Yeah. The deficit - you can think about that - that's just a gap between what the government spends and what it takes in. So if you outspend your paychecks a month, you might put the difference on your credit card. The government does the same. That's the deficit. The debt is like the accumulated credit card balance, the sum of all the deficits you've run in the previous months or years.

So the bigger that balance on the government's credit card, the more the government has to pay in interest costs. And that means it's got less money available to spend on everything else we want the government to do. What's more, if the government's borrowing a whole lot of money, that potentially means there's less money available for individuals and businesses that want to borrow. And that can have the effect of curbing economic growth. Economists call that the crowding out effect.

This was a huge issue for Republicans, and they seem now to have backed off of that.

Yeah. Some of the Republicans who used to sound the alarm about rising deficits during the Obama administration seem less concerned about that now. I'm not sure if that's because they've gotten some new economic theory. It may have more to do just with who's in charge. During the recession, we saw dire warnings about debt-to-GDP ratios. Those turned out not to be true. A better question might be, you know, what are we running up the debt for?

turn 0 : A large national debt will lead to a non-functional country.

turn 0 : It is unlikely that the Congress and the president will be able to create a debt reduction bill that benefits the country and its people, and this will put a big pressure on the budget due to the tax problem

turn 0 : The deficit and debt are similar to a person overspending and accumulating credit card debt.

turn 0 : bunch of bad debt implies owing too many debts or inability to pay a lot of debts owed

turn 0 : The advice we receive about spending and saving is contradictory.


turn 1 : The government could acquire loans and make changes more easily.

turn 1 : It is unlikely that the Congress and the president will be able to create a debt reduction bill that benefits the country and its people, and this will put a big pressure on the budget due to the tax problem

turn 1 : A large government debt can lead to less money available for individuals and businesses to borrow, which can slow down economic growth.

turn 1 : People aren't spending money due to the recession.

turn 1 : bunch of bad debt implies owing too many debts or inability to pay a lot of debts owed


Yeah. I think many of us were. But now to North Korea, which is slightly less joyful, as I said. We're seeing, suddenly, a list of demands from the North before this summit takes place - a halting of military exercises between South Korea and the U. S. They want the return of North Korean female restaurant workers in South Korea who the North claims were kidnapped. It seems we're having to negotiate before the negotiations.

You know, this is part of an old pattern of behavior. You know, the North Korea problem is a wicked problem, a deeply impacted, entangled problem. It's frustrated at least two American presidents - President Clinton and President George W.  Bush. And that's for a reason. And the reason is that nuclear weapons have actually been North Korea's business. They've been in the business of developing nuclear weapons, threatening the world with them and then shaking down the world for different forms of aid for them to either, you know, supposedly give up or mute or, you know, diminish their nuclear stockpile. And so it's just so hard for anyone to imagine that, having behaved that way for so many years, now they're about to give them up.

So is President Trump being played?You know, what does the Trump administration want out of the summit on June 12?

Well, you know, part of my reaction to it is - you know, Kim Jong Un, 35 years old - Donald Trump, 71 years old - alone in a room, negotiating nuclear weapons. What could go wrong?

turn 1 : It's not an extremely hard and complicated procedure to perform.

turn 1 : A and the others are aware of the problem.

turn 1 : He does not have many ways to solve the problems as of yet.

turn 1 : People are starting to notice and take action on the issue.

turn 1 : The problem is extremely hard and difficult to understand as well as constantly changing.


When I got toward the end of my research, I tried to contact all the women that I had spoken with and just said, hey, would your husbands be willing to talk?The interesting thing about it was when I spoke to the women, they were all so enthusiastic and passionate. When I talked to their husbands, they were really nice, but they were so clearly disinterested in the topic. It wasn't that they didn't know that their wives are never frustrated with them. It just didn't seem particularly important to them. And I don't mean to imply that they were cold to their wives or indifferent to their wives. It just really didn't register as such a big deal.

Like a fact of life - like, this is just the way things are.

Yes, absolutely. In fact, one of the women that I interviewed said to me, my husband sees we have an issue with this. But he considers it my problem. So he says to me, there's really nothing I can do, and it would be helpful if you weren't so bothered by this.

Wow. Let me ask you this. The amount of child care that men take on was actually rising in the 1980s and '90s. But then we did see it level off. So what happened?It seemed like we were sort of making some progress in this issue.

turn 0 : No one's feet were literally frozen, it just means that it was really cold outside and people's feet felt cold.

turn 0 : The turn in (1) where the speaker talks about making "crazy logical leaps" and having "delusions" that keep them "warm at night" is an example of a non-literal meaning, as they are using figurative language to describe their thought processes and coping mechanisms.

turn 0 : The tensions do not cool as they are hot but they do lesson.

turn 0 : The word 'Cold' does not literally mean they are cold and chill, it has the implied meaning that they are not in good terms

turn 0 : All the turns in this conversation appear to have their literal meanings, and there are no metaphors, figurative language or idioms used.


turn 3 : The speaker clarifies that 'high-level' means more intensive and secure facilities.

turn 3 : Their notion is to do as much as you can and don't think about the numbers too much.

turn 3 : Level off here means that there is some downfall in the amount and does not mean levelling something.

turn 3 : a lot of stuff means there is a massive amount


You bet.

OK. The rope broke in my hands.

The rope broke in my hands. I'm writing that down right now.

That's good to know I could be of some use. Dave LaBounty of "The First Line. "Thanks so much for being with us.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker is indirectly suggesting that they may have information or opinions that they are hesitant to share openly.

turn 0 : The speaker is expressing amusement at the topic being discussed.

turn 0 : The speaker may be hinting at a hidden agenda. They may be suggesting that the people they are talking to are not being completely honest and may be hiding something. This could be in a business situation, where the speaker suspects that the other party is not giving them all the information they need to make an informed decision. It could also be in a personal or romantic situation, where the speaker is suggesting that the other person is not being completely honest.

turn 0 : This turn expresses willingness to engage in the conversation.

turn 0 : The speaker is suggesting that there may be a hidden agenda or underlying motive behind their words.


You bet.

OK. The rope broke in my hands.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of this turn is to thank the guest for joining the show and being available. The implied meaning is to thank the guest for their contribution to the show and for providing useful information.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that Dave LaBounty is grateful for being given the opportunity to be on the show

turn 3 :  The implied meaning of this turn is that the guest is expressing gratitude for being invited to the show

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that Jeff Jarvis is thanking the questioner for having him on the show

turn 3 :  The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is thanking the guest for appearing on the show and expressing appreciation for their insight


(Laughter) I'm not sure if that's a compliment, Steve. But thanks.

I don't know. If it means tough, if it means on top of things, it is you, Melissa. Own it.

Well, gosh. Thanks.

She's in Lyon, France. This is NPR News.

turn 0 : B is surprised or impressed by what A just said

turn 0 : A is unsure whether Steve's comment is a compliment or not

turn 0 : They are implying what is your opinion

turn 0 : B is asking A if he/she thought carefully before doing something.

turn 0 : Literal meaning: A is thanking Scott for something. Actual meaning: The actual meaning is the same as the literal meaning.


Well, gosh. Thanks.

turn 1 : Melissa Block is bold and confident in her reporting.

turn 1 : Melissa Block is brave or daring. (referring to the phrase 'brass-necked')

turn 1 : Melissa Block is capable and competent. (implied from the phrase 'Own it.')

turn 1 : She creates lines of written work in stories that sound good and have a great deal of emotion. Also, the way she writes her stories has a great deal of meaning.

turn 1 : B encourages Melissa to take pride in being tough and on top of things


Mm-hmm. And. . .

. . . because the sound was different.

Yeah. And also, they - when they gave people different kinds of spoons, it affected what they thought about the food.

Oh, they've done all kinds of things. The spoon is actually a gigantic question, not necessarily important, but gigantic.

turn 3 : food for thought implies deep reasoning or a concern. Not really a meal to be eaten

turn 3 : A implies that the impact of the spoon on people's perception of food is not significant but it is a curious question.

turn 3 : The taste of food is influenced by various factors such as the material, shape, color and weight of the utensils.

turn 3 : Food is the most important think for each any every human.


Well, due to the floods, some - probably some falling of the land and some mud that has been moving into the communities might be some of the situations that we might encounter there. And probably some roads that have been damaged and we will not be able to cross easily. So we expect probably some impacting in some households of those communities. So we still have to confirm that.

And when remote communities, mountainous communities, have to contend with flooding or worry about mudslides, can that interrupt, let's say, the food supply and create medical problems, too?

Absolutely, yeah, that's one of the consequences that we might face. We have been collecting some humanitarian aid in different points of Mexico, so we are ready to distribute food or even, if needed, some medicine to those communities. But at this point, we are collecting particularly food and some cleaning - personal cleaning supplies.

Mr.  Lozano, in the 30 seconds we have left, do you think the Mexican governments involved, both provincial and federal and, for that matter, your agency, were prepared for this?

turn 3 : (4) - The actual meaning is to ask if the Mexican governments and the agency were ready for the floods and its aftermath.

turn 3 : (4) - The actual meaning of this turn is that the speaker is asking whether the people in the Philippines have been able to find any joy amidst the disaster, not just asking if they have been celebrating Christmas.

turn 3 : (4) - The actual meaning is that the Republican Party's leadership is being questioned due to their inability to pass important legislation and their slow response to certain issues, such as the hurricane in Puerto Rico.

turn 3 : The implied meaning is to ask for an update on the current condition of Baho after the typhoon.

turn 3 :  (4) - This is asking for the biggest worries or concerns of Mr. DeMaria regarding the effects of the hurricane.


Tell us a little bit about Steve Elkins.

Well, he's a filmmaker. He's an amazing person. He's one of these - he's a true adventurer. I guess he's sort of a kid who never grew up. I'm kind of like that too. I mean, I never stopped dreaming about finding lost cities and being the first one in Egyptian tombs and that sort of thing. And he's sort of like that. And he had fallen in love 20 years ago with this whole White City legend and had been trying to find a way into this valley where this JPL Scientist has been seeing something for 20 years.

And he organized an expedition. It was washed out by Hurricane Mitch. And then he heard about LIDAR, and he said, wow, this is the way to find stuff in the jungle. Instead of sliding on the ground, let's fly over this valley and see if there's anything in there. So he called me up and he said, hey, do you want to be part of this expedition?

And you, of course, agreed and ran down to Central America and ended up as, well, I guess, extra cargo in the back of a very rickety old plane.

turn 1 : Age is just a number and doesn't define how one feels

turn 1 : Adults tend to make mistakes and create chaos when they meddle in things that are meant for teenagers.

turn 1 : He is the sort of person that still acts like a kid even though he is an adult.

turn 1 : A had an inappropriate relationship with an older man at a young age.

turn 1 : The person being referred to has accomplished many things and is currently engaged.


The last 48 hours, President Guaido ordered security forces to restore constitutional order. That's what we saw. This was not a coup d'etat. This was a legitimate president recognized by the Venezuelans and by over 60 countries asking security forces to go on the right side of the Constitution.

And at this point, when you're talking about directing the security forces, do you know what proportion is still loyal to Nicolas Maduro?

This is a nationwide movement by the security forces. And the majority of security forces are with the people. Remember; these military men, lower and high-ranking, have Venezuelan families that don't have food on the table, that they can't find medicine. So they're deeply impacted by the crisis.

But if we look onscreen and see a crackdown and see people going after protesters, how should we see that?

turn 2 : The majority of security forces are with the people due to the impact of the crisis on their families

turn 2 : The current financial situation has disrupted people's sense of security.

turn 2 : (3) is different from its literal meaning. While the speaker is describing the vulnerability of women and children in a humanitarian crisis, the implied meaning is that despite the significant amount of funding provided in 2017, the situation has worsened in 2018 and there is still a critical need for aid.

turn 2 : The paramilitary forces are in control and people are scared

turn 2 : There is a risk of military conflict due to misunderstandings.


Alan Dershowitz is a fine legal scholar. He's welcome on this show any time. But in any event, one had to make note of that. Way before Steven Spielberg and "Jaws," did - what's still called the Chappaquiddick incident in which a young woman, Mary Jo Kopechne, died when she was in the back of a car driven by Senator Edward Kennedy, went off the bridge at Chappaquiddick. Did that bring the worst kind of attention to the vineyard?

I think that that was when people first started to think about - see, the vineyard entered the world stage because of Chappaquiddick. And this kind of remote island that was a secret in many ways became not a secret. It was about three or four years later, I think, in '73, that Spielberg decided he wanted to film "Jaws. "And the vineyard came up as a setting because it was so authentic, although that word's kind of annoying these days. But it was so authentically weather-beaten and New England-y (ph).

And Spielberg had looked at some places on the West Coast, but a lot of the beaches there in the background might have a high rise. They were developed in some ways. This was an extremely undeveloped part of the world. It's tried to remain undeveloped, though now it seems as if almost every house there has a swimming pool. A friend of mine once said, and I quoted this, that "pretty soon, the island will be a donut. "

Pretty soon the island will be a donut.

In other words, there'll be land surrounded by a hole filled with water.

turn 2 : Despite the lack of power, the people on the island are doing what they can to recover and rebuild.

turn 2 : "It's tried to remain undeveloped" - The island itself does not have the capacity to try to remain undeveloped. This is a personification of the island that means the people living on the island have tried to prevent it from being developed.

turn 2 :  "a viable part of the region" means being accepted and respected by other countries in the region, rather than being physically viable.

turn 2 : The lack of power is a major issue in Puerto Rico after the hurricane.

turn 2 : No actual islands, but small groups of people that acted civilly toward one another surrounded by large groups that did not.


Hello.

What's going on in your city?

Well, what's going on in my city is a similar dynamic of what's taking place in other cities across the United States right now. We've had 130 percent increase in homicides related to arguments and fights between individuals or groups unrelated to other criminal activity. They've got easy access to firearms. We've seen all of these cities have seen many more shots fired at each individual incident. Some places it's a fight over synthetic drug markets. So there are a number of variables, but they all revolve around a fairly narrow slice of these advantage communities that is very concerning.

Chief Flynn, not so long ago, you were getting credit for a low homicide rate. What changed?

turn 1 :  Implies disbelief in the official explanation for the meeting and wanting a better answer.

turn 1 : can be interpreted as a way to inquire about the current situation in the city, not just the events taking place.

turn 1 : The implied meaning of the first turn is that people have become apathetic to the problems facing the city and are not taking action.

turn 1 : There is no indication that the actual meaning is different from the literal meaning. It's a straightforward question about whether people at the location are excited about the election.

turn 1 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer


Hello.

What's going on in your city?

turn 3 : The person wants to know where the crimes are not taking place and who is not getting hurt.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be suggesting that there are some hidden or unknown factors that could influence the situation being discussed.

turn 3 : Turn (4) is implying that even though research has been conducted in this area, law enforcement has not been paying attention to it and is only now beginning to do so.

turn 3 :  can be interpreted as a way to ask for an explanation for the sudden increase in homicides, not just a question about what has happened.

turn 3 : not a literal meaning but rather a rhetorical question.


Kids are natural scientists. They're natural born inquisitors. They like to find out about everything, and we just don't have a way of doing it. Maybe your math book can help do that. Have - do teachers use it at all and think about it?

We do have teachers using it. They say that they warm up the class with a math problem in the morning. We've heard all kinds of stories. There's a bus driver outside Chicago who actually puts the math problem up on a whiteboard on the bus every morning. And he has a bag of Oriental Trading prizes.

Right.

And the first kid on the bus to get it gets to pull something out of the bag. So it's really a movement that's spreading.

turn 0 : Their kids starting asking them repeatedly for math problems every night.

turn 0 : The pieces mean memories of the person's childhood that they were able to make sense of.

turn 0 : The kids were smarter than the other kids in their class.

turn 0 : Kids like to learn about everything and they are always questioning what they see.

turn 0 : They suppose that informing young people in an engaging way would be appropriate.


Right.

turn 1 : the adults do the math as a way to get their brains stimulated.

turn 1 : They begin the math with the kids,not actually roll anything.

turn 1 : Their kids starting asking them repeatedly for math problems every night.

turn 1 : The teacher gets the class ready for school work by giving them a math problem to do.

turn 1 : Not all students understand the goal mentioned before.


Right.

turn 3 : They begin the math with the kids,not actually roll anything.

turn 3 : There is an actual recent increase in intellectual ability among students.

turn 3 : The movement to get kids to do math is becoming known and done by a large amount of people.

turn 3 : the adults do the math as a way to get their brains stimulated.

turn 3 : Their notion is to do as much as you can and don't think about the numbers too much.


He hasn't always fallen right in line with Trump by any means. He hasn't always fallen right in line with Trump by any means. He's been critical of Putin over some gas projects that he's been involved in. He's been critical of Putin over some gas projects that he's been involved in. But generally, he has held the Trump line. But generally, he has held the Trump line. So I think this is going to be interesting to go in. So I think this is going to be interesting to go in. He did have that one key moment in the text chain where he came in and clearly stated this was not quid pro quo but then suggested they get offline. He did have that one key moment in the text chain where he came in and clearly stated this was not quid pro quo but then suggested they get offline. So. . . So. . .

Right. Right.

So we'll see what happens once he jumps in there. So we'll see what happens once he jumps in there.

Are people following this in Portland?Are people following this in Portland?I mean, how are they reacting?I mean, how are they reacting?

turn 0 : "fallen right in line with" implies to agree with. "held the Trump line" implies to agree with Trump's position.

turn 0 : second in line refers to who takes the place of a leader if they resign

turn 0 : To the right means politically right wing, not that they are actually sitting on the right

turn 0 : President Trump did not make calls along lines but made calls that are similar to what is said.


Right. Right.

turn 1 : Right implies being correct or true and not the opposite of left

turn 1 : (1) "Right." This turn does not convey any literal meaning, but it serves as a signal that the listener is following the speaker's train of thought and agrees with what has been said. It is a type of backchanneling, which is a signal that the listener is actively listening and engaged in the conversation.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at something indirectly and expects the listener to understand the intended message.

turn 1 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 1 : "Right. Right." implies to understand what was said.


Right. Right.

turn 2 : Dug his feet in implies that he will not change his mind about the issue

turn 2 : "once he jumps in there" implies once he gets involved.

turn 2 : Come to the table means to show up or to engage with others.

turn 2 : He is implying that he is still not safe.

turn 2 : This statement implies that the situation is unpredictable and confusing for many people.


Right. Right.

turn 3 : They are asking if the person watches over other's actions and controls them.

turn 3 : "are people following this" implies "are people paying attention to this"

turn 3 : They are just acknowledging the person's answer

turn 3 : People are starting to follow suit in regards to the actions of others.

turn 3 : they are just acknowledging the person's response


So I'm saying - it's not - that's not the - relevant. I'm saying that - people say this, that your argument is driven by concerns about being majority minority. I'm saying that decision's already made. The question for us is how do we make a success of this?And on present policy, we are in real danger of not making a success of it.

Let me give you a very, very concrete point of where we're going. So the peak decade for illegal immigration was the 1990s. Of the 45 million or so foreign-born people in the United States, about 11 million are here illegally. And most of them are probably, right now, under 45, but very soon, they're going to be reaching 65. The majority of the illegal immigrant population has been here for more than a decade. They're not going home.

So when they turn 65, what happens to them?Do they get a pension?Do they get health care?Or do we write them off?Making Americans of them is going to be a huge challenge. Otherwise, we're going to have a lot of old, sick poor people living amongst us with no agreement as to what their status is.

David Frum - his recent piece is on the cover of the April edition of The Atlantic magazine. David, thank you so much.

turn 2 :  "writing very disparaging things about our victims - not believing them, dismissing their cases, not bothering to work on them."

turn 2 : To "write something off" means to ignore or otherwise pay no mind to the subject in question. It doesn't speak of actually writing. In this case, it means give no help to elderly illegals and leave them to fend for themselves without the benefits citizens would get.

turn 2 : on and off means in this context that they are doing something then not doing something

turn 2 : The implied meaning of the speaker's response to the question of overturning the Affordable Care Act is that they don't only want to do away with it, but also to replace it with something better.


God bless them. God bless them both.

The next album. Yes, definitely. I'm very happy for her.

Halle Berry, I guess. Speaking of families, and, you know, issues like that, she won the best actress award at the BET Awards this week, but a lot of people are asking why aren't we seeing more of your baby?

Right.

turn 2 : The person complained publicaly about things that were illegal and private.

turn 2 : Asking why the person is hiding their baby and not showing it to the public.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of this turn is that people might think news organizations are concealing information, but the actual meaning is that people might think news organizations should not be concealing information.

turn 2 : The implied meaning is that A is inquiring about the details surrounding B's special person.

turn 2 : Pregnancy itself is being criminalized due to the broad scope of what actions can lead to a criminal prosecution


Two gunmen were killed by security forces in the attack. What do we know about them?

Not much; details are still emerging. They both seem to be from the provinces in Tunisia, possibly near the Algerian border. They seem to have had some sort of involvement with terrorist organizations prior to the attack. There are reports out that at least one of the gunmen traveled to Libya in order to get training either with the so-called Islamic State, or ISIS, or possibly an al-Qaida-linked group.

By some accounts, about 3,000 people - Tunisians - have left for the conflicts in Iraq, Syria and Libya. Why so many?

Well, there's a variety of factors that are driving people to go. One is that Tunisia has been a success story in the transition towards democracy. But with that came political liberalization that society wasn't quite prepared for. All of a sudden a lot of radical preachers, who had been kept under wraps by an authoritarian government, were allowed to preach their messages on the streets and in mosques. And that inspired a number of young men to go abroad and to fight. And then finally it's just because there's a lot of opportunities to fight. I mean, Tunisia is a relatively stable country despite the attacks, but it's surrounded by unstable countries, particularly Libya. And Syria is just a plane ride or two away, so it's attractive for a number of young men to go fight abroad. Their motives are various, but there's a lot of opportunities for them to go, so they're taking them.

turn 3 : The speaker is implying that their protests might elevate beyond peaceful methods if they don't get what they think they deserve.

turn 3 : In (4), the speaker is not just talking about the literal number of opportunities to fight abroad, but rather the underlying reasons why young Tunisian men are motivated to go and fight abroad. The speaker points out that political liberalization in Tunisia allowed radical preachers to spread their messages, which inspired some young men to go abroad and fight.

turn 3 : The speaker is asking about the tradition of political comedy in South Africa and whether there is a history of satirizing those in power. Implicated meaning: The speaker is curious about the role of comedy in South African politics and whether it has been used as a tool for dissent.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of (3) is that Marwan Muasher is a respected expert on the Middle East and his opinion is valued

turn 3 : The speaker is contrasting the peaceful transition to democracy in South Africa with the ongoing struggles of black people in America to achieve equality. Implicated meaning: The speaker is highlighting the unique historical context of South Africa's transition to democracy and the significance of the peaceful transition.


And just quickly, we could have started our conversation with North Korea or Russia. The world is out there, isn't it?

It is, indeed, and it's not giving the U. S.  a break to get its act together. North Korea seems headed for a crisis. The Russia relationship may be as well. The president has said he will sign the bill stiffening sanctions on Russia and making it more difficult even for himself to lift those sanctions. The Russians have already begun retaliating for that, so more to come.

More to come. NPR's Ron Elving. Thank you, sir.

Thank you, Don.

turn 1 : In turn (4), the literal meaning is that North Korea's nuclear capabilities are something to be reckoned with and the speaker is asking why we shouldn't be concerned about this one move. However, the actual meaning is that the speaker is asking for an explanation as to why the reassembling of the site should not be a cause for concern, despite the fact that North Korea's nuclear capabilities are usually considered a threat.

turn 1 : The implied meaning is that the Obama administration's efforts of threatening military force and imposing economic sanctions have been successful in making Iran take the US seriously.

turn 1 :  Even though the conversation is centered on the North Koreans who have escaped, turn (3) highlights the fact that there are still millions of people living under the oppressive regime in North Korea, and their plight should not be overlooked or forgotten.

turn 1 :  (2) Implied meaning: The US is in a difficult situation with North Korea and Russia, and the president's actions have made it even more difficult.


And how - it has a unique design to it. Who designed it and why does it have the shape it has?

That's a really interesting question. There's - it's actually a complicated story. The chief architect was a man named John Graham Jr. , had a large architectural firm. He was mainly known as the man who invented the first really successful shopping mall, which was here in Seattle, Northgate. He had the task of creating the Space Needle. But he - they got stuck on the design. They had a doodle on a napkin. He had a bunch of architects who began looking at a tower-like structure. They were inspired by a tower, a broadcast tower in Germany, in Stuttgart, which had a restaurant on it. And so they knew they wanted an observation deck. But they were kind of open to what else they would do. They thought about putting a planetarium up there and a helicopter pad.

No kidding.

Yeah. They considered all kinds of things. And - but they were stuck on coming up with a design that was really a wow design. So John Graham hired as a consultant a professor from the University of Washington named Victor Steinbrueck. He's known locally in Seattle as architect-activist who saved the Pike Place Market. But he was a designer, and he worked on the Space Needle design.

turn 1 : They could not think of any ideas on what to build and how to build it.

turn 1 : A agreed to do something but later realized it wasn't what they wanted

turn 1 : They did not actually build something physical, they created the situation of the disaster.

turn 1 : The problem is extremely hard and difficult to understand as well as constantly changing.

turn 1 : He does not have many ways to solve the problems as of yet.


No kidding.

turn 3 : something that was hinted at or suggested, but not directly stated.

turn 3 : They could not come up with an idea that would impress people.

turn 3 : Their notion is to do as much as you can and don't think about the numbers too much.

turn 3 : They had a hard time coming up with something that would amaze and impress people.

turn 3 : They would not do bad things were most people would find out about them.


Yeah. It's very strange. We are being admonished to go everywhere and spend. And we're also told that spending is what got us into this ditch in the first place. And further, that once we're done spending and get out of the ditch, we really need to stop spending so much and start saving.

So it gets even more confusing because there's going to be some magical moment at which we are to stop shopping and start saving.

Seems like we're in that magical moment, but it's not magical.

(Laughing) No, it's not magical. But I think we're still at the moment where we're supposed to be at spending. And of course, that's not happening.

turn 0 : The advice we receive about spending and saving is contradictory.

turn 0 : When you hand out money quickly with no regulations people will spend it on things that are not needed.

turn 0 : The economists spoke up and said that people should take caution in their finances.

turn 0 : Obama wants to make sure that money is not spent on things that are not needed.

turn 0 : We already knew about the uncertainty regarding tax and spending policies in 2013


It was like a brick carriage house. Inside, there was just one room on the first floor and one room on the second floor, so it was an intimate house for a non-intimate family.

Her deep craving for intimacy would lead her to music. And it turns out the things Ani DiFranco wanted to say were exactly what a generation of women coming of age in the '90s wanted to hear.

(Singing) Squint your eyes and look closer. I'm not between you and your ambition. I am a poster girl with no poster. I am 32 flavors and then some.

Ani DiFranco talks about those early years in her new memoir. It's called "No Walls And The Recurring Dream. "

turn 0 : The house was small for the family living in it, despite having multiple floors.

turn 0 : The home became where the family would all get together at and where they felt the most love.

turn 0 : The parlor is small despite seating for seven.

turn 0 : how much room means how much space is there

turn 0 : Despite the bug issues, A loved the apartment.


turn 1 : The singer is not actually asking someone to show them the way home but rather expressing their loneliness and desperation due to feeling lost and without direction.

turn 1 : Why do you think people relate to music as a way of understanding and humanizing other people? What is it about music that's so special?"

turn 1 : The music in the beginning sounded like rap to me, which is a form of music that has a strong focus on rhythm and poetic lyrics.

turn 1 : "Her deep craving for intimacy would lead her to music. And it turns out the things Ani DiFranco wanted to say were exactly what a generation of women coming of age in the '90s wanted to hear." This turn is an example of a figurative language where the meaning is not literal. The words "deep craving for intimacy" do not refer to a physical or emotional hunger for intimacy but rather a desire to express oneself intimately through music. Likewise, the phrase "lead her to music" does not mean that music was a physical destination but rather a medium for self-expression.

turn 1 : Having it to compared music as poetry and music has the heartstrings of everyone listening to the melodies of the instrument and words.


There are supporters of President Trump's - not necessarily card-carrying Republicans, but some - who look at Barack Obama and say just the fact that he existed, that he was president of the United States, made America more divided. Do you agree with that?

I actually think it polarized Americans because it allowed people to spread this false notion that, look, you have a black president. This black president is a representation of people of color taking over. And when people of color take over, they're going to ruin white lives. Even though the evidence showed that he and others like him were actually creating equal opportunity, were actually making, in certain ways, the lives of white people better. But it allowed people to manipulate Americans into believing that the problem, that the reason why they were struggling was because of black politicians or Latinx immigrants. And then it said to those very people, I will be your savior.

By your definition, is Donald Trump a racist?

Without question. And in many ways, he embodies nearly every aspect of a racist. He's someone who regularly expresses racist ideas, like Latinx immigrants are invading this country, that Mexicans are animals, that black people live in hell, that their communities are infested. But then he simultaneously is supporting policies that specifically target racial groups. We're seeing what's happening at the southern border. We see the ways in which his policies, he's not seeking to protect black people being killed by police. We can see the Muslim ban.

turn 0 : Nothing was thrown at a window, but financial conservatism has been disregarded by the republican party.

turn 0 : They don't actually carry a card but they are very committed to the republican party.

turn 0 : People who usually would vote for the Republican candidate are considering voting for Hillary Clinton instead.

turn 0 : The President's lack of loyalty to the Republican Party may lead to voters punishing Republicans in the upcoming election.

turn 0 : To the right means politically right wing, not that they are actually sitting on the right


Fiscal Armageddon, Democrats helping the Bush administration, Republicans bulking. These are historic times indeed. We actually verified this by calling Clyde Wilcox, professor of Government at Georgetown University. I asked if he had ever seen anything quite like this.

Yeah. During the Regan administration, it would often be the case, that House Republicans in particular would not go along with some of Reagan's proposals. And so he would manage to get to get support by winning majority of Democrats and a few Republicans.

But one of the things that when really complicated financial legislation like this happens, often times it takes Congress a little while to deliberate and put together coalitions. And the high pressure to get this done very, very quickly is not usually a sign of Congress doing it's best. When Congress gets a bill passed really, really fast there's almost always significant things they need to go back and change later.

You mentioned the similarities to the Reagan administration, it seems like one key difference here is that so much of this is happening so close to an election.

turn 0 : The recession will not have a quick recovery

turn 0 : "Fiscal Armageddon" implies the severity of the financial crisis.

turn 0 : The government has not handled the financial crisis effectively.

turn 0 : "And in that sense, we are having a crisis that really affects Western liberal democracies writ large."  The actual meaning implied here is that the crisis being discussed is not limited to a specific country or region but has a broader impact on Western liberal democracies as a whole. It suggests that the crisis is significant and far-reaching.

turn 0 : EU countries are also taking action regarding the financial crisis.


That's absolutely the case. Turkey is the 16th or, by another measure, 17th largest economy in the world. Turks are wealthier than they've been in the past. And that is part of the secret to Erdogan's success. And that is why if there was an election today, I think there's no doubt that Prime Minister Erdogan would win. Perhaps he wouldn't get 49. 95 percent of the vote, but he would certainly get a very large number of votes. There is a growing middle class of people who vote on one issue and one issue only, and that's on their pocketbooks.

Add that to a core constituency and the fact that the opposition parties are extraordinarily weak, don't have much to offer Turks in the way a positive vision for Turkey's future, and Prime Minister Erdogan, despite this being the greatest political crisis of his decade at power, would still prevail.

Give us an idea of who is at these demonstrations, which groups. Are these the disaffected, the people who voted against him, the people who lost the last election, as he puts it?

It's certainly those people. There has been a contingent of secular urban but not all elite people who've come out who have felt hemmed in and marginalized over the course of the last decade. And they're - because their parties have been so ineffective in challenging the Justice and Development Party, they are now finding their voices in the street. Prime Minister Erdogan has wanted to finger the main opposition party, the Republican People's Party, for the demonstrations. That's certainly not the case.

turn 0 : People make their own decisions when it comes to voting and are not influenced by the media as much as one might think.

turn 0 : Obama wants to make sure that money is not spent on things that are not needed.

turn 0 : People voting on their pocketbooks means they vote considering their money/profit.

turn 0 : When you hand out money quickly with no regulations people will spend it on things that are not needed.


No. In this part of Mozambique, it's a complete anomaly. It's unheard of. This close to the equator such a powerful storm, it's not something anybody was expecting.

And I understand that you were just in Beira, which was covering the cyclone that you mentioned there. And how is a second major storm going to affect the ability of government and aid organizations to respond?I mean, just give us a sense of what they're currently - what they've been dealing with already and how they might adapt to this latest storm.

Well, it's a massive humanitarian operation unfolding in central Mozambique where I hit last month. There are dozens of agencies trying to reach the lost communities that still haven't received aid. And by some estimates, there are still over a hundred thousand people who have not yet received any assistance. The logistics of reaching these remote communities is extremely complicated, especially given that a lot of the roads have been washed out or partially blocked, causing bottlenecks. And yes, it's not an easy business getting the bare necessities to these communities.

So, finally, as I mentioned, you're a photojournalist. Could you just give us a sense of one or two of the images that have that have really stayed with you as you've covered these two major storms?

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The main issue preventing aid from getting to the most affected areas is the blocked roads, caused by fallen trees and power lines.

turn 2 : Reaching remote communities with aid is extremely difficult due to washed out or partially blocked roads.

turn 2 : The borders are not secure enough to prevent the virus from spreading

turn 2 : The scale of the flooding is massive and poses a serious threat to infrastructure and public safety.

turn 2 : There is a serious need for public transportation in the region.


Sometimes, small complaints can trigger absurdly large medical bills. We're joined now by Dr.  Elisabeth Rosenthal, editor-in-chief of our partner Kaiser Health News, to talk about a bill to treat a toenail fungus and what happened next. Welcome to the program.

Thanks for having me.

The bill we're talking about is $1,469 for medication for a woman here in Washington, D. C.  Tell me the story.

Well, Anne Soloviev went to her dermatologist just for a skin check. She didn't even realize she had a toenail problem. And the physician assistant who saw her said, oh, you have toenail fungus. Let us call in a prescription. And she thought, yeah, sure. Why not.

turn 3 : The woman did not go to the dermatologist for a toenail problem, but was prescribed medication for it anyway

turn 3 : (4) is that the toe must be served in a specific type of alcohol.

turn 3 : She wore her high heels no matter what the pain she endured from them.

turn 3 : she was raped and doctor given given the false statement about it

turn 3 : Doctors may push certain medications for reasons other than effectiveness


First of all, Ford says it doesn't need the money right now. It needs a line of credit in case. And they believe that they can make it, that they can make it through these hard times. So, there is one big difference. They don't have to go to the extremes that, say, GM does, who say they need money right now.

Jean, I'd like to go back to GM for a moment, and I know you mentioned Larry Burns is a friend. If you were to point out one thing that you think that they're not doing that they should be doing at General Motors, what would that be?

You know, they have been just slow, very slow. They have brought out many, many vehicles in the past - and he is absolutely correct when he says, you know, nine of the last 10 vehicles that have come out have been great vehicles. Two of the next 24 will be what Congress is asking them to do.

So, they're addressing the issues. They have the Chevy Cruise. They have the Malibu, which was an Automobile Magazine All-Star last year, its first year out. We called it better than a Camry. They have a Malibu hybrid. They have the Cadillac line, CTS, CTSV. They have Volt. They have very good vehicles coming out. They have been perhaps slow to ax the ones that are not so good.

Jean Jennings is the editor of Automobile magazine. Thanks, Jean.

turn 0 : Ford doesn't need the money right now, but GM does

turn 0 : The car czar should not be the only answer to the auto industry's problems; loans should be offered, but with strict conditions.

turn 0 : Nationalizing the auto industry, or at least GM, is a better solution than bridge loans or other options.

turn 0 : GM is only trying to get money from Congress, not save the industry. (line 4)

turn 0 : Leasing becoming more expensive will make it difficult for some people to afford cars


turn 3 : THEIR VARITIES OF VEHICLES EXPLAINS THE CONDITION

turn 3 :  The actual meaning of these turns is that A and B are inquiring whether the car has been used and tested, not just looked at.

turn 3 : THERE IS AN UNUSUAL CONDITION WHICH IS UNEXPECTED

turn 3 : Turn not provided. Please provide a turn for me to analyze.

turn 3 : The auto companies need to restructure their fixed costs due to the current economic situation, resulting in significant losses.


We reached out to everyone. And basically, they said, as so many doctors are want to say, we don't think about price when we prescribe. We just want to give, you know. . .

The best thing that's out there.

The best. But I'd have to say in this case there's not even proof that this is the best. In the studies that got this drug approved, this drug was only effective in curing toenail fungus from 6 to about 9 percent of the time after 11 months of treatment. So it's not even a very effective drug.

From your reporting on this, though, why do doctors do this?They say it's not about cost, but is there an ulterior motive - something that makes certain doctors push certain medicines?

turn 2 : Despite medical advancement, limited treatment options force us to use outdated and toxic drugs.

turn 2 : (3) Implied meaning: When a doctor talks with a patient about end-of-life medication, the doctor should ask why and focus on addressing the patient's fear of death and alleviating their worries, rather than just prescribing the medication.

turn 2 : Everyone is aware that the issue of high prescription drug costs needs to be addressed, but there are opposing views on how to do so.

turn 2 : Doctors may have an ulterior motive for prescribing certain medications


The best thing that's out there.

turn 3 : Despite medical advancement, limited treatment options force us to use outdated and toxic drugs.

turn 3 : Despite medical advancement, outdated and toxic drugs were used.

turn 3 : The drug epidemic is pervasive and affects everyone regardless of background or social status.


Congress looked like they might get some kind of deal on immigration this past week. Didn't happen. What did happen?

They had a big sit-down meeting among all the House Republicans, and they talked about a deal, but they didn't reach one. The problem is that one faction within the House Republican caucus wants to protect the DREAMers, the people in the U. S.  illegally who were brought here as children. The other faction at the opposite end of the spectrum opposes anything they see as amnesty. And they want full funding for Trump's border wall with Mexico and a number of other changes to current law on legal immigration as well.

So it's not clear how much of that can get worked out, even among House Republicans, let alone with the Senate or the president.

I have to ask, how does the director of the Environmental Protection Agency, Scott Pruitt, hold onto his job?It seems like every few hours, there's charges of some kind of new ethical infraction. Yeah. I mean, he would have been let go from a greeter position at Walmart by now.

turn 1 : The irony is that even though congressional Republican leadership may be opposed to Donald Trump's immigration policy, they still ultimately want to pass some kind of immigration reform.

turn 1 : The House Republicans have conflicting views on illegal immigration and the border wall, making it difficult to reach a deal.

turn 1 : Republicans need to compromise and negotiate instead of trying to get everything they want.

turn 1 : Democrats wanting to impeach Trump is not a good idea and they should focus on other issues.


turn 3 : The insurance commissioner reported concerns about illegal campaign contributions and cooperated with federal prosecutors to investigate the alleged fraud.

turn 3 : President Trump has caused a negative impact on climate change policies

turn 3 : Scott Pruitt has committed multiple ethical violations and is unfit to hold his position at the Environmental Protection Agency.

turn 3 : Mr. Pruitt did not achieve much despite his enthusiasm for deregulation

turn 3 : He resigned because the job was not worth all of the trouble that he and his father were going through.


You know, it's quite clear that it is a cherry-picked narrative. But reading it makes you wonder if that's an insult to cherries.

(Laughter) Which, after all, have many valuable antioxidants. Before it was released, a lot of Democrats said the result of releasing the memo would be catastrophic. Last night and today, many Democrats seem to be saying, is that all you got?Are you kidding?

Well, for some, it's more a dud than a slam dunk. But at the same time, of course, the Democrats want to release their own memo - their critique memo - their response or rebuttal. And that's going to be the big focus when we get back here on Monday.

Rod Rosenstein - long for his position in the Justice Department?

turn 0 : Turn (1) has an implicated meaning that is different from its literal meaning. Although the speaker denies that the remarks were racially motivated, the implication is that the speaker believes they were in fact racially motivated, and is trying to downplay or avoid addressing that implication.

turn 0 : "it's quite clear that it is a cherry-picked narrative.But reading it makes you wonder if that's an insult to cherries." Implicated meaning: The speaker thinks that the narrative is biased and selectively chosen. They express their criticism in a humorous way, by questioning if even cherries would be offended by being associated with the narrative.

turn 0 : The actual meanings of (1) and (3) are different from their literal meanings. In (1), the speaker is implying that he would be prejudiced against a Green Bay Packers fan, rather than simply picking on them

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker is indirectly suggesting that they may have information or opinions that they are hesitant to share openly.

turn 0 : The speaker is expressing amusement at the topic being discussed.


turn 1 : A believes that releasing the memo is necessary for the truth to come out through a process of debate and discussion, and not releasing it is a mistake.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of turn (4) is that CNN was unable to verify some of the claims that Dr. Ben Carson has made about his past, including an incident where he stabbed a friend and his application and acceptance to West Point. However, the implied meaning is that Dr. Carson may have exaggerated or embellished these stories in order to make his personal redemption story more compelling. The turn (4) uses the phrase "the implication is" to indicate that this is not a direct accusation, but rather a suggestion or insinuation.

turn 1 : "Before it was released, a lot of Democrats said the result of releasing the memo would be catastrophic.Last night and today, many Democrats seem to be saying, is that all you got?Are you kidding?" Implicated meaning: The speaker is highlighting the difference between the Democrats' initial reaction to the release of the memo and their reaction after its release. They suggest that the Democrats' fears of catastrophic consequences were unfounded and that the memo did not contain anything significant or damaging.

turn 1 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply asking for a description of the current situation, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker is expressing frustration or confusion about the conflicting messages they have heard from President Trump regarding the removal or retention of U.S. forces in Syria. It could be interpreted as a way of questioning the credibility of the information that has been provided so far and seeking clarification or a more definitive answer.


turn 2 :  In statement 2, the speaker is implying that Trump should make a statement that can help heal the divide between him and the Republicans.

turn 2 : "Well, for some, it's more a dud than a slam dunk.But at the same time, of course, the Democrats want to release their own memo - their critique memo - their response or rebuttal.And that's going to be the big focus when we get back here on Monday." Implicated meaning: The speaker is commenting on the mixed reactions to an event or situation. They suggest that while some people may view it as a failure ("a dud"), others may see it as a success ("a slam dunk"). The speaker also mentions the Democrats' plan to release their own memo, which they believe will be the main topic of discussion in the future.

turn 2 : A believes that releasing the memo is necessary for the truth to come out through a process of debate and discussion, and not releasing it is a mistake.

turn 2 : implies that the meeting was focused on discussing how to achieve party unity and defeat John McCain in November. However, the actual meaning could be that the meeting was a bargaining session where Obama and Clinton discussed potential terms for Clinton to drop out of the race and endorse Obama. This is not explicitly stated yet is a possible subtextual meaning.


turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that other members of the White House may seek legal counsel in light of President Trump's actions.

turn 3 :  implies that something else is going on behind the scenes that is not typical of director changes, (3) implies that the Obama-era appointee was trying to protect the agency in an unconventional way, and (4) implies that the White House is attempting to justify their side of the argument by citing the law.

turn 3 : idiom meaning that members of Corbyn's shadow cabinet have been leaving their positions, and is not meant to be taken literally.

turn 3 : “Yeah, it was, though attorneys for Trump wanted it delayed because he was too busy with the transition.But, clearly, his schedule wasn't going to get any easier once he became president.So the judge in the case was urging both sides to settle.” - Implied meaning: The judge wanted the two sides

turn 3 : "Rod Rosenstein - long for his position in the Justice Department?" Implicated meaning: The speaker is using a play on words to express their opinion on Rod Rosenstein's future in the Justice Department. "Long" can mean both "having worked in a position for a long time" and "desiring something strongly." The speaker suggests that Rosenstein may be both reluctant to leave his position and actively seeking to stay in it.


We are made to meet a quota as well as deadlines. There are about eight different numerical measures that we have to meet during our rating period, which is generally two years. But this latest rating period is one year because they introduced this concept last October. So during our rating period, during this one year, we're expected to complete 700 cases. And we're expected to do a lot of these within specific timelines. It really is very, very dire circumstance for our judges.

And let's say that a judge does not meet his or her quota. What happens?You mentioned financial interests. Does the judge lose his or her job?

So the judge may lose his or her job because, at the end of the rating period, the judge would have to then justify why those numbers have not been met. And the agency will have to determine whether the judge's justification is appropriate or not. And for the agency to impose a singular quota on all of us, as if we are all interchangeable, is absolutely mind-boggling.

We are in El Paso, looking at how this is playing out. What are you hearing from immigration judges in El Paso in particular?

turn 3 : B is questioning if Judge Ellis is fair and impartial or if he crosses the line with his behavior.

turn 3 : The actual meaning of the turn in (3) is that if the Senate only performs a ritual of asking hard questions without any intention to actually vet the judges, then declining to do that ritual is an important signal.

turn 3 : This statement implies that the governor's actions are negatively impacting some state workers.

turn 3 : B statement here implies that they are looking out to how the Judges carryout their duties in El Paso in order not to lose their jobs.


What does it mean to have a populist party and right-wing party win the parliamentary majority?

Oh, it's a very simple answer to a difficult question. We don't know. It's an experiment, not only for Italy, for the whole of Europe. I mean, for Italy today, June the Second is like the 14th of July in the United States. It's our birthday. The Italian Republic was born 72 years ago in 1946, and we never had anything like that. You know, the 5-Star are closer with sort of South American populist movement.

Yeah.

You know, you have good and bad over there. And the Northern League is a right-wing party. What will they do together?I don't know. I wish them luck.

turn 1 : congress is uncertain, often because other matters have to be decided

turn 1 : The situation in Afghanistan is unstable and dangerous, and there are concerns about the security of the upcoming elections despite government assurances.

turn 1 : The actual meaning of the turn is different from its literal meaning. The turn is using a hypothetical scenario to explain how a narrow victory in the upcoming election could be possible based on current polling data.

turn 1 : The outcome of the parliamentary election is uncertain, and it is difficult to predict what will happen next

turn 1 : There are dangers that cause problems by doing these polls.


Yeah.

turn 3 : They are saying that at the risk of sounding like they are perfect and above others they think you have to be honest.

turn 3 : They are implying they don't have any confidence

turn 3 : They are implying that they are short on time

turn 3 : BELIVE THAT MOST THEM WILL AGREE EVERY SURE


What options are open now for the United States to undertake this week, this month, if necessary?

Yeah. I think what the United States really has to concentrate on now is the root cause of the humanitarian catastrophe that is engulfing all of Syria's neighbors, to say nothing of Syria itself. The real driver behind this is the practice of the Assad regime, which was described in a U. N.  report released on the 4th of June as systematic crimes against humanity. And the main one is the shelling of populated areas not under regime control. The use of artillery, aircraft, even scud missiles to terrorize people in these urban areas and in these towns and villages - this is what's driving the humanitarian crisis. And this is what I think the United States really has to take a look at in terms of a response. The response may be timed to some ultimate finding about chemical weapons use but the danger is that the chemical weapons then can become a distractor here. What's really right in front of our face right now is a humanitarian catastrophe that is engulfing not only Syria but its neighbors.

Ambassador Frederic Hof, who's now with the Atlantic Council. Thank you so much, sir, for coming in.

Scott, it's been a real pleasure. Thank you.

turn 0 : The literal meaning of turn (1) is a request for information about the options available to the United States at present. The implied meaning, however, is that the speaker is concerned about the situation in Syria and is looking for possible courses of action that the United States could take to address the root cause of the humanitarian crisis there. The speaker believes that the Assad regime's practice of shelling populated areas not under its control is the main driver behind the crisis and that this should be the focus of the United States' response.

turn 0 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply asking for a description of the current situation, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker is expressing frustration or confusion about the conflicting messages they have heard from President Trump regarding the removal or retention of U.S. forces in Syria. It could be interpreted as a way of questioning the credibility of the information that has been provided so far and seeking clarification or a more definitive answer.

turn 0 : (1) The actual meaning of turn (1) is different from its literal meaning, as it implies that the speaker is ready to defend their state against any legal challenges from the Trump administration and has a track record of success in litigation against them, indicating a confident and confrontational approach.

turn 0 : (1) has an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The literal meaning is that the speaker is asking if there is any sign of improvement in the situation being discussed, but the implied meaning is that the situation is bad and the speaker is hoping for some positive news or indication that things will get better.


As far as race goes, you know, many of the African-American women who came forward about what Cosby did to them struggled with that, too. And in the end, they concluded, as I conclude, that he's not your typical African-American defendant. He had seven attorneys at his second trial. How many do you know that could have the income level to afford that?It's about power and privilege and wealth, and that's what allowed him to escape justice for so long.

That's Nicole Weisensee Egan. Her new book is "Chasing Cosby: The Downfall Of America's Dad. "We spoke with her from member station WHYY in Philadelphia.

Nicole Egan, thanks so much for talking to us.

Thank you.

turn 0 : There are no turns in the given conversation that have a meaning different from their literal meanings. All the turns convey their literal meanings without any implied or figurative language.

turn 0 : All the turns in this conversation appear to have their literal meanings, and there are no metaphors, figurative language or idioms used.

turn 0 : There are no turns in this dialogue whose actual meanings are different from their literal meanings. All the turns are straightforward and do not contain any figurative language or idiomatic expressions.

turn 0 : None of the turns have implied meanings that are different from their literal meanings. They all convey their literal meanings without any hidden or implied messages.

turn 0 : None of the turns in this conversation have implied meanings different from their literal meanings.


Thank you.

turn 3 : there are no turns in this conversation. whose actual meaning are different from their literal meanings. all of the turn are being used in a straight forward and literal meaning.

turn 3 : There are no turns in this dialogue whose actual meanings are different from their literal meanings. All the turns are straightforward and do not contain any figurative language or idiomatic expressions.

turn 3 : There are no turns in the given conversation that have a meaning different from their literal meanings. All the turns convey their literal meanings without any implied or figurative language.

turn 3 : None of the turns have implied meanings that are different from their literal meanings. They all convey their literal meanings without any hidden or implied messages.

turn 3 : None of the turns in this conversation have a figurative or non-literal meaning.


That's quite a big change. Now either at this point people just think the Master of the Universe have all crashed, but they haven't, they haven't yet.

And I'm sure they'll figure out a way to survive and thrive.

I'm not - I don't - I'm not asking for anybody - tears for them because nobody is going to - a lot of these people have already put away the necessary nut, they call it. That is an amount of money that you've salted away in weather proof investments, that will yield enough interest for you to live a very high life in a place like Greenwich. I would say though that today, that nut has to be at least $40 million. If interest rates on bonds sink low enough, you might need 50 million. But I think it wouldn't hurt to live a little more simply, you know.

Tom Wolfe, he's the author of "Bonfire Of The Vanities". Thank you very much.

turn 3 : The economic situation will get worse, and it's uncertain how bad it will be.

turn 3 : THERE IS A BIG CHANGE THE PEOPLE HAVE ALREADY LOST THEIR MONEY

turn 3 : Their notion is to do as much as you can and don't think about the numbers too much.

turn 3 : People may be selling their belongings to cope with the financial crisis.

turn 3 : Many people are losing their jobs and companies are going bankrupt.


And it might take you until next summer to finish "Wolf Hall," to be ready.

So this is - I want to correct the misapprehension that this is a hard book to read. This is a - like, a - certainly a long piece of psychologically realistic fiction. But you - from the minute you meet Thomas Cromwell, you really are going to be sucked in. And if - if you are a "Game Of Thrones" watcher who is interested in how power corrupts, how an intensely human, brilliant person can, you know, become the kind of person that maybe dragon fires a whole village or - I don't know - takes down the Catholic Church and murders a queen, then, you know, "Wolf Hall" is for you. Plus, you then will have the benefit of being right on time in March, when the third one comes out.

What about for your friend, the - the I-don't-do-fiction reader, the reader that wants to read. . .

I don't know any of those people. (Laughter).

turn 3 : (4) implies that the speaker is being sarcastic or making a joke in response to the other person's comment.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using humor or sarcasm to make a point or convey a message in a lighthearted way.

turn 3 : implies to ask for advice from the writer on how to craft humor in writing.

turn 3 : The person does know people like that including himself and is joking.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a sarcastic or ironic tone to convey their true feelings or opinions about the situation, without explicitly stating them.


So, you know, I like to dance, and I danced with several young ladies. And I said, your partner?I don't even know who your partner was. That's when it started. He just hauled off and hit me. And you know me. I swung back on him, and that was it. So it was a several gangs that were in the city at that time, and us being new, moving in from the county, it was just, you know, one of those territorial challenging things and because Vance was there, he's 18 months younger than me. We hung out together.

That's why we talked about it at family gatherings because we scrapped among each other because of closeness of age and being boys. But when it came to somebody bothering one of us, the other one had its back. So later on we learned that the guy I hit had his jaw wired, so it won us a lot of respect. We were going to Clifton Junior High School then, and one of the girls that had invited us, her father was an undertaker. He had a small place to march his funeral.

Very well respected.

Very well respected, yeah. They had a little rural house at that time on North Avenue. But we fought that day, and we were wearing little barracuda coats, that little trench coat that were something at that time. Like, I remember just being surrounded by guys, and you know, this is the way you want to be. My back was against the door. They pulled Vance out by his coat, and I just remember, you know, yelling to him, don't go down.

turn 0 : implies that the speaker was advocating for themselves to be violently punished,

turn 0 : he literal meaning is that the speaker agrees with something and acknowledges that the other person is correct, and they both laugh.

turn 0 : 1- The speaker got into a fight because someone hit him after he danced with someone else's partner. It was a territorial dispute between gangs. It was also a way to gain respect. 4- The speaker was surrounded by guys and warned his friend not to give up.

turn 0 : The speaker disagrees with the other person's argument.

turn 0 : The speaker is reflecting on their mistakes and hoping to learn from them.


Passe blanc - it's a phrase well-known in color-conscious corners of the black community. American literature is chock full of stories of light-skinned black folks passing for white. But, whites passing for black?That's a phenomena not so well mapped. History has provided us with examples of white entertainers in black face, and white artist performing black music form from R&B to rap. But, whites who have actually sought to become blacks, some of them successfully, is the subject of a new and fascinating book by Baz Dreisinger, excuse me. It's called "Near Black: White to Black, Passing in American Culture. "Baz, welcome to News &Notes.

Thanks for having me.

You call whites passing as blacks "white passers. "Central to this notion of white passing is proximity as you say in the book, let's talk about what you mean. Is that like blackness rubbing off on people?

It is, really. It starts in the 19th century as a kind of anxiety about black becoming closer to white, sometimes physically, sometimes metaphorically with the end of slavery, and it transforms into this notion that somehow, proximity to blackness has a kind of contagious character. And contagion is a metaphor that's used quite often in the narratives, and in the discourse surrounding white people passing for black, that the idea that being close can somehow transform one's racial identity.

turn 2 : black per person implies African American person  and not a black color human being

turn 2 : Some people expect the speaker to provide insights into black culture and use him as an example to improve their understanding of it.

turn 2 : The culture and character of black people can be obtained from them if you get too close

turn 2 : black people  implies African American people and not black color humans beings

turn 2 : The person being black is relevant to the conversation


Well, you have one-stop shops where you have - when a person comes for a building permit or something, you have everything available for them in one office. So they don't have to go from city hall to public works to somewhere else. So that one-stop shop really facilitated recovery.

Meaning people would go to this one office, would be able to get all the permits they needed?

Right, all the permits and permission. And it's also absolutely essential that there are solid partnerships between all agencies in the government, the county, the city, public works and the school district. Everybody has to be on the same page moving forward.

City planners in Houston are going to have to make some tough choices. What advice do you have for them?

turn 3 : "possible paths" - This is a literal expression referring to different options or courses of action that could be taken.

turn 3 : "What kind of hard decisions do the folks in your program have to make?"  The actual meaning implied in this turn is: "What difficult choices or determinations do the people involved in your program have to make?"

turn 3 : the speaker is implying that they personally realized the potential consequences of the decision when it was made, even though they are not part of the decision-making process.

turn 3 : "tough choices" is a figurative expression that refers to difficult decisions that city planners in Houston will have to make.

turn 3 : Plan A" - The literal meaning of Plan A is the primary plan or strategy for achieving a particular goal. However, in this context, it implies the shared strategy of both campaigns to win the first four states and avoid personnel shortages, indicating the high stakes of the early primary elections.


What do you think, though, the message is to other countries like China and Russia right now?I mean, we have important talks on the horizon with North Korea. We are in between secretaries of state. We don't even have an ambassador, for example, to South Korea. Ivanka Trump is now doing some of the South Korean diplomacy. What state is our diplomacy in right now?

Well, you know, whenever you file - change a secretary of state, it is disruptive because Rex Tillerson had a year to develop relations with his counterparts and heads of state and government. And that's now been disrupted. On the other hand, the question foreigners always ask is, does the secretary of state speak for the president?And there were questions raised about that because of some of the things President Trump is reported to have said about Rex Tillerson. I think the good news is that by designating Mike Pompeo and expressing confidence in him, I think it will reassure foreign leaders that when Mike Pompeo is secretary, he indeed will be speaking for the president. That's a plus.

Former national security adviser Stephen Hadley, thank you so very much for joining us.

Nice to be with you.

turn 0 : The United States is in a weak diplomatic state.

turn 0 : The US has failed to protect its national interests by instead pursuing nation-building activities and regime changes in foreign countries.

turn 0 : The situation with the US and Iran is concerning for Europeans

turn 0 : The United States uses its power in international trade to exert influence over other countries

turn 0 : The dominance of the dollar gives the US considerable power in international trade.


But what he did is he went out and explained the policy to the public and rationalized it, basically provided the sort of intellectual underpinnings for Greenspan's policies in two important areas. One, that they shouldn't target speculative bubbles, so that justified not doing anything about the housing market. And two, arguing that there was what they referred to as a global savings glut, which justified a big spending binge in the United States.

The argument was that China doesn't spend enough. The rest of Asia doesn't spend enough. If the world economy is not going to go into recession, it's up to the American consumer to keep demand up. So we shouldn't worry too much if American saving rates is zero and America's on a spending binge.

In retrospect, both of those arguments, you know, seem to be if not completely wrong, certainly very questionable given where they got us. And Bernanke, you know, played an important role in coming up with them. So sure, he's partly responsible for the Greenspan policies. But not totally, as I say. Greenspan was the senior policy maker.

Now in retrospect, it was just a few months ago, but still it seems like a long time ago. A lot of people are saying that the decision that Bernanke and Paulson made to let Lehman Brothers fail was really key because that really led to the credit markets freezing up. And so, why did Bernanke, why did he decide to let Lehman go under?

turn 0 : Alan Greenspan's economic philosophy was flawed, and Ben Bernanke's may also be flawed.

turn 0 : Bernanke rationalized Greenspan's policies even though they were questionable

turn 0 : Nothing was thrown at a window, but financial conservatism has been disregarded by the republican party.

turn 0 : We already knew about the uncertainty regarding tax and spending policies in 2013


turn 3 : The decision to let Lehman Brothers fail was a key factor in the credit market freeze

turn 3 : The collapse of Lehman Brothers caused chaos and accelerated the failure of the financial system.

turn 3 : Lehman's financial troubles are affecting consumers through higher interest rates.

turn 3 : The government's backing of Fannie and Freddie's debts lowered mortgage rates, but Lehman's struggles may reverse this progress.


One day, Africa appears as a mass of crinkly brown veins. Another, it's become vivid streaks of orange and gold. Crimson and violet squiggles around Australia could be an abstract painting. It seemed that Commander Kelly never got tired of what he could see out the window and what he could make us see in an entirely new way. When the capsule bearing Kelly and cosmonauts Kornienko and Volkov parachuted to a landing in Kazakhstan earlier this month, that fantastic journey came to a close. Back home in Houston, Scott Kelly will be poked and prodded, weighed and measured, all in the name of science. And his terrestrial tweets now bring their own delights. He posted video of his first plunge into a pool.

Man, that feels good.

A few days later, there was Scott Kelly with his arms stretched overhead and a big smile, looking up at a dark sky.

My first rain in more than a year. Awesome.

turn 1 : The implied meanings in (2) are that Scott should enjoy his retirement and do something fun with Tom Durkin after he retires.

turn 1 :  (2) Pleasure, Scott. (implied meaning: It is a pleasure to be here with you, Scott.)

turn 1 : The actual meaning of (2) is that Scott Kelly is expressing his joy and relief at being able to experience something he has not felt in over a year,

turn 1 : (3) Implied meaning: Mr. Kelly is suggesting to his Republican friends to give Donald Trump a chance and to wait and see what happens before making a judgement.

turn 1 : Literal meaning: A is thanking Scott for something. Actual meaning: The actual meaning is the same as the literal meaning.


Man, that feels good.

turn 3 :  (4) is an expression of surprise. The implied meaning is an expression of admiration.

turn 3 : (3) Implied meaning: Mr. Kelly is suggesting to his Republican friends to give Donald Trump a chance and to wait and see what happens before making a judgement.

turn 3 :  while the actual meaning of (4) is that Scott Kelly is expressing his joy and appreciation for the experience of feeling rain after such a long time.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of (3) is a simple expression of agreement, while the implied meaning is that the speaker is amazed by the story of Steve Dalkowski's feats.

turn 3 :  A: Thank you, Scott. Actual meaning: A is expressing gratitude to B for the conversation.


Hurricane Dorian, now a Category 4 storm, is stalled over the northern Bahamas. It's moving at just 1 mile an hour as it pulls away and begins a turn to the north toward the southeastern United States. Storm surges, estimated at 15 to 20 feet, are crashing onto Grand Bahama Island. Over the weekend, Dorian left thousands of people on Abaco Island to the east without roofs, transportation and communications. Lindsay Thompson is with the Bahamas National Emergency Management Agency. She did not have any immediate information on casualties.

Preliminary information indicates that there is extensive flooding. Of course, there will be infrastructural damage when you have that level of a storm - a hurricane - historic, as well - passing through an island, which is relatively flat, as well. There's a lot of sand dunes. And so there is a concern for us with excessive flooding.

What about injuries?

Well, we haven't had any reports of injuries. Not that there aren't any, but we just don't have any reports of injuries as yet, if there are any.

Well, how much were the islands able to prepare for Hurricane Dorian?I mean, to stock up on adequate supplies, to make sure people got to shelters safely. Do you think there was enough time in advance?

turn 1 : The hurricane caused severe destruction and devastation in the area.

turn 1 : The storm caused significant damage and flooding, which was expected given the flat terrain of the islands.

turn 1 : Hurricane Dorian is a severe and dangerous storm that poses a serious threat to the Bahamas

turn 1 : People were evacuated to avoid the storm surge


What about injuries?

turn 2 : The speaker implies that there may be injuries, but they haven't been reported yet.

turn 2 : The speaker is suggesting that the situation might not be as serious or dangerous as it initially seemed.

turn 2 : The speaker is hinting that the situation is difficult or complex.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker has some reservations or doubts about the situation being discussed.

turn 2 : The speaker is implying that the increase in closeness to the action is not matched by an increase in safety, so people may be put in danger.


What about the whole impact of race in this socioeconomic equation. There's many times when black Americans are viewed as the canary in the coal mine. And you see unemployment's number rising faster in the black community than you do in America at large. What is happening now and what is going to unfold, do you think, in African-American communities?

Well, we could see continued spikes on the black unemployment rate. African-Americans are the one who are more likely to exhaust unemployment benefits because we are more likely to have long-term unemployment. So this is a real strain coming up for the African-American community if we continue to see job cuts take place.

The unemployment rate for blacks tends to spike early on when job growth slows and then we tend to be the last hired. And then when jobs actually start being cut, we start to lose because we tend to also be the first ones fired.

Give me some examples of what might happen in a place like Washington, D. C.  You know, you're at Howard University, you're in the heart of Washington, D. C.  and it's a very, in some ways, very much a typical African-American community-based city, in other ways completely diverse both socioeconomically and racially. How do you see the poor African-American neighborhoods in the District being affected potentially by some of the trends in jobs and some of the trends in the economy?

turn 0 : A person wants to identify as cool, American black instead of African-American despite not being from Africa.

turn 0 : "viewed as the canary in the coal mine" - This is a metaphorical expression that means black Americans are often the first to experience negative effects of societal problems or economic changes, similar to how a canary would die first in a coal mine if there were toxic gases present.

turn 0 : The implied meaning of the first turn is that people have become apathetic to the problems facing the city and are not taking action.

turn 0 : "adding blacks to the - at least, district court bench" - Literal meaning: appointing black judges to the district court bench. Actual meaning: Increasing diversity in the judiciary.

turn 0 : Turn (1) has an implicated meaning that is different from its literal meaning. Although the speaker denies that the remarks were racially motivated, the implication is that the speaker believes they were in fact racially motivated, and is trying to downplay or avoid addressing that implication.


Earmarks and pork-barrel spending are as American as a bridge to nowhere. They're little, and sometimes not so little, holiday packages designed to win the votes of senators and representatives for national legislation with government money that's earmarked to directly benefit their states or districts. Many Democrats have groused about the latest examples that have been added, often in hand-written scrawls, into the new tax bill. Norman Ornstein is a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute and joins us now. Norm, thanks for being with us.

A pleasure, Scott.

What are some of the earmarks you've noticed in this tax bill?

Well, we have, of course, the most famous one, which is now being called with hashtags all over Twitter, the Corker kickback, named for Senator Bob Corker of Tennessee who had famously said quite early on I will not vote for any tax bill that adds a dime to the deficit and then turned around at the last minute and voted for this one with a provision added very, very late in the game to provide additional benefits to a particular set of real estate LLC's, as they're called, a particular kind of corporation. And Corker has significant investments in them, as does Donald J.  Trump and other members of the Trump family - something that would specifically give them millions in additional tax benefits.

turn 0 : People voting on their pocketbooks means they vote considering their money/profit.

turn 0 : The president is trying to prioritize the needs of those who have been forgotten by society.

turn 0 : Obama wants to make sure that money is not spent on things that are not needed.

turn 0 : They want to know if the seriousness of the situation makes the government appear to be bad to the public.

turn 0 : Earmarks and pork-barrel spending are commonly accepted political tools used by legislators to curry favor with constituents.


A pleasure, Scott.

turn 2 : This implies that there's a lot of deduction or loopholes in the tax code.

turn 2 : It is a legal requirement to fill out federal forms correctly and report income to the government.

turn 2 : Asking what financial benefits are being provided to certain individuals through the tax bill.

turn 2 : (3) The actual meaning is that Republicans may see this tax bill as an opportunity to demonstrate their ability to govern, having control of the Senate, the House, and the presidency.


Whichever direction the U. S.  is going, it's clearly not great news for the Europeans, who Iran is very close to their borders. It's just next door in the Middle East. And we've seen what happens in the Middle East doesn't tend to stay there and has direct consequences for the Europeans. So the Europeans have been trying to urge, sadly, unsuccessfully so far, for the U. S.  side to show a bit more pragmatism and realism about what it's expecting from Iran.

At the same time, you have said that Iran knows all the, quote, "red buttons. "Can you talk about what that means and how that can contribute to escalation?

Iran has essentially been living as a neighbor to the United States, if you think about it, for 20 years. Why?Since the invasion of Afghanistan and the invasion of Iraq, which are two big, bordering countries to Iran. . .

Where there is an American troop presence.

turn 0 : Iran has threatened to increase uranium enrichment, which may result in European escalation at the U.N. Security Council

turn 0 : The United States is in a weak diplomatic state.

turn 0 : The situation with the US and Iran is concerning for Europeans

turn 0 : If the Trump administration offers to remove some of the sanctions on Iran, Iran would be willing to negotiate.

turn 0 : Europe is facing a difficult choice between adhering to its own principles and risking significant consequences or aligning with the US on the matter of the Iran deal.


turn 0 : The Middle East conflicts have a spillover effect on Europe.

turn 0 : EU countries are also taking action regarding the financial crisis.

turn 0 : Israel is engaged in a serious conflict with Hamas.

turn 0 : "And in that sense, we are having a crisis that really affects Western liberal democracies writ large."  The actual meaning implied here is that the crisis being discussed is not limited to a specific country or region but has a broader impact on Western liberal democracies as a whole. It suggests that the crisis is significant and far-reaching.

turn 0 : The countries formed their own blocs due to military and strategic considerations, not just trade.


(Unintelligible).

Right.

Like a lawn. Just colonies everywhere. Then after a week, there are fewer. You still would not want to drink it. After three weeks, there is nothing.

Wow.

turn 2 : The speaker is describing how quickly the colonies of something grow and then disappear, possibly referring to a bacterial infection or mold in a lawn

turn 2 : Actual meaning implies that the bacteria has grown and spread across the plates, creating the appearance of a lawn.

turn 2 : The speaker is suggesting that the situation might not be as serious or dangerous as it initially seemed.

turn 2 : when something "pops up" in this context it means it came up

turn 2 : The turn (3) by speaker B is an example of a statement whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning.  In this turn, speaker B uses a metaphor of a bucket of rice to explain the concept of DNA analysis and how it can be used to identify the origin of a sample. The actual meaning of the turn is that DNA analysis can reveal subtle differences in the genetic makeup of individuals, which can be used to identify their origin or other characteristics. However, the literal meaning of the turn is about a bucket of rice and the difficulty of identifying a few brown grains of rice in a sea of white grains.


Yes.

And even lesbians, people like Ellen, who are incredibly powerful in Hollywood, and in the entertainment industries across the board. Why is that not the case for - why can't there be the equivalence in the African-American world?

Yeah, you're absolutely correct, you know, and I state those claims before, you know, and - you know, like a Bill Ga - I mean David Geffen, Ellen, Rosie, George Michael, John - Elton John, Lance Bass, like a lot of these people, you know, unfortunately are white counterparts, and colleagues are able to come out of the closet.

Their community supports them, because as I expressed in my book, they have a nurturing environment, where for them, sex and sexuality has always been a dialog and a discussion within their community. They have communities where they exist, and they help support one each other - one another, especially (unintelligible) in Los Angeles, you have West Hollywood. In Atlanta, you know, you have the Midtown area. In D. C. , you have Dupont, San Francisco. New York, you have Chelsea.

turn 1 : Lesbians are powerful in Hollywood but African-Americans are not.

turn 1 : Harlem is now more diverse, attracting non-African Americans.

turn 1 : The speaker is expressing their opinion about the actress's ability to get roles in Hollywood as an African-American woman, and how they didn't think she was a good fit for the particular movie. The literal meaning of the words used in the turn may not convey the speaker's actual opinion or intended message.

turn 1 :  "American blacks love African art, African clothes, African music. We're just not that crazy about Africans." The literal meaning of this turn is that American black people appreciate African culture but are not fond of African people. However, the actual meaning is that there is a cultural appreciation for African arts and music, but there is a disconnect with the people who produce them.

turn 1 : The culture and character of black people can be obtained from them if you get too close


Yes.

turn 2 : Harlem is now more diverse, attracting non-African Americans.

turn 2 : The culture and character of black people can be obtained from them if you get too close

turn 2 : White counterparts in the entertainment industry are more accepted than African-Americans.

turn 2 : black per person implies African American person  and not a black color human being


. . . Which is tsk-ahh. . .

(Laughter)

. . . Which people might think is a very sort of girly kind of sound. But - I mean, I have no defense for that.

What's the linguistic translation of that?

turn 2 : Implied Meaning: While there may not be a clear and definitive implied meaning behind this turn, it's possible that there is a subtle message or intention that can be inferred based on the speaker's tone and the context of the conversation. However, not everyone may agree on what the implied meaning is, as it may be subject to interpretation. Nonetheless, there is a likelihood that most people would perceive some sort of subtext or hidden intention in this turn.

turn 2 : (3) A: ...Which people might think is a very sort of girly kind of sound. But - I mean, I have no defense for that.  The implied meaning in this turn is that the speaker is acknowledging that some people may view the sound they made as "girly," but they don't have any justification or explanation for why they made that sound. They seem to be a bit embarrassed or self-conscious about it.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker might be implying a hidden agenda or ulterior motive behind their words, actions, or decisions, without making it explicit.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: Although there may be variations in how people interpret it, the speaker is fairly confident that a significant number of individuals will understand that there is an underlying or implicit message conveyed through this turn. The meaning might not be immediately apparent and could require additional context, but the speaker believes that most people will recognize that there is a subtext or insinuation.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is making a subtle suggestion or insinuation that others may pick up on, but without being too direct or forceful.


What about the SPF factor?Does SPF 30 protect you twice as much as, say, SPF 15 and half as much as 60?

Great question. So it's - actually the way that the studies are done it's a little bit confusing because an SPF of 15 protects you from 93 percent of UVB rays, and it's only UVBs that SPF actually tells you about. Now, an SPF of 30 is going to protect you from 97 percent of those UVB rays. And when you get up to 50, you're only protecting yourself from 98 percent. So you can notice it's partial percentage points differences. . .

Yeah.

. . . between that 30 to 50. And when you get up to that 100 range, it's even a smaller difference, and that's the reason why the FDA is going to release new guidelines for rules of how we're going to label our sunscreens. And it's going to finally happen this December, so that we're not actually be able to have a sunscreen higher than 50 because it really gives people a false sense of security when they're using those higher numbers when they're really not getting that as much.

turn 3 : Sunscreen with an SPF higher than 50 gives people a false sense of security.

turn 3 : SPF is not directly proportional to the level of protection.

turn 3 : Using sun-protective clothing helps protect the environment and against potential problems with sunscreen ingredients.

turn 3 : Sunscreen ingredients can be absorbed by the skin, but the health effects are still unknown


It was you coming forward that helped open the floodgates in that case with Larry Nassar. Do you believe there are other abuse cases in the Southern Baptist Church that have yet to come to light?

Oh, absolutely. You know, survivors live in silence for so long. And one of the reasons that they do - the main reason they do is because they watch how society talks about abuse. And they watch how our culture treats abuse victims. And that's one of the primary things we need to change. We have to let them know that they are safe when they come forward before they're going to be able to speak up. Our cultural and societal response to those survivors who have spoken up is really going to set the tone for whether or not others feel free to come forward.

And may I ask, as someone who's prominently working on this within the church while obviously wanting to respect the anonymity of people coming forward, do women come to you and tell you their stories?

They do all the time. And oftentimes, I am the first disclosure. And I consider that an absolute privilege to be trusted with their stories. It's not something I ever take for granted.

turn 3 : Being the first disclosure for a survivor is a privilege

turn 3 : The information was told to others when it was not supposed to be told.

turn 3 :  implies that you should be mindful of the information you hear and stay informed.

turn 3 : Retiring from a professional athletic career can result in a loss of identity, and the speaker is asking how the person has coped with this and if they have found a new sense of identity.

turn 3 : Implicates that the speaker is willing to sacrifice certain moral values for the sake of saving lives.