I had always written about my mother. I started writing in college in a creative writing class. And some of the first stories I wrote were talking about different disagreements that we had. But what was important was the kind of larger struggles that were embodied in those arguments. I just published an essay about the conception of this book, and I talk about the issue of hair and how the struggle of hair between black mothers and black daughters is fraught with all of these racial tensions that are basically absorbed from the larger culture.

So I had always written about my mother as a way to write about these larger issues and about immigration and gender and motherhood. And during the time that my mother's health took a turn for the worse, I was a grad student at Columbia in their MFA program. And actually, it was the last day of school. And we had our graduation ceremony. And I found out that my mom was, you know, had a few months to live.

So I pretty immediately - because I was done with school - packed my things up. I quit the job that I had and moved back to Philadelphia and basically spent the last six months with her. It was, you know, it's an around-the-clock job. It's very draining. And at the end of the day, the only thing I had time to write were basically one paragraph or sometimes a sentence - reflections. And I just started collecting them in this folder. And I didn't tend to do anything with them, but they all started to fit together in this large story.

I want to have you read from one of those vignettes, Page 31.

turn 0 : None of the turns in this conversation have implied meanings different from their literal meanings.

turn 0 : "larger struggles that were embodied in those arguments" Actual meaning: The arguments between the speaker and their mother were about more significant issues. Non-literal meaning: None.

turn 0 : All the turns in this conversation appear to have their literal meanings, and there are no metaphors, figurative language or idioms used.

turn 0 : None of the turns in this conversation have a figurative or non-literal meaning. They are all meant to be taken at face value as a straightforward question and answer about the speaker's job and experience with criminal investigations.


turn 1 : "had always written about my mother as a way to write about these larger issues" Actual meaning: The speaker wrote about their mother to explore broader topics such as immigration and motherhood. Non-literal meaning: None.

turn 1 : The literal meaning is that the speaker questions the accuracy of their mother's version of events. The implied meaning is that people have different perspectives and interpretations of events, and that the speaker wants to understand the motives behind their mother's actions.

turn 1 : The literal meaning is that the speaker wants to examine the motives behind the actions of the people involved in the events. The implied meaning is that the speaker is questioning whether their mother's version of events was accurate and whether the motives behind the actions were as terrible as their mother portrayed them to be.

turn 1 : The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is a supporter of Obama and is not afraid to express it publicly, even if it goes against the expectations of his mother.

turn 1 :  B: "her father seems to have entered a veritable spiral between a scorched-earth strategy and a political suicide." The statement uses a metaphorical description of the father's behavior, comparing it to a downward spiral.


So let's note this is the beginning of the idea of America going out into the world to make the world a better place by force when that seems to make sense to Americans. But there's also the identity of the individuals themselves. What did the personnel of the Rough Riders suggest to Americans about who America was?

Well, this is one of the ironies because one of the things that Roosevelt talked about and one of the things that he valued about the Rough Riders was this was not just his idea about American masculinity but also what in his mind was diversity, but within a very narrowly prescribed idea about what diversity was. They were all white. There were a few Native Americans who were in it. But there were - you know, there were no African Americans. There were there a couple of Hispanics.

But it was this idea of, well, that's what America is. And it was a very prescribed, very male, very white identity. And it linked up with, you know, I think a very chauvinistic idea about what we do with our military. I think this is all intertwined.

What do you mean about what we do with our military?

turn 0 : (1) Implied meaning: Are you suggesting that despite the good things Franklin Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln did, they were still wrong for certain actions?

turn 0 : The United States uses its power in international trade to exert influence over other countries

turn 0 : The story involving Theodore Roosevelt may reveal America's aggressive nature.

turn 0 : The dominance of the dollar gives the US considerable power in international trade.

turn 0 : America thought it could make the world better by force


And how does Syria's war spark violence in Iraq?

Yes, it's a bit of a long story, Neal. I won't go into too much detail, but what I will say is that, you know, what happened in Syria, we all know it started as an uprising. It was during the Arab Spring. There were people going to the streets to protest. It took awhile for this to kind of catch on in Iraq. But when it did, it was a wave of protests in mostly Sunni areas. That's because the government in Iraq is controlled now by Shiites, Shiite politicians, different Shiite political parties. And so you saw in many Sunni areas of Iraq people going to the streets to protest, demanding jobs, demanding better treatment, demanding an end to what they see as kind of a police state behavior with their people, they said, you know, unlawful detentions.

And so when you have protests in a country that's already very divided along sectarian lines, the protests are going to get sectarian pretty quickly. And they also got violent. You saw in tandem with these protests were the rise of some violent attacks, and a lot of people attribute these attacks to local insurgent groups like al-Qaida in Iraq. And then you saw sort of Shiite militias, you know, fighting back with their own attacks. And then it basically spiraled out of control.

You mentioned al-Qaida in Iraq. This was a group that was, well, largely defeated by the Sunnis themselves, in cooperation with American and some Iraqi forces as well. But the Sunnis themselves discredited these people.

turn 2 : The protests are still significant despite not being widespread

turn 2 : the protests got worse and worse until there was no way to control them any longer.

turn 2 : They didn't get into position in the same way as some places were protests and riots occurred.

turn 2 : The tactics used were very dangerous and deadly to the protestors.


Elections are indeed important, and that's why Joe Maguire - the top intelligence official in our government - has said that the greatest security threat facing our nation right now is ensuring the integrity of our elections and preventing foreign interference. For the president of the United States to ask the government of Ukraine and now the government of China to interfere in our elections by collecting dirt, opposition research on his political opponents is a violation, first, of the law but also of the very core of what our country stands for, what our democracy is built upon.

And - in half a minute we have left, what in your mind is the obligation of a professional diplomat when they are asked to do that?

When a diplomat encounters something that they believe is immoral or illegal, they need to call it out. That's why the whistleblower laws exist. There are procedures in place for people to object. And if they are not able to get further traction in that way, then they're obliged to resign.

Nancy McEldowney former U. S.  ambassador to Bulgaria and a longtime career diplomat, thanks so much for coming in to see us today.

Thank you.

turn 0 : It is unclear exactly what the motive for the actions was.

turn 0 : The president may be lying about not being informed

turn 0 : He asked the foreign governments to collectinformation about illegal and/or immoral things that his opponents had done.

turn 0 : "Bannon describes the meeting as treasonous, as unpatriotic." - The actual meaning of this turn is figurative and implies that Bannon believes the meeting was disloyal and against the country's interests, rather than literally being an act of treason.


The latest U. S.  State Department Trafficking in Persons Report names a new country among the world's worst offenders on human trafficking - China. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson criticized China for not taking, quote, "serious steps to end its own complicity in trafficking," including forced laborers from North Korea that are located in China. China now joins Russia, Iran, North Korea and Syria on the bottom of that list. Secretary Tillerson also honored activists from around the world for their efforts to end human trafficking.

Sister Vanaja Jasphine was one of those aid activists to be named a 2017 Trafficking in Persons Report Hero. Sister Jasphine is the coordinator of the Kumbo Diocesan Commission for Justice and Peace in the northwest region of Cameroon, and she joins us now. Sister, thank you so much for being with us.

Thank you.

How big a problem is human trafficking in Cameroon?

turn 0 : China is willing to support North Korea's terrible regime to prevent its collapse and the horrible situation that might ensue

turn 0 : China now joins Russia, Iran, North Korea and Syria on the bottom of that list."  The actual meaning that is different from its literal meaning is that China has been added to the list of countries considered the worst offenders on human trafficking. The phrase "joins...on the bottom of that list" implies that China is now included in the group of countries at the lowest rank or with the worst performance regarding human trafficking.

turn 0 : China is trying to negotiate the best possible deal while doing as little as possible to please Trump.

turn 0 : The countries formed their own blocs due to military and strategic considerations, not just trade.


After Army Private First Class Brian Orolin returned from Afghanistan in 2011, his wife, Donna, could tell something wasn't quite right. He became paranoid. He suffered constant headaches and would isolate himself in his bedroom with the lights dimmed. And then on November 19, Brian left his wife and two children in Spring, Texas. He has been missing ever since.

At StoryCorps, Donna Orolin remembered the day he returned from Afghanistan.

He was literally the last person off the plane, and he was just so excited to see his daughters. I dressed the girls up and put little bows in their hair with his unit on them. And I put a sign out front that said welcome home, Specialist Orolin. He just couldn't wait to be dad - husband again, but then, things were different.

We used to hold hands all the time before he left. When he came back, he didn't like to be touched, so I had to remind myself to not rub his back, not sneak up behind him and give him hugs. And pretty much his sense of purpose was gone. He would say that he was just going to go away somewhere some day and disappear, and we'd never find him.

turn 1 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 1 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply an acknowledgement or agreement, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker may not be fully engaged or interested in the conversation. It could be interpreted as a way of signaling disinterest or a desire to move on to a different topic.

turn 1 : implies that Donna is reflecting on the day Brian returned from Afghanistan and feeling emotional about it;

turn 1 :  "And the thing is - and this is so beautiful - is that when you get to watch lives change...And that occupied my entire day."  The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker has overcome addiction and now enjoys helping others in a similar position, which is incredibly fulfilling. They used to be preoccupied with obtaining drugs, but now their focus has shifted to improving the lives of others.

turn 1 : The singer is not actually asking someone to show them the way home but rather expressing their loneliness and desperation due to feeling lost and without direction.


turn 2 : what they meant is that it's going to impress their brains later

turn 2 : implies Donna was trying to make Brian feel special by dressing the girls up and making a sign, but Brian was still not the same;

turn 2 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 2 : In turn (3), when Mary's cousin joked about making the candidates carry her bags if the reporters weren't able to do so, the actual meaning is that Mary was a skilled and respected journalist who deserved better treatment than having to rely on others to carry her equipment. The joke is a sarcastic critique of the sexist attitudes prevalent at the time,


turn 3 :  implies Donna was trying to remain supportive of Brian, despite his lack of interest in physical contact.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at a desire or need for help or support from the listener.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is implying that her character's story line on the show mirrored her own life experience.

turn 3 : implies to not being in support and feeling unfavorable about the result.

turn 3 : He felt like he was watching a contestant on a game show.


Yes.

That's a lot.

It's a small fraction of what could have been if there hadn't been steps taken to move animals from flood-prone areas before the storm. Certainly, it's tragic, but agriculture is a leaky system. It's prone to all sorts of weather-related perils and that's just unfortunately the way it is.

Mark Rice, who's director of the Animal and Poultry Waste Management Center at North Carolina State, thanks so much for being with us.

turn 2 : The turn in (2) is a figurative expression and its actual meaning is different from its literal meaning.

turn 2 : The turn that has a figurative meaning is (3) "agriculture is a leaky system". This is a metaphorical way of saying that the agricultural industry is vulnerable to various external factors, such as weather-related disasters, which can cause significant damage.  The other turns do not have any apparent figurative meaning and can be interpreted literally.

turn 2 : The turn (3) by speaker B is an example of a statement whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning.  In this turn, speaker B uses a metaphor of a bucket of rice to explain the concept of DNA analysis and how it can be used to identify the origin of a sample. The actual meaning of the turn is that DNA analysis can reveal subtle differences in the genetic makeup of individuals, which can be used to identify their origin or other characteristics. However, the literal meaning of the turn is about a bucket of rice and the difficulty of identifying a few brown grains of rice in a sea of white grains.

turn 2 : All the turns in this conversation appear to have their literal meanings, and there are no metaphors, figurative language or idioms used.


Well, if you look at San Francisco, San Francisco, the volatile section is the section under $321,000. There really are houses in San Francisco worth less than that, and those are the ones that are really in the foreclosure pipeline. So even in the west, even in these very high-value markets, there are a lot of properties that are going to be affected by this too.

A lot of the foreclosure activity was at the low end because that's where the tremendous wave of credit flowed into the market, enfranchised people, caused the lower end to triple. The lower end is still by and large within that conforming limit.

Karl Case is a professor of economics at Wellesley College and co-developer of the Case-Shiller Home Prices Index. Their latest report is out today. Karl Case, thank you very much.

Pleasure.

turn 3 : you are welcome is implied in response to Thank you very much

turn 3 : "You're welcome." This turn is an example of conventionalized language, where the speaker uses a set phrase to respond to the expression of gratitude. The literal meaning of "you're welcome" is an invitation for the other person to come in, but in this context, it's used to acknowledge and accept thanks.

turn 3 : thank you for joining us means thank you for being here

turn 3 : THANK YOU REFERS TO THE ONE ARE THE HELP.

turn 3 : Thank you for inviting me to be here.


I gather bitcoin's created through mining but not, like, chisel and cloud of dust mining. Right?

Yeah. So mining is the term that bitcoin people use for the process that computers use to kind of run the bitcoin network. There's a global shared record of who has made which payments to whom. And the computers that participate in this process get a reward of new bitcoins. Right now, every block, which happens about 10 minutes, you get a reward of 12. 5 bitcoins, which is worth more than $100,000. And they call it mining because you're creating new bitcoins in the process of running the network.

And that takes a lot of energy, I gather.

It does. One recent estimate said that the bitcoin network as a whole consumes about as much energy as the nation of Denmark.

turn 0 : (3) has an actual meaning that is different from its literal meaning. While the literal meaning is simply stating that some people who are attracted to bitcoin have a libertarian mindset and don't like taxes, the implied meaning is that there is a political ideology driving the appeal of bitcoin beyond just profit opportunities or curiosity about the technology.

turn 0 : When you hand out money quickly with no regulations people will spend it on things that are not needed.

turn 0 : running implies a business and not to chase or purse like in a race

turn 0 : One of the things you can buy with bitcoins is illicit products, like drugs, for example. And it has proven to be a particularly attractive application for bitcoin because if you tried to set up a black market for drugs and accept credit card payments, the credit card networks would shut you down right away. But there's nobody who runs the bitcoin network, and so there's nobody the authorities can go to and say, shut down this network or reverse that payment.  In this turn, the actual meaning implies that bitcoin allows for anonymous transactions in illicit markets because it lacks a central authority that can control or shut down the network.


turn 1 : (3) has an actual meaning that is different from its literal meaning. While the literal meaning is simply stating that some people who are attracted to bitcoin have a libertarian mindset and don't like taxes, the implied meaning is that there is a political ideology driving the appeal of bitcoin beyond just profit opportunities or curiosity about the technology.

turn 1 : A is discussing a scientific concept or discovery with B.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of this turn is simply a confirmation question about China's status as the largest coal user and producer. However, the implied meaning is that China's heavy reliance on coal for energy production contradicts their efforts towards renewable energy and environmental benefits. This turn serves as a counterpoint to the previous discussion about China's growth in renewable energy and job opportunities in that sector.

turn 1 : (2) The speaker is implying that "mining" in the context of Bitcoin is not done in the same way as traditional mining (with chisels and clouds of dust) but rather is done with computers and technology.


Hello.

Hi. I don't even know where to begin this story. It is so crazy. I guess I'll note Britons who do seem to love a really deliciously gossipy trashy tabloid tell-all, maybe they were overdue for a good scandal.

I have to say we've really, really needed it. Britain is exhausted by Brexit and the constant doom and gloom. So it's no surprise that WAGatha Christie, as you mentioned in the introduction, has broken the Internet today. And the reason why it's called WAGatha Christie is that WAG or WAGs is an acronym commonly used here to refer to the wives and girlfriends of high-profile athletes. And two of the women involved in today's feud are two of the most high-profile WAGs in the country.

OK. The wives or girlfriends in question here are Coleen Rooney and Rebekah Vardy. Who are these two women?

turn 0 : The story was told to people and many became aware of it.

turn 0 : The story is very different from stories people normally here

turn 0 : The story is not wild but interesting or exciting.

turn 0 : Short stories are an underdog and not taken seriously

turn 0 : The story is emotional and difficult to hear.


Hello.

turn 1 : Information on the internet is passed from person to person quickly. The man did some work for an organization where people think of solutions to problems.

turn 1 : The speaker is suggesting that there may be a hidden agenda or underlying motive behind their words.

turn 1 : "Well, about 20 years ago, we were thinking about doing a literary magazine because at the time there weren't too many journals out there for new writers. There weren't many literary journals at all during that time. And so we stumbled upon an idea that we had started with one of our friends from college where he had given me a first line to start a story." - This turn has a literal meaning and it explains how the idea of the literary magazine was born and how they came up with the concept of exchanging first lines to create stories.

turn 1 :  implies that the investigators used information from the traffickers to further investigate the route of the people who survived the tragedies.

turn 1 : The internet had a large amount of cites where they was mentioned


That food has made this humble eatery among the best restaurants in the city, topping the lists of every Houston publication and more recently, after a visit from Anthony Bourdain in 2016, the country.

We'll let you choose what we eat.

OK, wonderful. Thank you.

Creamy chai is set on the table - then vegetable fritters and spicy samosas.

turn 0 : The restaurant is experiencing a decline in business due to the current economic situation

turn 0 : "among the best" represent there are other restaurants in the city that are considered to be the best.

turn 0 : Opening a restaurant without money was a difficult and risky venture

turn 0 : A has a new vision for a type of restaurant he would open.


Another interesting way to measure Tunisia's success, or lack thereof, is the number of people who are just fleeing the country by sea.

Right. Exactly. Tunisia was the No. 1 contributor of migrants to Italy - Tunisians, not people from sub-Saharan Africa going through Tunisia. So this is another big issue. You have brain drain. You have - the suicide rate has almost doubled. All these show that people are frustrated. They're angry. They're not seeing the change they thought democracy would bring them or they thought the revolution would bring them.

And a poor economy, youth unemployment - these things can lead to protests, can lead to more political turmoil. What does the future look like for Tunisia?What are you going to be watching as it goes through this government transition?

So this transition has been smooth so far, but they're going to have to do elections on a really short schedule. They only have seven weeks to pull off presidential elections. That's not a lot of time. This is a crucial test for Tunisia to see how the democracy can actually move forward. Are they able to keep up with the constitution, to keep up with the procedures that are in place?

turn 0 : People fleeing from Tunisia implies a failure rather than success.

turn 0 : The situation is more dire than what is being reported, as the resources available are not able to meet the needs of the refugees.

turn 0 : The Tunisians are the average people that go to work each day.

turn 0 : Is this situation just overshadowed by other refugee and humanitarian crises in the world?  Implicated meaning: Is this situation being overlooked or given less attention compared to other refugee and humanitarian crises in the world?

turn 0 : The government is cautious in its approach towards the regime, but it's clear that the regime is not going to survive. However, the government is worried about taking action that might destabilize the region.


I think there are millennials that are doing fine. I think that when you talk about wealth transfer, what's really interesting is Americans over 62 are 80 percent white. And so when you look at these wealth transfers, white millennials are five times more likely to receive an inheritance than millennials of color. Forty-five percent of millennials are non-white. That's going to exacerbate inequality within the millennial generation. And so we're already seeing this where cities are becoming concentrations of wealth. Cities have better social services, better hospitals, better schools. And it's only the kids whose white parents can get them into those engines of opportunity, that are able to access those better services.

What do you think the responsibility of the boomer generation is at this moment?

I think, really, to think about the ways that their kids have it harder than them. Right now, the growth is going to people primarily who own land, who own homes, who own stock. Those are all people that are disproportionately old. And we need to find ways, systematically, to share those gains with people that are younger.

And I hesitate to ask this, but what is the responsibility of the millennial generation?

turn 0 : Millennials are not solely responsible for their situation, and other factors such as the country's policies play a role in it.

turn 0 : Inheritance inequality perpetuates disparities within the millennial generation.

turn 0 : black kids implies children of African American people and not black colored kids

turn 0 : Losing a parent can have a profound impact on someone's life.


Yeah, there's quite a few of them. I looked up a couple. There's one that's e-Cycle. com. The EPA also has a pretty good index for, you know, how to find these places. There's another one called ecyclingcentral. com, where you can look up local things. And I also advise people to talk to their, you know, local landfill or, you know, contact your carrier or the maker of your phone, because I truly believe that that's something that they could, you know, do better, is - at least make it easy when you're getting that new phone to drop off the old one so that it gets recycled or reused.

Or maybe, you know, even on the box where the phone comes in, it has a label already stuck on it for sticking it back in the mail.

Yeah. That would be a phenomenal idea.

Yeah. Well, we sometimes come up with an idea.

turn 1 : The numbers tossed around you indicates that the objects that you used.

turn 1 : The phone box should have a label for recycling.

turn 1 : Secret compartment where they stored the "illegal stuff" on the bus.

turn 1 : It's implying that it resembles something old that was discarded and now returned.


Yeah. That would be a phenomenal idea.

turn 2 : The development could have a significant impact on drug storage.

turn 2 : The idea of labeling phone boxes for recycling is good.

turn 2 : Music labels should adapt to digital music rise.

turn 2 : The speaker is hinting at the possibility of using DNA as a storage system for personal data in the future, instead of relying on hard drives and other storage systems.

turn 2 : The speaker's experience as a consumer helped in building their business.


I don't know where life would have led Ionel Talpazan if he'd slept on a cardboard box on a corner of, say, Akron or Peoria. But in New York, a famous art figure named Henry Tobler saw an artist in his drawings and wrote about him in scholarly journals. His pictures were included in Manhattan art galleries, and from the 1990s on, Ionel made his way in the world by his art. By the time he died, his works had hung at the American Visionary Art Museum and museums in San Francisco, London, Berlin, Madrid and France. Talpazans were sold in fancy galleries from SoHo to Chelsea. The man who'd slept in a box moved to a New York apartment.

My art shows spiritual technology, something beautiful and beyond human imagination that comes from another galaxy, he once told the Western Folklore journal. So in a relative way, this is like the God. Ionel Talpazan imagined incredible things and made them alive in the eyes of others. In a way, he did escape on his UFO.

(Singing) I wouldn't fool you, but I - I've seen the saucers so many times, I'm almost. . .

Elton John. You're listening to NPR News.

turn 1 :  implies that Ionel Talpazan was able to find success and make something of himself, and in a way, he was able to "escape" his struggles and reach his dreams

turn 1 : She was able to rise above her difficult circumstances and become a successful artist despite her hardships.

turn 1 : Zazi did not change physically but changed his personality.

turn 1 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 1 : He made a promise that was stressed by him and gave people the impression he would do it regardless of what happens.


turn 3 : the phenomenon described in the book is extraordinary and could be perceived as a miracle by some readers, even though the literal meaning is simply acknowledging that the phenomenon is portrayed realistically in the book.

turn 3 :  (4) is an expression of surprise. The implied meaning is an expression of admiration.

turn 3 :  while (4) is a call back to the story of Ionel Talpazan by using the metaphor of a UFO to symbolize his escape from his life in poverty.

turn 3 : (4) is the same as its literal meaning, which is a brief acknowledgement of what was just said.

turn 3 : :while (4) implies that the speaker was asking if the experience changed the speaker in some way.


Because he is speaking about African Americans. And he used such derogatory terms. And to even say that not even humans want to live there hurts so many people because he is challenging their very humanity based on the color of their skin. The negativity, the disregard is a problem and should always be addressed and called out.

The statistician Nate Silver tweeted out some facts about Maryland's 7th District, which includes Baltimore and some of the surrounding suburbs. And he says it's the second wealthiest and second most well-educated majority black district in the country. Why do you think President Trump singled out this district?

Facts don't matter for this guy, OK?He sees people of color, and he describes them in the most derogatory terms. So he's hitting back at Cummings or trying to bully him just because he sits on this particular committee that is actually doing their job in investigating some of the things that are - been happening in this current administration.

The House Oversight Committee.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker is indirectly suggesting that they may have information or opinions that they are hesitant to share openly.

turn 0 : to approach someone with something in this context means you are showing them something

turn 0 : to call someone out means to challenge someone, be it on their beliefs or if they are bullying someone

turn 0 : Implied meaning: People are feeling resentment and anger towards people who think they don't have to follow the same rules as everyone else.

turn 0 : "use my voice" - This is a metaphorical expression that means to speak out and express one's opinions.


Out of respect, I don't want to go there, out of curiosity I do.

How much are you willing to tell us about how your innocence was stolen from you?

Well, growing up in a Christian family, you would have thought what happened to me would never happen because my mother loved me and she was very much aware of who I am, but I was a very mature little girl. And at 14, I was allowed to have a crush on a man who was 21. And because he was worldly, and had money, and he'd been in the Navy, you know, and I was, like, all little girls seek older men and we go, Oh my God, he's so cute. Oh my God, oh my God, oh my God.

Well, somehow in there my father wasn't watching, my mother was watching very closely and thought she could handle the situation and she allowed this relationship to happen. It should not have happened. I should not have been allowed to date a man, it made me have insecurities at an early age that I should never have had, but a man who could manipulate a little girl's mind and her heart. He was allowed to do things he shouldn't have done.

turn 2 : A had an inappropriate relationship with an older man at a young age.

turn 2 : that the acquaintance between the two people had grown over the years.

turn 2 : He is the sort of person that still acts like a kid even though he is an adult.

turn 2 : The man never talks to the woman he likes for 60 years.

turn 2 : Turn (3) is an example of a statement whose meaning is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is not actually asking about the ages of the women, but rather expressing surprise or concern about how young some of them were.


turn 3 : The literal meaning of (4) is that Tracy Letts watched his family suffer when he was 10 years old, but the implied meaning is that the experience had a lasting effect on him and shaped his life and art.

turn 3 : Turn (3) is an example of a statement whose meaning is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is not actually asking about the ages of the women, but rather expressing surprise or concern about how young some of them were.

turn 3 : She looked at him like he was very strange and unknown to her.

turn 3 : A was taken advantage of by a manipulative older man in her youth.

turn 3 : This turn is literal in meaning, as it is a straightforward question asking about the speaker's children.


I did want to ask about your take on U. S.  policy in northeast Syria because back in January, you wrote on your website that it's working. You said that the U. S.  has helped defeat ISIS and prevent its resurgence, and it's done so not solely through direct military engagement, but by assisting a partner force. And I wanted to ask if you think that this assistance is sufficient to keep the threat of an ISIS resurgence in check.

It is sufficient as a foundation because what you see now is local folks holding local towns and working their best to keep them safe. But it is an international problem that requires international investment to help people have water and power and schools that run. And they merit our investment.

That was writer Gayle Tzemach Lemmon, who just returned from a reporting trip in Syria. Gayle, thanks so much for talking to us once again.

Pleasure to join you.

turn 1 : Isis began just as the Arab's began to collapse or at least lose popularity.

turn 1 : The issue of people joining ISIS should be a continuous and well-funded focus, not just a temporary concern when a catastrophic event occurs.

turn 1 : ISIS in Afghanistan is a threat through high-profile attacks

turn 1 : ISIS in Afghanistan kills civilians unlike the Taliban

turn 1 : International investment is necessary to maintain the success against ISIS


Some might see it that way. Some look at other numbers and are a little less sympathetic to the auto industry. Sometimes, people are critical. They say that union auto workers are paid too much. What, from your perspective, would you tell people who have that opinion, who say, look, guys working for Toyota don't get nearly as much in benefits. You guys should give up some more.

You can only get what you can negotiate from a company, and a company has to have something for you to negotiate it from, and that's basically how we got where we are today. We happen to work for three companies that were far and above - probably most companies in America pay their CEOs huge profits, huge wages. And, you know, we only negotiate our share of that.

Now, if we have to give our share back to save that company, I guess that's something we've got to do, you know. I guess America has to decide if they want an American auto business here in America, or if they want to rely on China to fight a war in the event we have to go to one.

I'm curious, Mr.  Watson. Personally, what's at stake for you?You, I'm sure, still receive benefits from GM. Are you possibly sacrificing some things here, and what would that mean for you?

turn 1 : Corporations have piled up capital but do not know how to use it productively.

turn 1 : Companies pay their CEOs huge profits, while the workers get a small share.

turn 1 : Dominance of a few large companies is discouraging people from starting their own businesses.

turn 1 : Many people are losing their jobs and companies are going bankrupt.


So it does happen that, in fact, patients interpret these findings as immediately applicable to their condition.

And how do physicians handle that kind of request?

Well, at the risk of trying to be a naysayer and living in an ivory tower, I think you have to be honest with patients and say yes, this is very exciting. It may be important. It may prove efficacious down the road, but I think it's premature to take either an amyloid study or a test tube study and directly translate that to the human model.

There are safety issues. There are ethical issues, and we really don't know whether it's going to be efficacious.

Did some of these reviewers - do I have this right - caution that this drug particularly is a little - has bad side effects?

turn 2 : The speaker is not literally talking about honesty and being real but rather expressing their discomfort with situations that feel inauthentic.

turn 2 : they are just acknowledging the person's response

turn 2 : They are saying that at the risk of sounding like they are perfect and above others they think you have to be honest.

turn 2 : They are implying they don't have any confidence


President Trump hired a personal attorney this week, presumably to give him advice about the Russian investigation. Are others in the White House lawyering up?

A lot of people. In fact, two sources told me this week Don McGahn is going to need a lawyer himself. He's likely to be a witness in whatever investigation there is moving forward in Russia. Even if these folks have no legal jeopardy, it's really expensive and distracting for them to need legal advice. This happened under President Bill Clinton and President Ronald Reagan. It's likely to drag on for a long time.

Don McGahn, to be sure, has defenders in Washington, D. C. , who are very impressed by him. Aren't they?

Yeah. You know, there's been a lot of praise in some circles for the people he's hired to work in the White House, the young lawyers working underneath him - seven former Supreme Court clerks, graduates from Ivy League law schools at the top of their game. And then there's this. It's hard to tell from outside the Oval Office whether Don McGahn is giving President Donald Trump all the right legal advice and President Donald Trump is just ignoring him.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be suggesting that there are some hidden or unknown factors that could influence the situation being discussed.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker thinks that there is a level of ambiguity or hidden message in the turn that may not be immediately apparent, but which can be inferred or interpreted through context or other clues.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is subtly trying to convey a sense of urgency or importance in the matter being discussed, without explicitly stating it.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at a deeper or hidden motive or intention behind their actions or words.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that other members of the White House may seek legal counsel in light of President Trump's actions.


1-800-989-8255 is our number, talking with Annalee Newitz, author of "Scatter, Adapt, and Remember: How Humans Will Survive a Mass Extinction. "Of course you could have a sudden mass extinction like that asteroid that hit us, you know, and wiped out all that life, or something slower that could take a lot longer time to develop. Are there two different strategies for that, surviving that?

Actually, the idea that there is such a thing as a rapid mass extinction is kind of a misnomer. We have - we've all heard about, you know, the dramatic end that the dinosaurs met when an asteroid crashed into the planet. And also now it turns out that there were mega-volcanoes going off at the same time in India. So there was this kind of horrible one-two punch with volcanoes and. . .

The perfect extinction.

Yeah, great Michael Bay movie material, if he were ever to actually make a film that was scientifically accurate.

turn 3 : No one nis literally expecting this scenario to be in a Michael Bay movie. The implication is that it involves a huge, damaging scenario that sounds unrealistic.

turn 3 : something that was hinted at or suggested, but not directly stated.

turn 3 :  you imply that something is the case

turn 3 : Implied meaning: Is there any indication of what will happen next in the conflict?

turn 3 : how it play out implies the final result of a thing or series of things that happened


Underserved communities are neglected from the outside in. You know, we're talking about citizenry that have demonstrated a love for their community, have demonstrated a loyalty to the community and city as a whole, and they are the heart and soul of culture and cuisine for so many decades in New Orleans. And to let that go, means we've lost perspective of what is truly important in the society, and that's the root of what our culture is all about, you know, the intersection between people and life itself. And when we lose the priority of that, then we've lost our way as a city. And so the 9th Ward is emblematic of that. While a lot of the city is thriving, until the 9th Ward comes back, we won't be whole, and that's why we believe we should be there as a company.

A grocery store is not everything a neighborhood needs, but it is one of the things a neighborhood needs.

Mm-hmm.

Do you hope that, alongside the growth of Sterling Farms, will come those other necessities - a better school system, the infrastructure elements of sewage and power and water - everything that the people need to get their community going again?

turn 0 : not a heart literally full of something, but full as in happy or content

turn 0 : "the heart and soul of culture and cuisine" In this turn, the phrase "heart and soul" is used metaphorically to refer to the essential and central aspects of culture and cuisine. It does not imply the literal physical organ of the heart or soul.

turn 0 : The food in a region is influenced by its religion and proximity to other countries.

turn 0 : You do not actually enter the person's heart or mind, it means that you start to understand their perspective


Mm-hmm.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of (2) is that customers have to consume the food quickly, but the implied meaning is that customers should be aware that the food has a limited shelf life and should be consumed soon.

turn 1 :  "a neighborhood needs" Here, the phrase "needs" is used in a broader sense, indicating that a grocery store is one of the necessary elements for a neighborhood's well-being, rather than the literal physical requirements.

turn 1 :  The implied meaning of this turn is: Was there any particular reason for choosing this neighbourhood for your business?

turn 1 : "why do they need them for" implies rather "what would" they need them for.

turn 1 : In this turn, the speaker is not asking for a literal explanation of Wendell Pierce's knowledge about running grocery stores. Rather, the speaker is implying that it's impressive that Pierce is not just investing money in the project but is also personally involved in running the grocery store, and is asking about his experience and qualifications for doing so.


You have to understand; at this point Mr.  Treviene was in his late 70's. This is a man who is used to building houses and repairing houses, and had been a younger man that might have been a challenge to him. But as an older man who was basically retired before the storm, this was an insurmountable challenge and so much of his story is the story of elderly New Orleanians.

When I looked at his face, it looked literally as if the life just seeped out of it.

That was the feeling that we got sitting there. After he had gone into the house, we sort of sat there and kind of cleaned up a little bit and talk, but there wasn't a whole lot to say.

And he didn't live much longer did he?

turn 0 : "before the storm" implies before the SHTF - Or, before things went awry.

turn 0 : at the end of the day means something is likely going to happen or what happens after everything else.

turn 0 : "Puts a cloud on it" is not literal. There's no cloud involved. It just means something negative happened wthat overshadows an otherwise positive situation.

turn 0 : "How did this start?" - This turn has a literal meaning and it is asking for the beginning of something.

turn 0 : The forecast for the tornado warning was exactly right for the place and time it issued it.


But there are some bright spots in the world of retail. We hear about one of them today as part of our series this week, giving you a little break from all that bad economic news. Lisa Olivares manages a kiosk. It's called CCE Headgear. It's at a mall in Fayetteville, North Carolina near Fort Bragg. I recently gave Lisa a call on her cell phone while she was working at the kiosk.

We do custom embroidery. You can either bring in your own items or we provide them for you.

And we're hearing from you on your cell phone at the kiosk now, and we should note that where you are is not too far from Fort Bragg, which is home to the 82nd Airborne Division. And apparently, a lot of the soldiers have been coming home, and how has that affected your business?

Well, I mean, all the economy has been affected, but we're not as bad because luckily, we do do a lot of things for the military. Their wives are still here, so it's constantly them bringing in things that they need to be shipped overseas or just little minor things, things for the babies. It does keep a good flow in, though.

turn 2 : People are starting to follow suit in regards to the actions of others.

turn 2 : The soldiers are a major customer base for the kiosk.

turn 2 : The loudspeakers broadcasting prayers all day and all night is causing disturbance for the soldiers trying to sleep.

turn 2 : They would not do bad things were most people would find out about them.

turn 2 : B is asking about A's plans after the storm, assuming that they are in the hospital for a reason.


turn 3 : The restaurant is experiencing a decline in business due to the current economic situation

turn 3 : Their notion is to do as much as you can and don't think about the numbers too much.

turn 3 : The kiosk's business is not as bad as others due to military customers.

turn 3 : THERE IS A BIG CHANGE THE PEOPLE HAVE ALREADY LOST THEIR MONEY

turn 3 : They are implying that deals are done in inappropriate places


For people who can't see it, can you describe what things look like right now and some - the actions the Corps is taking on a daily basis to address it?

You know, sometimes it is hard to describe. You know, you're driving down roads that were normally - there might be 50 or a hundred yards to the river. Suddenly, the river is, you know, 10 or 15 yards from where your car is or, you know, where you typically are running for physical training is now underwater.

And in terms of the levees themselves, when you walk the levees, you know, typically, where the water might be 20, 25 feet away from the top of the levee, maybe now it's within five or six feet. So when you see what, you know, a couple hundred thousand cubic feet per second of water looks like rolling down the Arkansas River and it's within feet of the bridges, whether they're pedestrian or vehicular, you know, sometime there used to be 20 feet of clearance, it's pretty awe-inspiring.

What are you doing to shore up the levees themselves?And are you inviting residents to help?

turn 1 : The levees are old and may not be able to withstand the water, causing people to evacuate.

turn 1 : The flooding has affected the whole state of Oklahoma, not just a small part.

turn 1 : The levees are old and unable to handle the amount of water released from Keystone Dam, resulting in many evacuations.

turn 1 : The storm caused significant damage and flooding, which was expected given the flat terrain of the islands.

turn 1 : The flooding is so severe that familiar landmarks are unrecognizable.


turn 2 : Implied meaning: The main issue preventing aid from getting to the most affected areas is the blocked roads, caused by fallen trees and power lines.

turn 2 : Climate change is real, dangerous, and costly. We need to take action.

turn 2 : The flooding has affected the whole state of Oklahoma, not just a small part.

turn 2 : The scale of the flooding is massive and poses a serious threat to infrastructure and public safety.

turn 2 : The hurricane may cause severe impacts along the coastline despite staying offshore.


No, I'm glad to include them. Is it possible Italy will leave the eurozone, or is that just talk?

It's just talk. It's impossible. Do you remember the Eagles?This one I'm not getting that wrong because the Eagles is as important - "Hotel California. "

Sure.

You can always check out, but you can never leave. That's it.

turn 1 : Italy leaving the eurozone is not a realistic possibility

turn 1 : The situation in the eurozone is improving, but it is still not out of the woods yet.

turn 1 : The eurozone is still in a precarious economic position and not fully recovered yet.

turn 1 : EU countries are also taking action regarding the financial crisis.

turn 1 : Mexico is facing a very serious and dangerous situation.


Sure.

turn 3 : You can never truly escape the influence of the Eagles' music

turn 3 : Even though they faced many obstacles in their music career, they persevered and continued to move forward.

turn 3 : What matters is how the song makes a person feels and how it sounds.

turn 3 : The new music coming out of Atlanta is a combination of the old and the new

turn 3 : The lyrics of the song call for change in the society


They are illiterate. We don't have an education system. We don't have a civic education campaign. And so, there's just like a perfect storm of just so many things that makes Haiti so hard to govern. And I think for outsiders, it's very hard for people to understand why it seems to be in a perpetual state of chaos and crisis. But, you know. . .

So, where's the hope?I mean, you know, you must have hope, some flicker of it?

I do have hope. The hope, I think, is that, you know - the hope comes from people like myself. We have 1. 5 million Haitians living outside of Haiti, and a million of them are in the U. S. , the rest are in Canada and France. And, you know, we love the country. We care about what happens there. We are pushing for better policy.

You know, there are a couple of people in Congress who are very good friends of Haiti. Kendrick Meek, for instance, in the U. S.  House, he's from Florida, and before that, his mother was also a congresswoman. So, you know, the Black Caucus is involved.

turn 0 : outsiders implies people who aren't a family or organization member and not people who stands outdoors

turn 0 : There are informal groups in the town that are not identified openly

turn 0 : Implied meaning: People are feeling resentment and anger towards people who think they don't have to follow the same rules as everyone else.

turn 0 : bunch of its residents implies many people living within the area

turn 0 : Everyone in the tribe is very close-knit and treats each other like family.


turn 2 :  "the Congress needs to move forward with policies that matter to the American people" - literal meaning, refers to the Congress passing laws that are important to the citizens of the United States.

turn 2 : to adopt laws means to make new laws

turn 2 : Pushing for better policy implies that we are actively working to achieve a better policy to be produced by the government.

turn 2 : The level of repression makes it hard for the country to function on all levels.

turn 2 : suggests that the Democratic Party must put forth a more persuasive and powerful economic message to win more elections


What are some of the reasons you think more people's families, I guess I should - I almost said why more people are choosing to be cremated. And that might technically be true - but usually after their death.

So cremation is simply cheaper than burial. Of course, when you consider a funeral or a memorial service or celebration-of-life expenses, those are extra. And consumers also report that they see extra value with cremation and that they have more flexibility. To put it bluntly, death, even when it's anticipated, is inconvenient.

We don't want to lose our loved ones. We don't want to drop everything and gather and grieve and do what we need to do. But we must. And we can do that. But as families are spread across the country in various states, it's more and more difficult to bring people together on short notice. Cremation can expand the timeframe of grieving and memorializing your loved one.

Because there's more cremations, more problem to run into with scattering remains?I mean, I know, for example, they're very particular about it in the San Francisco Bay area. And I know from experience you can't get your ashes scattered there in Wrigley Field in Chicago.

That is true. And you might've caught the news where cremated remains were scattered at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City at the intermission, which canceled the rest of the production.

I missed that. Oh, my word. Most of us maybe, you know, get some malted milk balls at intermission, not scattered remains. But go ahead, yeah.

turn 4 : B is impressed or surprised by what A said.

turn 4 : This is an example of hyperbole, as B is exaggeratedly expressing surprise at the idea of scattering remains at the Metropolitan Opera House.

turn 4 : (4) is a straightforward denial of B's implied meaning, and does not carry any additional implied meanings beyond that.

turn 4 : B: Wow.The word "Wow" is often used to express surprise or astonishment, but in this context, it may not convey the literal meaning of a sudden reaction. It could be indicating the listener's genuine interest or fascination with the previous statement, rather than just an exclamation.


There are laws that do govern whether the - whether U. S.  individuals can serve as officers, can enlist in foreign militaries, but it's unclear if they're ever enforced and what the penalties really are because of various Supreme Court decisions. You've seen how Americans have served in the French - well, I've mentioned French Foreign Legion in the article, the Israeli Defense Forces. And these are not mercenaries.

A lot of Americans enlisted in the British Army during World War II.

Sure, right. And these are not - you wouldn't call them mercenaries. But I don't know that there's a distinction if you then join a foreign military just for the money. Now - and by the way, this doesn't apply to people who join ISIS or the Taliban or somebody who fights against the U. S.  or a U. S.  ally.

That really is against the law.

turn 0 : Military members are facing challenges getting citizenship under Trump administration

turn 0 : There are multiple options for military action, and the president will choose one after considering diplomatic and political actions.

turn 0 : There is a risk of a catastrophic situation if a full war breaks out in the area with civilians

turn 0 : It's possible for U.S. individuals to serve in foreign militaries, but it's unclear if there are consequences for doing so

turn 0 : The military council is not trustworthy and will not allow observers to carry out their job


I'm just looking at the abstract of your study, and some of these numbers are amazing. Seventy-two percent, 72 of all Americans think that global warming should be a very high or medium or a priority for the president and the Congress. That crosses all party lines.

It does. It includes 84 percent of Democrats, 68 percent of independents and 52 percent of Republicans. So yes, there is this difference between Democrats and Republicans. But nonetheless, a majority of Republicans do think that global warming should be a priority for our elected officials.

So why are we all under the impression that there is not this majority?

Ah. Great question. So one of the things that became very clear to us early in our research was that Americans don't speak with a single voice on this issue. And in fact, what we've identified is what we call a global warming's six Americas, that essentially you can look at the country and find that there are six very different communities within the United States, that each respond to this issue in very different ways. One group we call the alarmed. That's only about 12 percent of the public.

turn 0 : It's great to be with you, Ira. Thank you. (Literal meaning: expressing pleasure at being in someone's company)

turn 0 : "Thank you" - The literal meaning is an expression of gratitude or appreciation.

turn 0 : Expressing gratitude for the invitation and glad to be here.

turn 0 : Thank you for having me with you. Implicated meaning: Expressing gratitude for the invitation or hospitality.

turn 0 : "Thank you" is a polite expression of gratitude. Its meaning is literal and straightforward.


turn 1 : "Global warming?" - This is a question that implies a possible explanation for the changes discussed in the conversation, but it does not necessarily mean that global warming is the only cause or that it is the direct cause of the changes being discussed.

turn 1 : Climate change is a significant issue in people's opinions and politics

turn 1 : I'm just looking at the abstract of your study, and some of these numbers are amazing. Seventy-two percent, 72 of all Americans think that global warming should be a very high or medium or a priority for the president and the Congress. That crosses all party lines. (Literal meaning: expressing amazement at the high percentage of Americans who prioritize global warming)

turn 1 : The conclusion that global warming was taking place was surprising to A and matched previous predictions.


turn 2 : Democrats should focus on other important issues like healthcare, money in politics, and climate change rather than impeaching Trump.

turn 2 : Democrats are usually in favor of reform while Republicans are not.

turn 2 :  It does. It includes 84 percent of Democrats, 68 percent of independents and 52 percent of Republicans. So yes, there is this difference between Democrats and Republicans. But nonetheless, a majority of Republicans do think that global warming should be a priority for our elected officials. (Literal meaning: stating the breakdown of support for global warming priority among different political affiliations)

turn 2 : (2) Implies that Republicans are avoiding talking about gun policy and are only willing to talk about it on Fox News, suggesting that they are being disingenuous in their approach.

turn 2 :  implies that the Democrats should not become complacent with their current demographics and should focus on further outreach


turn 2 : They are trying to ask what happen in Europe

turn 2 : Great Britain's process of leaving the EU is chaotic

turn 2 : The chaos caused by Brexit has unified European citizens and strengthened their attachment to the EU.

turn 2 : Great Britain's proposal for future relations with the EU came late in the negotiation process

turn 2 : Europe wants to assert its independence from the US while risking consequences


turn 3 : "Global warming?" - This is a question that implies a possible explanation for the changes discussed in the conversation, but it does not necessarily mean that global warming is the only cause or that it is the direct cause of the changes being discussed.

turn 3 : Climate change is hard to see because of how we perceive it.

turn 3 : The conclusion that global warming was taking place was surprising to A and matched previous predictions.

turn 3 : So why are we all under the impression that there is not this majority? (Literal meaning: asking for an explanation for the discrepancy between the actual support for global warming priority and the perception that such support is lacking)

turn 3 : "I mean, first of all, you can see it in the amount of - number of times that the president talks about this, that candidate Mitt Romney talks about this, as well as across the board." - This turn uses a metaphorical meaning of "see it" to refer to observing the frequency of politicians discussing climate change, rather than literally seeing it.


Were you there three years ago when Katrina hit?

I was here when it actually hit and I left afterwards.

Wouldn't that have kind of prompted you to get out of the city?Because it was such a disaster there, so many people lost their lives and suffered really terrible, terrible deprivations over days and days.

Yeah and it was - because the levees broke, that happens.

turn 2 : A remembered the unpreparedness during Katrina and wanted to pack accordingly

turn 2 : B is asking about A's plans after the storm, assuming that they are in the hospital for a reason.

turn 2 : B is referring to the Hurricane Katrina catastrophe in New Orleans and it aftermaths.

turn 2 : The implied meaning of (3) is to encourage people to learn and understand the connection between the hurricanes, tornadoes and other natural disasters, without relying on someone else to do it for them.

turn 2 : (3) is different from its literal meaning. While the speaker is describing the vulnerability of women and children in a humanitarian crisis, the implied meaning is that despite the significant amount of funding provided in 2017, the situation has worsened in 2018 and there is still a critical need for aid.


Work on voter registration, voter mobilization, education, coalition building, work together to help end the war in Iraq and Afghanistan. Reinvest in America. Convince young America that they really do have the power to change the course of the country. We must have a renewed and multiracial and multicultural coalition. These are the things that I've revolved my work around, and I intend to be pushing them real hard this summer and fall.

And do you think you'd go out on the stump with him if he wanted you to, or does he want you to?

Whatever proximity he wants. You know, he must make that decision, you know, as to who, you know, that campaign, you know, you have consultants, you have advisors, you have surrogates, you have supporters. I'm a strong supporter and have been so since before he announced, and I will continue supporting because I believe he represents the right side of history for all of America and really for the world.

Well, Reverend Jackson, thank you so much.

turn 0 : Being engaged in the political process is important for protesting against things you disagree with.

turn 0 : The speaker believes that the protests need to be more extreme for America to acknowledge the issue, but not necessarily violent.

turn 0 : A is advocating for political activism and social justice

turn 0 : To the right means politically right wing, not that they are actually sitting on the right

turn 0 : The protest has been peaceful despite potential for violence.


turn 0 : A implies that the process of political maneuvering can be absurd and comical to an outside observer.

turn 0 : A is advocating for social and political change.

turn 0 : A is concerned about the possibility of violent conflict with no other options.

turn 0 : it is a metaphorical field, it just means there are not as many candidates running for the election as there was in the past because some decided not to continue running


turn 2 : The positive outlook is giving him the support he needs to continue campaigning.

turn 2 : The implied meaning behind this question is that A was initially willing to support Donald Trump and even offered to be his running mate at one point, but has since changed his mind and is now opposed to him.

turn 2 : This implies that B is aware that there are some other people who are trying to join hands and support the nominee.

turn 2 : A is willing to support the campaign in any way he can

turn 2 : The audience of the site is willing to support the campaign when needed


Thank you for having me on.

I think a lot of people don't want to hear anything you have to say until I've asked you this question. Are you being used by Vladimir Putin?

(Laughter) No, I don't think so. When people look at this, you know, particularly with Russia in the news as much as it is, there's always this cloud of suspicion that's leveled against anybody who can be, in the most stretched way, associated with Russia. It wasn't my choice to be in Russia.

Most stretched way - you're living there in Moscow. You have been for six years.

turn 2 : The Russian goverment doesn't get many chances to do the right thing where people all over the world will see and know about it.

turn 2 : that Russia views itself as a victim of a Western conspiracy and is retaliating with its own tactics.

turn 2 : We need to give it our best attempt and relations with Russia could use some help to get better.

turn 2 : The Russians pretended to be Americans and impersonated political activists, which is suspicious and may have been noticed by the Trump campaign, but they were not sensitive enough to it.

turn 2 : There is always people that are suspicious of those that are associated with Russia in any way, even the smallest way.


Thank you for having me on.

turn 3 : implies asking for an opinion on Russia's ambitions.

turn 3 : Implies that A is being asked if the progress made involves any change in Russian behavior or policy.

turn 3 : Russia will try to get more people to join the military together.

turn 3 : They mean that this is not a small way of being associated with Russia.

turn 3 : Russia here refers to or implies a prison


And I started recording them, and then over time, it found its audience.

I mean, it found a huge audience. Does it surprise you that what you find interesting so many other people do, too?

Yes and no. It's funny, I was listening about vaccines just now, and in a way, you know, modern medicine has approached this mission of optimizing the life of the body with such methodical rigor, but we haven't necessarily done that about the life of the mind.

And the education system is, in a way, this antiquated universal vaccine model: We think that we can cram it all in a few years of formal schooling, and it's going to protect us for the rest of our lives. But the way I think of learning and creative curiosity is as a kind of immune system against the life of mediocrity.

turn 0 : B is asking A if he/she thought carefully before doing something.

turn 0 : In this context, "Yeah. Yeah." is not meant to indicate agreement or affirmation, but rather a sign of impatience or boredom, suggesting that B is not particularly interested in the conversation or does not want to continue discussing the topic.

turn 0 : He says to call him a guy that likes to do things the way they used to be done years ago. He cautions against thinking that bringing people together will make them suddenly realize how wrong they had been.

turn 0 : "Yes and no" implies that A is on the fence concerning if he was surprised that what he find interesting others too do.

turn 0 : following refer to or implies being interested in a situation or information


It was incredibly emotional. I mean, it was nearly midnight on what was supposed to be the last day of session. We filed this bill in February and struggled all session long just to get a hearing. And so for it to come down to the wire in this way, while states were passing these bans all around us, it just became so imperative and so frightening in many ways that what you're seeing there is relief.

That's Kelly Cassidy, Illinois state representative and sponsor of the state's Reproductive Health Act, protecting access to abortion. The bill has passed the Illinois State Legislature and now goes to Governor J. B.  Pritzker, who is expected to sign it.

Thank you very much for being with us.

Thanks much.

turn 0 : No, this is not the same thing that happened a couple of years ago. It might be similar, but it is not the same.

turn 0 : It did not come to a wire but came down to the last moment of the session.

turn 0 : to make a switch mean they go do something else.

turn 0 : The line did not break but somewhere in time things got worse.


That's right. It has a huge box that they call the LiDAR machine which basically can pierce through the jungle's foliage and map whatsoever on the ground underneath.

And this LiDAR machine can penetrate even triple canopy rainforest.

It's absolutely incredible. It strips it out completely. And you can actually see something as small as a meter on a side, sitting on the ground underneath this incredibly dense rainforest.

And this rainforest, it turns out even sites that had been discovered by archeologists before that the LiDAR technique from the air found vastly more than the archeologists ever suspected.

turn 0 : The machine can read images under the jungle foliage.

turn 0 : The jungle wasn't as untouched as originally believed and was heavily populated in prehistoric times.

turn 0 : The jungle was transformed by early civilizations through farming, terracing, irrigation, and building.

turn 0 : The drone has powerful sensors and can see far distances

turn 0 : when something is remote in this context means its deep in the countryside and far away from cities


You've lived with HIV your entire conscious life - I mean, as I understand it, that you contracted HIV through blood transfusion when you were an infant in the early 1980s. So do you sense a change in how HIV has been viewed by the broader public and not just by the medical community?I mean, do you remember - I mean, I don't know that most of us kind of as kids think about becoming an organ donor, right?

(Laughter).

But do you remember feeling that the world of possibility has changed for you?

I do think in some places in America things definitely have changed with the science. In places, for example, where I live in the Deep South, there are a lot of long-held stigmatizing beliefs that people still have. And one of the reasons I did decide to go public as a resident of Atlanta was to really push people's perceptions into the 21st century because I couldn't think of any better way to show people that, you know, this isn't the 1980s anymore. You can live a long and healthy life living with HIV. People like me don't bring death, we can actually bring life.

turn 3 : It implies that issue of rape and AIDS are interconnected and cannot be viewed in isolation from one another.

turn 3 :  Implied meaning: There is a fear of the spread of Zika, malaria, cholera, and other diseases due to the lack of access to aid.

turn 3 : (3) Implied meaning: When a doctor talks with a patient about end-of-life medication, the doctor should ask why and focus on addressing the patient's fear of death and alleviating their worries, rather than just prescribing the medication.

turn 3 : Incorporating a superhero with HIV in real life situations to raise awareness of the disease.

turn 3 : I couldn't think of any better way to show people that, you know, this isn't the 1980s anymore. You can live a long and healthy life living with HIV. People like me don't bring death, we can actually bring life.  The actual meaning of this turn goes beyond its literal meaning. While A is stating that HIV is no longer a death sentence and that people with HIV can live long, healthy lives, the turn also communicates A's desire to challenge stigmatizing beliefs about HIV and to educate people on the reality of living with HIV. The phrase "People like me don't bring death, we can actually bring life" is a powerful statement that challenges the notion that people with HIV are a danger to society.


(Laughter).

turn 3 : A's statement "People like me don't bring death, we can actually bring life" is an example of non-literal meaning as it is not meant to be taken literally. It is a metaphorical statement to challenge the stigmatizing beliefs associated with HIV and to promote awareness that individuals with HIV can lead long and fulfilling lives.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of a certain word or phrase may have a hidden connotation or subtext that is meant to convey a particular idea or message, such as irony or euphemism.

turn 3 :  (4) is an expression of surprise. The implied meaning is an expression of admiration.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a euphemism or understatement to convey a more significant or sensitive message.


I've gotten almost universally positive feedback. People were really encouraging me and just being much kinder than I would have expected or hoped for. The kinds of people who read it - I don't know. I guess a lot of lawyers, a lot of journalists who keep up with the court.

Yeah. I mean, the Supreme Court is definitely paying attention. You got to visit at the invitation of Justice Neil Gorsuch's clerk, and you shot some hoops on the famed Supreme Court basketball court. Is that true?

That was very nice of that clerk to do. He had seen my blog and then sent me an email asking if I'd ever had a Supreme Court tour before. And yes, I did get to shoot a basket in the highest court in the land. I kind of thought it was a joke. I'd heard about it before, but it's very real. And it took me many tries to make a layup.

So in your blog, you've interviewed - and here's an NPR plug - our own national justice correspondent Carrie Johnson. So what kind of articles are you hosting on your site?And who's writing them?

turn 0 : It's important to receive feedback even if it's not always positive.

turn 0 : Not feedback from everyone in the universe but a wide variety of people on the planet giving feedback.

turn 0 : to give an idea means to tell them their opinion, or what is happening

turn 0 : You get a rise in the number of people supporting you on a poll.

turn 0 : They are implying what is your opinion


Say that you're 80. . .
OK.
What's Sommore going to be like?
I would probably be like Peg Bundy.

turn 0 : just shy of 30 means the person is almost 30-years-old.

turn 0 : Age is just a number and doesn't define how one feels

turn 0 : Being 80 implies being in old age and not constituting a total of 80 in quantity

turn 0 : How important is this for the person and also they want to know if they are different now that they are older.

turn 0 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer


turn 0 : B is asking A if he/she thought carefully before doing something.

turn 0 : B is surprised or impressed by what A just said

turn 0 : B is asking about your age, not your grade.


Oh, I come off great. I'm a great character, Dain Ironfoot. I don't have much to do. It's, like, in a cameo role. And I'm not really sure how much I'm allowed to say, but the king dies and I step into his place in a very violent way. But I'm a ruffian, you know. I ride a wild pig and I wear iron shoes and I use an ax as a weapon, and it's - I've got hair down to my waist, and my beard down to my waist and tattooed face, and it's an extraordinarily appearance. It takes two-and-a-half hours to get me ready.

Well, that can't have been fun.

I was the wheel(ph) in a Volkswagen.

I've got so much stuff on.

turn 2 : material in this context means the way someone performs

turn 2 : A felt out of place in his new environment and struggled to fit in.

turn 2 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 2 : Being a wheel in a Volkswagen implies that he was carrying a lot of physical material


Sean Flynn describes what he calls the beat-by-beat horrors of those terrifying 198 minutes in the August issue of GQ, and he joins us now from member station WCPN in Cleveland. Good to have you with us today.

Oh, thanks, Neal. It's good to be here.

And you tell the story through the eyes of several witnesses. The first person we meet is a young man named Adrian.

Yeah. Adrian was, you know, oddly enough, he was brand new to a leadership position in the AUF, the youth wing of the Labor Party. He had just been hired 11 days earlier as the district secretary from the town of Skien. And when this first started happening, he didn't recognize this as gunfire. He didn't really know to be afraid. He was curios because people don't shoot each other in Norway. And he was convinced that because of the bombing, this must be some sort of prank, that it was, you know, maybe an exercise that the Labor Party was putting on to try to show these kids what it would be like to live in a warzone.

turn 3 : A describes his fear and relief during a shooting incident

turn 3 : .The situation was potentially dangerous and uncomfortable, with the darkness and cold adding to the tension.

turn 3 : He felt like he was watching a contestant on a game show.

turn 3 : Their heart did not almost stop but they did fell very close to panic when they heard the sound.

turn 3 : Adrian was inexperienced and naive, and did not immediately understand the gravity of the situation, mistaking the gunfire for a prank.


What has made Megan Rapinoe the standout name for the United States in these games?

Gosh, everything about her, both on the pitch and off. So she scored all four U. S.  goals in these last two games.

Wow.

She has been outspoken throughout her career on human rights and LGBTQ issues. She made headlines for a spicy comment she made earlier this year when she said, there is no bleeping way I'm going to the White House if the team wins the World Cup. And Trump responded with some angry tweets of his own. She is brilliant in play, her strategy, her execution. She is a clear fan favorite. Let me read you (laughter), the headline on Deadspin, on the website Deadspin, when the U. S.  beat host country France in their last game. Here's what they said - "Purple-Haired Lesbian Goddess Flattens France Like A Crepe. "

OK, wow.

turn 3 : spicy comment means in this context that the person said something controversial

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a sarcastic or ironic tone to convey their true feelings or opinions about the situation, without explicitly stating them.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a euphemism or understatement to convey a more significant or sensitive message.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of sarcasm or irony suggests that they hold a different opinion or belief than what they are expressing explicitly.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is expressing disapproval or criticism towards the listener or a third party, but doing so indirectly or politely.


Last year, we gave almost $50 million of our internal resources for aid. So between 25 percent and a third of all of our students had enough grant aid from the college for tuition to be free. Why is that possible?Because we have this endowment that we use to underwrite the cost and to provide opportunities for students.

OK.  You have, as you mentioned, an enrollment of 1,700 students with an endowment of 1. 8 billion. That's more than a million dollars per student. The government only wants to take 1. 4 percent in this proposal.

Well, first of all, 1. 4 percent may seem like a small percent, but that is every dollar there - takes dollars away from students. It takes away either from the quality of educational experience or from our ability to offer aid. And we do this as a public good. We do it for students from all over the country. We admit need blind. So we admit students without even considering how much they can pay. And we're able to do that because of these resources, and we're not unique.

Right. But, you know, if you look at something like Harvard and Yale, they have an endowment of a combined $60 billion. I mean, that's an astronomical amount of money. And, in effect, by it being tax free, aren't we the taxpayer subsidizing these elite universities that are hardly hurting for income?I mean, aren't we all paying for it?

turn 2 : The literal meaning of the turn is asking about a hypothetical scenario, but the actual meaning is asking about the potential impact of eliminating a deduction for student loans.

turn 2 : It implies that Student-athletes are being exploited for their labor and not fairly compensated.

turn 2 : their own pockets implies that they were collecting money for themselves

turn 2 : "So this was public money that was coming into these schools, but the couple that ran them was financially benefiting from it" - The literal meaning of this sentence is that public funds were being used to support the couple's charter schools, and that the couple was making a profit from these funds. However, the implied meaning is that the couple may have been exploiting their positions of power to enrich themselves at the expense of the public education system.

turn 2 : "Takes dollars away from students" implies that they are actually taking money from the student's pockets.


I don't even know what to say.

Have you - make sure you've eaten your lunch or your breakfast.

It might be - it's going to be the grossest video you've probably seen all week. But you should still watch it because it's fascinating.

You know how to sell it.

turn 2 : The key point is made to make people want to learn more about what happened.

turn 2 : you don't really know that much about this.

turn 2 : The video is gross, but still interesting enough to watch.

turn 2 : behind the scenes - to see the inner workings of things

turn 2 : It's like watching something awful approach people and not be able to stop it.


And what's your percentage normally?

Normally, it's around 65 to 70 percent in practice.

It's a little easier when nobody is guarding.

Yeah, a little bit.

turn 2 : This implies that it is difficult to distinguish between the guard and the prisoner who are trapped together.

turn 2 : The speaker is implying that the increase in closeness to the action is not matched by an increase in safety, so people may be put in danger.

turn 2 : They are not going to do nothing while the obstruction is going on.

turn 2 : The implied meaning is that A is inquiring about the details surrounding B's special person.

turn 2 : The statement from B implies that there is some kind of activity or task involved between them that is easier to perform when there are no guards present.


And what's your percentage normally?

Yeah, a little bit.

turn 2 : to give them more flexibility in this context means they are allowed to do more things

turn 2 : It is easier to do something when there are no obstacles (guards) around.


I was like, yeah. She's like, what do you talk about?I say, my life, our life. And she's like, so you tell them about us and they pay you.

And she's like, I've never found you entertaining enough to pay you anything.

In fact, I wish you would shut up so - so she was - and my father is even worse. I mean, he's very dry. My mom has all the personality. My father is a - he's Swiss-German, so I mean he's just a combination of. . .

Known so much for their humor.

turn 0 : A: "And she's like, so you tell them about us and they pay you." - The phrase "she's like" is a colloquialism that means "she said" or "she asked", and it does not convey the literal meaning of the speaker's words.

turn 0 : "Hey.How you doing, Lulu?" - The actual meaning is the speaker is greeting Lulu and asking how she is doing, rather than just stating those words as an empty phrase.

turn 0 : I'm afraid in this context means that the person doesn't like what they are saying but its true

turn 0 : In turn 1, the speaker is implying that they have an understanding of what it is like to be a spy, as they spend their day transforming into other people, and they must make their character and reality believable.

turn 0 : All the turns in this conversation appear to have their literal meanings, and there are no metaphors, figurative language or idioms used.


Known so much for their humor.

turn 1 :  I'm, you know, it's almost paycheck to paycheck meaning they don't have much money

turn 1 : A implies that her knowledge of business helps her manage the financial aspects of her career as a comedienne.

turn 1 :  A: "And she's like, I've never found you entertaining enough to pay you anything." - Once again, "she's like" does not convey the literal meaning of the speaker's words, and is used to mean "she said". Additionally, the phrase "pay you" is used figuratively, and does not refer to literal payment.

turn 1 : "Well, that's what you go for or what?" - This turn is a sarcastic response to the previous statement made by A, rather than a genuine question about A's preferences.

turn 1 : the literal meaning is that the other person laughs in response to something that was said.


Known so much for their humor.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using humor or sarcasm to make a point or convey a message in a lighthearted way.

turn 3 : B: "Known so much for their humor." - This phrase is a sarcastic remark, and its actual meaning is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is suggesting that Swiss-German people are not known for their humor, whereas the literal meaning would suggest the opposite.

turn 3 : B's laughter does not have a literal meaning but is likely a response to something humorous or lighthearted in the conversation.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of (3) and (4) is that A and B are laughing, but their actual meaning is that A and B are joking with each other.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using understatement or exaggeration to convey a message, often to emphasize a point or to add humor to a situation.


All right, for more on this story, we're joined now by Leon Fresco. During the Obama administration, he was the deputy assistant attorney general and oversaw all civil immigration litigation on the part of the U. S.  government. Now he's a member of the nonpartisan DHS Advisory Council. Welcome.

Thank you.

So do you agree with the attorney general's reasoning here that there is a legal basis for doing this?

This is a very complicated case. As a legal issue, this is a 50-50 issue, and here's why. There are two clearly established principles of law that are in tension here. The first is if you are outside the United States waiting at a port of entry to get in, that is undisputed that those individuals do not have due process rights that would allow them to ask for a bond if they are detained while we're making a decision whether to let them in or not.

turn 3 : to adopt laws means to make new laws

turn 3 : "There is no rule of law. And so how you actually solve this problem is very, very difficult" - Literal meaning: The lack of rule of law in China creates a challenging problem. Actual meaning: The situation is much worse than what the literal meaning suggests. The turn implies that there is a significant crisis of confidence in the Chinese government due to rampant corruption and lack of rule of law.

turn 3 :  "there are two clearly established principles of law that are in tension here" - The literal meaning is that there are two established principles of law that are in conflict with each other. The actual meaning is that there are two established principles of law that apply to this case, and they are in opposition to each other, making the legal issue complicated.

turn 3 : (3) implies agreement with the previous statement and reinforces the idea that the media environment has structural issues that prevent reasonable conversations.


Good to be here, Ira.

So tell us about your change of mind and heart about this issue.

Well, if you had asked me a year ago, I might have said I didn't know whether there was global warming at all. But we had begun a major study, scientific reinvestigation. We were addressing what I consider to be legitimate criticisms of many of the skeptics.

But about nine months ago, we reached a conclusion that global warming was indeed taking place, that all of the effects that the skeptics raised could be addressed, and to my surprise, actually, the global warming was approximately what people had previously said.

turn 3 : "Global warming?" - This is a question that implies a possible explanation for the changes discussed in the conversation, but it does not necessarily mean that global warming is the only cause or that it is the direct cause of the changes being discussed.

turn 3 : Climate change is hard to see because of how we perceive it.

turn 3 : So why are we all under the impression that there is not this majority? (Literal meaning: asking for an explanation for the discrepancy between the actual support for global warming priority and the perception that such support is lacking)

turn 3 : President Trump has caused a negative impact on climate change policies

turn 3 : The conclusion that global warming was taking place was surprising to A and matched previous predictions.


So what we do is that when the cases come to my office, we first investigate. Once we know the perpetrator, we try to call or invite the person. If the person refuses, we collaborate with the legal department, issue the warrant of arrest. There, we come to the table of negotiation. If he's ready to negotiate, we try to negotiate and try to resettle the victim. If not, we take the case to the court.

Well, how long can the process take?

It can go three years, four years. It is indefinite.

Sister, you were honored at the White House earlier this week. What role can the United States play in trying to combat human trafficking?

turn 3 : not a literal meaning but rather a rhetorical question.

turn 3 : (4) is implying that human traffickers don't have to worry about accountability or paying for lost goods if the people they are trafficking do not arrive safely, unlike drug traffickers.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at a desire or need for help or support from the listener.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be suggesting that there are some hidden or unknown factors that could influence the situation being discussed.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of the turn is to ask what role the United States can play in trying to combat human trafficking. The implied meaning is to ask what role the United States should play in trying to combat human trafficking.


Let's stick with Germany for a moment and look at a disturbing trend in that country. The German government says anti-Semitic crimes were up 20% last year. Over the weekend, the country's top official in charge of fighting anti-Semitism was reported saying he does not recommend Jews wear a kippah, or skullcap, in all parts of the country. Deidre Berger directs the American Jewish Committee's Ramer Institute for German-Jewish relations in Berlin.

Welcome.

Hello.

How did people in Germany respond to these remarks from Felix Klein, who's the man responsible for Germany's efforts to combat anti-Semitism?

turn 0 : It is unexpected for a country with low crime rate to experience such a violent crime

turn 0 : Anti-Semitic crimes have increased by 20% in Germany.

turn 0 : A believes that the language used is anti-Semitic, but not the person.

turn 0 : The new law signed by the president of Poland will stifle discussions on the atrocities committed by Poles against Jews during the Holocaust.

turn 0 : Jews in Germany are hiding their religious symbols due to safety concerns


Absolutely. You would want the most competent, the most compassionate physician that you can find. But those are not necessarily the physicians that they're trying to hire based on the ad that I was looking at.

As you were talking about dual loyalty. . . .

Yeah.

. . . Is there a specific example you can give us to help listeners understand how this plays out in the real world?

turn 3 : because the speaker said always good to be here

turn 3 : NO NEED OF GIVING ADVERTISEMENT TOTHE GOOD THING,IT SHINE BY ITS OWN


No, he didn't get to see it until it was finished, and by the end, that had ceased to be the main subject. Charlie Fairburn, as you say, is a successful screenplay writer and has had a hit with a film called "Aliens With A Human Heart," which he's not altogether proud of, and so he wants to write something serious before he dies. And he thinks, first of all, he'll write about his immediate situation, but then he decides to write about consciousness studies. But that novel within the novel is wrapped around by a journal that he's writing about his immediate situation.

Tell us what went into the character of Angelique, the compulsive gambler with whom Charlie begins to keep company.

Well, he went into the casino hoping to lose his money in order to become this artist driven by poverty. He's horrified when he ends up much richer than he was at the beginning of the evening. He's sitting at the bar and this - there is Angelique with a symmetrical disappointment. She's lost all her money, and so he gives her his unwanted winnings, and they begin a passionate affair. But all of the incidents in this novel are really an attempt to look into the nature of consciousness.

When you're writing, how do you know when something is funny?

turn 3 : implies to ask for advice from the writer on how to craft humor in writing.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using humor or sarcasm to make a point or convey a message in a lighthearted way.

turn 3 : In turn 4, "It's fun to write (laughter)" implies that the speaker enjoys writing a story which challenges the conventional expectations of the characters.

turn 3 : (4) implies that the speaker is being sarcastic or making a joke in response to the other person's comment.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using sarcasm or irony to convey a different meaning than what is being explicitly stated.


Well, what's your evidence that that can be done?I mean, what is your evidence that you can?

What's the evidence that I could beat Donald Trump?

Yeah.

(Laughter) Well, I think there's 37 people trying to figure out how they can do it right now.

turn 3 : A suggests that Trump's behavior is predictable in certain ways.

turn 3 : The implication is that the Republicans may have to use strong tactics to pass their agenda, even if it means having to pressure members of their own party.

turn 3 : (4) Indicates that the speaker would use passive-aggressive tactics to undermine Donald Trump's confidence.

turn 3 : The president will propose something new later today

turn 3 : This implies that people are already curious to know how A intends to defeat Trump.


It stores the equivalent of ones and zeroes. We came up with the idea in a bar in Hamburg a few years ago because the institute where I work is - keeps some of the world's big, biological databases. We store the information, we archive the information, and we serve it to research biologists around the world over the Internet for them to do their research.

And the data that's coming to us is increasing exponentially. It's quite a headache for us to keep hold of all of that because our budgets don't increase exponentially.

Yeah, did you actually try this out on some DNA?

Yeah, we tried it out in a real - it's sort of compared to the databases we store, it's a small example, but compared to what people have done before, it's a pretty big example. We wrote a computer program that embodied a code that would convert the zeros and ones from a hard disk drive into the letters that we use to represent DNA, and then we - our collaborators in California were able to actually synthesize physical DNA.

And what did you store in that DNA?

turn 1 :  "I have never had a headache in my life." - This turn is hyperbolic and exaggerates the speaker's lack of experience with headaches. It is unlikely to be literally true for most people.

turn 1 : when something is a headache in this context it means its annoying

turn 1 : The brain is capable of adjusting to unusual situations quickly.

turn 1 : to wrap your head around something in this context means to understand something that is really horrible


How do you perceive yourself at this point as a business woman, not just a comedienne?Because you used to be an Algebra teacher, you were also a small business owner. I'm sure that there is a whole industry behind what you do, having to deal with your bookings, et cetera. How do you deal with that part of it?

Well, knowledge is the key. I have a degree in Business Administration's, minor in Mathematics. And, unlike most comediennes, I was a business person before I got into this field. I am very aware of my bookings, I'm very aware of my accounting. I'm very aware of how to write jokes. So, it doesn't make it easier but knowledge helps it - helps me understand a lot of different things. So even like times now when we're in a recession, when the country is in a recession, and people aren't coming out to the shows as often the way they used to come - the audiences aren't packed - I, because I understand business, know that, OK, I'll move to smaller venues, I'll come in with a cheaper ticket. But I will still work as an artist. And as an artist, overall, you really want to work.

What makes you laugh?

What makes me laugh - kids make me laugh, and old people make me laugh.

turn 0 : B is making a pun on the word "segue" which implies that they are being professional in making smooth transitions during interviews without interruption.

turn 0 : The speaker is expressing their opinion about the actress's ability to get roles in Hollywood as an African-American woman, and how they didn't think she was a good fit for the particular movie. The literal meaning of the words used in the turn may not convey the speaker's actual opinion or intended message.

turn 0 : to take on a role in this context means to act like a character.

turn 0 : A is unhappy that their music is not receiving as much attention as other artists.2. B is trying to console A by mentioning that they have received praise from Vibe Magazine.

turn 0 : B implies that being a comedienne is not the same as being a businesswoman, and she wants to know how A manages the business side of her career.