Then later on, I ended up having to deal with, really, racism from both sides, from white people, as well as from black people who claimed that I was not really black because of the music I listened to or the way that I speak or some intangible delineation that people make in terms of how you're supposed to behave based upon the color of your skin.

Well, Brian, you know, you went on to basically go about your life and kind of sublimate this incredible pressure. But at some point, it all broke for you. What happened then?

Well, what happened was - I should back up and say that at the time that I wrote "Not a Genuine Black Man," the book and the play, I decided that in order for it to be real and to be true and to be what I wanted it to be, I'd have to be completely naked. And that being the case, I knew that I would have to talk about the darkest moment in my life, which was a very severe period of depression I went through in 1999.

I had - I didn't realize it at the time, but apparently I had suffered depression since childhood, from all of the, you know, strangers driving down the street yelling the N-word, not being included because I was the only black kid and being different. And I'd spent a lot of time isolating and by myself.

turn 0 : A faced racism from both white and black people due to his behavior and interests not aligning with stereotypes of his skin color.

turn 0 : White people saying they were taught to treat everyone the same is not enough to combat racism.

turn 0 : A person wants to identify as cool, American black instead of African-American despite not being from Africa.

turn 0 : Turn (1) has an implicated meaning that is different from its literal meaning. Although the speaker denies that the remarks were racially motivated, the implication is that the speaker believes they were in fact racially motivated, and is trying to downplay or avoid addressing that implication.

turn 0 : White people are not held to the same standards as people of color when it comes to achieving success.


turn 1 : B is impressed or surprised by what A said.

turn 1 : B acknowledges that A had to suppress the pressure he faced, but eventually reached a breaking point.

turn 1 : B is surprised or impressed by what A just said

turn 1 : A is not fully agreeing with B's statement

turn 1 : B is still immersed in the current project and hasn't thought about the next one yet.


turn 2 : There were some personal problems, and he is trying to understand the reason behind them without being too direct.

turn 2 : A decided to be vulnerable and share about his severe depression in order to be authentic in his book and play.

turn 2 : A used comedy as an escape from personal struggles and pain

turn 2 : The story is a happy one that is also distracting and the people have been feeling sad so they need the story to make them happy again.

turn 2 : Bob experiences trauma and nightmares as a result of the abuse he suffered from Dr. Strauss.


turn 3 : The speaker is concerned about their biracial children feeling pressure to choose between their racial identities.

turn 3 : He used racist language but tried to hide it behind humor.

turn 3 : A reflects on his childhood experiences of racism and isolation as the only black kid.

turn 3 : This statement from the passage implies the emotional impact of racism on the person of color and the discomfort and guilt experienced by the white person.

turn 3 : black people  implies African American people and not black color humans beings


Bill M wrote about it - read about it and wrote. Kilpatrick's stays in the news proving all the naysayers right with his childish antics and questionable judgment. He should resign.

And there's also the news that Broadway's "The Color Purple" is closing next month due to slow ticket sales and some people said it was because of singer Fantasia left the show without any thunder after she left.

All right. Just briefly, what do you think about the newsletter?What does that offer people that everything else we do doesn't?We've got the radio show and the blog. But, you know, you put out this great newsletter every day. What's going on with that?

Well, we've got headlines that pertain to African-Americans. We have highlights from the show. And the difference is - it's called Push me (unintelligible). It's a '90s Internet buzz word. And the idea is that you get all these things that you want sent to your inbox every day without having to surf from Web site to Web site. And it's a service that we offer.

turn 0 : implies that the speaker was advocating for themselves to be violently punished,

turn 0 : They thought he was a joke or not a serious person

turn 0 : He says it's incumbent on the press and on the media not to make it easy for celebrities to have these terribly serious transgressions alleged and be able to skate by on their charm, on their fame, on their accomplishments outside the arena of these allegations."  Implicated meaning: The speaker is emphasizing the responsibility of the press and media to hold celebrities accountable for their serious wrongdoings, rather than allowing them to escape scrutiny based on their charisma, reputation, or achievements unrelated to the allegations.

turn 0 : "childish antics and questionable judgment" implies that Kilpatrick's behavior is inappropriate and unprofessional, even though the literal meaning of the words is just describing his actions and decision-making

turn 0 : ‘almost cuddly catcher’ means that he has a goodnatured personality and appears like a caring and non-scary person, likable to audiences


turn 3 : The actual meaning of the third turn is that the speaker is implying that the current administration is trying to prevent important information from being released, and this is why they are pushing people to contact them with information.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of the fourth turn is that one should be careful when writing emails so that they wouldn't be embarrassed if they were published. However, the implied meaning is that one should be careful when writing emails because they may be exposed and used against them.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of (4) is that they offer a service called Push Me that delivers daily headlines and highlights related to African-Americans to your email inbox. The actual meaning is that Push Me is a play on the 90s internet buzzword "push" which means to receive notifications without actively seeking information. Therefore, the newsletter is designed to deliver the information people want directly to their inbox without the need to browse different websites.

turn 3 : The actual meaning of this turn is to be aware of the potential consequences of what you write in emails and to be careful with what you say via email.


I mean, it's pretty scary at the time. It was very intimidating. It just seems like it was completely mental, an attack on a small business for a problem that it's not responsible for.

Well, what do you think of the problem?Because we read that protesters were chanting we want genuinely affordable housing and we want community. I realize it might be hard to keep that separate from the people that smeared stuff on your windows, but how do you feel about that?

I mean, I think that there is problems. There's problems of poverty in the area, and there's bad sides to gentrification, but there's also really great sides to gentrification. What we have done is we have moved into this area - the protests and gentrification in this area. If you wanted to protest gentrification in this area, you probably should've started about 15-20 years ago.

Have you ever had any conversations with any of your critics, your attackers, do you think?

turn 0 : Arguments that were made by some of the people who attacked him - attacked does not mean physically attacked. It means hurt with words.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker is indirectly suggesting that they may have information or opinions that they are hesitant to share openly.

turn 0 : (1) The actual meaning of turn (1) is different from its literal meaning, as it implies that the speaker is ready to defend their state against any legal challenges from the Trump administration and has a track record of success in litigation against them, indicating a confident and confrontational approach.

turn 0 : "an attack on a small business" is a metaphorical expression for a physical attack on the business, as opposed to a verbal attack or criticism.

turn 0 : to draw a lot of hatred means something got a ton of hatred or anger towards it


turn 2 : The speaker aims to evoke empathy and raise awareness about the devastating impact of the natural disaster on the community, including loss of life, destruction of infrastructure, and the displacement of individuals, such as the mayor being left homeless.

turn 2 : In turn (2), the speaker acknowledges that people who own properties are more likely to benefit from property buyouts. However, the implied meaning is that the property buyout program may reinforce existing socioeconomic disparities, as people with more wealth are generally more often property owners. This suggests that the program may not be equally accessible to everyone, which is different from the literal meaning of the turn.

turn 2 : The turn that has a figurative meaning is (3) "agriculture is a leaky system". This is a metaphorical way of saying that the agricultural industry is vulnerable to various external factors, such as weather-related disasters, which can cause significant damage.  The other turns do not have any apparent figurative meaning and can be interpreted literally.

turn 2 :  "bad sides to gentrification" and "great sides to gentrification" are figurative expressions that describe positive and negative aspects of the process of gentrification.

turn 2 : "the consequences that they are unleashing in Mexican public life in every level" - the literal meaning is the results or outcomes that are being released or let loose, but the actual meaning is the negative effects that are impacting Mexican society at all levels.


But then again, the Southsider group from Los Angeles, which has essentially a lot of Latino members, will try to exercise dominance in the jails as a message to all African-Americans that there's more of us and we can dominate the situation in the jails and we're going to dominate the situations in the street.

We're talking with L. A.  County Sheriff Lee Baca. Sheriff, is there much difference, as far as racial issues are concerned, between inmates in, let's say, county jail as opposed to state or federal prisons, where the inmates are serving longer terms and there are more of them?

Well, there is a slight difference. You know, the transient nature of the county jails is that inmates have access to each other much easier than in a state prison system, and at the same time, the state prison system is a long-term incarceration and they're more calculated when they're going to do a hit. Whereas in a county jail, they can hit anytime and be spontaneous and virtually disrupt the entire environment in the jail without a real comprehensive plan. Whereas in state prisons, it's more calculated.

Now, in California, particularly in Los Angeles, we have talked a lot about the tensions between Latinos and blacks. We haven't said very much about tensions between blacks and whites or Latinos and whites. How much of that is there?

turn 1 : The topic of discussion is about the cost of prisons.

turn 1 : B is asking for A's opinion on the increase in identification of teens as transgender or gender nonconforming.

turn 1 : B is interested in learning about racial issues among inmates and whether there is a difference between county jails and state/federal prisons.

turn 1 : This implies the level of Racial discrimination on Campuses.

turn 1 : The Urban League was interested in how the candidates would address issues of race, economics, criminal justice, and cities.


Brazil is one of the leading producers of two very important crops: soy and corn. But lately, frozen credit has made it nearly impossible for farmers there to afford the basics that they need to grow those crops. Brian Willott farms 2,000 acres of soybeans just outside Bahia, Brazil. He joins us now by phone.

Welcome, Brian, and can you explain for us how the credit situation there in Brazil has affected you and other farmers?

Credit's a big problem right now. No farmer can survive today without credit, and since the credit crunch hit, everyone's credit has either been cut, delayed or more expensive. And it's got everyone here quite worried.

What do you use loans for?How important is it?What do you use it to buy?

turn 0 : Farmers need credit to buy expensive inputs like fertilizer.

turn 0 : The frozen credit in Brazil has made it difficult for farmers to afford the basics needed to grow soy and corn crops

turn 0 : This implies that the Farmers does want any aid from the government. They would rather prefer that the government remove harsh tariffs on the world's largest soybeans.

turn 0 : The shortage of corn may lead to a price increase in the market.

turn 0 : A has had trouble getting credit in Brazil this year despite having a good credit history.


turn 2 : The program of providing direct payments to farmers is more feasible than dumping large amounts of crops on poor countries.

turn 2 : Passing this bill may not be enough to improve the credit market.

turn 2 : Farmers need credit to buy expensive inputs like fertilizer.

turn 2 : The economy is doing very poorly, and consumers are struggling to pay their debts and bills.

turn 2 : Credit is important for farmers to survive and the credit crunch has made it more expensive and difficult to obtain


Microfauna, can't get enough.

Microflora and fauna.

That's right.

Excuse me, I just thought of - wow, and was this something he started out to do, I mean, as a scientist?

turn 2 :  (2) implies that people are facing a lot of bureaucracy and paperwork,

turn 2 : No privacy. In some cases, they actually look like slave cabins. - The literal meaning of this turn is that the living conditions for farmworkers are so poor that they resemble the living conditions of slaves in the past. The actual meaning is that the living conditions are dehumanizing and lack basic amenities, which puts the workers, especially women, in vulnerable situations.

turn 2 : The living conditions of workers are terrible and lack privacy and basic necessities

turn 2 : The young women working in factories were suffering a lot due to the unhealthy environment.


Microfauna, can't get enough.

Microflora and fauna.

That's right.

turn 3 : The lack of women in national security is due to cultural factors which prevents them.

turn 3 : Women are vulnerable due to lack of privacy and basic necessities

turn 3 : (4) can mean "Many of us have participated in this system in some way, whether we were the victims of harassment or assault, or if we chose to stay silent, which may have enabled perpetrators to do the same to other women."

turn 3 : The only thing that women wants is money and status in society.


Yes. There are tens of thousands of North Koreans who are hiding in China today. At the peak in the late '90s, early 2000s, there were more than half a million. But in - about 25,000 have made it safely to South Korea where they're living today. And about 140, 150 have come to the United States, and there have been several hundred who've gone to Europe.

And this underground railroad, obviously the phrase we associate with escaped slaves from the South before the Civil War, but the analogy, you say, is apt.

The analogy is very similar. It's a secret network of safe houses and routes - secret routes across the country. It's staffed. It's operated mostly by Christians, similar to the original Underground Railroad, though there are also people who are in it for the money who are involved - brokers and human traffickers. And many of the people who help the North Koreans in China are ethnically Korean. That is they're Korean-Chinese or they're South Korean or there are - they are Americans who are of Korean heritage. I interviewed a number of the rescuers, and their stories are incredibly inspiring. Especially in this Christmas season, you think about these are people who are living their faith by going to a hostile country to help, and helping people that nobody else in the world is prepared to help.

And it's interesting. You tell the story of one of them: Adrian Hong.

turn 0 : tens of thousands implies very numerous or uncountable number of people

turn 0 : tens of thousands refer and implies large number

turn 0 : dozens of people implies a very large number of people

turn 0 : a lot of stuff means there is a massive amount


turn 1 :  Even though the conversation is centered on the North Koreans who have escaped, turn (3) highlights the fact that there are still millions of people living under the oppressive regime in North Korea, and their plight should not be overlooked or forgotten.

turn 1 : The underground railroad for North Korean refugees is similar to that of the escaped slaves in the past.

turn 1 : The reality of the war with North Korea does not seem like a realistic threat to South Koreans due to their fast-paced and materialistic lifestyle.

turn 1 : The speaker and their friends committed crimes to fulfill their basic needs in the refugee camp


turn 2 : It is important to discuss God's message of care for refugees without being politically divisive.

turn 2 : The people involved in the rescue are risking their lives to help refugees based on their faith and compassion.

turn 2 : The situation is so dangerous that people who refuse to evacuate should identify themselves in case of death.

turn 2 : Is this situation just overshadowed by other refugee and humanitarian crises in the world?  Implicated meaning: Is this situation being overlooked or given less attention compared to other refugee and humanitarian crises in the world?


Well, it's not as if Senator Gregg didn't know that President Obama is a Democrat and this is a democratic administration.

So, I mean, what was it that changed his mind all of a sudden?

Well, that's an excellent point. I would just add to what you said in - you know, in a very direct fashion, that he clearly knew about the stimulus package. He had recused himself from voting in the Senate as a potential nominee for a commerce secretary position. I think that what really changed it for him had a lot to do with the census issue, Madeleine. And this is the case here that the census is run by the commerce secretary. It comes under his mandate.

And what you heard from black and Latino elected officials in the Congress was great concern that Judd Gregg, who had once voted to eliminate the Commerce Department, said, you know what?We're concerned that he is not going to be open to doing the kind of count that we think is necessary to get a full estimate of the presence of minorities in this country, which of course will influence congressional districts and how they're drawn, influence funding for - especially for social programs. And the argument has long come from minority communities that they have been undercounted.

turn 0 : Senator Obama is leaving the Senate to become president

turn 0 : Senator Gregg should have behaved as if aware that Obama and administration are Democrats

turn 0 : A prefers Obama over the Republican candidate but is hesitant to vote for him.

turn 0 : The implication is that Barack Obama may have been involved in the Blagojevich scandal.

turn 0 : The president may be lying about not being informed


He does. He even asks for changes.

This is sounding awfully inauthentic to me.

Well, I figured if I could program the personality I might as well make it friendly.

Ken Schwencke of the Los Angeles Times. Thanks so much for being with us.

turn 2 : They are saying that at the risk of sounding like they are perfect and above others they think you have to be honest.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is making a subtle suggestion or insinuation that others may pick up on, but without being too direct or forceful.

turn 2 : A is trying to add some humor to the conversation

turn 2 : : The speaker is expressing frustration or disappointment about a situation, and may be looking for empathy or support from the listener.

turn 2 :  friendly.the speaker is implying that they are trying to manipulate the personality of someone to make it more


I'm embarrassed to say I'd never heard of a tardigrade before this story. What are they?

So these are microorganisms. They're a little under a millimeter in size. They have four legs. And a lot of people think they look like bears, hence the name water bear. They are found everywhere on Earth, from jungles, to the top of the Himalayas, to the Antarctic. And as you had mentioned, they can survive pretty much any sort of environment, from extremely hot temperatures to extremely cold temperatures. They can survive in the vacuum of space. They're pretty much indestructible.

And how did a few thousand of them potentially end up on the moon?

A non-profit organization called the Arch Mission Foundation sent a lunar library to the surface of the moon with the Beresheet lander.

turn 3 : The moon was once a part of the Earth.

turn 3 : Gather around the moon, meaning the women gather around each other and gaze upon the full moon in the sky.

turn 3 : The moon was formed from the Earth's mantle.

turn 3 : The Arch Mission Foundation sent a library to the moon.

turn 3 : The current theory about the formation of the moon might not be accurate


Lauren, can you help us appreciate the reaction of the Spanish public at this point?

Well, the Spanish public has not looked favorably, perhaps unsurprisingly, on this investigation. The royal family's approval ratings are at record lows. King Juan Carlos is 76 years old. He's been in and out of hospitals for the past few years and the most infamous health scare he had was two years ago when he broke his hip while on a very expensive elephant hunting trip in Africa.

The public only found out about his safari when he broke his hip and had to be flown home to Spain. The trip cost several times the average Spaniard's annual salary so that elephant hunt did not go over well here. But in general, this investigation into the princess' finances has served as a sort of reckoning for the country. A few years ago, when Spain's economy was booming, nobody really bothered to examine anyone's finances carefully, from the royals to the construction companies that were building like mad all over Spain to regular people's taxes. And now, everything is being examined and Spaniards are realizing that just like them, even their princess may have been living way beyond her means.

Lauren Frayer in Madrid, thanks so much.

turn 2 :  is that the investigation into the princess' finances has served as a lesson to the Spanish public that they are not above the law and should be held accountable

turn 2 : (2) "Now, where the princess comes in is that for at least one of those shell companies she was a co-signer and co-owner. So any fraud committed by that company, she would be 50 percent responsible."  The literal meaning of this sentence is that the princess was involved in the ownership and operation of a shell company that was used for fraudulent purposes. However, the implied meaning is that the princess was possibly complicit in the fraud, knowingly or unknowingly, and that her involvement is a significant part of the investigation.

turn 2 : "the investigation is going to focus on money laundering." - The actual meaning of this turn is literal, as it refers to the literal focus of the investigation on the illegal practice of disguising the proceeds of crime as legitimate funds.

turn 2 : We are being deprived of the media that tells the stories of illegal activity in Mexico.


It probably depends on what chapter you're reading at the time. It's probably all of those things!I don't know who decides what goes into what box or what bin or what shelf, you know. For me, it's just about finding a character, finding a story, following, I guess, my heart at what I'm working on at the moment. And it just kind of falls, you know, wherever it may out there after that, you know.

There's been a lot of attention to the whole idea of street lit. And Zane, who's an erotica writer, extremely popular, sells a ton of books. A lot of people are like, well, she just can't write, but there's a lot of sex in it. And there's also a question that some people have raised about whether or not it is good for the race to have books that are explicit about black sexuality out there. So. . .

What race?The human race?

The black race. The black race. And so I bring this up because so often when people, you know, just as you mentioned, the distinctions between the way some people will look at female sexuality and male sexuality and what it's like to have a track record and whether that makes you a bad person. You know, people also look at these distinctions by race and say, oh well, black people are oversexed. That's some people stereotyping. Are you ever afraid that by doing work like this that you're, you know, I don't know, playing into a stereotype?

turn 1 : The implied meaning in turn (2) is that the author created the book out of a desire to educate young black people about their cultural history, which they may not have learned from mainstream media sources such as hip-hop videos.

turn 1 : "this is the only place you would see lengthy stories of interest to blacks." This turn does not mean that it was the only place where black people could read stories of interest to them. It means that mainstream newspapers and radio stations did not cover stories of interest to black people extensively.

turn 1 : Some people criticize Zane's work for being explicit about black sexuality.

turn 1 : The cover story in question caused controversy but served an important purpose.

turn 1 : B is asking for A's opinion on the increase in identification of teens as transgender or gender nonconforming.


What race?The human race?

turn 1 : The speaker faces racial discrimination and stereotypes from both white and black people.

turn 1 : Some people criticize Zane's writing for being too sexual and question whether it perpetuates negative stereotypes about black people.

turn 1 :  "Frankly, they kind of overdo it, you know? So for blacks to support Obama, he's got to make up his mind. Is he African or American? Because he can't be both. That doesn't make sense." The literal meaning of this turn is that Obama cannot be both African and American, and that it is difficult for black people to support him. However, the actual meaning is that there is a sense of confusion and identity crisis regarding Obama's background, and that this confusion affects how some black people feel about him.


What race?The human race?

turn 3 : The speaker faces racial discrimination and stereotypes from both white and black people.

turn 3 : Some people stereotype black people as oversexed, and the speaker is afraid that their work might reinforce this stereotype.

turn 3 : black people  implies African American people and not black color humans beings

turn 3 : Some people expect the speaker to provide insights into black culture and use him as an example to improve their understanding of it.


What race?The human race?

turn 3 : The speaker is worried that their work may contribute to the stereotype that black people are oversexualized.

turn 3 : The speaker is concerned about their biracial children feeling pressure to choose between their racial identities.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of this turn is to state that the speaker is of mixed racial and/or ethnic heritage. However, the actual meaning is to downplay the significance of the speaker's racial and ethnic identity.


No. I mean, I can be smaller and leaner with one fewer arms or a leg that I've lopped off. No, I think it's going to be extremely difficult. We can't possibly serve the entire state, especially a state is geographically distributed as we are, by closing entire campuses.

Do you see an impact on enrollment, on students wanting to come to the University of Alaska?

Absolutely. Our enrollment has actually been in decline since 2012, certainly over the last several years because we've taken budget cuts four out of the last five years. There's no question in my mind that some students are opting for other institutions because of uncertainty about our budget. And another big challenge here in Alaska - we have in general very low college-going rates. So another negative aspect of this is young people who decide not to go on at all.

That is University of Alaska President James Johnsen. He was speaking with us there from Fairbanks, Alaska. James Johnsen, thank you for your time.

My pleasure.

turn 0 : fewer arms or a leg that I've lopped off implies weight loss and not amputation

turn 0 : "took a lot out of my legs" - This expression is an idiom used to describe feeling physically exhausted or drained after an activity. It does not literally mean that something was taken out of the speaker's legs.

turn 0 : losing 400 pounds refers to losing weight or fat reduction and not to lose 400 British Pounds  or money

turn 0 : wounds implies negative impact and not a physical wounds on something or somebody

turn 0 : Developing a prosthetic that mimics natural arm capabilities is very challenging.


Yeah, so a supernova is the explosion of a star. Stars more massive than our sun - about 10 times bigger or more - will end their lives in a huge explosion where the star first collapses and its center gets crushed down to something called a neutron star, which has about the mass of our sun but is about the size of a city. That's the densest material we know. And the rest of the star flies out in an explosion at thousands of miles per second, shining as bright as a billion suns.

Wow. But this supernova that you have observed - that's not what's happening. Now, let me see if I get this right. Its full name is iPTF14hls. Is that right?

That's right. I apologize for that. We don't have a better name.

I was about to say not very snappy. But it stayed bright for almost three years. Describe what you've observed.

turn 3 :  you imply that something is the case

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be suggesting that there are some hidden or unknown factors that could influence the situation being discussed.

turn 3 : Turn not provided. Please provide a turn for me to analyze.


Yes. Certain pigments, for instance, fade. Certain pigments can become lighter or darker. You have to see it a little bit like in a hospital. You know, a patient goes in with a problem. There's a lot of different kinds of research done in order to make the proper diagnosis. And then there's a sort of a treatment plan presented. And then the actual operation may not be that extensive. I mean, that is actually the goal - to do as little as possible with the largest effect.

Operation Night Watch is going to be free for the public to see.

To follow, yeah - to follow.

Because there's going to be this glass chamber, people can follow along.

turn 1 : Take it along with you on your iPad or iPhone or Android means you can watch it on your mobile device

turn 1 : The website address to join the online viewing party is nprnewsandviews.org

turn 1 : sharing your time with us implies listening to the show

turn 1 : The public can view Operation Night Watch for free.

turn 1 : News coverage can cause people to pay more attention to things that were happening anyway.


Now, while you are putting all of that together and getting ready to write it, you still have a - have to do your shift with the overnight with the cops, right?

Yeah. That's about once a month. And we actually get - I actually get a break when I'm covering the legislative session, which lasts two months. I actually get a break because the younger reporters - they have to pull a night cop shift at least once a week. So I consider myself lucky.

Well, you have worked there for 18 years.

Eighteen years. Yeah.

I gather that you were not planning to stick around that long, but then you did. Why?

turn 1 : (2) can mean "I'm grateful for this opportunity"

turn 1 : (2) Implied meaning: Get enough votes to pass the legislation, no matter the number of votes required.

turn 1 :  (2) Implied Meaning: I am fortunate because I don't have to do the night shift that often and I get a break when I am covering the legislative session.

turn 1 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply an acknowledgement or agreement, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker may not be fully engaged or interested in the conversation. It could be interpreted as a way of signaling disinterest or a desire to move on to a different topic.

turn 1 :  (2) The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is curious to know what kind of help the two people provided each other with during their lunch time.


Eighteen years. Yeah.

turn 2 : Turn (2) has a figurative meaning, as "adding two years to this process" does not necessarily mean that it would have taken two years longer to conduct the interview. It could mean that the process would have been further prolonged or complicated.

turn 2 : Implicated meaning: We have been extremely busy or working at full capacity.

turn 2 : a long time coming means something has been meaning to happen but hasn't happened until recently

turn 2 : (3) Implied Meaning: You have been employed with the company for 18 years, which is a long time.


Yeah.

That's unbelievable and 27 of them three-pointers.

Yeah.

That's fantastic. As you looked around, though, people might say, don't your teammates get a little jealous?Might they want to take a shot every once in a while?

turn 3 : shots implies the activities in a game and not referring to a gunshot

turn 3 : A describes his fear and relief during a shooting incident

turn 3 : shooters means people using a gun, usually for bad purposes

turn 3 : Implies that the judge believes that the shooting was done out of self-defense, even though others may say differently.

turn 3 : Take a shot means have a try in this context, not actually shoot someone


Yeah. The numbers aren't necessarily looking his way.

No.

Glenn Thrush is the chief political correspondent of Politico. Thanks so much for being back with us.

Great to be here.

turn 0 : (1) has an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The literal meaning is that the speaker is asking if there is any sign of improvement in the situation being discussed, but the implied meaning is that the situation is bad and the speaker is hoping for some positive news or indication that things will get better.

turn 0 : has a literal meaning of "Yes, the numbers aren't looking good for the person," but its actual meaning is "It looks like the person isn't likely to succeed."

turn 0 : to look for something in this context means they are trying to see if something will happen

turn 0 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer


No.

Great to be here.

turn 1 : B is asking for an update on the Mueller investigation.

turn 1 : Devin Nunes lacks confidence in the allegations made in the memo.

turn 1 : Senator Gregg should have behaved as if aware that Obama and administration are Democrats

turn 1 : BuzzFeed is unreliable and their story cannot be trusted.

turn 1 : Glenn Thrush's report does not seem to be in favor of the current situation.


No.

Great to be here.

turn 2 : has a literal meaning of "Glenn Thrush is the chief political correspondent of Politico," but its actual meaning is "Thank you for coming back to talk with us again."

turn 2 : thanking the NPR reporter, so it does not have a different actual meaning from its literal meaning.

turn 2 : Implies that the speaker is asking for the other person's opinion about the political implications of the current situation.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of this turn is that Secretary Kerry has been talking about the idea of a transitional government. The implied meaning is that Kerry is proposing a new government as a way to address the root of the conflict and end the fighting.

turn 2 : The turn whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning is (3) where the interviewer asks the French Ambassador how frustrating the last few months were for him.


No.

Great to be here.

turn 3 :  The implied meaning of (4) is that Jeff Jarvis is not only a media analyst and professor of journalism, but also a commentator on the current news and media situation.

turn 3 : A acknowledges there are practical drawbacks to partnering with a lying terrorist like Bashar al-Assad, but also highlights the moral consequences of such a partnership and the difficulty of navigating the situation.

turn 3 : Tom Kent is an expert on the Associated Press standards, and his opinion is appreciated.

turn 3 : The speaker needs the help of the Army and DOD to survive because his life is in danger.

turn 3 : Glenn Thrush is a highly respected journalist and it is an honor to have him join us.


Hobbes wrote about the challenges his generation faces in a December article for Highline, which is put out by the Huffington Post. Its headline, "Millennials Are Screwed," caught our attention this week. And we asked Hobbes to explain his pessimistic prediction.

Healthcare, housing and education are more than five times more expensive than they were for our parents. There are fewer steady jobs. Wages have stagnated since the 1970s. I mean, I can go on and on and on. And so its weird that we're constantly talking about how millennials should do this differently, and millennials should do that differently. But we dont talk that much about - hey, the country around us can do some things differently, too.

So you obviously believe that the baby boomers messed up your life?How did they do that?

Well, I've gotten a lot of emails since the article came out from boomers that are saying, we've fallen off the ladder, too. And if you're 55 years old, there's a lot of discrimination for getting back into the workforce. But what we're seeing is that those impacts are concentrated on the young. So I think there's really three paradigm shifts. The first one is work has become much lower quality, basically - that there's fewer decent jobs now. Many of the jobs that are available are contingent work or sort of have been farmed out to contractors. Many fewer jobs provide things like pension, benefits or health care these days.

turn 0 : "got a glance" means "saw briefly" rather than "obtained a glance"

turn 0 : to approach someone with something in this context means you are showing them something

turn 0 : "caught our attention" means that something drew our interest, not that it physically grabbed us.

turn 0 : The person was surprised greatly by the information and it affected many of their thoughts and emotions. They were not struck but what they saw made them notice it and think about it more.

turn 0 : The catch was great, but this moment was even better.


turn 1 : Inheritance inequality perpetuates disparities within the millennial generation.

turn 1 : People aren't spending money due to the recession.

turn 1 : Suggesting that adults are often responsible for causing problems.

turn 1 : Millennials are not solely responsible for their situation, and other factors such as the country's policies play a role in it.


turn 2 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 2 : "ended up" in (2) means that the person did not plan to do something, but it happened anyway.

turn 2 : "messed up" means to cause problems or difficulties, not that something was physically destroyed or ruined.

turn 2 : There were some personal problems, and he is trying to understand the reason behind them without being too direct.

turn 2 : NOTHING IS NOT GOOD.SO IT WAS A VERY MEANING FULL


What's missing from that?

I mean, a deeper understanding of why Syrians rose up in the first place. I mean, this is a regime that's been in power for 50 years. It has outlasted eight U. S.  presidents since Nixon. Think about that. And Bashar's organizing elections again in 2021, and he intends to run. So there's a chance he will probably outlast Trump, even if Trump wins a second term.

Sam Dagher is author of the book "Assad Or We Burn The Country. "He also contributes to The Atlantic. Sam, thank you so much for being with us.

You're welcome, Noel.

turn 1 : The Syrian regime has been in power for a long time, and there is a possibility that Bashar will outlast Trump.

turn 1 : There is a lack of progress in the political process for the Syrian crisis.

turn 1 : He does not go into Syria, just told what is happening there.

turn 1 : The strategy to solve the Syrian crisis is similar to Obama's

turn 1 : Not all citizens from Syria will be accepted back.


What's missing from that?

You're welcome, Noel.

turn 1 : The Syrian regime's longevity is a sign of their power and oppression, and Bashar's reelection will likely outlast Trump's presidency.

turn 1 : In (1), A is expressing a pessimistic view about the chances of success for the peace talks in Syria. A is highlighting a major obstacle to the talks, which is the opposing views on the future of Bashar al-Assad's presidency. A is suggesting that this disagreement is a significant barrier to progress and is indicating that there are no positive examples from the past to suggest that the talks will be successful.


Sure. So sequencing DNA is currently most cost efficient when you sequence a bunch of different samples together. And so, typically, you'll outsource your sequencing to a dedicated sequencing facility or lab. And let's say you want to learn what other people are sequencing. Say you want to get a leg up on some GMO research that people are doing. You could potentially insert malware into the sample that you send to the DNA sequencing facility to exfiltrate some of that data back to you.

How did you guys discover this?

What we try to do here is sort of look at emerging technologies and see if there are any security implications of those emerging technologies and try to get ahead of potential threats before they become actual threats. And so we had a team of people here working on a DNA storage project for using DNA instead of, say, hard drives for long-term storage. And so we had sort of the biological and chemical backgrounds for that as well as security expertise here.

Are there any good reasons to use this?

turn 1 : (2) - What we try to do here is sort of look at emerging technologies and see if there are any security implications of those emerging technologies and try to get ahead of potential threats before they become actual threats.

turn 1 : So this attack is raising one of these fundamental issues that we talk about in the security world about whether NSA surveillance protects people or creates unexpected damage that does more harm than good."

turn 1 : sking if the Trump administration has an interest in national cybersecurity that it didn't have before

turn 1 : Nuclear terrorism is not just about the possibility of terrorists acquiring and using nuclear weapons, but also about the fear and imagination surrounding the threat.


Ron, tomorrow, President Obama will sign the stimulus bill in Denver, and then it's on to Phoenix, and then, he'll round out the end of the week with a trip to Canada. Why so much travel?

I think he's learning from the last few weeks. When he stayed in D. C. , the economic stimulus package got stalled. When he got back on the road, got back on the stump, the energy in the atmosphere changed quickly. And being the campaign Barack. being in campaign mode, talking back to Washington from out in the country, that worked better than being the Washington Barack Obama talking to the country. He wants this symbolic energy to be flowing in that direction. He wants to be the voice of the people talking to the federal government, not the symbol of the federal government talking to the people.

NPR senior Washington editor Ron Elving. Thanks, Ron.

Thank you.

turn 0 : Obama's travel is strategic to push for the stimulus bill.

turn 0 : The stimulus package is being talked about online in a good and a bad way.

turn 0 : Obama wants to make sure that money is not spent on things that are not needed.

turn 0 : The policies would make drastic changes for the better to the economy.

turn 0 : The strategy to solve the Syrian crisis is similar to Obama's


Thank you.

turn 1 : The president is trying to divert attention away from negative news about him and his administration

turn 1 : Obama wants to be seen as the voice of the people.

turn 1 : The president thinks that the media is out to ruin him and makes them out to be evil.

turn 1 : Obama is already working before he is officially in office.

turn 1 : He would be fulfilling a government role and Trump makes it look like he does all of the work.


Thank you.

So boys are broken. What did you mean by that?

I want to clarify that I am not an expert in gender studies. I'm not an expert really in anything, other than maybe '80s music. And so my thoughts are reflective on my experiences and the experiences of people around me and my observations after living 46 years as a dude. What do I mean by boys are broken?I think it means that there is something going on with American men that is giving them the permission and space to commit violence. And one of the main things we focus on correctly is guns and mental health, but I think deeper than that is a problem, a crisis in masculinity.

You wrote in this that the last 50 years redefined womanhood. Women were taught that they can be anything. No commensurate movement for men, who are still generally locked to the same rigid, outdated model of masculinity. And it's killing us. When you say that there's this rigid masculinity, what do you mean by that - that men aren't able to express themselves?

Partially, yeah. I also think that masculinity doesn't have a language in the way that femininity has come to have a language. We understand that femininity can be much more broadly encompassing than masculinity now. When you think of a strong woman, that doesn't rob her of any of her femininity. But when you think of a fragile man, that has the effect culturally, I think, of neutering that guy. And so much of masculinity is rooted in sexuality.

turn 1 : The military is associated with masculinity and force as a solution.

turn 1 : Boys are broken implies that there is a crisis in masculinity giving American men the permission and space to commit violence.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of the turn is asking why they want to cause violence, but the implied meaning is asking why they find violence appealing or attractive.

turn 1 : 'Leaders are calling for an end to the violence, but there hasn't been much talk in terms of specifics.' implies that leaders are not taking specific actions to end the violence.


Thank you.

turn 2 : The military is associated with masculinity and force as a solution.

turn 2 : Adolescence is when children change and is not easy to go through.

turn 2 : (3) is different from its literal meaning. While the speaker is describing the vulnerability of women and children in a humanitarian crisis, the implied meaning is that despite the significant amount of funding provided in 2017, the situation has worsened in 2018 and there is still a critical need for aid.

turn 2 : Men tend to focus only on outcomes, prefer win-lose scenarios and have commanding leadership style, unlike women who are more inclusive and interactive

turn 2 : Boys are broken implies that there is no commensurate movement for men to redefine masculinity, which is still generally locked to the same rigid, outdated model.


Thank you.

turn 3 : The military is associated with masculinity and force as a solution.

turn 3 : Rigid masculinity implies that men are not able to express themselves and it's killing them.

turn 3 : Opinions on gender differences are subjective and not absolute, hence should not be generalized to all men and women

turn 3 : The speaker is worried that their work may contribute to the stereotype that black people are oversexualized.


Thank you.

turn 4 : The military is associated with masculinity and force as a solution.

turn 4 : Masculinity doesn't have a language and is much more rooted in sexuality compared to femininity.

turn 4 : Opinions on gender differences are subjective and not absolute, hence should not be generalized to all men and women

turn 4 : B is asking A to distinguish between teens who experiment with gender identities and those who genuinely feel comfortable identifying outside of traditional gender roles.


Only that she's been willing to tell her story from the beginning. She testified voluntarily to the Senate intelligence committee in April before all of this. And she's never been hesitant to tell her story. And she'll tell her story if the government asks her to in whatever form they ask her to.

What about U. S.  person No. 1, Paul Erickson, the Republican political operative?He appears throughout the plea agreement. He and your client, I gather, had a romantic relationship. He apparently helped her establish those back-channel relations. Should he be indicted?Do you think he will be?

I mean, that's going to be up to the Department of Justice. I mean, I think if one takes the view the department has - the broad view of the foreign agent statute - there might be some risk there. But I don't think there's going to be any news about that beyond what's been in the statement of the offense.

Are you worried about what happens if your client is sent back to Russia?

turn 3 : Russia here refers to or implies a prison

turn 3 : They mean that this is not a small way of being associated with Russia.

turn 3 : implies asking for an opinion on Russia's ambitions.

turn 3 : Implies that A is being asked if the progress made involves any change in Russian behavior or policy.

turn 3 : The turn that has an implied meaning different from its literal meaning is (4): "So do Russians of means put all their money into London townhouses now?" This question is likely not asking for a direct answer about the financial habits of wealthy Russians, but rather implies a criticism of the practice of using London real estate as a means of hiding or laundering money. The speaker may be implying that this practice is unethical or unfair.


Yeah, I mean, I always have someone in mind. I'm not going to tell you people. But. . .

You know, there's always someone in mind when I'm writing. You know, it's all comes from somewhere inside.

Such a big part of that song is your voice, and I'm wondering if there's anything that you strive for when you sing a song like that.

I used to be really nervous when I sang. Like, when I was a kid starting young, 18 and 19, and my dad really had to sort of pushed me to start singing in front of people. Ever since I got out there and really started doing it, the only thing I've ever tried to do is just sort of is be myself, you know, never put on a voice. Sing naturally. And that always seems to work best for me.

turn 0 : The person refuses to change their mind on what they think about the situation.

turn 0 : You do not actually enter the person's heart or mind, it means that you start to understand their perspective

turn 0 : The person is thinking of a particular person but they are not going to say who.

turn 0 : B is asking A if he/she thought carefully before doing something.

turn 0 : The speaker disagrees with the other person's argument.


I think that's up to the nominee to determine who his vice president will be. Certainly, I think she brings some things to the table that would be great for a team, as I indicated. There are a lot of women out there who would like to see her play some significant role, perhaps as vice president. She obviously went into the rural community, and whipped up some small-town votes.

And so I think she does bring something to the table that would cause her to be considered. And I think she will be considered by Barack Obama. So now they have to get together, and work it out, and see if it works for them.

When you think about this race, you have so many people who are so emotionally invested, both people in the political community but certainly American citizens. What would you say to someone, yourself as a stalwart Democrat, who said, as many people have said, you know what?I'm not going to vote for Obama. I'm going to vote for McCain. I'm a Hillary supporter. I can't stomach voting for Obama.

Well, the first thing I think is that it is time for people to focus on the issues, the core issues of the Democratic Party. What do we stand for?Who do we really represent?And that's how you measure your candidates. I don't think anybody that focuses on the history of the party, and how we have evolved, and what our issues are, and the leadership of our party who could vote for McCain.

turn 0 : "whipped up some small-town votes" - This expression means that the nominee's vice presidential candidate was able to motivate and persuade people from rural areas to vote for their party. The literal meaning of "whipping up" is to mix or beat ingredients together quickly, so the phrase has a figurative meaning here.

turn 0 : to suck up in this context means that they use a lot of something, in this case its using a lot of money for campaigns

turn 0 : The phrase "throw the election in our favor" in (4) implies attempting to influence the result of the election, which is different from its literal meaning of physically throwing the election.

turn 0 : it is a metaphorical field, it just means there are not as many candidates running for the election as there was in the past because some decided not to continue running


Part of that's partisanship, but part of it is that white privilege allows white folks - and I'm white, so I mean, I know a little bit about the way we as white folks are viewed in this country. White folks have the luxury and the privilege of being mediocre. We can be mediocre, it's the same thing I hear everywhere I go when I speak at colleges, and I'm constantly told that the departments who were hiring in a school always say, we're looking for a black person, but we want to get the best black person, and we want to get the best Latino.

I've never heard anyone say, now we want to make sure we get the best white applicant. It's as if they're saying, if it's a person of color, they've got to absolutely be the cream of the crop and even then, we may not view them as that good. If they're a white person, they can be pretty mediocre, like a C student, George W.  Bush, and that's OK.

But if you're, you know, the editor in the Harvard Law Review, and at the top of your class, oh, we don't know about you. You know, to me that's about white privilege.

Well - so, what's changed in how people perceive your message?

turn 0 : White people saying they were taught to treat everyone the same is not enough to combat racism.

turn 0 : A faced racism from both white and black people due to his behavior and interests not aligning with stereotypes of his skin color.

turn 0 : White people are not held to the same standards as people of color when it comes to achieving success.

turn 0 : Good is not enough for minority professionals to excel, they need to overcome expectations placed on them

turn 0 : Despite our racial differences, we are all genetically African.


Good to be here, Neal.

Weren't we supposed to get this thing right after 9/11, particularly the interagency communication part?

We were sure supposed to. Somewhere along the line things, sort of, broke down and it's obviously disturbing that we haven't come as far as we thought in that time.

As you looked at what happened before the attack in Benghazi, what do you think are the important lessons to be taken away there?

turn 1 : Implied meaning: Communication involves not only transmitting information but also interpreting and responding to the feedback and reactions of others, and adjusting the message accordingly.

turn 1 : The talks don't move, but they would cause people to have more talks that could cause events to happen.

turn 1 : So this attack is raising one of these fundamental issues that we talk about in the security world about whether NSA surveillance protects people or creates unexpected damage that does more harm than good."

turn 1 : Interagency communication is not improved to be better than before 9/11.

turn 1 : There is a risk of military conflict due to misunderstandings.


Yeah, exactly. The case of China is interesting because China makes it a practice in its Africa policy to claim non-interference in a country's politics. And that makes it a favorite in places like Sudan and like Zimbabwe, which have some very basic problems. But these African countries also have natural resources that China desires. And so there's this quid pro quo, so to speak.

And Russia, of course, is, you know, perhaps arguably the world's largest supplier of illicit arms, and that's, you know, a connection, as well. And, of course, North Korea has trained some Zimbabwean soldiers and has a good relationship with Mugabe. So you can see there's a connection.

Absolutely. Professor Keller, thank you so much.

Thank you.

turn 0 : The implied meaning of the speaker's turn is that China is taking advantage of its renewable energy resources, not just for environmental benefits, but also for economic growth and job creation.

turn 0 : (1) In turn (1), the speaker implies that China's non-interference policy is not entirely true, and that they use it as a cover to gain access to natural resources in African countries like Sudan and Zimbabwe.

turn 0 : It implies that there is a lot of political maneuvering happening behind the scenes in China which an average Chinese person have no knowledge about.

turn 0 : The situation is not necessarily an 'either/or' between China and the United States.


Thank you.

turn 1 : (2) In turn (2), the speaker implies that there is a connection between Russia's illicit arms trade, North Korea's relationship with Mugabe, and Zimbabwe's political situation.

turn 1 :  (2) Implied meaning: The US is in a difficult situation with North Korea and Russia, and the president's actions have made it even more difficult.

turn 1 : In turn 2, the speaker is implying that even though Mr. Putin's arguments may sound familiar to those of Hitler in 1938, the analogy between the two is still an exaggeration.

turn 1 : In turn (4), the literal meaning is that North Korea's nuclear capabilities are something to be reckoned with and the speaker is asking why we shouldn't be concerned about this one move. However, the actual meaning is that the speaker is asking for an explanation as to why the reassembling of the site should not be a cause for concern, despite the fact that North Korea's nuclear capabilities are usually considered a threat.

turn 1 :  (2) implies that the speaker was surprised by the unusual words used in the exchange between the president and Kim Jong Un, and had to look up the meaning of one of them.


You have also done "Celebrity Fit Club" and you had a particular experience with a very tall object. Tell me about how you felt with that.

So they didn't tell me that it was boot camp. And when I found out it was boot camp I didn't know that I would be actually living on the premises in the woods. You take a person that every single weekend I'm standing on five-star hotels and now I'm living in a log cabin with Erin Moran who I grew up watching on TV, on "Happy Days. "So I'm star struck, I'm hungry, and I'm feeling like a girl scout. The day came for me to climb up a tower, and I totally panicked. I thought that I could do it, I wanted to do it, but my mind could not digest it. So here I am, over 35 years old, on TV, no eyebrows, no make-up, stuck in a harness crying with a head rag on.

How embarrassing. How. . .

I love how you mention the head rag because it's like. . .

turn 1 : Exciting experience of flying over the channel during the D-Day mission

turn 1 : The alarm bells have quieted a bit - means things are not as hectic as they have been up until now

turn 1 : I am living in a log cabin with celebrity Erin and feel excited about the experience. When it was time to climb a tower, I panicked.

turn 1 : The situation was dire and I was desperate to get to my destination.

turn 1 : The story is not wild but interesting or exciting.


What's the word that comes to your mind when I say Miles Davis?

Blue. I mean, (laughter) is that lame?I mean. . .

No. Not at all. And I think there's this aura to this album. And it is about blue. And it's also about the other word I was thinking of, which is cool. You know, when we talk about the 1950s - bebop, which had come out of the '40s, has really reached a sort of maturity. And bebop is all about frenetic tempos and, you know, this real sort of virtuosic mastery. Miles Davis cut his teeth on bebop. But with this album, he really makes a concerted effort to move in a different direction. And so he brings all this space and openness and these kind of languid tempos and creates a mood. It's no secret why people love it. It just feels good.

All right. One of those guys who played on that album was John Coltrane. He also put out a classic album in 1959. Let's listen to a little bit of the title track from "Giant Steps. "

turn 2 : What matters is how the song makes a person feels and how it sounds.

turn 2 : The speaker is emotionally moved by the lyrics of the song.

turn 2 : The speaker is mentioning a song that reflects their current emotions.

turn 2 : The artist prioritizes conveying emotion over lyrics in their music

turn 2 : Miles Davis' album creates a mood that people love.


What else can you tell us about the suspected shooters?

The authorities have two suspects in custody right now, one 18-year-old man and another juvenile suspect. The 18-year-old was identified as Devon Erickson. He appeared in court earlier today wearing a red prison jumpsuit. He has shoulder-length hair dyed black and purple. The DA is asking for no bond to be set on him right now, but a hearing to file criminal charges against him is set for this Friday afternoon. The other alleged shooter is a 17-year-old person who was also in court today. Parents of the student who died, Kendrick Castillo - they were present at the hearing today as well.

Have authorities said anything about - of the motive behind the shooting?

Right now they're still investigating, and they haven't said whether there was a clear motive or not.

turn 0 : B is asking A if he/she thought carefully before doing something.

turn 0 : B is asking for an update on the Mueller investigation.

turn 0 : The actual meaning of (3) is that many people wrongly assume that suspects will remain silent when questioned, when in fact they rarely do.

turn 0 : B is asking for more information about the suspects


The balance we saw in Kenya was unexpected. Kenya had had a smooth transition from the rule of Daniel arap Moi to the rule of Mwai Kibaki, and it could very well have turned out that we had two, if it wasn't for some electoral rigging and planning on the part of the two different camps to destabilize the country after these elections.

Ghana's had a smooth transition eight years ago and is going to have another election pretty soon, and it's expected that that will be a free and fair election. Benin is a good place to think about, Madagascar, Mauritius. So I think that, you know, it's important to realize that even though it looks like Africans are always at each others' throats surrounding elections, it's not as dire as we might think.

You mentioned that you believe that elections don't equal democracy. How do you distinguish the two of those?

turn 3 : asking for a quote which is not the same as the actual meaning of the statement which is that community-level well-being played an important role in this election.

turn 3 : In this turn, the use of "democratic" with a small 'D' is not referring to the political ideology of democracy. Instead, it is referring to the internal operations of the parties becoming more inclusive and participatory. Similarly, "Democrats" with a capital 'D' is not solely referring to the Democratic Party, but rather to the people who identify with or support the Democratic Party.

turn 3 : suggests that the Democratic Party must put forth a more persuasive and powerful economic message to win more elections

turn 3 :  "Well, you know, elections are procedures that we find in democracies. But, you know, there has to be a culture of democracy. If you had a free and fair election, there wouldn't be rigging. There wouldn't be ballot-stuffing and intimidation. So democracy has more components than just elections."  In this turn, the speaker is using the word "democracy" in a broader sense than its literal meaning. The literal meaning of democracy refers to a system of government where power is held by the people or their elected representatives, and decisions are made by majority rule. However, the speaker is using the term to refer to a culture or society where democratic values and practices are ingrained and respected. They argue that free and fair elections alone do not guarantee democracy, as a democratic culture involves more than just electoral procedures.

turn 3 : The speaker is contrasting the peaceful transition to democracy in South Africa with the ongoing struggles of black people in America to achieve equality. Implicated meaning: The speaker is highlighting the unique historical context of South Africa's transition to democracy and the significance of the peaceful transition.


It is true that I will confess that I have an incredible fascination for pop-culture stories about the Apocalypse and the end of the world. And, you know, I wanted to see if I were going to write a science book that was basically the equivalent of a giant monster movie, what would that be. Like would be the disaster that I would tackle?

And that was why I decided to look at mass extinctions, which are the worst disaster that can possibly happen to the planet.

Are we headed for one, or are we in the middle of one?And if you're in one, do you know it's happening?

It's a good question. There is evidence that we are headed into what would be the planet's sixth mass extinction. It's hard to know for sure if you're in one because a mass extinction is an event where over 75 percent of the species on the planet die out over a - usually about a million-year period. The fastest it might happen is in hundreds of thousands of years.

turn 0 : His science book is not actually like a giant monster movie, it simply means it has a story where something destroys a lot of cities, etc.

turn 0 : The story was told to people and many became aware of it.

turn 0 : the big picture means the main idea, or what the whole truth is

turn 0 : Not "everybody" was obsessed with Chernow's book. This is an exaggeration, but is meant to convey that the book was popular.

turn 0 : The theory he came up with wasn't derogatory.


And yes, impeachable.

You say, if it's true, what powers does the House have to try to corroborate this claim?

It does have to be corroborated. We can't impeach a president based on, you know, unnamed people speaking to the press, as credible and numerous as these reports may be. So you know, there is an investigation underway already by three House committees into what President Trump may have done with Ukraine. That is going to absolutely heat up in the next couple of weeks. So all I can say is, stay tuned. Fasten your seatbelts. The stakes here are extremely high.

Let me ask you, congressman. There are a number of Democrats and voters who are saying, you know, where is the party's spine in all of this?This is a president who has been, they say, running roughshod over your legislative authority with total impunity. What do you say to that?

turn 2 : "stay tuned" impllies to pay attention. "fasten your seatbelts" implies to get ready.

turn 2 :  "Let's start by talking about a feature called automatic emergency braking."

turn 2 : The speaker is suggesting that if people remain calm, then the horses will remain calm as well.

turn 2 : People start to stop thinking of anything while driving.


And yes, impeachable.

turn 3 : The implication is that the Republicans may have to use strong tactics to pass their agenda, even if it means having to pressure members of their own party.

turn 3 :  The speaker is using running as a metaphor for the struggles and sacrifices that are necessary in life and the importance of embracing them, even when they are difficult.

turn 3 : battleground implies a place of contests and difficulties

turn 3 : "where is the party's spine" implies, where is the party's courage. "running roughshod" implies ignoring.

turn 3 : 'he risks a kind of split within his party' means there is a possibility of division within the party, not literally splitting into two parts.


My pleasure, Scott.

First, the basics - Secretary Pompeo's attending a meeting about - of about a dozen Asian nations. We know the president likes to negotiate one on one. So what is the multilateral message in Singapore?

So Pompeo was at a meeting of the foreign ministers of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. One of his main messages to them is that the U. S.  is not retreating from the region or turning in on itself. And he underlined this by announcing $300 million in new U. S.  government funding for security cooperation in the region and another roughly $100 million for economic and infrastructure projects. Now, observers were quick to note that that's really not very much money compared to China's investments in the region. And it's also a pretty small commitment compared to the Trans-Pacific Partnership free trade deal, which the Trump administration pulled out of in its early days. The other main message to Asian governments there was to just keep on enforcing those sanctions against North Korea until they give up their nuclear weapons.

The secretary says that Russia's violating U. N.  sanctions regarding North Korea and that Pyongyang is going back in its commitment to denuclearize, which says essentially the - you know, that summit a few weeks ago we hailed did nothing.

turn 2 : The U.S. is making a small commitment to security cooperation and infrastructure projects in Southeast Asia, compared to China's investments and the Trans-Pacific Partnership deal that the Trump administration pulled out of. Asian governments were encouraged to continue enforcing sanctions against North Korea.

turn 2 : There are several issues that could lead to conflict between US and China in the short term

turn 2 : China is willing to support North Korea's terrible regime to prevent its collapse and the horrible situation that might ensue

turn 2 :  (2): Sanctions are a key part of the Trump administration's strategy to increase pressure on North Korea. Sanctions are stronger than ever and are designed to limit North Korea's ability to earn money to support their economy and nuclear program. North Korea is beginning to feel the effects of these sanctions and is using outreach to try to ease the sanctions and lessen the pressure

turn 2 : This implies the growing economic war between Trump administration and China.


And we actually have a link to how to take the test up on our website at sciencefriday. com. People can try it out for themselves. What other things can you measure with this test besides bias in that way?

It's been very useful in measuring gender stereotypes. For example, it shows that there are strong stereotypes that associate male with science, female with arts, and we found that this is correlated with different countries. The strength of this implicit stereotype, is what we call it, predicts male-female differences in performance on standardized tests that are administered every few years.

There's a gender career stereotype that associates women with family, men with careers, and you'd think that this is something that men would show, but women would reject. Actually, the implicit association test shows that women have this stereotype, this implicit stereotype, even a little more strongly than men. And we found in research, others have found in research, that this stereotype is associated with women experiencing difficulty in the workplace.

It's sort of a force inside their head that gives them a source of conflict or a feeling of discomfort in career situations.

Speaking of inside your head, can you tell anything about people's mental health from the test?

turn 1 : Women professionals face unique challenges due to gender stereotypes

turn 1 : B is asking A to distinguish between teens who experiment with gender identities and those who genuinely feel comfortable identifying outside of traditional gender roles.

turn 1 : The notion of gender and race plays a significant role in the medical field.

turn 1 : There is a strong gender stereotype associating males with science and females with arts that affects performance on standardized tests.


turn 2 : Women have an implicit gender career stereotype associating them with family which contributes to their difficulties in the workplace.

turn 2 : Women professionals face unique challenges due to gender stereotypes

turn 2 : Women need to be tough to be taken seriously in male-dominated professions.

turn 2 : The only thing that women wants is money and status in society.

turn 2 : Implying she is underestimated because she is a woman.


It goes into the ecosystem, and it will be assimilated most likely based on past history. What is actually overflows is more dilute than what it would have been without the rain. And then with everything else that's coming down the river, it will get assimilated into the ecosystem one way or another. In a case like this where there's the major flooding, most of the nutrients are going to get carried on out into the ocean.

Why in this day and age are there still hog lagoons and we haven't come up with a better way?

There are better ways. It's just that they're expensive ways. And from a farming standpoint, the margins are typically slim. And so it's just - there's - lagoons are still an effective method for waste treatment and fairly resilient. You know, some of the new systems that have been evaluated were highly mechanical systems, high energy requirements. And so, you know, during a storm event or where there's electricity is off for several days, those systems aren't going to work at all. And so you're still going to have a potential for release of wastewater.

Yeah. Mr.  Rice, I found myself very affected this week to read that amidst all the devastation and suffering of many people through Hurricane Florence, according to reports, about 5,500 pigs died during the storm.

turn 0 : Fracking is not as harmful as environmentalists believe.

turn 0 : Popularity is important for the outdoor world, but it can have negative effects on natural areas.

turn 0 : We are already committed to climate change, so we need to focus on adapting to it.

turn 0 : The overflow will not cause harm to the ecosystem.

turn 0 : It implies the factors that increases the risk of heart disease.


So when we think of plays like "Romeo And Juliet," quite often they mention - well, in particular "Romeo And Juliet" - it mentions nightingales and particularly larks. And indeed would make the sound of a lark. So found - in any other context you could just say, oh, it's a (unintelligible). But found in this context, there's a possibility that it was used, as you say, as a special effect during performance.

Oh, my word. What else have you found that'd we'd enjoy hearing about?

We're just starting to find things that may have been used by actors or the audience - things like clay pipes or hair combs and the old coin.

What will become of the Curtain when you're done?

turn 0 : The turns (2) and (4) are both expressions of laughter, which implies that the speaker is amused by the story being told, rather than the literal meaning of making a noise.

turn 0 : All the turns in this conversation appear to have their literal meanings, and there are no metaphors, figurative language or idioms used.

turn 0 : The speaker feels the need to perform music to feel complete.

turn 0 : "And indeed would make the sound of a lark" - Here, the phrase "make the sound of a lark" is not meant to be taken literally, but rather as a metaphor for the sound that the actor would produce, perhaps through singing or whistling, to create the impression of a lark.


turn 3 : "Theater has definitely been an escape" implies that A sees production and acting as a way to get away from stress and problems in the real world.

turn 3 : "What will become of the Curtain when you're done?" - This question is not about the physical fate of the curtain, but rather about the future of the theater itself. The Curtain was the name of a famous theater in Shakespeare's time, so the question is really asking what will happen to the theater once the research project is completed.

turn 3 :  "We'll see what happens with the movie end of it." This is an idiomatic expression that means they will wait and see how the movie turns out in the future, rather than simply observing it with their eyes.

turn 3 : the literal meaning is that the interviewer asks if recent events and debates make a scene in a book more significant.


Hi.

What did the administration do first?

Right. OK. So it started last week. The Trump administration added Huawei to a short list that American companies cannot buy from or sell to. The ban affects very big players and also some pretty small ones. Take small mobile carriers - OK?- not your Verizons and T-Mobiles but, say, your rural carrier. They buy Huawei equipment because it's cheap. Now they'll have to change suppliers.

On the big end, let's take Google. Google and Huawei have licensing agreements. That's to put apps like Gmail, Maps and YouTube on Huawei phones. So now with the new ban, for any future phones, new licensing agreements are not allowed. The Google apps can't be included. So that'll curtail Google's presence in Europe, where Huawei phones are sold.

turn 3 : The Trump administration is actively trying to limit the use of Huawei equipment by its allies.

turn 3 : The Trump administration is tightening restrictions on Huawei because of its links to the Chinese government.

turn 3 : The US and China both want to establish their own spheres of influence in the region.

turn 3 : This implies a technological war between America and Huawei which is a Chinese Phone manufacturer.

turn 3 : CHINA IS GOING TO BE COMPETITION AS FAR AS IT'S ADVANCEMENTS IN THEIR ECONOMY


You edited "Confessions of a Video Vixen" by Karrine Steffans. We've had her on show. And it's a memoir about her life as a video dancer for artists like JZ, R.  Kelly, LL Cool J. It talks about hip hop, sex, sexuality, family. Tell me about the process of getting her story to press.

Well it's interesting. I'd heard quite a lot about Corrine via reading a magazine article about her and then hearing about her repeatedly on radio. And so when I reached out to her, I didn't really have a lot of expectations other than this might be interesting. And so I had a very long conversation with her and you know, upon talking to her I was very impressed with her being very - her candor was amazing first of all and then secondly the fact that she was unapologetic about her life. She wasn't proud of it necessarily but she wasn't apologetic either.

And so one of the things that we did, our editorial director, who is amazing, went out to LA and said, I just want to experience this woman for myself and so she spent an evening with her in a popular Hollywood watering hole. And she knew after that evening that Corrine was who she said she was, just based on how people, particularly men, responded to her just from her walking into the room.

Well that's one way of looking at things. But the publisher obviously went a lot further to turn…

turn 1 : The cover story in question caused controversy but served an important purpose.

turn 1 : The story is emotional and difficult to hear.

turn 1 : The subject matter of the memoir is controversial and intriguing

turn 1 : Writing through the woman's perspective is done to create mystery.

turn 1 : B wants to know more about the writer's personal journey, but also wants to understand how the writer's experiences may have shaped their writing


turn 2 : The water is so clean that it is safe to drink.

turn 2 : watering hole implies that the location was a bar or a place to get drinks

turn 2 : this entire line is more joking, unusual fermented beverages just means they went around the world and found different alcoholic beverages depending on the country and culture.

turn 2 : In Turn 2, the speaker is implying that even though the incident in West Virginia was unfortunate, it is still a testament to the quality of drinking water in the US, as similar incidents rarely occur.


They came out weekly. So a reader really would get their news day to day in the mainstream paper or on the radio. But this aspect of racial pride and presenting stories of achievement and success and issues was so important for readers of the time because this is the only place you would see lengthy stories of interest to blacks.

Nancy, we don't have very much time, so very briefly, tell us how she actually was tracked by the government. I mean, comic strips were considered political at this point, and she was investigated by the Justice Department. Just tell us very briefly.

Yes, well, I knew she must have had some kind of surveillance, because her topics were so political. She took on the arms race, the Cold War, freedom of speech. She even named President Truman and talked about the Korean War. So, you know, I made a request at the Justice Department, and I did get her file.

But what was interesting is they did not mention her cartoons. They were interested in her friends and associations and investigated her because of those. And she was with intellectuals and artists and others who - yes, I'm sure some were communists, but many were anti-communists, and she certainly was not a communist. But they followed her, and they had informants watching out for her for about 10 years.

turn 0 : In turn (1), the speaker implies that the big local newspaper was a point of pride and reflection for the community, despite the hostility towards it.

turn 0 : The implied meaning in turn (2) is that the author created the book out of a desire to educate young black people about their cultural history, which they may not have learned from mainstream media sources such as hip-hop videos.

turn 0 : "this is the only place you would see lengthy stories of interest to blacks." This turn does not mean that it was the only place where black people could read stories of interest to them. It means that mainstream newspapers and radio stations did not cover stories of interest to black people extensively.

turn 0 : Turn (1) has an implicated meaning that is different from its literal meaning. Although the speaker denies that the remarks were racially motivated, the implication is that the speaker believes they were in fact racially motivated, and is trying to downplay or avoid addressing that implication.

turn 0 : The story was told to people and many became aware of it.


But I think that the common thread in a lot of these cities is just that these systems are old. The systems are old and maintenance has been deferred on them. And, you know, in different ways and at different times, that's starting to catch up.

(Laughter) Yeah, you could say that. I mean, I think that, you know - and certainly, when you think about it, these are some of the oldest pieces of infrastructure we have. Often when we talk about the crumbling infrastructure, folks are worried about our highway system or our bridges and so forth. But as you said, New York subway system is 112 years old. Boston's is even older. The rail system in San Francisco is also quite old. So this is some of the oldest infrastructure we have. And so it's not that surprising that it's starting to give out.

It's a special kind of horror to be delayed for, let's say, even half an hour or even five minutes, for that matter, in a subway car that's stalled that has no electricity that's well underneath the ground and the air is stifling. And that - just the fear of that happening is enough to drive people away, isn't it?

turn 1 : "So it's part of the crumbling infrastructure problem in America?" Implicated meaning: B is implying that the issue discussed in the previous statement is an example or a manifestation of the larger problem of deteriorating infrastructure in the United States. It suggests that the old and poorly maintained systems mentioned are indicative of a broader issue.

turn 1 : So, let's start with what exactly they are. Implicated meaning: Initiating a conversation or discussion on a specific topic.

turn 1 : So you think there's more to be known about this mission and about U.S. operations in that area of the world?" Implicated meaning: The speaker believes that there is additional information or details that have not been disclosed regarding the mentioned mission and broader U.S. operations in that region.

turn 1 : "I'm doing well, but some people aren't. And let's talk about these figures and really, what is shifting in our economy right now in terms of the different sectors where people are losing these tens of thousands of jobs?" - The literal meaning is a statement about the current state of the economy and its impact on employment. The implied meaning is a suggestion to discuss the economic issues and the resulting job losses.

turn 1 : There's mass starvation. There's mass poverty. There's mass oppression."  Here, the speaker is not simply stating the literal existence of these problems but implying that these issues are widespread and pervasive, affecting a large number of people in a significant manner.


turn 3 : (4) Implied meaning: The speaker is not afraid of going out of their apartment; instead, they are motivated by their desire to bring positivity to their community and recognize the potential of the people in poverty-stricken neighborhoods.

turn 3 : And that - just the fear of that happening is enough to drive people away, isn't it?" Implicated meaning: B is suggesting that the fear of experiencing the unpleasant situation described earlier (being delayed in a stalled subway car with no electricity and stifling air) is enough to make people avoid or choose alternatives to using the subway system altogether. The phrase "drive people away" implies a strong deterrent effect on potential users of the subway.

turn 3 :  Implied meaning: There is a fear of the spread of Zika, malaria, cholera, and other diseases due to the lack of access to aid.

turn 3 : The speaker is implying that the increase in closeness to the action is not matched by an increase in safety, so people may be put in danger.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be suggesting that there are some hidden or unknown factors that could influence the situation being discussed.


What did you really face when it came to dealing with your colleagues?

The majority of the Secret Service agents were very acceptable of me coming in to the White House detail. There were only a few who were dead-set against any integration policies or equal-opportunity policies that were being enforced by President Kennedy, giving equal opportunity to all people, regardless of race, religion, color or ethnic background.

And I think that President Kennedy was serious, and he was doing these things not for a political purpose, but because he felt it in his heart that America could be a much better place if we didn't have all of these divisions and restrictions on people of ethnic backgrounds and minorities.

So now I foresaw that the weaknesses in the protection on President Kennedy would allow his assassination if any serious attempt would be made against his life, and I did everything in my power to stem that threat against our young president.

What threats did you hear against the president's life and when?

We had many threats. It was just like a thunderstorm of threats during the early part of 1963, going in to November. As a matter of fact, in Miami, Florida, we were told at a record meeting here in Chicago that a tape-recording had been made of some Cubans who were discussing how they were going to assassinate the president.

turn 3 : In turn (4), the literal meaning is that North Korea's nuclear capabilities are something to be reckoned with and the speaker is asking why we shouldn't be concerned about this one move. However, the actual meaning is that the speaker is asking for an explanation as to why the reassembling of the site should not be a cause for concern, despite the fact that North Korea's nuclear capabilities are usually considered a threat.

turn 3 : (4) Implied meaning: How did Robert Kennedy come to terms with the death of Joe McCarthy?

turn 3 : (4) Indicates that the speaker would use passive-aggressive tactics to undermine Donald Trump's confidence.

turn 3 : "I did everything in my power to stem that threat against our young president" - The actual meaning of this turn is not the literal meaning of "stemming a threat", which would involve stopping or slowing down the source of the threat like a river or tide. Here, it means that the speaker took actions to prevent harm to President Kennedy.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of this turn is that Secretary Kerry has been talking about the idea of a transitional government. The implied meaning is that Kerry is proposing a new government as a way to address the root of the conflict and end the fighting.


It works in both ways. I mean, obviously they're all designed to change and evolve in the ecosystem where they're placed. And sometimes that provides spectacular results. You know, we get sort of pink and purple corals and sponges and all these amazing things growing on them and morphing them. And that only adds to them. They really sort of then become alive. But also you're in this really kind of difficult environment. You're in the sea. So in tropical areas, you get big hurricanes, you get the surges of waves. And so with that in mind, you know, I really have to sort of program them then so they're fixed. And that can be a challenge.

I wonder, is part of the appeal you want to make to people with these installations, you have to work a little to see them?

Yes, I think so. I think you have to make a conscious effort, obviously, to go there. And to most people, the sea is this sort of hidden, concealed world that, you know, when they look at, they just see a blue horizon. Whereas, you know, it's actually a spectacular place underwater. It's this marvelous world that we have on our doorsteps. And I kind of want that - my work to be a kind of portal or an entrance for people to get to know more about the sea. And obviously it's in peril from many different threats at the moment, and I really want to draw attention to that.

Ever run into a giant tuna at the market who says, I like your work?

turn 2 : The turn that has an actual meaning different from its literal meaning is (4): "How do you cast sculptures in what amounts to an underwater gallery, not just this installation in the Thames, obviously, but some that you've done all over the world?"

turn 2 : "a kind of portal or an entrance for people" - This is a metaphorical usage of "portal" and "entrance" to refer to the artist's work as a means of introducing people to the beauty and importance of the underwater world.

turn 2 : This is implying that A believes art should have an interesting or captivating element to it.

turn 2 : A has a new vision for a type of restaurant he would open.


In the courtroom, a lot of people cheered. And in lots of the capital, we were in coffee shops where people also cheered saying, you know, it's time for stability. But then there were others whose hearts were broken; many who protested in 2011 for freedom from a police state who are saying that they are watching the symbols of that repression now be pronounced innocent.

And what's the environment in Egypt right now that surrounds this decision?

Really, right now, you have an environment of repression. You have three Al Jazeera English journalists in jail accused of being terrorists on little to no evidence. You've had mass trials of people getting death sentences with no due process. The first freely elected president, Islamist president Mohamed Morsi, was ousted from power and put in jail. Many people point to that as a sign that there really isn't democracy.

But after the decision, there were many people who were visibly happy?

turn 1 : The turn in (2) is a figurative expression and its actual meaning is different from its literal meaning.

turn 1 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 1 : (2) The literal meaning of this turn is a simple question, but the implied meaning is that the speaker wants to know what actions can be taken to address the issue being discussed and is seeking guidance or suggestions.

turn 1 : The actual meaning of turn (2) is to understand the current state of affairs in Egypt and the implications of the decision, rather than the literal meaning of asking what the environment is like in the moment.

turn 1 : The actual meaning of the turn is different from its literal meaning. The turn is using a hypothetical scenario to explain how a narrow victory in the upcoming election could be possible based on current polling data.


Yeah, so when Zazi got picked up in the fall of 2009, he immediately started cooperating. And from then on, for the last 10 years or so, he's cooperated against a number of high-profile trials in the U. S.  - the third in command in al-Qaida, another American and a British operative. He cooperated with law enforcement over 100 times, did interviews there. They described his cooperation as extraordinary, some of the best they've seen in terrorism trials.

Do we know why?

You know, sometimes when these things happen - and I've interviewed a few individuals who've joined al-Qaida and other groups like this - they have an awakening moment when they're looking, sitting across the table from an FBI agent. It becomes very real to them in a way they hadn't seen before. For Zazi's case, he decided that he made a mistake, and he wanted to rectify that.

There are three men who were involved in this plot. Two of them cooperated with the government. But the third guy decided to go to trial rather than plead guilty. He's in prison for life now. I don't want to sound cynical, but it does seem like a change of heart is a good legal strategy.

turn 3 : It made the person feel sadness and it was hard for them to see.

turn 3 : Their heart did not almost stop but they did fell very close to panic when they heard the sound.

turn 3 : Everyone should respect other people's feelings and not try to control them, even if they don't agree.

turn 3 : The heart was not changed but the opinions of the person were.

turn 3 : The person thinks that the good feelings have lessened a bit.


You're welcome. What a pleasure.

What are the factors you had to take into consideration to do things like help create flags and currency for South Sudan?

What I learned was these state symbols are really marks of consensus. They're about design, but they're really about agreement. So South Sudan is comprised of 60 ethnic tribes, and for the one symbol that they were able to produce during the time of the referendum to the time of their independence, they produced a national seal. And they had to get the agreement of 28 cabinet ministers representing these tribes.

And what's the seal look like?How would you describe it?

turn 2 :  (3).  In this turn, the speaker asks what the senator symbolizes in the current political race. The literal meaning of the words is clear, but the implied meaning is more complex. The speaker is really asking the senator to define their political platform and message, and to explain how they differ from their competitors. The question is meant to elicit a nuanced response that goes beyond simple symbolism.

turn 2 : The implied meaning of this statement is that the focus is not only on the states, but also on the number of delegates that the candidates can gain from those states.

turn 2 : The negotiations are not standing upright but it means that the person is saying how far the countries have progressed in the negotiation.

turn 2 : A: "These state symbols are really marks of consensus. They're about design, but they're really about agreement."  Here, the literal meaning would be that state symbols are merely designs created for aesthetic purposes. However, the intended meaning is that these symbols represent the agreement and consensus of the people and hold significant cultural and political value.

turn 2 : (3) In turn (3), the speaker implies that the recent events in Iraq are not normal and that there is a sense of uncertainty and instability, despite some signs of progress.


You're welcome. What a pleasure.

turn 3 :  (4) is an expression of surprise. The implied meaning is an expression of admiration.

turn 3 : The turn that has an actual meaning different from its literal meaning is (4): "How do you cast sculptures in what amounts to an underwater gallery, not just this installation in the Thames, obviously, but some that you've done all over the world?"

turn 3 :  B: "And what's the seal look like? How would you describe it?"  The literal meaning of this turn is a request for a physical description of the national seal. However, the intended meaning is to ask for the significance or symbolism behind the design of the seal.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker thinks that there is a level of ambiguity or hidden message in the turn that may not be immediately apparent, but which can be inferred or interpreted through context or other clues.

turn 3 : The implied meaning is that B's special person is being given the utmost care and protection.