So, what do you think is the possibility that Secretary Kerry can accomplish something?What do you think would look like success to him in nine months?

Success, obviously, would be in the form of an agreement reached. And I think that to do so, Secretary Kerry is going to have to enlist the support, the proactive support, of the White House. That is the missing formula so far. Whereas the White House, of course, has offered its generous support, no agreement between the Palestinians and the Israelis have been possible. If it involved only the efforts of the State Department and did not invoke at some stage the active participation of the White House, of the U. S.  president himself, what looks to be the case, is that the White House feels that this has a very small chance of success and therefore has given the secretary some general form of support that the parties in the region do not see as enough to sort of push them into an agreement that has that support.

Marwan Muasher oversees research on the Middle East at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Thank you very much.

Thank you.

turn 2 : "covering the Middle East" implies assigned to the Middle East for journalistic duties.

turn 2 : The implied meaning of (3) is that Marwan Muasher is a respected expert on the Middle East and his opinion is valued

turn 2 : (4) A: This is very standard stuff. (implied meaning: This type of disagreement between Iran and Saudi Arabia is not unusual or surprising.)

turn 2 :  B: What do you read into Iran's outspoken criticism of Saudi Arabia over these deaths? (implied meaning: What do you think is the underlying meaning behind Iran's criticism of Saudi Arabia?)


All right, Lanny, final question, and got to keep this tight. Is it smart or fair for him to stay as the head of Ways and Means?

It's absolutely smart and fair, so long as he's willing to accept the judgment on the merits when the investigation is completed. Now, Congressman Boehner, the Republican minority leader, introduced a censure resolution when there are Republicans on the House Ethics Committee who haven't even had a chance to see the evidence. This is the same John Boehner who has admitted to handing out tobacco money on the floor of the House. That's who is jumping to conclusions, as Ken Spain has done. And by the way, even in your case, there is a difference between indictment and conviction. You can indict a ham sandwich. I wrote a column that said Ted Stevens is an innocent man until he's proven guilty. Well, so is Charles Rangel. We've turned over everything we're going to to the Ethics Committee. We asked the Ethics Committee to investigate Congressman Rangel. Now we have our forensic investigator who's reporting to the Ethics Committee, and then we're going to publish everything, including 20 years of tax returns, and abide by the Ethics Committee judgment. Only Republicans desperate to change the subject as to what has happened in this economy over eight years of Republican gross negligence. . .

All right, Lanny.

Is the word that I heard used, would focus on Charlie Rangel rather than what's going on in mainstream America today.

turn 1 : None of the turns in this statement have a figurative or non-literal meaning. The speaker is describing a specific case they worked on and their role in collecting and analyzing physical evidence related to the crime.

turn 1 :  "You can indict a ham sandwich." - This turn of phrase is an idiom and does not have a literal meaning. It means that a prosecutor can secure an indictment, or formal accusation of a crime, against anyone, even if the evidence is weak or lacking. The turn of phrase is used to emphasize that the indictment alone does not prove guilt.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker's tone and word choice suggest that they may be withholding information or expressing something indirectly, potentially due to fear of judgement or repercussions.

turn 1 : The turn "Literally, I went to the scene of the crime" is meant to be taken at face value as a statement about the speaker physically going to the location where a crime was committed. There is no figurative or non-literal meaning to this turn.


Oh, gosh. I. . .

Do you have over a thousand?

I can tell you in gigabytes. I have 40 GB of music.

Forty gigabytes. OK, so you're - I mean, you're doing pretty good. I mean, the average person actually carries around 1,700 songs. I had no idea, I don't carry that many songs with me.

turn 1 : A is unhappy that their music is not receiving as much attention as other artists.2. B is trying to console A by mentioning that they have received praise from Vibe Magazine.

turn 1 : B is still focused on the current project and has not thought about the next album yet.

turn 1 : A is asking B if they have over a thousand songs.

turn 1 : The speaker is mentioning a song that reflects their current emotions.


Oh, sure. He had extremely high standards for himself, and for his wife and. . .

I guess what I mean is, did you ever look at him across the table and say, don't treat me like Hamid Karzai.

You know what?(Laughter) Richard was - extremely calming influence on me. I've got a pretty quick, Hungarian temper, and he just had such a way of deflating my emotional outbursts. He was actually one of the calmest in-crisis people that I've ever known. And you know, I describe, in the book, being with him when he was negotiating the end of the war in Bosnia, and principally in Dayton.

He put you between - is it Begovich and Milosevic, at dinner.

Yes, and gave me a very easy assignment. He said, make them talk to each other. And of course, you know, a few days before, these two warlords had been trying to gouge out each other's eyes. So that was a challenge.

turn 1 : The literal meaning: The expert states that in Afghan culture, the described actions are perceived as highly offensive. The implied meaning: The expert implies that such actions are universally considered offensive and not limited to Afghan culture.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a metaphor or analogy to convey a deeper meaning or idea, often related to emotions or personal experiences.

turn 1 : The turn (2) "did you ever look at him across the table and say, don't treat me like Hamid Karzai" is an example of figurative language, as it uses a metaphor to convey a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation. Hamid Karzai is a former President of Afghanistan and the metaphorical use here is to suggest that the speaker felt like they were being treated unfairly or without respect by the person being referred to.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using metaphors or analogies to convey a complex idea or emotion in a more relatable or understandable way.


No, I think this will be about fact. That's why I added a number of authors and historians to this commission. When these monuments were erected, they were to celebrate but also, I think, to intimidate individuals, as well. They were there to continue to convey what I think is, you know, alternative facts and history. At the end of the day, these individuals defended a time and a purpose that would probably have me and my ancestors in bondage. And that should not go untold.

Some, though, would say this is a cop-out. New Orleans has torn down a number of its Confederate monuments. The city of Charlottesville, Va. , voted to sell its statue of Robert E.  Lee. Why not remove these statues?

Well, first I will say that our monuments commission will obviously listen to all sides. They'll listen to those who think that we may be trying to rewrite history. We're going to listen to people who think that we should remove the monuments. My charge to the commission is to tell the whole truth. For some, this was the third rail in Richmond politics - that you can never touch Monument Avenue. And I think that right now this is an opportunity for us and a responsibility for us to write the next new chapter for the city of Richmond.

Levar Stoney, the Democratic mayor of Richmond, Va.  We've been checking in with him throughout his first year in office. And we will be doing so as the year rolls on. Thank you so much for joining us.

Thank you, Lulu.

turn 0 : The monuments were meant to intimidate and convey alternative facts and history.

turn 0 : (1) Implied meaning: Are you suggesting that despite the good things Franklin Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln did, they were still wrong for certain actions?

turn 0 : The story was told to people and many became aware of it.

turn 0 : In turn (1), the speaker implies that the big local newspaper was a point of pride and reflection for the community, despite the hostility towards it.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: the West's obsession with originality is a cultural clash with the East's approach to objects, which is to replace the parts of objects and thus keep them alive in memory and history.


Thank you, Lulu.

turn 1 : It doesn't come  into play physically. The statue is used during this time.

turn 1 : Some may view removing statues as a cop-out.

turn 1 : They think it does make the government look bad to the public.

turn 1 : People are starting to notice and take action on the issue.


Thank you, Lulu.

turn 2 : The information does not boil down, but it gets to the most practical facts.

turn 2 : There is a lot of opinion-sharing happening during the convention.

turn 2 : The monuments commission will listen to all sides and tell the whole truth.

turn 2 : The verdict is a powerful landmark as genocide is difficult to prove in court

turn 2 : All they can do is accept what happened to them before.


You did it.

Yeah, but I didn't realize the difficulty of doing that because you're not supposed to play the trumpet like that. I need(ph) getting with these saxophone players. I wanted to play like them, so.

You know, 1964, you were like - you were hot, you were on fire. What was it like at that time to be Freddie Hubbard the star, the headliner?

You know, I was there, and I was in a competition - not - you know, a competition with Lee Morgan(ph) and Bill Holland(ph) and Donald Barry(ph), all these guys were there, and it was a test. I mean, every time you played, you were being watched and people compared you with - look at little Lee Morgan. So that competition kind of kept me going, you know. I mean, they made me strive to play better than I would normally.

turn 2 : There was almost a competition for who had the authority of the the situation.

turn 2 : It was a game where the players fought with each other more than played the game.

turn 2 : They would not do bad things were most people would find out about them.

turn 2 : his magic implies he performed so skilfully and amazingly

turn 2 : The person was not on fire but he was playing very well and getting a lot of fame and jobs because of this.


A crackdown this week on opioid abuse resulted in federal criminal charges against 60 people accused of illegally prescribing and distributing opioids. They include doctors, nurses and pharmacists. One even allegedly traded drugs for sex. That sting focused on Appalachia, one of the areas hardest hit by the opioid epidemic. It's a mostly rural area where access to health care is already a challenge for residents.

So we wanted to know about the impact of this crackdown on both addicts and people who rely on opioids to manage chronic pain. That's something Dr.  Stephen Loyd has been thinking a lot about over the last few days. He's based in Nashville. And he's the state of Tennessee's former assistant commissioner for substance abuse. He's also a former addict, and now works with addiction recovery programs in the Nashville area. Dr.  Loyd, thank you for talking with us about this.

Thanks so much for having me, Sacha.

More than half the people charged in the sting are from Tennessee, where you live. Seventeen of them are doctors. Give us some perspective on what happens when you remove 17 doctors and other health care officials from a rural area that already has a doctor shortage even if those doctors were doing criminal things?

turn 1 : "That's Dr. Steven Loyd. He's based in Nashville, Tenn. Thanks for talking with us."  The literal meaning of this turn is simply an introduction to Dr. Steven Loyd. The implied meaning is that the interview has ended and the interviewer is thanking Dr. Loyd for his time and participation.

turn 1 : is asking James Harbeck why he chose this particular topic to research.

turn 1 : Implies that Dr. Stephen Loyd is a reliable source of information on the subject, and that they are asking him to provide insights on the issue.

turn 1 :  implies that the investigators used information from the traffickers to further investigate the route of the people who survived the tragedies.


The question that has the most votes so far is this one - why do cockroaches flip over on their backsides when they die?I sprayed Raid into a hole in my wall the other day, and by the next morning, I found six cockroaches laid out on my floor, all flipped over and all very dead.

Good question.

I think that's a good question. That will be a fairly straightforward one to research, I think.

So, Daniel, people are casting their votes now. When are you going to tally them up, and then when are you going to answer that unanswered question?

turn 3 : In (4), the speaker is implying that more people are choosing to vote early, not because they have to, but because they want to.

turn 3 : (2) Implied meaning: Get enough votes to pass the legislation, no matter the number of votes required.

turn 3 : casting votes means to vote on something or someone

turn 3 : People are uncertain about their vote in this election, and are hesitant to support either the Republican or Democratic candidate.

turn 3 : (4) Implied meaning: It is ironic that Donald Trump is accusing the political "chattering class" of rigging the election when both parties are part of the same class.


Right.

You know, she said, he's sort of Ralph Lauren type. Do you like that type?And here I am thinking, like, God, no.

What did she ask you to do?

She didn't tell me to do anything. She just said, just do whatever he asks, and you'll be fine. And again, that's another comment that was made as we were leaving the car as we walked into the house that didn't land right away. But obviously, in hindsight now, that - the comment, you know, landed pretty hard with me.

turn 1 : A dislikes Ralph Lauren type, but she thinks B might like them

turn 1 : B is not really interested in what A is wearing and is just making small talk.

turn 1 : B finds something amusing or funny, but it's not clear what

turn 1 : B is trying to express that love still exists despite some setbacks

turn 1 : A is jokingly referencing the title of B's book


Right.

What did she ask you to do?

turn 3 : "It's a big, tall woman with a terrible voice. And of course, that was Julia." - The literal meaning of this turn is a description of Julia's physical appearance and voice, but the actual meaning is that A is identifying Julia as the woman they were discussing earlier.

turn 3 : This turn does not have an implied meaning different from its literal meaning. It is a straightforward expression of gratitude towards Laura Sydell, the NPR correspondent.

turn 3 : implies that A has endorsed Hillary Clinton and believes she effectively addresses the issues.

turn 3 : The comment made by 'she' had a significant impact on A

turn 3 : She is agreeing that they debated and making it humorous.


Hackahmackahdolohrollocolamockahdackahmolahhackahdohkah.

(Laughter).

And yeah.

turn 0 :  (2) is a metaphor that implies the speaker was impressed by the announcer's ability to quickly and accurately recite all the names of the horses.

turn 0 :  The turn of phrase whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning is:  (2) "out of the gate" - in this context, it means how well the horse starts the race from the starting gate, rather than literally coming out of a gate.

turn 0 : "About six lengths off the lead followed by Homeroom Jester and the trailer is Dolarolarorrarockadockamolahholah." This is an example of horse racing jargon, where "lengths" refers to a unit of measurement used to describe the distance between horses during a race. The names following "the trailer is" are the names of other horses in the race.

turn 0 : It was not dominoes but horses that began to fall in the race.


(Laughter).

And yeah.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: Although there may be variations in how people interpret it, the speaker is fairly confident that a significant number of individuals will understand that there is an underlying or implicit message conveyed through this turn. The meaning might not be immediately apparent and could require additional context, but the speaker believes that most people will recognize that there is a subtext or insinuation.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using subtext or implications to communicate something that they don't feel comfortable saying outright, but the listener may need to read between the lines to understand their true meaning.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at a deeper meaning or intention behind their words or actions, which requires further investigation or understanding to fully grasp.

turn 2 : Implied Meaning: While there may not be a clear and definitive implied meaning behind this turn, it's possible that there is a subtle message or intention that can be inferred based on the speaker's tone and the context of the conversation. However, not everyone may agree on what the implied meaning is, as it may be subject to interpretation. Nonetheless, there is a likelihood that most people would perceive some sort of subtext or hidden intention in this turn.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker might be implying a hidden agenda or ulterior motive behind their words, actions, or decisions, without making it explicit.


This is Day to Day. I'm Alex Cohen, and I am not ashamed to admit, this holiday season, some of my dear friends and family members will receive gifts which I previously received from someone else. It's called regifting. And with more on the topic, here's independent producer Vanessa Romo.

Chances are, opening presents around the Christmas tree tomorrow, you'll be surrounded by two types of people, regifters and those who believe regifters should be carted off to an igloo colony. I know which parka-wearing camp I'm in. But what about the rest of the world?Or rather, what about a random sample of coffee shop goers and gym worker outers.

Unidentified Woman #1: I teach etiquette to children and young adults. And regifting is one of my favorite topics.

Unidentified Man #1: Am I a regifter?Well, until five minutes ago, I imagined regifting was regiving a gift, but I wasn't too sure.

turn 3 : to imagine something in this context means to think that something was right, but they might be wrong

turn 3 : to imagine something in this context means something was unbelievable to the person but it still happened

turn 3 :  (4) is an expression of surprise. The implied meaning is an expression of admiration.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at a deeper or hidden motive or intention behind their actions or words.

turn 3 :  (4) - Implied meaning: What thoughts or feelings were you experiencing in that moment?


Yeah, it did. And when I left, I was so angry at them because I didn't understand. And it wasn't until many years later for me to be able to see where they're coming from.

(Singing) Times have really, really changed, changed.

It feels like the song "Rebel" is a little bit about you, too.

Yeah.

turn 1 : at certain points refers to periods in time

turn 1 : People are starting to notice and take action on the issue.

turn 1 : It's like watching something awful approach people and not be able to stop it.

turn 1 : The times have changed a lot in society and it is noticeable.

turn 1 : The problem is extremely hard and difficult to understand as well as constantly changing.


Yeah.

turn 2 : What matters is how the song makes a person feels and how it sounds.

turn 2 : The speaker is emotionally moved by the lyrics of the song.

turn 2 : The person singing the song is rebellious and the listener can relate to it

turn 2 :  is to sing, but the implied meaning is to not take the conversation in the direction being presented.

turn 2 : (Singing) The warden threw a party in the county jail. The prison band was there, and they began to wail. The band was jumpin' and the joint began to swing.  Implicated meaning: The warden organizing a party in the county jail and having the prison band perform creates an atmosphere of excitement and enjoyment, turning the otherwise somber and restrictive environment of a jail into a lively and energetic place.


And I finished my first really substantial version of "Copperhead" the same weekend as the Charlottesville protests almost two years ago, the same weekend that Heather Heyer was murdered. And my wife was reading this draft of "Copperhead" at the same time that all this was on the news, so it was very much on my mind.

I mean, my family history - you know, I look back, and I think, OK, this has always been coming. But right now, it feels louder. It feels scarier. But I struggle with the idea that if we somehow hate more, hate louder, hate harder - that's how we're going to win this fight. I think the only thing that can beat away darkness is light. But at the same time, one of the reasons I think this book is important is that we have to have honest conversations about race and class - all of us.

Did you have teenagers in mind as a potential audience for this novel?Would you, for instance, want a high school English class to study "Copperhead?"

When I was writing it, I didn't think of it that way. But I think it's an excellent book for teenagers and college students because there are things to talk about. The point of the book isn't to deliver a moral. It's not out there sort of signaling that, yes, we're all good people. It's saying to teens, hey - your actions have consequences, and you have to think about who you want to be.

turn 1 : It is better to be transparent about the negative aspects.

turn 1 : .I think the only thing that can overcome negative is positive


I think it may encourage a few big states, as I mentioned, to try to move away a little bit from weighing race and trying to find a way, like this top 10 law, rewarding top graduates, find a way to bring in more minority students but without giving an explicit preference in the admissions policy.

Now some will remember there was another case I think from the University of Michigan that was also broadly about affirmative action. Does the Texas case supplant that, or are we awaiting a decision on the Michigan case, as well?

We're waiting a decision on the Michigan case, as well. That will be argued in the fall. The lower court decided that on a different basis, basically said that they threw out - the lower court threw out a state proposition, a ballot measure that prohibited affirmative action in Michigan. And so that's a different legal issue, and the court's going to hear that case and decide it next year.

Well, a couple of other interesting cases they picked up for next year announced today, one of them McCullen v.  Coakley, which takes on the issue of protestors at abortion clinics. And as I understand it, their case argues that the law in Massachusetts that prohibits them from barring entry to - they have to be a certain distance away from entries to abortion clinics, that violates their right to free speech.

turn 0 : Race may not be used by some big states in college admissions.

turn 0 : This implies the level of Racial discrimination on Campuses.

turn 0 : The white college kid may be able to get away with a lighter sentence due to their access to resources and legal representation, while a kid from the inner city will not have the same opportunity.

turn 0 : It may encourage states from taking race into account on college admissions.


That raises the point - did he wind up being useful to the Qatar regime?

Well, the lobbyists said that they didn't make any specific asks of the people who went to Doha. But they just hoped, and it turns out they were right about this, that these people would say nice things about Qatar and just sort of start to change the conversation that they thought the president might be picking up on through the media that he listens to, the social media that he uses and the people that he has in the White House.

Alan Dershowitz - as an example, he wrote a very glowing column about his visit in The Hill newspaper. And then, people like Governor Huckabee tweeted a couple of nice things about Doha and how lovely it was. The radio host who went over, John Batchelor, actually broadcast from Doha for a week and then spoke very glowingly afterwards in very positive terms, you know, really saying that the U. S.  ought to embrace this country more. And, indeed, when the emir visited the White House in April of this year, which, in and of itself, was a big move, the president seemed very friendly with him, very open to him and called him and his country a friend of the U. S.  And so to these lobbyists' minds, what they did worked.

What are the implications of this new approach in lobbying?I mean, I'm wondering - would Qatar or some other power start trying to get close to the people who are Mar-a-Lago members and might see Mr.  Trump over the relish tray?

turn 1 : Despite not making any specific requests, the lobbyists were successful in getting people to say positive things about Qatar.

turn 1 : Qatar believes that by winning over people that President Trump listens to, he might change his mind on supporting the Saudi-led economic blockade of Qatar.

turn 1 : There may be a need for more transparency in lobbying for foreign interests.

turn 1 : People are starting to notice and take action on the issue.


turn 2 : Qatar believes that by winning over people that President Trump listens to, he might change his mind on supporting the Saudi-led economic blockade of Qatar.

turn 2 : The lobbyists were successful in changing the conversation about Qatar and influencing the President's opinion.

turn 2 : There may be a need for more transparency in lobbying for foreign interests.

turn 2 : the democrats did everything they could to make it look bipartisan.


Right now, American voters are debating whether to put a black man in the White House. In "Palace Council," a reporter named Eddie Wesley finds himself both professionally and personally connected to race, political violence and murder. I asked Professor Carter how he balances his life as a novelist and a Law Professor at Yale?

I think it was more of an escape. When I'm a law professor, I deal with difficult and even depressing subjects. I teach in areas like law and religion, or integrity and ethics, things like that. Writing novels, for me, writing fiction turns out to be a good balance. I write them mainly as entertainment, it's fun for me to write them, and it seems to be fun for readers to read them. Anyway people keep buying them.

Always good. This book really enters some very heavy research territory. As you flip through "Palace Council," you will see John Kennedy referenced, you will see the Vietnam War referenced, Richard Nixon referenced. Tell us a little bit about the structure of the novel, and why all of these actual people show up?

My first two novels, although they were thrillers, I guess I'd call them campus thrillers. They were both set on a mythical Ivy League campus in New England. This novel is, I guess you'd call it, a historical thriller. It begins in the '60s and runs through the '70s, and it tells the story of a massive conspiracy among families. Some very powerful and shadowy families. Some white, and some black, too, aiming at control of the Oval Office.

turn 0 : Obama missed the chance to claim his bi-racialness.

turn 0 : They aren't literally going to put a black man in the White House, they are going to vote him in.

turn 0 : People who usually would vote for the Republican candidate are considering voting for Hillary Clinton instead.

turn 0 : People may try to give misleading information to black people during an election.

turn 0 : Everyone is talking about something that no one can deny as everyone sees it. It might not upset people who like Bernie Sanders and make them want to vote for someone else.


I would say that those who have sought to make a story of this initially focused on the decision by Hunter Biden to take this lucrative deal. But starting late last year and really kind of earlier this year in March timeframe, Giuliani and his allies have been pushing allegations that Joe Biden when he was vice president used his office to put pressure on the Ukrainian president at the time to fire a prosecutor who they allege was investigating Hunter Biden and the company that had him on the board.

I looked very closely at this and spoke to officials who were involved in that. And I understand the first example of the questions about whether or not he should have taken this job in the first place. I think that is a legitimate topic to be discussed and suggests questionable judgment that was made by Hunter. But in the case of his father using his office to fire this prosecutor, what I found was to the contrary. That prosecutor was not investigating his son or the company and is merely claiming that he did in retrospect.

Does Hunter Biden still hold this position?

He resigned the position on the board earlier this summer and basically decided that it just wasn't worth the heat for himself and for his father.

turn 3 : The person in question is not willing to resign from his position despite the controversy surrounding him

turn 3 : It is being implied that if everyone resigns he will be the new leader.

turn 3 : There were some personal problems, and he is trying to understand the reason behind them without being too direct.

turn 3 : He resigned because the job was not worth all of the trouble that he and his father were going through.


Do you think what we've seen over the past couple of weeks represents some kind of tipping point in the way people think about guns?

Probably not, unfortunately. I mean, after - Sandy Hook was about the worst thing that could ever possibly happen. And it didn't substantially change the tone of this debate. What is different is when you mix an ISIS story, which is what we have now, with a gun-control story. Maybe that's what's going to change things.

The idea that people who may not have been able to get on an airplane were able to acquire guns.

Right, right, right. We have zero tolerance for Islamic - Islamic State terrorism. We seem to have a certain level of tolerance for a certain number of school shootings a year. So - I'm sorry to say it, but it's true. And so maybe that's what tips this debate. But I don't see any one incident tipping the debate in the way you're suggesting.

turn 3 : The speaker is implying that their protests might elevate beyond peaceful methods if they don't get what they think they deserve.

turn 3 : In (4) the speaker is implying that the US has a higher level of tolerance for school shootings than for terrorism.

turn 3 : In (3), the speaker is implying that just because there hasn't been a terrorist attack yet, it doesn't mean that there won't be one in the future.

turn 3 : In (4), the speaker is implying that the U.S. is not necessarily looking forward to the fall of Assad, but rather is trying to prepare for it.

turn 3 : (3) Implies that while the issue of violence and firearm violence must be addressed, the rights of gun owners should be respected as well.


turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be suggesting that there are some hidden or unknown factors that could influence the situation being discussed.

turn 3 : And so maybe that's what tips this debate. But I don't see any one incident tipping the debate in the way you're suggesting." In this turn, the speaker suggests that the combination of factors or events, rather than a single incident, might be what leads to a significant shift in the ongoing debate about guns. The literal meaning is that a single incident alone is unlikely to lead to the suggested change in the debate.

turn 3 : (2) Implies that Republicans are avoiding talking about gun policy and are only willing to talk about it on Fox News, suggesting that they are being disingenuous in their approach.

turn 3 :  can be interpreted as a way to ask for an explanation for the sudden increase in homicides, not just a question about what has happened.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that A is implying that the way media is consumed has changed drastically, and this could lead to the failure of the American experiment.


I failed chemistry really disastrously. Kind of tellingly, my father wanted me to take it because he wanted me to be a doctor. And I really didn't want to be a doctor. I wanted to be a writer and an actor. You know, a lot of people don't know how to break into show business.

(Laughter) But failing chemistry is the way.

First way.

(Laughter) So what prompted you to pick up science journals and read them later on?

turn 1 : Growing up in an impoverished neighborhood hindered A's path to become a medical doctor.

turn 1 : Failing chemistry is a hindrance to becoming a doctor

turn 1 : Being good at something is not enough for success.

turn 1 : The professor's enthusiasm for medicine and knowledge about the human body made A interested in pursuing a career in medicine.


Mm-hmm. I'm Ira Flatow. This is SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR, talking with Anthony Leiserowitz of the - he's the director of the Yale Project on Climate Change Communication at Yale. How can you follow up with this?Can you keep coming up with new polls so we can follow this?

Oh, absolutely. We'll be doing this at least twice a year and, of course, we have lots of other colleagues around the country that are also surveying on this exact same topics.

And will we know if this does move into the - more into the political discourse as well as the public discourse?

Well, I think we'll see it. I mean, first of all, you can see it in the amount of - number of times that the president talks about this, that candidate Mitt Romney talks about this, as well as across the board. I mean, remember, it's not just the presidential election. There are some Senate races and congressional races all over this country. And what we're seeing is that a lot of people are beginning to ask the question about climate change.

turn 0 : "How can you follow up with this?" - This is a literal question about how the Yale Project on Climate Change Communication can continue to conduct new polls on the topic.

turn 0 : Climate change is a significant issue in people's opinions and politics

turn 0 : We are already committed to climate change, so we need to focus on adapting to it.

turn 0 : The idea of climate change is not new but our understanding of it has improved.

turn 0 : The speaker does not endorse everything politicians tweet but criticizes some statements as exacerbating culture and climate (score: 4)


turn 1 : There are dangers that cause problems by doing these polls.

turn 1 : You get a rise in the number of people supporting you on a poll.

turn 1 : (2) "Does President Trump, after this week, have the confidence in Congress and in other quarters of opinion, to lead the country on this and other issues?"

turn 1 :  "Oh, absolutely." - This is a literal response that affirms the ability to conduct new polls twice a year and that other colleagues are also surveying on the same topic.

turn 1 : "But generally, the average of the reputable polls has been showing Obama steadily in front since about mid-June and picking up some momentum in the last two or three weeks." - This turn has a literal meaning and is also used with its actual meaning.


turn 2 : The speaker believes in the science of climate change and will not compromise on evidence-based reality, but thinks the conversation needs to be framed differently

turn 2 : (2) implies that the media environment is desperate for viewers, and so it chooses to show people yelling at each other instead of presenting the science of climate change in an informative way.

turn 2 : "And will we know if this does move into the - more into the political discourse as well as the public discourse?" - This is a literal question about whether or not the topic of climate change will become more prominent in political and public discussions.

turn 2 : "Global warming?" - This is a question that implies a possible explanation for the changes discussed in the conversation, but it does not necessarily mean that global warming is the only cause or that it is the direct cause of the changes being discussed.


turn 2 : The discussion about climate change is not only limited to public discourse, but it is also a significant topic in political discourse, including presidential, Senate, and congressional races.

turn 2 : Climate change is a significant issue in people's opinions and politics


turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that A is implying that the way media is consumed has changed drastically, and this could lead to the failure of the American experiment.

turn 3 : Turn (4): "And it remains to be seen what climate is actually going to do." This response is a figurative way of saying that the future is uncertain and unpredictable. The literal meaning of the words is that the speaker does not know what the climate will do, but the figurative meaning is that the future is always unknown and there are many factors that can influence it.

turn 3 : "I mean, first of all, you can see it in the amount of - number of times that the president talks about this, that candidate Mitt Romney talks about this, as well as across the board." - This turn uses a metaphorical meaning of "see it" to refer to observing the frequency of politicians discussing climate change, rather than literally seeing it.

turn 3 : "But generally, the average of the reputable polls has been showing Obama steadily in front since about mid-June and picking up some momentum in the last two or three weeks." - This turn has a literal meaning and is also used with its actual meaning.

turn 3 : Climate change is hard to see because of how we perceive it.


Yeah, it is. And there are also quite a few international news networks just outside the courtroom. But you see, the press are allowed in the courtroom. And for myself, I work for the news agency, and we are actually writing down everything that's said in the courtroom and publishing that. So you can't really film or you can't broadcast on television or - and on the radio, but in print and on the Web, everything is published basically.

And what has been the reaction of those who survived the attack and those who are related to the victims?

They've been very calm. They've been - I don't know - there were many speculations in advance what could happen during a trial like this because you should see that 77 deaths in Norway is more than twice the annual death rate and the murder rate in Norway. So 77 victims in one day is something we haven't really thought in our wildest dreams could ever happen. So the - I think the expectations were quite - anything could happen, but what's happened in reality is everything has been very calm. The victims and their families are in the courtroom and in, actually, 17 different courtrooms around the country watching the trial. But it has been very calm in very respectful way of - I mean, how the trial has gone so far.

And what will they do to mark the anniversary?

Actually, I don't know. There's been a lot of speculations, but one thing is certain, it will be all over the country. There will be the - what you say, markings, but how, we don't know yet.

turn 2 : They would not do bad things were most people would find out about them.

turn 2 : All they can do is accept what happened to them before.

turn 2 : you don't really know that much about this.

turn 2 : They never had wild dreams about it but mean that 77 victims is more than anyone would have ever thought would happen.

turn 2 : The key point is made to make people want to learn more about what happened.


This is an email. We've asked other songwriters to email us and say how much of themselves and their lives do they put in into their lyrics. This is from Luli(ph). I hope I'm pronouncing that correctly. I have always put my own experiences in my music combined with experiences and emotions I interpret from those around me. One challenge has always been with significant others looking too deeply into my music if, for example, the song is sad or about love. A risk that somebody is going to misinterpret something.

Well, as Eudora Welty so beautifully put it, all serious steering comes from within. So, you know, I think that you can't have your art and not take risks.

And this one is from Mary: My husband passed two years ago at the age of 50. I lost all desire to play, as well as creativity. Only recently have I rediscovered how to put my emotion into my music. My life is definitely reflected in my music. Thank you to all singer-songwriters for giving us a channel through your lives.

How long after these events - obviously, your father passed last year, so not that long before you went into production for this album.

No. I have been writing these songs that became this record for the last few years. And then after dad died, I had a few more songs to write, as you can imagine. And then I went into a studio this past January and recorded the album.

turn 4 :  A asks Ben Harper to write another song for her and he ends up writing 11 songs for her album.

turn 4 : The songwriter wrote songs about their father's death

turn 4 : The speaker is implying that the song was inspired by wanting to write a stereotypical country song about heartbreak and the wife leaving

turn 4 : The speaker is singing about a dead person at a funeral


I am. I am. Otherwise I would've been scared to go fishing at the fishing places I was going to. Or I would've been scared to go hang out with my friends at the end of this road in the field, like, you know I'm saying?I didn't think - I didn't have to think about those things. I just got to be me and form my own opinions.

(Singing) See, I'm black. I'm not white, but I'm that. No. No. I'm this, right?I'm one drop of three-fifths, right?

Toward the end, you're questioning. You're like, wait, I'm this?No. I'm that?No. I'm one drop of three-fifths?And it struck me as unusual for you - an unusual way to deliver a song. Do you have questions about your identity?Are there things that, for you, are still not answered?

Well, to me, growing up, I was just an oddity no matter where I went. It was like - you feel me?

turn 1 : The speaker is suggesting that there may be a hidden agenda or underlying motive behind their words.

turn 1 : The speaker is expressing frustration with the limitations imposed on them by their identity.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at an underlying issue or concern that they are not comfortable discussing directly.

turn 1 : People's avoidance made the speaker feel isolated and angry

turn 1 : The speaker is hinting that the situation is difficult or complex.


turn 3 :  (4) implies that the speaker is facing a difficult living situation.

turn 3 : because the speaker said always good to be here

turn 3 : The speaker feels like an outsider wherever they go.

turn 3 : The literal meaning is that the listener doubts that they would tire of hearing from the speaker. The actual meaning is that the listener is being polite and respectful towards the speaker.

turn 3 : So you get a sense of how this whole thing is going. - This implies that the speaker wants the listener to understand the context and overall direction of the conversation.


Other than describing him as a populist, can you describe his politics to us?

Well, he has a combination of sort of radicalism, and he doesn't want high-speed trains. He want the unemployment benefits for everyone. But also, he said he wants a referendum on the euro - which, of course, is completely the pie in the sky. But these he's got, also, some wise - says some wise things, says, for instance, we have to stop showering political parties with public money.

I know you, in the United States, you have different problems with money and politics. But in Europe, especially in Italy, too much money - public money, our money goes to political parties. He say: Two terms is enough in parliament. And he says things that, actually, sort of people like to hear. And that's why he could share those points. You could leave the populist and the radical things aside and find those things that he share with the Italian Democratic Party - which, by the way, is not that different from your Democratic Party. The big difference, that you have Obama, and in Italy, we have Bersani.

Well, a lot of people are interested in another name that begins with a B, and that is Berlusconi. He left office in disgrace. He is still facing numerous trials, and yet here he is, back, a major player once again.

turn 1 : He would be fulfilling a government role and Trump makes it look like he does all of the work.

turn 1 : The candidate had something troubling in their past.

turn 1 :  This turn actually means that people should not expect to "love" Donald Trump as the Republican nominee, but should come together as a party to face the challenges that lie ahead.

turn 1 : The politician holds some wise ideas despite his radical and populist views.

turn 1 : A believes that George Bush would want to avoid political discussions and focus on a more positive conversation.


So right now, we're seeing a retrenching, although I do think that more advertisers should be spending more money online right now and unfortunately, maybe pulling from traditional media because you can track your online advertising much better than you can with your general traditional buckshot type of campaigns.

You talk a lot to us about the opportunities that are out there for entrepreneurs of color, and of course, Russell Simmons has been someone who's been able to do a little bit of everything. He started out in the music industry. He's done you know - he's got for-profit, non-profit, jewelry, you know, home, clothing. . .

Credit card.

Yeah. It's just pretty much everything.

turn 0 : Being in the media industry is becoming more niche and specialized

turn 0 : The media does not have as much influence over voters as people might think.

turn 0 : News coverage can cause people to pay more attention to things that were happening anyway.

turn 0 : More advertisers should invest in online advertising rather than traditional media.

turn 0 : The constant stream of bad news online contributed to the financial crisis.


So is a bagel just a bialy with a hole in the middle?

It's very different, and the origins of the bagel are somewhat mysterious. There's a lot of folklore around it and variable legends about how the bagel came to exist. But I have decided that we will never know.

Well, it's one of the great mysteries of life, think of it that way. What made the bagel leap from being just kind of New York street food, you know, or maybe Sunday brunch food, across the country?

So it was really, I think, the Lenders brothers, and Lender's bagels are what I grew up in. I grew up outside of Detroit, Michigan, and I thought they were the greatest thing ever. Like you would get six of them in a little plastic tube. And now, like when I think, the taste was awful, but they were early adopters of refrigeration technology.

turn 1 : The speaker is implying that there is no definite answer to the origin of the bagel, and they have accepted that.

turn 1 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 1 : The speaker is suggesting that there may be a hidden agenda or underlying motive behind their words.

turn 1 :  Implies disbelief in the official explanation for the meeting and wanting a better answer.


turn 2 : The turn suggests that the speaker is feeling frustrated and overwhelmed.

turn 2 : The speaker is implying that the initial positive buzz surrounding the book was overshadowed by the negative review and the controversy that followed.

turn 2 : The person who nominated the speaker for something kept it a secret.

turn 2 : The speaker is suggesting that the popularity of the bagel is a great mystery.

turn 2 : The key point is made to make people want to learn more about what happened.


turn 3 : The speaker is saying that the taste of the bagels was not good, but they were an early adopter of technology, which helped make it popular.

turn 3 : It is not that is something to be tasted. It is something people don't like to hear about.

turn 3 : People were so desperate for fuel that they were even boiling their food without proper cooking gas.

turn 3 : A implies that the impact of the spoon on people's perception of food is not significant but it is a curious question.


EDWARD O.  WILSON: Always a pleasure to be with you, Ira.

Thank you very, very much. This is almost like advice to the lovelorn sort of book, it's advice to would-be scientists. Why did you write this?

Well, 42 years of teaching at Harvard qualified me, and I had learned lot about what brings students into science, whether as professionals or as part of their general education program, and what drives them away. And I saw a lot of the brightest young people, the most qualified, potentially, to be in science and technology turned away because at an early stage in their career at Harvard they were just afraid of mathematics, and they were afraid of the kind of rigors that one experiences in the usual portrayal of scientists as white coat people standing at the blackboard explaining complex equations and other ideas to rapt audiences.

Because you talk about your career and about your work with such passion in your book that I few people would know that a scientist could be as passionate and as successful about their work. And it seems like it's a necessary - or it's something like, almost like continuing to have a childlike curiosity about the world for your whole life.

turn 1 : The speaker is expressing appreciation for the theme of father-daughter relationships in the book and acknowledging that it has personal resonance for them.

turn 1 : They might bring the person closer to what they hoped for in their life.

turn 1 : It seems like a book that gives advice that helps people get with the one they love, in this case, what they love.

turn 1 : She hopes people find a way to read the book that she has written.

turn 1 : The story is emotional and difficult to hear.


Yes, sitting out there frozen feet, but it was the best frozen feet I've ever had because of what of happened in front of me. Seeing him take that oath and just seeing the people in that crowd go crazy and all people in wheelchairs would never thought they would see this. Seeing their reaction and seeing the white people their reaction, seeing America and the whole world. I know they will have the same reaction. It's about time.

Here's another quick question for you. I would think, Patti, that UNCF would really stand to be a beneficiary of having someone like Barack Obama in the White House.

That's what I'm saying. And this show airs the same week that this greatness happened to America. And so now people will say, OK, let us help our kids so that they know that they can say I could become the next president.

Here's my last question. I know that you talked a little bit about Jennifer Hudson and she's about to make her first public performance at the Super Bowl.

turn 0 : The word 'Cold' does not literally mean they are cold and chill, it has the implied meaning that they are not in good terms

turn 0 : The travel has not been frozen in the sense of encased in ice - it has just been suspended, metaphorically.

turn 0 : There is a dangerous situation happening that requires people to seek shelter and take precautions.

turn 0 : The phrase "I froze" does not literally mean that the speaker's body physically froze, but rather that they were nervous or scared.  The phrase "killed it" does not literally mean that the speaker caused harm to anything, but rather that they performed very well.

turn 0 : No one's feet were literally frozen, it just means that it was really cold outside and people's feet felt cold.


This is an exceptional decree. It's - it is - if you look at it for face value, it is wholly undemocratic. But they say this is the only way to cut out institutions that are undermining us and get to a point of political stability because every time we take one step forward, it's 10 steps back with this court.

There is a - after so long under dictatorship, and it was certainly not just Mr.  Mubarak but his predecessors all the way back through Nasser and before it had a king and, well, effective British rule before that, there's been one person in charge of Egypt for a very long time.

Yes. And, you know, people wanted that to change. And one of the things we heard a lot of in Tahrir Square today is we didn't oust Mubarak to get an Islamist dictator - oust a secular dictator to get an Islamist dictator. And Morsi was elected, but the idea is to have a democratic process. One of the complaints also about the draft constitution is it gives too much power to the president. And now people are saying, we want to be represented; all of Egypt, not just the Muslim Brotherhood.

Is there any indication that at this point, the president and the Muslim Brotherhood will reconsider?

turn 0 : you imply that something is the case

turn 0 : None . There's nothing in this that implies anything.

turn 0 : Indicating that they are priceless means that they have high value.

turn 0 : The decree does not have an actual monetary value, at face value means without looking into it more.


I'm doing great. Now, let's talk a little bit about Charlie Rangel. He's an icon. He's got this gravelly voice. This slicked back hair. Dapper dresser. And with his reputation as a deal maker he's held onto his seat for 19 terms. So, what are the most important parts of this multifaceted story?

Well there's a lot of issues that have been brought up related to the chairman. But the one that seems to the most teeth is really this issue of his taxes and specifically his ownership of a beach house in the Dominican Republic where he didn't report rental income for about two decades, and he owes taxes on that. And for most people that's a problem. If you are the chairman of the committee that writes the tax laws that's arguably a big problem.

So what is he risking if critics continue to push for him to leave this powerful committee post that he holds?

Well there are few positions in the House, certainly, that are more important than the one that he has and at this point the Democrats seem to be standing by him. Were he to lose that, though, you lose a great deal of influence over tax policy and one of the odd little inner workings of Washington is that a lot of what really affects economic policy right now goes on in tax policy as opposed to elsewhere.

turn 2 : A is stating the obvious about the power being out

turn 2 : to hold something in this context means that the person has power

turn 2 : (2) The literal meaning of this turn is that A made a stand against the colleague, but the actual meaning is that A had the power to stand up for others but didn't.

turn 2 : (3) The literal meaning of this turn is that A failed to protect others, but the actual meaning is that A was only concerned with protecting themselves.


. . . near-Earth objects, and they are very, very useful.

Yeah. What kind of metal?You looking for platinum, gold?What's the holy grail here?

Well, there's lots of different types of asteroids, and each type has a different concentration of different types of elements. So a certain type of asteroid is very high in nickel and iron. Those are useful, ultimately. Another type is very high in water, which is extremely useful. Other volatiles as well, things like methane, which you know better as natural gas.

Let me stop you there for a minute because we have plenty of water on this planet. I mean, do we have to go to an asteroid to mine it?

turn 1 : They are asking what would be the best thing for the person to find.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at something they want or need, but they don't want to ask for it directly.

turn 1 : The speaker in (2) is implying that they are looking for something rare and valuable, such as precious metals or other valuable resources, rather than simply asking what type of metal they are looking for.

turn 1 : A gold mine implies that the amount is a lot and it has value to the people that want it

turn 1 : This turn does not literally mean that the speaker is asking for an explanation of why the land is being handed over to the government of Chile, but rather implies a more rhetorical question that suggests that the land is so beautiful and valuable that it might seem strange to give it away. The speaker is actually acknowledging the value of the land and asking the interviewee to explain the rationale behind the decision to donate it to the government.


Earlier this week, a man walked free from a court nearly 30 years after he'd been wrongly convicted of a murder. David McCallum was 16 years old when he was sent to prison along with William Stuckey. Both men were convicted of murder in 1986. William Stuckey died in prison, but Mr.  McCallum continued to fight to clear his own name. In January, his lawyer sent a letter to the Brooklyn District Attorney, Kenneth Thompson, who'd just taken office. The DA looked into the case and decided to reopen it. And since then, he's instituted review of a number of cases from the 1980s and '90s. District attorney Kenneth Thompson joins us from our studios in New York. Mr.  Thompson, thanks so much being with us.

Thank you for having me.

What did you see that led you to move to reopen this case?

What I saw was that there was no evidence linking David McCallum or Willie Stuckey to the abduction and to the murder of Nathan Blenner other than their confessions. And their confessions were very short and they contained false-fed facts. That led me and members of my conviction review team to conclude that the confessions were false.

turn 3 : “The confessions were false” but not “The confessions were short and contained false-fed facts” which is the literal meaning of the turn.

turn 3 : Turn (3) describes the discovery of clues that led to the unraveling of the scandal, which is consistent with its literal meaning.

turn 3 : None of the turns in this statement have a figurative or non-literal meaning. The speaker is describing a situation where a defendant in a criminal trial confessed to the crime during the speaker's testimony, and the defendant's girlfriend later corroborated the speaker's testimony with her own testimony.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at a deeper or hidden motive or intention behind their actions or words.


How was that?

Well, it was astonishing. I think that the grown-ups around us were much too confused themselves to be able to sort of sit down and tell us that when they said that television sets belong to Satan, maybe they hadn't been right. Suddenly, we've got a television set in our house. Suddenly, we've got a radio. . .

Oh, boy.

. . . (Laughter) In our house. And suddenly, we're being taken to go and see "Gone With The Wind" in the cinema.

turn 2 : (3) implies that the speaker wants to know what the speaker observed,

turn 2 : (3) is a sign of amusement, indicating the speaker was laughing at the metaphor.

turn 2 : (3) is a short form of "I will," meaning "I understand," indicating agreement with the speaker's sentiment.

turn 2 : : The speaker is expressing frustration or disappointment about a situation, and may be looking for empathy or support from the listener.

turn 2 : (3) - The speaker is expressing surprise and disbelief at the changes that have taken place in the household.


How was that?

Oh, boy.

turn 3 : (4) implies disbelief or shock at A's response in the previous turn.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: Amused disbelief at the sudden change in the status quo.

turn 3 :  (4) is an expression of surprise. The implied meaning is an expression of admiration.

turn 3 : "Oh, wow." - This turn's actual meaning is different from its literal meaning. In this context, it is used sarcastically to express disbelief or surprise.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is subtly trying to convey a sense of urgency or importance in the matter being discussed, without explicitly stating it.


Maybe in part but certainly not for all of it. I mean, look. You can see how investor might be inspired by the Trump administration, right?He is seen as business-friendly, as is the Republican Congress. They're talking about cutting corporate taxes. They're talking about cutting regulations. So that might make investors more bullish.

But you have so many other factors that weigh on the markets. For example, low interest rates. That might be sending stocks higher. Job creation is steady, like we were saying. And the global economy is doing OK.  And one other thing to emphasize here, Donald Trump does have a lot of economic policies he wants to pass. You know, he's talked about infrastructure. They've talked about overhauling the tax code. Those things haven't happened yet.

Definitely rich people, I mean, is the short answer. You know, according to data from 2013 - and I find this astounding - the top 10 percent of households in terms of wealth owned 80 percent of the stocks in America. That's a huge discrepancy. And still others, you know, are invested via retirement accounts. So you have some of the middle class that is benefiting, but you have all of those other people that own no stock. They might see some indirect effects.

turn 2 : (3) Who seems to benefit from the stock market climb right now? - Implied meaning: Who is most likely to benefit from the current rise in stock prices?

turn 2 : (3) Will stock markets still be gaily rising? Implied Meaning: Will stock markets still be increasing in value?

turn 2 : People are more afraid of losing than they are of gaining in the stock market.

turn 2 : Although stocks may continue to decrease in value, it is currently a great time to invest in the stock market

turn 2 : The stock market bouncing around means that its values are changing rapidly.


You mentioned that your narrator offers to help translate this project, the book of collateral damage. This, too, resemble something you've done in real life because you have translated other people's works from Arabic into English. Are you also thinking of that as an act of preservation?

Definitely. Its preservation. It's a creative act. And because the - one of the bright aspects of the history of our species is the exchange and transmitting beauty from one cultural sphere to another. And it's a deliberate act, and if I had more time, I would do more translation.

Given. . .

I also translated my previous novel, "The Corpse Washer" - I translated it from Arabic to English.

turn 1 : Being exposed to different cultures is an advantage.

turn 1 : exchange and transmitting beauty from one cultural sphere to another means it can be done differently and extraordinarily

turn 1 : Fabric of society is actually just the way the society is made up of different personalities and choices.

turn 1 : A: "breaking free from all of these identities and get down to that last one, which is human" - This turn is figurative language as it refers to the author's desire to move beyond societal labels and stereotypes and focus on our common humanity rather than actually breaking free from physical identities.


This week, during a trip to California, President Trump turned his attention to the homelessness crisis there. Previously, he's criticized the cleanliness of San Francisco's streets. On this trip, he called homelessness in Los Angeles a disaster. And he said, quote, "we're going to get involved very soon on a federal basis if they don't clean up their act," unquote. We wanted to see what the mayor of Los Angeles, Eric Garcetti, had to say about all this. And he is with us now.

Mr.  Mayor, thank you so much for being with us.

Great to be with you, Michel.

President Trump has described the homelessness crisis as a, quote-unquote, "disgrace to our country. "And we know based on data from the Los Angeles Homeless Services Authority that homelessness is up 16% over the last year in the city of Los Angeles. Based on that, do you agree with the president's description of the problem?

turn 3 : B confirms that the president is a recent one and hints at Bill Clinton being the right answer.

turn 3 : This statement implies that President Trump is skeptical of the CIA's findings and is seeking irrefutable evidence before taking action.

turn 3 : There is evidence that would support the Presidents statement.

turn 3 : The president will propose something new later today

turn 3 : This implies that people are already curious to know how A intends to defeat Trump.


So they believe in the rapture. And unless they stick to Brethren rules and have no contact with the outside world, they'll be left behind in the rapture. So that's essentially them. They're very conservative, very secretive.

So this new leader - when he took over, what kind of things did he change?

He upped all the stakes, really. He decided that the Brethren were not being hardline enough, that they weren't being separate enough. And he enforced the rule that if you had a teenager in your house who had been raised in the Brethren but was not yet breaking bread - i. e. , fully compliant - you couldn't eat with them. You couldn't eat with non-Brethren outside. You couldn't go to the cinema or have radios or television or newspapers.

So effectively, he not only separated off the Brethren from all contact with the outside world - you know, they might have been able before to have worked for non-Brethren. Now they had to work for other Brethren. And there was a great deal more compliance and surveillance as well. There's a lot of mass confessions. There are a lot of punishments for noncompliant behavior.

turn 3 : “The confessions were false” but not “The confessions were short and contained false-fed facts” which is the literal meaning of the turn.

turn 3 : The passage is written in a dialect of English, and the words used have a literal meaning that may be different from standard English. The actual meaning of the passage is a prayer asking for God's blessings, forgiveness of sins, and protection from evil, expressed in a language that is culturally and regionally specific.

turn 3 : "mass confessions" - This phrase refers to a practice where members of the Brethren confess their sins publicly in front of the congregation. The literal meaning would be a large number of confessions happening at once.

turn 3 : "But it also handles all cases of abuse and the disciplining of perpetrators of abuse, et cetera." - The literal meaning of this turn is that the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith deals with cases of abuse and disciplining of perpetrators of abuse. However, the actual meaning is that the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith deals with cases of sexual abuse within the Catholic Church, which is a highly sensitive and controversial topic.

turn 3 : "keep our word" - this is a figurative expression meaning to fulfill a promise or commitment, rather than literally retaining the ability to speak.


I won't give away the end of the book, but Jay really evolves in terms of how he feels about the Philippines and what he wants his next moves to be after he discovers what's happened to his cousin. What do you think that character in particular says about the relationship between an immigrant, their country of origin, and then the country that they're expected to eventually go home to when the two-week break is over, the family visit is over?

I think it says that there is this connection, but I think also if you are to foster that connection, kind of make it something meaningful, you want to acknowledge kind of what you don't know. And then two, learn. And doing those things kind of strengthens that connection, and I think one ends up with a stronger sense of who they are, especially somebody with, like, a dual identity. It can kind of lessen or mitigate those feelings of, you know, not being something enough, right?Not being Filipino enough, or not being whatever the second piece of the identity is.

Randy Ribay is author of the novel "Patron Saints Of Nothing. "Randy, thanks so much for coming on.

Yeah. Thank you for having me.

turn 0 : The speaker wants to address the negative views towards immigrants in America and reject white nationalism and xenophobia

turn 0 : Danticat's book of short stories reflects the immigrant experience

turn 0 : Jay's character development highlights the complexities of an immigrant's relationship with their home and adopted countries.

turn 0 : The speaker is pointing out the cultural differences between America and their country, where America tends to cover up imperfections while their country embraces them. Implicated meaning: The speaker values authenticity and honesty over superficial appearances.

turn 0 : A had a difficult childhood with no celebrations, and later moved in with his father who was involved in illegal activities.


Ms.  LYNNE D.  JOHNSON (Blogger, fastcompany. com): Hi, how are you, Farai?

I'm great so, just quickly describe the video blog post for listeners who've not seen it.

Oh boy.

Well, it's basically something done as parody - described as parody in black face. Probably the most stereotypical depiction of a black person, an imagined black tech blogger with dreadlock wig, and speaking in a slang and talking about a website, called, you know about hos, or something like that. Hos and area codes. And so, a year ago, you know, people found this totally offensive, but it was in the - as you said in the insular web 2. 0 world, in the web community, people on Huffington Post, and PodTech heard some of the backlash and decided to not associate with Loren Feldman.

turn 3 : The video blog post was racist and offensive.

turn 3 : He used racist language but tried to hide it behind humor.

turn 3 : A's turn: "the message boards are lit up with people saying that people who are speaking out against white supremacy, including myself, should be taken care of, whatever that means."

turn 3 :  (3) - The speaker is suggesting that the woman might have been racist and they needed to take her seriously.

turn 3 : When you read the social media post, what did you think?


I like that.

It requires constant boosts and constant sort of shots against that and priming the mind and the creative muscle. And so I think on that level, people relate to having a resource that gives that sort of steady stream of these things in a very small and subtle way and not as formal as education but does enrich lives and enrich sort of our pool of creative resources.

It is a really steady stream. I mean, I read on Brainpickings that it takes 450 hours, maybe more, to keep it alive.

Yeah, I put that number down so people don't think I don't have a life, but it's probably a lot more than that.

turn 1 : The brain is capable of adjusting to unusual situations quickly.

turn 1 : Take a shot means have a try in this context, not actually shoot someone

turn 1 : shots implies the activities in a game and not referring to a gunshot

turn 1 : "Constant boosts and constant sort of shots" implies that the mind needs a lot of training, the mind isn't actually getting a physical boost or shot.

turn 1 : what they meant is that it's going to impress their brains later


Billions of dollars have been spent on trying to create this technology, and only now are we just starting to see batteries alongside solar and wind farms. Do you think this problem can be cracked?And if so, how soon?

Well, in some parts of the U. S. , for example, where solar electricity is already very predictable - in the Southwest, for example - the cost of lithium-ion batteries is already at a point where the combination of solar - generation solar panels and lithium-ion batteries can produce reliable electricity at a cost below that of our conventional fossil-fuel-generated electricity.

But the issue is that not all of the U. S. , and certainly not all of the world, has that level of predictability. That's where the problem becomes much harder.

I know the cost has been prohibitive for a long time, and it's been coming down recently. When do you think this technology will actually be reasonably affordable in a lot of places?

turn 0 : The situation is uncertain and they need to take it one step at a time

turn 0 : can be cracked meaning the problem can be looked into and a solution found for it

turn 0 : you imply that something is the case

turn 0 : The long haul is a length of time where the issue had to be dealt with.

turn 0 : how big of a deal means how much of a problem would this be


Well, Manafort has a second case. That case is here in Washington, D. C. He pleaded guilty to two conspiracy charges. This is a case that was also brought by special counsel Robert Mueller. Manafort, in D. C, agreed to cooperate with the government. That cooperation deal collapsed after the special counsel's team essentially said that he lied to investigators about a number of things.

The presiding judge in D. C. , Judge Amy Berman Jackson, agreed with the government. The maximum sentence that Manafort faces here in D. C.  is 10 years. Now, the question that hangs over all of this is whether Judge Jackson here in D. C.  is going to make him serve, whatever sentence she gives him, simultaneously or stagger it. So is he going to get another 10 years in addition to what he got in Virginia?

Any chance of a presidential pardon?

The president has not taken that entirely off the table, but his lawyers say it's not under discussion.

turn 0 : "raises that question again with Manafort" - The literal meaning is that the unusual nature of information sharing raises a question about Manafort. The actual meaning could be that the information sharing suggests Manafort may have information about the president that could lead to a pardon.

turn 0 : "Otherwise, blameless life." - The literal meaning of this turn is a statement about Manafort's past behavior, but its actual meaning is to mitigate his crimes and argue for a more lenient sentence.

turn 0 : "That cooperation deal collapsed after the special counsel's team essentially said that he lied to investigators about a number of things." - The actual meaning here is that Manafort broke the cooperation deal by lying to investigators, which resulted in the deal collapsing.

turn 0 : The prosecutors collaborated with the supervisor to manipulate the system.

turn 0 : A's turn: The actual meaning is that John McCain's position on enhanced interrogation techniques is inconsistent with what he has been saying on the campaign trail, and he seems to be trying to reconcile this inconsistency. The words used may imply that John McCain is being deceptive or inconsistent.


Any chance of a presidential pardon?

turn 1 : "Why should I take it off the table, right?" - The literal meaning is that the president is questioning why he should remove the possibility of a pardon from consideration. The actual meaning could be that the president is still considering a pardon for Manafort.

turn 1 : "The question that hangs over all of this is whether Judge Jackson here in D.C. is going to make him serve, whatever sentence she gives him, simultaneously or stagger it." - The actual meaning here is that the question is whether Manafort will have to serve his sentence in D.C. in addition to the sentence he received in Virginia, or whether the sentences will be served at the same time.

turn 1 : "raises that question again with Manafort" - The literal meaning is that the unusual nature of information sharing raises a question about Manafort. The actual meaning could be that the information sharing suggests Manafort may have information about the president that could lead to a pardon.

turn 1 : "Is he doing too much to intervene? That's the question on Capitol Hill." - The actual meaning implied here is that there are concerns in both parties about the president's behavior when it comes to criminal justice, particularly his intervention in the Arpaio case.

turn 1 : (2) Implies that Governor Pence may have a valuable contribution to the ticket, and the speaker wants to know what it is.


Any chance of a presidential pardon?

turn 2 : "Why should I take it off the table, right?" - The literal meaning is that the president is questioning why he should remove the possibility of a pardon from consideration. The actual meaning could be that the president is still considering a pardon for Manafort.

turn 2 : "raises that question again with Manafort" - The literal meaning is that the unusual nature of information sharing raises a question about Manafort. The actual meaning could be that the information sharing suggests Manafort may have information about the president that could lead to a pardon.

turn 2 : "Otherwise, blameless life." - The literal meaning of this turn is a statement about Manafort's past behavior, but its actual meaning is to mitigate his crimes and argue for a more lenient sentence.

turn 2 : "Any chance of a presidential pardon?" - The actual meaning here is whether there is a possibility that President Trump will pardon Manafort, which would mean he would not have to serve his sentence.


It also follows an advertisement, even more prominent Republicans - Colin Powell, Dick Cheney, Laura Bush among them - without their permission necessarily, all sided - quoted as supporting gay marriage in other context, but they are not signatories to this brief.

You know, Neal, I head a conservative judge say a couple of years ago, a line that stuck with me, is that one of the really brilliant things about the gay rights movement is that they took on really essentially conservative goals. That is, they wanted to serve openly in the United States military. Remember that, and how big a fight that was?And they want to marry. Committed couples wanted to marry, and some of them wanted to adopt and raise children. Now if you're conservative, how can you be opposed to something like serving in the military and getting married and raising children?

It's a difficult argument, but do you think - amicus briefs normally are, well, window dressing. Is this going to make a difference?

No, not one amicus brief doesn't make a difference. But I do think it's part of a trend of just a change in thinking and saying that, yes, many Republicans now think, you know, same sex - gay marriage is a good thing. The country's moving that way, and it should be a matter of - it's part of a larger just change in thinking. And I do think that large change in thinking does affect justices.

turn 1 : The goals of the gay rights movement are essentially conservative, so conservatives should support them.

turn 1 : Liberals in this area hold conservative beliefs and values.

turn 1 : 2. Conservatives prioritize issues such as school prayer and abortion.

turn 1 : Liberals in this place have socially conservative views.


I think Russia wants what it's always wanted, which is to establish its own security. I suspect that Mr.  Putin, in his heart of hearts, would love to re-establish the borders of the old Soviet Union. And security, to them, consists of trying to defend yourself against everybody else. I think that's what they want. And so they regard all the rest of us with great suspicion and as potential enemies.

You write about people in intelligence looking over their shoulders at what you called the Snowdenistas. How has Edward Snowden and WikiLeaks hacking changed intelligence agencies and security work?

Well, I think it has changed. I think they need obviously, if they're going to be able to keep us safe, to see what their targets - and that is a broad word - are doing online. And yet, obviously, naturally, the civil liberties lobby is interested in our civil liberties and our right to privacy and so there's tension there. And I think that that is very much now a feature of the way intelligence services have to work in Western countries, particularly in my country. And the government is trying to introduce legislation which will actually give them the powers that they now need. But it's a very difficult business to get this right in the face of people's natural concern for their privacy.

Dame Stella, I fell hard for one of your characters in this novel, Jasminder.

turn 1 : The NSA lost control of their hacking tools and they were leaked/stolen.

turn 1 : So this attack is raising one of these fundamental issues that we talk about in the security world about whether NSA surveillance protects people or creates unexpected damage that does more harm than good."

turn 1 : is asking how intelligence agencies have changed in response to Edward Snowden and WikiLeaks hacking

turn 1 : implies that the speaker wants to know about the role that the families played in helping Edward Snowden, not just how he ended up staying with them


And that is how I developed as a scientist. I have - was so totally engaged in this, doing it at a more complex and maybe more sophisticated level, by the time I got to undergraduate studies that I never thought of ever doing anything else.

My last expedition, my last two, I did at the ages of 82 and 83. I went to the South Pacific with a team I led to explore new ant forms never before studied in the island of - of the islands of the Vanuatu Archipelago. It was rugged field work. And then I went to Mozambique to the national park of Gorongosa.

So I'm still doing the same thing but at a bigger - on a larger scale.

Talking with E. O. Wilson, author of "Letters to a Young Scientist". We'll be back with the rest of our conversation after this break. Stay with us. I'm Ira Flatow. This is SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR.

turn 1 : They did not actually build something physical, they created the situation of the disaster.

turn 1 : They could not think of any ideas on what to build and how to build it.

turn 1 :  "rocked and rolled" implies that the Curiosity rover, which is a robotic vehicle sent to Mars by NASA was able to navigate uneven terrain.

turn 1 : "it was rugged field work" implies that it was physically challenging field work in rugged terrain.


Germany - you want to look out for Germany. They've won two World Cups, too. But the Germans are having some issues. The reigning FIFA world player of the year, Nadine Kessler, she's out after knee surgery. One of their star midfielders broke her leg. Of course, we can't forget about Japan. Japan are ranked fourth, but they're the reigning World Cup champions. A talented young player to keep an eye on is 20-year-old Asisat Oshoala from Nigeria. She just won the BBC's female footballer of the year award. Not so young as the Brazilian team, but the team. . .

But Marta - they've got Marta.

Exactly, they got Marta. She's the best player in the world - FIFA's footballer of the year five times. She's so good she doesn't need a last name, Scott. She's just Marta.

She could balance of Volkswagen on her foot. She's that good.

turn 2 : B: "That soccer star Abby Wambach" - This turn has a literal meaning as it refers to the actual identity of the person being mentioned.

turn 2 : The turn that has an implied meaning different from its literal meaning is (3). In this turn, the speaker is discussing how the names of crime scene investigators have evolved over time, and how many departments have now adopted the name "CSI." However, the implied meaning is that popular culture, specifically the TV show CSI, has had an influence on the naming conventions of law enforcement agencies.

turn 2 : She wrote very close to what happened in her own life.

turn 2 : "she doesn't need a last name" - This turn is a metaphorical expression that implies that Marta's reputation and talent are so significant that she is recognizable by just her first name. This statement is not meant to be taken literally.

turn 2 : (1) Implied meaning: The speaker's interest in baseball history was sparked by his grandfather's stories about the Brooklyn Dodgers and a player named Pete Reiser, who was considered by his grandfather to be one of the best ballplayers ever despite not being well-known.


But Marta - they've got Marta.

turn 3 : This turn does not have an implied meaning different from its literal meaning. It is a straightforward expression of gratitude towards Laura Sydell, the NPR correspondent.

turn 3 : The actual meaning of turn (3) is different from its literal meaning. While the literal meaning suggests that there are similar scenes in Brazil and Germany as in the FIFA scandal, the implied meaning is that there are investigations and consequences in those countries related to corruption in football

turn 3 : "balance a Volkswagen on her foot" - This turn is hyperbole, an exaggeration used for emphasis, and means that Marta is an exceptionally talented football player, rather than literally being able to balance a car on her foot.

turn 3 : B: "That soccer star Abby Wambach" - This turn has a literal meaning as it refers to the actual identity of the person being mentioned.

turn 3 : A isn't really ready to snap on the pass. That just means that the coach's enthusiasm was infectious, and 'A' felt like he was ready to play football for him.


I think as friends, the guys that were there, we took it a lot harder than anybody else. But yup, I have.

What about life in the United States after you've been in a war zone?When you come back and you put your foot on American soil, I'm sure that there are a lot of emotions. What are some of the different things that happen to you as you ease back into civilian life?

I don't think there's an easing to it. You say put my foot on American soil. As soon as I stepped off that plane in Indianapolis, I fell face forward onto the tarmac and started hugging the ground because I was so happy to be home. I guess the hardest part, especially being a convoy commander on the road, is dealing with traffic out on the expressway. It's kind of scary there because you're constantly scanning the roads, and, you know, you see people up behind you, tailgating you. And me, I get upset because, you know, I'm doing it now. When you talk about it, it flashes through your mind.

You want to push people out of the way because in Iraq, we had total control of the road. We owned the road, and if you got in our way, we'd push you off to the side. But here, at home, you can't do that. That'd be classified as road rage, and I have to watch my attitude when I'm driving, still.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at a desire or need for help or support from the listener.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is expressing disapproval or criticism towards the listener or a third party, but doing so indirectly or politely.

turn 3 : "putting our foot down" - This phrase means that they are taking a strong stance against something. Its actual meaning is figurative, not literal.

turn 3 : The phrase "push you off to the side" is figurative and means to physically force someone to move out of the way. The speaker is using this expression to describe their aggressive driving style in Iraq, which is not acceptable behavior on American roads. The phrase "watch my attitude" is also figurative, as it means to monitor and control one's behavior and emotions rather than their physical posture or demeanor.

turn 3 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply an acknowledgement or agreement, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker may not be fully engaged or interested in the conversation. It could be interpreted as a way of signaling disinterest or a desire to move on to a different topic.


President Trump's declaration of a national emergency along the southern border has been criticized by congressional Democrats, but some Republicans, conservative activists and thinkers are also voicing concerns. James Wallner is with the R Street Institute, a pro-free market conservative research group and joins us in our studios. Thanks so much for being with us.

It's a pleasure.

Do you have reservations or objections?

I think what we've seen over the past couple of days is really the epitome of dysfunction in our government at present. So I say, yes, I have a lot of objections to what we're seeing.

Constitutional?

turn 3 : It's a well-known fact that the government doesn't report accurate numbers.

turn 3 : A government shutdown affects the government and its citizens negatively.

turn 3 : They need the countries to realize this is the way things should be done in other countries.

turn 3 : The Legislature wants to get the governor out of office before dealing with a huge budget deficit and the dysfunctional relationship between them.

turn 3 : A thinks that the government is not functioning properly.


He kept the Colombian restaurant's painting of a traditional Latin American market scene with a tiny cross perched on the archway. It dominates the whole hall.

So this is the story. In Islam, you can't remove a picture which has a cross in it. That was my wife's understanding. She - that's what she gave me to understand. And she said, don't ever remove this. And then this restaurant became very lucky for us. We - from being hand to mouth, we became self-sufficient. So this proved to be a lucky painting. Plus, this was a colorful painting, and this was all we could afford at the time. So we want to keep it, and we want to keep that cross as long as I'm alive and kicking.

It's a sign of how so many communities have built Houston into what it is today - influencing each other, melding into something unique. Lashkari has applied that to the dishes he serves. His signature chicken curry, cooked in huge metal pots in his sweltering, fragrant kitchen, is made with Mexican tomatillos and cilantro. It's incredibly delicious. And we ate that along with the best saag paneer, a spinach and cheese dish, that I have ever tasted.

We do a lot of fusion right now. This restaurant is famous for its fried chicken. It's fried the Southern way, but it's - the chicken - the raw chicken is marinated with Indian spices. My white gravy is made with cashew nuts and almonds and coconut. So it looks like a white gravy of the chicken-fried steak, but it's totally different.

turn 1 : "In Islam, you can't remove a picture which has a cross in it." - This turn has a figurative meaning because Islam does not allow the use of religious symbols like crosses, so it is unlikely that this would be a literal rule.

turn 1 : The implied meaning behind this turn is that Christians and Jews can find commonality in their respective holiday celebrations, thus creating a sense of connection.

turn 1 :  "So this is the story. In Islam, you can't remove a picture which has a cross in it... Plus, this was a colorful painting, and this was all we could afford at the time. So we want to keep it, and we want to keep that cross as long as I'm alive and kicking."  The actual meaning of this turn is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is not simply describing the painting and its significance, but also explaining the cultural and religious background that led him to keep the painting with the cross, despite not being Christian himself.

turn 1 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer


turn 2 : "So Pakistani and Indian food with deep Texas roots." - This turn is literal in meaning because it accurately describes the cultural influences on the food.

turn 2 : The turn whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning is turn (3).  In turn (3), the speaker says "food just doesn't seem to taste right on an airplane." The literal meaning of this statement is that the food does not taste good when eaten on an airplane.

turn 2 : "Lashkari has applied that to the dishes he serves... His signature chicken curry, cooked in huge metal pots in his sweltering, fragrant kitchen, is made with Mexican tomatillos and cilantro. It's incredibly delicious. And we ate that along with the best saag paneer, a spinach and cheese dish, that I have ever tasted."  The actual meaning of this turn is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is not simply describing the food and its taste, but also highlighting the diversity and cultural fusion that has contributed to Houston's unique culinary scene.

turn 2 : (3) In turn (3), the speaker is talking about molecular cuisine, which is a type of cooking that uses scientific techniques to create new and unusual dishes. The implied meaning is that while molecular cuisine can be interesting and exciting to try, it may not be satisfying or enjoyable in the long run. The speaker prefers traditional cooking methods that are familiar and comforting


And I'm sure this was a topic happening this weekend at the Iowa State Fair, where most of the Democratic presidential candidates are. They're hoping to make an impression at the first-in-the-nation caucus. How, Ron, would you assess the Democratic contest right now?

Yes, they all go to the state fair. There seems to be a certain legitimacy that's conferred by posing for pictures with a cow made entirely of butter. The state fair is the unofficial starting gun, as you say, for the Iowa caucuses six months away.

Right now, it's mostly a test of who can be the biggest anti-Trump or who's calling him a racist or who's not calling him a white nationalist or who is or isn't calling for his impeachment. The typical Iowan would probably rather talk about different plans for health care or tariffs on China and China's lack of purchases of some of their products, but talking about Trump gets headlines and brings the cameras.

And China, as you mentioned - the U. S.  has again escalated its trade war with China. The Trump administration labeled China a currency manipulator. That's after China devalued its currency. And that came right after new tariffs the president announced last week. All that has the stock market bouncing around. How is this affecting the presidential race?

turn 3 : Although stocks may continue to decrease in value, it is currently a great time to invest in the stock market

turn 3 : People are more afraid of losing than they are of gaining in the stock market.

turn 3 : The economic situation will get worse, and it's uncertain how bad it will be.

turn 3 : (3) Will stock markets still be gaily rising? Implied Meaning: Will stock markets still be increasing in value?

turn 3 : The stock market bouncing around means that its values are changing rapidly.


Yeah.

And, you know, that's OK.  We don't have to approve of every facet of an artist's life to find their work interesting or significant, but the context does change.

What does that mean for us as viewers?Does it mean that we should stop watching these movies?

Everybody has to make their own choice in that regard. But for me, I look at these things in a purely selfish way, like as a viewer, which is how much extra dramatic information is getting in the way of my enjoying this work. And am I really thinking about the work when I watch it?Or am I thinking about the person who made it and disliking them or just being upset about them in some way?And if the answer's the latter, I probably don't want to watch that anymore.

I want to look at Louis C. K. , in particular. You know, his comedy, actually, was often celebrated because it seemed to address men and their foibles. What did you think of his comedy?And what do you think now?

turn 1 :  "And the thing is - and this is so beautiful - is that when you get to watch lives change...And that occupied my entire day."  The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker has overcome addiction and now enjoys helping others in a similar position, which is incredibly fulfilling. They used to be preoccupied with obtaining drugs, but now their focus has shifted to improving the lives of others.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a metaphor or analogy to convey a deeper meaning or idea, often related to emotions or personal experiences.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a metaphor or analogy to explain or describe something, often to make a complex idea easier to understand or to create a vivid image in the listener's mind.

turn 1 :  "the context does change" - The literal meaning of this turn is the statement itself, indicating that the context of an artist's life affects how their work is perceived. The actual meaning is that the context of an artist's life should be taken into account when evaluating their work, even if it does not necessarily diminish its value.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using metaphors or analogies to convey a complex idea or emotion in a more relatable or understandable way.