By now, you've probably heard this song over and over and over again - in commercials, on the radio, on TV shows. The tune, "We Are Young," shot the band fun. into stardom. So this summer we're following fun. on their world tour, to see how long they can keep that fame going.

As bands get bigger, so does the size of their road crew. On this check-in, we spoke with Jackie Finney, who's the band's lighting director.

Basically, when a band hires a designer, they put together a look that - you know, when you go to see a live show, that's what you see. It can be anything from video to special effects - like, confetti - to the lighting fixtures. And we go into a warehouse, and we build the entire thing, and we set up the lighting console. And we program, cue-by-cue, every single step of every single song. So if you have, like, a really upbeat song - like, for example, their new single "Some Nights. "It's such a big hit when they play it. And I always start the lights sort of in the crowd, when that drum beat kicks in.

So for a song that's really upbeat and moving fast, I would do something like a white light, that's going to be bright and in people's faces. And then for a really slow ballad, there is more of like, ambers and magentas that are just like, kind of soft and just really beautiful.

turn 3 :  (4) is an expression of surprise. The implied meaning is an expression of admiration.

turn 3 : "Oh, wow." - This turn's actual meaning is different from its literal meaning. In this context, it is used sarcastically to express disbelief or surprise.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using humor or sarcasm to make a point or convey a message in a lighthearted way.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a euphemism or understatement to convey a more significant or sensitive message.

turn 3 : "going to be bright and in people's faces" - This is a figurative expression that means the light will be very intense and noticeable.


Excellent. How did all of this get started, this particular legend?

Well, it started with a legend in Mexico where two little children were working in their family garden. They were wishing for nice gifts from their parents, but they could not make up their mind what they really wanted, so all of a sudden, a fairy godmother appeared, and she granted them one wish and one wish only. So the kids thought and thought what they really, really wanted for Christmas. So, they finally decided and told their fairy godmother that their only wish for Christmas was that every child in Mexico and in the entire world would have a very merry Christmas.

So the fairy godmother was really, really surprised at this. These two little poor kids had said that is all that they would wish for. So the fairy godmother was really lost at what, you know, what she could really provide for them. She thought and thought, and finally she thought of Pancho Clause. Pancho Clause would bring joy and happiness to all the kids in Mexico and in the entire world, and this is how Pancho Clause was born.

So you dress up as Pancho Clause each year, what do you wear?

turn 2 : burst into the world implies that the baby affected a lot of things quickly when it was born

turn 2 : I was prime, meaning I was the ideal age to appreciate and enjoy the book.

turn 2 : that the acquaintance between the two people had grown over the years.

turn 2 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 2 : Pancho Clause was not literally born - it is just the origin of the legend.


Well, I have. You know, I was born and raised here in San Diego, and we just love it. But yeah, if - regardless of where the location would be, I would be willing to go anywhere - anywhere in the world for that matter, Afghanistan, Pakistan, anywhere that somebody may be able to offer me a job.

I saw some photographs of you in your condo. You've been packing up there, and I noticed behind the moving boxes, hanging in the window were some Christmas lights and some red ribbons. Are you still going to find some ways to celebrate the holidays despite everything that's going on?

Oh, sure. You know, I mean, the last couple of Christmases haven't been all the greatest, you know, because of the situation as well. And so, we're almost kind of getting used to it, but this one just hurts especially bad. But my wife and I are members of the Salvation Army church in Alcahone. You know, so, you know, we haven't forgotten really what Christmas is all about.

It's not about us and each other and the gifts, and at least that's what we want to think right now. But we're really just remembering the birth of our savior.

turn 0 : The literal meaning is that the speaker is expressing love and gratitude towards their mother. However, the implied meaning is that the speaker's mother had a difficult childhood and overcame it to become a great parent to the speaker.

turn 0 : to be raised somewhere means your parents brought you somewhere as a kid and lived there for a long amount of time

turn 0 : The country does not have children but it means the people that are born and raised there.

turn 0 : "I was raised in the disposable generation of styrofoam boxes and plastic water bottles. If something ran out, you simply got a new one."  This turn has a figurative meaning. The speaker is not literally saying that they were raised in a generation of styrofoam boxes and plastic water bottles, but rather that they grew up in a time when people were accustomed to using disposable items and not reusing things like their grandparents did.

turn 0 : The implied meaning is that the person hopes for interaction and engagement between individuals interested in building their family tree or learning about family research, and that they will come across unexpected articles and ideas, leading to interesting discussions and experiences on the site.


turn 2 : (3) Implies that the speaker used to have a difficult time during the holidays, as they had to worry about bills and expenses that come with the season.

turn 2 : Despite their tough situation, they are not forgetting the true meaning of Christmas.

turn 2 : The story is a happy one that is also distracting and the people have been feeling sad so they need the story to make them happy again.

turn 2 : All they can do is accept what happened to them before.

turn 2 : The turn whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning is (3) where the interviewer asks the French Ambassador how frustrating the last few months were for him.


turn 3 : They are focusing on the true meaning of Christmas rather than gifts and themselves

turn 3 : (4) - The actual meaning of this turn is that the speaker is asking whether the people in the Philippines have been able to find any joy amidst the disaster, not just asking if they have been celebrating Christmas.

turn 3 : Asking for Chrstmas presents implies they need the things they are looking for and hope they get them.

turn 3 : (3) Implies that the speaker used to have a difficult time during the holidays, as they had to worry about bills and expenses that come with the season.

turn 3 :  (4) is an expression of surprise. The implied meaning is an expression of admiration.


And that's the predominant tribe?

That's the predominant tribe. And I think the government will tell you that this is not happening. And it's true that the other sides in this war are also committing atrocities. But what reporting from monitoring groups set up by East African states has found is that the government is leading the charge.

Where is the mediation efforts?Where are other African nations?Where is the United States in trying to bring an end to this conflict?

Everyone is sort of putting their hopes on this peace agreement that brought momentary peace in 2016. The problem is that the former vice president is now in exile in South Africa and not part of these talks. So, you know, observers essentially say this is a dead end.

turn 1 : The government is denying their involvement in the atrocities

turn 1 : The verdict is a powerful landmark as genocide is difficult to prove in court

turn 1 : The regime has been causing damage to the country and harming innocent people.

turn 1 : The situation in Somalia is not receiving the attention it deserves.


It was absolute - you're absolutely correct. Our time is out, but I'm going to ask you about this before I let you go. Talking about perfect performances, two people strolled in to New York's Madison Square Garden and lit up the Knicks back to back, Kobe Bryant 61 on one night and LeBron James, I think, it was 52 the next night and a triple double.

All I can say is thank god for the Knicks.

And, you know what?And the Knicks are even actually better than they were before and then they still let people come in there and just spank them like crazy.

That's what we do.

turn 0 : It was a game where the players fought with each other more than played the game.

turn 0 : The ball that was thrown was caught and it could only have been a miracle due to how and when in the game it was thrown.

turn 0 : They had a hard time coming up with something that would amaze and impress people.

turn 0 : Two people came in and played a better game than the Knicks.


That's what we do.

turn 1 : The Raptors need more than just Kawhi Leonard to beat the Warriors; they need other players to step up offensively.

turn 1 : Tim Geithner and Larry Summers have a lot of responsibilities

turn 1 : The ball that was thrown was caught and it could only have been a miracle due to how and when in the game it was thrown.

turn 1 : thank god for the Knicks impling the Knicks made it possible to happen...


That's what we do.

turn 2 : The Raptors need more than just Kawhi Leonard to beat the Warriors; they need other players to step up offensively.

turn 2 :  The actual meaning of this turn is that professional athletes should take advantage of the opportunities they have and make the most of them, because they may not get the same opportunity again.

turn 2 : Tim Geithner and Larry Summers have a lot of responsibilities

turn 2 : 3x3 basketball is highly competitive with many skilled teams

turn 2 : The Knicks come in and let people do better than they do at basketball.


That's what we do.

turn 3 : (4): This turn actually means: "Will people now start to support the Columbus Blue Jackets?"

turn 3 : BELIVE THAT MOST THEM WILL AGREE EVERY SURE

turn 3 : That's what we do implying they're proud members of Knicks

turn 3 : 3x3 basketball is highly competitive with many skilled teams

turn 3 : They are implying they don't have any confidence


Are there times in history when the U. S.  has had a growth rate of 3 percent?

Yes, it's been quite common. I mean, if you look back over the last 200 years - and the Trump administration says this - we have grown at 3 percent. And we don't want to give in to this idea that we now have a lower growth rate. They see that as giving up. The issue right now - growth is a combination of your labor force, how fast you're adding workers to the economy and how productive those workers are.

So labor force productivity has been slow for the last decade. And the demographics in our country, the aging of the baby boom, means that the workforce is not growing as quickly as it used to. Those two things together explain why we've had 2 percent growth, and demographics are really baked in. So unless you're going to increase immigration, the labor force isn't going to grow at the rate that it did in the 1970s and the 1980s. That puts the onus on productivity. Boosting productivity was what the Trump administration is going to have to do to get 3 percent growth.

And that would entail what?

turn 2 : This implies the growing economic war between Trump administration and China.

turn 2 : Many people are losing their jobs and companies are going bankrupt.

turn 2 : The economic situation is causing a significant decrease in hiring, sales, and investment.

turn 2 : (3) To be in a recession means the economy is declining.

turn 2 :  Implies that the aging of the baby boom and the lack of immigration are reasons why the growth rate is slower and that the Trump administration will need to focus on boosting productivity to reach the 3 percent growth rate.


Dina, if this is ISIS, which it seems to be, this seems a real departure for a group - a large-scale terrorist attack against an international target. They've never done that before.

Right, I mean, when ISIS first began to rise, one of the things that counterterrorism officials were really worried about was that ISIS and al-Qaida would begin to compete for the world's attention and they would do that with spectacular attacks against the West. For months, U. S.  counterterrorism officials have said that al-Qaida was the biggest threat against the United States. I think that changed last night. Everyone I was talking to was convinced that the sophistication of the attacks that Eleanor was talking about - suicide belts, explosions, simultaneous targets - and the similarity to Mumbai clearly pointed to an al-Qaida-linked group. They didn't think ISIS had the organizational ability to pull off something like this. And now it seems they clearly do. And President Obama said yesterday that the ISIS threat was contained. This makes it seem that perhaps it isn't.

And I guess we should remind ourselves, just a few days ago ISIS was also linked to the downing of a Russian airliner near Sharm el-Sheikh.

Exactly. I mean, officials said they're 99. 9 percent sure that ISIS managed to put a bomb on that plane. U. S.  officials haven't been allowed to analyze the forensic evidence on the ground there. But they did have a satellite image of the plane that suggested, from the photograph of the image, a military-grade explosive brought it down. So again, that suggests things have really changed here.

Do you know where the investigation goes from here?

turn 0 : "a real departure" - this phrase means that something is different from what is expected or what has been done before, rather than referring to a physical departure or leaving.

turn 0 : (1) has an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The literal meaning is that the speaker is asking if there is any sign of improvement in the situation being discussed, but the implied meaning is that the situation is bad and the speaker is hoping for some positive news or indication that things will get better.

turn 0 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 0 : to move in direction in this context means to change something


Absolutely. Let's say, for starters, that it doesn't affect us anywhere near as much as it affects, for example, the United Kingdom, which may not be united much longer - might very well break up over this. And it affects the European Union, which is going to have other countries - some of the larger countries in Western Europe - considering their own exit from the EU, including France. So these are upheavals, tremendous tumult and turmoil, for those countries.

In the United States, the effects would be somewhat more indirect. But that does not mean that they will be minor. Consider that yesterday the Dow Jones Average lost 600 points. All the major stock indexes were down three or four points. That's just the beginning of what is expected to be an indirect, but nonetheless quite palpable, economic effect on the United States. These are some of our biggest trading partners. And as they go through a period of distress, it's going to blow back on us in a number of ways.

What are some of the political implications?

Well, you know, Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton both responded to this pretty quickly. And it showed us a lot about the stark contrast between those two individuals. Hillary Clinton issued what might have been a calm, careful, diplomatic communique respecting the decision but talking about how it might affect American working families.

turn 1 : (2) - The actual meaning is that the Trump administration is facing criticism for their use of private jets, which goes against their promise to "drain the swamp" and reduce government corruption.

turn 1 : (3) The implied meaning is that there is a great sense of uncertainty and concern about what will happen next, and it's not clear whether the situation is still a political game or has escalated to military brinksmanship. The literal meaning is consistent with this implied meaning.

turn 1 : (2) "it's going to blow back on us in a number of ways" - The implied meaning here is that the economic effects of the decision being discussed will have negative consequences for the United States in multiple ways. The literal meaning is simply that there will be consequences.

turn 1 : The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker believes that the U.S. will suffer from the consequences of withdrawing from UNESCO, both on a global and a national level.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of turn (1) is a request for information about the options available to the United States at present. The implied meaning, however, is that the speaker is concerned about the situation in Syria and is looking for possible courses of action that the United States could take to address the root cause of the humanitarian crisis there. The speaker believes that the Assad regime's practice of shelling populated areas not under its control is the main driver behind the crisis and that this should be the focus of the United States' response.


A couple of questions: Does a planet have to be like, quote-unquote, "like Earth" for it to be habitable?

Oh absolutely not, absolutely. The biology extremophiles can exist over a wide range of temperatures and salinities and pressures and such. So no, it doesn't have to be like Earth. But that makes it easier for us to imagine that there might be life as we know it.

What's interesting to me, exciting to me, is the prospect of perhaps these stars are very close, are they not?They're. . .

These are some of the closest stars. This one is the 19th closest star to us.

turn 2 : It's likely there are similar Earths out there

turn 2 : The stars are not actually very close to Earth. The implication is that they are closer to Earth and its Sun than other stars.

turn 2 : The statement implies how stars are formed and the necessary conditions for their creation.

turn 2 : Well, that's around a star called HD 10 - excuse me, 40307.I'm losing track of the numbers, there are so many stars now.And this is a system where we first tried out some of these techniques, where there were already several planets known around it, three planets known around it, and we found three more by basically being more clever in how we deal with the noise due to the star's surface activity.

turn 2 : The actual meaning is that near-Earth asteroids are easier to reach than the surface of the moon.


turn 3 : star implies a luminous body in the sky and not a celebrity.

turn 3 : stars implies the tiny luminous body in the sky and not a celebrity

turn 3 : big star implies being very popular  well known  or famous and not talking about the star in the sky

turn 3 : "going to be bright and in people's faces" - This is a figurative expression that means the light will be very intense and noticeable.


Well, many millions have lifted out of poverty and many millions seemed to have been lifted into the pockets of the top leaders. And so that, I think, reporting of socioeconomic inequity and privilege is a source of corruption in the Communist Party that really has to be managed or dealt with in some decisive form by President Xi.

And is there going to be realignment?And you look towards the new leadership in South Korea. The United States, of course, has had a longstanding security relationship with South Korea, going back to the war there in the early 1950s. And, of course, you mentioned the treaty with Japan and United States have been - had bases there since 1945. There - is there going to be any fundamental change in those relationships, do you think?

The change is not coming so much in the U. S. -Japan or in the U. S. -Korea alliance relationships at this stage. There are some rising tensions that have emerged in the South Korea-Japan relationship that present, I think, a challenge for U. S.  policymakers. You know, one of the aspects of the U. S.  pivot or rebalancing policy is that it suggests that we want allies to work together or horizontally with each other more actively.

But Korea and Japan are increasingly facing divisions over history issues and with a woman South Korean president and a Japanese prime minster, who has raised questions about some of the comfort women issues; it suggests that we've got potentially a rocky road ahead.

turn 0 : They want to know if the seriousness of the situation makes the government appear to be bad to the public.

turn 0 : The government is cautious in its approach towards the regime, but it's clear that the regime is not going to survive. However, the government is worried about taking action that might destabilize the region.

turn 0 : This means that the leaders are corrupt - there is nothing quite literally going into their pockets.

turn 0 : They are on a list of people that are treated badly by the country.

turn 0 : The current situation is chaotic and not following the rules of the Constitution


I mean, people are saying this car company doesn't get it. It's sort of, you know, dead in the water. It hasn't been forward looking. It hasn't developed the kinds of cars that people want now.

Look, they have made so many management mistakes, but along with that, they've made some very, very smart moves. And this is a company that's very strong and robust around the world. It's the North American market that's killing them.

And there are long - there's a long thread of historical reasons why General Motors has been at such a disadvantage in North America since the '70s. But the net of it is that this company has a lot of potential, but it also has potential to sink right out from under us.

So, aside from it being potentially a good deal for the government to own GM, what are the other benefits or possible benefits?

turn 0 : when a company collapses, it means they went out of business.

turn 0 : The situation is uncertain and they need to take it one step at a time

turn 0 : The behavior of the company should be investigated since it continued for many years.

turn 0 : This just means that the company is not progressing at all - it does not mean that it is actually 'dead in the water'

turn 0 : you imply that something is the case


Yeah. And, of course, the child actors and their parents want success, too, don't they?They're ambitious.

They're ambitious. They want what it appears is coming easily to everyone else. I was incredibly lucky. My mother was not a stage parent. The boundaries weren't blurred between her career and mine. There are a lot of parents out there willing to look away to let things happen.

The more heartbreaking one to me - no, it's just a different form of heartbreaking - are the parents who are just ignorant to how this business works. And they can be told something like, oh, we all go out to dinner together. Oh, now it's just me and the boy, or now it's just me and the girl.

Among the sentences in your article that chilled me was this one - sexual predation has been part of the movie business since "The Great Train Robbery," and since then, it has been systematically swept under the rug.

turn 1 :  "B: Every now and then in the family, if we want to gently or comically upbraid each other, we go, (imitating accent) your ganache lacks shine." This turn implies that B and their family use the phrase "your ganache lacks shine" in a playful, teasing manner to gently criticize each other, rather than actually referring to the shine of the ganache itself.

turn 1 : B's laughter does not have a literal meaning but is likely a response to something humorous or lighthearted in the conversation.

turn 1 : the literal meaning is that the other person laughs in response to something that was said.

turn 1 : (2) "B: You once said to (laughter) a contestant - I wonder if you even remember it. I'm going to do my bad Paul Hollywood imitation now. (Imitating accent) Your ganache lacks shine." implies that B is telling a funny story about A's past behavior, specifically about A's imitation of Paul Hollywood's critique of a contestant's ganache. The literal meaning is just a description of B's words and actions.


turn 3 :  "B: Every now and then in the family, if we want to gently or comically upbraid each other, we go, (imitating accent) your ganache lacks shine." This turn implies that B and their family use the phrase "your ganache lacks shine" in a playful, teasing manner to gently criticize each other, rather than actually referring to the shine of the ganache itself.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using understatement or exaggeration to convey a message, often to emphasize a point or to add humor to a situation.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a euphemism or understatement to convey a more significant or sensitive message.

turn 3 : "Oh, wow." - This turn's actual meaning is different from its literal meaning. In this context, it is used sarcastically to express disbelief or surprise.

turn 3 : 4) "B: Every now and then in the family, if we want to gently or comically upbraid each other, we go, (imitating accent) your ganache lacks shine." implies that B and their family use the phrase "your ganache lacks shine" as a comical way of teasing or joking with each other. The literal meaning is just a description of B's words and actions.     Was this response better or worse? Better Worse Same


And why did it bother you that so many church leaders didn't mention the obvious, that the Pulse was a gay nightclub?

Well, it seemed a real failure to try to understand that community. One of my theology professors said that in the Gospels, for Jesus, sin is often a failure to bother to love. And it seemed to me a failure to bother to love this particular community in their real moment of grief.

You quote with approval the words of an Australian bishop who says quote, "we cannot talk about the integrity of creation, the universal and inclusive love of God, while at the same time colluding with the forces of oppression and the ill-treatment of racial minorities, women and homosexual persons. "

Why is that statement even remotely controversial to some?

turn 2 : This statement implies that there is a disagreement between A who is a religious person and the Activists who have different opinions about how faith works.

turn 2 : You quote with approval the words of an Australian bishop who says quote, "we cannot talk about the integrity of creation, the universal and inclusive love of God, while at the same time colluding with the forces of oppression and the ill-treatment of racial minorities, women, and homosexual persons."

turn 2 : The implication of the statement is that the Bible has been used for power struggles and arguments between men.

turn 2 : advocating for the recognition of these individuals within the church and emphasizing that their sexual orientation should not diminish their inherent value and contributions as beloved children of God.

turn 2 :  Archbishop Desmond Tutu's statement that "homophobia is a crime against humanity, and every bit as unjust as apartheid" is not meant to be taken literally but rather it implies the severity of discrimination against LGBTQ+ individuals.


turn 3 : Implies that religion is an important factor in the speaker's life, not just a literal question about religion.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: Some people find it controversial to accept that God loves everyone equally.

turn 3 : Everyone should respect other people's feelings and not try to control them, even if they don't agree.

turn 3 :  The implied meaning of this question is that people often associate certain ideologies with specific beliefs. However, this turn suggests that people should not be pigeonholed into a certain belief system based on one issue.

turn 3 : (4) is the same as its literal meaning, which is a brief acknowledgement of what was just said.


Hi, Deb.

Hi there.

So you arrived in the country just after this massacre. Why did the Chinese government allow foreign journalists in?

We were so surprised about how easy it was. And it was no secret about who we were. When we arrived, the luggage carousel was filled with television cameras. And, you know, I was no China expert, but I had plenty of experience with autocratic governments. I was covering the Middle East at the time, so I'd been in Iraq. And I'd been in Syria. And I knew how these governments operate, so I figured that the Chinese authorities wanted to show that things were back to normal. And they wanted Western journalists to deliver that message. But when we got there, there was nothing that was back to normal.

Explain. What did you see?What was the atmosphere like?

turn 3 : The implied meaning of (3) is that Marwan Muasher is a respected expert on the Middle East and his opinion is valued

turn 3 : A wants to continue covering developments in the Middle East despite mother's disapproval

turn 3 : "covering the Middle East" implies assigned to the Middle East for journalistic duties.

turn 3 : (4) Implied meaning: The United States has to choose between Assad and ISIS, and it should prioritize the destruction of ISIS.


So I think that the Barack Obama, of course, then has a political legitimacy that neither of those gentlemen had because he's a United States senator elected to represent a district and serve a quarter of people. And yet, he's a charismatic figure as well, creating a sense of movement among the millions who now acclaim him as the best thing that happened to American politics since Jack Kennedy.

So Barack Obama has claimed the unique space within the context of American political destiny and has joined the charismatic authority that attends black messianic figures who become leaders in black America, as well as the quest for political legitimacy that transcends black communities. Because he's not just representing black people; he's representing white people and Latino people, and Asian people. He's representing Americans. And so he's taking it to yet another level in pioneering an even different path than the one blazed by Martin Luther King Jr.  or Jessie Jackson and, to a certain degree, Al Sharpton.

Well, Michael Eric Dyson, thank you.

Thank you very kindly, Farai.

turn 0 : Senator Obama is leaving the Senate to become president

turn 0 : "creating a sense of movement among the millions who now acclaim him as the best thing that happened to American politics since Jack Kennedy." - This implies that Barack Obama has generated a significant amount of enthusiasm and support from a large number of people, which goes beyond his role as a senator and his political legitimacy.

turn 0 : Obama needs to balance his support from civil rights figures and moderate Democrats and Republicans

turn 0 : A prefers Obama over the Republican candidate but is hesitant to vote for him.

turn 0 : The implication is that Barack Obama may have been involved in the Blagojevich scandal.


Well, Michael Eric Dyson, thank you.

Thank you very kindly, Farai.

turn 1 :  "Frankly, they kind of overdo it, you know? So for blacks to support Obama, he's got to make up his mind. Is he African or American? Because he can't be both. That doesn't make sense." The literal meaning of this turn is that Obama cannot be both African and American, and that it is difficult for black people to support him. However, the actual meaning is that there is a sense of confusion and identity crisis regarding Obama's background, and that this confusion affects how some black people feel about him.

turn 1 :  "joined the charismatic authority that attends black messianic figures who become leaders in black America" - This implies that Barack Obama has become a leader who inspires and motivates people, particularly in the black community, based on his charisma and personal qualities, rather than just his political credentials.

turn 1 : "Do you find it interesting that we have a president who is literally African-American?" - The literal meaning of this turn is a question about the speaker's opinion on having a president of African American descent, but the actual meaning is a comment on the significance of Barack Obama's presidency as a milestone in American history and a recognition of the progress made in race relations.

turn 1 : Different artworks represent Obama as a hope for urban life.


Well, Michael Eric Dyson, thank you.

Thank you very kindly, Farai.

turn 2 : thanking the NPR reporter, so it does not have a different actual meaning from its literal meaning.

turn 2 : The turn in (3) has an implied meaning of appreciation rather than a literal meaning of thanks.

turn 2 : The actual meaning of this turn is to express gratitude for Peter Kenyon's contribution.

turn 2 :  The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is thanking the guest for appearing on the show and expressing appreciation for their insight

turn 2 : "Well, Michael Eric Dyson, thank you." - This turn has no implied meaning beyond its literal meaning of thanking Michael Eric Dyson.


Well, Michael Eric Dyson, thank you.

Thank you very kindly, Farai.

turn 3 : "Thanks so much" is not meant literally but figuratively as an expression of gratitude.

turn 3 : you are welcome is implied in response to Thank you very much

turn 3 : The turn whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning is (4): "A: Thank you."  The literal meaning of "Thank you" is an expression of gratitude or appreciation. However, in this context, it is likely used as a polite way to end the conversation or acknowledge the host's farewell. In other words, it implies that the speaker is ready to end the conversation and move on.

turn 3 : "Thank you very kindly, Farai." - This turn has no implied meaning beyond its literal meaning of thanking Farai.

turn 3 : "You're welcome." This turn is an example of conventionalized language, where the speaker uses a set phrase to respond to the expression of gratitude. The literal meaning of "you're welcome" is an invitation for the other person to come in, but in this context, it's used to acknowledge and accept thanks.


Well, first, they obviously don't enjoy broad support among the population. They do have a core group of support, but if forced to stand in election, they would lose. Which is why they have avoided that, or attempted to manipulate or manufacture the results of elections. Secondly, they are dependent, for their long-term viability, on their relationship with the Venezuelan armed forces, which is what the Trump administration and others have focused on at this point.

When you talk about the dependence on the armed forces, I'm reminded of that old saying, that one definition of the government is they have a monopoly on the use of force.

Correct.

When all else fails, they have that.

Correct.

turn 1 : The government's reliance on armed forces is a defining characteristic of their power.

turn 1 : Military interventions often escalate beyond their original scope.

turn 1 : There is a risk of military conflict due to misunderstandings.

turn 1 : means that powerful weapons with lots of capacity on our streets should not be allowed because they are meant to be used in an offensive manner;

turn 1 : In turn (3), the speaker says "You can achieve limited political objectives with support for the opposition and limited military force. But the ultimate political objective of regime change takes a lot more than we have been prepared to do." The literal meaning of this turn is that achieving limited political objectives requires some support for the opposition and limited military force, while achieving the ultimate political objective of regime change requires more effort than what has been done so far.


What would be risky about it, from the Nicolas Maduro point of view?

Well, there'd certainly be retaliatory measures from the U. S. , very likely more sanctions. There would be a massive outcry from Guaido's dozens of other international allies. The EU's warned that this would be a major escalation in tensions. And there'll be a lot of anger from the multitude of Guaido's supporters here in Venezuela.

Guaido himself says that any attempt by Maduro's government to detain him would be - as he put it - without doubt, one of that government's last mistakes. So we don't know, Steve. I mean, it's not clear that Maduro's concluded that he's in a strong enough position to do this. But it is a possibility.

And I guess we don't know if Guaido intends to go to a border crossing and present his passport or if he intends to sneak in some way. Is it known what path he plans to take?

turn 1 : Guaido sees the U.N. report as supporting his claim of dictatorship

turn 1 : No actual islands, but small groups of people that acted civilly toward one another surrounded by large groups that did not.

turn 1 :  "There would be a massive outcry from Guaido's dozens of other international allies." - The use of the word "dozens" is figurative, indicating that Guaido has a significant number of international allies, but not necessarily just dozens.

turn 1 : dozens of people implies a very large number of people


turn 2 : The literal meaning is discussing the possibility of Maduro's government detaining Guaido, but the implied meaning is that Guaido is confident in his own safety and that Maduro's government is unstable.

turn 2 : Well, for a long time, Juan Guaido has been saying that he's not interested in talking to Maduro. He doesn't recognize Maduro as Venezuela's legitimate president, arguing that the election that returned Maduro to a second term last year was a fraud.  The literal meaning of this turn is straightforward - Juan Guaido has publicly stated his unwillingness to hold talks with Maduro and does not consider him to be the legitimate president of Venezuela. However, the implied meaning of this turn is more complex and includes the political context of the situation, such as the ongoing power struggle in Venezuela and the efforts of Guaido and his supporters to remove Maduro from power.

turn 2 : (3) The implied meaning is that there is a great sense of uncertainty and concern about what will happen next, and it's not clear whether the situation is still a political game or has escalated to military brinksmanship. The literal meaning is consistent with this implied meaning.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker might be implying a hidden agenda or ulterior motive behind their words, actions, or decisions, without making it explicit.

turn 2 : Guaido sees the U.N. report as supporting his claim of dictatorship


turn 2 : The regime has been causing damage to the country and harming innocent people.

turn 2 : "one of that government's last mistakes" - This is a figurative expression, meaning that detaining Guaido would have serious consequences for Maduro's government, potentially leading to its downfall.

turn 2 : A believes that Maduro's actions are similar to those in Rwanda and that a peaceful solution is needed


(Laughter) Absolutely, it does.

All right.

So I mean, I followed up on this trip with sort of other road trips - you know, road trips hitting major cities in the U. S. , road trips hitting major sites in Europe. I've also started using it when you're walking around a city as a tourist and trying to hit all the hotspots there. And also, actually last month, I used a very similar algorithm, strangely enough, to solve the "Where's Waldo" children's book as well.

What do you mean you solved "Where's Waldo?"

turn 3 : The speaker is not actually seeking revenge on Waldo. It is a joke, meant to be taken humorously.

turn 3 : Using the algorithm to find Waldo in a Where's Waldo book.

turn 3 : The narrator can visualized the art like how all artists done.

turn 3 : he must be a stranger and this situation some one is missing


You know, it's funny because I think the story is very recognizable because - yeah. Because the premise of the story is a similar kind of thing, but all of these Jewish traditions are subbed out for made up traditions. But I think all the arguments - all the conversations about it are just as ludicrous in the real world. And so this story, which, you know, involves, yeah, goat sacrifice and marriage cloaks and promise eggs, to me is one of the more grounded, realistic stories in the collection.

One of the stories in the collection is called "Missed Connection-m4w" - men for women - and it begins sort of like a Craigslist post in missed connections and then evolves from there. And you actually first published this on Craigslist. Is that right?

Yeah. What the story is about is about this guy who can't work up the nerve to talk to this woman sitting on the same train car as him. And in fact, 60 years pass where they. . .

He also can't get up and leave.

turn 0 : when something is made clear in this context it means that it is explained so people understand

turn 0 : a sense means that there is an understanding

turn 0 : None of the turns in this conversation have a figurative or non-literal meaning.

turn 0 : when something is grounded in this context it means something is more realistic

turn 0 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer


The truth is that there were many extremely brave people who decided to risk not only their own lives but also the lives of their families to rescue Jewish people. But the truth is also that there were many Poles who decided to betray their Jewish friends and their Jewish neighbors who were often living in hiding. And in addition to that, there were also those who didn't remain passive. But they were actively participating in a killing process. We cannot run away from this. We need to talk about this openly.

What I'm hearing you saying is that you're worried that the lessons of the Holocaust - that it wasn't just something that was done to people, but it was something that people also participated in either actively or passively - will be lost.

Yes. Well, in that sense, we are going back to this time in Polish history - and I'm talking specifically about the communist era - when the memory of the Holocaust was constantly distorted, twisted, politicized or just abused. And I'm just very concerned that we are now - we'll be following this path.

Are you concerned that if you say what you just told me in Poland, you could be prosecuted now?

turn 1 :  We're facing a situation where, in the next few years, we will be living in a world where there won't be Holocaust survivors. It's a population, obviously, that's very elderly, very sick, and passing away very rapidly. So we think it's a matter of justice and morality to address and to conclude this issue before that last of that generation disappears.  The implied meaning of A's statement is that they highlight the imminent loss of Holocaust survivors in the coming years. They emphasize the elderly, sickly condition of the survivors and the rapid rate at which they are passing away. A asserts that addressing and resolving the issue at hand is a matter of justice and morality, particularly before the last survivors of that generation are no longer alive.

turn 1 : The speaker thinks that innocent people and children were killed in the conflict

turn 1 : The speaker is suggesting that there may be a hidden agenda or underlying motive behind their words.

turn 1 : The speaker is worried that the lessons of the Holocaust might be forgotten or ignored


Sure, end-to-end encryption means that whether it's a phone call we're on or an email message we're sending or any form of electronic communication, that the content of that communication is encrypted from your device, such as your phone or PC, unto the other person's device at the other side, wherever they might be on the planet Earth. So end-to-end encryption, keeps things encrypted and that means that law enforcement, without a warrant, cannot read that information

They can't intercept or break into. . .

Correct. Now, with a warrant, they can always go to the information service provider and attempt to get that information. But even then, they may not be able to because the party selling the encryption services may be a third party and may not even know who the parties are that are communicating.

So what is the argument that tech companies make about the feasibility of designing technology that would satisfy everyone's concerns?

turn 2 : The actual meaning of (3) is that many people wrongly assume that suspects will remain silent when questioned, when in fact they rarely do.

turn 2 : Implied Meaning: Even with a warrant, law enforcement may not be able to get the information they are looking for because the encryption service provider may not even know who the parties are that are communicating.

turn 2 : Turn (4) is implying that even though research has been conducted in this area, law enforcement has not been paying attention to it and is only now beginning to do so.

turn 2 : The actual meaning of the third turn is that the speaker is implying that the current administration is trying to prevent important information from being released, and this is why they are pushing people to contact them with information.

turn 2 :  (3), the implied meaning is that the Department of Justice is taking a strong stance on leaks and may be targeting journalists more aggressively than they have in the past, which could have implications for press freedom.


Well, first of all, we continue to ask for all options on the table because. . .

So you want it. You want that to be a potential.

We want all options on the table. We haven't asked specifically for military intervention. And the big difference is that you have to be responsible about this. Think of a Rwanda-style scenario. Think about when Maduro continues to murder more and more people. He has asked regime militia armed groups to repress peaceful protesters. So I think we have to be responsible about this approach. And that's precisely - we always ask for a peaceful and constitutional solution. In what other dictatorship do you see a national assembly, an interim president with the people asking for the regime to leave?

You were a political prisoner. What's this moment like for you personally?

turn 2 : (3) The implication of this turn is that the U.N. special adviser believes that this conflict has the potential to be as destructive and deadly as the genocides in Rwanda and Bosnia.

turn 2 : A believes that Maduro's actions are similar to those in Rwanda and that a peaceful solution is needed

turn 2 : The literal meaning is discussing the possibility of Maduro's government detaining Guaido, but the implied meaning is that Guaido is confident in his own safety and that Maduro's government is unstable.

turn 2 : Maduro government's release of prisoners is an attempt to improve its image

turn 2 : The regime has been causing damage to the country and harming innocent people.


I could live there. But, you know, as things stand now, it's difficult for me to live there because, you know, in Cape Town - Cape Town is a cosmopolitan city now. I mean, it has been cosmopolitan city for many, many years. Mogadishu has stopped being a cosmopolitan city. It was a cosmopolitan city many years ago - one of the most celebrated cosmopolitan cities. I can imagine living in Somalia, but it has - Somalia has to change. I have changed and therefore Somalia must change. And that would be the case if one, there was peace. Two, if I could live anonymously which is not possible all the time, but it could be. And then if there are book shops and cultural, you know, stuff that one can do and get involved in. There is no such thing now. Civil war dominates everything and one's everyday life in Somalia, which is quite tragic. Well, this is not the life I would like to live.

Nuruddin Farah. His new novel: "Hiding In Plain Sight. "

Thank you so much for being with us.

My pleasure, thank you.

turn 3 : "my pleasure" - This phrase is a polite way of responding to a thank you, but it does not actually mean that the person feels pleasure.

turn 3 : "Thank you." - While the words "thank you" are often used to express gratitude, in this context it could also be interpreted as a polite way to end the conversation.

turn 3 : The turn whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning is (4): "A: Thank you."  The literal meaning of "Thank you" is an expression of gratitude or appreciation. However, in this context, it is likely used as a polite way to end the conversation or acknowledge the host's farewell. In other words, it implies that the speaker is ready to end the conversation and move on.

turn 3 : In this context, "My pleasure" is a polite response to thank someone for the opportunity to speak or participate in something, and it does not convey an actual feeling of pleasure. Similarly, "Thank you" in this context is not an expression of gratitude, but rather a polite way to acknowledge the conversation or interaction coming to an end.


If I hear you right, you're saying the process worked. Somebody who thought they saw behavior - not - I'm not asking you to characterize it - but thought they saw behavior that they were uncomfortable with or that crossed a line - that they were able to report it through the proper channels. It maybe took a little while, but it has reached the people it was intended to reach.

That would be correct. As a whistleblower fan, I think the process worked the right way.

Given that, can you speak to the delay that it took to reach the intelligence committees?The DNI knew about this for a while, and it wasn't reported.

Yeah, unfortunately, I would not have optic to that, which is a good reason because I think the individuals that are in the center of that circle need to remain small and precise in - to protect the whistleblower.

turn 0 : The decision was not something that was given up by one side.

turn 0 : It is unclear exactly what the motive for the actions was.

turn 0 : The behavior was unacceptable to what the people would accept.

turn 0 : (1) Implied meaning: Are you suggesting that despite the good things Franklin Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln did, they were still wrong for certain actions?

turn 0 : implies that the speaker was advocating for themselves to be violently punished,


Yeah. And a program like this, how does it help you see things differently and what you should do differently?

It helped me see things differently by not wanting to be the person that's robbing the good guy, you know. It helped me see that I could do anything with my life and that anything's possible. You know, I could go to the moon right now if I wanted to.

Thank you. Been nice to talk to you too.

turn 2 : (3) B: Christian Champagne, who is a high school junior in Chicago and part of the Becoming a Man program. All kinds of luck to you, Mr. Champagne. It's been very nice to talk to you.  In both of these turns, the implied meanings go beyond the literal words used. The speaker in (2) is expressing a change in their perspective and motivation, not just describing a visual change. In (3), the speaker is using the phrase "All kinds of luck to you" as a form of well-wishing, not literally referring to different types of luck.

turn 2 : In (3), the speaker is not wishing Mr. Bostrom good luck in the literal sense, but rather expressing his appreciation for speaking with them and thanking him for his efforts.

turn 2 : They wished luck to people that are trying to make changes in their lives that make them act different or live different than they did before.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of (2) is a simple expression of surprise, while the implied meaning is that the speaker is in awe of Steve Dalkowski's remarkable ability.

turn 2 :  (4), the speaker is commenting on something that is described as "very pretty." The literal meaning of the turn is that the speaker finds the thing being referred to visually attractive. However, the implied meaning of the turn is unclear and could depend on the context of the conversation. The turn could be a sincere expression of admiration, or it could be a polite or perfunctory comment that does not reflect the speaker's true feelings. Alternatively, the turn could be sarcastic or ironic, indicating that the speaker does not actually find the thing being referred to as attractive as it may seem.


Yes. Britain put trade restrictions and taxes on tea being shipped to the colonies. And this led to everyone's favorite act of cultural appropriation and vandalism, the Boston Tea Party. But it also inspired a lesser-known tea party - the Edenton Tea Party in North Carolina. And what's remarkable about the Edenton Tea Party is that it was all women - possibly the first women-driven political protest in U. S.  history.

And I guess we can keep beating up on the British for just a moment here.

(Laughter) Why not?

The Brits were also behind the Opium Wars.

turn 2 : A is trying to add some humor to the conversation

turn 2 : Implied meaning: This turn's use of humor or sarcasm may indicate a deeper subtext or intention, highlighting the potential for indirect communication to convey complex messages.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is expressing a sense of frustration or dissatisfaction with a situation or person, without explicitly stating it.

turn 2 : A humorous response indicating agreement with continuing to criticize the British.

turn 2 : A is telling a joke instead of discussing the topic


I don't really describe myself. I don't have a - I don't label myself really. I've done some interviewing in the past and just, you know, strike up a general conversation with people usually in sort of a casual environment. And for some reason, usually, people will talk to me.

And I have to say, you've got great researching skills. I read that you even dug up Carter Page's undergrad thesis, and you spoke with his U. S. Naval Academy thesis adviser. That's amazing. Why did you do that, and how did you go that deep?

I don't know. I just - I have a curiosity about this whole situation, and I really wanted to get to the bottom of it. So I - you know, the easiest way to say it is no stone left unturned.

You say, you know, you want to contribute to the investigation, but how are you different than a journalist?

turn 0 : This turn expresses willingness to engage in the conversation.

turn 0 : The speaker is reflecting on their mistakes and hoping to learn from them.

turn 0 : "use my voice" - This is a metaphorical expression that means to speak out and express one's opinions.

turn 0 : The speaker is asking the other person to continue the conversation.

turn 0 : "people will talk to me" - This implies that the speaker has a skill or quality that makes people comfortable talking to them.


turn 1 : "dug up" - This implies that the speaker did extensive research and found information that was not easily accessible.

turn 1 : It was not a scoop but a finding out of information that could be shared with others.

turn 1 :  (2) Implies that the speaker is asking if the person they are talking to has anyone that helps them verify the facts that they are gathering.

turn 1 : It doesn't actually speak, but it it does mean that nothing good comes from the information.

turn 1 : The speaker was misled into attending a meeting under false pretenses.


turn 2 : Although the speaker is trained, they may not have noticed the suspicious behavior of the suspects.

turn 2 : The speaker is hinting that the situation is difficult or complex.

turn 2 : "no stone left unturned" - This implies that the speaker is determined to investigate thoroughly and not overlook any possible leads or sources of information.

turn 2 : (3) implies that the speaker wants to know what the speaker observed,


Then last week, we produced a segment on how third party candidates were affecting the presidential race. Daniel Rosenfield (ph) in Dallas, Texas, thanked us for interviewing Libertarian candidate Bob Barr. He writes, "Bob Barr rarely receives any media attention, and you guys have given new hope for third parties. In this election year, where third parties are reaching new voter records, it is important to educate the people of America. "

Listener Kevin Smith wrote in about an interview you did with comedian David Alan Grier about his new Comedy Central show, "Chocolate News. "He thinks Grier's comedy is funny, but too often crosses the line. He writes, "When people like me stop laughing, and point this out, we're called uptight. No, I want to laugh like everyone else, but I don't want to do it at the expense of our dignity and progress. I'm sorry, but we're not in the same position as whites who wield power in this country. They can afford to satirize their leaders and ancestors, we can't. Leave Maya Angelou and MLK and the like alone. "

And finally, Laura Tillman (ph) in Athens, Georgia, wrote us this. "I moved to Georgia last year from Vermont, and was really happy to discover the NPR News & Notes program, which brought a perspective that was lacking from my old Vermont NPR station. However, I sometimes feel that the shows are a little rushed. Other than that, I thoroughly enjoy the show, and thank you for a job well done. "

And thank you for your letters. Please keep your comments coming.

turn 3 :  implies that the interlocutor agrees with the previous statement and is encouraging the speaker to continue talking.

turn 3 :  implies that you should be mindful of the information you hear and stay informed.

turn 3 :  (4) implies politeness and acknowledgement,  (4) implies that the conversation is continuing.

turn 3 : (4) - This turn implies that the speaker is urging the other speaker to stay and lend their voice to the debate, as their opinion is important and relevant.

turn 3 : keep your  comments coming means to keep talking


So even though Wall Street seems to be blowing up or it did yesterday, the hedge funds are doing just fine. And these Masters of the Universe are ensconced happily in their Greenwich, Connecticut mansions?

Well, right now, they are swimming the tightest defensive positions they can. They're like turtles pulling themselves back into their shell just trying to wait this thing out. They could be hurt badly. In fact, today is one of the four times a year that people can take money out of hedge funds. Usually there's a certain fixed percentage that they can take out at any one time. That's for the protection of the fund itself. But still, there could be enough taken out today to seriously hurt a lot of hedge funds.

But the point I want to make is, it hasn't happened yet. These Masters of the Universe are very bright, I mean, they're smart. And they're much smarter than the people they left behind at the investment banks. And investment banks now are - it's a closed chapter in American history. When Goldman Sachs now has to become a bank, who with - not Masters of the Universe, but a lot of young female tellers sitting at windows with packets of red dye to give to the robbers when they come in to take money out of the place.

SOUNDBITE OF LAUGHTER

turn 3 : THERE IS A BIG CHANGE THE PEOPLE HAVE ALREADY LOST THEIR MONEY

turn 3 : their own pockets implies that they were collecting money for themselves

turn 3 : The implication is that wealthy people or those with access to wealth may be able to avoid criminal punishment by using blood money.

turn 3 : ROBBERS ROBBED PEOPLE'S MONEY AND THE PEOPLE ARE CARELESS TO LOSS THEIR S

turn 3 : People may be selling their belongings to cope with the financial crisis.


(Unintelligible) exactly did some tests.

Marc, I hate to interrupt. . .

Yup.

. . . to say this is SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR. I'm Ira Flatow with Marc.

OK.

turn 3 : WEEKEND EDITION from NPR News." The literal meaning of this turn is that the person is informing the listener that they are currently listening to a radio program called WEEKEND EDITION from NPR News. The implied meaning, however, is that this is a standard closing statement for the radio program, and it is used to signal the end of the program. It does not literally mean that the listener is currently listening to the program, as the turn can be heard at the end of every episode.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of B's statement is that the radio program "Marketplace" will be airing soon. The implied meaning could be that B is transitioning to a different topic or segment of the radio program, or that the program has come to an end.

turn 3 : Actual meaning: B is bringing the conversation to an end because of time constraints, but expressing interest in having A return in the future. Literal meaning: B is stating that A will be invited back and that Michael Graham is the podcast editor for The Weekly Standard.

turn 3 : The literal meaning is that the listener doubts that they would tire of hearing from the speaker. The actual meaning is that the listener is being polite and respectful towards the speaker.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of turn (4) is that B is interrupting A to introduce the radio program they are both on, "SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR," and to announce their names. However, the implied meaning is that B is politely interrupting A to take over as the host of the radio program.


Oh, it was like looking out across the ocean. There was water from as far as you could see both ways. And I think it was over a billion dollars worth of damage to our community and East Grand Forks. Seemed quite hopeless, but our message today is one of hope. And I think FEMA has referred to us as a poster child for flood recovery because of what we've accomplished as a community.

After the flood, the city decided some homes needed to be removed to make way for key infrastructure. How was that decision made?

Decision-making - that's the most important thing about recovery is people have to make decisions, and whether they're popular or not, to allow the recovery to occur. So we had to choose places that were in the floodplain that couldn't be rebuilt. And those entry-level homes had to be taken to build the infrastructure for the flood recovery project.

Your own home was slated to be raised to make way for this new flood system. Is that right?

turn 3 : (4) - The actual meaning is to ask if the Mexican governments and the agency were ready for the floods and its aftermath.

turn 3 : Turn (4): The speaker is confirming that the proposal at the ballpark is likely to be a rejected one.

turn 3 : Implies that the speaker would like to see further reforms beyond what is suggested by Speaker Ryan.

turn 3 : In turn (4), the literal meaning is that North Korea's nuclear capabilities are something to be reckoned with and the speaker is asking why we shouldn't be concerned about this one move. However, the actual meaning is that the speaker is asking for an explanation as to why the reassembling of the site should not be a cause for concern, despite the fact that North Korea's nuclear capabilities are usually considered a threat.

turn 3 :  "slated to be raised to make way for this new flood system" - the actual meaning is that the speaker's home was going to be demolished or relocated in order to make space for the new flood system infrastructure, rather than being physically raised or elevated.


Very much this was an aftershock to the departure of Steve Bannon, who was the president's chief strategist. He's the guy who brought Seb Gorka in. Gorka was not a household name, at least not in most households. And he was part of the contingent in the White House associated with this America first attitude, a kind of ultra-nationalism. And that faction, at this point, is down. But as we saw with the pardon of Sheriff Arpaio, that faction is not yet out.

More missiles out of North Korea were launched last night - fell in the sea. North Korea had not so much other news broken overnight. This might have been our lead story. Does President Trump, after this week, have the confidence in Congress and in other quarters of opinion, to lead the country on this and other issues?

You know, that depends on whom you ask. There are certainly those people who will express total confidence in the president, those who have probably never had any at all. But the team around the president, the three generals - so we are increasingly talking about John Kelly, James Mattis, H. R. McMaster - that team tends to boost confidence on military matters.

Ron Elving, thanks so much.

turn 0 : Not every parolee who violates an administrative rule will be sent back to prison

turn 0 : The government is cautious in its approach towards the regime, but it's clear that the regime is not going to survive. However, the government is worried about taking action that might destabilize the region.

turn 0 : Congress and the president are not working at the moment.

turn 0 : They are not going to do nothing while the obstruction is going on.

turn 0 : (1) "And that faction, at this point, is down.But as we saw with the pardon of Sheriff Arpaio, that faction is not yet out."


Ron Elving, thanks so much.

turn 1 :  In statement 2, the speaker is implying that Trump should make a statement that can help heal the divide between him and the Republicans.

turn 1 : A believes that George Bush would want to avoid political discussions and focus on a more positive conversation.

turn 1 : There is evidence that would support the Presidents statement.

turn 1 : The speaker believes that America is currently not living up to its potential and wants a leader who can bring the country back to a place of pride and respect on the world stage.

turn 1 : (2) "Does President Trump, after this week, have the confidence in Congress and in other quarters of opinion, to lead the country on this and other issues?"


Well, I am born and raised in Barquisimeto, Venezuela. I study computer science. Once I started finishing my school in 2010, I started to think, OK, what's next in my career?Started applying to big tech companies like Google, Facebook, Microsoft. And I got an offer from Google and came to the Valley in 2011.

So how did the idea for Code For Venezuela come about?What was the goal of the group?

It's a group of friends that - we've known each other for three or four years now here in the Bay Area. And right about late last year, we started, like, really brainstorm - hey, you know, what can we do that's not only financial that could really impact the country?

Can you give me a sense of what some of the projects are that you've tried to work on so far, that you're trying to innovate now?

turn 2 : what they meant is that it's going to impress their brains later

turn 2 : He was having a hard time thinking of an idea and then saw something.

turn 2 : brainstorm implies being too wise or being able to solve problems from with good ideas and not a storm that happens in the brain

turn 2 : The kids will begin to think of ideas as they explore on their own.

turn 2 : tossed around refers to putting ideas out there without much thought


. . . Entities. . .

Correct.

. . . Like - nongovernmental groups like terrorist organizations.

Yeah, the terrorist organizations or. . .

turn 1 : Agreement between A and B on the existence of non-governmental entities

turn 1 : B believes that the topic being discussed is not important.

turn 1 : A: "At the same time, I do believe that we need to find a way to deal constructively with undocumented immigrants, the majority of whom pose no threat to our communities."

turn 1 : B wants A to explain what makes the agreement better

turn 1 : Forcing a foreign government to work as per your choice is unacceptable


. . . Entities. . .

Correct.

turn 2 : Designation of terrorist groups under the Patriot Act helped FBI investigate terrorists more effectively

turn 2 : Specifically mentioning terrorist organizations as an example of non-governmental entities

turn 2 : Al-Qaeda is the most likely terrorist group to use weapons, but there are others with organization and desire.


. . . Entities. . .

Correct.

turn 3 : Al-Qaeda is the most likely terrorist group to use weapons, but there are others with organization and desire.

turn 3 : Designation of terrorist groups under the Patriot Act helped FBI investigate terrorists more effectively

turn 3 : There is a concern that American lobbyists may sell secrets to foreign adversaries.

turn 3 : Continuing the discussion on non-governmental entities, particularly terrorist organizations


We did. We - what we did with the mice was we gave them antibiotics to deplete their sinus microbiome, and then we had them sniff, basically, the corynebacterium species. And, in that context, we saw all the hallmarks of sinus infection, lots of mucin hypersecretion from the host.

And when we did the same and added the lactobacillus species, we didn't see any hallmarks of pathogenesis or infection. And, in fact, when we did another group of mice where we took out their native microbiome, we instilled the protective species along with this pathogen that we've identified. Again, we saw no signs of infections suggesting that the lactobacillus species protected the surface of the sinus and evaded infection by the corynebacterium species.

Now, you know what all these public radio listeners are going to want to know, now. Right?

We'll have to ask it. Where do you get the stuff to snort up your own lactobacillus sake, you know?I want some of that stuff with my health food store.

turn 0 : The mice were intentionally infected to study the effect of bacteria, rather than catching an actual sinus infection.

turn 0 : they are performing experiments on mice, and the mice are all dead

turn 0 : This implies that the lack of adequate medical supplies has been affecting the medics response to the virus.

turn 0 : THERE WAS QUARREL BETWEEN TWO AND ONE GOT INFECTED BY OTHER


They're tackling it backwards. At the end of the day, put in age verification because otherwise, every teenager would be drinking beer and going to the liquor store four, five times a day. Put in age verification. Make sure - and keep those companies - and hold them accountable. But if you put in age verification as an adult product, that is all you need to do.

So how much business do you stand to lose once this ban on thousands of flavors goes into effect?

That remains to be seen. I don't know. And I don't think it will go into effect. I think, at the end of the day, cooler heads will prevail because what's going to happen is you have to have the understanding and the knowledge and have all the information available to you prior to making such a drastic statement and doing something that will ultimately drive most people back to cigarettes.

We have literally, you know, destroyed the actual tobacco category as we know it because we gave them a vastly less harmful alternative. And that is what we are very proud of, and that is exactly what we're trying to continue.

turn 0 : No one is getting tackled. The people are trying to solve the problem the wrong way.

turn 0 : The situation is uncertain and they need to take it one step at a time

turn 0 : There is a dangerous situation happening that requires people to seek shelter and take precautions.

turn 0 : Nothing is getting tackled. The people are trying to solve the problem the wrong way.


Well, we knew something was going to happen. We were preparing for it, but you didn't know where. And we were all set to jump on the - would be the take-off on the flight - night of the 4th, so D-Day would have been the 5th. But it was pouring rain, so it was held off for 24 hours. But we all were laying on these cots. And the cots were right next to each other. You're talking about 500 cots in this big hangar, so it was a pretty rank place after a while.

Smelled pretty bad?

It smelled mannish, yeah.

Mannish. . .

turn 0 : at the end of the day means something is likely going to happen or what happens after everything else.

turn 0 : Preparing for something anticipated, but uncertain of where and when it would happen.

turn 0 : to look for something in this context means they are trying to see if something will happen

turn 0 : following refer to or implies being interested in a situation or information


Smelled pretty bad?

It smelled mannish, yeah.

Mannish. . .

turn 0 : The Earth's days are getting longer due to the planet spinning slower and there were more days per year in the past based on fossil record evidence.

turn 0 : last minute means to basically to do what you are meant to do close to a due date.

turn 0 : D-Day  implies the mapped out date or the fixed date for the event

turn 0 : moment in time, early in the day implies she wants the current update on damage.


On Africa Update, it's been over a week since the elections in Zimbabwe, and still no results. But one thing seems clear: the current president, Robert Mugabe, is going to fight to stay in power. Plus, relief agencies say fighting in Somalia is the worst in 15 years.

Hi, Roxanne.

Hi. How are you doing?

turn 1 : In turn (3), Habib Koite talks about Africa as a continent that wants to change something and how everyone needs to think about giving the best future and hope to the young in Africa. The literal meaning of the turn is clear, but the implied meaning is that Habib Koite is advocating for a better future for Africa and its people, which is not explicitly stated in the turn.

turn 1 : The literal meaning: B is asking for analysis or insights regarding the current state of the Libyan government and the factors that influence society. The implied meaning: B is seeking a deeper understanding of the implications and consequences of the television-only coup, possibly in relation to the stability and functioning of the government and the societal dynamics in Libya.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of this turn is that some people may question whether the President of the United States, who is from the South Side, is a role model for people in that area. However, the implied meaning is that the President should be doing more to address the issues and problems faced by the people in the South Side. The speaker is suggesting that the President has a responsibility to use his position to help the community and that some people may feel disappointed by his lack of action.

turn 1 :  "For more, we've got Roxanne Lawson. She's director of Africa Policy for TransAfrica Forum." - The literal meaning of this turn is that the news program has brought in Roxanne Lawson as a source of information. The implied meaning is that Roxanne Lawson is an expert on African politics and will provide insight and analysis on the current situation in Zimbabwe and Somalia.


. . . in World War II.

Wow.

So it is a very large explosion.

Now, if you were watching Earth from Jupiter, would you see the same type of flashes in our atmosphere, because don't(ph) we get bombarded?

turn 1 : B is surprised or impressed by what A just said

turn 1 : B is impressed or surprised by what A said.

turn 1 : B finds something amusing or funny, but it's not clear what

turn 1 : A is not fully agreeing with B's statement


So you're Haitian-born, you've been in America for about 40 years now, and you still have family back in Haiti. So when you talk to family, what do they make of the crisis, and how are they dealing with it?

Well, I think they're dealing as best as they can. But they feel, like us, overwhelmed by it. And they rely on us to help them.

Remittances.

Yeah. You could also send food - not really send food, but order food through these online organizations that deliver the food to them, but mostly remittances, yes.

turn 0 : A is acknowledging B's contribution to the success of their plan.

turn 0 : This statement implies that B wants to know how A's family are dealing with the downturn economy and what the also think about America's economy.

turn 0 : B wants A to explain what makes the agreement better

turn 0 : None found - the turn "the economy" appears to have its literal meaning as the main issue of concern.

turn 0 : The implied meaning is that A is suggesting investing in companies related to the growing middle class in China.


The other time that I have spoken with Sandy actually happened last September. I had started a media campaign on behalf of Sandy, and on the 23rd of September, the U. S.  consul met with Sandy, showed Sandy screenshots of the website, showed her, you know, some of the articles that had been written. And Sandy was very supportive of the media campaign, very thankful for what we were doing for her and asked us to keep it up.

Now, on the very next day, on the 24 of September, I got a call from Sandy clearly terrified, clearly had been threatened and, you know, had been told that she needed to get me to stop the media campaign or she was going to be losing access to her medicine, losing access to a doctor, you know, losing her consular visits. Well, my wife has lots of medical problems. She's got seven prescription medicines she takes a day, and, really, to threaten to take away her medicine is just not much different than threatening to kill her.

When Sandy asked me to stop, she didn't just ask me to stop. She begged with me to tell the people who were in the room with me that you will stop the media campaign. She was surrounded by a bunch of very scary people from China's state security, and she was clearly terrified. I was clearly terrified for her.

President Obama is going to be there this weekend. Do you want him to say something?

turn 3 : "But generally, the average of the reputable polls has been showing Obama steadily in front since about mid-June and picking up some momentum in the last two or three weeks." - This turn has a literal meaning and is also used with its actual meaning.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is a supporter of Obama and is not afraid to express it publicly, even if it goes against the expectations of his mother.

turn 3 : (4). While the literal meaning of the turn is that President Obama will be somewhere, the actual meaning is unclear without further context. It is possible that the speaker is asking whether the person they are speaking to wants President Obama to make a statement or take action regarding Sandy's situation, but this is not explicitly stated.

turn 3 : Actual meaning: B is bringing the conversation to an end because of time constraints, but expressing interest in having A return in the future. Literal meaning: B is stating that A will be invited back and that Michael Graham is the podcast editor for The Weekly Standard.

turn 3 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply asking for a description of the current situation, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker is expressing frustration or confusion about the conflicting messages they have heard from President Trump regarding the removal or retention of U.S. forces in Syria. It could be interpreted as a way of questioning the credibility of the information that has been provided so far and seeking clarification or a more definitive answer.


And as we look ahead, these issues are going to be more and more significant, at least that's what the climate scientists tell us. How did it change to get it - make it more of a priority in people's opinions and in politics?

You know, there are various models of social change. One is the - what I call the Pearl Harbor model, where you have an event that changes everything. Sometimes its pressure is gradually building, an awareness building. I call that the Berlin Wall model where things keep building until - in the case of the Berlin Wall, it went down. And sometimes it's difficult to see those tipping points before you reach them. Almost by definition, tipping points are difficult to project and identify.

But my own sense says that we are moving toward a tipping point on the climate issue, and it's going to take a few more droughts like the one in the summer of 2012, an intense heat that greatly reduced the U. S.  grain harvest. I think it reduced the corn harvest by close to 30 percent. Or storms unlike anything we've seen before. And then we'll begin to, at some point, realize that climate change is for real. That it's dangerous and it's costly and we need to be doing something about it.

Yet, you'd like to think that we could arrive at these kinds of decisions on a rational basis. Don't need a tremendous crisis to focus our attention.

turn 0 : The idea of climate change is not new but our understanding of it has improved.

turn 0 : We are already committed to climate change, so we need to focus on adapting to it.

turn 0 : Understanding climate change is not just about seeing, but also about perception.

turn 0 : A deeper understanding of climate change is needed to comprehend its effects.

turn 0 : Climate change is a significant issue in people's opinions and politics


turn 2 : The Obama administration has made efforts to combat climate change

turn 2 : We are already committed to climate change, so we need to focus on adapting to it.

turn 2 : Climate change is real, dangerous, and costly. We need to take action.

turn 2 : Climate change is hard to see because of how we perceive it.

turn 2 : President Trump has caused a negative impact on climate change policies


Thank you.

So, first off, what is criminalistics?

Criminalistics is the application of the physical sciences to matters of law and science. The physical sciences being biology, chemistry and physics, and any question that might become of interest to not only law enforcement but the legal system in general, whether it's criminal or civil law. Questions of science can be answered and aid in the assignment of responsibility and guilt or innocence in certain types of situations.

Duane, why don't you describe to us some of the work that you did with actual cases when you were at the California Department of Justice?I mean, what was your job, literally and physically?

turn 0 : you imply that something is the case you imply that something is the case

turn 0 : implies a request for a summary of the facts of the case

turn 0 : case closed meaning sufficiently looked into and dismissed


Thank you.

So, first off, what is criminalistics?

turn 1 :  you imply that something is the case

turn 1 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer


You can never protect someone by stripping them of their rights. The premise is that unless California lawmakers become complicit in denying California athletes equal rights, then somehow those players will be harmed. And that's just a false premise.

And before we let you go, do you feel like you're making headway?Like, you know, part of the reason you got started with this - you were a former UCLA football player yourself. You saw the NCAA suspend your teammate for accepting a bag of groceries when he had no food. You know, you've seen a lot over the course of time that you've been working on this. And I'm just wondering if you feel like your arguments are making headway. Are people starting to take the questions around how college athletes are treated more seriously?

I do think there's progress. Not as fast as I would like - you know, you look at the multi-year scholarships are now available, the name, image and likeness lawsuit from Ed O'Bannon that resulted in stipends. There's still a ways to go. Let's put it that way. But I do think there's reform. I think a lot of key people are listening, especially lawmakers.

That is Ramogi Huma. He is the founder and executive director of the National College Players Association, an organization founded to advocate for college athletes.

turn 0 : Stripping someone of their rights does not protect them.

turn 0 : Victims did not have any legal rights until recently.

turn 0 : Standing up for what is right even if it goes against the law.

turn 0 : The Justice Department position is that preexisting conditions should not be protected

turn 0 : The speaker is suggesting that it is possible to address both security concerns and human rights issues simultaneously, rather than prioritizing one over the other.


turn 1 : NATIONAL COLLEGE PLAYERS ASSOCIATION  FOUNDED TO ADVOCATE  COLLEGE ATHLETS

turn 1 : B wants to discuss the financial aspect of big-time college sports.

turn 1 : The Power Five conferences dominate college sports and generate significant revenue.

turn 1 :  Implied meaning: Elite colleges are seen as a source of envy and reverence, but they are also seen as a symbol of hard work and excellence.

turn 1 : This implies that there is a racial component to the exploitation of student-athletes.


turn 2 :  The actual meaning of this turn is that professional athletes should take advantage of the opportunities they have and make the most of them, because they may not get the same opportunity again.

turn 2 : Technological advancements from elite athletes eventually become available to the general public, such as with push bikes and swimwear.

turn 2 : Reform for college athlete treatment is progressing slowly, but key people are listening.

turn 2 : It implies that Student-athletes are being exploited for their labor and not fairly compensated.

turn 2 : This implies that there is a racial component to the exploitation of student-athletes.


Well, that's right. There's obviously not a lot of nuance that can be conveyed in either a four-page letter or a 140-character tweet. And President Trump has been very clear in trying to establish a political narrative around what the attorney general has characterized as the findings in the report. So the question is, is there anything that's going to change, essentially, the political point of view surrounding this report that we're going to learn?Or, essentially, has the news cycle moved on?

Remember, President Trump has had such a consistent approval and disapproval rating. Basically, people's minds are made up about the president. And so I think, from the point of view of Washington and politics, one big question - is there anything in this report - any fact, any conclusion, any information - that offers the possibility of changing the minds of the very few people whose minds are still available to be changed about the president?

Right. I mean, did poll numbers tell us anything even when the summary first came out?We've had, you know, some time since then.

Well, that's right. I mean, look. Consistently, surveys have shown that people in both parties want the report released. It took a little bit of time, but you have seen Republicans migrating around to the narrative that the president has offered for them that, in fact, this report does offer exoneration and vindication. But interestingly, the president himself appears to be somewhat more nervous and concerned about what is actually in this report than he was initially.

turn 3 : The President is worried about the contents of the report despite claiming exoneration and vindication.

turn 3 : This statement implies that President Trump is skeptical of the CIA's findings and is seeking irrefutable evidence before taking action.

turn 3 : There is evidence that would support the Presidents statement.

turn 3 : is that the people of Moscow are not paying attention to the report, but rather are more concerned with the inauguration of Donald Trump.

turn 3 : There is a possibility that the Trump administration may prosecute journalists.


It was fabulous. One of our friends at News & Notes, one of our folks from the Reporter's Roundtable, John Yearwood of the Miami Herald, arranged for us to get a private interview with the president of Senegal. And that was wonderful, and we're going to run that next week. He's involved in essentially trying to do some negotiations with the president of Sudan over Darfur and also talks about a lot of the ecological issues that's affecting west Africa. But the best part about it was that the initial part was - were students, and you have these student journalists in this room full of diplomats and you know, a lot of security, big presidential suite, and it was - there was a certain heaviness to the air and certain gravitas. The president speaks English, but sometimes he speaks French and has a translator. And just to see the lights on these students' faces, the student from NABJ and the other ethnic journalism association, that was extraordinary.

It sounds like it was quite something. And we will look forward to hearing that interview. One really quick question before I let you go, and that's when you have a room full of journalist, does anybody get a chance to talk or does everybody talk at the same time.

Everybody dances.

Farai, thanks for checking in. We'll see you back here next week. Oh, one more thing, Farai?Oh, she's gone. I wanted to wish her a happy birthday. We'll have to do that when she comes back. All right, that was News & Notes host Farai Chideya checking in with us from Chicago, Illinois.

turn 1 : The other journalists are fascinated by the reason behind the interest in the candidate Senator Obama.

turn 1 : Reporters are in dangerous situations but being cautious

turn 1 : Journalists tend to talk over each other in a room full of journalists

turn 1 : In turn (2), the speaker questions the future of traditional journalism and whether there is an opportunity for novelists to fill the gap.

turn 1 : As a journalist, you've been observing the border.


Yeah. It was soon dead. They had trapped it with a snare just to - we saw deer that had been killed by snares. So, that's a very efficient way of taking out the animals in a forest. So, even small economic changes here will ripple through South Sudan and affect the economy, the animals, the future of, you know, the future earning potential of tourism could all be change significantly in next five years.

And those people who killed the boar, you later found out were poachers.

Yeah. They don't, you know, nobody can quite say where the rules are and which rules apply, but I have to admit having snacked on that animals, the minister of animal told me, oh, they're poachers. Yes, I've been down there and told them. They must not poach. So it's really theoretical. They know national, you know, the national parks in South Sudan, large one Boma, which has the great animal migration is 8,800 square miles. The second one that's full of a lot of animals, 3,700 square miles. They have no roads, no buildings, no trained wardens, they have untrained. People have been assigned like army conscripts, but there's no effective park system or rules about anything.

You went by airplane to find that herd of elephants you described but you refused to tell us where it is.

turn 0 : The military opened fire on peaceful protesters resulting in numerous deaths and injuries, causing political instability in Sudan.

turn 0 : "changes here will ripple through South Sudan" implies that what happened will have numerous effects on the country

turn 0 : The government is cautious in its approach towards the regime, but it's clear that the regime is not going to survive. However, the government is worried about taking action that might destabilize the region.

turn 0 : Eastern Congo is a dangerous place due to rebel armies and ethnic killings

turn 0 : Money is being printed irresponsibly in Zimbabwe and the person wonder's how the lowering economy of the world affects them.


Oh.

OK. So Bill Eberhard and colleagues looked into this and found that it's a little bit different than what people had thought. First of all, spiders definitely touch the sticky part of their web all the time, especially when they're constructing it. But he also found that when he looked at the leg of a spider under a dissecting microscope - and if this appeals to you, you can see this on our website - you see these tiny little hairs called setae. And what happens is when a spider touches the sticky line with this hairy leg, as it pulls away, the glue sort of drips down the hairs, and then you have very little surface area between the sticky glue and the spider. So there's not a lot of pull. And this kind of explains mostly why they - and they touch it very delicately. And then there's this one more little fact, which is my favorite part of this study, which is they wash the spider legs. They clean them off and find that they're much stickier. So they do seem to have a kind of oily substance that repels their own glue.

Wow. Wow.

But - it was cool.

turn 3 : Implies that the speaker found the information about spiders and their webs interesting or impressive, despite the fact that they also thought it was "cool." So, the actual meaning of (4) is slightly different from its literal meaning.

turn 3 :  (4) is an expression of surprise. The implied meaning is an expression of admiration.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of (3) is a simple expression of agreement, while the implied meaning is that the speaker is amazed by the story of Steve Dalkowski's feats.

turn 3 : The turn that has an actual meaning different from its literal meaning is (4): "How do you cast sculptures in what amounts to an underwater gallery, not just this installation in the Thames, obviously, but some that you've done all over the world?"

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is subtly trying to convey a sense of urgency or importance in the matter being discussed, without explicitly stating it.


Last night, Portland, playing in front of its raucus, loyal crowd missed all four of its long-range jump shots in overtime after hitting a bunch earlier in the game. Pressure?Well, pressure can tighten muscles and can wreak havoc on long-range shooting.

And I - look, I'll just say I, you know, I traveled with the Chicago Bulls a few years ago while writing a book. A lot of those guys prefer to play on the roads 'cause they said they didn't have to worry about arranging tickets for their third-grader's teacher - you know?- or driving their Land Rover through rush-hour traffic from the suburbs to get to the game. They can isolate and concentrate on the road.

Absolutely.

Look, next season the NBA's going to have to wait around for the Harrison twins - aren't they?- from the University of Kentucky?They announced they're coming back. What's going on - they want to stay in school?What'll they learn there?

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of a particular tone or inflection may suggest a certain attitude or emotion, such as sarcasm, excitement, anger, or sadness, which can provide additional context or subtext to the words being spoken.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of a particular intonation or emphasis on certain words may suggest that they are being sarcastic or insincere, even if their words appear to be genuine.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of a particular tone or emphasis suggests that they may be implying something indirectly, without stating it explicitly.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker's tone, emphasis, or inflection may convey emotional or personal attitudes or opinions, even if the literal meaning of their words does not explicitly express these feelings.

turn 1 : Implied Meaning: The speaker's use of sarcasm suggests that they do not believe the statement they just made is true, and instead are expressing the opposite sentiment.


President Bush, of course, has visited Africa. President Clinton made overtures to Africa. What are your hopes and fears, not just for an Obama presidency, but for the next American president in dealing, not just with Kenya, but with the continent?

Well perhaps, of course, I think the main - one of the main issues that needs to be tackled is the issue of poverty in relation to aid. And you know, there has been a lot of controversy in the past about how the Western world, including the United States, deals with Africa when they're dealing with issues such as poverty and provision of aid to the various countries.

Another issue is, of course, HIV/AIDS. This has been a big discussion point around the continent, and I think a number of people who are related in various sectors dealing with HIV/AIDS may want to see perhaps a different perspective in terms of how this issue is dealt with by the United States in regards to assisting the people on the continent deal with this issue. But perhaps, out of all those I think what would stand out is the issue of poverty and HIV/AIDS.

And one other thing I should note as well, is when we're talking about climate change, United States has come up in various discussions, I have noted. You know, there's been some indication that, perhaps, the United States is not as keenly interested in dealing with this issue. So maybe a number of government leaders as well might want to see the United States playing a bigger role in trying to deal with climate change around the world.

turn 1 : No one is getting tackled. The people are trying to solve the problem the wrong way.

turn 1 : to be tackled in this context means to do something first before anything else

turn 1 : to serve in this context means to help

turn 1 : (2) Implied Meaning: Is this the overall goal we are striving towards?

turn 1 : playing refers to as and implies engaged with or undertake