I'm going to have to go to Food Lion, which is 15 miles away, or the Piggly Wiggly.

Which is how far away?

Fifteen miles, and there's also a Wal-Mart, a big Wal-Mart, but I'm not going to that.

Yeah, on principal, right?

turn 3 : Yeah, on principle, right?  The literal meaning of this statement is that B is confirming that A is not going to Wal-Mart based on a principle. However, the implied meaning here is that B is suggesting that A has a personal objection or strong dislike towards Wal-Mart, possibly due to ethical or moral reasons. The phrase "on principle" implies that A's decision is driven by their values or beliefs rather than a mere practical consideration.

turn 3 :  The speaker is implying that Wal-Mart is not genuine in its claim that the store closure was an experiment, and that it may have been a strategic move to avoid further criticism and negative publicity.

turn 3 :  implies that people may not trust Walmart to provide the same quality of organic food as Whole Foods.

turn 3 : This statement implies that B wants to know how A's family are dealing with the downturn economy and what the also think about America's economy.


Ritualized.

. . . ritualized into something much larger.

What did you find?You lived there for months. You've learned a form of Indonesian close to their own Asmat tongue. Were they ashamed about what had happened to Michael Rockefeller?

If you ask them, they don't want to talk about it. They say yes, we used to be cannibals, but we don't want to talk about that. We're not cannibals now. They have been converted to Catholicism, but they also have multiple wives and live in this rich spirit world that is outside of Catholicism. So it's very difficult to get them to talk about actual cannibalism and Michael Rockefeller, in particular. They're frightened to talk about it.

turn 3 : 4) where the phrase "rich spirit world" implies a complex and vibrant spiritual existence that is not necessarily tied to Catholicism, even though the literal meaning of the phrase may refer to a literal world of spirits.

turn 3 : Implies that religion is an important factor in the speaker's life, not just a literal question about religion.

turn 3 : The passage is written in a dialect of English, and the words used have a literal meaning that may be different from standard English. The actual meaning of the passage is a prayer asking for God's blessings, forgiveness of sins, and protection from evil, expressed in a language that is culturally and regionally specific.

turn 3 : The actual meaning behind (4) is not just an expression of admiration but also an invitation to explore and appreciate the wonders of the world.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: Some people find it controversial to accept that God loves everyone equally.


OK.

I was interrupting a story, which I hated to do, but I have to do. Go ahead. Go ahead. Please.

OK.  Back to the intrigue. So anyway, the Swedish prime minister told the scientists, you're wrong. It's submarines and he's planning to get up in public and start this big international incident. And the scientists said, go ahead. But if you do that, we're going to get up in public and tell people that, no, it's not submarines, it's herrings and it's herrings' farting. And so the prime minister backed down, never made the announcement. But I'm told by reporters in Sweden, that over the years, he's continued to tell people that it really is and was Russian submarines. And he's now the foreign minister of Sweden. So he's still in a position of power. Kind of interesting, huh?

Yeah. You know, I wonder if you can visually document, you know, the gas release of any of that stuff and come back with. . .

turn 2 : In (4), the speaker tells a story about a Swedish prime minister who believed that his country was being invaded by submarines from Russia. The prime minister put microphones in Stockholm harbor and recorded sounds that he thought were proof of the Russian invasion. However, the actual meaning of the recorded sounds was different from the literal meaning, as they were caused by something else entirely.

turn 2 : (3) When the speaker states that science is under attack, they are implying that politicians are misusing science to further their own agendas, rather than relying on scientific evidence to inform their decisions.

turn 2 : The speaker is telling a story about a Swedish prime minister who believed that the cause of a particular phenomenon was Russian submarines, while the scientists believed it was herrings farting. The story is likely fictional, and the implied meaning is that people in power may ignore scientific evidence and continue to promote their beliefs, even if they are not supported by facts.

turn 2 : The speaker believes in the science of climate change and will not compromise on evidence-based reality, but thinks the conversation needs to be framed differently


And for a minute, I was shocked, like something you see in the movies. It happens to other people. It doesn't happen to yourself. And then as I thought about it, then I put all the pieces of my childhood back together - all the sorrow, all the issues, all the neglect, all the - you know, John Graham just being who he was with me. He wasn't really fatherly. So it all made sense.

But that was just the first of many revelations and obstacles Graham would run into over the next 25 years in his quest to prove who his real biological father was. He talked to family members. He hired a detective. He dug through newspapers and public records. And it culminated this year in an exhumation and a DNA test. He got the results back this past week. Graham's biological father was Thomas Sullivan, a Catholic priest from Massachusetts.

It's been emotional. You know, I knew, you know, based on every - all the circumstantial evidence that it would be my father. But you still have that apprehension that something could go wrong at the last minute with the results.

And when you say emotional, I'm assuming just the knowing that this is actually the person who was your dad.

turn 0 : Kids like to learn about everything and they are always questioning what they see.

turn 0 : A had a difficult childhood with no celebrations, and later moved in with his father who was involved in illegal activities.

turn 0 : You do not actually enter the person's heart or mind, it means that you start to understand their perspective

turn 0 : The pieces mean memories of the person's childhood that they were able to make sense of.

turn 0 : when something is made clear in this context it means that it is explained so people understand


I think what to look at closely is oil, and oil here on the island. Cuba has - is not able to meet its own energy demands by itself and has become very dependent for the last 20 years on Venezuela's cheap oil that they're sending to Cuba. What they've done is made an exchange where Cuba gets the oil that it needs, and then Cuba sends doctors and professionals to Venezuela. And that has been severely hurt by the economic crisis in Venezuela right now. And you see that in there's gas rationing right now, and the Cuban government trying to get as much as they can in dollars and foreign currency.

One thing that they've done - you know those classic U. S. , American cars that are still here on the island?Well, those taxi drivers are feeling the pinch of the gas shortages and the oil situation right now. They have to pay very high licenses. This is new only in the last couple months. And they have gas rationing cards that they can only buy a certain amount of gasoline every month.

And Raul Castro has actually come out and warned that hard, austere times are coming. Are Cubans concerned about what they might be facing?

Definitely. And you hear that a lot.

turn 1 : financially "pinched" implies the money situation is painful

turn 1 : The situation is urgent and requires immediate action.

turn 1 : The oversight of the bailout money may not be as strong as it is intended to be.

turn 1 : The pinch is not physical but just a tightening of finances due to the situation.

turn 1 : "feeling the pinch" - actual meaning: experiencing the negative effects or consequences of something.


Nice to be here.

And remind us of what you reported last week - a room filled with brains must be a startling sight.

It certainly is. Dozens of brains in glass jars - it's what's left of this collection at the University of Texas that came here in 1986 from the Austin State Hospital. It was a mental institution here in town. So they kind of sat in a closet in a basement lab for about 25 years until they were happened upon by a photographer here in town named Adam Voorhees. And he started to dig into them a little bit more and, you know, found that a hundred of these brains were missing, that half the collection had gone missing over the decades that they'd been sitting there.

And there was some news this week about what might've happened to those brains.

turn 3 : The speaker is implying that new information has been revealed regarding the missing brains.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be suggesting that there are some hidden or unknown factors that could influence the situation being discussed.

turn 3 : The information was told to others when it was not supposed to be told.

turn 3 :  implies that you should be mindful of the information you hear and stay informed.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is subtly trying to convey a sense of urgency or importance in the matter being discussed, without explicitly stating it.


Yes. In all three cases, she raised both significant, substantive problems with granting these people a security clearance relating to things like foreign influence, business conflicts of interest, personal conduct and so on. And then she raised very serious problems about what the process was. In fact, it sounded like she was trying to explain to her supervisor how the process worked. He could indeed overrule her, but he needed to write out an explanation of why and explain why the specific concerns that she raised were addressed by other factual evidence that he had available to him. Apparently none of that ever happened. And that's obviously a very dangerous breach in the protocol.

This whistleblower, Tricia Newbold - she spoke of at least 25 instances where the Personnel Security Office was overruled by more senior members of the administration. Is 25 a lot?Do you know?

Well, it seems like it's a lot historically. That's one of the things we wanted to determine.

It seems more frequent than the usual. . .

turn 1 :  (3) Please choose a confidence score ( marks how confidence you are that there is implied meaning in this turn ) :   4 : You are not sure whether everybody will agree that this turn has implied meanings but you believe that most of them will Please write a implied meaning ( More than 8 words! ) :

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker is expressing their disappointment or dissatisfaction with the outcome of a situation or decision, without directly stating it.

turn 1 : This turn is not actually requesting a confidence score or any other numerical rating. Instead, it is a prompt for the person to provide their own interpretation or response to a previous statement or situation.


Now, there are a handful of things we know about the narrator of your book, Alice Hare. She's a philosophy graduate. She's adopted. She has complicated relationships with her adoptive and her birth relations. And she is obsessed with a slightly older woman, a Japanese writer called Mizuko Himura. So could you sort of pick it up from there?

I think you're totally right in saying that she is completely obsessed with this older woman. And I think part of the reason why that happens is because her own story is very dim. And in place of any sort of certainty about who she is or where she comes from or what her own origin story might be, she starts to fixate on this woman who, for her, is this mixture of some parallels that she perceives between them, but equally quite a lot, I think, of wishful thinking and this sort of imaginary bond she assumes them to share.

Now, Alice's relationship to Mizuko in real life is a creation, right?I mean, she's done all this research. She's googled all over the place.

(Laughter).

turn 1 : She hopes people find a way to read the book that she has written.

turn 1 : She creates lines of written work in stories that sound good and have a great deal of emotion. Also, the way she writes her stories has a great deal of meaning.

turn 1 : implies that Alice's own story is uncertain and she is looking for a connection that she wishes to share with Mizuko.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker is implying that her character's story line on the show mirrored her own life experience.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at something indirectly and expects the listener to understand the intended message.


(Laughter).

turn 2 : She writes a wide variety of stories and the lessons that she learns as a writer can be seen in her stories.

turn 2 : Alice has done a lot of research, but the actual meaning is that she has done a lot of research to build a relationship with Mizuko in her imagination.

turn 2 : She is agreeing that they debated and making it humorous.

turn 2 : She wrote very close to what happened in her own life.

turn 2 : The implied meaning is that Simone Giertz uses her robots to inspire people to learn about hardware and electronics, even if they wouldn't normally be interested in robotics projects.


Tony, it's been a long time.

It has been a long time.

It's good to hear your voice, my friend.

Listen, Gil, you were one of the official inauguration photographers traveling with the Biden motorcade yesterday, in front of the Capitol today. I guess I should ask you this, did you get the money shot you were looking for?

Well, I'm working with a great team of photographers too. We're with the obamaphotobook. com group. We're the official inaugural book photographers, and certainly, I encourage any of your listeners, if they took any photographs here in Washington, D. C.  or even at home, send them in. We may include those photographs in the book. It's obamaphotobook. com, and you know, yeah, I got some - I think some decent photographs.

But yesterday was a particularly wonderful day because there was only one photographer plus myself with the vice president. And then to everyone's surprised, the then-President-elect Obama showed up at the Biden event, and so we got some - I think some pretty good stuff.

turn 3 : B confirms that the president is a recent one and hints at Bill Clinton being the right answer.

turn 3 : The fact that people want to take selfies with terrorists is surprising and absurd.

turn 3 : This implies that B want to probably have a picture with A.

turn 3 : is asking what the subject thinks of the portrait painted of him, but the implied meaning is asking what the subject thinks of President Bush's gesture of honoring those that served under him by painting their portraits.

turn 3 : B is asking A if he got a good photograph of the inauguration


This is WEEKEND EDITION from NPR News. I'm Scott Simon. What's past is prologue is a line from Shakespeare. In politics, what's past can be a time bomb to explode or fizzle. Dr.  Ben Carson leads in some national polls, but he's now being asked about claims he's made about his past. And Jeb Bush, who's fallen into single digits, may have political problems with the new biography about his beloved father, and all just before the next Republican debate. NPR senior editor and correspondent Ron Elving joins us. Ron, thanks for being with us.

Good morning, Scott.

I would guess nobody doubts Dr.  Carson's a superb surgeon with an amazing personal story. But he's had to handle questions this week about a temper he said he once had to overcome an acclaim he's made about West Point.

You know, being the frontrunner gives you a kind of claim to scrutiny that no one else gets. And CNN was unable to corroborate Dr.  Carson's stories about his violent youth, including a stabbing incident where he says his knife blade broke off on the belt buckle of a friend. The implication is that these stories have been enhanced or exaggerated for effect to, you know, improve the story of his personal redemption. And that story also includes what he has called his full tuition scholarship to West Point, where, it turns out, he did not even apply.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at a deeper or hidden motive or intention behind their actions or words.

turn 3 : (4) The literal meaning of turn (4) is that the reporter contacted the Department of Justice for comment, but the implied meaning is that the reporter wants to highlight the lack of response from the Department of Justice, which can suggest a lack of transparency or accountability.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of turn (4) is that the speaker is acknowledging what was said but may not have a specific response or further comment. It implies a lack of elaboration or engagement in the conversation.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of turn (4) is that CNN was unable to verify some of the claims that Dr. Ben Carson has made about his past, including an incident where he stabbed a friend and his application and acceptance to West Point. However, the implied meaning is that Dr. Carson may have exaggerated or embellished these stories in order to make his personal redemption story more compelling. The turn (4) uses the phrase "the implication is" to indicate that this is not a direct accusation, but rather a suggestion or insinuation.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that other members of the White House may seek legal counsel in light of President Trump's actions.


Yeah, I don't think there's been a response to it yet - not that I've seen. And I guess, you know, it puts a cloud on it. The special relationship was given a boost by the birth of Meghan's and Prince Harry's baby. And that was seen as sort of a good omen ahead of this visit, unfortunately, now is being, obviously, overshadowed by what Donald Trump has said. That may be a prelude to what he may say about other people here.

And I think the concern is that Donald Trump will use this and kind of abuse the invitation. He'll be given all the kind of welcome that he can expect in a royal visit. But is he going to return the favor, or is he going to bring up these tricky diplomatic issues, which are kind of flies in the ointment in the relationship as it currently stands?

So, Dominic, what I'm hearing from you is that there's a great deal of apprehension from the actual government that invited him. So is anything likely to come out of this trip that might be beneficial to the United Kingdom?

Well, if you talk to diplomats that - and their answer is that these state visits are hugely important. But in the background, there's a lot of sort of diplomatic nitty-gritty going on. There's a lot of business deals being made. And the hope is that this continues to cement that relationship, which we're told is greater than the sort of personal relationship currently in the heart of it.

turn 0 : "Puts a cloud on it" is not literal. There's no cloud involved. It just means something negative happened wthat overshadows an otherwise positive situation.

turn 0 : "before the storm" implies before the SHTF - Or, before things went awry.

turn 0 : at the end of the day means something is likely going to happen or what happens after everything else.

turn 0 : on and off means in this context that they are doing something then not doing something

turn 0 : NOTHING IS NOT GOOD.SO IT WAS A VERY MEANING FULL


turn 1 : In turn 2, the speaker is implying that even though Mr. Putin's arguments may sound familiar to those of Hitler in 1938, the analogy between the two is still an exaggeration.

turn 1 : The turn whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning is turn (3).  In turn (3), the speaker says "food just doesn't seem to taste right on an airplane." The literal meaning of this statement is that the food does not taste good when eaten on an airplane.

turn 1 : The actual meaning of turn (2) is to understand the current state of affairs in Egypt and the implications of the decision, rather than the literal meaning of asking what the environment is like in the moment.

turn 1 : Implicated meaning: A is teasing or mocking B for not realizing that B loves salt. The phrase "You didn't see that coming" implies that B's love for salt was unexpected or surprising.

turn 1 : 'Flies ion the ointment" is not literal. It just refers to something that makes a situation trickier; here it strains the relations between the two countries.


turn 3 : A is reflecting on the nature of relationships between people close to each other.

turn 3 : Please expand upon your thoughts and discuss what your experience has been to-date with engagement with your loved one.

turn 3 : "Cement" is figurative, not literal. It refers to making the relationship healthy for a longer period of time.

turn 3 : "concrete out of these meetings" is a figurative expression that means specific, tangible results or agreements that are expected to emerge from the meetings.

turn 3 : implies to not being in support and feeling unfavorable about the result.


Well, she isn't calling Israel evil, but she is still using language that is anti-Semitic. The impact that it has is devastating. It's inflammatory. And unfortunately, I think it just causes more conflict. It makes it harder to have the kinds of policy conversations that she claims she wants to have on these difficult and fraught topics.

I'm sorry if this sounds naive, but why is a phrase like it's all about the Benjamins, baby, offensive to many Jews?

Well, it feeds into the classic stereotype of Jews controlling the world with our money, working behind the scenes to buy control over politicians and government policies. Part of it was the way in which she communicated it, too. It was a provocative and glib way of doing it, and it would have been much, I think, far more acceptable to say we need to have a conversation about the influence generally of money in politics, the influence of lobbyists and politics. And let's have a conversation without using the inflammatory language about these things.

So when Representative Omar tweeted anti-Semitism is real and I'm grateful for Jewish allies and colleagues who are educating me on the painful history of anti-Semitic tropes, how do you react to that?

turn 0 : The criticism is by some that are offended by the langauge.

turn 0 : The speaker disagrees with the other person's argument.

turn 0 : The person is thinking of a particular person but they are not going to say who.

turn 0 : Turn (1) has an implicated meaning that is different from its literal meaning. Although the speaker denies that the remarks were racially motivated, the implication is that the speaker believes they were in fact racially motivated, and is trying to downplay or avoid addressing that implication.

turn 0 : A believes that the language used is anti-Semitic, but not the person.


It's always the fights inside the family that can get rough. Things got rough this week in the Democratic Party after freshman Representative Ilhan Omar of Minnesota made more remarks many saw as anti-Semitic. The House finally passed an anti-hate resolution condemning anti-Semitism and - well, a lot of things, I think, including dandruff. Did it solve or aggravate divisions?Susan Davis, NPR congressional correspondent, joins us. Sue, thanks so much for being with us.

Good morning, Scott.

Everything better now?

(Laughter) Well, every Democrat in the end did vote for the resolution, so they were unified in the end, but it certainly did provide a roadmap for the kind of divisions we might see going forward.

turn 3 : They don't have road intersections but their meanings do connect with one another.

turn 3 : There will be significant concerns in the region moving forward.

turn 3 : "possible paths" - This is a literal expression referring to different options or courses of action that could be taken.

turn 3 : Their notion is to do as much as you can and don't think about the numbers too much.

turn 3 : Despite being unified there are many roads to go forward to in order to find their goal to reach.


The Pythians were a black baseball team in Philadelphia from about 1866 to 1872. And they were damn good. And like just about every other dimension of his life, he used that arena to fight for equality.

And he met a tragic end, I gather.

I don't understand how America doesn't know so much about him and why Philadelphia took so long to recognize him.

turn 2 : : "Yup. Much like Martin Luther King, he had his young life cut short by gunfire from a white assassin." Implied meaning: "The person being discussed was a prominent figure in the fight for equality, and was assassinated for his beliefs."

turn 2 : The actual meanings of these turns are: (2) Martin Luther King was killed by a white assassin; (3) America doesn't understand or appreciate the contributions of black leaders during Reconstruction; (4) America's history of racism and white supremacy has been ignored or minimized for many decades.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of this sentence is that Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton forced people to confront an issue. The actual meaning, however, is that these two individuals were vocal and prominent in their advocacy for civil rights and specifically addressing issues of police brutality and violence against black people.


And he met a tragic end, I gather.

turn 3 : The speaker is reflecting on the fact that Lincoln's willingness to work with his rivals was seen as a weakness by some in Washington at the time, but in hindsight, it was a display of personal strength and leadership

turn 3 : I don't understand how America doesn't know so much about him and why Philadelphia took so long to recognize him." Implied meaning: "The person being discussed was not given the recognition and respect he deserved, and this is a failure on the part of both America and Philadelphia."

turn 3 : implies that the speaker wants to know about the role that the families played in helping Edward Snowden, not just how he ended up staying with them

turn 3 : is that the people of Moscow are not paying attention to the report, but rather are more concerned with the inauguration of Donald Trump.

turn 3 : not a literal meaning but rather a rhetorical question.


Times like this, when the economies of states are in default, can states really afford this?

I really don't think they can, and in many, many states, legislatures are starting to agree with that idea and to really rethink their priorities. I mean, every dollar that you spend building and running a prison is a dollar that's not spent on a public university or healthcare or roads and bridges. At this point, Kansas, Texas and at least 11 other states are taking a very serious look at how to try out some new strategies that will curb their prison population, shrink the number of people behind bars so they can save a little money, reduce some recidivism and have money for other budget priorities.

Well, back up and tell us how we got here, because in your article you say in 1970 our prisons held fewer than 200,000 people. What happened?

A number of things happened. But primarily, it's what's called our nation's war on drugs. And I say so-called war on drugs, because, you know, we like to use that metaphor all the time on everything. But essentially a new host of sentencing practices took hold in the early '70s and spread across the country. Mandatory minimum sentences, meaning that the amount of drugs involved in a particular crime would affect the severity of the punishment. So even if you're a low-level drug mule, for example, the amount of drugs you were carrying was going to ensure that you get a very large sentence, perhaps even more than a drug king pin if that person was caught without a lot of drugs.

turn 1 : The cost of running prisons is diverting resources from other important areas such as healthcare and education.

turn 1 : The prison industry has become too expensive for some states to handle and rehabilitation is a possible solution

turn 1 : The topic of discussion is about the cost of prisons.

turn 1 : The profiteering of sheriffs from prisoners' budget is a legal but shocking reality in Alabama

turn 1 : Maduro government's release of prisoners is an attempt to improve its image


turn 1 : The government could acquire loans and make changes more easily.

turn 1 : The states are considering new strategies to reduce prison population and save money for other budget priorities.


turn 3 : The drug epidemic is pervasive and affects everyone regardless of background or social status.

turn 3 : Proposes a different approach to dealing with non-violent drug crimes.

turn 3 : The federal government has investigated alternatives to lethal force and improving police-community relations for decades, but these techniques have not gained enough traction.

turn 3 : They are implying that drugs running rampant in their country may be cause for "unemployment."

turn 3 : The war on drugs has resulted in the implementation of harsh sentencing practices.


Yeah.

Most people don't know that. But you lose several days of shelf, whether it's in code or out of code. Or do you leave the milk out on the counter while your kids are having breakfast?There's all kinds of ways in which, if you handled it properly, you extend the life.

Well, I think that - well, first, you'd have to ask them. But most of what we'll be selling will be fruits and vegetables, freshly prepared product, stuff that's really not brand-driven. And they're in areas that frankly, are underserved, that - you know, there aren't Trader Joe's in the inner-cities in America, at least to my knowledge.

turn 2 : implies that Walmart may be able to produce organic food more cheaply than other producers and expand the market for organic food.

turn 2 : The restaurant is experiencing a decline in business due to the current economic situation

turn 2 : There is a shift in consumer behavior towards cheaper options, benefiting certain businesses.

turn 2 :  Mr. Rauch, is there any concern among, let's say the people that might own a Trader Joe's or some other food store today, that somehow, your places are going to be potentially under-pricing them?  - Implied meaning: Is there any concern among owners of Trader Joe's and other food stores that your places will be offering prices that are too low and therefore potentially damaging their business?

turn 2 :  implies that people may not trust Walmart to provide the same quality of organic food as Whole Foods.


The doctor who looked at the girl apparently waged a very diligent effort to stop the family separation. He tried to persuade the agent for the next several hours on Thursday not to separate the family. It was left unresolved Thursday night. The doctor even stayed an hour beyond his shift trying to protect the family. The next morning, he came back to work. There was another agent on duty. He convinced that agent not to separate the family, and the family was allowed to stay together in the United States.

You are very plugged in down there in this region, been working there for years. Did Border Patrol have anything to say to you about what happened?

I asked the Department of Homeland Security for comment yesterday. The local Customs and Border Protection officials referred me to them. They had no response at all.

OK. So Tania, Joseph and the kids now allowed to stay in the United States. What happens next for them?

turn 1 : A is stating the obvious about the power being out

turn 1 : Constantly being plugged in prevents people from becoming wise

turn 1 : A and the others are aware of the problem.

turn 1 : "Plugged in" isn't literal. It implies that 'A' knows what is going on in the region, perhaps because they have journalistic sources there.


I did a little research. Paul Cluxton is now running a car dealership.

Is that right?

Yeah. So what do you see in your future?

It's hard to tell right now. I'm just trying to get a good education and see where that takes me.

Want to play basketball in the pros?

Yeah, that's definitely a dream of mine. To play overseas somewhere would be pretty awesome. And so I'm always going to work towards that. But for right now, I'm just not really sure what I'm going to do after college. But just trying to live each day and then try to get better in every aspect.

turn 0 : to be on the run in this context means you are avoiding authorities

turn 0 : it is a metaphorical field, it just means there are not as many candidates running for the election as there was in the past because some decided not to continue running

turn 0 : running implies a business and not to chase or purse like in a race

turn 0 : A implies that the process of political maneuvering can be absurd and comical to an outside observer.

turn 0 : has a literal meaning of "Yes, the numbers aren't looking good for the person," but its actual meaning is "It looks like the person isn't likely to succeed."


We're not paid a huge salary by a league at all. Instead, our income comes almost exclusively from sponsorship deals with inked apparel companies, like Nike and ASICS, that keeps them bound for three to five years. And we don't get rich.

No, point taken. Well, when you decided to have a baby, like, what happened?I mean, did you tell your contact at Nike?Did your agent speak to them?Like, what happened?

Back in 2012, I just finished the Olympic year. And I finished fifth at the Olympics. I noted hey, you know, you guys, it's - I'm looking at my contract here, and there aren't any protections in place. And they would not provide me with what would happen to me. That led us to kind of seeking out other options. ASICS came into play and kind of stated the same thing. Hey, I plan on expanding my family. ASICS at the time had said, we appreciate full athletes. Come over here. And so I did. I finished a year with them in which I finished with a bronze medal at world championships.

And so in that off-year, I'd hoped that we would conceive and be able to have our daughter and return to the sport. And I did conceive. I did have my daughter. And my daughter was two months old. And I got a phone call that said, I want to talk about your contracts in regard to your performance this year - which means - you mean the year that I've been with child?And then I was - my payment was reduced.

turn 0 :  The actual meaning of this turn is that professional athletes should take advantage of the opportunities they have and make the most of them, because they may not get the same opportunity again.

turn 0 : Despite being a professional athlete, their income comes from sponsorship deals.

turn 0 : It implies that Student-athletes are being exploited for their labor and not fairly compensated.

turn 0 : Despite potential lack of interest, the Olympics are still a significant event.


Well, the justification I think is a good one for nonprofit organizations like Scholarly Societies that really do operate on pretty much a cost recovery model. The commercial ventures, though, that have the profit margins in the 30 and 40 percent range, there really is no justification. They're profit-maximizing businesses, which is fine. The question is, should such businesses be built around information that's vital to the public's good and the public's health?

When these scholars do articles, who gets - do they get any of that money?

They're unpaid. The authors of these articles traditionally contribute the work of writing the articles, the work of reviewing and verifying the information, and they're not paid.

I can see why universities might feel that they were paying too much.

turn 0 : The speaker discusses the justification for nonprofit organizations and questions whether profit-maximizing businesses should be based on important information for the public's good and health. Implied Meaning: The speaker is criticizing profit-maximizing businesses that rely on vital public information, suggesting that there is no valid justification for their high profit margins.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker is indirectly suggesting that they may have information or opinions that they are hesitant to share openly.

turn 0 : The speaker is saying that money is important, but not as important as the enjoyment of cooking.

turn 0 : The speaker may be hinting at a hidden agenda. They may be suggesting that the people they are talking to are not being completely honest and may be hiding something. This could be in a business situation, where the speaker suspects that the other party is not giving them all the information they need to make an informed decision. It could also be in a personal or romantic situation, where the speaker is suggesting that the other person is not being completely honest.

turn 0 : The speaker is acknowledging the wealth of their country and how they have been living in luxury, but now they feel like beggars due to the sudden change in their circumstances.


turn 3 : The speaker is stating that the amount of money being discussed is significant not just to themselves, but also to most people in the country. This suggests that there may be financial hardship or inequality that the speaker is aware of.

turn 3 : The speaker understands why universities might feel that they are paying too much. Implied Meaning: The speaker implies that universities are burdened with excessive costs, possibly related to the payment or compensation for scholarly articles, which prompts their concern about paying too much.

turn 3 :  "Do you think that there will be a cost come 2018?" - The speaker is asking about potential negative consequences in the future, rather than an actual financial cost in 2018.

turn 3 : The reason behind the increase in tuition fees for public and state universities is not because of the lack of money but because of the rising costs.


Hello!And that's when my cousin goes. She goes, why did you keep having that head rag on. 'I was like because my hair was sweated and it was either a head rag or Afro. . .

With a head rag. I've already cried on television with no eyebrows. What more can - what more - what could I do now to embarrass myself?Nothing.

All right, last thing. When you reach the age of many of your neighbors. . .

Mm-hm.

turn 0 : A head rag is a practical solution to messy hair, but her cousin sees it as a source of embarrassment.

turn 0 : The head rag is associated with negative stereotypes.

turn 0 : A's decision to shave her head is about intimacy and power.

turn 0 : Shaving his head affected how people perceived him


Isabelia Herrera, welcome. Thanks so much for joining us.

Thank you for having me.

Now, you write about something that might be a surprise to some. But you write that many people within the Latino community bristle at the term Hispanic. Why is that?

Yeah. I think these conversations have been going on for a while now. But now we're seeing them enter into more mainstream spaces. The question with the term Hispanic is primarily about its connection to Spain. The term Hispanic basically includes that colonial relationship to Spain. So it refers to people who are of Spanish descent, either living in Latin America or the U. S.  And I think that now, as, you know, we're re-evaluating what that term and what that identity means, there's a lot of questions around that connection to Spain.

turn 3 : "leapt into the public imagination" - This phrase means that something has become popular, but it does not literally mean that people have started imagining things.

turn 3 : Implies that there could be a specific reason for capitalizing the internet, beyond simply being new, such as the fact that to many people, the internet is seen as a place.

turn 3 : "enter mainstream spaces" could mean that something is becoming more popular.

turn 3 : They suddenly started talking about new technologiesin London

turn 3 : "It's a trend we've seen" is a statement about a trend, not a literal description of what the speaker has seen.


Even 43 years ago, the - climate change was an issue. We just didn't know it yet. Among the things that was occurring that has occurred since then has been an amazing improvement in climate science.

There has been - there were very few meteorologists beyond those doing the, you know, the daily weather reports. Climate science was not a big thing because climate had not been changing. I mean, the period since the beginning of agriculture, 11,000 years ago, has been one of rather remarkable climate stability. So the idea of climate change is a relatively recent concept. And then - and the process of human-driven climate change is quite recent historically.

And we look at, oh, I guess, probably the biggest example is looking at the past through either tree rings or ice cores to get an idea of what has happened in previous periods of climactic change.

Yeah. It's - I mean, we look at these indirect indicators to sort of reconstruct earlier periods in the earth's history or in human history. And what we do know is that for the 11,000 years since agriculture began, things have been sort of stable. But now, suddenly, the farmers now on the land are the first generation of farmers to have to cope with climate change. I mean, we've always had to. When I was farming back in the '50s, we had to worry about weather, you know, and how the weather would affect that particular year's crop. If climate change was not on the - on our minds then, we didn't even know that we were we were going to be changing climate as we now are.

turn 0 : The idea of climate change is not new but our understanding of it has improved.

turn 0 : We are already committed to climate change, so we need to focus on adapting to it.

turn 0 : A deeper understanding of climate change is needed to comprehend its effects.

turn 0 : Understanding climate change is not just about seeing, but also about perception.

turn 0 : Climate change is a significant issue in people's opinions and politics


Yeah.

We were able to test the tongue and found that it is uber soft. It is actually 10 times softer than the human tongue.

Tongue-wise, what does this accomplish?

So the soft tongue and the sticky saliva which exists on the tongue work together to actually increase adhesion. And the frog is able to catch very hairy things, like tarantulas or even other frogs, which are slippery. And it's able to use this amazing tongue with this amazing adhesive to capture things in the blink of an eye.

turn 2 :  (3) B: What is there about this delightful mucus of the tongue? - Implied meaning: What interesting properties does frog tongue mucus have?

turn 2 : The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker has become used to working with frogs and can even enjoy eating frog legs as part of the study.

turn 2 : So you get a sense of how this whole thing is going. - This implies that the speaker wants the listener to understand the context and overall direction of the conversation.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using nonverbal cues, such as facial expressions or body language, to convey a message that complements or contradicts their spoken words.

turn 2 : ) B: Tongue-wise, what does this accomplish? - Implication: What practical purpose does this serve?


When you have to design clothing for patients, what has to be taken into consideration?

We worked with nurses to say OK, which parts of the body do you need to be able to get to?And so we came up with - for women, we have a back-opening dress, which is actually the closest thing to a hospital gown. But you would never guess it. I've worn it in the playground. I've worn it to the supermarket. But it has all that ease of opening in that it opens at the back. And it also has openings down the arms and a very discreet opening to the stomach.

Why is it important to have patients feeling better about the way that they look?

Well, if you feel self-confident - and therefore in charge of your medical treatment - then you are much more likely to want to get up and move around and ultimately recover faster. But there's also a very physical aspect of it, which is if you don't do those things, if you just stay in bed, there's actually a higher risk of infection. And you lose your muscle tone, which makes walking ultimately harder. So your hospital stay becomes longer.

turn 1 : is a private meeting between people, while the actual meaning of "dress rehearsal" (

turn 1 :  (4), the speaker is commenting on something that is described as "very pretty." The literal meaning of the turn is that the speaker finds the thing being referred to visually attractive. However, the implied meaning of the turn is unclear and could depend on the context of the conversation. The turn could be a sincere expression of admiration, or it could be a polite or perfunctory comment that does not reflect the speaker's true feelings. Alternatively, the turn could be sarcastic or ironic, indicating that the speaker does not actually find the thing being referred to as attractive as it may seem.

turn 1 : No privacy. In some cases, they actually look like slave cabins. - The literal meaning of this turn is that the living conditions for farmworkers are so poor that they resemble the living conditions of slaves in the past. The actual meaning is that the living conditions are dehumanizing and lack basic amenities, which puts the workers, especially women, in vulnerable situations.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of this statement would be that the speaker is expressing surprise that the listener would not be able to guess that the back-opening dress is similar to a hospital gown. However, in this context, the actual meaning is that the dress is designed to look like a regular dress and not like a typical hospital gown, despite its functional features.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of (2) is asking for advice on what to wear in cold temperatures. The implied meaning is to show a genuine interest in understanding the best way to dress for such weather.


I am deeply skeptical of that.

It's true, it's true. It's the - the analysis depends on the content of the air and the water in the specific place where your mother - the area where your mother was living when she was pregnant with you because that's the first bone that forms in your body as a part of the skull bone, apparently. Just as we can take a section of your thigh bone and that will give us a longitudinal picture of where you've been living for the last seven years.

Wow.

It's magic, isn't it?It's exactly those wild moments that I love, and there's a case in the book from - we were talking about insects earlier. . .

turn 2 :  (4) is an expression of surprise. The implied meaning is an expression of admiration.

turn 2 : (3) is a sign of amusement, indicating the speaker was laughing at the metaphor.

turn 2 : The actual meaning behind (3) is not just a simple expression of astonishment but also an acknowledgment of the amazement of the speaker.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of (3) is a simple expression of agreement, while the implied meaning is that the speaker is amazed by the story of Steve Dalkowski's feats.


I am deeply skeptical of that.

Wow.

turn 3 :  (4) is an expression of surprise. The implied meaning is an expression of admiration.

turn 3 : The actual meaning behind (4) is not just an expression of admiration but also an invitation to explore and appreciate the wonders of the world.

turn 3 : The actual meaning of turn 4 is "You are welcome and appreciated for joining us and discussing the topic."

turn 3 : (4) - Implied meaning: People were encouraged to enjoy the outdoors and take in the beauty of nature

turn 3 : (2) implies admiration and admiration of the business while (4) implies gratitude and appreciation for Stanley Clarke's time.


So Virginia was demographically the ideal Barack Obama success story. It was not a one color success story. It was a multicolored — he even did better than he's done anywhere else among Latinos. So Virginia is really, if you will, the marquee state for the Barack Obama coalition that he wants to put together.

What about independent voters?Independents or particularly first time voters seemed to have come out.

Yes. In fact, first time voters are largely a creation in this particular cycle of the Barack Obama campaign. That's why they came out. It isn't just because they are suddenly interested in the political process; it's Obama. And in Virginia in particular Obama did so well among independents that he was the reason largely that Mike Huckabee threatened John McCain at all in Virginia. Otherwise McCain would have counted on five to 10 percentage points more from independents who were being attracted over to the other side by Barack Obama.

Before we let you go, there are so many ways to crunch the delegates on the Democratic side. But specifically in terms of delegates that the two candidates have won, in the primaries and caucuses, how are they standing now?

turn 0 : Virginia being a success story for Barack Obama's coalition despite its diverse demographics.

turn 0 : "creating a sense of movement among the millions who now acclaim him as the best thing that happened to American politics since Jack Kennedy." - This implies that Barack Obama has generated a significant amount of enthusiasm and support from a large number of people, which goes beyond his role as a senator and his political legitimacy.

turn 0 : Obama needs to balance his support from civil rights figures and moderate Democrats and Republicans

turn 0 : Democratic Party is inclusive and addresses national crisis

turn 0 : Obama missed the chance to claim his bi-racialness.


turn 0 : "multicolored" is a figurative language that means it was not just one racial group that supported Barack Obama.

turn 0 : It implies that media and the McCain campaign were biased as they have used coded language to criticize Obama, and that this language is racially charged.

turn 0 : A faced racism from both white and black people due to his behavior and interests not aligning with stereotypes of his skin color.

turn 0 : black kids implies children of African American people and not black colored kids


turn 2 : Despite facing insults and criticism, the writer encourages others to have hope and support Barack Obama's presidential campaign.

turn 2 :  "largely a creation" is a figurative language that means the Obama campaign had a significant impact on encouraging first-time voters to participate in the election.

turn 2 :  implies that the Democrats should not become complacent with their current demographics and should focus on further outreach

turn 2 : suggests that the Democratic Party must put forth a more persuasive and powerful economic message to win more elections

turn 2 : : The implied meaning of this turn is that Representative Sewell should explain how she encouraged African-American voters to come out and vote for Doug Jones.


They know - they see the world as a number of systems. You know, a matrix is a system stuck together, and they know we're vulnerable at a lot of different points. And that's the reason we're seeing more and more groups using these kinds of methods.

They're formidable. I mean, nobody should think of this as a terribly unequal struggle between, you know, the international community and the terrorist. They're a formidable opponent, and we need to act across a broad spectrum to stop them.

So what can be done about this opponent?

We recommend - we have a lot of recommendations. We think they're very practical. It can be done. Some of them are internal in the government themselves. There are internal changes Congress needs to make so that it can be more effective in this, and other commissions have recommended them. Now, let's do it. Let's get it done.

turn 0 : The systems are capable of being penetrated by someone.

turn 0 : The opponent is using complex systems to attack us

turn 0 : The situation is uncertain and they need to take it one step at a time

turn 0 : you imply that something is the case

turn 0 : Nothing is getting tackled. The people are trying to solve the problem the wrong way.


turn 1 : The opponent is a strong and worthy adversary.

turn 1 : The person thinks that the fact they can not win is beginning to be believed by people.

turn 1 : The people have seen what he is capable of and believe he posses the skills and abilities to win.

turn 1 :  you imply that something is the case

turn 1 : He gives him the content to use against him. He has negative information that can hurt him.


Ebola has now spread to the largest city in eastern Congo, Goma, where at least three cases have been confirmed. Today marks exactly one year since the outbreak was declared in Congo. And so far, more than 1,800 people have died. This makes it the second deadliest Ebola outbreak in history.

NPR's Eyder Peralta has been following this story. He joins us now from his base in Nairobi. Nader, I want to start with just the significance of these cases in Goma.

Yeah, I mean, what it tells us is that this outbreak is still not contained. And it also tells us that some of the mechanisms that should be in place to contain Ebola still have some problems. Health authorities tell us that the latest case in Goma involves a minor. Authorities believe he was infected when he traveled hundreds of miles back home on a motorcycle. And he started having symptoms shortly after he got back to Goma on July 22. And he sought health care several times. But his case didn't raise alarm until July 29. That's seven days later. That means he had a chance to have contact with a lot of people. And he had a large family. He had 10 kids.

And now we've gotten word that his 1-year-old daughter has tested positive. As health authorities put it, there is now an active transmission chain in Goma. And they are fully expecting more new infections.

turn 3 : The information was told to others when it was not supposed to be told.

turn 3 : "keep our word" - this is a figurative expression meaning to fulfill a promise or commitment, rather than literally retaining the ability to speak.

turn 3 :  implies that you should be mindful of the information you hear and stay informed.

turn 3 : It doesn't actually speak, but it it does mean that nothing good comes from the information.

turn 3 : to get word on something means that you were told something by someone


No, I didn't, actually. You know, I thought - you know, it was a possibility. We were kind of going into it blind, hoping we could - you know, my family and I, when I say we - we could get some money.

You know, a lot of people would look at you and say, you had such a promising future in football, possibly. You had a free ride to college and, you know, you gave that all up. Do you really feel like, you know, it was the right thing?

Yeah. You know, I think I would rather be - not to say that I couldn't get injured with anything else in life, because I can. I think living a life injury free is much better than not having to pay off student loans. But at the same time, being in pain and having trouble walking and maybe possibly knee and hip surgeries and things like that - and, you know, head injuries of course, with the memory - so I think I'd rather, you know, I'd rather be paying off student loans than having trouble getting down the stairs or something in the morning or, like, something like that.

And now you have equal offers for basketball or. . .

turn 2 : The family was taking a chance by investing in a potential financial opportunity without having any guarantee of success.

turn 2 : Getting rich may not lead to a good life.

turn 2 : Family was not lost, but separated by circumstances

turn 2 : their own pockets implies that they were collecting money for themselves

turn 2 : Opening a restaurant without money was a difficult and risky venture


Thank you.

This study was conducted by some FDA researchers. Can you tell us more about what they found?

They found that some of the chemical active ingredients in sunscreen - oxybenzone, avobenzone - was absorbed through the skin. But they did not make a determination about whether or not that meant health effects - health side effects from that absorption.

You were behind Consumer Reports' extensive ranking of sunscreens. So in light of this news, how should we think about our choice of sunscreen?What should we look for?

turn 1 : B wants more information about the FDA research findings

turn 1 : Implies that Dr. Stephen Loyd is a reliable source of information on the subject, and that they are asking him to provide insights on the issue.

turn 1 : Despite medical advancement, outdated and toxic drugs were used.

turn 1 : B is expressing concern about the safety implications of putting a sensor in the body, and is seeking more information on the subject from A

turn 1 : Scientists need more data to confirm their hypotheses.


Thank you.

turn 2 : Using sun-protective clothing helps protect the environment and against potential problems with sunscreen ingredients.

turn 2 : Sunscreen ingredients can be absorbed by the skin, but the health effects are still unknown

turn 2 : Sunscreen with an SPF higher than 50 gives people a false sense of security.

turn 2 : The type of UV rays affects skin differently.


Quite simply, did the White House ever interfere in your administration of your duties and your ability to properly forward this information, if you thought it appropriate, to the intelligence committees?

Bradley Moss is a lawyer specializing in issues of national security, including whistleblowers.

Thank you for taking the time to explain it to us.

Anytime.

turn 1 : The person in question had to ask his close associates to resign due to the controversy

turn 1 : The Reddit staff does not always disclose why they take certain actions.

turn 1 : Bradley Moss prevented the person being asked the question from carrying out their duties.

turn 1 : The person in question is not willing to resign from his position despite the controversy surrounding him


Because they believe what the United States has done violates its WTO obligations. The United States promised, as part of a series of tariff negotiations, to limit its tariffs on steel to 0 percent duties and to limit its tariffs on aluminum to somewhere between 0 and 6 percent on average. And secondly, they're complaining because one of the other rules of the WTO is that you cannot discriminate as among WTO members. And, here, the United States is applying the steel and aluminum tariffs to some countries but not to Korea, not to Brazil, not to Australia, not to Argentina. So the other complaint is, at its core, that there's been discrimination against the EU, Canada Mexico and the other countries that are subjected to the tariffs.

Could this dispute turn into something more serious, depending on what the WTO rules?

Well, if it ruled, it would hear this complaint and figure out whether they agree or don't agree with the European Union or Canada or any of the challenges. And I think the chances that the WTO will decide against the United States are very, very strong. I mean, it's a very clear case of a violation. What will get tricky for the WTO is, what are they going to do about the defense that the United States intends to raise?

So that defense is national security, apparently?

turn 0 : None . There's nothing in this that implies anything.


A big gamble - why?

Well, because there could be very negative consequences. I mean, first of all, they could lose. The Houthi rebels in Yemen could defy the bombing and succeed in taking over the country, which would be a mighty embarrassment, especially because Iran would then step in to fill the aid and friendship vacuum in Yemen. You could get civilian collateral damage in which the Saudis would be seen to be bombing Sunni Muslims in a neighboring country. Yemen is already the poorest country in the region and its prospects are getting worse, not better. If you get a complete state failure or breakdown of services in Yemen, which is also running out of water, you could have an uncontrollable flow of refugees or other trouble for Saudi Arabia.

You haven't mentioned the possibility that this whole thing might open the door for al-Qaida, the al-Qaida in Yemen, to take advantage of the chaos.

Well, that's also correct. I mean, it's sort of the mirror image of the situation in Iraq. There, the fight against ISIS has sort of obscured the fight for control of the country. And in Yemen, the Saudis are taking on the Houthis, which could in fact relieve Houthi pressure on al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula, a group which is the Saudis' dedicated mortal enemy.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: Is there any indication of what will happen next in the conflict?

turn 3 : The literal meaning of this turn is that the ICRC should do more about Syria, but the implied meaning is that some people might find this conversation interesting, but they may ask why the ICRC is not doing more to help with the situation in Syria.

turn 3 : (4) Implied meaning: The United States has to choose between Assad and ISIS, and it should prioritize the destruction of ISIS.

turn 3 : The way the Sunni insurgency has ended is not as simple as just being paid off

turn 3 : implies that the fight against the Houthi rebels could relieve al-Qaida pressure in the region.


We've only just begun to look at this, right?So we've only used one kind of treatment of 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness. And we've only looked at cabbage so far. And under our experimental conditions, we find that these chemicals accumulate most in the day, it may be midday, and they go down at night. And there's about a two-fold difference.

Wow.

But much more would need to be done to know really when the best time of day would be to eat different kinds of vegetables.

OK. So you started with cabbage. Are there any other veggies that look enticing, so to speak, for you to study or sort of similar to a cabbage cycle?

turn 2 : The key point is made to make people want to learn more about what happened.

turn 2 : They would not do bad things were most people would find out about them.

turn 2 : You may not actually want to be here.

turn 2 : you don't really know that much about this.


Right.
Just a little.
You could put honey. . .
Yeah. Agave just. . .

turn 2 : "You could put honey..." This turn could be interpreted as a suggestion to sweeten something with honey, but it could also be interpreted as a suggestion to improve or make something more appealing.

turn 2 :  (2) The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is curious to know what kind of help the two people provided each other with during their lunch time.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is making a subtle suggestion or insinuation that others may pick up on, but without being too direct or forceful.

turn 2 : This turn does not mean that the speaker is proposing to explain that they slept in motels, but rather that they are suggesting to mention it as an additional piece of information to the conversation, which is a different meaning than the literal one.


turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a euphemism or understatement to convey a more significant or sensitive message.

turn 3 : "Agave just..." This turn is not complete and lacks context, so its meaning is ambiguous. It could be interpreted as a response to the previous turn, where "Agave" is being suggested as an alternative to honey, or it could have a different meaning depending on the context of the conversation.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using humor or sarcasm to make a point or convey a message in a lighthearted way.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at a desire or need for help or support from the listener.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using sarcasm or irony to convey a different meaning than what is being explicitly stated.


Well, they've arrested these two men. One is an official in the office of the governor of the province. The other is the president of the university. Those would seem to be two pretty prominent individuals. Does anyone know what's happened to them, where they are?

That's still murky right now. We know they've been arrested. We don't know where they're being held, and according to Iraqi officials, they've apparently been arrested on charges of committing violence, committing terrorism. We don't much - really much more than that.

So we have this day in Iraq. It begins with this pretty normal thing, a visit from a - from the leader of a neighboring country, and then this kind of a development, which doesn't sound normal at all. It leaves you kind of wondering, one step forward, one step backwards.

Sure, but, you know, what it really illustrates is how uneven the security situation in Iraq is. Sure, you're seeing signs of progress. You're seeing neighboring leaders and neighboring countries visit. You are seeing violence levels down, but there are still large parts of Iraq that could explode at any moment. And it really shows how little the security situation is in many areas.

turn 0 : (1) In turn (1), the speaker implies that the arrest of the two prominent individuals is concerning and raises questions about the current situation in Iraq.

turn 0 : (1) The actual meaning of turn (1) is different from its literal meaning, as it implies that the speaker is ready to defend their state against any legal challenges from the Trump administration and has a track record of success in litigation against them, indicating a confident and confrontational approach.

turn 0 : The literal meaning of turn (1) is a request for information about the options available to the United States at present. The implied meaning, however, is that the speaker is concerned about the situation in Syria and is looking for possible courses of action that the United States could take to address the root cause of the humanitarian crisis there. The speaker believes that the Assad regime's practice of shelling populated areas not under its control is the main driver behind the crisis and that this should be the focus of the United States' response.

turn 0 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply asking for a description of the current situation, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker is expressing frustration or confusion about the conflicting messages they have heard from President Trump regarding the removal or retention of U.S. forces in Syria. It could be interpreted as a way of questioning the credibility of the information that has been provided so far and seeking clarification or a more definitive answer.

turn 0 : The turn in (1) implies that the speaker is excited about the attention they're receiving because they have a history of making groundbreaking decisions in the political arena.


turn 2 : (3) The implied meaning is that there is a great sense of uncertainty and concern about what will happen next, and it's not clear whether the situation is still a political game or has escalated to military brinksmanship. The literal meaning is consistent with this implied meaning.

turn 2 : In turn (4), the statement suggests that despite the appearance of a positive sign, the comments from the British Foreign Secretary indicate that the situation is more challenging and difficult to resolve than it may seem. The literal meaning of the words may convey a positive outlook, but the implied meaning highlights the potential obstacles and complexities involved.

turn 2 : (3) In turn (3), the speaker implies that the recent events in Iraq are not normal and that there is a sense of uncertainty and instability, despite some signs of progress.

turn 2 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply asking for a description of the current situation, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker is expressing frustration or confusion about the conflicting messages they have heard from President Trump regarding the removal or retention of U.S. forces in Syria. It could be interpreted as a way of questioning the credibility of the information that has been provided so far and seeking clarification or a more definitive answer.

turn 2 : In (4), the speaker is implying that the U.S. is not necessarily looking forward to the fall of Assad, but rather is trying to prepare for it.


Yeah.

I'm also told by White House officials the Secret Service director was not connected to security questions at Mar-a-Lago. It was in the works before the latest security breach there - Chinese woman with a lot of passports and hard drives.

Right.

But - so this is not necessarily directly connected to immigration unlike Nielsen's resignation, which was immigration-related.

turn 1 : Of course, as I don't have to tell you, it is a fact that Chinese hackers have been accused of stealing intellectual property from U.S. businesses and breaching U.S. government systems. That's a concern for you, too?  The actual meaning of this turn is to subtly imply that the previous speaker (A) should also be concerned about the actions of Chinese hackers and their impact on U.S. businesses and government systems. It implies that the issue raised by A should not be seen in isolation but should consider the broader context of national security and potential threats.

turn 1 : In turn (4), the implied meaning is that the Chinese Ministry of State Security is trying to take revenge for the U.S. FBI catching their spies in the U.S.

turn 1 :  "It was in the works before the latest security breach there - Chinese woman with a lot of passports and hard drives." Implication: The Secret Service director's departure from Mar-a-Lago was planned before the security breach involving a Chinese woman with multiple passports and hard drives.

turn 1 : The government's lack of action on the Shadow Brokers leak suggests negligence and a failure to address a significant security breach.


Yeah.

Right.

turn 1 : In turn (2), the phrase "in the works" does not mean that something is being constructed or manufactured, but rather that plans or preparations are being made. Similarly, "security questions" does not refer to queries about security, but instead refers to security concerns or issues.

turn 1 : (2) The literal meaning of this turn is a simple question, but the implied meaning is that the speaker wants to know what actions can be taken to address the issue being discussed and is seeking guidance or suggestions.

turn 1 :  implies a question asking if the idea has been used in any other contexts.

turn 1 :  (2) implies that B is wondering what the latest news or developments are in the situation,

turn 1 :  turn is asking about the use of subpoenas to compel witnesses to testify and whether they are a last resort or a negotiating tool. The actual meaning, however, is asking about the effectiveness and necessity of using subpoenas in congressional investigations.


Yeah.

Right.

turn 3 : He resigned because the job was not worth all of the trouble that he and his father were going through.

turn 3 : The person in question is not willing to resign from his position despite the controversy surrounding him

turn 3 : It is being implied that if everyone resigns he will be the new leader.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of (4) is simply a request for more information about what prompted the resignations. However, the implicated meaning could be interpreted as skepticism or doubt about the seriousness of the accusations made by the editorial board. This is because the phrasing "it sounds like" suggests a lack of full belief or acceptance of the accusations.

turn 3 : "But - so this is not necessarily directly connected to immigration unlike Nielsen's resignation, which was immigration-related." Implication: The reason for the departure of the Secret Service director is not related to immigration issues, unlike the resignation of Nielsen, which was due to immigration-related matters.


Stocks in two major computer chip companies - Qualcomm and Broadcom, two major ones - were down 6% today. Google dropped 2%. And this was after Google said it would stop supporting Android devices for phones made by Huawei because the company was on the Commerce Department's blacklist. Google is a major software provider for Huawei. And if these restrictions went on for months, Google could take a beating.

Correct me if I'm wrong here, Jackie, but didn't the U. S.  back off last year in a somewhat similar way shortly after blacklisting another Chinese telecom company?

That's right. It was a company called ZTE, and they were on the blacklist. And it went on for a while. And they were on the verge of bankruptcy. And this is a major Chinese corporation - almost went bust until the Trump administration reversed that decision and allowed U. S.  companies to supply it again. So it's the same sort of scenario. But, Mary Louise, the Trump administration has been tightening the screws on Huawei for months now in part because it has links to the Chinese government.

And U. S.  intelligence agencies believe Huawei could use its equipment to spy on the U. S.  and its allies. The administration asked Canada to arrest and extradite one of Huawei's senior officials. And administration officials have been fanning out across the world asking allies, pressuring allies not to use Huawei equipment. So up until now, it's been a full-court press by the administration to contain the company.

turn 0 : This implies a technological war between America and Huawei which is a Chinese Phone manufacturer.

turn 0 : The drop in stocks of major computer chip companies is related to Google's decision to stop supporting Huawei.

turn 0 : Tech companies may have negative impact on competition and consumer prices.

turn 0 : Samsung is not the main target, Google is


turn 2 : This implies a technological war between America and Huawei which is a Chinese Phone manufacturer.

turn 2 : There are several issues that could lead to conflict between US and China in the short term

turn 2 : The Trump administration is tightening restrictions on Huawei because of its links to the Chinese government.

turn 2 : This implies the growing economic war between Trump administration and China.


turn 3 : This implies a technological war between America and Huawei which is a Chinese Phone manufacturer.

turn 3 : The Trump administration is actively trying to limit the use of Huawei equipment by its allies.

turn 3 : The US and China both want to establish their own spheres of influence in the region.

turn 3 : There are several issues that could lead to conflict between US and China in the short term

turn 3 : There is a concern that American lobbyists may sell secrets to foreign adversaries.


Thanks. Good to be with you.

So you start your book by talking about a conversation you had with your young son. Tell us about what prompted that.

Well, he was 7 years old. He got in the car, put his seatbelt on, and he said to me, Mom, do you know what a hooker and a stripper are?And I was a little bit floored because I had been pretty much the mother from hell in terms of making sure that I knew everything he had ever seen, and I was the one that was acculturating my children. I wasn't having the media do it, and what the story turned out to be is he'd been at the playground that day and a bunch of boys had been talking about a video game that one of them had been playing. He told me that, Mom, you know, if you kill enough people, you get to go into a room where a lady takes off her top. That's what a stripper is. And if you kill more people and you get to a higher level of the game, you get to go into a room where a lady takes off all her clothes. That's what a hooker is. Well, needless to say, I was really floored because without anything coming from me or the home, he already had in his mind a connection between violence and killing and sexuality.

So what did you do?

turn 2 : His memory had these girls staying the way they were and not changing into what they are now.

turn 2 : She believes that child actors are like cattle to be used by others.

turn 2 : A had an inappropriate relationship with an older man at a young age.

turn 2 : The mother was surprised that her 7-year-old son already knew about the terms 'hooker' and 'stripper' and their connection to violence and sexuality without her teaching him.

turn 2 : This turn is literal in meaning, as it is a straightforward question asking about the speaker's children.


But won't you be driving down the price of platinum if you start bringing it back to Earth?

I'll tell you, Ira, nothing would make me happier. The story of aluminum, if you - it's a really interesting one if you go and look it up.

Yeah.

turn 3 : A gold mine implies that the amount is a lot and it has value to the people that want it

turn 3 : The turn that has an actual meaning different from its literal meaning is (4): "How do you cast sculptures in what amounts to an underwater gallery, not just this installation in the Thames, obviously, but some that you've done all over the world?"

turn 3 : The speaker in (2) is implying that they are looking for something rare and valuable, such as precious metals or other valuable resources, rather than simply asking what type of metal they are looking for.

turn 3 : This turn does not have an implied meaning different from its literal meaning. It is a straightforward expression of gratitude towards Laura Sydell, the NPR correspondent.

turn 3 : "Even though aluminum is 10 percent of our Earth's crust, we could never get to it until the 18th century because it was in oxides and we didn't know how to get it. So back in the day of Napoleon's court, when he had his most VIP guests, he would pull out the aluminum and leave the gold and silver for the nobles."  The literal meaning of this turn suggests that Napoleon preferred aluminum over gold and silver. However, the actual meaning of this turn is that aluminum was once considered a precious metal, and was more valuable than gold and silver during Napoleon's time.


Can you give a practical example of that?

So companies like Starbucks. Starbucks was the place people went. It was the third place, not home and not the office. Can they rekindle that connection people have between Starbucks and their lives?

So how do you build an emotional connection with Starbucks, especially at a time where people are saying, 3. 75 for a latte?No thank you.

Yeah. The key word here is the experience. What are the experiences that you render to people as they go about their day?And those experiences can be online. Those experiences can be offline. They can be - how do you live and emote with a company like Starbucks or with a company like Microsoft or with a small company, with a product that you might buy -an ice cream that you might like.

turn 1 : the speaker is using a metaphor to describe a physical phenomenon. They are not actually suggesting that the coffee is experiencing emotions like depression, but rather that the act of stirring the coffee creates a depression in the middle and a rise on the sides.

turn 1 :  The implied meaning of this turn is: Was there any particular reason for choosing this neighbourhood for your business?

turn 1 :  The speaker is implying that Wal-Mart is not genuine in its claim that the store closure was an experiment, and that it may have been a strategic move to avoid further criticism and negative publicity.

turn 1 : This statement implies that people saw Starbucks as a place to go to that was distinct from their home or workplace but A was wondering whether Starbucks can recapture that emotional connection with consumers.


Well, there have been reports - I mean, certainly the separatist commander that we spoke to today said that they, in fact, are moving westward. There have been some reports of fighting in a village not far from here. But the large-scale offensive that sort of seemed to be happening earlier in the week has slowed for now.

And anything about a Ukrainian fighter jet being shot down?There were some reports this week.

Yes, this is the third jet in recent times that has been shot down. And in this case, the Ukrainians claim it was some sort of Russian missile launcher that brought it down. There's been no response from the Russian side. Of course, the Russians deny there are any Russian troops here at all. They say if anyone's here, they're volunteers. And, in fact, the commander that we spoke to - the separatist commander who claims he's from Odessa - says that they have some volunteers, but these are a very tall or short people. A one-eyed sniper was one person that he referred to and said these are not people who would be serving in the Russian military.

NPR's Soraya Sarhaddi Nelson, thanks very much for being with us.

turn 2 : In turn (5), when the speaker says, "And I hadn't seen these people before in the area," the actual meaning is that the speaker has observed armed and masked separatists in the area who appear to be professional soldiers. This statement implies that the separatists are not just a group of local civilians who have taken up arms, but rather they may have received military training and support from a foreign government or organization. This implication is a departure from the literal meaning of the words used in the turn.

turn 2 : (3): "It was a sniper that hit him. And it entered above his right ear and exited above his left." The literal meaning of this turn is that Sgt. Erik Schei was shot by a sniper, and the bullet entered and exited his head from above his right ear and left side of his head, respectively. However, the implied meaning is that the injury sustained by Sgt. Erik Schei was severe, life-threatening, and life-altering for him and his family.

turn 2 : A statement implies that they were caught off guard or surprised by the previous speaker's comment.

turn 2 : The actual meaning is different from the literal meaning in turn (3). When A says "these are a very tall or short people. A one-eyed sniper was one person that he referred to," they are not literally referring to people who are only tall or short or have one eye. Rather, they are using these descriptions as a way to suggest that the volunteers mentioned by the separatist commander are unconventional and perhaps not what one would expect to see in a typical military unit.


Now, I understand South Dakota doesn't have an income tax. So is that why collecting sales tax is particularly important to your state?

That's right. The sales tax is about 63 percent of our state's general budget. So that's what we used to help on education and other important functions of government. We chose to use the sales tax rather than a state income tax.

So the better business has been for online retailers. The worst news, that's been for your state's budget.

That's exactly right. I mean, the United States Supreme Court has estimated that this is costing South Dakota between $48 and $58 million every year, which is a significant hit to our budget.

turn 1 : Both A and B agree that the tax bill is not popular

turn 1 : Deficit spending to provide tax cuts may not be judged favorably in history

turn 1 : Sales tax is crucial to South Dakota's budget due to lack of income tax

turn 1 : A implies that positive economic effects of the tax reductions will have positive political developments for the Republicans


We're coming over the initial shock. It's a very strange situation to live in one of the wealthiest countries in the world. And we have been living in more luxury than almost any other nation on this planet, and now all of a sudden we find ourselves almost like beggars.

You talk about the swift difference between being so wealthy to now being in a totally different place. Is this what everyone - is the average person going through something like this?Or is this just a select few that went from being so wealthy to so not wealthy?

The general public here has been very, very well off. But now people that are starting to lose their jobs - hundreds of people that used to work in the banks have been losing their jobs recently. We know that a lot of companies are going to become bankrupt. We had almost no unemployment in the past years. We've been importing workers from Eastern Europe because we didn't have enough people to work in our companies.

So, how are people coping with this?Are they selling off their belongings?What are they doing?

turn 0 : Despite the presence of goods in shops, people are still starving due to lack of money and high taxes.

turn 0 : Despite being one of the wealthiest countries, people are struggling to make ends meet.

turn 0 : A lot of people are out of work and jobs are getting harder to find.

turn 0 : People want to work hard for things.

turn 0 : Business can promote peace and prosperity between nations despite their differences.


turn 0 : The speaker is pointing out the cultural differences between America and their country, where America tends to cover up imperfections while their country embraces them. Implicated meaning: The speaker values authenticity and honesty over superficial appearances.

turn 0 : The speaker is acknowledging the wealth of their country and how they have been living in luxury, but now they feel like beggars due to the sudden change in their circumstances.

turn 0 : In this turn, the speaker is describing the difficult situation of children seeking refuge in the US and the unreasonable expectations placed on them to quickly share their traumatic experiences with strangers in a language they don't speak. However, the implied meaning goes beyond the literal description of the situation and suggests that the speaker is critical of the policy and decision makers who would put vulnerable children in such a position. The tone and choice of words such as "expedite" and "perfect stranger" convey a sense of urgency, frustration, and perhaps even outrage about the situation.

turn 0 : (1) is that people have become inactive or lacking in energy, and the speaker is suggesting that there are significant problems that need to be addressed in the city. However, the implied meaning is that people have become desensitized or accustomed to these problems, and the journalist should not make broad generalizations about the city without considering the struggles of its residents.

turn 0 : The speaker is expressing amusement at the idea of the future being here.


turn 1 : The speaker wonders if the average person is also experiencing a similar change in circumstances from being wealthy to not wealthy, as opposed to just a select few.

turn 1 : A moved from a middle-class area to a poorer area with a stark contrast in living conditions.

turn 1 : "Well, that's a luxury" is an idiomatic expression that means "That's a privilege" or "That's a rare and fortunate thing to have."

turn 1 : The speaker is stating that the amount of money being discussed is significant not just to themselves, but also to most people in the country. This suggests that there may be financial hardship or inequality that the speaker is aware of.

turn 1 : Getting rich may not lead to a good life.


turn 2 : The economy is doing very poorly, and consumers are struggling to pay their debts and bills.

turn 2 : The economic change has been very destructive to everyone and everything.

turn 2 : Many people are losing their jobs and companies are going bankrupt.

turn 2 : The current financial situation has disrupted people's sense of security.

turn 2 : THERE IS A BIG CHANGE THE PEOPLE HAVE ALREADY LOST THEIR MONEY


turn 2 : The speaker explains that even though the general public has been well off, many people are starting to lose their jobs and companies are becoming bankrupt, leading to an increase in unemployment.

turn 2 : "I'm doing well, but some people aren't. And let's talk about these figures and really, what is shifting in our economy right now in terms of the different sectors where people are losing these tens of thousands of jobs?" - The literal meaning is a statement about the current state of the economy and its impact on employment. The implied meaning is a suggestion to discuss the economic issues and the resulting job losses.

turn 2 : The speaker believes that the auto industry will not vanish despite the current situation


turn 3 : THERE IS A BIG CHANGE THE PEOPLE HAVE ALREADY LOST THEIR MONEY

turn 3 : The economic situation will get worse, and it's uncertain how bad it will be.

turn 3 : The person found a lot of people not shopping and instead watching how much they spend on things in order to save money.

turn 3 : The person makes a great many large financial deals and is loud and confident.

turn 3 : People may be selling their belongings to cope with the financial crisis.


Actually, you know, the property itself is a mess. It's been broken into by, like, vandals, and it looks like the inside of the Titanic. But I was talking to someone a few days ago, actually, who was saying that when they originally - the new - after Tesla lost the land, a film company came in and took it over and was working there, producing film for like 40 years. And a lot of Tesla's old equipment was still there. So what they actually ended up doing with a lot of it was just burying it. So there's actually some people think that some of his old stuff is still underneath there, including - there's a room and he built some sort of underground resonance chamber. I don't know what that means; it sounds impressive. But it might still be down there like this giant, big, crazy Tesla room. So, you know, I don't. . .

That would be exciting.

That would be cool to dig out stuff, but I don't know if it's there or not. But it still kind of gives the property a bit of, I don't know, bit of magic.

So what's the plan for the property?I mean, you guys raised enough money to build it, I think with a grant from New York State too?

turn 1 : A thinks that with their army of Tesla fans and experience with crowd funding, they can make a difference in Nikola Tesla's old laboratory.

turn 1 : Tesla is an underappreciated hero and people sympathize with him through the crowdfunding campaign

turn 1 : Many people sympathize with Tesla and want to support him.

turn 1 : Exciting possibility that there might be Tesla's old equipment buried.


So in your polling, in your research, do you find that it's going to come down to maybe a couple thousand votes from these unaffiliated voters and on what issues?Or will they vote?

It is likely at the moment to be a very narrow victory. President Bush won in 2004 with five percent. That was 100,000 votes. In other words, if it is one percent, that would be 20,000 votes, and right now, the polls are moving around in just single percentage points. So it could be that narrow.

Now, I have read that Colorado is going to be this year's Florida and Ohio, that this is going to be the state that decides the election.

I think it could be, and the interesting thing is that Obama and Palin were both in Jefferson County a couple of days ago, indicating that there may be actually even a county that could be looked at to be beyond an entire state.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of turn (2) is a question asking what the speaker can add to the race that other candidates do not already have. However, the actual meaning is that the speaker is being challenged to prove their value and justify their entry into the race. The literal meaning of the turn does not reflect the underlying challenge and skepticism expressed by the speaker.

turn 1 : There is no indication that the actual meaning is different from the literal meaning. It's a straightforward question about whether people at the location are excited about the election.

turn 1 : The turn in (2) is a figurative expression and its actual meaning is different from its literal meaning.

turn 1 : Turn (2) has an actual meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is not discussing an attempt to physically move goalposts, but rather a rhetorical strategy of avoiding answering certain questions.

turn 1 : The actual meaning of the turn is different from its literal meaning. The turn is using a hypothetical scenario to explain how a narrow victory in the upcoming election could be possible based on current polling data.


turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that there is a large number of progressive candidates running in the runoff election, and Mayor Emanuel's political action committee is trying to reduce their numbers.

turn 3 : implies a contrast between the two parties and the different ways that they conduct their caucuses.

turn 3 : "to the left" - the literal meaning is a spatial direction, but the intended meaning is a political position that is more progressive or liberal than the average voter in the district.

turn 3 : And Lamar Smith, the congressman and head of the Judiciary Committee, has a statement basically saying this is why we need a new, stronger Congress to pass tougher immigration laws here in Washington, thanks to - these kind of decisions show we need stronger laws out of Washington.  The turn does not have a figurative meaning different from its literal meaning.

turn 3 : The actual meaning of the turn is different from its literal meaning. The turn is using hyperbole to suggest that the county of Jefferson in Colorado could be a key factor in deciding the election, despite the fact that it is only one of many counties in the state and there are other swing states in the election.


It's the first time we've described a new medicinal leech species from North America in 40 years. And it has a number of characteristics that make it as a new - considered a new species.

What's up with the three jaws?Is this common?

Most leeches in this group and other groups have three jaws, but the number of teeth in those jaws is more variable.

So why three jaws?What do they need them for?

turn 3 : "why do they need them for" implies rather "what would" they need them for.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at something they want or need, but they don't want to ask for it directly.

turn 3 :  "What's the reason for that?" is a literal question that means what is the motive or purpose behind the actions described in the previous turns, and its actual meaning is the same as its literal meaning.

turn 3 : The speaker is not actually asking a question but rather implying that the need has not yet been established.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at a desire or need for help or support from the listener.


One of the things I've always loved about the Democratic Party is that it is a big-tent party, and it embraces opportunity for all people. And I'm running for president because I think my life experience can address this Trump-fueled national crisis of division that has been moving us backward. And I look at my experience of bringing people together - businesses and nonprofits and Republicans and Democrats - and to really get things done, to get to near-universal health care, create the No. 1 economy in the country for three consecutive years - I think that record stands for itself.

Governor John Hickenlooper, thank you so much for joining us.

You bet, Noel. Thank you so much.

That's former Colorado Governor John Hickenlooper, talking to us for our Opening Arguments series.

turn 0 : A is advocating for social and political change.

turn 0 : "And in that sense, we are having a crisis that really affects Western liberal democracies writ large."  The actual meaning implied here is that the crisis being discussed is not limited to a specific country or region but has a broader impact on Western liberal democracies as a whole. It suggests that the crisis is significant and far-reaching.

turn 0 : Represented groups are unhappy with the current administration but can still participate in the political process

turn 0 : Democratic Party is inclusive and addresses national crisis

turn 0 : Blaming George Bush for everything is a common theme among Democrats.


I'm personally not. I'm going to ask Teller if he is.

I'm honest - I'm not a card guy. And that's a card move, right?

JOE #1: That's a card - yes, it's a card flight. And it's an illusion where you have four cards that are facedown. And when you spread the cards, one of the cards just turns face up, and it look as if from the spectator's point of view that the card just magically turns face up. It doesn't look like you're doing any sleight whatsoever. But the reason that's so hard, or that was so hard for me to pick up, was that - just the timing of the sleight with what we needed to do to take the spectator's eyes away at that particular moment. There's a timing issue.

Joe, give us civilians an idea of how long you would work on that.

turn 3 : Here, the term "civilians" is used metaphorically to refer to non-professionals or individuals who are not experienced in a particular field, rather than its literal meaning of non-military individuals. The sentence asks Joe to provide an estimation of the time he would spend working on the mentioned task.

turn 3 : The actual meaning is different from the literal meaning in turn (3). When A says "these are a very tall or short people. A one-eyed sniper was one person that he referred to," they are not literally referring to people who are only tall or short or have one eye. Rather, they are using these descriptions as a way to suggest that the volunteers mentioned by the separatist commander are unconventional and perhaps not what one would expect to see in a typical military unit.

turn 3 : The speaker needs the help of the Army and DOD to survive because his life is in danger.

turn 3 : "Part of my job in the Pentagon was the oversight - civilian oversight of military planning" - The actual meaning here is not about the meaning of the words used but rather about the speaker's role in the Pentagon.