Like what, as you see it?

turn 3 : The company may be motivated to pay the settlement to avoid further legal complications.

turn 3 : People may view media entities as easy targets for lawsuits in order to make a quick profit.


It sounds like he would have a great personal incentive to keep good relations with Russia.

Well, he's a very outspoken and always been. I mean, he was the oligarch who funded the Orange Revolution. Which is, you know, basically the Ukrainians - the Orange Revolution - they realized that they are not Russians, and they are Ukrainians. So he's - among the oligarchs, he's the most pro-Western oriented. At the same time, you know, also among the oligarchs, he has the biggest holding in Russia. So that's - that's going to be an interesting - an important dimension, I believe Because he could be the man who can make an agreement or strike a deal both between the European Union and Russia. Now, how he's going to do that is a different question, and I think it's not going to be that easy.

Have you had the chocolate?

Oh, the chocolate is good actually, decent quality, which, you know, when - when we're speaking about quality that's, you know, European standard, if you like.

Does he have good relations with President Putin?Do we know anything about that?

turn 4 : (2) implies that the speaker doubts whether the KGB officers were actually interested in the discussion of democratic oversight and were just pretending to pay attention.

turn 4 : They mean that this is not a small way of being associated with Russia.

turn 4 : He is not saying that Putin never does anything wrong and is very nice.

turn 4 : 5: The speaker is implying that they do not know anything about the oligarch's relationship with President Putin.


All right. Just quick hit. If you had one thing that you wanted the administration to accomplish with technology in its first term - if there's more than one, but you know - what's your one fantasy, quickly?

Oh, my gosh. Oh, gosh, Farai one?You're putting me on the spot?I would have to probably say stem education - Science, Technology, Engineering and Math education. If they could funnel more money into our teachers and into our kids becoming the future engineers and scientists, then the innovation will take care of itself.

All right, Mario. Great. Thank you.

Thank you, Farai.

turn 1 : The stem cells have an advantage in developing into neurons.

turn 1 : The problems of today are the necessity for innovation to occur.

turn 1 : The question caught A off guard, but they believe that improving STEM education is crucial for technological advancement in the future.

turn 1 : There is an actual recent increase in intellectual ability among students.

turn 1 : The findings are likely to vary depending on what field of study you have chosen, such as engineering or philosophy.


The New York Mets lost 7 to 1 to the Milwaukee Brewers on Wednesday, but the real loser was their mascot, Mr.  Met. Mr.  Met has a huge white baseball of a head dappled with red stitching and embellished with a perpetual grin.

But as he left the playing field Wednesday night, Mr.  Met flipped a middle finger to a group of fans who posted it on Twitter - busted, Mr.  Met. The club apologized, and the team employee in the Mr.  Met costume that night has reportedly not returned. There were reports that fans heckled him, which fans deny.

The Mr.  Mets middle finger controversy poses a physical and philosophical question. Mr.  Met has four fingers on each hand. How can you say that any of them is a middle finger?Anyway, flipping the bird in New York, isn't that just how they say good morning in Queens?

(Singing) Well, everybody's heard about the bird - bird, bird, bird, the bird's the word. Well, bird, bird, bird, bird is the word. Well, bird, bird, bird - the bird is the word. Well, bird, bird, bird, bird is the word. Well, bird, bird, bird - the bird is the word. Well, bird, bird, bird's the word. Well, bird, bird, bird - the bird's the word. Well, bird, bird, bird, bird is the word. Well, bird, bird, bird's the word. Well, don't you know about the bird?Well, everybody knows that the bird is the word. Well, bird, bird, the bird's the word. . .

turn 1 : The speaker is not actually seeking revenge on Waldo. It is a joke, meant to be taken humorously.

turn 1 : (2) The literal meaning of this turn is that A made a stand against the colleague, but the actual meaning is that A had the power to stand up for others but didn't.

turn 1 :  (2) The real meaning of the statement is that despite the fans denying that they heckled Mr. Met, the mascot was still held accountable for his actions and the team employee in the costume has not returned.

turn 1 : A statement implies that they were caught off guard or surprised by the previous speaker's comment.

turn 1 :  implies the beast served to represent the fear, horror and cold of the situation;


turn 1 : All the turns in this conversation appear to have their literal meanings, and there are no metaphors, figurative language or idioms used.

turn 1 :  In turn (4), the speaker describes the birds "flying" in the wind tunnel with the wind blowing in their faces, which is not a literal description of flight but rather an approximation of the experience.

turn 1 : The turn in (2) is a figurative expression and its actual meaning is different from its literal meaning.

turn 1 : Turn (2) has an actual meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is not discussing an attempt to physically move goalposts, but rather a rhetorical strategy of avoiding answering certain questions.

turn 1 :  the figurative use of the phrase "flipping the bird" and the phrase's implication in New York City, respectively.


turn 2 : The turn with an actual meaning different from its literal meaning is (2).  In this conversation, A is acknowledging the wisdom in what B's mother said about talking to people in their 80s because they have a unique perspective on life. However, when A says "Nobody wants to hear that you met Harry Truman, you know. Shh.", the literal meaning is that A is telling B to be quiet about meeting Harry Truman because it's not interesting. The actual meaning, however, is that A is making a sarcastic comment about how people only seem to care about meeting famous celebrities like Rihanna, rather than valuing the life experiences and wisdom of those who have lived longer.

turn 2 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply an acknowledgement or agreement, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker may not be fully engaged or interested in the conversation. It could be interpreted as a way of signaling disinterest or a desire to move on to a different topic.

turn 2 : Actual meaning: A is pointing out the lack of discussion and attention given to a potential solution to a problem due to the dominance of the Trump-related discourse. Literal meaning: A is discussing a method of repealing Obamacare that involves tax credits and encourages consumer choice.

turn 2 : The actual meaning of the statement is that Mr. Met's middle finger controversy is a reflection of the fact that in New York, flipping the bird is seen as a normal way of greeting someone.


turn 2 : There are no idiomatic expressions or figurative language in this turn.

turn 2 :  the figurative use of the phrase "flipping the bird" and the phrase's implication in New York City, respectively.

turn 2 :  In turn (4), the speaker describes the birds "flying" in the wind tunnel with the wind blowing in their faces, which is not a literal description of flight but rather an approximation of the experience.

turn 2 : None of the turns in this conversation have a figurative or non-literal meaning.

turn 2 : The implied meaning of this turn is that the recent discoveries about feathers and filaments on certain species of dinosaurs have enabled us to gain a better understanding of their visual and vocal communication.


. . . Skeptical that the style of these debates does much. It does kind of feed the reality TV-ification (ph) of our politics in the sense that it's more about entertainment. One thing I do think we're all watching for, though, is to see where - what the Democratic Party ultimately is going to stand for in the 2020 election.

You still have this immense sort of intellectual debate going on in the party of whether it's going to move more to the left and be a more progressive party or hold on and try to reclaim or be the party of the center. And we simply don't know the answer to that question yet. And whether the nominee is someone like a Joe Biden or someone like a Bernie Sanders or an Elizabeth Warren is going to be two dramatically different Democratic parties and two dramatically different general elections.

So I think the big topics that we've been hearing a lot in these debates is health care. One thing I think we're going to hear a lot more about in this debate is immigration just because that is an issue that has increasingly been captivating the public because of what's been happening at the U. S. -Mexico border and because of President Trump's immigration policies.

And just briefly, what do you make of the fear that some Democrats have expressed that much of what's being talked about at these debates are sort of the pet causes of the left, which are just not relevant to the general electorate?

turn 0 : Implicated meaning: The political content of the show may have played a role in its cancellation by Netflix.

turn 0 : Feeding reality tv means that it makes politics seem more like a reality tv show by doing the debates.

turn 0 : The media does not have as much influence over voters as people might think.

turn 0 : A implies that the process of political maneuvering can be absurd and comical to an outside observer.

turn 0 : People make their own decisions when it comes to voting and are not influenced by the media as much as one might think.


Well, it's a toolkit, and so what we think it is it's multifunctional, depending on what the particular need is for the attackers. They probably use this in multiple operations, a variety of operations, and so depending on what they need for a specific target, what they want to steal, they will only download those particular modules to the system.

So in some cases they may be wanting just documents, and so they'll just, you know, download a module that does that. If they want to be listening to meetings that are happening in a room, want to be monitoring email of who's communicating with who, then they would download, you know, those kinds of modules.

Who's the they behind this?

Well, that's the mystery. You know, if we look at where the infections are occurring, and you mentioned that it's primarily in the Middle East, there have been a scattering of infections in Hungary, Austria, Hong Kong, but they're mostly in Iran, places like Syria, Sudan as well, Lebanon, and some cases in occupied West Bank and inside Israel. But the inside Israel ones may be unique for specific reasons.

turn 0 : "what do he think it needs?" - The actual meaning is "what does he think it needs?" The use of "do" instead of "does" is not grammatically correct, but it is a common feature of some dialects of English.

turn 0 : it look like a meaningless. u can improve the sentence

turn 0 : The speaker is expressing amusement at the topic being discussed.

turn 0 : "what we think it is it's multifunctional" - This phrase is redundant and can be simplified to "we think it is multifunctional."

turn 0 : you imply that something is the case you imply that something is the case


When you think about what that would look like, give me one example, one small example of how you. . .

Well, first thing we have to say is something in the neighborhood of 40, 50 to a $100 billion must be spent on foreclosures. And it must be done this way - we're going to use the FDIC Sheila Bair plan because she has shown working with IndyMac that she knows how to do loan modifications. And that has to be written into the bill.

And then the other thing that you have to do is, you have to develop criteria for who is going to get this money and why they're going to get it, what kind of reporting they have to do, and some prohibitions against being able to get the money if you don't do certain things. For example, we can't be giving bailouts to CEOs who have big stock options and bonuses and all of that has got to be written into the tough legislation.

All right. Well, congresswoman, thank you.

turn 1 : Foreclosure is having a big impact on the current situation.

turn 1 : Foreclosures need a huge amount of money to be spent, and Sheila Bair's plan is the best approach for loan modifications.

turn 1 : If mortgage companies agree to modify loans according to government standards, the government will help shoulder future losses.

turn 1 : The government could acquire loans and make changes more easily.


I don't think it's new that they're supporting Assad at all. I mean, they have been pretty consistent from the beginning of the uprising, initially peaceful protest against the regime. And then as it descended into civil war, Russia has all along provided weapons, provided support, political and diplomatic efforts to shield Assad's government from action, for example, at the United Nations where Russia has a veto. I think what's new now is that they're looking at the situation in Syria as becoming more and more dire.

But you know, there's a difference between U. N.  vetoes and supplying - and military supplies and actually putting your own combat personnel or potential combat personnel on the ground.

I think that they're looking at the situation and understanding that right now there's a real danger that Assad's government can fall. And if that happens, what will replace that and how do you prepare for that when you're invested as heavily as they have been?Again, this is not new support. They've always had the naval base there. They've always had advisers on the ground. I've heard a lot over the summer about the increasing Russian concern about the imminent fall of Assad.

Well, the U. S.  had - at least as far as we can judge - had considered the potential fall of Bashar al-Assad to be good news and something that could lead to a better situation.

turn 3 : (4) Implied meaning: The United States has to choose between Assad and ISIS, and it should prioritize the destruction of ISIS.

turn 3 :  (4) implies that the US is trying to reach a political solution to the conflict in Syria, but without a strategy to deal with Assad and the refugee crisis.

turn 3 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply asking for a description of the current situation, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker is expressing frustration or confusion about the conflicting messages they have heard from President Trump regarding the removal or retention of U.S. forces in Syria. It could be interpreted as a way of questioning the credibility of the information that has been provided so far and seeking clarification or a more definitive answer.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of this turn is that the ICRC should do more about Syria, but the implied meaning is that some people might find this conversation interesting, but they may ask why the ICRC is not doing more to help with the situation in Syria.

turn 3 : In (4), the speaker is implying that the U.S. is not necessarily looking forward to the fall of Assad, but rather is trying to prepare for it.


Well - I mean, I believe on Friday, certainly a lot of people thought that they had a deal in hand. Senator Schumer left the White House thinking that it was very close. And he says it got undone somewhere in the White House. It's not clear. . .

Well, I can't speak to that. I wasn't a part of that. But I don't think it was probably quite as imminent as they thought.

Look, I think the president's actually been very clear about the things that he wants. He wants to address border security, he wants to deal with chain migration, and he wants to deal with the lottery. And he's certainly willing to provide legal status for DREAMers. So if those are your four principle points and they've been known for months, there ought to be a way to reach an agreement.

Border security means a wall?

turn 3 : B is asking for clarification about what "border security" means, specifically if it means building a physical structure along the entire border.

turn 3 : It means border security... But we are calling for much more intense border security.  Implication: A is clarifying that "border security" does not only mean building a wall, but also includes other measures, such as physical barriers in certain areas and intensified security measures overall.

turn 3 :  (4) Implies an acknowledgement of the dangerous risks taken when crossing the border illegally.

turn 3 : B implies that they are skeptical that border security means a wall.


Yes. And Stephanie says attendance more than doubled. She thinks lowering prices was a great business strategy for her. It might be good for others as well.

And Marilyn McFee(ph) is doing well in the downturn. She's a professional storyteller.

Maybe it's like mashed potatoes and apple cobbler, she writes. Storytelling is comfort entertainment.

She's been busy telling her stories at schools, libraries, even fundraisers.

turn 1 : People aren't spending money due to the recession.

turn 1 : Many people are losing their jobs and companies are going bankrupt.

turn 1 : The economy is doing very poorly, and consumers are struggling to pay their debts and bills.

turn 1 : Marilyn is doing well while the economy is worsening.

turn 1 : The economic situation will get worse, and it's uncertain how bad it will be.


turn 2 : She wrote very close to what happened in her own life.

turn 2 : She writes a wide variety of stories and the lessons that she learns as a writer can be seen in her stories.

turn 2 : She creates lines of written work in stories that sound good and have a great deal of emotion. Also, the way she writes her stories has a great deal of meaning.

turn 2 : What she writes makes people feel comfortable in a way that reminds them of the past.

turn 2 : She hopes people find a way to read the book that she has written.


Well, you're a gifted counselor. What do you think it might be?

I think it's triggering our students who have already experienced trauma and secondary trauma, and they've seen things. And we've seen students go through all kinds of emotional reactions during drills - panic and sadness and grief and fear because during those drills, you really don't know what's happening.

Given your history, given what you do now, given how close you come to some of these terrible issues, issues that are often too terrible to contemplate - if there are any one, two or three things you can change or say need to be done right now, what would they be?

I think our schools are doing everything they possibly can to make the environment safe. And I think one of the things that needs to change is it is not a conversation just for our schools anymore. What's happening is our world and our society are now entering our schools. And so we need to address our world and our society.

turn 1 : The emotional toll of safety drills on students is significant and needs to be addressed.

turn 1 : They are worried about any negative consequences of their actions and will fix them quickly.

turn 1 : The education system is not working properly and is causing a lot of stress for students.

turn 1 : The speaker is implying that the increase in closeness to the action is not matched by an increase in safety, so people may be put in danger.

turn 1 : The dangers of the ground is something the person remembers and thinks about a lot.


turn 3 : In (4) the speaker is implying that the US has a higher level of tolerance for school shootings than for terrorism.

turn 3 : People should not put too much faith in any single person or institution to solve all of their problems.

turn 3 : Safe-haven laws provide a vastly superior system to take a child out of a dangerous situation and place them in a safe environment.

turn 3 : Schools alone cannot solve the issue of safety, society as a whole needs to address it.

turn 3 : Not taking action to prevent something harmful from happening is wrong.


Phil Simms was quarterback for the New York Giants.

(Laughter) Yeah.

This is NPR, Dan. We have to fill in the blanks sometimes.

(Laughter) I understand. Well, Bill Parcell is one of the legendary coaches in NFL history. I called Bill and, you know, 'cause saw in the press guides that Ernie was his pro player personnel director for a couple of years in the 1980s. And Bill could not remember anything about him. He says, I don't know the guy. I said, Bill, it says on the press guide that he was your director of pro personnel for two seasons when you were head coach. And he says, well, I don't remember the guy. So they're all either being very careful about it or Ernie just does not leave a personal mark with them.

turn 2 :  (3) Please choose a confidence score ( marks how confidence you are that there is implied meaning in this turn ) :   4 : You are not sure whether everybody will agree that this turn has implied meanings but you believe that most of them will Please write a implied meaning ( More than 8 words! ) :

turn 2 : This turn is not actually requesting a confidence score or any other numerical rating. Instead, it is a prompt for the person to provide their own interpretation or response to a previous statement or situation.

turn 2 : They are implying they don't have any confidence

turn 2 : Implied meaning: Although there may be variations in how people interpret it, the speaker is fairly confident that a significant number of individuals will understand that there is an underlying or implicit message conveyed through this turn. The meaning might not be immediately apparent and could require additional context, but the speaker believes that most people will recognize that there is a subtext or insinuation.


(Laughter) Yeah.

turn 2 : The speaker is reflecting on their mistakes and hoping to learn from them.

turn 2 : (3) implies that the speaker wants to know what the speaker observed,

turn 2 : The interview or conversation is coming to an end and the speaker needs to conclude.

turn 2 : The speaker is not providing information about how to complete a blank, but rather communicating to his interlocutor that they need to be careful about what they say since they are on NPR.


Yeah, I think so. I think it's sort of like - the way I've been thinking about it, whereas Neanderthals - they were kind of an archaeological group that was in search of genomics and genetic elucidation, so we had all these bones from individuals we knew were Neanderthals because we've studied their archaeology and the tools they made so well, and so we wanted to compare that archaeology, the people who carried those - made those tools to present-day humans, see how they were related.

But in the case of the Denisovans, we started with the DNA, and we know there must have been a population, and really interesting to see what they were like. The West Eurasian, the European archaeological record and the archaeological record of the Middle East, is really, really well-studied and characterized by European and Western researchers. But the archaeological record of the eastern parts of Eurasia is more poorly studied or not studied at least within the same framework.

And it's a vast region of the world, which we know had humans in it when modern humans exploded out of Africa 40 or 50 thousand years ago. And so it's really exciting, and the data, the DNA tells you it's exciting, to try to figure out who those humans were. They were not exactly Neanderthals.

Hmm. In fact, isn't it true that when this bone was first discovered, people just thought it was a human bone?

turn 0 : Neanderthals were not searching for genetics, but rather it is our modern-day researchers who are searching for their genetic elucidation

turn 0 : The genome sequence helps us study the relationship between Neanderthals and Denisovans.

turn 0 : Denisovan girl is less related to Neanderthals than present-day humans.

turn 0 : Darwin's theory of evolution has flaws due to his lack of understanding of genetics.


turn 3 : boneheaded implies being stupid or stubborn, and not a head full of bones

turn 3 : This bone turned out to be a bone of a different species than humans

turn 3 : It's not three jawed but has multiple capabilities when it bites a person.

turn 3 : There are so many genes that it is difficult to determine which ones are important

turn 3 : when someone says "he had no mean bone in his body" it means that the person was nice and kind


Thank you.

What did you see when you drove through that deep water?What did you do?

It was just devastation everywhere. I mean, it looked like a lake. It looks like a lake in the middle of the neighborhood. You can't even fathom it.

Do you remember some of the people you were able to help?

turn 1 : THANK YOU REFERS TO THE ONE ARE THE HELP.

turn 1 : "Thank you." - While the words "thank you" are often used to express gratitude, in this context it could also be interpreted as a polite way to end the conversation.

turn 1 : This is a polite way of saying thank you for the help provided.

turn 1 : "Thank you" is a polite expression of gratitude. Its meaning is literal and straightforward.


Thank you.

turn 1 : (2) The literal meaning of this turn is a simple question, but the implied meaning is that the speaker wants to know what actions can be taken to address the issue being discussed and is seeking guidance or suggestions.

turn 1 : The actual meaning of turn (2) is to understand the current state of affairs in Egypt and the implications of the decision, rather than the literal meaning of asking what the environment is like in the moment.

turn 1 : The turn that has an actual meaning different from its literal meaning is (4): "How do you cast sculptures in what amounts to an underwater gallery, not just this installation in the Thames, obviously, but some that you've done all over the world?"

turn 1 : (2) - The actual meaning is to ask what the impact of the deep water was on the neighborhood and people, rather than asking what the individual saw and did.

turn 1 :  implies a question asking if the idea has been used in any other contexts.


Thank you.

turn 3 : The disaster was so severe that it was impossible to save everyone, and the situation was out of control.

turn 3 : It made the person feel sadness and it was hard for them to see.

turn 3 : The disaster was so immense and overwhelming that it was hard to comprehend.

turn 3 : The children in the war had to face and endure many difficult and tragic things.

turn 3 : (3) - "It was devastating, just absolutely devastating." suggests that the event caused immense emotional distress, rather than physical destruction.


Thank you.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at a desire or need for help or support from the listener.

turn 3 : The actual meaning of turn 4 is "You are welcome and appreciated for joining us and discussing the topic."

turn 3 : THANK YOU REFERS TO THE ONE ARE THE HELP.

turn 3 : (4) - The actual meaning is to ask if the individual remembers the people whose lives were positively impacted by their help, rather than asking if the individual remembers helping people.

turn 3 : (4) - The actual meaning of this turn is that the speaker is asking whether the people in the Philippines have been able to find any joy amidst the disaster, not just asking if they have been celebrating Christmas.


Amyloid is a very big one. We need to fulfill our research obligations there to examine it to the hilt. But there could be other proteins, the Tao protein, Alpha Synuclein, a variety of other proteins that could be involved, and hence we need to throw the landscape open with respect to what might be other potential targets in the various cascades that are described to produce the results of Alzheimer's disease.

I have about 20 seconds left, but just in this last little bit, there's a clinical test - a clinical trial to test this drug starting soon. Will these new studies affect that trial?

No, I don't think so. I mean, I think that the phase one trial of Bexarotene going forth in humans to test its safety and efficacy I think is entirely appropriate. So I would not pull back. I mean, there are some cautionary notes in these papers, but I wouldn't sabotage the overall program by this.

Thank you for joining us today.

turn 0 : The drug did not improve clinical features in Alzheimer's patients, but it's still unclear whether it had an impact on the biological process of the disease.

turn 0 : We need to examine it as much as we can possibly can. We need to get people involved with Alzheimers to learn about  other things that can cause the disease.

turn 0 : Please expand upon your thoughts and discuss what your experience has been to-date with the availability of dementia-related information.

turn 0 : The playwright is not really trying to solve Alzheimer's problem.


And would they work differently?Is the mechanism different?

Well, yeah, there might be subtle differences in that something that's truly universal would need to target something that is very constant and unchanging in the virus and something that would be accessible to our immune systems. And in an ideal world, if we could target the vaccine to those kinds of structures, and we see those in the virus, then we'd have our universal vaccine.

But we may not be that lucky. We may end up not being able to get a clear shot at something that's completely (unintelligible) and if that's the case, we would redirect it to the parts that we could see, and then you might have a little bit of escape every once in a while, and so they would be targeted to different regions.

Give me a rundown of virus anatomy. What are we actually targeting with these vaccines?

turn 2 :  In (3), the implied meaning is that some parents have chosen not to vaccinate their children, which may be contributing to the measles problem.

turn 2 :  Implied meaning: There is a fear of the spread of Zika, malaria, cholera, and other diseases due to the lack of access to aid.

turn 2 : The turn (3) "But we may not be that lucky" has a meaning that is different from its literal meaning.  The literal meaning of "we may not be that lucky" is that there is a possibility that luck may not be in our favor. However, the intended meaning here is that it may not be possible to develop a completely universal vaccine due to the complexity of the virus structure. This is a figurative use of the word "lucky" to convey a complex and uncertain situation.

turn 2 : The passage is written in a dialect of English, and the words used have a literal meaning that may be different from standard English. The actual meaning of the passage is a prayer asking for God's blessings, forgiveness of sins, and protection from evil, expressed in a language that is culturally and regionally specific.

turn 2 :  "Well, as we often say in cosmology or theoretical physics, that idea might be crazy enough to be true."  The actual meaning of this turn is different from its literal meaning. It implies that sometimes ideas that seem crazy or impossible might turn out to be true in the field of cosmology or theoretical physics.


So our veggies are sitting there in the supermarket, and they're doing what?

Well, they are still alive. They are still responding to external stimuli. What we've shown is perhaps surprisingly, they can respond to light-dark cycles and really change their metabolite accumulation to different times of day.

They change their metabolism as the sort of a circadian rhythm for my cabbage?

Right, right. So when the crops are growing in the field, they respond to the light-dark cycles, and they - all plants have a circadian rhythm, so they have patterns of behavior that they control or they - that are under the influence of their circadian clock. And when you harvest vegetables and fruits, these vegetables and fruits really stay very much alive even though they've been removed from the whole plant. But then when we store them under constant conditions like in constant light in the grocery store, their circadian rhythms begin to dampen. And so then they lose the ability to show these rhythmic behaviors.

turn 3 : The vegetables have a system that regulates according to how much light they get.

turn 3 : The vegetables don't have a clock. They have a system that is regulated according to light.

turn 3 : They are under control of the plant's internal system that is regulated by light and seasons.

turn 3 : Sunflowers figured out how to follow the sun's movement.


Well - and now they'll get $25 million, right?

I guess.

NPR's Ina Jaffe, thanks so much for being with us.

You're welcome.

turn 2 : The actual meaning of turn 3 is "Thank you for joining us and providing information on the topic."

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at a desire or need for help or support from the listener.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is subtly trying to convey a sense of urgency or importance in the matter being discussed, without explicitly stating it.

turn 2 :  A: "Thanks, really, for having me." - The literal meaning of this turn is an expression of gratitude for being invited to participate. The actual meaning is that the speaker appreciates the opportunity to share their knowledge and expertise on the topic at hand.


I guess.

You're welcome.

turn 3 :  A: "Thanks, really, for having me." - The literal meaning of this turn is an expression of gratitude for being invited to participate. The actual meaning is that the speaker appreciates the opportunity to share their knowledge and expertise on the topic at hand.

turn 3 :  The literal meaning of (4) is "Thanks for having me."  The actual meaning is "Thank you for the opportunity."

turn 3 : The actual meaning of turn 4 is "You are welcome and appreciated for joining us and discussing the topic."

turn 3 :  (4) is an expression of surprise. The implied meaning is an expression of admiration.

turn 3 : The actual meaning behind (4) is not just an expression of admiration but also an invitation to explore and appreciate the wonders of the world.


I'm just - I'm 84, but - and I'm going to just keep going until suddenly I notice that somebody has approached with a hook, and the curtain is closing. But I continue to do basic research, as for example biogeography of ant faunas of the Pacific, and writing on the general subjects that we've been addressing today.

You talk in your book about having the summer off as a kid with lots of time to do what you want. Do kids need unstructured time?

They need a lot. They need a lot. I would say that generally speaking if you have a bright, inquisitive kid, and very few are not innately that way, and you were given a choice, two months of summer camp with advanced, more advanced preparation in various subjects with college on the horizon in mind, between that and cutting them loose in the woods or in a very interesting natural environment, and I say cutting them loose not entirely but if you know where they are, take the latter for heaven's sake. It's the latter where they will dream and beginning to form in their own mind those ideas, those conceptions, those misperceptions to be corrected that make up a strong mental ability and character.

Dr.  Wilson, thank you so much for taking time - it's always such a pleasure to have you on SCIENCE FRIDAY. Thank you for joining us.

turn 2 : what they meant is that it's going to impress their brains later

turn 2 : behind the scenes - to see the inner workings of things

turn 2 : They will wonder about this at various times for the rest of their life.

turn 2 : The key point is made to make people want to learn more about what happened.

turn 2 : The kids will begin to think of ideas as they explore on their own.


Yeah.

There is still that love. There still that. . .

There absolutely is.

. . . Acceptance.

turn 1 : B has found purpose and meaning in life despite grief.

turn 1 : B is trying to express that love still exists despite some setbacks

turn 1 : The implied meaning is that B has a unique and special person in their life that they want to share with the world.

turn 1 : A is expressing a desire for love and acceptance, despite making mistakes.

turn 1 : The speaker believes that humans are both wonderful and flawed, but still deserving of love


Switching gears, we have been talking on the show and online about the major economic woes facing Detroit. What's been the response on our blog?

Yeah, we're talking about the price of a home sold in Detroit going down to $7,500. And a reader named Deuce Bollards wonders, quote, "What will happen to the Lions, the Pistons and Tigers?If they bite the dust, that will be the saddest part of this story. "I don't necessarily agree. There's a lot of other sad stories (laughing) other than Detroit's sports teams. . .

Well, that's true, but, you know.

Going down. But, you know, as our blog winds down, in the show's final week, we have links to all of our network of bloggers and those conversations will continue there.

turn 0 : (1) is that people have become inactive or lacking in energy, and the speaker is suggesting that there are significant problems that need to be addressed in the city. However, the implied meaning is that people have become desensitized or accustomed to these problems, and the journalist should not make broad generalizations about the city without considering the struggles of its residents.

turn 0 : The implied meaning of the first turn is that people have become apathetic to the problems facing the city and are not taking action.

turn 0 : The federal government has not provided a bailout for the auto industry in Detroit and people are scared and angry about the potential consequences of this.

turn 0 : In turn (1), the speaker asks why the neighborhoods around Logan were affected by some issue or problem. The literal meaning of the turn is a question about the specific cause or nature of the issue.

turn 0 : They are talking about the econominc troubles that are happening in Detroit.


And voters - how are they responding to it?

Well, voters I spoke with today were really unhappy with this redo election. They didn't seem to change their minds, and they mostly voted for the same candidate that they voted for last time. Netanyahu's supporters were very confident in their support for him. But when it came to his main opponent, the retired general, Benny Gantz, his supporters were a lot more pessimistic about his chances. He's a centrist, and some of them are hoping that at least Netanyahu will build a coalition with that centrist party and that could moderate an otherwise right-wing government.

And this is a complex election - right?- with many political parties. What are people saying about the most likely outcomes?

Well, in the last election, Gantz, who's the centrist, the former general, he was slightly ahead. And then Netanyahu pulled ahead. And then when the actual votes were counted, they tied. They had a 35-35 tie. And so now we're going to be looking at that same situation, it appears. If Netanyahu hangs on, he could try to build a right-wing alliance or ally with centrists, including Gantz. All of this is going to depend on one wild card, and that is Avigdor Lieberman. He's right wing, but he could tip either way.

turn 1 : B implies that the voting wasn't going to happen right there at the moment and won't probably be fair if it was.

turn 1 : They regret not trying harder on their campaign for the referendum. They also regret not getting more of the people to support them.

turn 1 : The voters did not seem to change their opinions when they voted again.

turn 1 : The candidate had something troubling in their past.

turn 1 : People make their own decisions when it comes to voting and are not influenced by the media as much as one might think.


I mean, your site gets something like seven million visitors a month?

Yeah.

Wow.

So that, that audience helps too, having those people, you know, kind of at bay, you know, willing to sort of jump in at, like, my command and help out when necessary. And like I said before, a lot of those people who read my site are also Tesla fans, so that's sort of a double reason for them to be willing to commit to a campaign like this.

turn 3 : inquiring about strategies or approaches politicians use to engage and maintain public attention for issues that may seem disconnected or less relevant to the lives of everyday Americans.

turn 3 : A is willing to support the campaign in any way he can

turn 3 : The audience of the site is willing to support the campaign when needed

turn 3 : People are uncertain about their vote in this election, and are hesitant to support either the Republican or Democratic candidate.

turn 3 : The approval of the audience is more important than the reviews.


Yeah.

Wow.

turn 3 : The website provides personal and political information about people based on their address, which may be an invasion of privacy.

turn 3 : The audience of the website is willing to help out with the campaign.

turn 3 : The actual meaning of turn 3 is "Thank you for joining us and providing information on the topic."

turn 3 : The person wants to know what can be done to find a common thing the two political parties can agree on.


Do you go back and see your plays often after they're up and running?

Yes, I do. I mean, in the old days, I didn't, and I was very sorry for it. And I had to learn to do it because we have something we call, especially in the world of large shows, a lot of people killing babies where the director comes back and basically says, you know how they used to just come in and say hello?Well, you know, I think instead of coming in now, pirouetting with a finger up your butt, why don't you just go back to coming in and saying, hello?

And we do that fairly frequently because people do get bored, and they elaborate without even necessarily knowing they've elaborated. What's unusual is that the guys in "Death of a Salesman" simplify. They don't add. They simplify and they get truer, and they find each other more. I've never quite seen it to this extent, but it's very exciting to see and I'd like to go back and see it as often as I can.

You described some playwrights, Beckett, for example, as somebody whose work seems to back away from you the closer you get it. But Miller's play, you say, is not like that.

turn 1 : playing refers to as and implies engaged with or undertake

turn 1 : Not as boring as the usual implies that typically the plays are boring.

turn 1 : A finds something amusing but doesn't want to explain why.

turn 1 : A: I regret not reviewing my plays in the past.

turn 1 :  The speaker is expressing regret about the death of a fellow student.


But I do think, at the Pew level, if you will, this is a divisive issue. And I am really hoping and I'm personally praying that evangelicals will stop and say, this one's too far. We don't want to close that golden door on people fleeing persecution, including people who are persecuted for their Christian faith. I think it's maybe not gotten a lot of attention that Christian refugees from some of the countries where Christians face the worst persecution in the world, along with other religious minorities, are also really dramatically harmed by these policies.

As I understand it, a big part of your work is talking to fellow evangelicals about this - about immigration more broadly. Can you give us a sense of what you hear in those conversations?

Yeah. You know, I wouldn't do this work - I think I'd be completely burned out if it wasn't for the opportunities I have on a fairly regular basis to be in an evangelical church in various parts of the country on a Sunday morning, preaching and teaching on God's heart for immigrants.

And what's encouraging to me is when I speak in churches, the response is actually really positive. I think a lot of churches are afraid to even have that conversation. But when they do, I find that most people are really receptive if it's grounded not in a political agenda - we're not there to tell people to vote for Republicans or vote for Democrats - but in a biblical message that focuses on who we know God to be, as revealed in the Bible, and his particular concern for vulnerable refugees.

turn 2 : burning out implies that people are being frustrated and not burnt out in fire

turn 2 : money to burn implies being able to spend money as desired and unnecessarily.

turn 2 : you don't really know that much about this.

turn 2 : to be burned out means you are sick of doing the same thing.


turn 3 : The people involved in the rescue are risking their lives to help refugees based on their faith and compassion.

turn 3 : It is important to discuss God's message of care for refugees without being politically divisive.

turn 3 : Let's focus on the areas of agreement before discussing divisive issues.

turn 3 : Implies that religion is an important factor in the speaker's life, not just a literal question about religion.


But yes, they do make them vulnerable. But to my knowledge, he has no problem with his feet. And there was another horse with three white feet who did pretty well, and his name was Secretariat.

Oh, yeah. OK.  Victor Espinoza is Chrome's jockey. What do you expect from him?

He's a very talented rider. He has been here before. He won two legs of the Triple Crown with War Emblem a few years ago. He's made beautiful decisions in terms of where to position the horse and strategy is everything in the Belmont. This is a riders race.

I don't know if he will win, but this afternoon, pin your heart on this beautiful little horse and this odd cast of characters around him. The pantheon of Triple Crown winners admits only the truly great. So if he is good enough to do it, you will be looking at a horse for the ages.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at a desire or need for help or support from the listener.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at a deeper or hidden motive or intention behind their actions or words.

turn 3 : the meaning of "pin your heart on this beautiful little horse and this odd cast of characters around him" is to invest your emotion or faith in Chrome and his team, even if there is no guarantee of success.

turn 3 : The speaker is suggesting that the community has been very supportive of the horses.

turn 3 :  (4) is an expression of surprise. The implied meaning is an expression of admiration.


Let's go back and talk about the suspended campaign for a moment. What is the practical effect of that on the race for the White House?

I suspect that the main affect it's had thus far is to get everyone talking about John McCain and how he has a tendency to shake things up again, which is a big part of John McCain's campaign persona, his narrative, if you will, that he is a fellow who is inclined to do the unexpected, to move between the parties, to move on his own, to be a maverick, to be unpredictable, to throw the long ball if you'd like, and sometimes that can really change things.

Now, I think that the McCain campaign maybe telling us in the hours to come that just the shift in emphasis over the last 24 hours since he's talked about suspending his campaign - it's been a little less than 24 hours since the mid-afternoon announcement that he wanted to do that on Wednesday - that just that alone changed the atmosphere in Washington, and even before he returned to Washington, the fruits of that were visible. That's obviously going to be a debatable proposition. I think a lot of people are going to relate to this as having been a kind of campaign device that had very little effect on the actual bailout negotiations. But those two sides will contend.

I have less than 30 seconds for your answer, and the question is, is it fair to ask whether or not Sarah Palin could have continued campaigning?

turn 3 : They are implying they don't have any confidence

turn 3 : They are implying that they are short on time

turn 3 : long lead time means it takes awhile for something to happen

turn 3 : A certain amount of time has passed by surprisingly quickly

turn 3 : the time has flown means time went by fast.


And those two factors - genetic variation and large populations - are perfect recipes for Darwinian evolution. So RNA viruses evolve very quickly. They adapt very quickly. If they pass from one species of host into another - for instance, from a bat, or a monkey or a rodent, into humans - they seem to have a better chance of flourishing, of adapting to the new host and finding ways to transmit onward. So the RNA viruses, the single-stranded RNA viruses, are particularly on the watch list for the disease scientists who study this field.

I'm Flora Lichtman, and this is SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR, talking with David Quammen about his book "Spillover. "Are we reservoir hosts for viruses that have caused pandemics in other animals?

Well, certainly we've caused disease. It does go the other way. It can go either direction whenever there's fairly close contact. For instance, Jane Goodall's chimps in Gombe in Tanzania, in the late '60s, suffered what seems to have been a little epidemic of polio. A number of the Gombe chimps died.

And that polio virus is thought to be non-zoonotic. It's thought to be a virus that only affects humans, but it's capable of passing from humans into chimps. So it seems to have made those chimps sick and killed some of them.

turn 0 : This implies that the lack of adequate medical supplies has been affecting the medics response to the virus.

turn 0 : B is asking if viruses can easily infect multiple species or if there needs to be specific conditions.

turn 0 : RNA viruses are a high risk for disease scientists.

turn 0 : Delays in treating people with the virus could lead to it spreading rapidly.

turn 0 : The mortality rate of the disease is high and it has caused outbreaks in the past.


turn 2 : Delays in treating people with the virus could lead to it spreading rapidly.

turn 2 : Humans and chimpanzees can transmit viruses to each other.

turn 2 : B is asking if viruses can easily infect multiple species or if there needs to be specific conditions.

turn 2 : The borders are not secure enough to prevent the virus from spreading

turn 2 : The virus Nipah is lethal and can be transmitted from fruit bats to humans.


turn 3 : The virus Nipah is lethal and can be transmitted from fruit bats to humans.

turn 3 : The polio virus can pass from humans to chimpanzees.

turn 3 : The mountain gorillas are habituated to humans and tourists, but human diseases could harm them.

turn 3 : Delays in treating people with the virus could lead to it spreading rapidly.

turn 3 :  Implied meaning: There is a fear of the spread of Zika, malaria, cholera, and other diseases due to the lack of access to aid.


Absolutely.

But still, I would beg still to point to the affinity between wanting to bake and the significance of bread and grain and its significance as something that supports life as a kind of basic food. And, of course, Christians use unleavened bread - some Christians, at least, in the Western Christian tradition tend to use unleavened bread for every Eucharistic celebration. And that in itself is understood to be an echo of that last supper. So Christians are sort of using a form of matzah throughout the year and celebrating a little Passover every Sunday, in one sense.

What about the journey from slavery to freedom which is part of the Passover celebration?The way that Christians celebrate the journey from death to life which is part of the resurrection of Christ - I mean, are those all parallels that we should pay attention to?

Well, the Easter Vigil itself is really a kind of mini Passover for Christians, I think. Much of its symbolism is specifically about mapping Jesus' narrative - the story of Jesus' connection and his movement from death to life - as a kind of image that parallels that of the Exodus experience so that Jesus becomes Israel itself and his passage from death to life is like the passage through the Red Sea.

turn 3 : The implied meaning behind this turn is that Christians and Jews can find commonality in their respective holiday celebrations, thus creating a sense of connection.

turn 3 : Well, the Easter Vigil itself is really a kind of mini Passover for Christians, I think.Much of its symbolism is specifically about mapping Jesus' narrative - the story of Jesus' connection and his movement from death to life - as a kind of image that parallels that of the Exodus experience so that Jesus becomes Israel itself and his passage from death to life is like the passage through the Red Sea.

turn 3 : not the literal grail or cup/platter used by jesus, but the most important thing or idea

turn 3 :  "So this is the story. In Islam, you can't remove a picture which has a cross in it... Plus, this was a colorful painting, and this was all we could afford at the time. So we want to keep it, and we want to keep that cross as long as I'm alive and kicking."  The actual meaning of this turn is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is not simply describing the painting and its significance, but also explaining the cultural and religious background that led him to keep the painting with the cross, despite not being Christian himself.


The sport right now is not very big, but the potential is huge. And one of the reasons there's such a big potential is that the typical esports viewer and esports player are young males. Those are people that don't watch television. They've never watched television. We talk about cord-cutters in the business. These are cord-nevers.

And so advertisers are desperate to try to reach them because they can't reach them anywhere else. So you have companies like Turner Sports, the Big Agency, WME-IMG - they see that advertisers want to reach this group, so they're all trying to get into that group to sort of prove that advertisers should go with them in order to build up the business.

Where is the money coming from, though?And sort of where is it going?Where are they investing the money in?

In several different places. You have certain NBA team owners that have invested in actual teams. I mentioned Turner Sports and WME-IMG. They actually created a league called ELEAGUE with different teams, and they have a regular season and a playoff tournament. Sponsors are sort of getting attached to all of this, and that's where all the money is coming in from, sort of all areas.

turn 0 : In (1), the speaker is saying that the potential for esports is huge because the typical viewers and players are young males who do not watch traditional television. The literal meaning is straightforward, but the implied meaning is that traditional forms of media are becoming less relevant to younger generations, which is an important factor in the growth potential of esports.

turn 0 : (2) is different from its literal meaning. While the speaker asks the listeners to bear with them, they are not actually asking for the listeners to tolerate or endure anything difficult or unpleasant. Instead, the speaker is acknowledging that not all listeners may be familiar with esports and is asking for patience as they explain what it is.

turn 0 : Turn (1) has an example of a phrase whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning. When the speaker says "their head coach, John Tortorella, is entertainment in and of himself," they mean that John Tortorella is very entertaining to watch or listen to, rather than that he is a form of media or content.

turn 0 : The implied meaning is that the person hopes for interaction and engagement between individuals interested in building their family tree or learning about family research, and that they will come across unexpected articles and ideas, leading to interesting discussions and experiences on the site.


turn 1 : The turn that has an actual meaning different from its literal meaning is (2). The speaker is not talking about physically diving into something, but rather delving into the topic of a new class of online retailer that uses Shopify and AliExpress. The implied meaning is that the speaker has started researching and investigating this topic in depth

turn 1 : In turn (2), the speaker expresses their hope that The Root evolves into a platform where writers engage with each other and with communities outside the website, creating a vibrant marketplace for ideas. The literal meaning of the turn is straightforward. However, the implied meaning is that The Root aims to foster a diverse and inclusive online community where different perspectives are heard and debated. This suggests that the website has a broader mission than just providing a platform for writers to share their ideas.

turn 1 : In (2), the speaker is saying that advertisers are desperate to reach young male viewers and are investing in esports to do so. The literal meaning is straightforward, but the implied meaning is that traditional forms of advertising are becoming less effective in reaching younger generations, which is why advertisers are turning to esports as a new platform to reach their target audience.

turn 1 :  The actual meaning of this turn is that professional athletes should take advantage of the opportunities they have and make the most of them, because they may not get the same opportunity again.

turn 1 : (2) is different from its literal meaning. While the speaker asks the listeners to bear with them, they are not actually asking for the listeners to tolerate or endure anything difficult or unpleasant. Instead, the speaker is acknowledging that not all listeners may be familiar with esports and is asking for patience as they explain what it is.


Well, if things go as expected, Netanyahu is on track to become Israel's longest-serving prime minister. To talk about Netanyahu's long career as prime minister of Israel, we're joined now by Daniel Shapiro. He was the U. S.  ambassador to Israel during the Obama administration, and he joins us from Tel Aviv. Welcome.

Thank you. Great to be with you.

So this will be Netanyahu's fourth consecutive term, but it's his fifth term overall as prime minister. Describe how you think Netanyahu has changed from the day he was first elected prime minister in 1996.

I think he's gone through several phases, at least on the issue that is so central to any Israeli prime minister - the Palestinian issue. He started as a real hard-liner. He dragged his feet on implementing the Oslo Accords they inherited from Prime Minister Rabin and worked on with the Clinton administration. And then when he left office in 1999 and returned 10 years later, he encountered President Obama, who wanted to try, yet again, to press forward on trying to achieve a two-state solution with the Palestinians.

turn 2 : Saudi Arabia has historically not been supportive of Palestinian rights.

turn 2 : Netanyahu's views on the Palestinian issue have changed over time

turn 2 : Arabs sympathize with the people in Gaza, regardless of their governing party

turn 2 : Israel is engaged in a serious conflict with Hamas.

turn 2 : The lobbyists were successful in changing the conversation about Qatar and influencing the President's opinion.


Coming from the black holes. But in these cases, the population of the universe is organized according to progeny, according to inheritance. There's a lot of structure. And we can use that structure to make predictions, as I was describing. What I'm against, and what I argue - and what I think nobody's really answered these arguments. What I argue is that to postulate that our universe is simply one of a population of simultaneously existing universes that have no relation to each other, and that just have randomly chosen laws, that idea takes us outside of science, because it's not verifiable or falsifiable.

No postulate - no hypothesis about those other universes can be checked experimentally, because they don't - they have no influence on our own. And I think it's very important to draw a distinction between making up stories that might be true and science.

You know, the rock-and-roll band They Might Be Giants has a song about what's science and what's not that I think nails the matter. So if a rock-and-roll band can understand it, I think anybody can understand it.

In other words, you're saying what - science requires that you are able to make predictions about your theory and test them. And you're saying this multiverse can't really be tested. So it's more a theoretical belief in something than being a scientifically valid theory.

turn 2 : The novel educates readers about science in an unobtrusive way

turn 2 : This implies that B wants to know if A has any Rock in mind that they want to use the rover's instruments to study.

turn 2 : A is discussing a scientific concept or discovery with B.

turn 2 : A doesn't literally think the rock song proves anything about who can comprehend science. The implication is the concept of what science is should not be hard for ordinary people to understand.

turn 2 :  The implication of this statement is that it will be difficult to reach a consensus among the scientific community due to their diverse opinions


Yeah.

He said she's obsessed with divorce. Everyone in her family's divorced. Some of them are divorced twice. Her parents got divorced when she was 6. I don't like to think that a divorce haunted me. And yet look at me. This somehow became my art. And then, I looked at the sort of evidence. And, this year, I've been married for 13 years, which is the year my parents got divorced. And now I feel like I'm in this sort of unknowable land. What are you supposed to do now?

I must say - as the days roll by and Rachel doesn't return and sends no word, you find yourself - I found myself as a reader going from worry about where she was, what might have happened, to anger.

Right.

turn 1 : Turn (2): The speaker is implying that the person proposing marriage to a woman at the ballpark is likely to be rejected in public.

turn 1 : The speaker is worried about their own marriage

turn 1 : The speaker is expressing frustration with the limitations imposed on them by their identity.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of (3) is "We know about Internet-radicalized lone-wolf scenario. It's very interesting and unusual to have a woman involved and a couple involved." However, the implied meaning is that the speaker finds it notable that a woman and a couple are involved in the scenario, which may suggest a stereotype or bias about the typical profile of individuals involved in internet-radicalized lone-wolf scenarios.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at an underlying issue or concern that they are not comfortable discussing directly.


Nineteen, OK, 18 at the time. Yeah.

Yes, sir. As soon as I got to my job, I exited my car, and I walked away probably like no more than 50 feet and, you know, I was apprehended by - it was either four or five ICE agents. You know, the good thing was that my daughter didn't see when they took me because I know she would have been probably even more devastated to see it happen.

Do you have any idea how they - how they began to get interested in your case?

Well, I had a prior deportation from when I was younger for a minor drug offense. Of course, I had to return back to the states because I had my daughter. You know, I was a single father for - ever since she was 3 years old. And the way they found out where I lived, it was the day of Thanksgiving in 2015. I got pulled over because of - my tags were expired on my vehicle. And they took me in. They said I had what they called a misdemeanor warrant from 15 years back. And I went to court, like, four - four or five times, and they ended up dismissing the case. You know, so I thought that was over with, so, you know, I went about my life. And a little over a year later is when they came and picked me up and they said that - pretty much they told me that I went back on their radar for having been pulled over that day in 2015.

turn 2 : (3) implies that the speaker wants to know what the speaker observed,

turn 2 : The speaker is hinting that the situation is difficult or complex.

turn 2 : the speaker is implicitly asking the listener to ask how ICE agents found out about the speaker's case and location.

turn 2 :  (2) Implies that the speaker is asking if the person they are talking to has anyone that helps them verify the facts that they are gathering.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at something indirectly and expects the listener to read between the lines.


Yeah, I'm glad you like that one. That's one of my favorite and I really overdrew that one.

You were - you've become one of the best-known cartoonists in America, but even still, what's your acceptance versus rejection ratio?

Oh, yeah (laughter). This is classically bad. This is, you know, across the board for everyone at The New Yorker. We're supposed to turn in 10 gag ideas, you know, at a sketch level, and on a really good week they'll buy one, so 90 percent rejection is doing great.

I noticed the book is dedicated to your parents. . .

turn 2 : (3) A: "This is classically bad. This is, you know, across the board for everyone at The New Yorker. We're supposed to turn in 10 gag ideas, you know, at a sketch level, and on a really good week they'll buy one, so 90 percent rejection is doing great."

turn 2 : Turn (3): The speaker is suggesting that the proposal at the ballpark is likely to be a rejected one.

turn 2 : They are saying that at the risk of sounding like they are perfect and above others they think you have to be honest.

turn 2 : "Now, I don't for a moment expect you to identify with the people who attacked your store. But can you - can you see where fancy bowls of cereal would kind of fit into their agenda about the world, their neighborhood changing right before their eyes?"

turn 2 : A is trying to add some humor to the conversation


I have no idea where my sister is. I heard my aunt was released from the distant relatives, but I have no information on my sister.

So do you have any sense of what their lives have been like in these camps that they were sent to?Do you know for sure that they were sent to camps?

I assume that they are in the camps because I hear many people - such as my sister, they are just disappearing. I don't know what kind of condition that my sister is being held. But I know the conditions of the camps. We have been talking to former detainees who's been released from these camps. People there facing forced indoctrinations, mental and physical abuses, forced to take unknown medicines, food and the sleep deprivations. The conditions are extremely bad.

I mean, it's not only the people who are in these camps whose lives have been affected by this crackdown by the Chinese government. It's also the lives of people who are just living in Xinjiang. Can you describe what daily life is like for them?

The people in the entire region is facing Orwellian-style-like police state. They are being monitored 24 hours a day. There are news reports that 1. 1 million Chinese cadres deployed to the Uighur homes to live with.

Officials who are just sitting there in the homes. . .

turn 4 : It implies that there is a lot of political maneuvering happening behind the scenes in China which an average Chinese person have no knowledge about.

turn 4 : In turn (4), the implied meaning is that the Chinese Ministry of State Security is trying to take revenge for the U.S. FBI catching their spies in the U.S.

turn 4 : The entire region is under heavy surveillance by the Chinese government

turn 4 : There are some groups who see China as a threat, but not everyone agrees with this assessment.


The other issue, of course, is there were no bonuses for Wall Street this year, or where there were, there were certainly contentions about them, and people were asked to give them back when they got them. So the extra cash that often comes through the pipeline to buy also Christmas presents, which was not there this year, was not there to buy stocks, either.

So here we are. It's December 30th. There's just a few days left to this week. Any chance that Santa might come in the last few days?

Well, unfortunately or fortunately, these are such volatile markets, who knows?I mean, in the last five to ten minutes of the market, we can see an extraordinary turn. It's sort of like watching an NBA game - it's not worth watching it until the very last few minutes to see who wins. We've seen wild fluctuations, but that said, it's not going to be anything to compensate for what's been the worst year since the 1930s.

As you mentioned, Diane, in the past, a lot of times, investors would buy stocks at this time of year with their bonuses. Maybe not so many bonuses this year. You've got the added element of the fact that some people are still concerned that they might get laid off in the future. How is that affecting how the markets might close this year?

turn 0 : The lack of bonuses affected stock market sales.

turn 0 : Central bankers' actions have positively affected the market.

turn 0 : when a company collapses, it means they went out of business.

turn 0 : Tech companies may have negative impact on competition and consumer prices.

turn 0 : The constant stream of bad news online contributed to the financial crisis.


Good morning.

We have begun to see pictures of refugee camps blanketed with snow and children wearing painfully thin sweaters. Can you tell us what living conditions are like for Syrian refugees at the moment?

Well, here in Lebanon, it is dire. In fact, UNICEF officials say that 10,000 children are at risk because of this freezing cold. Inside Syria, an activist group posted videos of eight children - mostly infants - who froze to death. This is the worst winter storm in decades. Even here in Beirut last night, we walked home in a freezing hailstorm. Now, we're on the coast. Syrian refugees living in higher altitudes, they're trudging through the snow looking for anything to burn to keep warm.

Aid agencies have been preparing for the winter for the past few weeks. Why have they not been able to get warm clothing, if not at least heat, to a lot of the refugees?

turn 1 : The situation is more dire than what is being reported, as the resources available are not able to meet the needs of the refugees.

turn 1 : The speaker is not asking for a literal description of the living conditions of Syrian refugees, but rather for an explanation of why aid agencies have not been able to provide them with warm clothing or heat.

turn 1 : Is this situation just overshadowed by other refugee and humanitarian crises in the world?  Implicated meaning: Is this situation being overlooked or given less attention compared to other refugee and humanitarian crises in the world?

turn 1 : The speaker and their friends committed crimes to fulfill their basic needs in the refugee camp


The parallels between the two men were extraordinary, and, of course, I didn't know that when I started researching the story. But every step of the way, there was something else that was a mirror image. They both pursued lofty goals in childhood. They both suffered love and loss as young men. They both lost their wives and were left with infant daughters at very young ages. They both embraced public service, and they both emerged as leaders. And the thing is that in another more enlightened time, they could've held the other's job.

It is also interesting. We mentioned Frederick Douglass, obviously the first generation of African-American leaders in this country. He met with President Lincoln, was - discussed the race issue several times during the Civil War with him, and it is Booker T.  Washington who sort of picks up the mantle, along with W.  E.  B. Du Bois.

They did. But it was interesting to me that Booker T.  Washington and Du Bois came from completely different positions. Slavery was not a concept to Booker T.  Washington. He lived it. Whereas Du Bois grew up in Massachusetts and had a - was born free and had a completely different experience. It was really Booker T.  Washington's mission to lead his people out of slavery. He was actually called the Negro Moses, and it was Du Bois' mission to lead them into the 20th century. If they had been able to work together in concert, I think that what they would've achieved would've been remarkable.

Yet they had tensions, well, I think, that continue to this day.

turn 0 : The man was highly involved in social events and had long-standing involvement with various organizations.

turn 0 : This statement implies that both men pursued a career in politics and held leadership positions, but not that they held the same political position or leadership role.

turn 0 : This statement implies that George W. Bush is not as relevant in American politics as he used to be.

turn 0 : (1) Implied meaning: Are you suggesting that despite the good things Franklin Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln did, they were still wrong for certain actions?

turn 0 : A implies that the process of political maneuvering can be absurd and comical to an outside observer.


turn 3 : The actual meanings of these turns are: (2) Martin Luther King was killed by a white assassin; (3) America doesn't understand or appreciate the contributions of black leaders during Reconstruction; (4) America's history of racism and white supremacy has been ignored or minimized for many decades.

turn 3 : "Do you find it interesting that we have a president who is literally African-American?" - The literal meaning of this turn is a question about the speaker's opinion on having a president of African American descent, but the actual meaning is a comment on the significance of Barack Obama's presidency as a milestone in American history and a recognition of the progress made in race relations.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of (4) is that the tensions between Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois are still relevant today. This is different from the literal meaning, which is that the two men had tensions.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of turn (4) is that CNN was unable to verify some of the claims that Dr. Ben Carson has made about his past, including an incident where he stabbed a friend and his application and acceptance to West Point. However, the implied meaning is that Dr. Carson may have exaggerated or embellished these stories in order to make his personal redemption story more compelling. The turn (4) uses the phrase "the implication is" to indicate that this is not a direct accusation, but rather a suggestion or insinuation.

turn 3 :  "Frankly, they kind of overdo it, you know? So for blacks to support Obama, he's got to make up his mind. Is he African or American? Because he can't be both. That doesn't make sense." The literal meaning of this turn is that Obama cannot be both African and American, and that it is difficult for black people to support him. However, the actual meaning is that there is a sense of confusion and identity crisis regarding Obama's background, and that this confusion affects how some black people feel about him.


I never had an apartment before, so just finally having my own place. And it was magical. It was gorgeous - beautiful tub. I never could use the tub because I was afraid of the roaches.

So unfortunately there's always like pros and cons to that, but it was mine. And I loved it like it was my baby. And I still miss that apartment even though there is bug issues. I miss it.

Well, it made me wonder why there aren't more songs like that in R&B. I mean, R&B is very dominated by relationships - right?- sex, relationships songs. But it does - it did make me wonder, why aren't there more songs about other milestones in R&B?Like, why is that?

Well, first of all, I'm thankful that people love new apartments so much because I always feel like my comfort zone is writing about romance and sex. But I think there's this narrative that the world just wants to hear about simple things and - or just extreme, like, sadness. I've just been broken up with or something like that.

turn 1 : Despite the bug issues, A loved the apartment.

turn 1 : The situation worsened after trying to treat it

turn 1 : The house was small for the family living in it, despite having multiple floors.

turn 1 : The situation was dire and I was desperate to get to my destination.

turn 1 : The power outage caused chaos and inconvenience to people's lives.


turn 1 : People's avoidance made the speaker feel isolated and angry

turn 1 : The speaker has emotional attachment to the apartment despite its flaws.

turn 1 : The speaker feels a strong emotional connection to New Orlean

turn 1 : The speaker is mentioning a song that reflects their current emotions.

turn 1 : The speaker is emotionally moved by the lyrics of the song.


turn 3 : A thinks that the world prefers simple or sad narratives over other themes.

turn 3 : The story is emotional and difficult to hear.

turn 3 : In these turns, the speakers are discussing the implications and deeper meanings behind the actions and ideologies of the person they are talking about. They are not merely discussing the literal surface-level interpretations, but rather the underlying motives, strategies, and persuasive effects of those actions and ideologies.

turn 3 : The story is a happy one that is also distracting and the people have been feeling sad so they need the story to make them happy again.


Thanks for having me, Scott.

Let me begin with what's being called the tarmac summit. Bill Clinton, Attorney General Lynch happened to be at the Phoenix airport at the same time. And Bill Clinton arranged a private meeting, lasted about half an hour, with the attorney general. Your old colleague, David Axelrod, tweeted, quote, "I take Loretta Lynch and Bill Clinton at their word that their convo in Phoenix didn't touch on probe. But foolish to create such optics. "How helpful was it for Hillary Clinton, who's so widely seen as untrustworthy, to have her spouse meet with the attorney general while she's under investigation by the Justice Department?

I can't imagine there's one person in America, including in the Clinton campaign, who thinks that was helpful (laughter). But I - look, I think if Bill Clinton had to do it over again he probably wouldn't have walked over to the plane, seeing all the follow-up from the last couple days.

Does it raise a question about what you do with Bill Clinton during the campaign because he is, certainly on the one hand, often called the most talented politician of the modern era. On the other hand, you know, he's got a history of mischief.

turn 1 : The speaker was misled into attending a meeting under false pretenses.

turn 1 : The speaker is suggesting that there may be a hidden agenda or underlying motive behind their words.

turn 1 :  Implies disbelief in the official explanation for the meeting and wanting a better answer.

turn 1 : can be interpreted as a way to inquire about the current situation in the city, not just the events taking place.

turn 1 : This is an expression of agreement, but it also implies that the speaker is willing to continue the discussion.


Thanks for having me, Scott.

turn 2 :  Republicans may attempt to use impeachment as a tool to try to challenge and limit Clinton's power.

turn 2 : implies that A has endorsed Hillary Clinton and believes she effectively addresses the issues.

turn 2 : Implies that Bill Clinton should have known better than to take such an action.

turn 2 : He will not take an actual shot but will try to become president if he gets the chance.

turn 2 : B confirms that the president is a recent one and hints at Bill Clinton being the right answer.


Thanks for having me, Scott.

turn 3 : implies that A has endorsed Hillary Clinton and believes she effectively addresses the issues.

turn 3 : Implies that Bill Clinton is both a valuable asset and a potential liability to the campaign.

turn 3 : implies a contrast between the two parties and the different ways that they conduct their caucuses.

turn 3 : B confirms that the president is a recent one and hints at Bill Clinton being the right answer.

turn 3 : She is not necessarily the one that is making the decisions with the impeachment.


Yeah. The embassy guards, it's kind of a, you know, a misperception. In any embassy they essentially protect the chancellery in the embassy and the ambassador's residence itself, and particularly to, you know, you get them into a safe place if there is an attack or to - and if that fails, to destroy the classified material and so forth.

They're not responsible for the overall external or internal security of the embassy compound per se. They can augment that and they have if necessary, but there is a diplomatic security mission that does that sort of thing, and then - obviously which didn't happen on this case. You're hoping that you've got a competent external protection from the host nation, which is responsible for the safety of the entire compound.

We're talking with retired Marine Colonel Gary Anderson about lessons learned from before and during the attack in Benghazi. You're listening to TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News.

And any number of recommendations were made by the Pickering Mullen report. As you look at those, are they going to address the kinds of interagency communications problems that you're worried about?

turn 0 : The French government is taking extra steps to ensure that any potential accomplices do not escape.

turn 0 : The military council is not trustworthy and will not allow observers to carry out their job

turn 0 : The government is cautious in its approach towards the regime, but it's clear that the regime is not going to survive. However, the government is worried about taking action that might destabilize the region.

turn 0 : Embassy guards don't provide overall security for the embassy compound

turn 0 : "The problem is I think the security - insecurity that they feel is generated by the regime itself."  In this turn, the actual meaning goes beyond the literal meaning of the words. The speaker is implying that the regime intentionally creates an atmosphere of insecurity in order to maintain control over its population.


turn 0 : Authorities are not present to regulate illegal border crossings.

turn 0 : Embassy guards are not responsible for the overall security of the embassy compound.


turn 1 : Facilities that were supposed to be safe places were bombed.

turn 1 : There is a risk of military conflict due to misunderstandings.

turn 1 : Assuming that Iran is responsible for the attack.

turn 1 : Diplomatic security mission is responsible for the safety of the entire compound


turn 1 : Mexico is facing a very serious and dangerous situation.

turn 1 : The regime has been causing damage to the country and harming innocent people.

turn 1 : The host nation is responsible for the safety of the entire compound.

turn 1 : They are worried about any negative consequences of their actions and will fix them quickly.


The White House and the state of California are in the middle of a war over auto emissions. Now 17 automakers are calling for a truce. They want the two sides to reach a compromise on emission standards. The automakers' proposal offers a middle ground between existing Obama-era standards and the Trump administration's announced rollbacks of those standards. NPR's Camila Domonoske has been following this and is in the studio with us this morning. Thanks for coming in.

Yeah, happy to be here.

First, just describe the nature of this standoff. How did it come to be?

Right. So during the Obama administration, the White House set these ambitious targets for fuel economy, basically saying that year over year, cars on average should get more miles per gallon as a way to reduce the contribution to climate change. So these targets were set through 2025 with specific goals every year. The Trump administration wants to freeze those targets at 2020 levels. So basically, instead of getting more efficient over time, cars could stay about where they are now.

turn 0 : The issue of pollution caused by automobiles is a serious problem that needs to be addressed by investing in private sector and government; it is not just an economic issue but a national security issue as well.

turn 0 : Climate change is a significant issue in people's opinions and politics

turn 0 : The White House and California are in a disagreement about auto emissions.

turn 0 : So California has been where innovation has been occuring and tested.

turn 0 : They are talking about the econominc troubles that are happening in Detroit.


Yeah, happy to be here.

turn 3 : President Trump has caused a negative impact on climate change policies

turn 3 : The Trump administration wants to keep fuel economy targets at 2020 levels.

turn 3 : Efforts are being made to increase the efficiency of American cars and shift towards renewable energy sources

turn 3 : The president will propose something new later today

turn 3 : Moving to a different source of energy is necessary and a major difference between the two candidates


Indeed. And on that note, let's get to some of what are listeners had to say, shall we?So Kyle Smith(ph) writes, "As a person of color and a news junkie, I've really come to depend on this show to offer more of a rounded view on current events. The show is truly a lifeline for me during a day that is color-deprived. "And Sharon Oshalle(ph), just to give some indication of the kind of listeners we have, says, "I'm a white, 40-year-old woman, and News & Notes is the only window I have into the perspective that it offers. In my white suburban world, all I get of black perspective are MTV and the Philadelphia City News. It's refreshing to tune in to News & Notes and see other sides of the culture. Isn't that what public radio is all about?Giving voice to different types of people so we can all appreciate each other. "And as you said, you know, some kudos for you, too. Aaron Coleman(ph)= says this, "I absolutely love me some Farai Chideya. Somebody find her a venue. Journalists of her caliber need voice because ears are starving. "

That's beautiful.

Yeah. And we also have some response from listeners who want to know what they can do to help. Monica McClendon(ph) asks, "Can you guys move to a less costly area?The South has all kinds of options. "So I don't know about starting the day with a biscuit and some sweet tea, but…

Mmm, not a bad option.

turn 0 : The speaker is expressing amusement at the topic being discussed.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker is indirectly suggesting that they may have information or opinions that they are hesitant to share openly.

turn 0 : This turn expresses willingness to engage in the conversation.

turn 0 : when something is made clear in this context it means that it is explained so people understand

turn 0 : on that note means speaking of which, or they are moving the discussion forward with a topic that was mentioned.


And of course we speak this week on a week in which the city of Baltimore has been undergoing a lot of restiveness, including injuries and arrests. What do you make of the fact that you've got Wednesday's ballgame played at Camden Yards, but no audience?

I think that's a shame. Much like how after 9/11 I didn't think they should've called the ballgames off, I thought they should still have baseball being played. I think baseball helps people heal. It changes things. Look at Jackie Robinson, what that did for the civil rights movement. I can speak for my family when they came over from Poland at the turn-of-the-century. They combined with other immigrant kids and they all learned baseball because that was one thing that brought everybody together.

Gary Cieradkowski - his new book, "The League of Outsider Baseball. "Thanks so much for being with us.

Thank you, Scott.

turn 1 : (2) The speaker is not only referring to a specific incident but also highlighting the larger issue of racism in the country and how it affects individuals on a personal level.

turn 1 : The speaker wants to address the negative views towards immigrants in America and reject white nationalism and xenophobia

turn 1 : (2) Implied meaning: Was that the highlight of your baseball career?

turn 1 : ) A: I think that's a shame.Much like how after 9/11 I didn't think they should've called the ballgames off, I thought they should still have baseball being played.I think baseball helps people heal.It changes things.Look at Jackie Robinson, what that did for the civil rights movement.I can speak for my family when they came over from Poland at the turn-of-the-century.They combined with other immigrant kids and they all learned baseball because that was one thing that brought everybody together. Actual meaning: A is expressing his opinion that playing baseball is important for helping people heal, both from tragedy and from prejudice. He also explains that it has been an integral part of his family's experience of immigration.

turn 1 : The speaker believes that the country needs to move past the legacy of slavery and racism to make progress. The reference to Martin Luther King Jr. suggests that the speaker believes in King's philosophy of non-violent protest and advocacy for civil rights.


Thank you, Scott.

turn 2 : (2) Implied meaning: Was that the highlight of your baseball career?

turn 2 : A is jokingly referencing the title of B's book

turn 2 :  The actual meaning of this turn is that professional athletes should take advantage of the opportunities they have and make the most of them, because they may not get the same opportunity again.

turn 2 : B: Gary Cieradkowski - his new book, "The League of Outsider Baseball."Thanks so much for being with us. Actual meaning: B is thanking A for joining the conversation and promoting Gary Cieradkowski's new book.


Thank you, Scott.

turn 3 : (3) "You're welcome, Scott" - This is an expression of gratitude and respect, not an acknowledgement that Scott has granted permission.

turn 3 :  A: Thank you, Scott. Actual meaning: A is expressing gratitude to B for the conversation.

turn 3 : B: "Abby, thank you" - This turn has a literal meaning as it is a polite expression of gratitude towards the person being addressed.

turn 3 :  implies that the speaker is expressing gratitude for the other person's time and attention.


I think the - the city will continue as it is. It's still the heart of all economic activity, of business. The plan to move the capital of Jakarta somewhere else is nearly 60 years old. The first Indonesian president, I think, in 1957 already came up with plans. In fact, they build a city in another part of Indonesian Borneo that was going to be the new capital.

Now, that didn't happen. But - so these plans are - have been around for a long time, and this has also got to do with taking the center of Indonesia's power, which is now concentrated on the island of Java, more centrally to Indonesia.

So the proposed new location in Borneo - is that a better choice for a capital?

It's not too bad. I've lived in the area for quite some time. There is tropical rainforest, and the government has emphasized that they want this to be a really green development. There's going to be no deforestation. There's going to be very smart planning. Of course, environmentalists like myself are concerned about what is going to happen once you move a million people into a relatively sparsely part of Indonesian Borneo. That likely will have significant impacts on the environment.

turn 0 : They  are implying cities need better public transit

turn 0 : The development of the city will be very difficult due to the lack of infrastructure.

turn 0 : The implied meaning of the first turn is that people have become apathetic to the problems facing the city and are not taking action.

turn 0 : when a plan is sweeping it means it changes a lot of things and can be life changing

turn 0 : The plan to move the capital of Jakarta somewhere else is still under consideration after 60 years.


turn 3 : The scale of the flooding is massive and poses a serious threat to infrastructure and public safety.

turn 3 : Moving a million people to a sparsely populated area may harm the environment despite the government's plans for green development.

turn 3 : Climate change is real, dangerous, and costly. We need to take action.

turn 3 : Investing in neglected water infrastructure requires a willingness to allocate resources and prioritize maintenance over building new infrastructure, which may be unpopular among some stakeholders.


Well, the committee report - it's not unexpected - but the draft reports thus far says that the impeachment committee believes Democratic Governor Rod Blagojevich has abused his power. Quoting from the report, "The citizens of this state must have confidence that the governor will faithfully serve the people and put their interests before his own. It is with profound regret that the committee finds that our current governor has not done so. "

It's quite voluminous. It's 60 pages or so of documentation of things beyond just what the federal prosecutor in Chicago has alleged that the governor has done, many reasons to impeach him beyond just the alleged criminal activity that he has been arrested and charged with.

Now, is there a rush to do this before - to possibly impeach the governor before Mr.  Burris would be seated as the junior senator from Illinois?

The report is drafted without Burris' testimony. To consider, they would add it to it, I suppose, if he says something remarkable this afternoon. But they seemed to feel that they have enough evidence to move forward with the impeachment. The rush is really to just get him out of office before they have to grapple with a huge budget deficit here in the state of Illinois. The relationship between the Legislature and the governor has been dysfunctional for quite some time, and it's only gotten worse since his arrest last month.

turn 0 : They are not going to do the impeachment until they have studied all of the evidence and the laws regarding it.

turn 0 : Congress and the president are not working at the moment.

turn 0 : The president doesn't seem to be acting like a tyrant, despite speculation that he's using more power since winning the election.

turn 0 : The governor has abused his power according to the impeachment committee, which is not surprising given the current situation.

turn 0 : Congress is not doing its job and is passing their responsibilities to the president who then abuses his power


turn 3 : The Legislature wants to get the governor out of office before dealing with a huge budget deficit and the dysfunctional relationship between them.

turn 3 : This statement implies that the governor's actions are negatively impacting some state workers.

turn 3 : The governor has had a hard time finding common ground in the legislature to get things done due to the difficulty in passing a budget.

turn 3 : A thinks that the government is not functioning properly.

turn 3 : implies a contrast between the two parties and the different ways that they conduct their caucuses.


One person called them old guard reactionaries who are grabbling for crumbs from the table. Another called them seat warmer saying they have nothing new to offer. And that led to a larger conversation about Obama's support among blacks where black folks stand on the Democratic Party.

And we are in good old Black History Month now. Of course, we are black 365 days a year.

That's right.

But from what I've read on our blog, not everybody thinks the black history month is a good idea.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: People are feeling resentment and anger towards people who think they don't have to follow the same rules as everyone else.

turn 0 : "taking these protests one step further" - This phrase means that the protestors are escalating their actions beyond just protesting.

turn 0 : One person called them old guard reactionaries who are grabbing for crumbs from the table. Another called them seat warmers saying they have nothing new to offer. (The literal meanings of these phrases would be people who are physically grabbing crumbs or occupying seats to keep them warm. The actual meanings refer to political figures who are criticized for being outdated or unoriginal.)

turn 0 : "the journalist in you kicks in" - This is an idiom that means the person's journalistic instincts or tendencies took over, rather than a literal physical action of someone kicking.

turn 0 : not literally served, as someone placing prepared food on a table for someone to eat, but working in a job or position


That's right.

turn 1 :  "American blacks love African art, African clothes, African music. We're just not that crazy about Africans." The literal meaning of this turn is that American black people appreciate African culture but are not fond of African people. However, the actual meaning is that there is a cultural appreciation for African arts and music, but there is a disconnect with the people who produce them.

turn 1 : "this is the only place you would see lengthy stories of interest to blacks." This turn does not mean that it was the only place where black people could read stories of interest to them. It means that mainstream newspapers and radio stations did not cover stories of interest to black people extensively.

turn 1 : The actual meanings of these turns are: (2) Martin Luther King was killed by a white assassin; (3) America doesn't understand or appreciate the contributions of black leaders during Reconstruction; (4) America's history of racism and white supremacy has been ignored or minimized for many decades.

turn 1 :  "Well, for so long nobody really knew where they were from." - The literal meaning of this turn is a response to the previous statement, but the actual meaning is an acknowledgment of the historical difficulties African Americans have faced in tracing their ancestry due to the legacy of slavery and displacement.

turn 1 : And we are in good old Black History Month now. Of course, we are black 365 days a year. (The literal meaning of this statement is that February is designated as Black History Month. The actual meaning is that black history should be celebrated and acknowledged every day, not just during the month of February.)