What should we make of these shocking statistics?

I think to most Alaskans, these statistics aren't surprising. Anyone who lives here knows someone or is themselves a victim of sexual violence. And so this is a reality that Alaskan residents are constantly made aware of.

You say in an opinion piece you wrote for the Anchorage Daily News that 59 percent of women in Alaska say they've been sexually assaulted.

That's right. And it should be noted that, though that number is remarkable, it is likely that that number is also conservative. And we should also note that amongst the 59 percent of Alaska women, 61 percent are Alaska Native, which makes Alaska Native women almost 10 times more likely than other Alaskans to be victims.

turn 1 : Sexual violence is a widespread problem in Alaska.

turn 1 : The issue being discussed involves human lives and families, making it emotionally charged and difficult to solve.

turn 1 : There is a problem with gun violence in America.

turn 1 : Race relations are a critical issue in California

turn 1 : Boys are broken implies that there is a crisis in masculinity giving American men the permission and space to commit violence.


turn 3 : Women and girls in Kenya are at high risk of sexual assault due to the conflict.

turn 3 : Alaska Native women are at a significantly higher risk of being victims of sexual assault.

turn 3 : "put women and girls at great risk of sexual assault" is a figurative expression, meaning that women and girls are in danger of being sexually assaulted, and not a literal placement of women and girls in a dangerous situation.

turn 3 : Women are vulnerable due to lack of privacy and basic necessities


So when he came home, how was he different in how he treated you, related to you, related to family life?

He's totally different. For one, Michael is very quiet. And since he returned, he's even distant, and it's causing a lot of problems in our marriage. And it's just - this war have caused a lot of stress on the wives and the families, they have to deal with these soldiers when they return.

What do you try to do with or for Michael to help him adjust?

I try everything in the world, and it seem like it don't help. Because he have a wall built up, and for one, we don't have enough help here. We only have one clinic that we can go to for counseling and therapy. And it's like two-hour drive away from where we live, so that's a major problem, too.

turn 1 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply an acknowledgement or agreement, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker may not be fully engaged or interested in the conversation. It could be interpreted as a way of signaling disinterest or a desire to move on to a different topic.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker is subtly suggesting that the other person is being unreasonable or unrealistic in their expectations or demands.

turn 1 : "He's even distant" - The actual meaning of this turn is different from its literal meaning. It implies that Michael is emotionally distant or uninvolved in their relationship, not physically distant.

turn 1 : The turn with an actual meaning different from its literal meaning is (2).  In this conversation, A is acknowledging the wisdom in what B's mother said about talking to people in their 80s because they have a unique perspective on life. However, when A says "Nobody wants to hear that you met Harry Truman, you know. Shh.", the literal meaning is that A is telling B to be quiet about meeting Harry Truman because it's not interesting. The actual meaning, however, is that A is making a sarcastic comment about how people only seem to care about meeting famous celebrities like Rihanna, rather than valuing the life experiences and wisdom of those who have lived longer.

turn 1 : when someone says "far from it" they mean it isn't the case or its not what was implied


turn 3 : "Trying to build walls" - The actual meaning is that they are trying to create barriers and divisions instead of promoting unity and understanding.

turn 3 : (4) Implied meaning: The speaker is not afraid of going out of their apartment; instead, they are motivated by their desire to bring positivity to their community and recognize the potential of the people in poverty-stricken neighborhoods.

turn 3 : "He has a wall built up" - The actual meaning of this turn is different from its literal meaning. It implies that Michael has put up emotional barriers that prevent him from opening up or connecting with others, not that he has physically built a wall.

turn 3 : he turn with an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning is (3).  In this turn, the speaker describes a situation where the character sees himself through a hole in the wall, but the actual meaning being implied is that the character is watching the first porn film ever being made. The speaker suggests that the character is intrigued by this situation because he is seeing himself through a little hole in the wall, which is a euphemism for watching the porn film.


turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker's tone or body language suggests that they may be withholding information or not fully expressing their thoughts and feelings on the topic at hand.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be expressing a hidden emotion or attitude, such as resentment or envy, that is not directly stated in their words, but is conveyed through their tone, facial expressions, or choice of language.

turn 3 : a wall built up implies that the man is not communicating with others about his emotions

turn 3 : The speaker's emotions and thoughts are being explored in order to gauge their optimism and trust in the peace process.

turn 3 : The speaker is not literally talking about honesty and being real but rather expressing their discomfort with situations that feel inauthentic.


They open doors at about seven in the morning. The stores aren't open until 11 on Sundays. So there's just hours and hours of people just walking through the mall.

David Segal is a writer for the New York Times. His latest article is called "Our Love Affair with Malls Is on the Rocks. "David, thank you.

You're very welcome.

Stay with us. It's free, from Day to Day on NPR News.

turn 0 :  (4) implies that retailers want customers to pick up their items in-store so that they can be enticed to purchase other items while they are there.

turn 0 : lunch rush is a time when places are very busy, like restaurants, and usually during lunch, hence the name lunch rush

turn 0 : The mall opens early and people walk around for hours before stores open.

turn 0 : at the end of the day means something is likely going to happen or what happens after everything else.


New York City's teeming millions prime target for an atomic attack go about their normal affairs.

Sixty years ago today, America took cover. Ten a. m.  Eastern Time, sirens sounded in 54 cities, including New York and Washington, D. C.  for Operation Alert, the nation's first civil defense drill. People were told to get to their nearest civil defense shelter. So bank clerks, factory workers, shopkeepers and store clerks went down into basements and subway tunnels. President Eisenhower took a helicopter to an undisclosed location. School kids did the duck and cover in their classrooms. The drill lasted about 10 minutes, and a newsreel at the time showed empty streets and silence.

All clear. New York's first civil defense drill is a tribute to its citizens and defense organizations.

The drill was proclaimed a success because people were calm, orderly and civil. But post-drill analysis estimated that 2 million people in New York would have died in a nuclear attack and 12 million across the country. The Cold War had chilling statistics. More public figures began to say, in President Kennedy's phrase, that in a nuclear war, the fruits of victory would be ashes in our mouth. Operation alerts were canceled after 1962.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of a particular tone or emphasis suggests that they may be implying something indirectly, without stating it explicitly.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using metaphors or analogies to convey a complex idea or emotion in a more relatable or understandable way.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a metaphor or analogy to convey a deeper meaning or idea, often related to emotions or personal experiences.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be conveying a hidden message or agenda that requires further exploration or analysis to fully understand.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of repetition or emphasis on certain words or phrases may indicate that they are trying to convey a particular message or make a specific point, or that they feel strongly about the topic at hand.


Well, AIG was a very big and successful insurance company. It did well in insurance products. But it got into a lot of trouble by selling very complex financial products, which, as you know, have lost huge amounts of money because of the housing downturn.

Now, in September, when conditions for the company were getting pretty bad, the Federal Reserve agreed to loan AIG $85 billion. In exchange, it took some stock in the company as collateral. The idea was that, you know, the loan would sort of tide AIG over while it sold off assets. But it's been very hard to sell anything because of the credit crunch.

So, meanwhile, the interest payments were piling up. AIG said it lost 25 - almost $25 billion last quarter. So, this morning, the government said it was going back to the drawing board and trying to work out something else. It's really an admission that the efforts so far haven't worked.

So, how much money is this new plan going to involve, and where exactly is it going to be coming from?

turn 1 : The government purposely made the loan terms harsh for AIG to avoid accusations of a sweetheart deal.

turn 1 : AIG will have to agree to restrictions on executive compensation because of past misuse of bailout money.

turn 1 : In the given context, the literal meaning of turn (4) is that B is simply asking A to clarify what they mean by "loan product," specifically asking if they are referring to subprime loans. However, the implied meaning of turn (4) is that B may be trying to redirect the conversation away from the topic of subprime loans, which have been associated with the housing market crash, and potentially avoid blame or responsibility for their role in the crisis. This can be inferred from the fact that B interrupts A while they are discussing the role of loan products and the irresponsibility of consumers and mortgage banks.

turn 1 :  "took some stock in the company as collateral" - refers to taking some shares of AIG as a security for the loan.


turn 2 : The implied meaning of turn (1) is to hurry up and finish the task quickly.

turn 2 : turn is to challenge the idea that the proposal was a great idea in the first place.

turn 2 : Turn (3): The speaker is suggesting that the proposal at the ballpark is likely to be a rejected one.

turn 2 : not a physical drawing board or easel, but the most important thing on an agenda or plan; not a physically big-in-size plan, but a plan with many elements or parts to it

turn 2 : "going back to the drawing board" - refers to starting over with a new plan or approach.


Winston Churchill, we always have to quote him once in a while, right?He said that jaw-jaw was better than war-war. And no matter how awful the war of words may get, it's only serious, really, if it leads to real war. And if North Korea is truly a nuclear power now, any thought of a military solution is somewhere between horrific and unthinkable.

And the Mueller investigation's widening?

We do see more evidence that the Mueller investigation thinks it has some kind of goods on Paul Manafort, former campaign chairman for Donald Trump. He also seems to think he can use whatever he has on Manafort to pry loose more stuff on other campaign figures. Is this going to reach the president himself?At this point, that does not seem to be indicated. But this probe is going to continue and get a lot more uncomfortable for the president before it's over.

NPR's Ron Elving. Thanks so much.

turn 0 : The speaker is expressing concern about South Koreans becoming too comfortable and not taking the threat of war seriously.

turn 0 : Winston Churchill, we always have to quote him once in a while, right? He said that jaw-jaw was better than war-war. And no matter how awful the war of words may get, it's only serious, really, if it leads to real war. And if North Korea is truly a nuclear power now, any thought of a military solution is somewhere between horrific and unthinkable.  In this turn, the implied meaning is that engaging in diplomatic discussions and negotiations ("jaw-jaw") is preferable to engaging in armed conflict ("war-war"). The speaker suggests that although verbal conflicts can be intense, they are not as severe as actual wars. Additionally, the speaker implies that considering a military solution in the context of North Korea's nuclear power status would be extremely dangerous and should be avoided.

turn 0 : The speaker implies that propping up the North Korean regime may lead to negative consequences in the long term, despite short-term stability.

turn 0 : very good His words implied a threat. War implies fighting and death.

turn 0 : The reality of the war with North Korea does not seem like a realistic threat to South Koreans due to their fast-paced and materialistic lifestyle.


NPR's Ron Elving. Thanks so much.

turn 0 : they are trying to imply they want peace not war instead

turn 0 : Jaw-jaw is better than war-war meaning diplomacy is preferable to military conflict.

turn 0 : adventures implies doing military or conflict based actions in foreign nations

turn 0 : There are multiple options for military action, and the president will choose one after considering diplomatic and political actions.


He just said Father Sullivan was a great orator. He was a great debater on theology - so on and so forth. And then my wife asked if there are any relatives living in the area?And he said, I don't think so. But there is a relative connection in Buffalo if you'd be interested in hearing about that. So he took us down the hall into a bigger office. He sat behind the desk. We sat on the other side. He said to my wife, are you an attorney?And she said no. He looked at me - are you an attorney?I said no. He said whatever we say here will stay in this room today. So I said to him, you know. He said, yeah, I know. I said, how do you know?He said, you look just like him.

Wow. Oh, that must have been an extraordinary moment.

Well, it was a moment that I didn't expect. And I guess, you know, it was spontaneous on his part. He's in his 80s. I pop in. He knew I existed but never thought I'd knock on his door. I went back to see him, though, about a month later to get the details of what he had told me before, and he rescinded everything he said.

And then what happened?What did you do to get to the point where you actually were able to exhume your father's body?

turn 0 : The person is thinking of a particular person but they are not going to say who.

turn 0 : The speaker disagrees with the other person's argument.

turn 0 : None . There's nothing in this that implies anything.

turn 0 : Whatever each person said at that time will not be repeated to anyone.


All right, Jeff, thanks a lot.

Thank you.

Geoffrey Bennett is the Web producer for NEWS & NOTES, and he joined me in our studios at NPR West.

Where were you a quarter-century ago when Michael Jackson's "Thriller" album switched up the pop-music game?

turn 3 : The literal meaning of (3) is asking what type of story was popular in the 19th century that could be compared to a modern day internet meme. The implied meaning is asking what was popular or trendy in the 19th century.

turn 3 : B's question "Where were you a quarter-century ago when Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' album switched up the pop-music game?" implies that the listener was alive and old enough to remember the release of "Thriller" 25 years ago, even though the listener's age or existence 25 years ago is not relevant to the question. The actual meaning is simply a rhetorical way of highlighting the significance of the album's impact on pop music.

turn 3 : Asking about musical influences, not comparing the album to other artists

turn 3 : A is sharing a personal anecdote about how their parents met, which involves the jazz funk band Fungus Blues


Moving around freely is hard to do in a conflict zone. And trust is hard. One official with Doctors Without Borders says she tried to understand why people were so angry at the Ebola response. And she asked one of her local staff why. And she told her it was because people there in that area have been suffering for so long. Her husband had been killed by militias. Three of her children had died of malaria. And no one - no aid organization, no government - has ever cared.

And now all the aid orgs are here because of Ebola. And people don't trust that they're there to help. They believe that these organizations are there to make money off of the response.

Is there a concern at this point that this outbreak could go beyond Congo?

It's a big concern. The World Health Organization just recently declared this outbreak a public health emergency of international concern. And that means that many more resources are pouring into Congo and neighboring countries. And now it's in Goma. And that presents a whole other challenge. It's the biggest city in eastern Congo. And it's a transit hub along the border with Rwanda. So, you know, there's definitely a worry that it can move from beyond Congo.

turn 0 : to move in direction in this context means to change something

turn 0 : to carry something out means to do something

turn 0 : The implied meaning of the first turn is that people have become apathetic to the problems facing the city and are not taking action.

turn 0 : to move around in this context means to move from place to place, like moving from one house to another

turn 0 : to approach someone with something in this context means you are showing them something


This is rhetorical. Like what to the Negro is the Fourth of July?A flag should be stitched with a fuse. Jefferson said, for each generation, a flag. Maybe he said constitution. I once raised a high-top flag of my hair, a fist, a leather medallion of the motherland.

I studied heraldry and maniples, which are not what you might guess, little sails and banners down to the vein of a feather. Because his kids were rebel cities, my father loved like Sherman. Because I wanted history I could touch like the flank of a beast.

What's that phrase - each flag should come with a fuse?

(Laughter) The flag should be stitched with a fuse, yes.

turn 2 : It is largely an age distinction. There are younger people who think that our geography has now trumped our history. We are in the world where it's more relevant than the ties we used to have. But for an older generation, those ties are really important, especially when it comes to war, and World War I and World War II, and New Zealand lost more soldiers per the population than most countries in the world. And they died and served under that flag.  In this turn, the implied meaning is that the younger generation values geography and current circumstances more than historical ties, while the older generation places significant importance on the historical connections, particularly in the context of war and the sacrifices made under the existing flag. The literal meaning would simply state the generational differences in perspective and the historical significance of the flag.

turn 2 : There are no actual flags, the leader is adept at diplomacy and attacking others.

turn 2 :  "Flags" does not mean that Tricia Newbold actually used flags to indicate the instances involving senior White House officials. Instead, it implies that she drew attention to these instances or brought them to the committee's notice. This is an example of a figurative or idiomatic use of language where the intended meaning is different from the literal meaning of the words used.

turn 2 :  The phrase "stitched with a fuse" is figurative, meaning that each generation of people should be prepared to fight for their rights and freedoms. The speaker is not literally suggesting that flags should be physically stitched with a fuse.


My parents are living in Northern Virginia right now.

They've had a hard time too - or anxious time, I should say.

Not as anxious as I have been mainly because they're very confident that if something happens, then something better is going to happen.

What would something better be?

turn 2 : The speaker is hinting that the situation is difficult or complex.

turn 2 : The speaker is less confident than their parents about the future.

turn 2 : (3) - The speaker is expressing surprise and disbelief at the changes that have taken place in the household.

turn 2 : This statement implies that the situation is unpredictable and confusing for many people.

turn 2 : The turn suggests that the speaker is feeling frustrated and overwhelmed.


Leading the tributes to President George H. W. Bush were several former presidents and the current president. President Trump said of Mr.  Bush, with sound judgment, common sense and unflappable leadership, he guided our nation and the world to a peaceful and victorious conclusion of the Cold War. President Bill Clinton, who defeated Mr.  Bush for the presidency in 1992, gave thanks for his great long life of service, love and friendship. Ron Elving, senior Washington correspondent, joins us. Ron, thanks so much for being with us.

Good to be with you, Scott.

He was the last of a different generation - sometimes called the greatest generation. He served in World War II, congressman, former U. S.  ambassador to China and the United Nations, director of the CIA, vice president and then after that finally president.

You know, when he first sought the Republican nomination in 1980, Scott, his TV ads called him, quote, "a president we won't have to train," unquote. And that was a nod to all that preparation and experience he had had even before he was vice president.

turn 2 : The Trump administration has taken several steps that have made it harder for military members to get citizenship

turn 2 : Mr. Bush's generation is unique and admirable for their services in different fields.

turn 2 : The US immigration policy should bring in the best and brightest from around the world

turn 2 : A believes that George Bush would want to avoid political discussions and focus on a more positive conversation.

turn 2 : It's not literally a "brand" the president has; here it is referring to his own style and approach.


Good to be with you, Scott.

turn 3 : Then they changed the topic to President Obama

turn 3 : George H.W. Bush had a lot of preparation and experience for presidency

turn 3 : James Buchanan had an impressive career in politics and government.

turn 3 : There is evidence that would support the Presidents statement.

turn 3 : The president will propose something new later today


Now, there's also the toll, you know, that this takes on judges. I mean, that's precisely what Judge Arrington said. He said, seeing the same black faces walk in and out of his courtroom year after year takes its toll.

When you first became a judge in Cleveland Heights, Ohio, did you feel like it was something that you brought home with you, that you felt a weight on yourself?

Oh, no doubt about it. I mean, I'm a control freak, and I'm goal oriented. I took recidivism personally. Every time I saw that same guy or that same woman come back in, it was a failure on my part.

And I did. And it hurt me. And I've cried. I've made defendants cry. I had the whole courtroom crying once because my sense of hurt was so real and so immediate.

turn 1 : THE WHOLE COURTROOM CRYING BECAUSE OF THE HURT WHICH IS REAL AND ITS HURT

turn 1 : The whole courtroom was probably not crying, it just means that a lot of people present were crying or just moved emotionally.

turn 1 : The story is emotional and difficult to hear.

turn 1 : The tear in your eye is not a literal tear, but a metaphor for sadness or emotions


Well, for the pilot test, for example, if we want to have a continuous ring, we don't actually have them uniformly distributed around the globe. For example we don't need the same density over the middle of the Pacific Ocean as we do over Christ Church itself. But by steering them and planning, you can have them appear in the right density in the sky over the places that need coverage.

And where - would those - those are under-covered places around the world. Where are the prime places for that?

There's lots of places. In the Southern Hemisphere alone, two-thirds of the countries, the cost of Internet access is higher than the average monthly income for people in those countries. Even in China and India, there's over a billion people that don't have good Internet coverage. So I think there's lots of places around the world where there's sort of remote and rural areas that don't have coverage, or it's unaffordable.

So would you have to keep relaunching new balloons as these go down just to keep that ring going?

turn 0 : It is not a test for pilots but a trial, first test to see how the system works.

turn 0 : The pilot could have intentionally crashed the plane.

turn 0 : It would be a mistake for me to do that.

turn 0 : It's important to receive feedback even if it's not always positive.

turn 0 : This statement implies that FAA could not expect Boeing to essentially self-inspect their own aircraft.


Of, you know, as climate change or renewable energy, things like that. The choice is not even offered on the sheet of things that you - that is on your radar screen.

Yeah. Well, this is actually a really important point, is that when you look at - and I'll just come back to media coverage as an example. You know, for most people, this is an issue that's invisible. I mean, you can look out your window right this moment, and there's CO2 pouring out of tailpipes, out of smokestacks, out of buildings, but you can't see it, and likewise you can't see the impacts unless you know where to look. In fact, the only way most Americans even know about this issue is because of what they've learned about it in the media. They're not reading the peer-reviewed literature. They don't know scientists personally. They're learning about it through the media. And when the media doesn't report this issue, it's literally out of sight and out of mind.

Mm-hmm. Is there a difference between the national poll you conducted and registered voters?Do they have different opinions about it?

No. In fact, that's exactly what we did in this study, is that we asked people, are you registered to vote?And we only looked at those Democrats, Republicans and independents who are registered because, obviously, those are the people who will actually walk into the voting booth.

turn 1 : (2) implies that the media environment is desperate for viewers, and so it chooses to show people yelling at each other instead of presenting the science of climate change in an informative way.

turn 1 : Climate change is a significant issue in people's opinions and politics

turn 1 : A's turn: The implied meaning is that media coverage plays a significant role in shaping public perception and awareness of issues like climate change. Despite the visible impacts of CO2 emissions, many people remain unaware of the severity of the issue until they learn about it through media outlets. If the media fails to report on climate change, it can become an "out of sight, out of mind" issue for many people.

turn 1 : "I mean, first of all, you can see it in the amount of - number of times that the president talks about this, that candidate Mitt Romney talks about this, as well as across the board." - This turn uses a metaphorical meaning of "see it" to refer to observing the frequency of politicians discussing climate change, rather than literally seeing it.

turn 1 : Understanding climate change is not just about seeing, but also about perception.


turn 1 : The lack of media coverage can make climate change an invisible issue for most Americans.


I'm looking to see if we can use this talent to save elephants and our other wildlife. If we can use these elephant to help find areas with landmines and clear them faster than current methods, then that's fantastic. By bringing in samples to the elephant and getting them to say yes, this area might have landmines and this area has a high likelihood of not having landmines - just clearing land a bit quicker - maybe we could open up areas to wildlife and humans alike. Then we wanted to look past it. They're using dogs to detect cancer. They're using dogs to detect diseases. And if we could use our elephant to do the same, then hopefully we can save a lot of people.

Do you - is to work with elephants to become awed by them?

I must admit I've had elephants since I was 7 years old and there isn't a day that doesn't go past when I am not blown away by them. They are incredible animals. They're highly intelligent. They're good fun to be around and, yeah, to be awed by them is putting it lightly. They really are very, very special animals. It's hard to put that across to somebody on the other side of the world, but when you work with them and play with them every day, you'll have a special feeling for them, which is amazing.

Sean Hensman is operator of Adventures with Elephants in Bela-Bela, South Africa. Thanks so much for being with us.

turn 2 : This is implying that A believes art should have an interesting or captivating element to it.

turn 2 : The implied meaning is that B has a unique and special person in their life that they want to share with the world.

turn 2 : This implies that  implies that A has a deep admiration and respect for elephants that goes beyond being simply awed by them.

turn 2 : The implied meaning of this turn is that the recent discoveries about feathers and filaments on certain species of dinosaurs have enabled us to gain a better understanding of their visual and vocal communication.

turn 2 : The actual meaning behind (4) is not just an expression of admiration but also an invitation to explore and appreciate the wonders of the world.


Should the NSA be held responsible for this?I'm just wondering. The fact that this crown jewel, as you put it, was leaked or stolen and became public, is that their fault?

This is a great question. Actually, there's controversy. So initially, losing control of this hacking tool - and really, thousands of others - was clearly the NSA's fault. But at some point, I guess, their responsibility for criminals reusing what has become public is diminishing. But the problem here is that the U. S.  government - first Obama, then the Trump administration, and of course, also Congress - have never addressed the underlying extraordinary leak that took place that is known as Shadow Brokers, which is arguably the worst security breach the NSA has ever suffered - even worse than the Snowden leak.

It just seems remarkable that something that has such significance and such a power to disrupt people's lives hasn't gotten more attention. Does it seem strange to you?

Well, you know, the story is quite complicated. But I think we have to do better and really understand the Shadow Broker's leak, it's reuse. This is ultimately an attack, if we take the whole thing, that has caused tens of billions of damage to the world economy - billions.

turn 0 : So this attack is raising one of these fundamental issues that we talk about in the security world about whether NSA surveillance protects people or creates unexpected damage that does more harm than good."

turn 0 : Asking whether the NSA should take responsibility for the leak implies the possibility that they might be at fault.

turn 0 : The NSA lost control of their hacking tools and they were leaked/stolen.

turn 0 :  (3), the implied meaning is that the Department of Justice is taking a strong stance on leaks and may be targeting journalists more aggressively than they have in the past, which could have implications for press freedom.


turn 1 : The government's lack of action on the Shadow Brokers leak suggests negligence and a failure to address a significant security breach.

turn 1 : The first memorandum makes unfounded allegations to undermine the FBI.

turn 1 : The NSA lost control of their hacking tools and they were leaked/stolen.

turn 1 : The companies were not grabbing turf but claiming things as their own.


You know, Scott, it's really hard to say. Most of the people we've talked to here in Edmonton over the past few days say what's happening with FIFA has nothing to do with what's going on on the field. There's definitely a worry here, though, that the media will fixate on it. And at FIFA's opening press conference in Vancouver, the president of Canada's soccer association got a barrage of questions all about the drama, and he basically said, look, this is perfect timing for the Women's World Cup. It's the purest form of the game. It's soccer to the core. Let's focus on that because that's what this sport needs - some purity, some positivity. And let's not forget, Scott, this is the biggest women's sporting event in the entire world. And a half a billion people are expected to watch today's opening game between Canada and China, so it's a big deal.

And more national teams than ever, right?

Yeah, that's right. The World Cup is held every four years, and this year there are 24 teams, which is eight more than four years ago. It should be really exciting. Canada is a giant country. So they're going to be traveling around a ton from the West Coast of Vancouver all the way to Moncton on the East Coast, which, you know, hey, I've never even heard of that place so that should be. . .

I've been to Moncton.

turn 3 : The speaker feels like an outsider wherever they go.

turn 3 : because the speaker said always good to be here

turn 3 : The speaker finds it fitting to talk about immigration at JFK Airport due to its connection to travel and border control.

turn 3 : "I've been to Moncton" - means the speaker has visited Moncton before, rather than literally carrying or moving to that location.

turn 3 :  (4) implies that the speaker is facing a difficult living situation.


Iceberg in particular has managed to transcend these unfairly feminine connotations that salad-eating has taken on.

So as you reconsider iceberg's place in the fabric of our society and on your table, Rosner urges you to think even beyond the delicious wedge salad. She suggests stir-frying your lettuce, pickling it or blending it into a cold soup. And even if lettuce experimentation isn't for you, you can still try to let go of your leafy, green pretensions. Not everything has to be arugula.

Enjoy the crunch for what it is. I think even people who are sneering down their noses at iceberg lettuce love it when it's on top of a burger, when it's shredded really finely on a sandwich. There are contexts in which we know that iceberg is the perfect lettuce.

Lettuce doesn't have to be a wedge issue. Helen Rosner is a food writer for The New Yorker.

turn 1 : Fabric of society is actually just the way the society is made up of different personalities and choices.

turn 1 : All ideas are different between all human beings.

turn 1 : Race refers to any idea that divides human beings into more than one kind

turn 1 : A: "breaking free from all of these identities and get down to that last one, which is human" - This turn is figurative language as it refers to the author's desire to move beyond societal labels and stereotypes and focus on our common humanity rather than actually breaking free from physical identities.

turn 1 : Words have limited power to change the world, but they can change individuals.


No, no, I worked with John, he had already come here, and I worked with John, and then I went to Bell and worked with John Moll and then later was in the Army in a group they won't let me talk about too much, it was an intelligence group in Japan.

And then when I got out, I was six years at GE, and that's where this happened. And then I had a fantastic colleague there, Bob Hall. Bob's getting a little bit old, but he was a stalwart figure. He would've been the next Nobel Prize I would've given in the semiconductor field.

But I had access, you're right, to some of the very, very best people that were pioneers.

It must have been very exciting during those times.

turn 1 : Bob Hall was a great colleague and could have won a Nobel prize

turn 1 : Winners of Ig Nobel Prize are eager to receive it

turn 1 : He worked on the intelligence committee and learned a great deal of things that most people don't know about the world.

turn 1 : Hall of Fame implies a recognition of being a noble and outstanding


Well, let's stay with these two big items on the to-do list next week. As you said, the specter of the government running out of money on Friday tends to focus the mind. What will Speaker Ryan's strategy be for getting this done next week?

Just to get as many people on board - get that 216. . .

Get those 216. . .

. . . Seventeen, however many people they need depending on how many votes there are. And I tend to think that there's going to be enough votes to do that. And the White House is not going to stand in Speaker Ryan's way. And there's really - even the Freedom Caucus, the sort of thorn in the side of House leadership, are not going to do that either because nobody. . .

turn 1 : This turn has a literal meaning of altering or modifying established regulations or guidelines. However, in this context, it is used to refer to the Republicans' willingness to change the Senate rules to confirm Gorsuch with a simple majority vote rather than the usual 60-vote threshold required for Supreme Court nominees.

turn 1 : (2) Implied meaning: Get enough votes to pass the legislation, no matter the number of votes required.

turn 1 : The actual meaning of the turn in (3) is that if the Senate only performs a ritual of asking hard questions without any intention to actually vet the judges, then declining to do that ritual is an important signal.

turn 1 : B implies that the voting wasn't going to happen right there at the moment and won't probably be fair if it was.


It is an example of how we can work together, from the scientific side, to generate very good data and answer the hard questions. As (inaudible) asked - are the things we do really impacting positively?It is also an example of how governments have worked together. When President Obama, Prime Minister Harper and the President Pena Nieto got together a couple of years ago, they signed this agreement. They established a high-level committee that has been working for these years. And we really wish we could have more of those cases. It certainly is an example to follow.

Just to remind our listeners, though, the numbers are still way down from where they were 20 years ago, so there's still a long way to go.

Jorge Rickards is field programs director from the World Wildlife Fund in Mexico. Thanks so much for speaking with us.

It's a pleasure. Thank you very much.

turn 2 : Despite efforts to protect livestock, it's difficult to fully control predators and their impact on the herd.

turn 2 : Poaching is a major problem and is wiping out the forest's animal population.

turn 2 : Donating responsibly and researching the organizations one is donating to is important in ensuring that the funds are used effectively.

turn 2 : the World Wildlife Fund in Mexico's field programs director, Jorge Rickards, has expertise and valuable insights to share on the topic of wildlife conservation.

turn 2 : There are better meat choices to reduce environmental impact.


The House passed the Republican health care bill this week that would repeal and replace large portions of President Obama's Affordable Care Act. The bill now goes to the Senate. It was a close vote in the House. Twenty Republicans and every single Democrat voted against the bill. We go now to one of the 217 members of Congress who voted for the American Health Care Act. Congressman Tom Reed is a Republican from the Finger Lakes District of New York. Mr.  Reed, thanks very much for being back with us.

Always a pleasure, Scott. Thanks for having me on.

I know you have three public meetings today, so thanks for making the time. You were undecided at one point. What decided it for you?

Well, we were supportive of the original bill, and then the amendments started to dribble out. And we wanted to make sure we read the text before we took an actual position on the bill. And once we read the text, I was very comfortable that this is a step in the right direction to take on the health care crisis in America.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is subtly trying to convey a sense of urgency or importance in the matter being discussed, without explicitly stating it.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a euphemism or understatement to convey a more significant or sensitive message.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is suggesting that they are uncertain about the future outcome of a situation, and are not making any definitive statements or commitments. The tone and context of the statement could suggest that the speaker is being cautious, non-committal, or may be waiting for more information before making a decision.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be suggesting that there are some hidden or unknown factors that could influence the situation being discussed.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: It's important to take a step back and reflect on our actions before making decisions.


As a matter of fact, I thought about conducting 10 years before I even started to practice it or to study it. But the interesting thing is that I didn't want to do it with just one community. I wanted to bring a lot of communities together. So of course it incubated in the jazz community and the free-music community, but I realized that if non-improvisers wanted to do this, I could incorporate all of them into an ensemble.

What do you think about jazz, some would say, it's lost a lot of its base African-American audience, but it started out with roots in the black experience. Do you think conduction relates to that continuation of the black experience?

Well certainly. I think - well, how can I phrase this?What I'd like to see is that more of the institutions that are dealing with black study, black-American music, get hip to everything that's not on the radio rather than what is on the radio. I don't know, this could be elaborated on for the next two hours.

turn 3 : "Looks like we have a lot to catch up on" might imply that the speaker and listener have not talked or seen each other in a while and there is a lot of news or updates to share.

turn 3 :  implies that the interlocutor agrees with the previous statement and is encouraging the speaker to continue talking.

turn 3 : keep your  comments coming means to keep talking

turn 3 : Actual meaning: B is bringing the conversation to an end because of time constraints, but expressing interest in having A return in the future. Literal meaning: B is stating that A will be invited back and that Michael Graham is the podcast editor for The Weekly Standard.

turn 3 :  "We're going to have to catch up with you then, Butch."  The literal meaning is that the speaker will need to catch up with Butch at a later time. The implied meaning is that the speaker is acknowledging Butch's expertise or knowledge in the topic being discussed and may need to learn more from them in the future.


That's right. They said they would, and they're going to do it. Universal background checks for gun buyers is one of the bills they're going to vote on. These are measures with broad public support, many having arisen since the most horrific mass shootings we have seen in recent months and years.

Senator Bernie Sanders entered the 2020 race for president this week - I think $6 million he raised within 48 hours or something. But he touched off a recurrent question about if he's really a Democrat in all ways, maybe. This week, he refused to call Nicolas Maduro a dictator.

You know, terminology and labels are not ultimately where people live, but they can have meaning and effect when it comes to campaigns. We certainly saw that in 2016. Sanders only calls himself a Democrat when he's seeking to be the party nominee for president. The rest of the time and in Congress, he calls himself an independent. And that may be more accurate.

The phrase democratic socialist that Sanders uses a lot - that has quite a few fans, especially among younger voters, who seem to take this word socialist in stride. Older voters still remember the years when to be a socialist was to be on the wrong side of the Cold War in many people's minds. And voters of all ages will be taking part in those primaries and caucuses starting in less than a year.

Thanks so much. Ron Elving, thanks for being with us.

turn 2 : "Sanders only calls himself a Democrat when he's seeking to be the party nominee for president." - The literal meaning of this turn is that Sanders identifies as a Democrat only when he is running for the party's presidential nomination. The actual meaning is that the speaker is implying that Sanders is not a true Democrat.

turn 2 :  This turn actually means that the speaker is more concerned with the alternative (Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, or Bernie Sanders) than with a "Never Trump" attitude, and that it is important for the country and party to come together despite any reservations about Trump.

turn 2 :  This turn actually means that people should not expect to "love" Donald Trump as the Republican nominee, but should come together as a party to face the challenges that lie ahead.

turn 2 : "He sounds a lot more like Bernie Sanders than he does the other Republicans" - This turn uses the phrase "he sounds like Bernie Sanders" to mean that Trump's comments on hedge funds align with Sanders' views, which is different from its literal meaning of "the sound of Trump's voice resembles that of Bernie Sanders."

turn 2 : Implied meaning for turn (3): The questioner assumes that the speaker decided to support Donald Trump based on something he said, but the speaker clarifies that his decision was based on Trump's track record of job creation, as well as input from other people involved in the election.


turn 3 : "The phrase democratic socialist that Sanders uses a lot - that has quite a few fans, especially among younger voters, who seem to take this word socialist in stride." - The literal meaning of this turn is that Sanders' use of the term "democratic socialist" has garnered support among young voters who are not put off by the term "socialist." The actual meaning is that the speaker is noting a generational divide in how voters perceive the term "socialist."

turn 3 : The actual meaning of turn 3 is that Bernie Sanders has gained popular support and this popular support should be taken into account rather than just looking at the math.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of this turn is that Secretary Kerry has been talking about the idea of a transitional government. The implied meaning is that Kerry is proposing a new government as a way to address the root of the conflict and end the fighting.

turn 3 : election is over. The implied meaning, however, is that Bernie Sanders should support Hillary Clinton and there should be no doubt about it.The literal meaning of this statement is asking if there is any doubt that Bernie Sanders will support Hillary Clinton when the


That's right. I mean, the thing is many people are uneasy with what former Director Comey recounted as the president's words. But whether it constitutes obstruction is a more difficult issue. There were plenty of reasons to fire James Comey. Now, the president may have had any number of reasons in mind. But you're looking for something far more concrete in most criminal prosecutions. You're looking for a clear intent to try to stop an investigation.

All right. This is another word that we hear all the time - collusion, which is what started the Russia investigation, the idea that somehow members of the Trump administration colluded with Russia to influence the U. S.  election. What is collusion?Does it have any legal meaning?And what would the charge actually be if it were proven?

Well, that's another problem of getting ahead of our skis a bit. People have been referring to collusion like there is a crime of collusion in this context. There is no such crime. So what you're really looking for are collateral crimes. You know, the White House is allowed to speak to the Russians. The White House is even allowed to do remarkably dumb things with the Russians. The president is allowed to reveal classified information to the Russians. None of that is legal. That becomes a political question of holding someone accountable for things you don't like them doing.

But if a member of the Trump team before the election or after the election was talking to the Russians and saying, all right, we are - want to help you throw the election in our favor, is that illegal?I mean, that's what the implication is here essentially.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that there is a large number of progressive candidates running in the runoff election, and Mayor Emanuel's political action committee is trying to reduce their numbers.

turn 3 : The implication is that the Republicans may have to use strong tactics to pass their agenda, even if it means having to pressure members of their own party.

turn 3 : People are uncertain about their vote in this election, and are hesitant to support either the Republican or Democratic candidate.

turn 3 : The phrase "throw the election in our favor" in (4) implies attempting to influence the result of the election, which is different from its literal meaning of physically throwing the election.

turn 3 : (4) Implied meaning: It is ironic that Donald Trump is accusing the political "chattering class" of rigging the election when both parties are part of the same class.


How much did you pay for that last box of Girl Scout cookies you bought?Five bucks, six maybe, maybe more?How about $15 billion?That's the price of a single box if - if it were turned into graphine. Researchers at Rice University in Houston have discovered a way to turn anything with carbon into graphine, the super-strong wonder material that can be worth over two million times the price of gold. You heard that right, two million times.

Forget alchemy, that's for chumps. This is graphene, worth a lot more in its weight of gold. Marc Abrahams, editor and founder of the Annals of Improbable Research is here to tell us why graphene is so pricey and what this invention could mean for nanotechnology. Welcome back to SCIENCE FRIDAY.

Thanks, Ira, nice to be back.

So what is this thing about turning Girl Scout cookies into graphene?

turn 0 : Girl Scout cookies can be turned into graphene, a valuable material.

turn 0 : nanoparticles can be easily kept on hand and accessed quickly when needed

turn 0 : squirrel implies to hide some money for future use and not referring to an animal or rodents

turn 0 : The dollar is not physically stronger, but more can be bought with it now than before.


Thanks, Ira, nice to be back.

turn 2 : because the speaker said always good to be here

turn 2 : nice to be back means its nice that I am here again

turn 2 : "You're welcome." This turn is an example of conventionalized language, where the speaker uses a set phrase to respond to the expression of gratitude. The literal meaning of "you're welcome" is an invitation for the other person to come in, but in this context, it's used to acknowledge and accept thanks.

turn 2 : thank you for joining us means thank you for being here


Jeffrey Dahmer in Milwaukee.

Right and Ted Bundy in Florida. I mean, if you look at the serial killers, the majority of them that abused animals prior to turning on humans - and even one admitted, I did it to see how the animal would die before I killed a human. It's just - it's amazing. School shooters, Pearl, Miss. , and Columbine, they all abused animals and killed animals prior to their shooting spree. So it's - the data's there and it's not just guesswork. It's actual documented data.

You've been a law enforcement professional. Are there people who say the last thing I need is more paperwork, more data?

Yeah, here's the thing. Law enforcement really hasn't grasped this problem yet. If you look back in the early '70s when domestic violence came up and how the laws changed and then law enforcement would go, say, well, if the woman's getting beat, why she won't leave the house?Well, we didn't understand. We'd understand the dynamics of domestic violence, and as that whole thing changed, it got better. And if you look at animal abuse right now, it's - can follow the same timeline. You can always - bet you it's within years that it's going to be the same timeline. You have to get - in order for this problem to be solved, you're going to have to get the legislators to create the laws, you're going to have to get law enforcement to enforce the laws, you're going to have to get prosecutors to prosecute and judges to convict.

turn 2 : The speaker believes that the current policing system is irreparable.

turn 2 : (3) When the speaker states that science is under attack, they are implying that politicians are misusing science to further their own agendas, rather than relying on scientific evidence to inform their decisions.

turn 2 : The speaker is suggesting that the situation might not be as serious or dangerous as it initially seemed.

turn 2 : The speaker is implying that some law enforcement professionals may be resistant to gathering and analyzing data on animal abuse because they view it as an added bureaucratic burden. This suggests that the speaker believes that some law enforcement officials may be unwilling to take the issue of animal abuse seriously or prioritize it as a potential indicator of violent behavior.

turn 2 : The speaker is expressing sarcasm or disbelief about the effectiveness of preventing lethal incidents despite investigative journalism in the Laquan McDonald case.


Jeffrey Dahmer in Milwaukee.

turn 3 : The speaker is suggesting that, similar to the evolution of laws and attitudes towards domestic violence, there needs to be a similar shift in the understanding and treatment of animal abuse. This implies that the speaker believes that animal abuse should be taken seriously and treated as a potential indicator of violent behavior, and that there needs to be a comprehensive effort involving legislators, law enforcement, prosecutors, and judges to address this issue.

turn 3 : The speaker is hinting that animal captivity may be in need of reform.

turn 3 : (3) implies agreement with the previous statement and reinforces the idea that the media environment has structural issues that prevent reasonable conversations.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is subtly trying to convey a sense of urgency or importance in the matter being discussed, without explicitly stating it.


Yes, and not even as big as a credit card in size - tiny. And she held it up, and my mother fleetingly saw her younger self, so she knew that this was true.

Wow.

She goes home to her mother, and her mother says nothing and summons the father. And eventually, there's a scene and - the mother and father sitting opposite my mother. And they just tell her that they took her in as if a kind of kindness - that she was a sort of waif or a stray and, you know, it was a charitable act. So she immediately began to feel that nobody wanted her.

Pause the story there because you touch on one of the crazier things, which is that bus. When this old woman appears with a photograph, you describe everyone as freezing because they all knew. The whole village, surrounding villages all knew way more about the story of your mother's life than she did until she was a much older woman.

turn 0 : The women that were photographed did not see themselves as beautiful before the project

turn 0 : It doesn't come  into play physically. The statue is used during this time.

turn 0 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 0 : The 'it' that the woman held up is not referring to a physical object, but a photograph


They found an interested buyer.

Because, you know, there's no question that there are some assets out there that are probably undervalued. But there are not private sector entities at this point, apparently, that have the capacity to buy and hold and take that risk. That's one of the things we want to explore. Are there entities other than the federal government that can do that?

Well, what are the risks there, that you would be stuck with carrying a bunch of bad debt?

The risk is that the taxpayer would lose some money.

turn 2 : The economy is doing very poorly, and consumers are struggling to pay their debts and bills.

turn 2 : bunch of bad debt implies owing too many debts or inability to pay a lot of debts owed

turn 2 : The literal meaning of (3) is that no one is taking credit for the decision to go after old debts owed to the government. However, the implied meaning is that there is a lack of accountability and transparency within the government, as no one is willing to take responsibility for the decision.

turn 2 : The deficit and debt are similar to a person overspending and accumulating credit card debt.

turn 2 : A large government debt can lead to less money available for individuals and businesses to borrow, which can slow down economic growth.


If I had any confidence that another state would follow suit, I would agree with you. But we have watched as, really, only two states in the nation have done truly independent congressional redistricting. Neither of them are what I would call red states. And one of them is California, the state with the largest number of congressional seats in the country. And even though California moved forward with their independent redistricting, not one Republican state followed suit. So if what we're trying to do is have more Republicans in Congress, then I would say, yes, we back Governor Hogan's plan and just change it in Maryland.

But this sounds a little bit like a playground argument. Well, if they're not going to do it, I'm not going to do it, either, regardless of what may be right.

Well, that's what my bill solves. It allows for two states to do it simultaneously. And hopefully, that then moves a process forward that other states can then join.

Is there buy-in from Virginia?

turn 0 : he literal meaning is that the speaker agrees with something and acknowledges that the other person is correct, and they both laugh.

turn 0 : The speaker disagrees with the other person's argument.

turn 0 : you imply that something is the case


Is there buy-in from Virginia?

turn 2 : The gerrymandering and census cases before the Supreme Court would allow Republicans to increase their political power.

turn 2 : It would be difficult to conduct an election in the 9th District quickly.

turn 2 : There is doubt whether the Congress will be able to come up with a comprehensive solution for all the issues and it may require multiple attempts

turn 2 : Congressional Republicans won't pass the bill unless the President makes sure they will not be hurt politically.

turn 2 : The speaker's bill allows for more states to follow suit in independent congressional redistricting.


But in those years these kids were acting, and only acting, and just acting. And they did have school, and lot of them had tutors, and do have, you know, a decent amount of education, but they don't have the kind of education that you get in a school, the kind of specialized education - they have a specialized education rather than a general one.

So I think that a lot of them don't really know what to do. And so it's hard to blame them for wanting to seize on this. I didn't want to do that. I didn't want to be a former child actor for the rest of my life, although in some ways I suppose I am. I am going to be that.

And all I can do is, you know, embrace it for what it was. I did have some wonderful experiences. Learn from the things that weren't so great and just try to get on from there.

We're talking with Mara Wilson, the recovering child actor, she describes herself, known for "Matilda," "Mrs.  Doubtfire" and "Miracle on 34th Street" - now a writer in New York. You're listening to TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News.

And yes, child actors are in a separate category but so are baseball players and ballet artists and violinists. There are all kinds of kids who specialize in certain things, become prodigies at it and later in life have to go on - well, there's this sort of career death.

turn 2 : They would not do bad things were most people would find out about them.

turn 2 : All they can do is accept what happened to them before.

turn 2 : People are starting to follow suit in regards to the actions of others.

turn 2 : They will wonder about this at various times for the rest of their life.

turn 2 : The key point is made to make people want to learn more about what happened.


About 50% of my business was China 'cause I focused on that sector of the business.

And now what proportion of your business - what proportion of your lobsters go to China?

Zero. I can't sell a lobster to China. I can't compete with Canadians.

So you have lost half of your business.

turn 2 : CHINA IS GOING TO BE COMPETITION AS FAR AS IT'S ADVANCEMENTS IN THEIR ECONOMY

turn 2 : Chinese citizens have limited investment options due to government regulations

turn 2 : By pointing out that China is a peer competitor to the United States he's saying that the trade war with China is sort of slow-going because they're a well-matched opponent.

turn 2 : Despite having a large market potential, the Chinese market is difficult to penetrate due to competition from Canadian suppliers.


Yeah, unfortunately, yeah.

Oh, so it's not that laughing at your jokes will make you smart and attractive.

Well, it probably - if you try it probably would help over time. It'll take years, but yeah, it's a limited market kind of book - a niche market.

Well, let me go through some of these cartoons to give people an idea of what we're talking - one early on (laughter) a doctor sitting with a patient in the hospital and he has a ventriloquist dummy on his knee. And he says, I'm afraid Mr.  Bickles has some bad news.

turn 2 : This implies that the book has potential benefits over time, but it may not have widespread appeal and may only appeal to a small or specific audience.

turn 2 : The content of the book is humorous and not meant to be taken seriously.

turn 2 : In turn (3), the speaker implies that the same forces that are affecting newspapers are also affecting books, and that books may be perceived as archaic except as a form of entertainment.

turn 2 : The speaker is implying that the initial positive buzz surrounding the book was overshadowed by the negative review and the controversy that followed.

turn 2 : The success came quickly with one book after writing for many years.


Do drones offer the appearance of risk-free combat?

Well, inside our business, Scott, they don't. There's nothing risk-free about anything we do. And when you're talking about decisions that may affect life and death, I think we take this very seriously. There is nothing in this enterprise that discounts the value of life on the ground - all life, by the way - friendly life, enemy life and then, of course, civilian non-combatant life and property. It's something that is very deeply ingrained in our folks as they go through training.

But to press you a bit on this, General, I wonder - does drone warfare offer, to some Americans, the appearance of being able to strike militarily almost anywhere in the world and not have to worry about suffering casualties and consequence?

Yeah, it's one of the reasons that we don't like the term drone warfare, Scott, the - because drone does imply a level of autonomy that is not the case. It does imply a lack of thinking and a lack of human involvement. A primary reason we call them remotely piloted aircraft is because there is somebody flying them. There is somebody in that decision loop. In fact, there are lots of somebodies in it who are adding the human judgments that we think are critical when you're in the business of life and death.

turn 0 : Turn (1) has a non-literal meaning. The speaker is suggesting that the cost of the program may be justified by its deterrent effect, even though it may not be cost-effective in terms of the number of arrests made.

turn 0 : (1) Implied meaning: Is this plan risky?

turn 0 : "appearance of risk-free combat": the literal meaning of this phrase is that combat conducted by drones looks like it is without any risk; however, the actual meaning is that some people may perceive drone warfare as having fewer risks than traditional warfare, but it does not mean that it is entirely risk-free.

turn 0 : Despite the relief of averted war, people are still afraid of the war on terror and the potential for civilian casualties.

turn 0 : This statement implies that the advanced drones are being more appreciated unlike aircrafts.


turn 1 : when something is grounded in this context it means something is more realistic

turn 1 : "discounts the value of life on the ground": the literal meaning of this phrase is that the value of life on the ground is not being reduced; however, the actual meaning is that all lives, including friendly, enemy, and civilian non-combatant, are equally important and should not be devalued in any way.

turn 1 : In (1), the speaker talks about their life experiences, representing people who didn't have much and fighting against powerful corporate interests. The speaker believes that everyone should have the same opportunities and not have the ladder pulled out from behind them. The implied meaning is that hard work and fighting for justice can lead to success, and that it's important to ensure that everyone has equal opportunities.

turn 1 : The phrase, "on the ground" implies being in a place or situation where something important is happening, rather than somewhere else.


turn 2 : "strike militarily almost anywhere in the world and not have to worry about suffering casualties and consequence": the literal meaning of this phrase is that military strikes can be carried out anywhere in the world without any concerns about casualties or consequences; however, the actual meaning is that some people may perceive drone warfare as being able to strike with impunity, but it does not mean that there are no potential consequences or risks involved.

turn 2 : (3) The implied meaning is that there is a great sense of uncertainty and concern about what will happen next, and it's not clear whether the situation is still a political game or has escalated to military brinksmanship. The literal meaning is consistent with this implied meaning.

turn 2 : In this turn, the speaker is making a broader point about the difficulty of eradicating an ideology, even if a military force takes back territory from a group like ISIS. The literal meaning of "it's very difficult to bomb an ideology into oblivion" suggests that the speaker is talking about the limitations of military force against an idea rather than a physical target.

turn 2 : The airstrikes are hitting civilians and causing harm

turn 2 : There is a risk of a catastrophic situation if a full war breaks out in the area with civilians


That President Obama looked at what a no-fly zone could do and realized it would not do enough. He needed to authorize that aircraft could strike ground targets as well.

Yeah. I mean, I think, you know, almost all of these things, once you start, there is significant pressure for it to escalate. So when, you know, another example, when Bill Clinton starts NATO air strikes in Serbia, in the Kosovo War in 1999 to protect Kosovar Albanians who were being massacred by Serbian nationalists, then the Clinton administration starts out doing air strikes and then comes under lots and lots of pressure to say air strikes aren't enough, air strikes are not really saving civilian populations on the ground. You need to do more.

So I think, you know, I think when the Obama administration looks at this, then there's a debate about - on the one hand, you could say - and it's not that the Obama administration is considering troops on the ground because they're definitely not. But if you're arming the rebels in Syria, does that create more pressure for you to support them or does it mean that the rebels can stand on their own two feet, which means less pressure on the Obama administration to get involved?

Well, you're talking about the law of unintended consequences. If you're supporting them and recognize them and they start to lose, what do you do then?

turn 1 : There is a risk of military conflict due to misunderstandings.

turn 1 : The idea of using military intervention for spreading American values has been consistent throughout the 20th century.

turn 1 : People are not playing a game but taking part in a military conflict.

turn 1 : Military operations intentionally target hospitals during displacement of people.

turn 1 : Military interventions often escalate beyond their original scope.


turn 2 : All they can do is accept what happened to them before.

turn 2 : that the people don't want any more violence and want it to stop

turn 2 : The people want visible and effective action against corruption and terrorism.

turn 2 : The rebels can handle their rebellion without anyone helping them.

turn 2 : The regime has been causing damage to the country and harming innocent people.


That's a good one. Any others we should know about?

Yeah. Another example - Clinton Redding - his obituary was published by the Neptune Society. Clint was a professional machine mechanic, and if something was broken, he could fix it. He'd be glad to know that any and everyone who reads this would cast their vote to keep Hillary Clinton out of office. That was the last thing he wanted to fix.

Oh, my word. Are people including more personal information in their obituaries now?Are families doing that?

They absolutely are. It's a trend we've seen. You know, I've been with Legacy for 14 years. And when I first started at Legacy, many of the obituaries were very stoic, very fact-focused. What we're seeing now is that obituaries are really more personal.

turn 3 : "I mean, first of all, you can see it in the amount of - number of times that the president talks about this, that candidate Mitt Romney talks about this, as well as across the board." - This turn uses a metaphorical meaning of "see it" to refer to observing the frequency of politicians discussing climate change, rather than literally seeing it.

turn 3 : "It's a trend we've seen" is a statement about a trend, not a literal description of what the speaker has seen.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that A is implying that the way media is consumed has changed drastically, and this could lead to the failure of the American experiment.

turn 3 : (4) "we've seen a huge increase" - The implied meaning here is that there has been a significant increase in the number of political references in obituaries on the website Legacy.com over the past few election cycles. The literal meaning is simply that there has been an increase.

turn 3 : "But generally, the average of the reputable polls has been showing Obama steadily in front since about mid-June and picking up some momentum in the last two or three weeks." - This turn has a literal meaning and is also used with its actual meaning.


If you dig into this latest employment report, the unemployment rate for those with a college degree is roughly half of the national average. But a new report by the nonprofit Center for College Affordability and Productivity says that roughly half of those college graduates who have jobs are now working jobs that don't require a college degree. People with Ph. D. s. are driving taxis and waiting on tables. They are earning much less than expected, and certainly bargained for when they began to rack up college debts. Dr.  Richard Vedder co-authored the study. He's also a distinguished professor of economics at Ohio University and joins us from member station WOUB in Athens, Ohio. Dr.  Vedder, thanks so much for being with us.

Glad to be with you, Scott.

Help us understand what this means.

Well, it means there's a lot of people that are going to college, I suspect most of them with expectations that upon graduation they will make a pretty good living and live sort of an upper middle-class American life. But instead, a lot of them are getting jobs upon graduation working as bartenders, taxi drivers - a million of them are retail sales clerks, 115,000 of them are janitors. They're getting jobs that I'm fairly certain are less than what they're expected when they began the college experience.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker's tone and word choice suggest that they may be withholding information or expressing something indirectly, potentially due to fear of judgement or repercussions.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker has some reservations or doubts about the situation being discussed.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be conveying a hidden message or agenda that requires further exploration or analysis to fully understand.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of a particular tone or emphasis suggests that they may be implying something indirectly, without stating it explicitly.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker's tone or choice of words may suggest that they have reservations or doubts about a particular topic or decision.


Glad to be with you, Scott.

Help us understand what this means.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using sarcasm or irony to convey a different meaning than what is being explicitly stated.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of sarcasm or irony suggests that they hold a different opinion or belief than what they are expressing explicitly.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a sarcastic or ironic tone to convey their true feelings or opinions about the situation, without explicitly stating them.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using humor or sarcasm to make a point or convey a message in a lighthearted way.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of a certain word or phrase may have a hidden connotation or subtext that is meant to convey a particular idea or message, such as irony or euphemism.


Murray Horowitz. And I don't care how many operas you write, you're always going to be a clown.

You know, if, God forbid, I were elected president of the United States, the best thing on my resume will still be he was a clown in the Ringling Brothers Barnum and Bailey Circus.

Murray, thanks very much for being with us.

Thank you, Scott.

turn 2 : You will never be taken seriously no matter how hard you try.

turn 2 : you don't really know that much about this.

turn 2 : You may not actually want to be here.

turn 2 : It's important to live in the moment rather than for posterity.


I felt that way, sometimes the way she looked at me. But you know, writing this book, I also discovered her vulnerability, that despite her domineering personality, she suffered all her life from a lack, her own mother having died when she was so very young; her first husband, with whom she was so much in love on the first night of their wedding, discovering that he was going to die of a disease that he had never told her about before their wedding. And she always wanted to be a public woman, an independent woman, and that dream was never fulfilled. So, I realized how much she tried to invest in me. And that put a great burden on me, but in some ways, she gave a lot in order for me to become independent and to fulfill her dream in a sense. So, finishing this book, I feel maybe I was not as much as a disappointment as I sometimes feel I was.

And where was your father in this, in all this?I mean, you write in your book that you were very, very close with him. And I'm just wondering, you have this very intense, tortured relationship with your mother. . .

Yeah.

And where is your father?

turn 0 : She got the liver of a man that cares about others more than himself.

turn 0 : Despite her domineering personality, she suffered from a lack

turn 0 : She was not abruptly forced to return with no reason given.

turn 0 : They see a person's personality and the deepest part of their character.

turn 0 : She probably did not literally say "OK" etc. The implication is simply that she thought these types of things and decided to act upon them.


Yeah. That - yeah.

OK. I mean, this is the kind of thing that's kind - it just amazes me that we didn't know the answer to this. But apparently there was, you know, a study about a hundred years ago, and some people thought that maybe there was an oil on the legs of the spiders. And then other people didn't believe that and thought that the spiders just avoid the sticky parts of the web because it does - it turns out that not the whole web is sticky. I didn't know that, but just the spiral part is the only sticky part of the orb web. The structural lines. . .

So the spokes are not sticky.

The spokes - right, not sticky.

turn 2 : none
turn 2 : none
turn 2 : none
turn 2 : none
turn 2 : none


Thank you.

I want to reiterate what Tovia just said and be absolutely clear that as far as NPR News is concerned, we have confirmed only what you just heard that Tovia say - in that there were two explosions along the route of the Boston Marathon quite close to the finish line. The explosions occurred not on the route itself but in the area where there were thousands of spectators watching. We do know that there were injuries. We cannot confirm how many people have been injured or how severe those injuries are. We will, of course, continue to get details on that.

And as you heard Tovia say, there will be a briefing soon from the Boston Police Department and perhaps some other agencies in Boston. We will bring you details as we know them. Certainly if you are looking at any of these images, a warning to you, they are quite graphic, very upsetting and some violent, violent images coming from the route of the Boston Marathon. Our hearts and prayers are with the people who have been affected by the explosions there. Two explosions on the route of the Boston Marathon near to the finish line.

This is TALK OF THE NATION. Thanks so much for joining us. I'm Celeste Headlee.

turn 2 : The energy released in the explosion is incredibly powerful.

turn 2 : It affected the young people's emotions when they saw what happened.

turn 2 : The authorities are not revealing the actual cause of the explosion.

turn 2 : A is implying that there have been small reports of violence, such as stones being thrown at mosques and shops being burned down.

turn 2 : The images being shown are very graphic and violent, and our thoughts are with those affected by the explosions


Absolutely. And that's one of the great things about being digital. The librarians' time can be dedicated to working with our students in a teaching role. So a large part of my job and my colleagues' jobs includes being in the classroom, working with the students, showing them how to organize their information digitally.

It was irresistible. I thought about a couple of my favorite books - Ben Hecht, "A Child Of The Century" and Edwin O'Connor's wonderful novel, "The Last Hurrah. "There are no e-editions, at least for the moment. So if a student at Florida Polytechnic wanted to read those books, what would he or she have to do?

The student could find that book through our integrated library system. And let's say it was available here at Florida State University. They could request that the book be sent from Florida State to Florida Polytechnic.

So I'm going to guess that you're familiar with libraries that have what we call stacks?

turn 1 : The implied meaning in turn (3) is that the author saw a lack of knowledge among young people in their community about their own cultural history and wanted to address this deficit by creating a book with images and information about that history.

turn 1 : The implied meaning of turn (2) is that the speaker was tempted to find out if it was possible for the student to access the books they mentioned.

turn 1 : The implied meaning in turn (2) is that the author created the book out of a desire to educate young black people about their cultural history, which they may not have learned from mainstream media sources such as hip-hop videos.

turn 1 : The literal meaning: The speaker mentions that they discuss this as a significant starting point or origin for the book. The implied meaning: The speaker suggests that this event plays a crucial role in shaping the themes or direction of the book.


So, why did investors react the way they did?

Well, investors are always thinking about what's coming in the future. They are not that concerned with what's happening in the present. And so, Apple had a terrific quarter. They pretty much met expectations. But the markets have become so used to Apple vastly exceeding expectations and the market's become so used to Apple's sort of coming out every six months or a year with some innovative new product that everybody has to have - and that's not happening. And so the market is basically looking for somebody else to fall in love with. And there is Samsung.

And so are they doing what Apple, at least this quarter didn't do, or is Samsung rolling our new technology, new got-to-have products?

Well, the Galaxy series, which is, you know, smartphones, you know, pads, so on and so forth, has been a huge, huge hit. I read somewhere that they went from having sold 30 million Galaxy smart - the new Galaxy smartphones to 40 million in a space of two months. People really like the phones, they have a good advertising campaign and they're less expensive than Apple. And we're at the point in the smartphone market where that matters.

turn 0 : None . There's nothing in this that implies anything.

turn 0 : None , I do not believe there is any here


Yes, yes, and I was inundated with students and visitors and all of that because there's a fascination to this, and they all - well, they're all happy to be - to see something like this and realize that when I started and where I started is where they are and that they can do something. And that ought to be the goal: school, learn and then use your own abilities to go further.

Do they realize that?Do they understand that?

I know some did. Now others I think are still thinking I'm going to quickly grab a degree and get a fantastic job and get rich, but I don't think they're thinking beyond getting rich. Now I don't know if that's a good life.

Well, congratulations to you, Nick.

turn 1 : The students feel pressure to conform and not be different from their peers.

turn 1 : Not all students understand the goal mentioned before.

turn 1 : Being good at something is not enough for success.

turn 1 : (2) Implied Meaning: Is this the overall goal we are striving towards?


Well, congratulations to you, Nick.

turn 2 : The family was taking a chance by investing in a potential financial opportunity without having any guarantee of success.

turn 2 : Being good at something is not enough for success.

turn 2 : Getting rich may not lead to a good life.

turn 2 : money to burn implies being able to spend money as desired and unnecessarily.

turn 2 : More promising implies very beneficial and advantageous


Oh, man, so I actually called my employees and told them they don't have to come in the next day because it was going to be freezing. And I don't want. . .

Yeah. You're in the real estate business I gather, right?

I am in the real estate business. I'm a real estate investor. But as I laid there in bed about to watch some TV and have a glorious day, what happens is I got to thinking. And I told my husband - and I said, you know what?Let's go rent 20 hotel rooms. And he said, that's fine, but how are we going to get all these people to these hotel rooms?And so I went on social media and I posted, hey, I'm renting 20 hotel rooms for the homeless. If anyone has a van or a passenger van that will help me transport the homeless to the hotel, I'll pay you. And it went completely viral. It allowed us to go from 20 rooms to 59 rooms for four nights. And I'm at the hotel now, and there are still - people are just pulling up now trying to give donations to pay for more nights.

You've met a lot of the people that you've helped out, I gather.

turn 3 : She is not being put in a box. She means the roles people apply to her and her life.

turn 3 : The person does know people like that including himself and is joking.

turn 3 : The comment made by 'she' had a significant impact on A

turn 3 : THANK YOU REFERS TO THE ONE ARE THE HELP.

turn 3 : He is implying that she helps a lot of people.


Well, just along those lines, we read reports that temperatures in the contiguous 48 states have been above average in each of the last 15 months, which has never happened for as long as people have been keeping records, and that 2012 is on track to be the warmest year ever. As we read about this record Arctic ice melt, is this a coincidence?

Well, it's all part and parcel of the same thing, but I will say that January through August of this year has been the warmest period - January through August period since 1895 when they started taking temperature records. That's in the contiguous lower 48. Alaska has actually had a fairly average year, so everything doesn't march in lockstep. But again, the situation with the ice and the Arctic is this has been accumulating over decades of warming up there, and we're finally seeing the results of that.

So this one summer was not at all a key up there. In fact, what was interesting to one of the scientists I talked to, he said, basically, you know, what was astounding about this was that there was no astounding weather pattern up there that explained this dramatic difference. It was just kind of reaching this point of where the ice was just so thin that it was just ready to crumble.

Ice is white. It reflects light. The sea is blue. It does not reflect light. It absorbs it, and thereby, the heat that comes with it.

turn 1 : There has been a long-term warming trend resulting in the Arctic ice melt.

turn 1 : The Arctic ice is melting faster than ever before due to global warming, which causes a thinning of the ice.

turn 1 : The melting of Arctic ice has local and global effects.

turn 1 : The ice cap on Greenland is melting rapidly


turn 2 : The Arctic ice is melting faster than ever before due to global warming, which causes a thinning of the ice.

turn 2 : There was no extraordinary weather pattern to explain the dramatic ice melting in the Arctic, it was caused by the ice being too thin.

turn 2 : The Arctic may have pockets of ice even when it appears ice-free

turn 2 : The ice is thinning, making it easier to melt, so a small increase in temperature can cause significant melting.

turn 2 : The melting of Arctic ice has local and global effects.


Well, the Chinese vice premier, Liu He, who is very high up in the government, came to Washington Thursday. The two sides met Thursday evening, then again on Friday. They broke off rather early in the afternoon saying they would meet again at some point in the future. But there hasn't been any meeting scheduled at this point, although President Trump is supposed to meet with Chinese President Xi Jinping at the G-20 summit in Japan in June.

You know, at the beginning of the week, President Trump put out some angry tweets accusing the Chinese of reneging on some commitments they had made. What do we know about that?

I think, in general, there's a real feeling in the Trump administration that China has a history of making promises about changing its business practices and then not following through on them, especially on issues like intellectual property theft and the forced transfer of technology. So there's been a lot of unhappiness about that. And then, this week, the president said because of the - China had reneged on its commitments, he was prepared to raise existing tariffs on $200 billion worth of Chinese imports from 10 to 25 percent. And that actually happened on Friday.

And the president said today that he wants even more tariffs on China. Would it be fair to assume that China might retaliate, and, if so, how?

turn 2 : This implies the growing economic war between Trump administration and China.

turn 2 : This statement implies that the Trump administration strongly disapproves of China's behavior regarding intellectual property theft and the forced transfer of technology.

turn 2 : Of course, as I don't have to tell you, it is a fact that Chinese hackers have been accused of stealing intellectual property from U.S. businesses and breaching U.S. government systems. That's a concern for you, too?  The actual meaning of this turn is to subtly imply that the previous speaker (A) should also be concerned about the actions of Chinese hackers and their impact on U.S. businesses and government systems. It implies that the issue raised by A should not be seen in isolation but should consider the broader context of national security and potential threats.

turn 2 : It implies that there is a lot of political maneuvering happening behind the scenes in China which an average Chinese person have no knowledge about.

turn 2 : There are several issues that could lead to conflict between US and China in the short term


It's naive to make believe that you're right. It ain't right.

Only fools go walking on thin ice twice. You and life can skip the strife and you'll both get along. All it takes is simply saying you're wrong.

Is that Kevin Spacey, or Bobby Darin?

You're listening to NPR News.

turn 1 : A is admitting their mistake and asking for forgiveness

turn 1 : The speaker is reflecting on their mistakes and hoping to learn from them.

turn 1 : They are saying that at the risk of sounding like they are perfect and above others they think you have to be honest.

turn 1 : (2) The speaker is suggesting that it is wise to admit one's mistakes and avoid repeating them, rather than foolishly persisting in one's errors.

turn 1 : A statement implies that they were caught off guard or surprised by the previous speaker's comment.


The protests haven't been as widespread as people have expected. But nonetheless, these protests are continuing. And it's a show and a sign that the world is not standing by Trump and his declaration and his pronouncements and certainly not his positions.

Well - and yet the Saudi crown prince is reported to have urged Mahmoud Abbas, the Palestinian president, to accept a very limited state noncontiguous with most settlements remaining. And we've also heard sort of similar backroom discussions from Egypt and other countries in the region.

Yes. You're absolutely right. There hasn't been a time in - since 1967 where Saudi Arabia has been on the right side when it comes to Palestinian rights. The real question is whether Mahmoud Abbas is going to sign something like that. And as much as he's somebody I criticize and I'm not a fan of, this is not an agreement that I see him signing onto because it doesn't even ensure that Palestinian rights are being protected.

Instead, it legitimates the settlements that are illegal. It removes Jerusalem - Palestinian Jerusalem. And it is effectively doing away with the Palestinian right of return. So this is not something that any Palestinian leader, including Mahmoud Abbas, is going to sign onto.

turn 0 : The protest has been peaceful despite potential for violence.

turn 0 : The protest turned violent, despite initially being peaceful.

turn 0 : There will be a lot of formal events but street protests will be the highlight.

turn 0 : The protests are still significant despite not being widespread

turn 0 : The speaker believes that the protests need to be more extreme for America to acknowledge the issue, but not necessarily violent.


turn 2 : Jordan is open to international efforts to resolve the situation in Syria, but is not taking unilateral action

turn 2 : Saudi Arabia has historically not been supportive of Palestinian rights.

turn 2 : Jordanians support the uprising but are hesitant to support military intervention. Government may change its position later

turn 2 : The Arab League meetings will not lead to significant action.

turn 2 : Jordan has not allowed the Free Syrian Army to conduct military operations from its territory despite receiving defectors from Syria.


Is it in anyway because to a lot of people, the internet is a place?

It is. And when people sometimes say, I bought it on the internet, maybe they're thinking it's like, I bought in France.

(Laughter).

But it's not a place. It's a network of places. It's here. It's there. It's everywhere.

turn 3 : Implies that there could be a specific reason for capitalizing the internet, beyond simply being new, such as the fact that to many people, the internet is seen as a place.

turn 3 : The internet is not a single, centralized location, but rather a decentralized network of interconnected devices that spans the globe. It exists everywhere and nowhere at the same time, making it difficult to define as a physical place.

turn 3 : Despite being unified there are many roads to go forward to in order to find their goal to reach.

turn 3 : "Should space be the new frontier of warfare, or should it actually be a place where, indeed, these cooperations flourish?" - This phrase implies that there is a debate over whether space should be viewed as a potential battlefield, or as a place where nations can work together peacefully and collaboratively on scientific and exploratory projects.

turn 3 :  (4) And that's where, in the age of social media, they may actually matter more because people are talking about this wipeout


Sometimes you hear about couples fighting over stuff. We need a new car. No, we don't need a new car, you know, rather spend the money on having the kids go and get braces than get a new car. But I need my ride to look good, you know, questions like that.

Absolutely.

That come up in families. How do you adjudicate if that's the kind of issue that's coming up in your relationship?

Well, you first of all have to make the people involved understand that that is actually the issue. Most people don't see it that way. When you say - when people say they want a car, they don't usually say, I need a car to look good. They usually think they really need a car. They don't understand that that they're feeling an ego need. So you have to understand - get people to understand what their need is based on.

turn 3 : The boss refuses to change their mind on what they think about situation.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be suggesting that there are some hidden or unknown factors that could influence the situation being discussed.

turn 3 : quite frankly means quite honestly, or the person is telling the truth but some people might not like it

turn 3 : implies to not being in support and feeling unfavorable about the result.

turn 3 : don't see something in a certain way in this context is that they don't agree with something, or they don't fully understand the given situation.


Cheryl, I understand there'll be a meeting there later on this afternoon. Who is expected to be there?

Well, officials of the now-closed Republic Windows and Doors are going to be there, along with union representatives, as well as representatives of Bank of America, the bank which canceled funding for this place, and Congressman Luis Gutierrez, who has been spearheading a lot of the negotiations. So that's what's going to be happening this afternoon.

NPR's Cheryl Corley speaking to us from the Republic Windows and Doors factory in Chicago. Thank you, Cheryl.

You're quite welcome.

turn 1 : when something is spearheaded it means it is lead by

turn 1 : spearheading refers to leading  or to initiates an activity such as the negotiations

turn 1 : to be tackled in this context means to do something first before anything else

turn 1 : To pull the trigger means to decide to make something happen.


Thank you, Sacha. It's good to be here.

So I assume that the past few days have been an emotional roller coaster for Sudan. It finally ousted its leader, but then another autocrat took his place. And that spurred more protests. And suddenly, that person was also gone. How are you feeling now?

Yeah. I mean, it's definitely been - it feels a lot longer than a week, for sure. And you know, we've kind of been dealing with just so many emotions. And you know, I've been feeling very hopeful and then suddenly somewhat doubtful. And then, you know, it's back to just being, you know, persistent and making sure that everything that's happened so far is not lost.

And yeah, I mean, it's definitely been a very emotionally charged, you know, few months and especially just the last week. I mean, I think now morales are high. I think people are still, you know, just sort of keeping their eye on their prize of a full democratic transition to a civilian-led government and not a military-led government.

When the defense minister stepped in, was that viewed as a coup - and not in a good way?

turn 3 : A thinks that the government is not functioning properly.

turn 3 : people are still, keeping their eye on their prize of a full democratic transition to a civilian-led government and not a military-led government. So when the defense minister stepped in it was viewed as a cop.

turn 3 : The federal government has investigated alternatives to lethal force and improving police-community relations for decades, but these techniques have not gained enough traction.

turn 3 : Turn (4) is implying that even though research has been conducted in this area, law enforcement has not been paying attention to it and is only now beginning to do so.

turn 3 : They had a large amount of weapons from the United States.