But he knew deep inside that he did. He used to tell us that we walk - this is his quote. He used to tell us all the time. We walk on floors that we never scrubbed. We walk through doors that we never opened. I love that he never forgot where he came from.

And, speaking of beginnings, you were a white woman from Canada.

Right.

He was also known for hiring a large number of African American clerks at a time - and apparently, this is still not as common as many people. . .

turn 0 : You do not actually enter the person's heart or mind, it means that you start to understand their perspective

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be indirectly suggesting that they have insider knowledge or expertise on a particular topic, and that their opinion or perspective should be given special consideration.

turn 0 : knew deep inside implies that a person had very strong beliefs about a topic

turn 0 : a sense means that there is an understanding

turn 0 : The person was surprised greatly by the information and it affected many of their thoughts and emotions. They were not struck but what they saw made them notice it and think about it more.


He explained that that track was inspired by some of my darker paintings. And it certainly is a very, you know, intense piece. As the track goes on towards the end, you just hear a creaking sound. . .

SOUNDBITE OF TOR LUNDVALL AND JOHN B.  MCLEMORE'S "HIS DARKER PAINTINGS")

. . . Which - I don't know if it's his door or some part of the house, but everyone in the podcast in S-Town, they were talking about, you know, sometimes you just sit around and listen to the creakings in this house. So it was pretty amazing to hear that in the recording, yeah. Well, John - yeah. John took his own life in 2015. When John sent me emails, you know, discussing his depression and his loneliness, I didn't want to preach to him, but I just encouraged him. I said, you know, I'm hoping you continue recording, you know, and working more on music. Again, I knew nothing about anything about him. I just thought it would help transform his feelings of loneliness into, you know, more of a content solitude, which is, you know, kind of easy to say but not always easy to do. So I didn't want to preach to him, but, you know, I saw a lot of promise in his music. So I did try to encourage that.

That was musician and painter Tor Lundvall talking about his new album, "Tor Lundvall Presents: Witness Marks - The Works of John B.  McLemore".

turn 0 : The speaker feels the need to perform music to feel complete.

turn 0 : The speaker is often expecting bad things to happen, so when something good happens, it's more exceptional than usual.

turn 0 : The speaker feels a strong emotional connection to New Orlean

turn 0 : The speaker is reflecting on their mistakes and hoping to learn from them.

turn 0 : The creaking sound towards the end of the track adds to its intensity.


So our school is actually majority minority, meaning we have a lot of immigrants and a lot of minorities in our school. And my school is very diverse, but also the administration, they do a very good job of accommodating to all of our needs. I don't say it enough in every interview, but my school is a great school. I don't hate my principal or any of the people in my school. I just think they made a mistake, and this is a learning opportunity for them.

So in the end, why didn't you just say, and remember, tomorrow is the first day for the rest of your life, have a great summer?

(Laughter) Why didn't I just give a generic speech?Because I feel like if change is going to happen, we are going to have to speak outside of the guidelines and we are going to have to break a few boundaries. What adults think that we want to hear at graduation is completely incorrect because all the graduating students that spoke to me afterwards, they were happy that I mentioned the names. And they were happy of the message I was trying to send to them because we have been living with these realities for a while. I'm not introducing a new idea at graduation when I say those names. I'm just remembering and paying respect and really making them understand the privilege.

What are you going to do now?

turn 0 : The schools in the Power Five are predominantly white spaces.

turn 0 : Good is not enough for minority professionals to excel, they need to overcome expectations placed on them

turn 0 : The proportion of black male students at Power Five schools is much lower than the proportion of black male athletes.

turn 0 : The school is diverse despite being majority minority

turn 0 : The students feel pressure to conform and not be different from their peers.


You have more than one toe.

OK. Right now we don't have any big toes. A big toe was swallowed in 2013 on purpose. And then we were using the alternate toe, but that only lasted for about two and a half years and just literally fell apart. So now we're working on what we call the secondary toes next to the big toe. So we're looking for big toes. If anybody out there has an extra big toe, we would really like it.

And, apart from the toe, what exactly goes into a sour toe cocktail.

OK. According to Yukon Health, it has to be served in 80-proof alcohol. So that could be whiskey, rum, tequila. The traditional is Yukon Jack. Captain Dick Stevenson's favorite drink - he's the guy who started the toe in 1973.

turn 3 : (4) is that the toe must be served in a specific type of alcohol.

turn 3 : (5) Refers to asking if the new food is good or too strong in terms of alcoholic content.

turn 3 : B is asking A which type of alcohol to use for the recipe

turn 3 : (1) B: "Obviously, we should then inject alcohol into the situation." - This turn does not mean that they should literally inject alcohol into something, but rather that they should add alcohol to the situation.


I guess that's the point. We don't know who it is.

But I will give you a little clue. Watch Murray State, from the highly unheralded Ohio Valley Conference, mainly because of one player. It is a super-guard named Ja Morant. He leads the nation in assists per game. He loves to dunk. He is an absolute whirl on the court. And where he came from is the fun part of this story. So he was way off the radar screen of coaches and scouts. He was a high school kid from a small town in South Carolina. A Murray State assistant goes down to his town to scout some players. So he's in this gym. He gets hungry and asks someone, OK, where's the concession stand?They tell him. He leaves the main gym.

On his way to the concession stand, he hears a basketball bouncing in a side gym. He pokes his head in, and who does he see?Ja Morant playing in a three-on-three game. He is dazzled. He calls the head coach of Murray State and says, this kid's going to be a pro. He's now in the tournament, and he's coming to an NBA city soon.

Wow.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a metaphor or analogy to convey a deeper meaning or idea, often related to emotions or personal experiences.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a metaphor or analogy to explain or describe something, often to make a complex idea easier to understand or to create a vivid image in the listener's mind.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using metaphors or analogies to convey a complex idea or emotion in a more relatable or understandable way.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of a particular tone or emphasis suggests that they may be implying something indirectly, without stating it explicitly.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be conveying a hidden message or agenda that requires further exploration or analysis to fully understand.


I heard you talking to Ron about how people react - or how President Bush was reacting today, and people here who watched the speech on the Jumbotron at the restaurant where I am actually laughed at Bush's reaction shots during President Obama's speech, particularly when President Obama said America is a friend of each nation and we are ready to lead.

But other than that, people here were rapt. They sat with tears in their eyes. Couples held onto each other. They cheered through the speeches. They cheered when the Carters and Clintons came out. They even cheered when Obama's daughters were taking pictures with the camera. People here were really excited.

Would you say that there was a generational difference noticeable at all between the people who were there who responded to what they saw on the Jumbotron?

Actually, no. Where I am, people brought their children, people brought their grandparents. It was a very racially-mixed crowd, and I actually spoke to one woman. She's 64. Her name's Renee Durant(ph). She was here in 1968 during the riots. She said she was so glad to be alive to see this. Her 96-year-old father, who was in an assisted-living facility in Virginia, was watching it as well, and they were so glad to be here. Across the table from her was a white couple who brought their toddler, who was wearing an Obama T-shirt. They were equally glad to be here. It was really quite something to watch. Very emotional.

So from their standpoint, it clearly is, truly is a new day and a new way of looking at things, correct?

turn 1 : The crowd was emotionally invested in the event, regardless of their race or age

turn 1 : It affected the young people's emotions when they saw what happened.

turn 1 : The crowd was very excited and enthusiastic about the election results.

turn 1 : Implies that the event was of great significance


I'm not so sure that it was missed, per se. I think it's been there at the forefront of the news for a really long time. I just don't think that we saw the potential that it would impact the election in the way that it did, insofar as it's tied up in these other economic and social struggles that are occurring within the same communities.

And to be clear again, you're not saying that people that have a problem with opioids or drug or alcohol voted for Donald Trump so much as people who live in those communities that have been affected by it statistically in your study voted for Donald Trump.

Well, that's right. And I can't say necessarily who voted for Donald Trump, but we have to remember that addiction and depression and these diseases and deaths of despair go far beyond the individuals themselves who are affected by them. They affect friends and family members and coworkers and first responders and service providers and employers in communities who are dealing with the struggles of these and experience the same sort of frustration and anxiety that are associated or wrapped up within diseases and deaths of despair.

You conclude your study by - I believe the quote is community level well-being played an important role in this election.

turn 1 : The severity of the opioid crisis affects people of all backgrounds and has far-reaching consequences.

turn 1 : The voters did not seem to change their opinions when they voted again.

turn 1 : Johnson & Johnson's involvement in opioids was surprising.

turn 1 : The impacts of opioid addiction and other diseases and deaths of despair were not fully appreciated until they were seen to have had a significant effect on the election outcome.

turn 1 : The candidate had something troubling in their past.


turn 1 : sking for clarification on the idea that people with opioid or drug problems voted for Donald Trump, which is not the same as the actual meaning of the statement which is that people living in communities affected by diseases and deaths of despair voted for Donald Trump.

turn 1 : The turn that has an implied meaning different from its literal meaning is (2) when B asks, "Can you explain what part of Donald Trump's message is working with religious voters so that they would overlook maybe even some of their basic Christian beliefs to support him?" The literal meaning of the question is straightforward,

turn 1 : "it's a recognition that they have to treat this as much as a political problem as a health problem" - The actual meaning is different from the literal meaning. The intended meaning is that the situation is not just a health issue, but also a political issue that requires attention and action, rather than literally recognizing something.

turn 1 :  This turn actually means that people should not expect to "love" Donald Trump as the Republican nominee, but should come together as a party to face the challenges that lie ahead.


turn 2 : saying that the effects of addiction, depression, and other diseases go beyond the individual, which is not the same as the actual meaning of the statement which is that people in these communities dealing with the struggles of these issues experience the same kinds of frustration and anxiety.

turn 2 : The speaker is implying that the interviewer's drug use in the 1960s is not comparable to the type of addiction that he is talking about.

turn 2 : "And now, you know, providing them with quality help and watching them change their lives is one of the most fun things that I've ever been involved with... we need to make evidence-based treatment available without the stigma that goes along with it."  The implied meaning of this turn is that providing quality help to people struggling with addiction and witnessing their transformations is incredibly rewarding. The speaker believes that access to evidence-based treatment should be expanded, and the stigma surrounding seeking help for addiction should be reduced.

turn 2 : Functioning addicts hide their addiction while carrying on with daily life.

turn 2 :  "And the thing is - and this is so beautiful - is that when you get to watch lives change...And that occupied my entire day."  The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker has overcome addiction and now enjoys helping others in a similar position, which is incredibly fulfilling. They used to be preoccupied with obtaining drugs, but now their focus has shifted to improving the lives of others.


turn 3 : The severity of the opioid crisis affects people of all backgrounds and has far-reaching consequences.

turn 3 : The impact of the opioid crisis and other economic and social struggles in affected communities was underestimated in its effect on the election.

turn 3 : The drug epidemic is pervasive and affects everyone regardless of background or social status.

turn 3 : The economic situation will get worse, and it's uncertain how bad it will be.


turn 3 : asking for a quote which is not the same as the actual meaning of the statement which is that community-level well-being played an important role in this election.

turn 3 : inquiring about strategies or approaches politicians use to engage and maintain public attention for issues that may seem disconnected or less relevant to the lives of everyday Americans.

turn 3 :  In statement 2, the speaker is implying that Trump should make a statement that can help heal the divide between him and the Republicans.

turn 3 : not a literal meaning but rather a rhetorical question.

turn 3 : implies a contrast between the two parties and the different ways that they conduct their caucuses.


Yeah, yeah. And I'd like to say that this particular story, by the way, I'm kind of happy with the headline I came up with for that. I called it "The Tasting of the Shrew. "

We get it.

Uh-huh.

We Shakespeare fans.

turn 0 : The story is very different from stories people normally here

turn 0 : The story was told to people and many became aware of it.

turn 0 : Turn (1) has an example of a phrase whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning. When the speaker says "their head coach, John Tortorella, is entertainment in and of himself," they mean that John Tortorella is very entertaining to watch or listen to, rather than that he is a form of media or content.

turn 0 : The title of the story is a clever play on words based on the play

turn 0 : It means the poems that the author has read, not the author herself.


The former late head of Fox News.

That's right. And so he was pretty enamored of Herman Cain's life story - that he was this, you know, pizza magnate and that he had this 9-9-9 plan. And he was very kind of compelling character.

So not necessarily the current president?

Well, no. But, I mean, I can't say that, you know, Donald Trump doesn't invade the psyche a little bit. I was around Donald Trump quite a bit during those years. And I did interview him quite a bit. So he also permeated some of my thought process. But that wasn't who I was channeling.

turn 1 : big name implies being very successful and wealthy

turn 1 : Turn (1) has an example of a phrase whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning. When the speaker says "their head coach, John Tortorella, is entertainment in and of himself," they mean that John Tortorella is very entertaining to watch or listen to, rather than that he is a form of media or content.

turn 1 : "he has forgotten from where he came" - This turn is also figurative and not meant to be taken literally. It is used to describe someone who has become successful and wealthy but has lost touch with their humble beginnings.

turn 1 : "Pizza magnate" in (2) is a metaphorical phrase. While Herman Cain did own a pizza chain, the use of "magnate" elevates his status to that of a successful and influential businessperson. The literal meaning of the turn is that he was the owner of a pizza chain, but the actual meaning is that he was a successful and influential businessperson in the pizza industry.


The Iowa caucus is a communal affair. People don't cast ballots alone in voting booths. They go to caucuses where people speak out and eventually cast a vote. Opinion polls don't matter in caucuses, only the number of supporters who come to a caucus and vote for a candidate. And if you're wondering, no alcohol is served, though I do remember an extraordinary strawberry pie in Indianola, Iowa. NPR political editor Domenico Montanaro joins us. Domenico, thanks so much for being with us.

Thank you for having me.

The Democrats and Republicans do it differently, don't they?

They certainly do. Republicans, very simple, can get that out of the way pretty easily. People start to make speeches. They try to win over people to vote. But then people just fold over their papers, turn them in. It's a very informal secret ballot. Democrats on the other hand. . .

turn 3 : The implication is that the Republicans may have to use strong tactics to pass their agenda, even if it means having to pressure members of their own party.

turn 3 : Implies that the speaker would like to see further reforms beyond what is suggested by Speaker Ryan.

turn 3 : People are uncertain about their vote in this election, and are hesitant to support either the Republican or Democratic candidate.

turn 3 : implies that A has endorsed Hillary Clinton and believes she effectively addresses the issues.


I actually haven't done the calculation, but if you can separate the light of the planet from the star, then you can do spectroscopy on it. And so you can look for the biomarkers of CO2 and methane and water and those kinds of gases, and that will tell you whether there's processes going on that generate oxygen and such, which tells a lot about whether there's biology going on on the planet.

This has been described as an unexpected discovery. Why was it so surprising?

Well it was because we weren't particularly looking for planets. Based on the work we did on 40307, we realized that the activity of the star is masking a lot of the potential planet signals. So that sort of clued the lead author, Mikko, into developing a technique that can more carefully and more accurately model the activity due to spots and flares on the surface of the star.

And it - so what we decided to do then, since we didn't know anything about star activity, was to pick a star that had lots of observations, thousands of observations from multiple groups, but didn't have any known planets around it, figuring we would just be studying only the activity. And when we learned how to model that activity and removed it from the analysis, out popped five planets very unexpectedly.

turn 0 : Some successful scientists adopt unconventional approaches after achieving something significant.

turn 0 : late to the party implies that the scientists engaged with the issue after most people

turn 0 : He was a person that was not a scientist but had an interest in butterflies.

turn 0 : Spectroscopy on a planet can reveal if there's biology on it

turn 0 : Scientists need more data to confirm their hypotheses.


turn 3 : Well, that's around a star called HD 10 - excuse me, 40307.I'm losing track of the numbers, there are so many stars now.And this is a system where we first tried out some of these techniques, where there were already several planets known around it, three planets known around it, and we found three more by basically being more clever in how we deal with the noise due to the star's surface activity.

turn 3 : Astronomers were skeptical of big impacts in modern solar system before Shoemaker 9 hit Jupiter in 1994

turn 3 : Jupiter being a big planet with lots of gravity attracts space rocks.

turn 3 : Planets didn't actually "pop pout." This merely implies that the analysis surprisingly revealed five planets that fit their research.


I don't think about what they don't have. I don't think in those terms. But for me, you know, I was not only the Budget Committee chairman and the chief architect of the '97 agreement where we balanced the budget for the first time since we walked on the moon and had big surpluses, but I also served on the Armed Services Committee, so I was deeply engaged in national security policy. And my private sector experience was invaluable. And now I am an executive of, you know, one of the most important states in America. I don't mean just politically, but economically. And no matter who you are - drug addicted, mentally ill, working poor, autistic, disabled, minority - you're all in the Ohio family. Everybody should have a chance to rise. That's our philosophy in Ohio and that's my philosophy for America.

Do you want to overturn the Affordable Care Act?

I'd like to replace it with a health care system that would be market-driven, that would begin to shift us to quality-based health care rather than quantity-based health care. In other words, with the primary care doctor being the shepherd to shepherd us through our health care needs, with insurance companies and hospitals working together to share profits, to share the gains they make by keeping people healthy rather than treating them on the basis of how they're sick.

It's often pointed out that you use the Affordable Care Act law to expand Medicaid coverage in Ohio. Does that suggest to you that the law known as Obamacare has helped people?

turn 1 : This turn has a literal meaning of cancelling and substituting a law or policy with a new one. However, in this context, it refers to the highly anticipated vote in the House of Representatives on a bill that would repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare).

turn 1 : The implied meaning of the speaker's response to the question of overturning the Affordable Care Act is that they don't only want to do away with it, but also to replace it with something better.

turn 1 : The implied meaning of this turn is that the implementation of the ACA has not achieved its goals as intended, as evidenced by the fact that many states have opted out of Medicaid, leaving many people uninsured and leading to an increasing number of rural hospital closures.

turn 1 : "Obamacare" The actual meaning of this turn is not different from its literal meaning. It refers to the Affordable Care Act, which was signed into law by President Barack Obama in 2010.


Let's wrap up, Ron, by talking about taxes. The House wants to try to pass a tax bill - an overhaul bill - by Thanksgiving. What can we look forward to there?

This week, we should see the pigs start coming out of the poke. The tax chairman on the House side, Republican Kevin Brady, is going to show us what his details show - legislative language. We're going to find out really who's going to be paying more, who's going to be paying less. And that could really kick off some political fallout.

Right because, obviously, the devil is in the details. And the vote could be very slim, at least on the Senate side, right?They can't afford to lose many at all.

That's right. Maybe they can lose 2 and still prevail in the Senate because their margin is basically 2. But we've got Rand Paul from Kentucky and Bob Corker of Tennessee both saying they don't want to add to the deficit. As it stands now, this plan would add 1. 5 trillion to the national debt.

turn 3 :  (4) - This turn implies that A will support McConnell if he succeeds in passing the tax plan, and that the Republicans still have a chance to win.

turn 3 : It is unlikely that the Congress and the president will be able to create a debt reduction bill that benefits the country and its people, and this will put a big pressure on the budget due to the tax problem

turn 3 : Congressional Republicans won't pass the bill unless the President makes sure they will not be hurt politically.

turn 3 : The $4 trillion tax cuts will be difficult to fit into the $5 trillion budget.

turn 3 : A:	That's right.Maybe they can lose 2 and still prevail in the Senate because their margin is basically 2.But we've got Rand Paul from Kentucky and Bob Corker of Tennessee both saying they don't want to add to the deficit.As it stands now, this plan would add 1.5 trillion to the national debt.


It certainly looks like he has taken a fatal downturn, and he needs to turn his campaign around totally. And he needs to show us that he really wants it. He has the organization, the money. There is still time. There'll be more debates. He can do it if he really wants it, but he's got to show us that.

A lot of talk about the way CNBC ran the debate. And as a matter of fact, the Republican National Committee has suspended its agreement with NBC for a later debate. How do you read this?

Another effective counterpunch, really. Moderators had tough questions here. They were challenging, and they bordered at times on the insulting, contemptuous. The candidates were bristling at this. And then Ted Cruz really unloaded on it with a big screed about the mainstream media bias, and it brought down the house - very sympathetic audience, by the way. And all of the candidates started fighting back, things got unruly. And then after the debate, the candidates' staffs all complained to the Republican National Committee chairman, and he pulled the plug on NBC's contract. You know, we're going to have some - probably see some format changes here with regard to some of the other upcoming debates on other networks that the Republicans have contracted with.

Regardless of any political motives, could the debate format stand some tinkering after we've seen three of them?

turn 2 : The implication of this statement is that the RNC pulled the plug on NBC's contract as a result of the reaction that the candidates had to the debate format, not necessarily due to any political motives.

turn 2 :  (3).  In this turn, the speaker asks what the senator symbolizes in the current political race. The literal meaning of the words is clear, but the implied meaning is more complex. The speaker is really asking the senator to define their political platform and message, and to explain how they differ from their competitors. The question is meant to elicit a nuanced response that goes beyond simple symbolism.

turn 2 : implies that the meeting was focused on discussing how to achieve party unity and defeat John McCain in November. However, the actual meaning could be that the meeting was a bargaining session where Obama and Clinton discussed potential terms for Clinton to drop out of the race and endorse Obama. This is not explicitly stated yet is a possible subtextual meaning.

turn 2 : "Well, both candidates have stumped a lot in Michigan, and is either candidate getting more traction?" - This turn has a literal meaning and is also used with its actual meaning.

turn 2 : This implies that B is pushing back against the idea that journalists presume Clinton will win and are biased in their coverage.


Forty gigabytes. OK, so you're - I mean, you're doing pretty good. I mean, the average person actually carries around 1,700 songs. I had no idea, I don't carry that many songs with me.

Yeah, I have a lot.

And this is just some - so they launched this in back in 2003. I don't know how - you know, in Internet time, you start to forget how soon these things were launched, but it's been less than about - a little over five years and over 8 - 5 billion songs. They have over 8million tracks, and I did the math on this, it's what?It's 2. 6 million songs every day that they've sold, 2. 6 since iTunes started - million.

So we have to wrap up but before we let you go, does this mean that the essential question of, is the music industry going to die, is resolved?Meaning, that people will pay for music, they're just going to pay for it online, or is that whole question of revenue for the music industry still very present?

turn 2 : Despite the relatively short period since its launch, iTunes has sold a lot of songs.

turn 2 : There are recent hit songs in the top 10 chart.

turn 2 : The music business was losing a great deal of money with end in sight.

turn 2 : There is a lack of new soul music that can become classics in the future.

turn 2 : What matters is how the song makes a person feels and how it sounds.


Right. As far as I could tell, it wasn't so much derogatory as he wanted to create a mental picture to the listeners, you know, on radio, to say, OK, it was created in one big bang and so on.

And so what was his big blunder?

So the big blunder was - so he came up with a theory that was - that the universe is in a steady state. Namely the universe is always the same. It always was the same and always will be the same. And - but he also knew that the universe is expanding. So for the universe to stay the same, for example, for the density of matter to not change, he had to create matter in the universe. Because as the universe was getting larger, he had to have new matter there for the density to stay the same.

So this in itself was not a blunder. When he suggested this, it was a beautiful idea because, you know, we say the universe is the same everywhere and in every direction. And he wanted to add to that and that every time. So that, you know, sounded very elegant.

The blunder was that after about 15 years, when evidence started accumulating that this is really not the way the universe behaves but in fact the universe does evolve and change, he stubbornly refused to accept that.

turn 0 : A faced racism from both white and black people due to his behavior and interests not aligning with stereotypes of his skin color.

turn 0 : None of the turns in this conversation have implied meanings different from their literal meanings.

turn 0 : "larger struggles that were embodied in those arguments" Actual meaning: The arguments between the speaker and their mother were about more significant issues. Non-literal meaning: None.

turn 0 : None of the turns in this conversation have a figurative or non-literal meaning.

turn 0 : The theory he came up with wasn't derogatory.


And so what was his big blunder?

turn 2 : (3) The speaker is asking if there is a theory about what may be happening with regards to the behavior of dark matter.

turn 2 : The universe is not always the same and new matter is needed for it to stay the same.

turn 2 : The universes don't give birth but they form other universes in some way.

turn 2 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer


Yeah, that was easy. Planet Fitness was the best job actually because I could do my little squats behind the desk. There was always time to just like mess around and just do whatever.

But Uber seems like that would offer a lot of storytelling possibilities.

Oh, my gosh, it did.

Do you think we'll find some of that in your songs at some point?

turn 0 : People want to work hard for things.

turn 0 : You learn how to get your food from plants and animals instead of a store. When you travel you begin to feel a sadness that you are not at home. You want to be outdoors experiencing nature.

turn 0 : Working on a space mission is a fulfilling experience

turn 0 : Planet Fitness job was easy because I could exercise while working

turn 0 : A lot of people are out of work and jobs are getting harder to find.


Oh, my gosh, it did.

turn 2 : The speaker used to believe Uber was a positive disruptor in the transportation industry, but now feels differently due to issues with the company's business practices and impact on society.

turn 2 : Uber job was interesting and provided inspiration for songwriting

turn 2 : Having it to compared music as poetry and music has the heartstrings of everyone listening to the melodies of the instrument and words.

turn 2 : The music business was losing a great deal of money with end in sight.

turn 2 : Asking about musical influences, not comparing the album to other artists


It's a very large number. According to my client, it's only happened on one or two occasions, and she recalls one fairly recently in the last administration where a decision was overridden, but the supervisor explained the rationale and how the security concerns were mitigated. And she was willing to go along with his decision because it made sense.

In your client's complaint, the 25 people who were given security clearances are not named, but there has been reporting that President Trump overrode the decision of career officials to grant his son-in-law, Jared Kushner, a clearance. Can you tell us whether he's one of the people involved here?

I can't comment on that. My client is not willing to discuss individual security determinations. She thinks it would be improper.

Now that these accusations are in the hands of Congress and in the public eye, where does it go from here?

turn 1 : Implied meaning for turn (3): The questioner assumes that the speaker decided to support Donald Trump based on something he said, but the speaker clarifies that his decision was based on Trump's track record of job creation, as well as input from other people involved in the election.

turn 1 : The turn that has a different meaning from its literal meaning is (2) "President Trump overrode the decision of career officials to grant his son-in-law, Jared Kushner, a clearance".  The phrase "overrode the decision" does not mean that President Trump simply disagreed with the decision made by the career officials and made a different decision. It implies that he forced the clearance to be granted despite objections from those officials.

turn 1 : Actual meaning: A is pointing out the lack of discussion and attention given to a potential solution to a problem due to the dominance of the Trump-related discourse. Literal meaning: A is discussing a method of repealing Obamacare that involves tax credits and encourages consumer choice.

turn 1 : This turn has a literal meaning of altering or modifying established regulations or guidelines. However, in this context, it is used to refer to the Republicans' willingness to change the Senate rules to confirm Gorsuch with a simple majority vote rather than the usual 60-vote threshold required for Supreme Court nominees.


Inside of his house, family pictures decorate the walls and the fridge. Les has 15 great grandchildren. He grew up in an orphanage, and he couldn't wait to leave to join the military. And so in early 1944, he boarded a ship and crossed the Atlantic Ocean to go to the frontline.

I loved that sailing on, of course. It was so dramatic. You could see all these ships bobbing up and down on the ocean. And destroyers were weaving in and out of them to make sure they uncovered any mines or anything.

When he got to England for the first time, he met other paratroopers who'd already seen combat. Les was a rookie with something to prove.

It was hard to make friends.

turn 1 : The situation was dire and I was desperate to get to my destination.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The Navy was concerned that the wreck was being illegally salvaged and the recreational dive companies were unaware of the consequences of their actions.

turn 1 : Despite the seriousness of the situation, the placement of a cruise missile in the air museum at the opening banquet was an amusing coincidence.

turn 1 : sail back to the centre implies engaging in doing things right this time in order to build bridges and connection

turn 1 : Sailing across the ocean during wartime was a perilous experience.


I think hemp is certainly an opportunity for small-scale farmers like myself. And I see the future of agriculture in trouble on the major commodities such as corn, wheat and soybeans because these prices are too low for farmers to stay in business.

And is that because the timing is such that, you know, waiting it out has different meaning in farming than it does in other jobs, for example, right. I mean, like, waiting out, you have to plan so far ahead and - that you can't just - it's not a 90 day problem. Is that what I'm hearing from you?

Exactly. And for the people that are listening, most Americans pay their bills every 30 days. Farmers pay their bills basically twice a year. Like right now, I'm getting ready to sell my winter wheat, which is coming for harvest next month. So I receive a payday there - hopefully it's a fair payday - and then my soybean crop later on this fall.

So we plan our operations a year out. And I thought by now that there would be a big change in the commodity price for soybeans. And that simply hasn't happened. And this president is playing footsie with American agriculture and American farmers here.

turn 3 : "that's part of the game that's being played." meaning that the function of how politics work.

turn 3 :  "running mate" - This is a metaphorical expression that means a person who is chosen to run for office with a presidential candidate.

turn 3 :  Implied meaning: Is there space for Chris Christie to enter the presidential race and has he made a mistake by attending the Cowboys-Lions game?

turn 3 : In this case, the speaker is using the idiom "playing footsie" figuratively to mean that the current president is not fully committed to supporting American agriculture and farmers, and is instead giving them only superficial or insincere attention. The speaker is not suggesting that the president is actually playing the game footsie.


I think it's really important to say that scientists are really late to the party. Science has been under attack for a long time. And really, what's happened is that scientists are scared to engage with politics. They're worried about looking biased. They're worried about their funding. But really that's been a terrible strategy. It's meant that bad science policy decisions have been made.

But would you be holding this march, do you think, if it were President Hillary Clinton in the White House?

I think there is a catalyst in seeing how intense the attacks are right now. We have to acknowledge that, yes.

Are there specific goals you all are trying to achieve in terms of advancing one policy or another?

turn 0 : Some successful scientists adopt unconventional approaches after achieving something significant.

turn 0 : to give an idea means to tell them their opinion, or what is happening

turn 0 : "How can you follow up with this?" - This is a literal question about how the Yale Project on Climate Change Communication can continue to conduct new polls on the topic.

turn 0 : late to the party implies that the scientists engaged with the issue after most people

turn 0 : at the end of the day means something is likely going to happen or what happens after everything else.


. . . Quote, "a slap in the face" and then said, it was like him spitting on me. Must hurt to hear those words from your mother, even thirdhand.

Not necessarily. I mean, my mom is a very strong-willed person. And it's something to where I disagree with her very wholeheartedly and very politely. And even if it does hurt, I know that that's not a reaction that is deserved. So I try not to take it too much to heart.

Yeah. You don't doubt her love, but you do question her judgment.

Yeah, absolutely. That's a great way to put it. And I think a lot of people that are in a similar situation as mine can question a parent's, you know, love or care for their child to deny them a medical procedure. And some people can even compare vaccines to something like a seat belt. How would you love a child and deny them the safety of a seat belt?

turn 0 : "shocked - really shocked" is a figurative way of expressing the speaker's strong emotional reaction.

turn 0 : "Struck by a phrase" does not mean that someone physically hit someone else with words. It means that someone was caught by a specific expression or a saying that got their attention.

turn 0 : smack implies giving the person a quick blow or slap

turn 0 : a slap in the face in this context means someone did something shocking to someone else that they didn't like

turn 0 : implies that the speaker was advocating for themselves to be violently punished,


Yeah, it was a - it opens - they - a trade fair and Dismas notes that there are two adjacent booths, each offering a complete crown of thorns for sale.

(Laughter).

He thinks, you know, unfortunate placement there, you know?But these things existed.

turn 3 : (4) is the same as its literal meaning, which is a brief acknowledgement of what was just said.

turn 3 : (4) is a straightforward denial of B's implied meaning, and does not carry any additional implied meanings beyond that.

turn 3 : The passage is written in a dialect of English, and the words used have a literal meaning that may be different from standard English. The actual meaning of the passage is a prayer asking for God's blessings, forgiveness of sins, and protection from evil, expressed in a language that is culturally and regionally specific.

turn 3 : (4) "B: And at one point, Dismas is told to translate the Shroud of Turin. Is that 16th century spin?" - The literal meaning suggests that Dismas was asked to translate the Shroud of Turin and B is questioning whether it was an accurate translation.

turn 3 :  (3) is not a meaningful statement, so its actual meaning is different from its literal meaning.


Ambassador Araud, that raises a larger question: What's the future of the United Nations if it can't find a common course of action for what is one of the preeminent disasters on the planet?

But, you know, I'm always, frankly, I'm always a bit surprised by this sort of question because actually United Nations itself, you know, it's a group of these united nations. The United Nations may work on when its members decide to work together on a lot of issues. For instance, the (unintelligible) conflict. The members of Security Council are so divided that the U. N.  can't do anything, as you know. So, the United Nations is effective when on some issues, the member states decide that they have a common interest to find a common solution. And there are a lot of issues where we don't succeed to do it. Frankly, on Afghanistan, Iraq, the (unintelligible) conflict, the whole of the U. N.  is very marginal. There are issues in Africa where we are working together. But on a lot of issues we simply can't, and it's not the responsibility of the United Nations; it's the responsibility of the nations, which disagree.

Yeah. Looking forward to your next rotation?

My next rotation, it's in 15 months.

turn 2 : to look forward to something means they are excited for an event.

turn 2 : The actual meaning of turn 3 is "Thank you for joining us and providing information on the topic."

turn 2 : "Looking forward to your next rotation?" - This is an expression of anticipation and excitement for the Ambassador's next assignment.

turn 2 : The turn whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning is (3) where the interviewer asks the French Ambassador how frustrating the last few months were for him.


Might give them a viral moment on YouTube.

It could, indeed, give them a viral moment on YouTube. So that's part of the game that's being played. But what the Democrats are trying to do here is educate the public about what this president did and how he did it. And they've got a witness who has impeccable credentials. I don't think the Republicans are going to try to undercut this man. He is one of them. And he served his country. And he did this not because he was looking for a job. He did it because he thought somebody had to do it.

Well, let's get down to the prognostication part of this conversation. Robert Mueller has been pretty plain about how he doesn't want to testify and has nothing to say beyond the report. Do you support his logic?

Well, you know, there've been some very powerful commentary about his position. A former deputy solicitor general, deputy attorney general, a fellow by the name of Donald Ayer wrote a rather sharply worded piece kindly but clearly saying that Mueller had a duty to actually go beyond the four quarters (ph) because of what's happened. Attorney General Barr has tried to discredit his work. He's actually belittled his work. And as Ayer says, you know, this man's got to step up and defend his work and not be rolled over. I think he'll do that.

turn 1 : The literal meaning is that they are playing games with each other. The actual meaning is that they are engaged in political posturing and not serious negotiation.

turn 1 : "that's part of the game that's being played." meaning that the function of how politics work.

turn 1 : playing refers to as and implies engaged with or undertake

turn 1 : It's not a game. They mean they are not going to begin the impeachment unless they know they can succeed.

turn 1 : People are not playing a game but taking part in a military conflict.


turn 3 : (4) The literal meaning of turn (4) is that the reporter contacted the Department of Justice for comment, but the implied meaning is that the reporter wants to highlight the lack of response from the Department of Justice, which can suggest a lack of transparency or accountability.

turn 3 : In turn (4), the actual meaning is that both sides are downplaying their chances of success in the debate, even though they may privately believe that they will perform better than the other side. The implied meaning is that both sides are likely overestimating their own abilities and underestimating their opponent's abilities, and that the outcome of the debate may be more uncertain than either side is willing to admit.

turn 3 : to be rolled over means to step aside and the narrator is suggesting that the man needs to defend himself.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is suggesting that they are uncertain about the future outcome of a situation, and are not making any definitive statements or commitments. The tone and context of the statement could suggest that the speaker is being cautious, non-committal, or may be waiting for more information before making a decision.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of (3) is a simple expression of agreement, while the implied meaning is that the speaker is amazed by the story of Steve Dalkowski's feats.


Right. Exactly. As you said, at the end of a marathon, basically everybody's carrying something often for a runner who's coming in over the line. So what now seems suspicious might seem less so. Although when you look at the faces of the two suspects on the video, they didn't seem - they seemed like they did stand out a bit. I'm not saying that I would've noticed it, trained observer that I am. But. . .

Mm-hmm. That's right.

. . . as we all think that we are. But again, in hindsight, 20/20, as they always say.

And 20/20 hindsight, again, the questions have to be asked. Is it fair to ask the Boston Police Department, did you drop the ball considering the sacrifices everybody made in the week that followed?

turn 0 : The speaker is reflecting on their mistakes and hoping to learn from them.

turn 0 : The speaker is often expecting bad things to happen, so when something good happens, it's more exceptional than usual.

turn 0 : Although the speaker is trained, they may not have noticed the suspicious behavior of the suspects.

turn 0 : The speaker was falsely accused and wrongfully blamed.

turn 0 : wait a minute usually means they are taken aback by something and need to process it


Well, you know, this is having a lot of different effects. So you know, some of the students have been expelled. Their admissions have been revoked. Some of the coaches have been fired. They face charges - athletic coaches who were involved in misrepresenting people as being recruits. And of course the legal cases are going to continue to unfold.

But I'm also interested in how it's unfolding in the broader culture at large. You know, whether you look at things like - we had a big debate last year about Harvard and affirmative action. And these conversations about things like legacy admissions are really bringing us to a broader conversation about, what do these elite colleges really offer?You know, the fact that they have nonprofit status - are they really serving the public, or are they just acting in a way that's really inflating their own bottom line and their own brands?

And so I think there's a broader conversation about, are there better ways to have admissions?And can we define excellence in education some other way other than, you know, something that's really expensive and only lets in about 5 percent of people who get to apply?

And for all that conversation, just in our last 30 seconds or so, do you see signs of systemic change coming?

turn 0 : The implication of this turn is that the scandal has a far-reaching effect on the university and its stakeholders, beyond just the legal repercussions.

turn 0 : The parents and coaches involved in the scheme are facing legal consequences.

turn 0 : The behavior of the company should be investigated since it continued for many years.

turn 0 : implies a request for a summary of the facts of the case

turn 0 : He says it's incumbent on the press and on the media not to make it easy for celebrities to have these terribly serious transgressions alleged and be able to skate by on their charm, on their fame, on their accomplishments outside the arena of these allegations."  Implicated meaning: The speaker is emphasizing the responsibility of the press and media to hold celebrities accountable for their serious wrongdoings, rather than allowing them to escape scrutiny based on their charisma, reputation, or achievements unrelated to the allegations.


turn 1 : The consequences of the scandal go beyond those immediately involved and have raised questions about the integrity and fairness of elite college admissions.

turn 1 : This implies the level of Racial discrimination on Campuses.

turn 1 : Legacy admissions and college entrance exams are unfair to low-income students.

turn 1 : The college president is worried about students' financial struggles.

turn 1 : The Clinton presidency had a scandal similar to the current one


turn 2 : The underlying implications are that elite colleges are more concerned about their own bottom line and reputation than actually providing access to higher education for all.

turn 2 :  Implied meaning: Elite colleges are seen as a source of envy and reverence, but they are also seen as a symbol of hard work and excellence.

turn 2 : The college president is worried about students' financial struggles.

turn 2 :  Implied meaning: These cases may lead to a general mistrust of institutions that are supposed to represent hard work and excellence


We don't really know at this moment. But we do know that Director Comey has been under tremendous pressure ever since his announcement back in July. Republicans have been ripping him for not going further than his criticism of Secretary Clinton, which was quite strong, for her extreme carelessness.

And, you know, Donald Trump has been casting doubt on the legitimacy of the whole process. And here's the thing - the director might well have expected that if there is something being discussed internally at the FBI about these Weiner emails, whatever they are, that would become public at some point, whether he wanted that to happen or not. And he didn't want to appear to have suppressed them.

What's your estimation, as we speak today, on how this affects the presidential election in 10 days?

Well, let's start with the obvious, it's a tremendous boon to the Trump campaign. They've been thrown a life preserver of sorts. They had just had another week of mostly bad news, mostly down in the polls. We had just learned how far behind they are in terms of fundraising. We found out that the candidate himself had not contributed nearly as much money to the effort as he had promised back in 2015. And there was beginning to be something of an air of resignation about elements of the Trump campaign. . .

turn 2 : is asking for the president's statement today, but the actual meaning is asking for an update on the situation.

turn 2 : There is no indication that the actual meaning is different from the literal meaning. It's a straightforward question about whether people at the location are excited about the election.

turn 2 : asking if the US is responding to Russia's attempts to meddle in the elections "in kind".

turn 2 : The speaker is asking for an explanation of the actions the committee plans to take to investigate the administration's immigration policies.

turn 2 : The implied meaning of (3) is asking what the effects will be of the FBI investigation on the election, while the literal meaning of the question is to ask for an estimation on the election in 10 days.


And this was a, well, not too far down the road from Berkeley but a little less glamorous.

The school, I think, was, you know, you have moments in your reporting where this sort of weight of what has happened weighs on you. And I think that when that happened to me, it was just on my fourth or fifth visit to the school. And I just looked at the building and just saw how unremarkable it was and just how forgettable it was. I mean, it was - the closest thing to that building in that industrial stretch of Oakland is a Wal-Mart. Actually, some of the employers from Wal-Mart came down and put up a sign of support.

But there is nothing there. And, you know, the insides of the school are in bad conditions, and the idea that this was a university, like, you never ever would have suspected that this was a place of learning. And, you know, across the Bay Area and also across Southern California, there are a lot of these, sort of, for-profit, small, I guess, learning institutions that cater towards immigrants who need a cheaper form of education.

A degree

turn 0 : to pull up somewhere means to drive to a particular place

turn 0 : when something is remote in this context means its deep in the countryside and far away from cities

turn 0 : to move in direction in this context means to change something

turn 0 : This made the person have to stay where they were at.

turn 0 : not too far down the road means that it isn't far away from a different location.


Really bad, bad things.

Those are very difficult things to cope with, and certainly, those are realities unfortunately for millions of Americans. There are some things that we can do things about and there are some things we can't do things about. But if we focus on how you change the way you look at it, what you do, how you communicate, clarifying and prioritizing your values, becoming part of the community, helping other people, you don't have to wait six months to do those things. You can start doing some of those things today.

You don't even have to wait till you're laid off to do these things. Let's just put that out there.

You know, it's a way of living your life that works well all the time, but it's a great set of tools to have during this particular time, the time in between jobs.

turn 3 : There is no drill, the person wants to get right to the basic part of the information.

turn 3 : something that was hinted at or suggested, but not directly stated.

turn 3 : The tools mentioned aren't literally tools, they are resources or actions people can take to kelp themselves.

turn 3 : Their notion is to do as much as you can and don't think about the numbers too much.


Well, I think - you know, I think there's always a push and pull between the White House and the State Department. But this was a little bit different because I certainly had not seen situations in which State - because it was being so very gutted and because we didn't have many senior officials - was getting left out of so much that was being attempted.

Have you seen a shift within the State Department since Mike Pompeo has come onboard?Obviously, Rex Tillerson oversaw a reduction of staff. We saw 60 percent of high-level, career State Department diplomats leave the service, you among them. Has that trend reversed itself under Mike Pompeo?

There are very encouraging signs in terms of Secretary Pompeo's attention to management issues, lifting hiring freezes, trying to move forward. Those are relatively narrow in scope of what he's trying to do right now. And I think in terms of policy changes, it's impossible to tell whether those will make a difference in terms of either retention of people or attraction of new people, et cetera. So my view right now is, you know, sort of we'll see. But it is always better for the State Department to have in place a secretary who has the president's ear and has a good relationship with him. So in that respect, I think most State Department officials are pleased. But it's early days yet.

That was Roberta Jacobson, the former U. S.  ambassador to Mexico. We'll be taking WEEKEND EDITION to Mexico this coming week, where we'll get the view from our neighbor to the south ahead of their pivotal elections. That's a week from today.

turn 0 : The officers were fired from their jobs abruptly and not allowed to fraternize with the people that stayed.

turn 0 : The state department was loosing a great many employees.

turn 0 : when a company collapses, it means they went out of business.

turn 0 : Congress and the president are not working at the moment.

turn 0 : The behavior of the company should be investigated since it continued for many years.


Well, the - there in every single state, and the data changes state by state, but in every single state, there is a huge disproportionality between the number of particularly African-Americans, but also Latino youths, who wind up in high-level facilities, as opposed to Caucasians youth who wind up in high-level facilities.

And by high level you mean the higher security, more. . .

I mean, higher - yes, more intensive, more secure facilities. Ironically, or maybe not so ironically, when you look at high - facilities that have a high-level of treatment, you'll see disproportionally white youth in the high-level of treatment facilities. But from the very first day, when we start with arrests, which I'm sure you're very familiar with, but moving on through the system, there is continuous and increased disproportionality.

That doesn't even deal with the real disproportionality in the system, between families that have assets, and the families that have fewer assets. So, youth in the juvenile justice system are primarily African-Americans and Latinos that are almost entirely low-income youth.

turn 0 : black kids implies children of African American people and not black colored kids

turn 0 : The school is diverse despite being majority minority

turn 0 : There is a racial disparity in the number of African-American and Latino youths in high-level juvenile facilities compared to Caucasian youths.

turn 0 : The white college kid may be able to get away with a lighter sentence due to their access to resources and legal representation, while a kid from the inner city will not have the same opportunity.

turn 0 : The proportion of black male students at Power Five schools is much lower than the proportion of black male athletes.


turn 1 : It gives you insight of how to be a man and take care of your business and have integrity, visionary goal-setting and respect for one another.

turn 1 : Level off here means that there is some downfall in the amount and does not mean levelling something.

turn 1 : The speaker clarifies that 'high-level' means more intensive and secure facilities.

turn 1 : Those are the areas where you get the most positive information.

turn 1 : The requirements for these positions are very strict and may seem excessive.


turn 2 : The underlying trends and geographical concentration of incarceration disproportionately affect low-income communities of color, particularly young African-American males.

turn 2 : This implies the level of Racial discrimination on Campuses.

turn 2 : The white people in the town are not happy about outsiders paying attention to their affairs

turn 2 : Adolescence is when children change and is not easy to go through.

turn 2 : White youth are overrepresented in high-level treatment facilities.


turn 3 : The underlying trends and geographical concentration of incarceration disproportionately affect low-income communities of color, particularly young African-American males.

turn 3 : Unrepresented children are at a disadvantage in court.

turn 3 : The war on drugs has resulted in the implementation of harsh sentencing practices.

turn 3 : The juvenile justice system disproportionately affects low-income African-American and Latino youths.


We're going to begin this hour following two developing stories. Odessa, Texas, police officials say at least five people were killed and 21 others injured in a shooting spree. Three law enforcement officers were shot. And a person believed responsible was also shot and killed. We are going to continue to follow that story and provide updates as details are confirmed.

But now we're going to turn to the Bahamas, where they are bracing for Hurricane Dorian. The Category 4 storm is gaining strength and approaching Category 5 status. It's expected to make landfall on the northwestern part of the islands tomorrow, and some short-term models predict as much as 64 inches of rain could could fall over the Northern Bahamas once the storm stalls. Joining us from the Bahamas is Rick Lohr. He is the general manager of the Abaco Beach Resort. That's in Marsh Harbour on the island of Abaco, which is in the path of the storm.

Mr.  Lohr, thanks so much for joining us.

My pleasure.

Could you just tell us what the weather is like right now?

turn 1 : Surviving hurricanes is a common occurrence and a way of life for the Bahamians.

turn 1 : The hurricane in the Bahamas is a developing story.

turn 1 : Hurricanes are becoming more dangerous due to climate change.

turn 1 : The people of Baha affected by the effect of typhoon not by by typhoon


My pleasure.

turn 1 : Hurricane Dorian is a severe and dangerous storm that poses a serious threat to the Bahamas

turn 1 : Hurricane Dorian caused extensive damage and loss of life.

turn 1 : The impact of Hurricane Dorian resulted in extensive damage and loss of life.

turn 1 : Monitoring Hurricane Dorian is our top priority today.


Yes.

. . . Origins of the book.

So the seeds of this book really were planted within me 18 years ago. I've been carrying them and nurturing them for a very long time. In 2001, I was a young, queer immigrant woman here in the United States, and I was really urgently seeking a deeper understanding of my own country of origin, Uruguay, and how it connects to queer truths and histories.

I was going through my own personal moment where my parents were disowning me and saying that I couldn't be both gay and Uruguayan at the same time. In Uruguay, it is true that, you know, 20 years ago, queer voices were much less visible. I mean, in all of my research of the dictatorship history, the queer stories are simply not recorded.

turn 2 : She writes a wide variety of stories and the lessons that she learns as a writer can be seen in her stories.

turn 2 : The seeds of the book are the words of the story that she read that she remembered.

turn 2 : What she writes makes people feel comfortable in a way that reminds them of the past.

turn 2 : She hopes people find a way to read the book that she has written.

turn 2 : She wrote very close to what happened in her own life.


Yeah. So the brain obviously is functioning at a much higher level, but we should understand that the brain alone is not causing the weight loss. The brain's metabolism is causing for different reaction to occur in your body, like increased stress, like loss of appetite, like disturbed sleep patterns. And because of all of these different factors that the brain is setting off - that is the reason they're losing weight.

I want to talk about world champion Magnus Carlsen from Norway. You learned about his training regimen. Tell me about the moment he realized that he needed a competitive edge and what he did to get it.

Yeah. So it's interesting with Magnus Carlsen - he realized early on that fixing small things, like what he drinks during the course of a game, will alter the way he functions, especially in the last hour or so of the game. And so one of the things that was really fascinating about this was when I was talking to his dad. His dad was like, oh, we went to the Olympic Training Center. And they were told immediately that the orange juice that he was drinking was causing for the sugar levels to take a huge dip in the fifth and sixth hours of game. And so they were asked to replace that with milk.

Meaning he'd have a little energy crash. So the idea is you need to keep yourself sustained with something that gives you energy but won't have the crash and that you need to do that even if you're not skiing, right. . .

Exactly. Exactly.

turn 2 : VIC lost control over eating for multiple days, not just one day

turn 2 : Despite feeling terrible, Vic has a compulsion to eat.

turn 2 : the sugar levels to take a huge dip implies that his sugar levels decreased dramatically

turn 2 : B wants to know about VIC's loss of control over eating

turn 2 : Breakfast is going to be a serious problem


Exactly. Exactly.

turn 3 : Energy does not actually crash but the person gets very tired after a while.

turn 3 : (4): Implied meaning: Advising to not waste energy in trying to convince people who are negative about unknown normal things, since it is not possible to change their mindset.

turn 3 : having an energy crash implies that a person runs out of energy all of a sudden.

turn 3 : Moving to a different source of energy is necessary and a major difference between the two candidates


Right. You have this really shocking statistic in your article where you say that personal consumption amounts to 70 percent of the American economy.

Yeah, that's right. Basically, we are the engine of our own economy. And for far too long apparently, we've just been swiping our Visa cards willy nilly and pumping up this economy. The worry is that when we stop doing that, which is what's happening, our economy is going to sag.

So you went out to see if it was sagging. You went to the Mall of America. What did you find?

The most ambitious mall in the United States, the mall that is doing the most to put you in the fugue state that allows you to spend. They're up against it at the Mall of America. What I found was a lot of people who weren't shopping all that much and a lot of people that were counting their pennies in a way that they never had before.

turn 0 : "shocked - really shocked" is a figurative way of expressing the speaker's strong emotional reaction.

turn 0 : The person was surprised greatly by the information and it affected many of their thoughts and emotions. They were not struck but what they saw made them notice it and think about it more.

turn 0 : The success of the surge is debatable and may just be a change in metrics.

turn 0 : The statistic does not electrically shock people but it does greatly surprise people.

turn 0 : There is a dangerous situation happening that requires people to seek shelter and take precautions.


turn 1 : The Chinese economy is not balanced and requires serious changes

turn 1 : People aren't spending money due to the recession.

turn 1 : None found - the turn "the economy" appears to have its literal meaning as the main issue of concern.

turn 1 : The world is desperate for the Treasury Department's moves to succeed in stabilizing the economy.

turn 1 : We are the reason that there is an economy. We've been buying things with our Visa cards without a care. When we stop doing that the economy is going to go down.


turn 1 : Personal consumption is the key driver of the American economy, and if people stop consuming, the economy will suffer.

turn 1 : The economy is doing very poorly, and consumers are struggling to pay their debts and bills.

turn 1 : There is a shift in consumer behavior towards cheaper options, benefiting certain businesses.

turn 1 : The days of capitalism defined by constantly increasing prices and reaching new highs are disappearing quickly.


turn 2 : People aren't spending money due to the recession.

turn 2 : So you went out to see if the economy was going down in terms of less people spending money.

turn 2 : (3) To be in a recession means the economy is declining.

turn 2 : The economy is doing very poorly, and consumers are struggling to pay their debts and bills.


turn 3 : People may be selling their belongings to cope with the financial crisis.

turn 3 : THERE IS A BIG CHANGE THE PEOPLE HAVE ALREADY LOST THEIR MONEY

turn 3 : The person found a lot of people not shopping and instead watching how much they spend on things in order to save money.

turn 3 : Their notion is to do as much as you can and don't think about the numbers too much.

turn 3 : The person makes a great many large financial deals and is loud and confident.


There are plenty of great public colleges like UCLA. They used to be much cheaper than equally strong private colleges. But now the price of many public colleges is rising fast, and that leaves some high school students with little or no choice for higher education, including African-American students. So what options do you have if you want to get an education but don't want to run up years' worth of student loans?We'll ask economist and author Dr.  Julianne Malveaux; she is the president of Bennett College. Hi, Dr.  Malveaux.

Hi Farai, how are you?

I'm great. Across the country, though, public and state universities are reporting anywhere from a 5 to 8 percent tuition increase for the upcoming year. Why is that?

Costs are rising. If you are running a college, you are looking at energy costs, you are looking at the same costs that the rest of the nation is looking at. And so people are raising tuitions to go along with that. Some of us are not. Bennett College's tuition has been stable for the last three years. We are not raising tuition this year. But many colleges are looking at the costs and saying, we've got to meet it. In addition, frankly, there have been years where colleges have not raised costs, and now people are trying to catch up. In some state universities, people have not seen raises in two or three years, they have seen pay freezes, and so now we are trying to catch up. Lots of people are trying to catch up.

turn 2 : The underlying implications are that elite colleges are more concerned about their own bottom line and reputation than actually providing access to higher education for all.

turn 2 : The college president is worried about students' financial struggles.

turn 2 : The reason behind the increase in tuition fees for public and state universities is not because of the lack of money but because of the rising costs.

turn 2 : The speaker understands why universities might feel that they are paying too much. Implied Meaning: The speaker implies that universities are burdened with excessive costs, possibly related to the payment or compensation for scholarly articles, which prompts their concern about paying too much.

turn 2 : The college president is struggling to find funding for students.


Let's start with what's happening in those factories that produce or produced all those goods that we just couldn't get enough of during the boom. What's happening there now?

The scene on the shop floors in China is a grim one. There are tens of thousands of factories being closed, many thousands already shuttered. Those numbers don't tell you how big those factories are. China has factories with everything from five people in them to 150,000 people in them.

But the story is bad. I mean, if you just count the migrant workers who have lost their jobs in the last seven months, that count's up to over 10 million. And that's a government number, so it's probably low.

So, it could be many more than 10 million.

turn 1 : The Chinese economy is not balanced and requires serious changes

turn 1 : The situation in Chinese factories is dire with many factories closed and workers losing their jobs, including millions of migrant workers.

turn 1 : The US does not have enough low-skilled labor to bring production back and imposing tariffs will make it difficult to manufacture products in China.

turn 1 : Many people are losing their jobs and companies are going bankrupt.

turn 1 : The weak jobs numbers highlight the dangers of more trade war.


So what I've heard today is that the attack that was feared has begun. The Kurds are already moving people to try to defend their positions against the Turkish tankers. And that raises the problem that worries me most, which is that the ISIS prisoners who are being held are - about 11,000 of them, I'm told - could begin to escape, posing a whole new security problem for the U. S.  and all of its allies.

I'm going to talk about the implications of that in a bit. But first, I want to walk through some of the various players in this conflict and their objectives. First, Turkey - what do they hope to gain from this move?

Turkey has said for many months now that it wants a security corridor in northern Syria. It has deep animosity toward the Syrian Kurdish group known as the YPG, which it says is part of the PKK. Forgive all the initials. But these are - they're Kurdish nationalist groups, and the Turks claim that they're terrorists, that they've attacked and killed Turks. So they want the security corridor.

The problem is that the Turks, in trying to take the zone, risk destabilizing an area where security was won at great cost by the Syrian Kurdish militia known as the Syrian Democratic Forces, aided by U. S.  Special Forces. So there's fear that this area will just descend into chaos quickly as the Turkish troops come in.

turn 1 : There is a risk of military conflict due to misunderstandings.

turn 1 : People that are in the area of the conflict while it is happening.

turn 1 : People are not playing a game but taking part in a military conflict.

turn 1 : adventures implies doing military or conflict based actions in foreign nations

turn 1 : "that's part of the game that's being played." meaning that the function of how politics work.


Yeah, yeah, yeah.

So he's not exactly saying that what he said was offensive.

Or maybe he's, like, opening up, like, a hotline for people to call up and be like, hey, listen; I was - being very charitable there.

Right, OK.  And then meanwhile, while all of this is going on with Shane Gillis, another one of the new cast members who was announced this week for "SNL" was Bowen Yang, who's actually the show's first Asian American cast member, so this is kind of awkward timing.

turn 1 : A statement implies that they were caught off guard or surprised by the previous speaker's comment.

turn 1 : He may have said something offensive, but he didn't admit it.

turn 1 : He did not just get carried away but he exaggerated his claims.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be expressing a subtle hint or suggestion, rather than stating something directly.

turn 1 : the literal meaning is that the other person laughs in response to something that was said.


Nice to be here, Lulu.

Why study Mars's core?What can it teach us?

We know the outside of Mars, and we understand the inside of the Earth. And one of the reasons we're interested in Mars is because it's a planet of a similar sort of size to the Earth and Venus. So getting into the interior of it will help us understand how long it took for it to cool down because it's now a cooler planet than the Earth. It no longer does all that exciting plate tectonic stuff that the Earth does. And we'll get a sense of how stiff the external crust is, how malleable the mantle is and whether the core is liquid or not. Those are all the things that really matter for the physics of the Earth, so we assume they're going to matter for the physics of Mars, too.

The first successful Mars landing was almost 50 years ago, which is quite a while. And many have failed since then. Why?How hard is it actually to get there?

turn 1 : Terraforming Mars as a way to deal with climate change is well-known

turn 1 : Asking about Mars's core can teach us something.

turn 1 : Asking for the purpose of bringing moss to Mars

turn 1 : This implies that the cold nature of Mars requires that some of the equipment be heated to some level before they can be used for science observation.


Nice to be here, Lulu.

turn 2 : Studying Mars's interior will help us understand Earth's physics.

turn 2 : This implies that the cold nature of Mars requires that some of the equipment be heated to some level before they can be used for science observation.

turn 2 : Terraforming Mars as a way to deal with climate change is well-known

turn 2 : A doesn't literally think the rock song proves anything about who can comprehend science. The implication is the concept of what science is should not be hard for ordinary people to understand.


So that was kind of a puzzle. Why do we have this sort of high density of angular momentum in the Earth-moon system, and the other planets are spinning slower?And so it came up with this idea that hey, Mars hit the Earth, gave it its spin, not Mars itself but a planet like Mars. . .

Is that the Theia, or is that something different?

That's Theia. That's the Mars-sized planet that people have been invoking all these years, for about the last 40 years now. And that led to detailed models and dozens and dozens of papers exploring this idea of fleshing out various scenarios. And in the last 10 years, we really thought we were approaching the endgame, where we could make the Earth, we could give it its spin, we could, you know, make a moon. . .

And you had it all wrapped up?

turn 0 : A planet named Theia has been discussed for 40 years.

turn 0 : Jupiter being a big planet with lots of gravity attracts space rocks.

turn 0 : Terraforming Mars as a way to deal with climate change is well-known

turn 0 : Theia is the Mars-sized planet that collided with Earth

turn 0 : This implies that the cold nature of Mars requires that some of the equipment be heated to some level before they can be used for science observation.


All right.

. . . I will say. . .

My generation.

(Laughter) This is - you know, the past two years have, of course, been dominated by the Russia investigation, the Mueller probe. And that was centered on the idea of foreign influence in the 2016 election from Russia. And now we have, you know, what appears to be a conversation between President Trump and the president of Russia's neighbor Ukraine talking about looking into a political opponent, Joe Biden, and his son. And so this does raise questions, again, about foreign interference and what the president is inviting or doing heading into the 2020 campaign.

If we can get a yes-or-no question, have you confirmed that this is the subject of the whistleblower's complaint?

turn 4 : A whistle was not blown but a person complained about an event publically that could be illegal.

turn 4 : The person complained publicaly about things that were illegal and private.

turn 4 : The complaint was about someone that exposed something being done illegally by another person or group.


There's a voice that we have not heard a lot from lately and I want to ask you about it. I'm talking about fed chief Ben Bernanke. He seems to have all but disappeared from the headlines. Why is that we aren't hearing more from him as the stimulus package gets debated?

Well, Bernanke's role is to manage U. S.  monetary policy - what does money cost, bank regulations, all that stuff. So frankly he doesn't have very many arrows in his quiver yet left. He's got - I think we're down to, you know, under one percent for the federal funds rate. So there's not a lot of pontificating around interest rates that Bernanke can do. He ought to be of greater voice around the stimulus especially around as you - strategy, the bad bank strategy you mentioned.

I believe that what he's doing really is letting the Obama economic team get their feet wet. Very, very soon we ought to be hearing that he and the Treasury secretary have met. He's not an Alan Greenspan. If you think back to 1992 when Clinton was elected, Greenspan immediately jumped out there and was almost a jockeying between Greenspan and Clinton. And Greenspan made it clear, hey, I'm the money guy, I'm in charge of this, guys. And he, you know, he went to the White House, he had very long meeting with Clinton. It's been written about by - it's been written about it, you know, the Washington Post reporter has written extensively about that meeting, Carl F - Bernstein.

Bernstein.

turn 1 : The problem is extremely hard and difficult to understand as well as constantly changing.

turn 1 : He gives him the content to use against him. He has negative information that can hurt him.

turn 1 : He causes chaos and trouble but he does not actually sow it

turn 1 : He does not have many ways to solve the problems as of yet.

turn 1 : The people have seen what he is capable of and believe he posses the skills and abilities to win.


Bernstein.

turn 2 : There was almost a competition for who had the authority of the the situation.

turn 2 : It was a game where the players fought with each other more than played the game.

turn 2 : People are starting to follow suit in regards to the actions of others.

turn 2 : The key point is made to make people want to learn more about what happened.

turn 2 : They would not do bad things were most people would find out about them.


The Booger-Eater is - and that's an important character in here in that he sort of Rafe's first real friend. And he's a kid - I'm really - it's a big deal to me, beyond physical bullying, verbal bullying. And with this kid, you know, he was nicknamed the Booger-Eater when he was, like, three or four years old and it stuck with him. And that happens to kids. They kind of get a caricature and it's very hard for them to get away from it.

There are some other characters: Dweebs, Smurf.

The Legend.

The Legend, yeah.

turn 3 : Implied Meaning: Based on the speaker's tone and choice of words, there may be an underlying message or intention behind this turn that suggests they have a particular opinion or feeling about the subject being discussed. However, the meaning is not entirely clear and may be open to interpretation, leading to some level of uncertainty about whether everyone will agree on its implied meaning.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker perceives that the turn may have an underlying or implied meaning that could be interpreted in various ways depending on the listener's perspective and context, and while not everyone may agree, most people are likely to recognize some level of subtext or hidden message.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be expressing a hidden emotion or attitude, such as resentment or envy, that is not directly stated in their words, but is conveyed through their tone, facial expressions, or choice of language.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at a deeper or hidden motive or intention behind their actions or words.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker's tone or body language suggests that they may be withholding information or not fully expressing their thoughts and feelings on the topic at hand.


I do. And there was a series that was done on PBS. I think it was - I can't remember which report - I think it was Andrea Mitchell, I'm not sure, where she did a lot of interviews with Generation Next. And these are the young people in our society who are just going into high school. And these are the young people in our society who are just going in to high school. And these are young people who have totally different ideas about race than we do and how they can get along with each other. But what was missing was concrete information, science and history and an understanding of social structure, so that they could have these conversations. So part of what I'm excited about is this is a project that gives young people, who are already thinking about bridging gaps and already thinking about bridging divides of culture and race, to have tools to talk about this in ways that our generation did not.

Yolanda, thank you so much.

You are welcome.

Yolanda Moses is on the advisory board of a project called "Race - Are We So Different?"She's also vice-provost for diversity and conflict resolution at the University of California at Riverside.

turn 3 : The project gave the speaker more respect for the struggles of women around the world

turn 3 : The conversation is coming to an end and Elisabeth Rosenthal is being thanked for her valuable insights.

turn 3 : Not really, no. Because the points of view changes, you know? I think the one - well, I could talk about Oprah. Oprah is worldwide. Yes. (This turn has an implied meaning that Trevor Noah's comedy material doesn't translate well across different cultural settings due to differences in perspectives. The mention of Oprah as a worldwide figure is a way of acknowledging that there are some cultural references that are universally understood)

turn 3 : (3) implies that Major Mary Jennings Hegar is being thanked and acknowledged for her efforts in making progress for integrating genders in combat.

turn 3 : Yolanda Moses has expertise in diversity and conflict resolution


No. And it's hard one wisdom that is a positive thing, you know?What would we be if we didn't learn from where we've been?And I think the more effort you spend pushing things away so that you don't have to feel them, see them, experience them, the more exhausted you become. And it's just inevitable that your arms go down and you have to go through them. And so that's what I think of as what's happened here with this record.

Mary Chapin Carpenter, who's on tour here in St.  Louis in support of her new album, "Ashes and Roses. "You're listening to TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News. We have time for another song.

We do?

And magically, you've changed guitars silently.

turn 0 : You do not actually enter the person's heart or mind, it means that you start to understand their perspective

turn 0 : Despite facing several difficult situations, the Imus ordeal made the person feel powerless

turn 0 : Pushing away emotions and experiences only leads to exhaustion and they must be faced.

turn 0 : The person refuses to change their mind on what they think about the situation.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: People are feeling resentment and anger towards people who think they don't have to follow the same rules as everyone else.


Yeah, Charles Bergquist is usually the victim of doing it.

Well, thank you, Charles.

And this year, it's September 20th?

September 20th. It's a Thursday night and the winners are going to be coming and great secrecy from five continents.

turn 0 : Charles Bergquist is often blamed for mistakes or problems.

turn 0 : The speaker was falsely accused and wrongfully blamed.

turn 0 : Blaming George Bush for everything is a common theme among Democrats.

turn 0 : (1) Implied meaning: Are you suggesting that despite the good things Franklin Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln did, they were still wrong for certain actions?

turn 0 : He is a guy that sees positive outcomes in times of trouble. He has the ability to not think about the impact some lawsuits have.


The European ambassador was musing about a possible project used as old British plantation - very impressive - deep in the mountains of Central Africa. You know, in Southern Sudan, you get up at these pretty big mountains, 7 - 10,000 feet and, oh, beautiful plantation of perfectly straight trees that have been growing for 60 years, untouched. So the investors say, well, we've helped them, you know, get a project going to make timber out of a few of these and open a road and then they can use the money to get more tools, and then they'll use that to get a little cottage system going for eco-tourists. And it could happen.

It could happen, but you also point out the same roads can be use by the poachers?

Yes. There is that threat. Most people in South Sudan really don't know what poaching is. This is how they've lived for centuries. It's a rural society so they rightly view it as their way of their way of survival, but does sweep the forest clean of animals. I'll say the only animals I saw in the forest were dead.

Though you did ran into a wild boar.

turn 2 : Despite efforts to protect livestock, it's difficult to fully control predators and their impact on the herd.

turn 2 : Poaching is a major problem and is wiping out the forest's animal population.

turn 2 : The farming communities are disappearing due to factors such as depopulation, urbanization, and economic challenges.

turn 2 : There are better meat choices to reduce environmental impact.

turn 2 : Climate change is real, dangerous, and costly. We need to take action.


How does it manifest?

Well, it's strange. But I think I can see it in the eyes of people when they approach me. And a lot of mothers who have lost their children do approach me, and I can see it. I can feel it even before they reach me. And it's like it's a secret society that nobody wants to be a part of, but we offer one another comfort because we know the pain that we still feel.

So more conversations like this, more personal revelations, more scrutiny, more campaigning, having to defend your husband's record, the anxiety of a potential loss after giving so much - are you really ready to do this again (laughter)?

I am ready. I am ready. I wouldn't have done it. . .

turn 1 : Children need attention, guidance, and someone to listen to them, despite their environment.

turn 1 : Despite looking successful, my mother was dealing with abuse and financial struggles.

turn 1 : Mothers who have lost their children recognize and approach each other for comfort.

turn 1 :  The statement implies that it's easier to manage the situation if the children are in a familiar environment.

turn 1 : The mom is not confined to doing things one way and staying in one place.


They have been sheltered. And now, several of - because Salvini said, I won't accept them unless other countries take them. And several other European countries have agreed to divide them up.

And meanwhile, in general, migrants are continuing to come to Europe in big numbers.

Not really. There's been a huge drop in the first six months of this year - 2,100, compared to about 14,300 the year before. That's an 85% drop.

Yeah.

turn 0 : People are concerned about immigration, not just interested.

turn 0 : Is this situation just overshadowed by other refugee and humanitarian crises in the world?  Implicated meaning: Is this situation being overlooked or given less attention compared to other refugee and humanitarian crises in the world?

turn 0 : The situation is more dire than what is being reported, as the resources available are not able to meet the needs of the refugees.

turn 0 : The situation with the US and Iran is concerning for Europeans

turn 0 : Salvini is using a bargaining tactic to share the burden of hosting the migrants with other European countries


Yeah.

turn 1 : People are concerned about immigration, not just interested.

turn 1 : although there are still migrants coming to Europe, the number has significantly decreased.

turn 1 : The number of international arrivals has increased rapidly in popular tourist destinations.

turn 1 : (2) Implies that the global migrant crisis is much bigger than most people think, and that many people are risking their lives in order to have a better life.  ChatGPT The global migrant crisis refers to the large number of people who are forced to flee their homes due to war, persecution, poverty, or environmental disaster


And we simply took surgical samples of the sinus lining from patients with chronic sinusitis and healthy individuals who didn't have sinus disease but were in for surgery for different indications. And we simply compared those samples and asked the question, what's different between patients with chronic sinusitis and healthy individuals?And we show that the sinusitis patients had this incredible collapse of the microbial community in their sinus cavity.

And they were characterized by having kind of an outgrowth or an enrichment of this one bacterium called corynebacterium tuberculostearicum - it's quite a mouthful - and we know very little about it. And as it turns out, this organism typically lives on the skin and really doesn't do anything harmful there. But in the context of a loss of the microbial diversity and this organism there in very high numbers, this is what characterized the patients.

So we moved on to look at this in mice and to really see if something that we consider to be not very harmful in one context could, under this depletion of the microbiome, cause hallmarks of disease. And that's indeed what we found in our murine studies, in our mouse studies.

So if you had a healthy population to offset the bad bacteria, that kept you feeling better and not. . .

turn 1 : Antimicrobial use, including antibiotics, can deplete microbiome diversity.

turn 1 : Many parts of the human body are colonized by bacteria.

turn 1 : A suggests using anti-microbial and rehabilitation approaches to clear out bad bacteria and reinstate appropriate organisms.

turn 1 : Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum is not harmful on the skin but is harmful in the sinus cavity with loss of microbial diversity

turn 1 : The mice were intentionally infected to study the effect of bacteria, rather than catching an actual sinus infection.


OK.

OK.  Palace Council?

Well, the term palace council in the title is left as a semi-mystery to the reader, but I'll give a bit of a clue. It's a clue to the structure of the conspiracy that Eddie and Aurelia spend the book trying to tease out. The conspiracy that I mentioned influenced the highest levels of American government. I kind of like the name, because the idea of a palace council is the advisors behind the throne, rather than the people exercising authority. And that's, of course, how the powerful families in this book see themselves.

Agony?

The term Agony in the novel is the name of a radical, left-underground group in the 1960s that blows things up. I made up the name, but not the idea. Eddie's sister, Junie (ph), disappears early in the novel, then turns up later on as a member of this radical, underground group, and Eddie spends most of the novel really trying to search for his sister. For him the conspiracy isn't central, for him his sister is central. Aurelia, my other protagonist, is trying to track down the conspiracy. Eddie runs into the conspiracy while trying to track down his sister.

turn 4 : Eddie's search for his sister is more important than the conspiracy

turn 4 : The speaker is implying that Bill de Blasio and Chirlane McCray have had to navigate a lot of scrutiny in their family life due to the article written by Chirlane in the 1970s.

turn 4 : DR GONZALEZ AND HIS FAMILYWAIKED THROUGH AFORESTAND FACES MORE INTENSED THINGS

turn 4 : implies that the speaker wants to know about the role that the families played in helping Edward Snowden, not just how he ended up staying with them

turn 4 : There is concern that there was illegal activity on Epstein's ranch in New Mexico and the investigation will be thorough


Yes.

Do you consider the experiment a success, and should it be replicated?

I do consider it a success because they did not get in trouble again. The essays that they wrote - at least the one that the defense attorney made available to us - the student wrote that he understood. So to me, it worked. And my hope, my dream, my goal would be that this is not an unusual disposition that causes people to write about it in the newspaper or for me to be interviewed. I would love for this to be a standard disposition all over the place.

Alex Rueda, the deputy commonwealth attorney for Virginia, thank you very much.

Oh, my pleasure.

turn 4 : It's not a pleasure but the person is just being polite during the interview.

turn 4 : The person did not get pleasure from it but is simply being polite.

turn 4 :  implies that the speaker is expressing gratitude for the other person's time and attention.

turn 4 : "my pleasure" - This phrase is a polite way of responding to a thank you, but it does not actually mean that the person feels pleasure.