the host of this whole universe, really. I mean, he was involved in numerous events like this.

And among those phone messages, you used to get messages from women named Muffy explaining what a grand, smashing time they'd had.

turn 0 : A is advocating for social and political change.

turn 0 : This statement implies that both men pursued a career in politics and held leadership positions, but not that they held the same political position or leadership role.

turn 0 : The man was highly involved in social events and had long-standing involvement with various organizations.

turn 0 : A had a difficult childhood with no celebrations, and later moved in with his father who was involved in illegal activities.

turn 0 : Despite differences, he saw the good in all people.


And he - this was his life.

turn 2 : She was a remarkable and iconic figure who would still be celebrated today.

turn 2 : He is glad that he is not so famous that he is recognized everywhere he goes all of the time.

turn 2 : The person who nominated A did not reveal themselves intentionally.

turn 2 : He was happy to attend the talk show

turn 2 : The man was the host and organizer of social events, well-dressed and decorated with medals.


So not just a lost city, a lost civilization?

That's right. He emailed Michael back in Roatan, and I'll never forget we were returning from breakfast and this normally phlegmatic kind of skeptical scientist who is rolling his eyes at the whole idea that there is going to be lost city comes running out of his room, racing in his flip-flops, waving his arms and yelling, there's something in the valley. My God, I don't know what it is, but you've got to come and look at it. So we all went rushing over to this room and looked at these images. And I looked at them and I was actually thunderstruck myself. I mean, there is no mistaking what we were looking at.

We're talking with Doug Preston, an author and contributing writer at National Geographic, The Atlantic and Smithsonian magazines. He also writes for The New Yorker. "The El Dorado Machine" is in the May 6th edition. You're listening to TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News.

And eventually, other target areas were also mapped and also revealed enormous structures - entire cities.

turn 0 : A civilization that has become unknown to other civilizations over the years.

turn 0 : urn: "take apart the world" Actual meaning: To understand or analyze the world in a deep and comprehensive way.

turn 0 : A planet named Theia has been discussed for 40 years.

turn 0 : All they have is the way of life that takes place outside of buildings.


So even though there are contaminations or contaminants that can affect the meteorite, there is definitely a lot of information that you can learn about these. In fact, you know, a lot of times people wonder, you know, meteoritics is such a small sort of niche of very specialized science. But everything that we understand about the beginnings of the Earth, everything that we understand about beginnings of the solar system, what we're made of, what the planet's made of, the age of the Earth, all of that comes from studying meteorites. And, you know, we can learn a lot from that.

Would that be a good topic for a novel, do you think?

Absolutely. There are actually quite a few novels that have been written about meteorite impacts and, you know, microbes being carried over here from other places. And yes, there are science fiction books that I've certainly read very avidly about that, but, yes. . .

So what is the holy grail of a meteorite collector?What do you really wish for some day?

turn 3 : not the literal grail or cup/platter used by jesus, but the most important thing or idea

turn 3 : something that was hinted at or suggested, but not directly stated.

turn 3 : not a literal meaning but rather a rhetorical question.

turn 3 : Food is the most important think for each any every human.

turn 3 : Their notion is to do as much as you can and don't think about the numbers too much.


It's interesting, these papers that you brought with you, or sent to us, about how - these are the tricks that people use, and they can actually test out whether they work or not.

Yeah. These are things that a lot of good cooks probably know, whether they realized they know them or not. But exactly what these things are are a little fuzzy because everybody's a little different. There are some scientists in England and there are other groups, especially in the Netherlands, that have been running tests for years, and they tend to sound kind of bizarre. They'll prepare some food. They'll give it to different people to eat. And later, the people will realize that something else was changing while they were eating it, something in the atmosphere.

Mm-hmm. And they - in one test, they gave people some ice cream that tasted like bacon?

Yeah. This is - Charles Spence is the main scientist. He's at the University of Oxford. He teamed up with one of the famous chefs in England, and they made something which sounds really crazy, bacon and egg ice cream, which I'm told is really pretty good, tastes like bacon and eggs. And they served bacon and egg ice cream to a bunch of people. And they had them do some sort of rating about how bacony does it taste, or how eggy does it taste?And they would play sounds. And whenever they would play the sound of frying bacon, you know, that crackling sound, people would consistently say that the thing tasted a lot more bacony to them. . .

turn 1 : They are asking if the other person can help them to understand what they mean.

turn 1 : When they say things are a little fuzzy they mean things are unclear.

turn 1 : It doesn't actually speak, but it it does mean that nothing good comes from the information.

turn 1 : The person is asking the other person if they can say someting that might make them think differently about something.

turn 1 : A finds something amusing but doesn't want to explain why.


turn 3 : The sound of frying bacon makes the ice cream taste more like bacon to people

turn 3 : In (3), B tasted an ice cream cone with vanilla ice cream and thought it was mashed potatoes. The actual meaning here is that the appearance and texture of the ice cream fooled B's sense of taste, which expected mashed potatoes rather than sweet, creamy ice cream. The literal meaning would be that B tasted mashed potatoes in an ice cream cone, which is not the case.

turn 3 : A implies that the impact of the spoon on people's perception of food is not significant but it is a curious question.

turn 3 : It is not that is something to be tasted. It is something people don't like to hear about.


Well, at a Vatican briefing last Tuesday, the spokesman Father Frederico Lombardi used the Armenian term Medz Yeghern, which means the Great Evil. And he bristled when he was asked why he didn't say genocide. So when the prepared text of the Pope's speech last night used only the Armenian term, most of us thought that was a possible diplomatic overture toward Turkey.

In his actual delivery, the Pope added the word genocide. He said that genocide made possible by the twisted racial ideological or religious aims that darken the minds of the tormentors, even to the point of planning the annihilation of entire peoples. "That drew a standing ovation from the president of Armenia and the diplomatic corps.

The pope visited the genocide memorial today. What did he say there?

Well, it was a a very powerful scene. Francis stood with his head bowed in prayer next to the Armenian apostolate patriarch and a group of black hooded Orthodox bishops while musicians performed a mournful melody on an ancient Armenian flute that's called the duduk. Here's what it sounds like.

turn 1 : (3) The implication of this turn is that the U.N. special adviser believes that this conflict has the potential to be as destructive and deadly as the genocides in Rwanda and Bosnia.

turn 1 : The government is denying their involvement in the atrocities

turn 1 : The verdict is a powerful landmark as genocide is difficult to prove in court

turn 1 : (2) The Pope's use of the word "genocide" was seen as a possible diplomatic overture towards Turkey - it was a subtle way of showing support for Armenia without directly confronting Turkey.


turn 3 : The speaker identifies with various forms of art and culture, and has a deep appreciation for life and love.

turn 3 : The actual meaning of (3) is, A is expressing a feeling of sadness and nostalgia over the loss of a loved one.

turn 3 : (4) The performance of a mournful melody on the Armenian flute symbolized the grief of the Armenian people.

turn 3 :  Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples.

turn 3 : (3) is a sign of amusement, indicating the speaker was laughing at the metaphor.


Yeah.

Well, we'll see what happens with the movie end of it.

Black Francis. He's written a new novel - if that's what you call it - together with Josh Frank and illustrated by Steven Appleby, "The Good Inn. "Thanks so much for being with us.

Thanks a lot. I really appreciate talking to you.

turn 1 :  "We'll see what happens with the movie end of it." This is an idiomatic expression that means they will wait and see how the movie turns out in the future, rather than simply observing it with their eyes.

turn 1 : "watch" - This verb usually means to observe something with one's eyes, but in this context, it implies enjoying or experiencing a film.

turn 1 : to look forward to something means they are excited for an event.

turn 1 : A: "You didn't see that coming." - This phrase is often used figuratively to express surprise or unexpectedness, rather than referring to literal visual perception.


Yeah.

turn 2 :  B: Black Francis. He's written a new novel - if that's what you call it - together with Josh Frank and illustrated by Steven Appleby, "The Good Inn."  The phrase "if that's what you call it" in this turn is an idiomatic expression that means "it's not exactly what you would typically refer to as a novel." So, while the literal meaning of the sentence is that Black Francis has written a new novel with co-authors and an illustrator, the actual meaning is that the work in question may not fit the typical definition of a novel.

turn 2 : A is jokingly referencing the title of B's book

turn 2 : The implied meaning in turn (2) is that the author created the book out of a desire to educate young black people about their cultural history, which they may not have learned from mainstream media sources such as hip-hop videos.

turn 2 : B: Gary Cieradkowski - his new book, "The League of Outsider Baseball."Thanks so much for being with us. Actual meaning: B is thanking A for joining the conversation and promoting Gary Cieradkowski's new book.


So, we just heard Bill say, essentially, yes, this is a huge incident, but it doesn't compare with some of the other social issues. Do you think that there's two much focus on this?

No, I don't think that at all. I don't think it's an either or type of equation. Because in essence it's not that the outrage against this diminishes the outrage against rape or HIV or AIDS or any of those other things.

In fact, I would say that there, these things you know, rather than those the reaction against, to those things, being disparate, in essence what people are reacting to is a culture and, in essence, a series of events that have at their root a basic disrespect for black life, especially black female life.

So, you can't really separate something like rape, the AIDS crisis which disproportionately affects women, and this type of incident where the targets were, you know, poor black women. At their root is essentially the fact that they are continuing to be so devalued.

turn 3 : (4) B: People in Great Britain are turning to each other now and wondering - not to wrench things out of context - but if there's something going on and the way they behave as the nation that aids and abets a kind culture of silence when such allegations are made.

turn 3 : I couldn't think of any better way to show people that, you know, this isn't the 1980s anymore. You can live a long and healthy life living with HIV. People like me don't bring death, we can actually bring life.  The actual meaning of this turn goes beyond its literal meaning. While A is stating that HIV is no longer a death sentence and that people with HIV can live long, healthy lives, the turn also communicates A's desire to challenge stigmatizing beliefs about HIV and to educate people on the reality of living with HIV. The phrase "People like me don't bring death, we can actually bring life" is a powerful statement that challenges the notion that people with HIV are a danger to society.

turn 3 : There is a significant backlog of untested rape kits in the country.

turn 3 : It implies that issue of rape and AIDS are interconnected and cannot be viewed in isolation from one another.

turn 3 :  Implied meaning: There is a fear of the spread of Zika, malaria, cholera, and other diseases due to the lack of access to aid.


But we keep our faith strong and know that good things will, you know, eventually will turn and happen for us.

Scott, this is an expensive state to live in. California has high unemployment rates. Have you ever thought about maybe relocating, going someplace else?

Well, I have. You know, I was born and raised here in San Diego, and we just love it. But yeah, if - regardless of where the location would be, I would be willing to go anywhere - anywhere in the world for that matter, Afghanistan, Pakistan, anywhere that somebody may be able to offer me a job.

I saw some photographs of you in your condo. You've been packing up there, and I noticed behind the moving boxes, hanging in the window were some Christmas lights and some red ribbons. Are you still going to find some ways to celebrate the holidays despite everything that's going on?

turn 0 : "not knowing what to do" - the literal meaning is that they are unsure of what actions to take, but the actual meaning could be that they are struggling to reconcile their religious beliefs with their political choices.

turn 0 : The person refuses to change their mind on what they think about the situation.

turn 0 : You do not actually enter the person's heart or mind, it means that you start to understand their perspective

turn 0 : I'm afraid in this context means that the person doesn't like what they are saying but its true

turn 0 : to keep faith strong means that this person is religious and that nothing will stop them from being that way


You've got lots of reasons to be concerned about this economy, not the least of which is the fact that the Federal Reserve Chair Ben Bernanke has done yet another interest rate cut. And the question is, how many more cuts can he do?He has so many arrows in his quiver.

So, we're looking at a very fragile economy. And certainly, the employment piece is the most important piece for most Americans because most people don't have trust funds or extra money. Many who do have home equity have it tapped out. The way that 90 percent of us support ourselves is that we work every day, and increasing numbers of people don't have employment opportunities.

When you look at what's happening right now, there were - there have been times when there are certain, you know, white collar jobs that have really gotten hit hard, I'm thinking of the computer industry, the technology industry in the '90s when there was that dot bomb era. But is this really, for now, more of a blue collar job loss or is it mixed?

It's really a mixed bag. You see many corporations who are downsizing, they call it rightsizing, who are cutting even if it's by as little as 5 percent, Farai, it adds up. We see state governments also looking at a drop in revenue coming in because of a drop in tax revenue, and they are thinking of cutting in — may have already done some cutting.

turn 0 : All the turns in this conversation appear to have their literal meanings, and there are no metaphors, figurative language or idioms used.

turn 0 : to move in direction in this context means to change something

turn 0 : to draw a lot of hatred means something got a ton of hatred or anger towards it

turn 0 : There are no turns in this dialogue whose actual meanings are different from their literal meanings. All the turns are straightforward and do not contain any figurative language or idiomatic expressions.

turn 0 : "so many arrows in his quiver" is an idiom that means having many different strategies or options available to use, rather than referring to actual arrows in a quiver.


turn 1 : A believes that without enforcement, the labor chapter is meaningless

turn 1 : There are broader definitions of unemployment beyond U3.

turn 1 : "state of the economy" - This turn has a figurative meaning, as it refers to the overall condition of the economy rather than a specific physical location.

turn 1 :  "the employment piece" is a metaphorical phrase that refers to the importance of employment in the overall economic situation, rather than an actual physical piece.

turn 1 : "I'm doing well, but some people aren't. And let's talk about these figures and really, what is shifting in our economy right now in terms of the different sectors where people are losing these tens of thousands of jobs?" - The literal meaning is a statement about the current state of the economy and its impact on employment. The implied meaning is a suggestion to discuss the economic issues and the resulting job losses.


turn 3 : Technology companies are restructuring and reducing their workforce

turn 3 : cutting shifts back means that they cut hours someone has to work, or removed a shift someone is working

turn 3 : Dominance of a few large companies is discouraging people from starting their own businesses.

turn 3 : The economic situation is causing a significant decrease in hiring, sales, and investment.

turn 3 :  "downsizing" and "rightsizing" are both euphemisms for cutting jobs or reducing the size of a company, rather than referring to physically reducing the size of something.


And it's working. It's really working. So, I think that the new music coming out of Atlanta, the new kids that are coming up are really taking what we did in the past, over the past 20 years, and infusing it with the new, like they're erasing all the boundaries.

I just like to add one thing. Yellow Wolf is also a discovery of Kawan K. P. Prather, who was also at Le Face Records. So, it is like the story continues to. . .

The generations roll on.

Yeah. Yeah, exactly.

turn 0 : Atlanta has been influential in popularizing black music

turn 0 : The new music coming out of Atlanta is building on the past and pushing boundaries.

turn 0 : The music industry has changed dramatically over time, including accessibility through music, the transition to radio and regulations.

turn 0 : Atlanta has contributed significantly to the music industry.

turn 0 : Atlanta has a busy and active live music scene with multiple events in a week despite occasional violence


The generations roll on.

Yeah. Yeah, exactly.

turn 0 : The new music coming out of Atlanta is a combination of the old and the new

turn 0 : The music played in clubs and on the radio has changed significantly over time


Right.

. . . And the British Parliament. And British lawmakers are threatening to block it, which, again, means that we're in, you know, a gray zone of not knowing exactly what happens next. The European Parliament is likely to approve it because, again, all of their heads of state will have approved it tomorrow. So I mean, there are still huge, huge. . .

Yeah.

. . . Problems and difficulties ahead for Prime Minister Theresa May.

turn 1 : He added this requires a great responsibility on the part of all of us to guarantee the good of the people of the United Kingdom and also the good and coexistence of the entire European continent. - This implies that all of us have a responsibility to ensure a positive outcome for both the UK and the EU.

turn 1 : This statement implies that while the British parliament are having approving a decision, the European parliament are good to go with the approval.

turn 1 : But the Polish government didn't agree.  The implied meaning of B's statement is that the Polish government rejected the suggestion or request made by A and others. They did not agree with the proposed changes or extension mentioned in the previous turn.

turn 1 : The chaos caused by Brexit has unified European citizens and strengthened their attachment to the EU.


That's depressing, Marc. I'm Flora Lichtman and this is SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR, talking with Marc Abrahams. So the world is getting worse based on Professor Trinkaus' studies. Is there any upside to this news?

The upside is he's still there counting. He hasn't given up on us. And. . .

The other thing is that these are really interesting reports. They're so short and they're written in clear language, and they've got numbers. And he's got all this data. He's got about 100 of these reports on different subjects. They're sitting there waiting for anybody to come along and try to make sense of the data. And some of them are really tiny things. He noticed that in the building where he worked in New York City, sometimes there would be some doors that were open and other doors that were shut. And he counted how many people, when confronted with a door that's open and a door that's shut, will go through the open door and how many people choose to go through the door that's shut so they have to open it themselves.

I liked this one, "Taste Preferences for Brussels Sprouts: An Informal Look. "And as you might have suspected, 54 percent of young students found the vegetable to be very repulsive. That's one of his findings. Does anyone cite his work?

turn 1 : Right implies being correct or true and not the opposite of left

turn 1 : sides refers and implies perspectives not direction

turn 1 : .I think the only thing that can overcome negative is positive

turn 1 :  you imply that something is the case

turn 1 : upside implies the advantage or benefits, not a part or side being above


It's a lot. . .

. . . Yes.

It's a lot of money to most people around the country.

And congressman, you know, if - let me understand this, are you calling for the outright abolition of the program?

turn 1 : The speaker is acknowledging and agreeing with the previous speaker's statement, but does not provide any additional information or opinion. The meaning of this turn depends on the context of the conversation.

turn 1 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply an acknowledgement or agreement, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker may not be fully engaged or interested in the conversation. It could be interpreted as a way of signaling disinterest or a desire to move on to a different topic.

turn 1 : The implied meaning of turn (4) is that the speaker is acknowledging what was said but may not have a specific response or further comment. It implies a lack of elaboration or engagement in the conversation.

turn 1 : This is an expression of agreement, but it also implies that the speaker is willing to continue the discussion.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker is aware that there may be differing opinions on the topic being discussed and is acknowledging the possibility of disagreement.


It's a lot. . .

. . . Yes.

turn 2 : Implicates that the speaker finds the idea of trading money for information about potential terror attacks morally objectionable.

turn 2 : The speaker is stating that the amount of money being discussed is significant not just to themselves, but also to most people in the country. This suggests that there may be financial hardship or inequality that the speaker is aware of.

turn 2 : The speaker wonders if the average person is also experiencing a similar change in circumstances from being wealthy to not wealthy, as opposed to just a select few.

turn 2 : The speaker is saying that money is important, but not as important as the enjoyment of cooking.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at an underlying issue or concern that they are not comfortable discussing directly.


It's a lot. . .

. . . Yes.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is subtly trying to convey a sense of urgency or importance in the matter being discussed, without explicitly stating it.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at an underlying issue or concern that they are not comfortable discussing directly.

turn 3 : The speaker is seeking clarification and confirmation about the previous speaker's stance on a particular program, which is not specified in this turn. The use of the word "outright" suggests that there may have been a previous discussion about the program and its potential reform or elimination.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker has some reservations or doubts about the situation being discussed.

turn 3 : Turn (4): The speaker is confirming that the proposal at the ballpark is likely to be a rejected one.


Economics and public policy analysis, oddly enough.

What happens if you get sick?

Well, there's kind of the rub. That's the risk that you're taking, in that if something catastrophic or something major were happen, you know, I become a burden to the society around me because I wouldn't be able to afford it. At the same time, in some ways, I've already been a burden to society because, you know, I went to a state school in North Carolina. So my education was heavily subsidized by the taxpayers in that state.

So I have a responsibility now to produce more - whether it's economically or culturally - than I did before I earned those degrees. So I've got to weigh: Is the risk that I pose to society, if I get sick and I'm not insured, greater than the benefit that could happen if that $740 next year helps me jumpstart my career. And right now, I don't think that risk is greater than the potential benefit.

turn 4 : The implied meaning in this turn is that the speaker is asking for an opinion on the fiscal policy situation in Europe.

turn 4 : The implied meaning of this turn is that B is suggesting that the joke is related to Wall Street, such as the stock market and other financial activities.

turn 4 : The literal meaning of "Boy, you were an economics major, weren't you?" is asking whether or not the person studied economics as a major. However, the implied meaning is that the speaker is making a sarcastic comment about the person's discussion on weighing the risks and benefits of getting sick without insurance. The speaker is implying that the person's economic background is influencing their decision-making process.

turn 4 : This statement implies that B wants to know how A's family are dealing with the downturn economy and what the also think about America's economy.


They are fanatical about football hooligamisn in the same way that some people are fanatical about fine wines or foreign languages or current affairs. So they took their inspiration from the birthplace of football hooliganism. They're dedicated to their art of ultraviolence. They don't drink. They don't smoke. They work out specifically for, like, these encounters, as they call them.

Why do they want to be perpetrators of violence?

They say it's a way proving themselves. It's just another form of contact sport, you know?They have a tradition called wall on wall, which was when residents from two areas would gather and walk towards each other. And the object of the game, as it were, was to take out your opponent - take them out as in knock them down or render them unconscious. And as one football hooligan said to me, like, football hooliganism was made in Russia, it's just an extension of this wall on wall pastime.

How upset is the Russian government over what's been happening among Russian fans in France?

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using metaphors or analogies to convey a complex idea or emotion in a more relatable or understandable way.

turn 1 : (2) The literal meaning of this turn is a simple question, but the implied meaning is that the speaker wants to know what actions can be taken to address the issue being discussed and is seeking guidance or suggestions.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a metaphor or analogy to convey a deeper meaning or idea, often related to emotions or personal experiences.

turn 1 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply an acknowledgement or agreement, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker may not be fully engaged or interested in the conversation. It could be interpreted as a way of signaling disinterest or a desire to move on to a different topic.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of the turn is asking why they want to cause violence, but the implied meaning is asking why they find violence appealing or attractive.


Well, nearby, we had flooding was the most significant problem we had here. And one our neighbor's patios turned basically into a swimming pool and the water was pouring into her home. And we took the wet-vac up and towels and other neighbors brought mops and we all pitched in to get her at least toward the stages of recovery. Of course, that will continue. And the emergency officials in Oklahoma City reported they had as much as eight, 10, even 12 inches of rain in just, you know, four hours or so last night.

What are the recovery efforts like today, Kurt?

Canadian County, just to the west of Oklahoma City, looks like it was the hardest hit by the actual tornado. Now, the flooding seems to have been worse in the metro Oklahoma City area. The response will depend on what we see. Now, of course, we also still have all those people in, you know, the Shawnee area and Moore, Oklahoma, of course, and in Carney that were hit by storms May 19th and 20th. That recovery is going to be even more of a mess now too because of what happened last night.

Well, the sad fact is Oklahomans know how to do this, don't they?

turn 0 : The water flow was really high in 1986, but it's lower now.

turn 0 : The hurricane caused severe destruction and devastation in the area.

turn 0 : This just means that the company is not progressing at all - it does not mean that it is actually 'dead in the water'

turn 0 : The patio had a great deal of water on it that it could have been swum in.

turn 0 : No one's feet were literally frozen, it just means that it was really cold outside and people's feet felt cold.


Well, tomorrow, it's going to be a lot of pomp and circumstance. There'll be a wreath-laying at Westminster Abbey. There'll be a state dinner in the evening with the Queen at Buckingham Palace tomorrow, a meeting with Prime Minister May. Of course, she's a lame duck, so we're not expecting a lot there on the policy front. The big thing tomorrow is going to be street protests.

And what are we expecting there?

Huge numbers. There are going to be buses coming in from around England. The streets are going to be jammed. Londoners, of course, very progressive - this is a cosmopolitan city. And they tend to really dislike this president. His anti-immigration policies, his things that he said about women - it just really rubs Londoners the wrong way.

We'll be seeing a lot of things that - a lot of signs, clever signs, which is what British protesters are known for. And we'll also see Tuesday morning the Trump baby blimp make a reappearance. This is the blimp of Trump in a diaper and crying and looking - he's in the form of a baby. Very popular, and I'm sure we'll see lots of people out there when that goes aloft in Parliament Square.

turn 0 : lame duck implies the person is a failure or couldn't achieve success

turn 0 : has a literal meaning of "Yes, the numbers aren't looking good for the person," but its actual meaning is "It looks like the person isn't likely to succeed."

turn 0 : It's important to take risks and learn from failure.

turn 0 : In this turn, the implied meaning goes beyond the literal meaning of "never took no for an answer." The speaker is highlighting the person's resilience and determination in the face of obstacles. It implies that despite facing rejection or setbacks, the person persisted and fought back, even using physical force if necessary.

turn 0 : you imply that something is the case


And what are we expecting there?

turn 0 : The protests are still significant despite not being widespread

turn 0 : The protest will be disruptive and cause inconvenience to the city

turn 0 : The protest has been peaceful despite potential for violence.

turn 0 : There will be a lot of formal events but street protests will be the highlight.

turn 0 : The protest turned violent, despite initially being peaceful.


And what are we expecting there?

turn 2 : A humorous response indicating agreement with continuing to criticize the British.

turn 2 : The women are not running but they are trying to get elected.

turn 2 : The listener asks whether women played a crucial role in the election.

turn 2 : Londoners dislike the president's policies and comments about women.

turn 2 : Daily racism in Britain is subtle but still present


Well, it's interesting. What you find in the data is that Trump did very well among self-described evangelicals. But he did far better among self-described evangelicals who don't regularly attend church. Cruz destroyed him amongst evangelicals who go to church regularly.

And what's also important about that is there's a lot of evidence that white Americans who don't regularly attend church do worse economically and are much more pessimistic about the state of the country. And that's also what Trump tapped into, this sense of deep pessimism about the state of the country. And that pessimism is greater among Americans who don't regularly attend religious services.

And you just - according to your article, you don't see this in just one side of the political divide, do you?

No. What's interesting is that the same divide you see between Ted Cruz and Donald Trump voters, you also saw between Bernie Sanders and Hillary Clinton voters. So if you look at white Democrats, white Democrats who went to church were much more - religious institutions at all - much more likely to be Hillary Clinton supporters. Bernie Sanders much more likely to win the votes of those who did not regularly attend religious institutions.

turn 1 : Donald Trump's success is partly due to the ability of individuals to spread their message without the support of the political establishment.

turn 1 : It may be difficult for A to reconcile their Catholic beliefs with the beliefs of white evangelicals in the Republican Party.

turn 1 : Trump's success was driven by tapping into the deep pessimism felt by white Americans who don't regularly attend church, and this sense of pessimism is even stronger among them than it is among those who attend religious services regularly.

turn 1 : The turn that has an implied meaning different from its literal meaning is (2) when B asks, "Can you explain what part of Donald Trump's message is working with religious voters so that they would overlook maybe even some of their basic Christian beliefs to support him?" The literal meaning of the question is straightforward,


turn 2 : This statement implies that there is a disagreement between A who is a religious person and the Activists who have different opinions about how faith works.

turn 2 : Implies that religion is an important factor in the speaker's life, not just a literal question about religion.

turn 2 : The turn that has an implied meaning different from its literal meaning is (2) when B asks, "Can you explain what part of Donald Trump's message is working with religious voters so that they would overlook maybe even some of their basic Christian beliefs to support him?" The literal meaning of the question is straightforward,

turn 2 : The speaker is implying that the same divide between religious people and non-religious people is present across the political spectrum, not just within one party.

turn 2 :  (2) Suggesting that people don't need to go to religious services implies that they don't need to be part of an organized religion in order to engage in civic activities.


turn 3 : The person wants to know what can be done to find a common thing the two political parties can agree on.

turn 3 : The political divide between the Democratic and Republican parties is not the only divide that exists, there are divides within the two parties as well.

turn 3 : implies a contrast between the two parties and the different ways that they conduct their caucuses.

turn 3 : The implication is that the Republicans may have to use strong tactics to pass their agenda, even if it means having to pressure members of their own party.

turn 3 : 'he risks a kind of split within his party' means there is a possibility of division within the party, not literally splitting into two parts.


What - the more typical word that I hear from younger evangelicals is a sense of not knowing what to do. Many of them can't in good conscience vote for either Donald Trump or Hillary Clinton. And I think that it's going to take several months before we even know what the answer to that is going to be.

Can you explain what part of Donald Trump's message is working with religious voters so that they would overlook maybe even some of their basic Christian beliefs to support him?

Well, I think it is the fact that many religious conservatives believe that the Republican Party has not only taken them for granted but made fun of them behind closed doors. And so I've heard from those who are supporting Trump their vote for Trump is really a vote to kind of shut the entire system down and start all over again. I think that's a very common sentiment.

Russell Moore of the Southern Baptist Convention, thanks so much for joining us.

turn 0 : The person refuses to change their mind on what they think about the situation.

turn 0 : "not knowing what to do" - the literal meaning is that they are unsure of what actions to take, but the actual meaning could be that they are struggling to reconcile their religious beliefs with their political choices.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: People are feeling resentment and anger towards people who think they don't have to follow the same rules as everyone else.

turn 0 : The speaker may be hinting at a hidden agenda. They may be suggesting that the people they are talking to are not being completely honest and may be hiding something. This could be in a business situation, where the speaker suspects that the other party is not giving them all the information they need to make an informed decision. It could also be in a personal or romantic situation, where the speaker is suggesting that the other person is not being completely honest.

turn 0 : They are worried about any negative consequences of their actions and will fix them quickly.


turn 1 : Implied meaning for turn (3): The questioner assumes that the speaker decided to support Donald Trump based on something he said, but the speaker clarifies that his decision was based on Trump's track record of job creation, as well as input from other people involved in the election.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of turn (4) is that there are several reasons why Ted Cruz wasn't able to capture the evangelical vote, and one of those reasons is that churchgoing evangelicals were less likely to support Donald Trump than those who just nominally affiliate themselves with evangelical Christianity.

turn 1 : The turn that has an implied meaning different from its literal meaning is (2) when B asks, "Can you explain what part of Donald Trump's message is working with religious voters so that they would overlook maybe even some of their basic Christian beliefs to support him?" The literal meaning of the question is straightforward,

turn 1 : (2) The literal meaning of this turn is a simple question, but the implied meaning is that the speaker wants to know what actions can be taken to address the issue being discussed and is seeking guidance or suggestions.


No. I mean, not really. We are in uncharted territory here in Kenya. When the court threw out the first case, it was the first time an African court threw out the victory of a sitting president. So, you know, this court has shown courage and independence. But the ground has shifted. The judges have been openly intimidated. And one of their bodyguards was shot last month. So they're under intense pressure. And who knows how they will rule?I think what we know for sure is that whatever they decide, it's bound to have serious consequences on the streets.

That's NPR's Eyder Peralta in Nairobi. Thank you so much.

Thank you, Lulu.

(SOUNDBITE OF EL TEN ELEVEN'S "THINKING LOUDLY"

turn 0 : The justices can not avoid being questioned and they are different from the justice who sided with both political parties.

turn 0 : implies a request for a summary of the facts of the case

turn 0 : "That's where you get into trouble is when people make false statements to federal investigators or they obstruct an actual proceeding."

turn 0 : The supreme court has a great many decisions to make on cases.

turn 0 : It implies that the judicial system is at jeopardy.


According to the Census Bureau itself, the idea is to count everyone in the United States not just citizens. So if you only count citizens, that's going to reduce the power and resources provided to districts in places that have more people in the country who have immigrated here illegally. And those places would argue they need the resources and the representation.

All right. Well, let's talk about immigration. President Trump has also said his administration will move forward fairly soon with a plan to arrest thousands of migrant families in surprise roundups across major U. S.  cities. Meanwhile, DHS's IG report has shown terrible conditions for the people being held in custody. Is the president's reaction a problem for him politically?

Well, I mean, the more attention this gets, it certainly could. You know, the president is pretty, you know, focused on the fact that there haven't been, you know - on television, right?- this hasn't been something that you've seen a lot of network television cameras in. And if those conditions are things that are captured on TV, that is something that could change the narrative. But so far, the president feels like this is a winning issue for him.

Domenico Montanaro, NPR's lead political editor, thank you.

turn 1 : The administration does not move forward physically but initiates plans to deal with immigration.

turn 1 : The administration should be planning for the future and not just focusing on immediate reactions

turn 1 : People are concerned about immigration, not just interested.

turn 1 : The irony is that even though congressional Republican leadership may be opposed to Donald Trump's immigration policy, they still ultimately want to pass some kind of immigration reform.

turn 1 : Obama is already working before he is officially in office.


Assuming we know some it.

And that's it. And, you know, we know some of it a little at this stage. These are very early studies that are just almost like proof of principle, that clearly we're seeing the same trends across different mucosal surfaces in body. So perhaps there could be a unifying theory in this idea of restoring appropriate colonization patterns to those sites.

Well, let me ask you a wild question that just struck me. If you overly - if you're a mouthwash user and it kills everything in your mouth or any bacteria, 99 percent of the germs, it says, are you doing yourself a disservice?

I - we - nobody has looked at that. And it's - again, anything that perturbes these communities, you know, there's the potential for pathogenic organisms to outgrow in that kind of depleted diversity community. So it would be wonderful study. We don't study oral micro biota, but it would be wonderful study.

turn 2 : "Struck by a phrase" does not mean that someone physically hit someone else with words. It means that someone was caught by a specific expression or a saying that got their attention.

turn 2 : "Well, let me ask you a wild question that just struck me."  This turn uses the idiom "struck me" to mean "occurred to me suddenly", rather than a literal physical action of striking.

turn 2 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer


Assuming we know some it.

turn 3 : The implication of this statement is that the scientific community needs to come together and use their collective power to push for change.

turn 3 : The speaker is emphasizing that any potential genetic effects found in their study are insignificant compared to the overwhelming impact of human activities on the environment.

turn 3 :  The implication of this statement is that it will be difficult to reach a consensus among the scientific community due to their diverse opinions

turn 3 : "anything that perturbes these communities, you know, there's the potential for pathogenic organisms to outgrow in that kind of depleted diversity community."  This turn uses the scientific term "perturbes" to mean "disrupts" or "disturbs" the communities, rather than a more general or literal meaning of the word. Additionally, "depleted diversity community" is a specific scientific term that refers to a community with a reduced diversity of species, rather than a literal description of a community.

turn 3 :  The implication of this statement is that certain groups are attacking certain types of science, like climate change and public health, because they may be interested in gaining something politically or economically.


Now, I would imagine that most of these interviews took place in the South, and that most of these people were either octogenarians or something older at the time that you talked to them, were they?

Let's try centenarians.

Centenarians.

Centenarians. The oldest person I interviewed was 112 and I think the youngest was 86, a man named Christopher Sadox Wright(ph) in California. The 112-year-old, I was not able to include because she did not have all of her faculties. She didn't remember much about her family or her years as - you know, she didn't really remember much about yesterday.

turn 0 : just shy of 30 means the person is almost 30-years-old.

turn 0 : How important is this for the person and also they want to know if they are different now that they are older.

turn 0 : A had a difficult childhood with no celebrations, and later moved in with his father who was involved in illegal activities.

turn 0 : Octogenarians would be someone who is at lesat 80 years old.

turn 0 : Being 80 implies being in old age and not constituting a total of 80 in quantity


"My first awareness of homosexuality was followed by reading James Baldwin. No reference was made to this, which I think in the context of this program would have been a reference for listeners. I appreciate some of the discussion, however a little historical perspective helps us better understand the present. "

And finally, we got a letter about our sports blogger segment. Last week they talked about Tiger Wood's win in the U. S.  Open despite a leg injury. Tiger is now taking some time off the green. Lyn Porter (ph) in Lenni, Pennsylvania wrote us this. "I just wanted to disagree with the comment that people who watch golf are really tuning in to see Tiger Woods. All three of us here who watch golf regularly comment that we want to see someone else have a chance to win. I think it will be interesting to see golf without Tiger. I enjoy his play and hope he recovers quickly, but I would like a little variety. "

And that's it for letters. Thank you for writing and please keep your comments coming.

To write us just log on to npr. org and click on Contact Us. When you get there, you'll see lots of shows to choose from. Make sure you pick News & Notes when you write to us.

turn 0 : A thinks that listeners should have been informed about James Baldwin's homosexuality in the program to understand the context better.

turn 0 : The speaker is highlighting the severity of the allegations against Jeffrey Epstein and warning the listeners that the details may be upsetting.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker is indirectly suggesting that they may have information or opinions that they are hesitant to share openly.

turn 0 : The actual meaning, however, is that the speaker is expressing agreement with the pope's approach and support for creating an inclusive and accepting environment for gay individuals within the Catholic Church.

turn 0 : The speaker is expressing amusement at the topic being discussed.


Let's turn now to our regular sports commentator, an all-around know-everything-there-is-to know-in-the-world-of-sports expert, New York Times columnist Bill Rhoden. Hey, Bill.

Hey, great Tony Cox. How are you doing?

I'm doing great, man. Listen, we saw a lot of great retired players in Washington on Tuesday, NBA players like Magic Johnson, Kevin Johnson; football stars like Jim Brown, that we just heard; Mohammad Ali, they were all there. What do you make of their commitment to being a part of all of this?And is it just because of Obama that younger athletes are willing to step up front again and take political positions?

You know, I thought it was great to see those guys and it was a great interview you just did with Jim Brown.

turn 0 : "it's sort of like my way of giving back" - The literal meaning is that the speaker sees the sport as an opportunity to give back to the community. The actual meaning is that the speaker wants to use their involvement in the sport to contribute to something meaningful, such as a research project.

turn 0 : Turn (1) has an example of a phrase whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning. When the speaker says "their head coach, John Tortorella, is entertainment in and of himself," they mean that John Tortorella is very entertaining to watch or listen to, rather than that he is a form of media or content.

turn 0 : (1) Implied meaning: The speaker's interest in baseball history was sparked by his grandfather's stories about the Brooklyn Dodgers and a player named Pete Reiser, who was considered by his grandfather to be one of the best ballplayers ever despite not being well-known.

turn 0 : All the turns in this conversation appear to have their literal meanings, and there are no metaphors, figurative language or idioms used.

turn 0 : all-around-know-everything-there-is-to-know-in-the-world-of-sports is sarcasm and it means this person thats being talked about knows a ton on sports and is an expert.


. . . Version of this book. When I'm writing - whether it be these hundreds of songs or this, you know, 300-page collection of complete sentences - in order to do it, I have to pretend I'm alone. But when I sat down to record the audiobook, I thought, oh, I can't pretend I'm alone anymore. Now I'm really sharing my most intimate thoughts with whoever - which is insane. Get me out of here.

(Laughter) So you've always had this - this tension around intimacy.

Yeah.

You crave it so much, but it also scares you. I mean, the decision to shave your head - even this is about intimacy in some way, isn't it?Because when I think about a woman who shaves her head, it feels like a very powerful move. It also feels intimate. Like, hey, here I am. This is me. Like. . .

turn 3 : First thing that he sees in his mind about her is her nails.

turn 3 : A is reflecting on the nature of relationships between people close to each other.

turn 3 : not a physical head, like a head from a body, but the  person in charge of something, the leader of something

turn 3 : A's decision to shave her head is about intimacy and power.

turn 3 : "It kind of has a life of it's own" implies that the hair is hard to manage and style and doesn't easily get taken care of


This is WEEKEND EDITION from NPR News. I'm Scott Simon. Hillary Clinton is drawing more attention right now for the foundation that bears her family's name than her run for president. Clinton Foundation is under scrutiny for contributions from foreign donors that were made while Mrs.  Clinton was Secretary of State. During that time, a Canadian mining financier donated millions of dollars to the Clinton Foundation. He also secured a lucrative mining deal that required approval of the State Department while Hillary Clinton was Secretary of State. Joshua Green of Bloomberg News joins us in our studios. Thanks very much for being with us.

Good to be with you.

These connections were first unearthed, to my knowledge, by Peter Schweizer, who wrote the book that's coming out next week, "Clinton Cash. "The New York Times has been advancing the story. You certainly have at Bloomberg News. Give us, if you could, a quick picture about what's known about the relationship between the Clinton's and this Canadian business person.

Well, Frank Giustra is his name. I interviewed him about a week or so ago. And he explained to me he met Bill Clinton at a fundraiser for tsunami victims. He was dazzled by him, was invited to become involved in his charities and has in a very big way - not only pledging or giving tens of millions of dollars but also pledging half the profits of his mining company in perpetuity to the Clinton Foundation. He landed on the board of the Clinton Foundation and actually started up the Canadian wing, something called the Clinton-Giustra Enterprise Partnership.

turn 1 : implies that the meeting was focused on discussing how to achieve party unity and defeat John McCain in November. However, the actual meaning could be that the meeting was a bargaining session where Obama and Clinton discussed potential terms for Clinton to drop out of the race and endorse Obama. This is not explicitly stated yet is a possible subtextual meaning.

turn 1 : Implies that Bill Clinton is both a valuable asset and a potential liability to the campaign.

turn 1 : Donald Trump is using Bill Clinton's personal history as a distraction from legitimate campaign issues

turn 1 : to me he met Bill Clinton at a fundraiser for tsunami victims = imply that Giustra has a close relationship with Clinton and was invited to become involved in his charities.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: Please provide us with information about Don McGahn, as he was the campaign's lawyer, correct?


Patricia is moving over Mexico, downgraded from the most powerful hurricane ever recorded to a tropical depression. She was less damaging than expected. Hurricane force winds were spared to the coastal cities like Puerto Vallarta. Daniel Lozano, the director general of the Mexican Red Cross, is overseeing the emergency response. He joins us from Mexico City now. Mr.  Lozano, you must be very busy. Thanks very much for being with us.

Thank you, Scott. It's a pleasure to be with you and the audience.

Can you tell us what's going on there now?

Well, as you mentioned, fortunately the hurricane downgraded very fast and we were expecting a greater impact in several cities and communities of Jalisco, Colima and the states around that area. But fortunately no major damages have been registered so far.

turn 3 : A needs the help of USCIS and DOD to save their life.

turn 3 : There was a failure to provide appropriate medical care for Carlos Hernandez Vasquez.

turn 3 : The director general of the Mexican Red Cross is relieved that no significant damage has been reported and is thankful for the quick downgrade of Patricia.

turn 3 : There will be significant concerns in the region moving forward.

turn 3 :  (4) - This is asking for the biggest worries or concerns of Mr. DeMaria regarding the effects of the hurricane.


Correct.

How much money was that?

$175,000 for the coming year.

And specifically, you used that money in what way?

turn 2 : a long time coming means something has been meaning to happen but hasn't happened until recently

turn 2 : (3) is a short form of "I will," meaning "I understand," indicating agreement with the speaker's sentiment.

turn 2 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 2 : coming year means the year that is coming up


I don't know what you make of a recent letter some ICE special agents sent to Homeland Security Secretary Nielsen asking that the branch of ICE that deals with counterterrorism and drug trafficking, not deportations, be split off from the agency because of all the ill will.

Yeah. I have seen that. That was - that's an interesting consequence of another change that was made at the time that DHS was formed. In addition to splitting up the immigration entities, they also blended in the customs function. And so ICE is Immigration and Customs Enforcement. The same is true at the border. And that was a little bit of a shotgun marriage between the customs folks and the immigration folks that has not fully worked itself out. The customs people think that they have these - you know, they've got a separate set of responsibilities that are impeded by the immigration function.

Former INS general counsel Bo Cooper, thanks so much for coming in and joining us, sir.

Thank you very much.

turn 0 : All the turns in this conversation appear to have their literal meanings, and there are no metaphors, figurative language or idioms used.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: People are feeling resentment and anger towards people who think they don't have to follow the same rules as everyone else.

turn 0 : (1) has an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The literal meaning is that the speaker is asking if there is any sign of improvement in the situation being discussed, but the implied meaning is that the situation is bad and the speaker is hoping for some positive news or indication that things will get better.

turn 0 : "... because of all the ill will." This turn is an example of a figurative expression. "Ill will" is not a physical or tangible thing that can cause harm or injury; instead, it refers to negative feelings or intentions towards someone.

turn 0 : The implied meaning of the first turn is that people have become apathetic to the problems facing the city and are not taking action.


Thank you very much.

turn 1 : Turn (2): The speaker is implying that the person proposing marriage to a woman at the ballpark is likely to be rejected in public.

turn 1 : The speaker is worried about their own marriage

turn 1 : In turn (2), the speaker is describing the use of oversized slingshots in a conflict to throw pipe bombs farther than they would normally be able to reach. The literal meaning is a description of the physical objects and their use, but the implied meaning is the unusual and desperate measures taken in a violent conflict.

turn 1 : "...a little bit of a shotgun marriage between the customs folks and the immigration folks that has not fully worked itself out." This turn is an example of a figurative expression. "Shotgun marriage" is not referring to an actual marriage involving a shotgun; instead, it is a metaphorical way of describing a forced or hasty union between two parties.

turn 1 : In turn (5), "corral" is a figurative expression used to describe the speaker's efforts to gather or control a group of people with differing interests, rather than literally herding cattle.


That's the most egregious part of this scandal - is that she and her boyfriend Sunny Balwani, who was the No. 2 of the company, knew as they were rolling out the blood-testing services in Walgreens stores in California and Arizona that the blood tests were faulty. And yet they still went ahead with the rollout. And there were - I came across personally in my reporting more than a dozen patients who had health scares because they received bad results from Theranos.

How could so many smart people be fooled?

Well, I think she capitalized on this in part - it's not the only answer. But she capitalizes on this yearning there was in Silicon Valley and beyond to see a woman breakthrough in this man's world in Silicon Valley. If you look back over the past 30 years, all these tech founders that have gone on to be billionaires and icons are all men. Elizabeth Holmes was going to be that first tech founder who became a billionaire.

John Carreyrou - his book "Bad Blood" - thanks so much for being with us.

turn 2 : how she became herself implies the story of her discovery and success

turn 2 : Elizabeth Holmes was able to attract attention and investment by presenting herself as a woman who could succeed in a male-dominated industry.

turn 2 : The only thing that women wants is money and status in society.

turn 2 : Implying she is underestimated because she is a woman.


And so the bike industry in general thought that they could absorb the 10% increase that's been in effect for the last few months. And there's no way that they can absorb a 25% increase, so that will be borne by the consumer whether you're buying a $100 bike or a $10,000 bike across the board. There's no way that the industry can absorb that.

Can you give me a sense of what the price hike might be for a consumer buying, you know, the first or second bike for a kid, let's say?

Yeah. And so this does apply to kid's bike, too. You know that in general, the tariff burden will increase by probably $250 million, and so retail prices will be raised. And so if you consider, gosh, a $100 bike, which is a fair price point for most Americans looking to buy their first bicycle or a kid's bicycle, $100 is a lot of money for a lot of people. Who knows what'll happen?But if I had to look in a crystal ball, that price will probably go up to 125, 150.

And there are a lot of road riders or mountain bikers or anyone who is more of an enthusiast - they're paying $2,000, $3,000, $4,000 for a bike, and that same percentage price increase will apply to them as well. The bike doesn't get any cheaper because of the tariffs or the kind of bike riding you like to do. So bike prices will probably go up, you know, $1,000 on a $4,000 bike.

turn 0 : The people that are very involved with and interested in bikes will like them.

turn 0 : "A bicycle isn't like a gallon of milk, you know? The demand can fluctuate." - The literal meaning of this turn is that the demand for a bicycle can fluctuate, unlike the demand for a gallon of milk. The actual meaning is that the demand for bicycles may decrease due to the increase in prices, and it will not remain constant like the demand for a gallon of milk.

turn 0 : This implies that the bike industry intend to increase bike cost from current 10% increase to 25% increase.

turn 0 : Turn (1) has a non-literal meaning. The speaker is suggesting that the cost of the program may be justified by its deterrent effect, even though it may not be cost-effective in terms of the number of arrests made.

turn 0 : Capitalism has changed and now requires more regulation and reduced expectations in terms of return. Prices are not assumed to always go up anymore.


Like what?

Well, one of the first that we did was a tomb that the University of Pennsylvania museum excavated in central Turkey, which is believed to be either the tomb of Midas or his father, Gordias, west of Ankara. And it was done by the museum back in 1957 and had one of the largest Iron Age drinking sets in it that the excavators had the foresight to bring the residues in the drinking set back here to Philadelphia.

And it was one of the easiest excavations I was ever on. I just had to walk up two flights of stairs, gather up the residues, and then we started doing our analysis.

So you take the dregs, so to speak, out of the amphora - the jugs, and you bring it back to the lab, and. . .

turn 3 : You take the unimportant things out of something beautiful and bring them to the lab.

turn 3 : (2) implies that A has a very tiring day in the lab and wants to finish the work quickly and go home.

turn 3 : It may be a way to give attention to women trying to break into science.

turn 3 : It's best to be receptive to any thought that comes your way.


OK, well, now there's criticism that these short-sellers may be contributing to the funny business in terms of, you know, driving prices down for these big investment banks.

You know, there's a ton of funds out there. There's a lot of cash out there. If the short-sellers are really driving prices to the point where stocks and companies are mispriced, there should be the countervailing, hey, this is a bargain, let's rush in and buy it. That hasn't happened, and in fact, if you look at the companies that have gone belly up in the past year, every one of them was either insolvent or had some major problem. Again, the short-sellers are the one who identified this.

Hm. Well, also, in some of those banks, you have traders, actually, you know - have what is the accusation out there that they contributed to the problem by short-selling these derivatives and by driving prices down across the board.

Well, there's two issues. One is short-selling in general, and then the other issue is naked short-selling, which - I'll give you the real short version of it. When you short-sell, you're doing the opposite of buying. You borrow stock and you sell it, and you hope to buy it cheaper and return it. Short-selling is legal. Naked short-selling has been illegal for many years. The only reason we have so much of it is the SEC has not enforced the rules against it, because there was a ton of money made by the biggest brokerage firms.

turn 0 : ton of funds implies a larger quantities or amount of fund s

turn 0 : a lot of stuff means there is a massive amount

turn 0 : figures in this context means numbers, referring to money likely

turn 0 : Having all your money in one bank is risky.

turn 0 : tons of letters implies a very large number and not to full a ton


So who is the ultimate decision-maker here?And what is that person likely to be guided by, if you have any sense of that?For example, is there any precedent that either side could point to that might give us a sense of how this might proceed?

Well, there'll be several levels inside the U. K.  judicial system. There'll be a hearing before a judge in the U. K.  and then probably through an appellate level in the U. K.  And then, if history is any indication, if Mr.  Assange loses, he could then keep appealing all the way up to the European Court of Human Rights saying that his human rights have been violated. Historically, the British have extradited numerous individuals to the U. S. Although many of them and their defense counsel have argued that they would face unfair or improper trials in the U. S. , most of those have been extradited.

But in a few cases in the past, there have been individuals whose extradition from the U. K.  to the U. S.  have been denied. In this case, this will really be, I think, a battle royal because Assange and his lawyers will argue very forcefully that I'm sure particularly the Trump administration is coming after him for political reasons.

So, as you mentioned earlier, Assange has only been charged with one count of conspiracy. If he's extradited to the U. S. , could he face other charges here?And is that something that his lawyers might raise?

turn 1 : Breivik hopes that being found insane will invalidate his political arguments and be a way for him to avoid punishment.

turn 1 : The verdict is a powerful landmark as genocide is difficult to prove in court

turn 1 : Assange could potentially appeal his extradition all the way to the European Court of Human Rights based on historical precedent.

turn 1 : The extradition law may result in Chinese state kidnapping.


Yup. And then, suddenly, it came back, and then it went back down. And they scratched their heads for quite a while. And finally, what they realized is that there was so much radiation there that it was doing what's called saturating the detector. So it just couldn't count anymore. It was just overwhelmed. And then when they would go out of the radiation belts, it would come back down to a reasonable level that it was designed for, and it would start counting again. And so it took them a little while to figure that out. But once they did, that was the discovery of the radiation belts.

And now we have the probes to follow up. Thanks, Craig Kletzing, for joining us today.

You're very welcome. Thanks for having me.

Craig Kletzing is a professor of physics and astronomy at the University of Iowa.

turn 0 : The discovery of the radiation belts was a result of a long process of understanding what was causing the detector to be overwhelmed by radiation.

turn 0 : The people who sent the probe feel disappointed that Pluto was downgraded and their efforts were for nothing.

turn 0 : The waves are responsible for creating the high-energy radiation in the Van Allen radiation belt.

turn 0 : It implies the inspection of all necessary equipment that was used for the voyage to Mars.

turn 0 : The person was surprised greatly by the information and it affected many of their thoughts and emotions. They were not struck but what they saw made them notice it and think about it more.


turn 3 : The speaker is expressing appreciation for the opportunity of being able to discuss the issue.

turn 3 : The speaker's baby and family are doing well and they are happy about it.

turn 3 : The speaker's emotions and thoughts are being explored in order to gauge their optimism and trust in the peace process.

turn 3 : The speaker is thanking Craig Kletzing for joining them and giving them insight on the radiation belts.

turn 3 : because the speaker said always good to be here