Now you know, in this country the housing crisis particularly fed by the subprime mortgage crisis, led to the recession in a - to a large degree. Back in 2007, you did a presentation about Latin America and the Caribbean building what you called an immune system against that kind of housing mortgage-related crisis. What did that involve?

Well, it follow in the several crisis that Latin America had in the 1990's. Bank regulators and supervisors were particularly cautious. So Latin America built perhaps a stronger than in the past certainly, and comparatively to other regions, the stronger frameworks of bank regulation supervision. The systems in Latin America became more conservative and as a result they did not get into these new fashionable instruments - sophisticated instruments - that became popular in the U. S. , in the developed markets.

As a result of being perhaps significantly behind these innovations, the Latin American's financial systems now find themselves with better quality loans, more resilient banking systems, better capitalized. It doesn't mean that this crisis will not affect domestic markets. It will affect but - but the domestic markets are in a better position to absorb the - what's coming to them.

Our final question is this, and I only have about 10 seconds for you to answer, are you confident that things will improve in Latin America, perhaps more quickly than in the United States or elsewhere?

turn 1 : The government has not handled the financial crisis effectively.

turn 1 : A has had trouble getting credit in Brazil this year despite having a good credit history.

turn 1 : The United States has never been an honest broker.

turn 1 : Latin America did not get involved with popular financial loans that America used.


I want to ask you about a few sounds, and if you could begin by re-creating them. The first is -and I'm going to sign on to your language here - the breathy-voiced, long, low, back, unrounded vowel with advanced tongue root.

Aghhhh!

(Laughter)

I can't even do it without rolling my eyes. They automatically go right up to the roof.

turn 3 : (4) implies disbelief or shock at A's response in the previous turn.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: Amused disbelief at the sudden change in the status quo.

turn 3 : (3) is a sign of amusement, indicating the speaker was laughing at the metaphor.

turn 3 : (2) is expressing disbelief and exasperation, (3) is expressing amusement, and (4) is expressing exasperation and helplessness.

turn 3 :  (4) is an expression of surprise. The implied meaning is an expression of admiration.


Blowing on them?

Yeah.

Well, it depends on how cold it is. You know, that's probably the toughest thing is the fingers. I mean, your fingers get to the point they just don't want to work. I suppose there's electric gloves and there's motorcycle gear. You can buy whole heated suits and stuff and have a battery pack on you. But as long as you're hustling and you're moving, it doesn't seem to affect you as much.

So if they make the movie about the heating, ventilation and air conditioner man, who plays the hero?

turn 3 :  "I don't know that story" - This turn has a literal meaning, which is that the person speaking is not familiar with the story being referred to.

turn 3 :  "who plays the hero?" - The literal meaning is asking for the identity of the person who plays the lead role in a movie, but the actual meaning in context is a sarcastic response to the previous conversation about staying warm, suggesting that there is no hero in that situation.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using humor or sarcasm to make a point or convey a message in a lighthearted way.

turn 3 : "The tennis champion, Arthur Ashe." - The actual meaning is the speaker is confirming that they know who Arthur Ashe is, rather than just stating his name without any context or understanding.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a sarcastic or ironic tone to convey their true feelings or opinions about the situation, without explicitly stating them.


You have an exchange in this book that you quote with Ed Crane, who's head of the Cato Institute. And I want you to get to talk about the substance of that, but I also - I have to begin by saying there's a part of me that's thinking, I wouldn't imagine two people less likely to be in friendly communication than Ralph Nader and Ed Crane.

Well.

But I'd be wrong.

Look what he told me. He said, Ralph, I'm against all corporate subsidies. I'm against unconstitutional wars. I oppose the Patriot Act. And I think the Federal Reserve is running amok. I said, Ed, that's a pretty good start.

turn 2 : The actual meaning of turn (3) is different from its literal meaning. The speaker, B, is expressing surprise at the idea of Ralph Nader and Ed Crane being in friendly communication, despite their ideological differences.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of (3) is a simple expression of agreement, while the implied meaning is that the speaker is amazed by the story of Steve Dalkowski's feats.

turn 2 : The turn in (2) is a figurative expression and its actual meaning is different from its literal meaning.

turn 2 :  (3) is not a meaningful statement, so its actual meaning is different from its literal meaning.

turn 2 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer


President Obama in Elkhart, Indiana, today says he will create an independent, bipartisan board to oversee spending and to ensure that the money isn't wasted. The high school auditorium in Elkhart was filled to capacity for President Obama's town hall meeting. According to the Elkhart Truth newspaper this morning, the line to get in was longer than a football field. People waited for hours in predawn frigid temperatures. The president chose Elkhart to sell his stimulus plan because it's one of the cities that has suffered the most in this recession. Elkhart's unemployment rate is 17 percent. Earlier, I spoke with the managing editor of the newspaper, Greg Halling.

So, 17 percent unemployment rate; tell us more about how the economy has affected Elkhart.

What you see is, in Elkhart, is just everywhere you look, people who have held jobs, who've been able to take care of their families, basically, their entire lives, for the first time, being forced to go to food pantries just to make sure that they can make ends meet.

So, with a 17 percent unemployment rate in Elkhart, the people must be pretty desperate. How much faith and how much hope are they pinning on the stimulus package?

turn 0 : The president is trying to prioritize the needs of those who have been forgotten by society.

turn 0 : When you hand out money quickly with no regulations people will spend it on things that are not needed.

turn 0 : The advice we receive about spending and saving is contradictory.

turn 0 : Obama wants to make sure that money is not spent on things that are not needed.

turn 0 : The economists spoke up and said that people should take caution in their finances.


How long has this been going on, and how did it start?It sounds like there's a culture of this.

Well, that's a great question. We've seen the number of arrests, at least for juveniles, ticking up in Pinellas in the last few years. It does spread very socially. They're sharing everything from what they're in to who they can pick up to who needs a ride to cop sighting - you know, stay inside, the narcs are out - on Facebook, on Instagram. One girl was arrested after an Instagram photo appeared of her inside the car that police were looking for with the caption, GTA squad, just grand theft auto.

Sounds like they're almost seeing it like "Grand Theft Auto" videogames.

Perhaps, it's been brought up before. But it certainly seems like a real life one playing out on our streets. And it's very dangerous. Kids in stolen cars in Pinellas crash every four days. We've had, you know, horrific t-boning accidents, where police cars go up in flames. We've had kids themselves getting injured.

turn 2 : They're games created by central banks, from the ECB in Frankfurt to the Cleveland Federal Reserve. And, as you might tell from that theme music, they are not quite 'Grand Theft Auto.'" The literal meaning states that the games mentioned are not similar to the popular video game "Grand Theft Auto." The implied meaning is that the central bank-created games are not action-packed or focused on violence like "Grand Theft Auto." Instead, they serve a different purpose and have a different gameplay experience.

turn 2 : (3) has an actual meaning different from its literal meaning. The speaker is discussing how video games can impose consequences for harming civilians in-game, and how this is similar to the rules set by the Geneva Conventions in real-life conflicts. The implied meaning is that video game developers have a responsibility to consider the consequences of their game mechanics and the messages they send to players.

turn 2 : (3) - "Grand Theft Auto" videogames is a metaphor for the risky and dangerous activities the juveniles are engaging in.

turn 2 : A: "When kids steal cars, they keep them on the streets. They're using them as toys. They're seeing how fast they can go - 160 miles per hour on the highway. They're driving the wrong way. They're chasing other friends in other stolen cars. In at least one case, we saw stolen cars used in a drive-by shooting." - The literal meaning is that children who steal cars use them for joyriding and dangerous stunts. The actual meaning is that the behavior of juvenile car thieves is reckless and poses a threat to public safety.


Oh, yeah. The kids who were studied were in the one-and-a-half years to five-year range. In each case, it was only one parent deployed. They all lived on the same Marine base, which was actually Portsmouth, Virginia. They were all enrolled in a base-supplied childcare program, which allowed them to be studied more closely.

There was one atypical thing, by the way, which is that the deployments were shorter than one would expect. The average was only three and a half months, and we know that many deployments are a year or a year-and-a-half or even longer than that.

And still, even though it was a short deployment, the researchers still saw negative consequences.

Yes, yeah. The whole question of behavioral change was studied by having both parents and teachers fill out questionnaires about the child's behavior. And these kids were compared with other kids on the same base. The only difference is, the comparison kids didn't have a parent deployed to a combat zone.

And what were they measuring, what kinds of behavior?

turn 1 : The deployment of additional troops is not expected to have a significant impact on the outcome of the war or lead to a sudden victory.

turn 1 : There is a risk of military conflict due to misunderstandings.

turn 1 : Short deployments had negative consequences, contrary to expectations.

turn 1 : The long haul is a length of time where the issue had to be dealt with.

turn 1 : The situation worsened after trying to treat it


You know, Renee, this was the week Kamala Harris found out what happens when a candidate breaks out in a debate and gets in the face of the frontrunner. You get a bump in the polls, but it comes with a lot of attention, much of it critical. And people take a longer look at your own positions on, say, busing and other issues as well. And we also saw headlines about how she and her husband made their money. We see folks on Twitter questioning her racial origins, which, by the way, caused her rival candidates to rally around in her defense, including Joe Biden.

And what about Joe Biden?He's trying to recover ground lost in those debates.

He's been doing television interviews and trying to talk about his sort of multipart position on busing over the years, and talk about his endorsements from African Americans who are local and state officials in key states. It's very early. The field is shifting. And if Biden can ride his ship in time for the debates at the end of this month, he'll still be the one the other candidates are coming after.

NPR senior editor and correspondent Ron Elving, thanks for joining us.

turn 0 : You get a rise in the number of people supporting you on a poll.

turn 0 : People make their own decisions when it comes to voting and are not influenced by the media as much as one might think.

turn 0 : Not feedback from everyone in the universe but a wide variety of people on the planet giving feedback.

turn 0 : to give an idea means to tell them their opinion, or what is happening

turn 0 : The media does not have as much influence over voters as people might think.


turn 1 : Despite mixed feelings about Joe Biden, many assumed Obama would choose him as his VP.

turn 1 : Is Joe Biden trying to recover the support he had and lost in the debates.

turn 1 : The candidate had something troubling in their past.

turn 1 : McCain campaign is facing a difficult challenge from Obama


I'm just over the line. I'm near Heartbreak Hill, actually, and was out on the root of the race earlier today. But no, I'm - it would be very, very difficult to get down near the finish line on any marathon day at this hour.

And certainly at this point not safe to go anywhere near the Boston Marathon, and I assumed it's advisable that if you are in Boston you stay well away from the scene. Tell me about what kind of things you're seeing or what kind of reports you're seeing about the site itself, what it looks like.

The site itself looks like - I mean there is grey smoke on - these are just the images that are coming out of the area now. (Technical difficulties) been wall-to-wall people just an hour ago is now basically emptied out except for authorities. The place - the streets are littered with signs meant to be cheering on runners, water bottles and so on, and seems to be covered in a kind of grey dust. And we saw the windows on storefronts completely shuttered out, sidewalk stained with blood. From reports - eyewitnesses down there anyway, reporting, it seems that there were some very, very injuries.

I've been watching. They've been replaying on the television networks over and over at least one image - a video image of at least one of the explosions and they don't seem to show the next one. Do we know how far apart they were - a matter of seconds, was it?

turn 0 : The bottleneck is a dangerous area and caused problems for climbers.

turn 0 : running implies a business and not to chase or purse like in a race

turn 0 : "You are running six marathons in nine days, right?" - The literal meaning of this turn is a question about whether the person is running six marathons in nine days. However, the actual meaning is a statement of disbelief or amazement at the person's ability to do so.

turn 0 : it is a metaphorical field, it just means there are not as many candidates running for the election as there was in the past because some decided not to continue running

turn 0 : It is difficult to get near the finish line during a marathon day.


So I guess you could be arguing that they're just coming down to realistic levels.

Yeah, I could be arguing that.

All right. Well, let's talk about what this means in relation to the president's recently announced housing rescue package. Now, I understand that it's only applicable if you have a loan of less than $417,000. In other words, not a jumbo loan, and if you're only five percent underwater.

That's right. It does include people who have not defaulted yet, which is a good thing, and it's focused on the right target. The right target is this auctions market, which has gotten clogged. That's really by and large - it's all over the country, but it's particularly in low states, in these four states, and it's at the low end of the market. So most of the properties that are in foreclosure or a lot of the properties in foreclosure are actually within that conforming limit.

turn 2 : (2) To be underwater means to owe more money than the asset is worth.

turn 2 : Not underwater, but when a person owes more than the house is worth.

turn 2 : If they began to lose money steadily then they would change their pay.

turn 2 : "Sink into it" is figurative. It means spend money on stuff for the house.


Yeah, I could be arguing that.

turn 3 : Auction price will be low and very high

turn 3 : The auction market has too many houses up for auction and not enough being bought.

turn 3 : THERE IS A BIG CHANGE THE PEOPLE HAVE ALREADY LOST THEIR MONEY

turn 3 : The House is not willing to compromise, even on their own plan.


So this prosecution brings together a lot of theories that are very sexist that would justify massive control of pregnant women on grounds that they owe a duty to their fetuses to behave in certain ways and that - and ultimately make pregnant people vulnerable to prosecution for just about any kind of conduct that can be deemed risky.

Marshae Jones is African American. What is the relevance of race in your view?

Racism is what caused the notion that using drugs during pregnancy, which is a health problem, could be turned into a crime to prosecute pregnant women and mothers. We can trace that to the so-called crack epidemic at the end of the 1980s, early 1990s. And the first women who were prosecuted were black women who smoked crack cocaine during pregnancy.

And the vast majority of women who were prosecuted among hundreds of women were black women, even though there is evidence that drug use during pregnancy is not more likely to happen in any particular racial group or economic group. And so this was clear targeting of black women, which I believe is part of a long history of devaluing black motherhood in particular and also a result of discriminatory behavior in hospitals, where hospitals were much more likely to turn in black patients for using drugs during pregnancy than white patients.

turn 0 : Pregnancy itself is being criminalized due to the broad scope of what actions can lead to a criminal prosecution

turn 0 : Black fathers are unfairly stereotyped in mainstream media.

turn 0 : The prosecution's theories are sexist and target pregnant women, particularly black women

turn 0 : The documents hold significant weight in determining guilt in white-collar criminal cases.


turn 0 : They see a person's personality and the deepest part of their character.

turn 0 : A is expressing a desire for love and acceptance, despite making mistakes.

turn 0 : very sexist implies being very interesting and attention demanding not in amorous or lustful way

turn 0 : "Sexy" here has nothing to do with sex. It just means the field is considered appealing and relevant so that people want to study it.

turn 0 : following refer to or implies being interested in a situation or information


This is ALL THINGS CONSIDERED from NPR News. I'm Michel Martin. Immigration, both legal and unauthorized, has been a central issue for Donald Trump since he announced his candidacy for president. Last week, he announced his plan for an overhaul to the current system, which emphasizes family ties and employment, moving to a system that would prioritize certain education and employment qualifications.

Overshadowing all of this, however, is the huge backlog of immigration cases already in the system waiting to go before the courts. More than 800,000 cases are waiting to be resolved, according to The New York Times. We wanted to get a sense of how the immigration courts are functioning now and how the new system could affect the courts, so we've called Jeffrey Chase. He is a retired immigration judge in New York. He worked as a staff attorney at the Board of Immigration Appeals. We actually caught up with him at the airport on his way back from a conference on national immigration law, which was held in Austin, Texas.

Mr.  Chase, welcome. Thank you so much for joining us.

Thank you. Yeah, it seems appropriate to be at JFK Airport talking about immigration. So. . .

turn 3 : The speaker is expressing appreciation for the opportunity of being able to discuss the issue.

turn 3 : The speaker finds it fitting to talk about immigration at JFK Airport due to its connection to travel and border control.

turn 3 : The speaker has had multiple interactions with law enforcement agencies inquiring about the activities of their customers.

turn 3 :  implies that the interlocutor agrees with the previous statement and is encouraging the speaker to continue talking.

turn 3 : (4) Indicates that the speaker would use passive-aggressive tactics to undermine Donald Trump's confidence.


Right. We're all talking about the wrong thing anyway. Most gun deaths are caused by the guns that people aren't trying to ban right now. You know, we're focused again on assault rifles. They don't kill that many people. In the spectacular shootings, we see the use of so-called assault rifles. But it's - handguns are responsible for most of the gun-related suicides. And that's half the - half the gun deaths in this country. And in the low-level street violence that you see in many cities, it's mainly a handgun issue. So we're not even talking about the things that are causing most of the deaths. But in the media climate in which we exist, these spectacular events get all of the attention. And the shootings on the streets of Chicago - one dead, two dead at a time - they don't get any attention. But that's the - that's the - that's the real center of the gun problem in this country.

Do you think the shootings we saw in San Bernardino do represent something different in - forgive me - the mass-shooting scenario. . .

Right.

Something different than what we've seen, and for that matter - obviously it's speculated at this point - but people who might not have been directed by any kind of authority overseas but inspired by something like that?

turn 1 : Turn (2) implies a question, implying that the speaker is asking if the shootings in San Bernardino represent something different than what we've seen in other mass shootings, and if they could be potentially inspired by something like a foreign authority-directed attack.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of the turn is asking why they want to cause violence, but the implied meaning is asking why they find violence appealing or attractive.

turn 1 : (2) The literal meaning of this turn is a simple question, but the implied meaning is that the speaker wants to know what actions can be taken to address the issue being discussed and is seeking guidance or suggestions.

turn 1 : Implies that the judge believes that the shooting was done out of self-defense, even though others may say differently.

turn 1 : The turn that has an implied meaning different from its literal meaning is (3). In this turn, the speaker is discussing how the names of crime scene investigators have evolved over time, and how many departments have now adopted the name "CSI." However, the implied meaning is that popular culture, specifically the TV show CSI, has had an influence on the naming conventions of law enforcement agencies.


Is there a danger of South Koreans becoming too complacent?

I think that they do talk about that. But there's also reality, which is when you have this incredibly materialistic society, it's literally a, you know, (speaking Korean) style (speaking Korean) land, then, you know, the reality of this war with this nation under Kim Jong Un kind of doesn't strike anyone as a realistic thing. And, yes, there is a danger to it. But at the same time, life does go on. And life is a very, very, very fast and active one in South Korea.

So we've been talking about war. What about peace?Do the South Koreans even think about the possibility of detente anymore, the possibility of the border reopening?

I mean, I think the issue of one Korea reunification is one of those politically manipulated one. You know, the left parties used it. The right has used it, certainly, in South Korea. So it's almost like this sort of symbol whenever they need to use sort of national security in order to unite people or get their agenda across. So it's almost become a tired one, where everyone - if you were to talk to them and you interview South Koreans, they'll all say, reunification is necessary. Do they want it?They would pause. Do they want to pay for 25 million North Koreans?Do they want refugees?They don't really want that.

turn 0 : they are trying to imply they want peace not war instead

turn 0 : The speaker is expressing amusement at the topic being discussed.

turn 0 : The speaker implies that propping up the North Korean regime may lead to negative consequences in the long term, despite short-term stability.

turn 0 : The speaker may be hinting at a hidden agenda. They may be suggesting that the people they are talking to are not being completely honest and may be hiding something. This could be in a business situation, where the speaker suspects that the other party is not giving them all the information they need to make an informed decision. It could also be in a personal or romantic situation, where the speaker is suggesting that the other person is not being completely honest.

turn 0 : The speaker is expressing concern about South Koreans becoming too comfortable and not taking the threat of war seriously.


turn 1 : The reality of the war with North Korea does not seem like a realistic threat to South Koreans due to their fast-paced and materialistic lifestyle.

turn 1 : The speaker implies that propping up the North Korean regime may lead to negative consequences in the long term, despite short-term stability.

turn 1 : North Korea's nuclear capabilities pose a direct threat to the United States.

turn 1 : North Korea is not as backward as we tend to believe.


turn 3 : In turn (4), the literal meaning is that North Korea's nuclear capabilities are something to be reckoned with and the speaker is asking why we shouldn't be concerned about this one move. However, the actual meaning is that the speaker is asking for an explanation as to why the reassembling of the site should not be a cause for concern, despite the fact that North Korea's nuclear capabilities are usually considered a threat.

turn 3 :  Even though the conversation is centered on the North Koreans who have escaped, turn (3) highlights the fact that there are still millions of people living under the oppressive regime in North Korea, and their plight should not be overlooked or forgotten.

turn 3 : (4) A: "And I believe there's a moment - a conjunction of factors that call for a pivot to serious diplomacy." - The literal meaning would be that the speaker thinks it's time to switch to more serious diplomacy with North Korea. However, the implied meaning is that the speaker believes that the current situation with North Korea calls for a change in approach and a greater emphasis on diplomacy rather than military action or acquiescence to North Korea's nuclear capabilities.

turn 3 : The statement implies that despite the small number of North Koreans who have escaped, they have provided valuable information about the reality of life in North Korea.

turn 3 : The speaker is suggesting that the issue of reunification is often politically manipulated and has become a tired symbol. Despite many South Koreans acknowledging the necessity of reunification, they may not be willing to deal with the potential consequences such as the financial burden of supporting North Koreans and accepting refugees.


Yeah. And is the money - is it as big as drug money, for example?

Much more. I mean, I made drug trafficking for years. But here, we are talking about money that there's no comparison with drugs. Just to give you an idea for two reasons. First of all because these are money that's collected in advance and without risk. It's a typical business without risk because when you put 500 people in a boat, like, 20-meters long and 4-meters large and cost a few thousand euros, you get something like 1 million euros, 800,000 euros for each boat with a cost that is very, very low. And you don't risk anything because basically, you don't care if the human good - the good that you are. . .

Yeah.

. . . Trafficking arrives or not. It's not the same with drugs because is if a load of a drug is lost, of course, there is a real problem. Somebody must pay it. If 100 people died in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea but they pay in advance, there is not any kind of problem for them.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of the turn is to ask what role the United States can play in trying to combat human trafficking. The implied meaning is to ask what role the United States should play in trying to combat human trafficking.

turn 1 :  (2) is implying that the money made in human trafficking is much greater than the money made in drug trafficking due to the low cost and lack of risk involved.

turn 1 : The human rights lawyers took up the case to end human trafficking and modern-day slavery.

turn 1 : And what do the drug cartels get out of this arrangement? Implicated meaning: The speaker is asking about the benefits or advantages that the drug cartels gain from their involvement or collaboration with Hezbollah. The speaker suggests that there is an arrangement between Hezbollah and the drug cartels, indicating a deeper connection and mutual benefit beyond a simple association.


Yeah.

turn 3 :  (4) Implies an acknowledgement of the dangerous risks taken when crossing the border illegally.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of the turn is to ask what role the United States can play in trying to combat human trafficking. The implied meaning is to ask what role the United States should play in trying to combat human trafficking.

turn 3 : Turn (4) is implying that even though research has been conducted in this area, law enforcement has not been paying attention to it and is only now beginning to do so.

turn 3 : (4) is implying that human traffickers don't have to worry about accountability or paying for lost goods if the people they are trafficking do not arrive safely, unlike drug traffickers.

turn 3 : The person wants to know where the crimes are not taking place and who is not getting hurt.


All right. Just quickly, before we let you go. Do you have any plans to try to catch up with Senator Obama's family on or after election day?

Oh, I don't know if I'm going to make it, because there's a huge media presence here already, and I think everyone's just waiting just to catch up with his grandmother.

Other reporters will be there, right outside her house?

Oh, absolutely. They were right outside her house during his delivery of the speech, during the Democratic Convention. And if I get the chance and manage to wiggle my way through the crowd, hopefully I might get a chance to speak to her. I have spoken to his stepsister, Auma Obama, and - in the past. So, you know, who knows?If I get that opportunity, yes, definitely, I will want to speak to them, and maybe speak to you later about what they said.

turn 1 : The other journalists are fascinated by the reason behind the interest in the candidate Senator Obama.

turn 1 : The media presence may prevent me from catching up with Senator Obama's family.

turn 1 : The president thinks that the media is out to ruin him and makes them out to be evil.

turn 1 : Obama is already working before he is officially in office.

turn 1 : The president is trying to divert attention away from negative news about him and his administration


Are you going to continue the protest?

Well, if they're going to be held, I suppose maybe, yes. But actually, it was meant for these concrete elections. Of course, it was not the only subject that was brought up. Also, the power being held by one party for, like, 19 years, yes. So of course, when election ends, it doesn't mean that the problem goes away.

So of course, it did come to notice to all the Muscovites, at least. A lot of people in Russia actually also protested in other cities. They were saying, thank you, Muscovites, for putting our words out there, for making it noticeable at least. That's the least we can do. I mean, the citizens, just the citizens.

Yeah. Do you have any concern that by going to protests that police have your picture, that you can be identified, that - I mean, we're using another name, not your name with you. But. . .

turn 2 : The speaker believes that the protests represent a national issue and not just a local one.

turn 2 : A is implying that the citizens were expressing their gratitude to Muscovites for protesting.

turn 2 : The speaker is implying that their protests might elevate beyond peaceful methods if they don't get what they think they deserve.

turn 2 : Speaker A is implying that they were gassed a LOT by exclaiming "oh my goodness" and noting he was involved in organizing a lot of the protests

turn 2 : This implies that the morale of the protesters' was weakened probably because of the low turnout.


. . . you see the more segments you have, the more you can twist.

The more you can twist. So we have a bone difference. But the question that intrigued Philippe Gailloud and Fabian de Kok-Mercado was why don't owls get strokes?And Philippe Gailloud actually studies disease caused by artery damage. And so he knows first-hand that in humans, if you tried to turn your head like that, you would damage your blood vessel that would cause a clot and you might get a stroke. And beyond that, let's say that didn't happen, the other problem is that if you twisted your neck that much, your arteries, which bring blood to your brain, important, would be pinched off. So how to the owls get around this?And that's what these researchers looked into this week, and that's what the Video Pick of the Week is about.

Great. So why don't we see dead owls all over the place from turning their neck?

Correct. That's exactly what he said. Why are there not dead owls lying all over the forest for was the way that Dr.  Gailloud puts it.

turn 3 : to put something in this context is to explain something

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is subtly trying to convey a sense of urgency or importance in the matter being discussed, without explicitly stating it.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be suggesting that there are some hidden or unknown factors that could influence the situation being discussed.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at a deeper or hidden motive or intention behind their actions or words.

turn 3 :  The turn contains multiple layers of meaning, including both explicit and implicit information, and its true significance can only be fully understood through careful analysis of its context and subtext.


The American Medical Association has largely stayed on the sidelines of political fights over the past 30 years or so. But a North Dakota law set to go into effect next month is spurring the doctor's group to get involved now. The law will require doctors in North Dakota to tell patients that medically induced abortions can be reversed. Now, there's no scientific evidence to support that claim, and the AMA is taking the state to court over it and another existing abortion law. Julie Rovner covers health policy at Kaiser Health News. She joins us now.

Welcome back to the program, Julie.

Thanks for having me.

We just described one of these laws. What's the other one, and why is the AMA concerned about it?

turn 0 : The AMA has been inconsistent on abortion issues and it's uncertain where they stand now.

turn 0 : Abortion is a controversial and politically charged topic.

turn 0 : When they say "these laws are not about abortion per se" they are actually implying that this particular law IS about abortion, but arguments are being made to indicate otherwise

turn 0 : The AMA is getting involved in politics due to North Dakota law on medically induced abortions.


Welcome back to the program, Julie.

Thanks for having me.

turn 3 : The AMA is concerned about another abortion law.

turn 3 : The AMA has been inconsistent on abortion issues and it's uncertain where they stand now.

turn 3 : The leadership of Planned Parenthood is focusing on abortion rights advocacy instead of a broad range of health care issues.

turn 3 : The question is whether the Court will redo the case of Roe v. Wade and change the outcome of it.


Given that President Trump pulled the U. S.  out of this deal a year ago, why has Iran just now decided to do all this?

Well, there's a couple of reasons. One, as you mentioned, the U. S.  isn't the only party to the deal. And so after the U. S.  pulled out, Iran wanted to give the other parties, which are Russia, Europe and China, time to maybe provide some sanctions relief, to provide it a reason to stay in. After a year, that hadn't happened. And so Iran has been putting pressure, particularly on Europe, to try and get something in exchange for agreeing to abide by the deal.

The other big thing that's going on is that the U. S.  is dialing up this maximum pressure campaign. And Iran is kind of exerting the same campaign back. You know, they are starting to be increasingly provocative in a number of arenas, and the nuclear arena is one of those.

And does this mean that the deal is likely to totally fall apart soon?

turn 2 : The Trump administration's strategy of maximum pressure may lead Iran to negotiate

turn 2 : Iran is responding to the US's maximum pressure campaign

turn 2 : Assuming that Iran is responsible for the attack.

turn 2 : The United States' policy of isolating Iran will not bring Iran back to the negotiating table by just piling on pressure until Iran collapses.


Now, you mentioned play acting. Is there any evidence to show that there's an interesting crime stories that can lead to some people to actually, you know, commit crimes like copycat?

Well, of course. And this is a concern. I wrote a book on violence in a workplace a number of years ago. And whenever, we see an act of violence in the workplace, there's always going to be a copycat somewhere in the country. Let me just quickly say this though. We saw in the inauguration of our new president, Obama, an amazingly hopeful thing. More than a million people, I don't remember the exact number, stood together and there wasn't one arrest.

That's right.

Now, that is an amazing thing. Nowhere in America does that take place except there. So, we have to be thinking that his words choose hope over fear demonstrated with more than a million people staying together and no crime being committed, you know, is a story for the future of hopefulness. But I think that speaks to another element of why we're fascinated with crime, Tony, and that's the sense of compassion. Either you believe people are good or believe people are bad, I believe people are good. But I think that one reason that we are interested in crime is because it allows us to feel our compassion, not only a compassion for the victim but sometimes compassions for the perpetrator.

turn 0 : It is unexpected for a country with low crime rate to experience such a violent crime

turn 0 : Proposes a different approach to dealing with non-violent drug crimes.

turn 0 : The person wants to know where the crimes are not taking place and who is not getting hurt.

turn 0 : The documents hold significant weight in determining guilt in white-collar criminal cases.

turn 0 : Is there any evidence to show people will commit crimes similar to what they read or see. The person says that anytime there is workplace violence in one location another person will do the same thing in another location.


I have to ask, Margaret - because you are also on the board of the White House Correspondents' Association - a moment this week when Sarah Sanders, the press secretary, declined to answer a follow-up question from NBC's Hallie Jackson, called on Jordan Fabian, a reporter from The Hill. He said, go ahead, Hallie. Has it reached a point where White House reporters should stand together and refuse to go along with the way the White House conducts briefings?

I have long encouraged both on the board - I just finished my term this week - and just individually as a reporter have long encouraged reporters to take care of each other in the briefing room. I think we did this at times during the Obama administration when there were reporters whose desire for questions was getting skipped over. And it's an option we have now. We can all be good neighbors to each other, and we can all help each other to be allies in our shared mission, which is to help provide information to the American public on burning questions of the day.

Margaret Talev, who covers the White House for Bloomberg, thanks very much. I hope you get some time to rest up this weekend.

Thank you so much.

turn 0 : The president may be lying about not being informed

turn 0 : (1) implies that the speaker wants to know what happened to the news organizations that weren't permitted in the briefing,

turn 0 : The chaos in the White House is providing a lot of news content for journalists to cover.

turn 0 : White House conducts briefings in an inappropriate way.

turn 0 : Despite congressional interest, the Trump administration is not listening to anyone but Donald Trump


Not too much yet. Police have said that they range in all ages. Former El Paso congressman and now-presidential candidate Beto O'Rourke told reporters yesterday that he spoke to the wife of a soccer coach who was wounded while fundraising for his team at the Walmart. Mexican officials have also reported via Twitter that there are six Mexicans injured, including a 10-year-old girl, and three others are among the dead.

I mean, this must be an incredibly difficult time in El Paso right now, you know, something this horrific happening. There were so many families at the Walmart, as you mentioned. And it is now being investigated as a potential hate crime. So I'm wondering - how have the people there reacted to this terrible tragedy?

Well, El Pasoans have by and large reacted in the same way they've responded to the rush of Central American families who have arrived - who have been arriving at this city for months now. Hours after the shooting, there were long lines at blood donation centers. I visited a school where families were gathering to get information about missing loved ones. I saw El Pasoans show up to that school with truckloads of water. There is an interfaith vigil organized tonight at a local park. And both the mayor and the U. S.  congresswoman who represent El Paso has said this is - that this crime isn't reflective of the welcoming character of this city.

That's reporter Monica Ortiz Uribe in El Paso. Thank you very much.

You're welcome.

turn 4 : you are welcome is implied in response to Thank you very much

turn 4 : ONE ARE THE PERSON HELP TO RETURN TO SAY THANK YOU THAT SAYS REPLY TO YOU'RE WELCOM.

turn 4 : This is a polite way of saying thank you for the help provided.

turn 4 : THANK YOU REFERS TO THE ONE ARE THE HELP.


So first, he doesn't read French. And I was very scared. I have to tell you. The man, as you know, is very rich. And he's super well-known. And he cares about his image. And he has - you know, he can hire very good lawyers.

(Laughter).

And I was very, very scared because I wrote about his thoughts. I wrote about his sentimental life, about his sex life. You know, I'm - here I am, a woman, a heterosexual French woman, writing about a British gay artist. How do I dare?I was very, very scared - my husband, too. He thought, you know, there would be a. . .

(Laughter) You'd be bankrupt.

turn 0 : She was not abruptly forced to return with no reason given.

turn 0 : The situation was dangerous and Anne was scared.

turn 0 : She probably did not literally say "OK" etc. The implication is simply that she thought these types of things and decided to act upon them.

turn 0 : She was not actually scared but was worried about doing a good job.

turn 0 : The fear is intensified by the enormous amount of uncertainty.


I find it interesting that the thing that I think is their signature model, which is the pinching effect, they didn't care about or seem to want to protect that.

It was - so the pinch to zoom, it's something that they've litigated with HTC against, I believe, in the past. They were using - they had a handful of other different user interface features. There's one, double-tap to zoom, so when you double-tap, say, a little article on the New York Times homepage, it'll, you know, expand to take up the full screen.

And that was in the core - the jury agreed that was something they owned.

Correct.

turn 0 : Apple could have used their money for various productive purposes

turn 0 : Apple did not protect the feature that is most associated with their product.

turn 0 : The company has had great success with smartphones and touch-capable devices.

turn 0 : Apple is seeking injunction against the 8 violating smartphones


Correct.

turn 1 : The pinch is not physical but just a tightening of finances due to the situation.

turn 1 : Pinch-to-zoom is a feature that Apple litigated with HTC in the past. Apple had other user interface features.

turn 1 : The actual meaning is that smartphones with touch capabilities have become very popular, not that handsets have literally taken off.

turn 1 : The company has had great success with smartphones and touch-capable devices.

turn 1 : "feeling the pinch" - actual meaning: experiencing the negative effects or consequences of something.


So he did leave some wiggle room because he said that there are all kinds of good reasons for the government to want to include the citizenship question on the census. But the reason that the government actually gave was a pretext; it was a fake reason. And so this leaves open the possibility of coming back and saying, from the government, here's our new reason. Is this good enough for you, Chief Justice Roberts?And since he's the controlling vote, what he thinks on that question is likely going to be determinative.

But can they come back if, essentially, they were rejected because their previous reasoning was seen as disingenuous?

Well - so I think that, legally, there is a way to make an argument that the opinion the court issued last month did not completely close the door. But it's still going to have to convince a number of judges that it is a good enough reason and not yet another pretext.

There's also been talk about the president circumventing all of this by issuing an executive order. Is that realistic?Is that legally viable?

turn 2 : An argument can still be made to convince judges that the new reason is not pretext

turn 2 : A court decision may eliminate protections for people with preexisting conditions

turn 2 : Prosecutors sometimes prioritize finality over justice, even when faced with new evidence.

turn 2 : It is being implied that it will be difficult to proceed to court.

turn 2 : Case is a legal judgement that will take place before a judge.


He went to his local bar and he didn't sit on the sidelines there. He took center stage and actually played a kind of Balkan fiddle called a gusle. And everyone stood around and clapped and applauded him. And he was sitting under a portrait of Radovan Karodzic, this man who was the hero for most of the people in the bar. And not one of them spotted the resemblance.

He lived across the stairwell in his block of flats from a woman who worked with Interpol. And her - every time she went into work, she logged on to her computer and saw the world's most wanted, including Osama bin Laden and Radovan Karodzic. And the penny never dropped. It was like a long-running performance that only came to an end really when his brother made a vital slip.

He made a phone call, right?What happened?

He made a phone call. And he used a SIM card that he shouldn't have used. It was one that was on the files of the people chasing Karodzic.

To put you on the spot a bit, does a sentence like this that comes 21 years after the Srebrenica massacre serve as a deterrent to alleged war crimes being committed today, let's say in Syria and/or Iraq?

turn 0 :  Implied meaning: Radovan Karodzic was a war criminal but no one in the bar recognized him as such.

turn 0 : The people in the bar were either ignorant or supportive of the war criminal Radovan Karadzic, which is concerning.

turn 0 : The behavior was unacceptable to what the people would accept.

turn 0 : implies that the speaker was advocating for themselves to be violently punished,


turn 0 : The woman worked with Interpol and had the opportunity to recognize Radovan Karodzic but she never did.

turn 0 : The woman's job with Interpol put her in a position to identify Karodzic but she failed to recognize him.

turn 0 : The person is thinking of a particular person but they are not going to say who.


turn 1 :  Implied meaning: Radovan Karodzic was a war criminal but no one in the bar recognized him as such.

turn 1 : Karodzic's brother made a mistake that ultimately exposed his identity.

turn 1 : The woman worked with Interpol and had the opportunity to recognize Radovan Karodzic but she never did.

turn 1 : The candidate had something troubling in their past.

turn 1 : He did not just get carried away but he exaggerated his claims.


turn 2 :  Implied meaning: Radovan Karodzic was a war criminal but no one in the bar recognized him as such.

turn 2 : The phone call made by the person was a mistake that led to their identification as a potential associate of the war criminal Radovan Karadzic.

turn 2 : It does not seem clear on whether Trump made the phone call or received it

turn 2 : The woman worked with Interpol and had the opportunity to recognize Radovan Karodzic but she never did.


turn 2 :  Karodzic's brother's mistake ultimately led to his capture.

turn 2 : A brilliant blunder is not just a big mistake, but something that leads to progress.


turn 3 :  Implied meaning: Radovan Karodzic was a war criminal but no one in the bar recognized him as such.

turn 3 : The woman worked with Interpol and had the opportunity to recognize Radovan Karodzic but she never did.

turn 3 : The information was told to others when it was not supposed to be told.

turn 3 : Karodzic's brother's use of the SIM card was the final piece of evidence needed to identify him.


turn 4 : The verdict is a powerful landmark as genocide is difficult to prove in court

turn 4 : The mention of the Srebrenica massacre and the potential consequences for war criminals serves as a reminder that such heinous acts can lead to future accountability, even if justice is delayed.

turn 4 :  We're facing a situation where, in the next few years, we will be living in a world where there won't be Holocaust survivors. It's a population, obviously, that's very elderly, very sick, and passing away very rapidly. So we think it's a matter of justice and morality to address and to conclude this issue before that last of that generation disappears.  The implied meaning of A's statement is that they highlight the imminent loss of Holocaust survivors in the coming years. They emphasize the elderly, sickly condition of the survivors and the rapid rate at which they are passing away. A asserts that addressing and resolving the issue at hand is a matter of justice and morality, particularly before the last survivors of that generation are no longer alive.

turn 4 : And what makes this important, so many years after the terrible events we're talking about - after the crimes we're talking about?  The implied meaning of B's statement is that they are questioning the significance or relevance of the discussed matter after so many years have passed since the terrible events and crimes mentioned. They seek to understand the current importance or urgency of addressing the issue.


turn 4 :  Implied meaning: Radovan Karodzic was a war criminal but no one in the bar recognized him as such.

turn 4 : The sentence given to Karodzic serves as a warning to those who commit war crimes that there will be consequences for their actions.

turn 4 : (4) Implied Meaning: Is there any pressure on President Kabila to step down or face consequences for his unconstitutional actions?

turn 4 : Implied meaning: Is there any indication of what will happen next in the conflict?


And that - you know, that - it totally imbued his soul. He was - you know, I've been in the presence of a lot of great men. And almost all of them preferred to talk about themselves. He wanted to talk about you. And that's what made you fall in love with him.

Yeah. I don't want to draw everything to what's going on now. But, you know, you would have dinner with President Bush. You would talk about things. Did - can we draw distinctions between the kind of president he was and what we see in the country now?

Oh, Scott, there will be time for that conversation. And I'm sure it's being held. And of course there's - we're in a very different world now. But I think George - I can almost hear George Bush right now saying, now, now, let's not have any of that. He. . .

Yeah.

turn 2 : Political conversations can be contentious and require preparation

turn 2 : A believes that George Bush would want to avoid political discussions and focus on a more positive conversation.

turn 2 : The president is trying to divert attention away from negative news about him and his administration

turn 2 : Implies that the speaker is asking for the other person's opinion about the political implications of the current situation.


But you can imagine that if you don't exercise, you might lose it. So we haven't studied that, per se, but we were more interested in how the muscle can store and utilize sugar and fat as energy sources when it's working. And so those were the particular proteins and genes that we were studying.

So lest anybody think that this is a trait like Lamarck thought many years ago, that you're going to pass down the - that your DNA, from usage, has changed and you pass that down to your offspring, that's not what happens here.

Well, these chemical marks disappeared after exercise. . .

Yeah.

turn 1 : the turns whose actual meanings are different from their literal meanings. By saying "you're not one of these people that thinks I'm young and strong and nothing will happen"

turn 1 : as it is the only turn with an implied meaning different from its literal meaning.

turn 1 : Literally, this turn is a short response to A's previous statement about the time-lapse videos of human development. However, the implied meaning is that B understands and acknowledges A's previous statement about the videos featuring embryos, and is simply reiterating that fact.

turn 1 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 1 : The implied meaning of this turn is that it is not possible to pass down acquired traits to offspring.


The resignation of Michael Flynn as national security adviser came after leaks from anonymous sources inside the intelligence community. Anonymous sources have always been a source of tips for reporters, but they've been especially prominent in the first days of the Trump administration. Last night, President Trump called the American news media the enemy of the people. NPR's David Folkenflik joins us. David, thanks for being with us.

Always.

When The Washington Post broke this story, they cited nine current and former officials and said they spoke on condition of anonymity. What kind of editorial decision-making goes in to having a report like this appear?

You can be sure that this rocketed up to the very top of the news hierarchy at a newsroom like The Post. Just the very fact that they took nine sources that they clearly went out of their way to try to check, cross-check, double-check and question what they were about to report that the stakes were that high, that the ramifications of what they were going to report would be so significant that they were going to take this very seriously indeed. And I think you can see that by the solidity of the reporting as far as we know so far. And I think that's also a reflection of how uncertain this story has been to date. You know, if - you may remember before the election, The New York Times had reported that the FBI had found that there were no signs of, you know, such contacts. And I think on this subject, there's a care being given by The Post, by The Times and by other serious news organizations.

turn 1 : The speaker is acknowledging and agreeing with the previous speaker's statement, but does not provide any additional information or opinion. The meaning of this turn depends on the context of the conversation.

turn 1 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply an acknowledgement or agreement, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker may not be fully engaged or interested in the conversation. It could be interpreted as a way of signaling disinterest or a desire to move on to a different topic.

turn 1 : This is an expression of agreement, but it also implies that the speaker is willing to continue the discussion.

turn 1 :  while turn (3) implies agreement and understanding of the speaker's request.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker is aware that there may be differing opinions on the topic being discussed and is acknowledging the possibility of disagreement.


Always.

turn 2 : The cover story in question caused controversy but served an important purpose.

turn 2 : The story is a happy one that is also distracting and the people have been feeling sad so they need the story to make them happy again.

turn 2 : This question implies that a lot of thought and care went into the decision to publish the story.

turn 2 : The story was told to people and many became aware of it.


Always.

turn 3 : This statement implies that the newspaper was taking extra precautions to ensure the accuracy of their reporting.

turn 3 :  asking if the newspaper has been attacked in the past.

turn 3 : There is a possibility that the Trump administration may prosecute journalists.

turn 3 : The information was told to others when it was not supposed to be told.

turn 3 : It's a well-known fact that the government doesn't report accurate numbers.


If you thought the fight over the FBI's Russia investigation couldn't get any more contentious, this past week, of course, it did. The White House has refused to declassify a competing Democratic memo that challenges claims made by the Republicans alleging bias and abuse in the FBI. President Trump had given the OK to release the GOP memo. Both documents are products of infighting within the House intelligence committee. Jamil Jaffer was a lawyer in the White House under President George W.  Bush. And he was senior counsel to the House intel committee. He joins us from Colorado today. Welcome to the program.

Thanks. Good to be here, Lulu.

You've called this a, quote, "massive strategic miscalculation on the part of the White House. "Why?

Look. I mean, part of the challenge here is the president is alleging that there was massive corruption at the FBI, at the Justice Department - an attempt to engage in political surveillance. And by allowing one side's memo to come out - the House Republicans' memo to come out - without releasing the House Democrats' memo, it plays into that partisan narrative. And as a result, it discredits the ability to make the point that there was - whether there was or was not, in fact, problems with the FBI.

turn 0 : The implication of this turn is that people want to be able to look at the original documents and decide for themselves what is relevant and important, instead of relying on a news organization to make that determination.

turn 0 : It would suggest that the documents were physically produced as a result of infighting. However, the intended meaning is that the documents were created due to disagreements or conflicts within the House intelligence committee.

turn 0 : It is unclear exactly what the motive for the actions was.

turn 0 : They found out the information in an indirect way from people not involved.


Thanks. Good to be here, Lulu.

turn 2 : The Democratic memo contends Page was under surveillance for many reasons which initially had nothing to do with the controversial Steele dossier

turn 2 : The first memorandum makes unfounded allegations to undermine the FBI.

turn 2 : Republican memo was biased and used unreliable information.

turn 2 : The FBI intentionally avoided revealing that the Hillary Clinton campaign paid for the Steele dossier.

turn 2 : The White House made a mistake by not releasing the Democratic memo, which may discredit their claims of FBI corruption.


No. But what about the misinformation campaign that we keep discovering more about, hacking, what seems to be just a lot of Russian involvement on a lot of different fronts?Why - what is the Russian interest in causing unrest or consternation in the United States or Western Europe?

Well, actually, I think that causing unrest and consternation is an end in itself. And part of it - part of the goa; is psychological. You know, all of us are interested in seeing our worldviews affirmed. And Russia's worldview - the Russian - the contemporary Russian ideology is that the whole world is rotten. Everybody is corrupt. Everything is for sale. Elections and the United States are just as rigged as they are in Russia. And so sowing the kind of disruption that Russia is sowing first and foremost pursues the goal of affirming that view.

Much of your book is devoted to the stories of four Russians who'd hoped that when the Soviet Union came undone, free speech and democracy would take hold. What happened instead?

Well, actually, those four Russians were much too young to hope for anything when the Soviet Union collapsed. They were preschoolers or kindergarteners when the Soviet Union collapsed. But what happened - and I was interested in them because they came of age - you know, they - or they became human beings in the 1990s, a period that is variously portrayed as a flowering of democracy or as a period of chaos and, you know, robber barons and that sort of thing.

turn 1 :  (2) the implied meaning of "sowing disruption" is that Russia is attempting to spread confusion and uncertainty

turn 1 : that Russia views itself as a victim of a Western conspiracy and is retaliating with its own tactics.

turn 1 : They mean that this is not a small way of being associated with Russia.

turn 1 : EXPLAINATION: (2): The implication is that French airstrikes in Syria are the cause of the attacks.

turn 1 : It changes the way you think about the situation. Russia wants to capitalize on everyone's problems in the region.


turn 1 : (2) implies that Russia's goal is to promote a worldview that everything is corrupt and that its tactics are meant to psychologically influence others;

turn 1 : implies asking for an opinion on Russia's ambitions.

turn 1 : got their tentacles implies that Russia is involved and manipulative in many different aspects of foreign affairs


turn 3 : to imagine something in this context means to think that something was right, but they might be wrong

turn 3 : The turn whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning is (4) "He said to the sailors who were with him, he said, you men are young.I've lived the major part of my life; I'm willing to go."

turn 3 :  (4) the literal meaning of "hoped" is different from the implied meaning of "came of age" which is that they were old enough to form their own opinions.

turn 3 :  (4) is an expression of surprise. The implied meaning is an expression of admiration.

turn 3 : Turn (3) is an example of a statement whose meaning is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is not actually asking about the ages of the women, but rather expressing surprise or concern about how young some of them were.


turn 3 :  (4) implies that the four Russians were young during the collapse of the Soviet Union and experienced the transition to democracy or chaos during their adulthood.

turn 3 : They mean that this is not a small way of being associated with Russia.

turn 3 : implies asking for an opinion on Russia's ambitions.

turn 3 : Implies that A is being asked if the progress made involves any change in Russian behavior or policy.

turn 3 : (4) has an implied meaning different from its literal meaning. The speaker is describing the attack on the military base mentioned in (3). The attack was swift and professional, designed to minimize casualties. The fact that an ambulance followed the tank that crashed open the gate implies that the Russians were prepared for possible injuries or casualties, and were taking steps to minimize them.


Great to be here.

And a little background: It's been almost 20 years since the end of Guatemala's so-called Dirty War. General Rios Montt is now 86 years old. Some might wonder if justice delayed is justice denied.

Well, this obviously has been a really long time in coming for the victims of the crimes in Guatemala, and for their country, as well. I think the victims who had an opportunity to testify in the trial proceedings would say that justice ultimately was not denied, as a result of this really historic outcome, that I don't think anybody expected to happen.

Why?

turn 2 : coming year means the year that is coming up

turn 2 : A certain amount of time has passed by surprisingly quickly

turn 2 : a long time coming means something has been meaning to happen but hasn't happened until recently

turn 2 : the time has flown means time went by fast.

turn 2 : long lead time means it takes awhile for something to happen


Some of that is after 9/11, but you know, a lot more flags and a lot more talking about America's mission to do good around the world. You hear it from secretaries of state down to ordinary people. That's new. That wasn't there before.

But there's also pushback to that too. So there's a bit more - I noticed a little bit more serious engagement among people in the - certainly in Washington and policy circles who are talking more about how the U. S.  and the world should interact. There wasn't much of that before. It was more the U. S.  sort of saying we should do this, this is how it's going to be, we're laying down the law.

So there's changes going on, but these changes are mirrored by changes all over the world. So there's nothing particularly unique about what's going on in the U. S.

I remember speaking to you, I think it was about two and a half years ago, and you were reporting on - from one of the most stultified regions in the world, where nothing seemed to change, decades of ossification in the Arab societies around the Middle East. And you now live in one of the most, for better or for worse, dynamic places in the world.

turn 1 : The people should obey their leaders or lose their jobs.

turn 1 : Standing up for what is right even if it goes against the law.

turn 1 :  "put out of the country" in turn (4) is an idiom that means "to force someone to leave a place or country", which is different from its literal meaning.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of turn (1) is a request for information about the options available to the United States at present. The implied meaning, however, is that the speaker is concerned about the situation in Syria and is looking for possible courses of action that the United States could take to address the root cause of the humanitarian crisis there. The speaker believes that the Assad regime's practice of shelling populated areas not under its control is the main driver behind the crisis and that this should be the focus of the United States' response.

turn 1 : "Lay down the law" is an expression meaning the U.S. wouldn't listen to the needs of other countries, but would tell them what to do.


Well, what we hear is a lot of relief, really, that this relentless countdown to all-embracing war, civilians may be averted. But, of course, people are still afraid because what is not off is this war on terror. There are a number of listed terror organizations in Idlib, formerly called Al-Nusra and other groups. And they will be hit with air raids. They will be moved out of this buffer zone that you just described. They will be fought. And hundreds of thousands of civilians can still end up in the crossfire.

How do you establish and enforce a nine-mile demilitarized zone?

Well, the idea of Russia and Turkey is now that Nusra and the other extremist groups will either voluntarily go from this zone, or they will be forced out by other groups and that Turkey and Russia have agreed that there will be an enforcement of this.

The possibility of a battle in Idlib is figured to be probably the last battle of the Syrian civil war that's been going on for a number of years now. Does this agreement avoid that battle or merely postpone it?

turn 0 : There is a risk of a catastrophic situation if a full war breaks out in the area with civilians

turn 0 : A is concerned about the possibility of violent conflict with no other options.

turn 0 : Despite the relief of averted war, people are still afraid of the war on terror and the potential for civilian casualties.

turn 0 : The fear is intensified by the enormous amount of uncertainty.

turn 0 : The government is cautious in its approach towards the regime, but it's clear that the regime is not going to survive. However, the government is worried about taking action that might destabilize the region.


And then I decided to come out. Now it's been going on several hours. I'm several streets away from the Champs-Elysees, Scott, but the people - it's like it's the second revolution coming because people are turning over - they're building barricades in the street. We're still - we've got helicopters overhead. They're still firing tear gas. And everyone around me is wearing a yellow vest.

Now, fuel prices have gone up - I have read, I think - 23 percent over the past year. And protesters blame the government for this.

Well, the government - the French pay some of the highest gas prices in the world, like, about more than $6 a gallon, Scott. And the government says it's going to raise the taxes again in January to finance the transition to an ecological economy - you know, more environmentally friendly fuels.

And, you know, for people who have to drive to work - blue-collar workers, just everyday people - this is outrageous. They say they can't make it anymore, so they've come out into the street. And, Scott, this movement has no leaders. There are no unions behind it. There are housewives. There are retirees - regular people. There are people who have never protested before. So it's turned into a movement. No one knows where it's going to go now.

turn 0 : The social safety net is inadequate due to strict eligibility requirements and inadequate benefits.

turn 0 : There is a dangerous situation happening that requires people to seek shelter and take precautions.

turn 0 : It's important to take risks and learn from failure.

turn 0 : Despite the court case, people can still enroll for insurance


turn 1 : The government is not providing strong leadership, which is causing dissatisfaction among the people.

turn 1 : Fueling hate does not mean to give it gas but to make more people hate each other.

turn 1 : The protest will be disruptive and cause inconvenience to the city

turn 1 : They think it does make the government look bad to the public.

turn 1 : GOVERNMENT HAS INCREASED GAS PRICE SO PROTESTER  BLAMING THE GOVERNMENT


turn 1 : The unemployment rate is expected to rise to 8 percent, which is a significant increase.

turn 1 : The unemployment rate has dramatically increased in various metropolitan areas.

turn 1 : The U6 measure of unemployment is higher than the commonly understood unemployment rate.

turn 1 : The auto industry is experiencing trouble and unemployment is rising. The Dow Jones Index's drop below 8,000 has Wall Street concerned


turn 2 : Many people are losing their jobs and companies are going bankrupt.

turn 2 : The U6 measure of unemployment is higher than the commonly understood unemployment rate.

turn 2 : It will be difficult to keep the unemployment rate at 8 percent and it is likely to increase.

turn 2 : The unemployment rate has dramatically increased in various metropolitan areas.

turn 2 : The speaker explains that even though the general public has been well off, many people are starting to lose their jobs and companies are becoming bankrupt, leading to an increase in unemployment.


I think we overstate this, right?I really do. I think we overstate the threat that primaries pose, No. 1, to members. No. 2, what I would suggest is, OK, so what?That's your job. It's comes with the territory, right?And last time I checked, the Constitution wasn't written so that members could win re-election without threat, right?That's not the point.

The whole point - the whole basis of our regime of democratic accountability is so that members are held accountable for the decisions they make in office, not to push those decisions off elsewhere so that they can just keep winning. The only place where our views and our concerns are adjudicated in this wonderful nation of ours is in Congress. It's the only place. And if Congress isn't doing that, then Congress isn't doing its job.

So you seem less concerned that the president is overreaching than that the Congress is sitting on its hands.

I think that is the much bigger concern. The president most certainly it appears to be overreaching, right?I mean, this law has been passed presumably not to do end runs around Congress when the president can't get what he or she wants. So if you want funding, it seems to me, the best way to get it is to actually bargain and haggle and try to - and refuse to sign bills that don't give you that funding.

turn 0 : The candidate had something troubling in their past.

turn 0 : People who usually would vote for the Republican candidate are considering voting for Hillary Clinton instead.

turn 0 : Everyone is talking about something that no one can deny as everyone sees it. It might not upset people who like Bernie Sanders and make them want to vote for someone else.

turn 0 : The threat that primaries pose to members is not overstated


turn 1 : The people should obey their leaders or lose their jobs.

turn 1 : Congress is not doing its job and is passing their responsibilities to the president who then abuses his power

turn 1 : Members should be held accountable for the decisions they make in office

turn 1 : The administration should be planning for the future and not just focusing on immediate reactions


Well, right. He was famously portrayed by Schwarzenegger in the early '80s. And that image sort of holds true for the comics. He was a muscle-bound hulk. Conan the Barbarian was the main figure in a huge sub-genre of, like, sword and sorcery comics.

So what's the profile of a comic-book reader?

I don't know if I want to profile all comic-book readers, but these specific titles, Spider Man and Conan the Barbarian, are pretty escapist. You know, there's a wide world of comics out there at this point, but. . .

Right. Right. So does it say something that he doesn't choose Superman or Batman, kind of your obvious choices?

turn 2 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 2 : I see means in this context I understand

turn 2 : world in this context means that there is many

turn 2 :  (3) is not a meaningful statement, so its actual meaning is different from its literal meaning.

turn 2 : the group of people they are referring to have been pivotal to the success of the country


Let me follow up on a couple of things. Attorney General Sessions and the Justice Department announced the change on affirmative action and a big vow a crack down on leaks, following the leak of White House - of transcripts from White House conversations between President Trump and prime minister of Australia and the president of Mexico.

Yes. Now, Jeff Sessions, despite his very public dispute with the president, who has been unhappy with him publicly, continues to be quite busy at the Department of Justice. The affirmative action issue is not quite clear. The Department of Justice claims there was less to that story than was originally claimed, that, in fact, they're merely looking at a single lawsuit, not looking to overhaul American policy to attack affirmative action broadly across the country.

On Friday, Attorney General Sessions announced this wide-ranging effort to root out leaks, which have been very rampant in the - under this administration to the great displeasure of the president and those in his orbit, announcing that he will re-evaluate the Department of Justice's guidelines on how they deal with leaks and potentially seek to target journalists more than is already done.

And we should note, to be fair, the Obama administration targeted at least one journalist, James Rosen, who was - phone calls from. . .

turn 2 : The literal meaning of this turn is that people might think news organizations are concealing information, but the actual meaning is that people might think news organizations should not be concealing information.

turn 2 : (4) The literal meaning of turn (4) is that the reporter contacted the Department of Justice for comment, but the implied meaning is that the reporter wants to highlight the lack of response from the Department of Justice, which can suggest a lack of transparency or accountability.

turn 2 :  (3), the implied meaning is that the Department of Justice is taking a strong stance on leaks and may be targeting journalists more aggressively than they have in the past, which could have implications for press freedom.

turn 2 : Journalists may face jail time for refusing to testify against leakers.

turn 2 : The actual meaning of the third turn is that the speaker is implying that the current administration is trying to prevent important information from being released, and this is why they are pushing people to contact them with information.


Yeah. So, I mean, you know, I had gotten drunk once or twice. I actually bartended one of my mother's parties for her - the faculty of the English department of the local college. And I loved. . .

He always makes that point.

Well, I was 12, you know, I was old enough to serve alcohol. You didn't have to be. . .

You were bartending at the age of 12?

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Well, what we're flying in are what people call the Van Allen radiation belt - have to get a plug-in for Iowa, there, since Van Allen was from the University of Iowa. And this is a region of, sort of, doughnut-shaped, very energetic particles which surrounds our planet. There's actually two of them, sort of these rings around us, which are very high-energy particles. And that - when they're that high energy, we call them radiation. And this is a - this radiation can damage satellites or be unhealthy for astronauts. And so it's a region that most satellites try to avoid or spend as little time in as possible. But we want to understand how they work better, so we had to build something that could go there and live there.

And this transfer of energy in these belts is actually what's causing the noise, right?

Exactly so. It's quite an interesting process. The waves are kind of like a - almost like a catalyst or a carrier of the energy. So they come about out of lower energy electrons, we know, and the grow up. And then they give their energy up as they fade away into higher energy electrons, which become the energetic particles that we called the radiation belts. So they kind of are a transport mechanism, if you will, from low energy to high energy, and thereby help create the radiation belts.

And where does the energy come from in the first place that feeds these belts?

turn 2 : The discovery of the radiation belts was a result of a long process of understanding what was causing the detector to be overwhelmed by radiation.

turn 2 : The speaker is thanking Craig Kletzing for joining them and giving them insight on the radiation belts.

turn 2 : The waves are responsible for creating the high-energy radiation in the Van Allen radiation belt.

turn 2 : The energy released in the explosion is incredibly powerful.


So in 2006, a farmer named Shikharam Chaudhary was apprehended by forest rangers at Chitwan. They suspected him of helping his son bury a stolen rhinoceros horn in his backyard. So they took him back to the jail inside the park, and they interrogated him for a little over a week. And nine days later, Shikharam was dead.

Seven eyewitnesses in the jail said that he was being tortured. He was waterboarded. He was beaten and treated in really awful ways by the guards there. And as we found in our reporting, WWF stepped in. And they lobbied for the charges that were filed against the rangers in question to be dropped. And when they ultimately were, they celebrated the ruling.

So just so I understand, what is the link exactly between the actions of these rangers and the WWF?

So WWF funds, equips, trains and otherwise supports these forest rangers at national parks. Our investigation looked at six different countries in Africa and Asia. These forest rangers are employed by the government. But often there isn't that much money to make sure that they have supplies and training and everything else they need to do their job. So WWF often steps in to fill those gaps. And they provide them with everything from uniforms to cars to knives and riot gear and other things that can be used as weapons.

turn 3 : The person wants to know what other countries thought about it once it started.

turn 3 : The US and China both want to establish their own spheres of influence in the region.

turn 3 : They need the countries to realize this is the way things should be done in other countries.

turn 3 : THERE IS A BIG CHANGE THE PEOPLE HAVE ALREADY LOST THEIR MONEY

turn 3 : It tells about developed our nation and innovoted lot of things


Good morning.

Good morning.

So your reaction to this meeting - the president seems to rely on his own brand of personal politics to get things moving.

Absolutely. And Kim Jong Un knows this. That's why he's been trying very hard to separate President Trump from his advisers because he thinks there is a deal to be had by just directly dealing with the president. There are a couple noteworthy things that came out of this meeting. I noticed that Trump - President Trump saying that speed is not the object here because he's looking for a comprehensive deal. And then he hinted that sanctions could be lifted during the working-level negotiations.

This is a departure from the Trump administration's previous stance that sanctions would be lifted only after denuclearization. So I think the bottom line is President Trump is looking for a deal. And potentially, now that working-level negotiations are going to resume, there is a deal to be had.

turn 2 :  This turn actually means that the speaker is more concerned with the alternative (Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, or Bernie Sanders) than with a "Never Trump" attitude, and that it is important for the country and party to come together despite any reservations about Trump.

turn 2 : new frontier in this context means that the president is different, or does something differently

turn 2 : It's not literally a "brand" the president has; here it is referring to his own style and approach.

turn 2 : The president was satisfied with how he was perceived.

turn 2 : Implies that Bill Clinton should have known better than to take such an action.


So how did this come to your attention?

It was actually something that I feel like I had noticed being in sort of tourist-heavy destinations myself. It turns out that this is actually a phenomenon that's happening around the world. Barcelona, Paris, Tokyo are receiving floods of visitors that, in many cases, they just can't handle. So the number of international arrivals around the world - so the number of people going to a country that they're, you know, not a citizen or a resident of - has gone from 70 million in 1960 to 1. 4 billion today. So just really astonishingly explosive growth.

So you've talked about the root cause of this. And one is just that there are more people who are able to travel - right?- a larger middle class. But you also talk about business trends that have contributed to overtourism, especially new media. What can you tell us?

So there are sites like Airbnb and VRBO, which have increased what we might think of as the carrying capacity of certain cities. They've decreased the cost of staying in them, and they've allowed residents of those cities or property owners to rent rooms out, where all of a sudden it's just a lot easier to get a room; many more tourists can stay there.

turn 1 : although there are still migrants coming to Europe, the number has significantly decreased.

turn 1 : There is a serious need for public transportation in the region.

turn 1 : The number of international arrivals has increased rapidly in popular tourist destinations.

turn 1 : The unemployment rate has dramatically increased in various metropolitan areas.

turn 1 : Social media can significantly increase the number of visitors to remote locations, causing issues with facilities.


Well, he's a remarkable individual. He has transformed Indian politics. He has led his party from a very low level in parliament to an enormous majority. He has a party that is the largest single party in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament. He is seen as a transformative figure. He's also seen as a divisive figure because of his past, but he has promised - and some of the early indications are - that he's not allowing that extreme element within his party a powerful say in government.

You have come out with a study at the Atlantic Council that demonstrates some of the economic costs of the arms race, which includes not just the cost of the arms and the cost of maintaining the vast military structures, but the deficits that have been created - lost opportunities for tourism and other industries. Try and sketch that out for us, if you could.

Yes, the current trade is only $2 billion. Economics 101 dictates that you trade with your neighbors. It makes no sense for them to have trade with distant countries. But, if they were to go back to the level of trade that they had at the time of independence in 1947, you could have between $40 and $100 billion worth of trade between the two countries. And more important - if they open their borders to each other, you would have tourism trade. You would have religious tourism from both sides and you would have trade with Central Asia through Afghanistan.

And if India is going to become the major power that it wants to be in the region and on the global stage, it will need every ounce of energy.

turn 3 : (1)	A:	This was after years of drift.There is this new energy, this new vigor in this relationship, and there's also enormous excitement, Scott, over the president and the first lady returning to India.The president has this coveted seat at this dazzling display of Indian military hardware during Monday's Republic Day parade, which is actually meant to commemorate the Constitution.And he'll see in a flyover this huge U.S.-made Super Hercules lifter, a testament to the close defense ties between India and the U.S. (2)	B:	And is the president arriving at a time of enthusiasm in India? (3)	A:	Oh, he certainly is.They're here at a very heavy time.The stock market is on this bull run.It's hitting record highs.The IMF predicts that India's growth will actually outpace China's by 2016.So there's this energy here and there's this hope for improving the lives of 1.2 billion people, but that requires a lot of change.And that's what the president won't necessarily see - the 300 million Indians who don't have electricity, the 600 million who don't have access to clean toilets. (4)	B:	Speaking of energy, should we expect anything concrete out of these meetings?  Please choose the turns whose actual meanings are different from their literal meanings.

turn 3 : Moving to a different source of energy is necessary and a major difference between the two candidates

turn 3 : "it will need every ounce of energy" - The literal meaning is that India will need every unit of energy. The actual meaning is that India will need to put in a lot of effort to become a major power in the region and on the global stage.


Yeah, it's a peculiar thing. What John McCain has said was that his vote was consistent with his early view that we ought not be limiting the military options available, and that those options ought not be constrained and that using enhanced interrogation techniques are something that is useful to the military. But that, of course, contradicts what he has been saying on the campaign trail all along, which is that he's opposed to torture and opposed to these sorts of things. So there's a real inconsistency there, but John McCain seems to think that there is some way to reconcile his position.

So here's the huge question. Is waterboarding legal?What do you think?

Well, you know, that's a great question. You know, if you sort of go back and look at the history of waterboarding, at least in America with respect to prosecutions and laws that have been passed up, you get the growing sense that it is unlawful, that it is illegal, that it's you know, a violation of the U. N.  declaration of human rights. It's a violation of the U. N.  Convention Against Torture. It's a violation of the United States Detainees Torture Act of 2005. The CIA has said that it has not used this since 2003. It prohibited the use in 2006, and so on and so forth. So you would think that there seems to be some consensus growing that it is unlawful. And yet the attorney general has yet to define waterboarding as torture and illegal.

So why is it so hard to determine whether it's torture or not?

turn 0 : (1) The actual meaning of turn (1) is different from its literal meaning, as it implies that the speaker is ready to defend their state against any legal challenges from the Trump administration and has a track record of success in litigation against them, indicating a confident and confrontational approach.

turn 0 : The literal meaning of turn (1) is a request for information about the options available to the United States at present. The implied meaning, however, is that the speaker is concerned about the situation in Syria and is looking for possible courses of action that the United States could take to address the root cause of the humanitarian crisis there. The speaker believes that the Assad regime's practice of shelling populated areas not under its control is the main driver behind the crisis and that this should be the focus of the United States' response.

turn 0 : (1) has an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The literal meaning is that the speaker is asking if there is any sign of improvement in the situation being discussed, but the implied meaning is that the situation is bad and the speaker is hoping for some positive news or indication that things will get better.

turn 0 : A's turn: The actual meaning is that John McCain's position on enhanced interrogation techniques is inconsistent with what he has been saying on the campaign trail, and he seems to be trying to reconcile this inconsistency. The words used may imply that John McCain is being deceptive or inconsistent.

turn 0 : (1) - The actual meaning is that every president in their first year faces unexpected challenges, and Donald Trump is currently facing one. He may be feeling the pressure and acting out as a result.


turn 2 :  "It puts illegal behavior, in a way, on the same level as dislikable and unfair behavior" - The actual meaning is not that illegal behavior and dislikable behavior are being equated, but rather that both types of behavior are being reported anonymously without any substantiation, making it difficult to differentiate between them.

turn 2 : The actual meaning is that there is growing consensus that waterboarding is unlawful and violates various international and US laws, but the attorney general has not yet defined it as torture and illegal. The words used may imply that the speaker thinks it is clear that waterboarding is illegal and the attorney general's inaction is troubling.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The Navy was concerned that the wreck was being illegally salvaged and the recreational dive companies were unaware of the consequences of their actions.

turn 2 : The turn that has an actual meaning different from its literal meaning is (4): "How do you cast sculptures in what amounts to an underwater gallery, not just this installation in the Thames, obviously, but some that you've done all over the world?"

turn 2 : (3) has an actual meaning different from its literal meaning. The speaker is discussing how video games can impose consequences for harming civilians in-game, and how this is similar to the rules set by the Geneva Conventions in real-life conflicts. The implied meaning is that video game developers have a responsibility to consider the consequences of their game mechanics and the messages they send to players.


So, you know, Emily, when your sister is in and out of the hospital, and you're bringing her books, you talk about teaching her about emotions. Can you just give an example of what you mean by that?Like, what is a conversation you had to have with your sister?

Well, it mostly happened, like, your emotions are biological events that happen in your body. It's physiological, real. Emotions are not just in your head. They are all over your body, in your chemistry. So she's reading these books, and she sees the word rage on the page and spontaneously bursts into sobs. And she calls me on the phone, and is like, your book here says that feelings are physical.

I was like, you're a choral conductor who expresses emotion through your body. You practice yoga. And she still, sort of, had not put it together that just because you've dealt with the stressors, that doesn't mean that you've dealt with the physical event of the stress in your body.

One of the lessons in your book is about completing the stress cycle. I loved this analogy of yours, this idea of a lion. Explain the concept of completing the stress cycle through the lion, Emily.

turn 1 : By being a touchstone it means it will be a strong stable moment that will evoke emotion.

turn 1 : Emotions are not just mental, but physical experiences in the body.

turn 1 : The story is emotional and difficult to hear.

turn 1 : Pushing away emotions and experiences only leads to exhaustion and they must be faced.

turn 1 : not a heart literally full of something, but full as in happy or content


turn 1 : The speaker is mentioning a song that reflects their current emotions.

turn 1 : Emotions are not just a mental state but have a physical aspect to them.


turn 2 : Moving your body more than usual can help buffer long-term damage caused by stress.

turn 2 : Lack of medical resources and delayed operations have negative effects on patients' health.

turn 2 : Physical touch and affection can help complete the stress response cycle and create a feeling of safety.

turn 2 : Managing stress requires dealing with its physical effects on the body.

turn 2 : Suggesting that adults are often responsible for causing problems.


Well, again, these Italian researchers, the one who did the randomness stuff, looked at this and thought, we can write this up as a simple mathematical description. And they did, and it plays out in a simple way. And that's what led them to their paper in a physics journal that says, we're better off choosing politicians at random, because otherwise, we're all far too prey to this universal plague of stupidness.

That's - what better place to end it, Marc. Thank you very much. Marc Abrahams is editor. . .

. . . and co-founder of the Annals of Improbably Research. . .

Thank you, Ira.

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No, he has not. And. . .

How are you going to get him to do it?

Well, I'm not worried about process. We expect to be able to get all the information we want. It'll be sooner or later. I hope it'll be sooner, not later. But I can guarantee you one of the things that we can guarantee is we're not going to sit idly by and allow this kind of obstruction.

If everything goes the way you would like it to unfold in the House - if the president is impeached and then Republicans in the Senate protect him, does that end up playing right into the White House's hands?

turn 2 : All they can do is accept what happened to them before.

turn 2 : The situation is uncertain and they need to take it one step at a time

turn 2 : They are not going to do nothing while the obstruction is going on.

turn 2 : It is easier to do something when there are no obstacles (guards) around.

turn 2 : The reporter tries to avoid getting caught up in the action.


Like what, as you see it?

Well, there are a few things. First of all, ABC did try to get the case dismissed in the early going and the judge declined to do that. They tried to remove the case to federal court, which is a pretty well accepted strategy. But they couldn't remove it to federal court. So they were going to end up trying the case, really, in the plaintiff's backyard. So I think that those were risks combined with the fact that there's obviously a great deal of sort of free floating anti-media sentiment out there these days, which is hard to quantify. And the amount that was being requested by the plaintiff was, you know, billions, literally, billions of dollars.

Does a large settlement like this just embolden other people to sue media companies?

Well, I think that after we see a large verdict or a large settlement, we do tend to see an uptick. Many plaintiffs and their lawyers think that maybe media entities are easy get-rich-quick targets. I think that's a mistake.

turn 2 : (3) implies agreement with the previous statement and reinforces the idea that the media environment has structural issues that prevent reasonable conversations.

turn 2 : The company may be motivated to pay the settlement to avoid further legal complications.

turn 2 : Litigation could result in a huge delay in getting information.

turn 2 : is asking if a large settlement will encourage others to file lawsuits against media companies

turn 2 : 'They'll keep piling suits directly to family members' would be written in the literal sense as 'plaintiffs will file several lawsuits against family members directly'


Like what, as you see it?

turn 3 : There is a possibility that the Trump administration may prosecute journalists.

turn 3 : (3) implies agreement with the previous statement and reinforces the idea that the media environment has structural issues that prevent reasonable conversations.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that A is implying that the way media is consumed has changed drastically, and this could lead to the failure of the American experiment.

turn 3 : asking if there is a general perception that media companies are easy targets for lawsuits.

turn 3 : The complaint was about someone that exposed something being done illegally by another person or group.