Let me go from pickles to apples and Poland because the agricultural minister apparently went on TV saying he thought Russia had broken international law with the embargo. And now they're asking the United States to purchase Poland's excess apples, which must be a lot of apples. Is Poland more exposed than, say, Germany?

On fruit, Poland is much more exposed than Germany. If you look at the exposure of countries - Poland on produce, Britain on finance, France has a big military order with Russia and there's a dispute over whether those vessels - those ships should be delivered. And for Germany, Volkswagen - those are the companies that are worried. So the food sanctions business doesn't hit Germany like it hits Poland.

Norwegian salmon - I guess there's also concern there too because even - there's only so much salmon even Norwegians themselves can eat and they need Russia's - that market.

Sure, and that's a big market for Norway. Fish producers in Britain are also very worried about it. But the countries say they will go on. And they also assert who's this going to hurt?If you read the Russian press, there is a view that sanctions against - or the reverse sanctions, as it were, by Russia against the European Union will actually help Russian producers. They say this is the chance for us to produce and to get our own markets going.

turn 3 : "It's a trend we've seen" is a statement about a trend, not a literal description of what the speaker has seen.

turn 3 : "Looks like we have a lot to catch up on" might imply that the speaker and listener have not talked or seen each other in a while and there is a lot of news or updates to share.

turn 3 : to keep an eye on means to watch something closely

turn 3 : Suggesting that the other person should watch The Daily Show to see the speaker's appearance.

turn 3 : (4) "we've seen a huge increase" - The implied meaning here is that there has been a significant increase in the number of political references in obituaries on the website Legacy.com over the past few election cycles. The literal meaning is simply that there has been an increase.


turn 3 :  Implies that the new sanctions are going to make life very difficult for the individuals named, and that there may be more sanctions in the future.

turn 3 : Implies that A is being asked if the progress made involves any change in Russian behavior or policy.

turn 3 : The literal meaning is about how the countries are going to continue despite the sanctions, but the actual meaning is about how the sanctions could benefit Russian producers.

turn 3 : implies asking for an opinion on Russia's ambitions.

turn 3 : They mean that this is not a small way of being associated with Russia.


It says, he that copieth this letter shall be blessed of me. He that does not shall be cursed, etc. , etc.

Oh, my gosh. Gotcha. And people believe this?Or enough people?

Many people believed it because they needed to or they wished to because the gaps in history - we have nothing from Christ's life that survives directly, physically from that moment. And so people wanted to fill in gaps - desperately to fill in gaps so that they could feel closer to the concept of a Jesus that was like them.

Well, show us something else.

turn 3 : B confirms that the president is a recent one and hints at Bill Clinton being the right answer.

turn 3 : (4) is a straightforward denial of B's implied meaning, and does not carry any additional implied meanings beyond that.

turn 3 : It implies that A believe and understand what B means to a large extent.

turn 3 : B is suggesting that A should provide evidence other than the letter to prove its authenticity.

turn 3 : (4) Seriously? could mean that B is surprised, does not believe, or is challenging A's statement.


(Laughter).

. . . To navigate these tricky moments where the relationship changes. And so, first of all, tell us about Nana. And what was your relationship like with her before your relationship had to change?

My relationship with her in my childhood was charmed and golden. She was indulgent. She bought me a record player when I was 3 and let me play anything I wanted, gave me ball gowns to dress in and ice cream. And it was lovely.

But Nana was no joke, right?

turn 1 : that the acquaintance between the two people had grown over the years.

turn 1 : It's not an insult to think about what has happened again and to make sense of it and see where things were related to each other.

turn 1 : He is the sort of person that still acts like a kid even though he is an adult.

turn 1 : The statement implies that the relationship was from childhood but has now taken a new dimension.


So expect some of them to say, look, we promised Italians to change this country, we're going to do that. And so they already proved that in Bologna, where I am, actually. It's - they've been successfully here in Emilia-Romagna. They were successfully in Parma and in Sicily. They cut deals all the time, American style, really cutting deals on the legislative floor without the parties, and they were very successful.

Well, you've said what you thought should happen. What's your best guess as to what you think will happen?

My bet is that they will find some way - some agreement with - between the Democratic Party and Beppe Grillo's Five Star Movement. Actually, quite - they share - they both are sort on the liberal side of things, to use an American category. They're not right-winger at all. That's my prediction. If Beppe Grillo refuses to do that, he risks, number one, a kind of split within his party, number one.

And number two, if we go back to the polls in ruins next year, with, you know, the (unintelligible) and problem with our bonds, and all that, I think Beppe Grillo will have the hard time to tell Italians, look, I have so many votes and I just threw them away. And I think next time, he's going to have not 25, 30 percent, but 10 percent. It's not in his interest to do that.

turn 3 : implies a contrast between the two parties and the different ways that they conduct their caucuses.

turn 3 : 'he risks a kind of split within his party' means there is a possibility of division within the party, not literally splitting into two parts.

turn 3 : The political divide between the Democratic and Republican parties is not the only divide that exists, there are divides within the two parties as well.

turn 3 :  you imply that something is the case

turn 3 : He wants to believe that an agreement will be reached that benefits everyone.


And then the phone rang a few times, but I didn't pick it up. And, you know, you don't always answer your phone when you're having dinner on a Saturday night.

Right. Right.

But he was alive at that time?

The answer is no. He wasn't.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker might be implying a hidden agenda or ulterior motive behind their words, actions, or decisions, without making it explicit.

turn 2 : So that's when I called his mom. And her cousin picked up and said - Alex, you need to get on the next plane to Sri Lanka. There's been a bombing. And Kieran is hurt, and he's here in the hospital.  In this turn, the literal meaning is that the speaker called the mother of someone and was informed by the cousin that there had been a bombing in Sri Lanka and Kieran was hurt and in the hospital. However, the implied meaning is that there was a serious and potentially life-threatening situation that required immediate action.

turn 2 : The speaker is suggesting that the situation might not be as serious or dangerous as it initially seemed.

turn 2 : (3) has an implied meaning different from its literal meaning. The speaker is describing a military base that was not strategically important but was taken over by Russian forces because it was symbolic. The base was given an ultimatum to evacuate, but the soldiers and pilots chose to stay and fight. The speaker describes the situation as "very expected," which implies that similar events have occurred before.

turn 2 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer


Right. Right.

But he was alive at that time?

The answer is no. He wasn't.

turn 4 : "and that was the beginning of the fatalities." - The implied meaning here is that the fall resulted in people dying, rather than just being the start of a sequence of events.

turn 4 : : "Yup. Much like Martin Luther King, he had his young life cut short by gunfire from a white assassin." Implied meaning: "The person being discussed was a prominent figure in the fight for equality, and was assassinated for his beliefs."

turn 4 : The answer is no. He wasn't.  In this turn, the literal meaning is that the person in question was not alive at a certain time. However, the implied meaning is that there was a tragic event or circumstance that led to the person's death, which is being discussed.

turn 4 : Did his brother's death, in a sense, liberate him to seek a new identity, to travel, to get to know and reflect the world?  In this turn, the literal meaning would be asking if the brother's death physically freed him to pursue a new identity and travel. However, the implied meaning goes beyond the literal words and suggests whether the brother's death had a profound impact on the person's perspective and motivation, allowing them to explore new aspects of life and gain a deeper understanding of the world.


After he infected you?

Yeah, yeah.

So, let me get this straight. He infected you. You went back to him, and then he didn't want to be associated with you because other people knew about you?

Right. And he was scared his own status would be revealed. They would, you know, he was scared people would think, oh, she got it from him, and things like that.

What was it that you think made you go back to him when many other people would say I'm so angry I want to smack this guy up the head, or worse?

turn 0 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 0 : This implies that the lack of adequate medical supplies has been affecting the medics response to the virus.

turn 0 : you imply that something is the case

turn 0 : B is asking if viruses can easily infect multiple species or if there needs to be specific conditions.

turn 0 : THERE WAS QUARREL BETWEEN TWO AND ONE GOT INFECTED BY OTHER


After he infected you?

Yeah, yeah.

turn 4 : a slap in the face in this context means someone did something shocking to someone else that they didn't like

turn 4 : "Struck by a phrase" does not mean that someone physically hit someone else with words. It means that someone was caught by a specific expression or a saying that got their attention.

turn 4 : smack implies giving the person a quick blow or slap

turn 4 : 1- The speaker got into a fight because someone hit him after he danced with someone else's partner. It was a territorial dispute between gangs. It was also a way to gain respect. 4- The speaker was surrounded by guys and warned his friend not to give up.


It's a pleasure to be with you. And thank you very much for having me.

So this issue has been kind of dancing around the edges of political discourse for years now. I mean, Jesse Jackson made it part of his platform when he ran for president in 1988. And as we mentioned, your former colleague, Representative Conyers, reintroduced the bill in every congressional session for 25 years. But now it seems to be gaining some traction again. Why do you think that is?

I frankly believe that there's something to elections - And this is a Democratic House with Democratic leadership - and also the times. And it is tragic, but it is real that we've seen an uptick in racial incidences - white supremacy, white nationalism. And so the question of slavery, frankly, has never been addressed, particularly from the institutional governmental perspective. And I've updated the language of the resolution, HR40, and that is that it is a commission to study and to engage in proposals, recommendations on the question of reparation.

And it really goes to, I think, more people understanding that 40 acres and a mule was a legitimate concept right after the Emancipation Proclamation, and that never happened. But yet cotton was king. It was an economic engine of the entire United States. And so the prominence of the United States today in the 21st century is grounded on the free brutal labor that Africans gave and their descendants.

turn 0 : "Thank you" - The literal meaning is an expression of gratitude or appreciation.

turn 0 : "Thank you" is a polite expression of gratitude. Its meaning is literal and straightforward.

turn 0 : "Welcome.Thank you so much for coming." - The actual meaning is the same as the literal meaning. The intended meaning is a genuine welcome and appreciation for the guest's presence.

turn 0 : Expressing gratitude for the invitation and glad to be here.

turn 0 : Thank you for having me with you. Implicated meaning: Expressing gratitude for the invitation or hospitality.


turn 1 : The human rights lawyers took up the case to end human trafficking and modern-day slavery.

turn 1 : The issue of reparations for slavery is gaining more attention recently, especially with Democratic leadership and the rise of racial incidents.

turn 1 : Democrate are really taking about race and resources to combat white supremacy.

turn 1 : The success of one man of color does not mean the end of systemic discrimination against people of color, and addressing issues of racism and white privilege requires active effort beyond electoral politics.

turn 1 : Advocating for the abolition of the death penalty can empower black America


turn 2 : There is doubt whether the Congress will be able to come up with a comprehensive solution for all the issues and it may require multiple attempts

turn 2 : the democrats did everything they could to make it look bipartisan.

turn 2 : The election of a Democratic House and the rise of white supremacy have made it possible for the issue of slavery and reparation to gain more attention.

turn 2 : Democrate are really taking about race and resources to combat white supremacy.

turn 2 : suggests that the Democratic Party must put forth a more persuasive and powerful economic message to win more elections


The tornado that struck Oklahoma this week was classified as an EF5, highest ranking on the Enhanced Fujita scale. And if you've seen the pictures from Oklahoma, you have a sense of how powerful it was. And this storm visited towns that have been struck in the past. Moore, Oklahoma, had been hit by another EF5 in 1999. In fact, if you look at a national map of tornado probability, you'll see a kind of bull's eye radiating out right from around Moore. But why is that?What makes some parts of the country so susceptible to tornadoes?Basically, why does Tornado Alley exist at all?

Joining me now to talk about how tornadoes form and how our understanding of tornadoes is linked to our ability to predict them is Marshall Shepherd. He's the president of the American Meteorological Society and the director of the Atmospheric Sciences Program at the University of Georgia. Welcome back to the show, Dr.  Shepherd.

Oh, always happy to join you.

So tell us why. Why is it that some parts of the country are so twister prone?

turn 0 : The forecast for the tornado warning was exactly right for the place and time it issued it.

turn 0 : The bull's eye reference isn't literal. It means that on a map, Moore, OK is the center of a lot of tornado activity.

turn 0 : The hurricane caused severe destruction and devastation in the area.

turn 0 : The tornadoes did not actually hit but touched down in the areas.

turn 0 : The speaker is taking measures to protect their home from potential storms in the future


I don't know that all of it will be seen. Some of the evidence went to the grand jury, and in order for that to be revealed, you'd have to go to the judge and show a particularized need for disclosure. There's also some FBI reports and other types of evidence and possibly Freedom of Information Act requests - we'll get that. But I don't think you're going to see everything that the prosecutors accumulated and might have presented in the criminal case.

Because now there's going to be a bunch of different investigations into the circumstances surrounding Jeffrey Epstein's death, might that reveal some information that otherwise would have been hidden?

Well, that's a possibility because as they look at people, there's all sorts of conspiracy theories already floating out there. And as they start investigating who might have had an interest, who had a motive, might that information come out?It could. But we don't know yet. And many questions still may not be answered. I think for the victims, this is going to be hard because they're never going to see Jeffrey Epstein in court, get what they think is due to him. But I think more of the information still could come out.

As you mentioned, there have been a lot of conspiracy theories about Epstein's death. And people are angry. And and I'm wondering, do you share that feeling?

turn 2 : The answer to (2) is not a literal request for information, but instead implies a feeling of disbelief and surprise that such a thing could happen.

turn 2 : The theories do not float but are being spoken out to repeatedly to a large number of people to see if others will believe them.

turn 2 : Although the speaker says "we know that's true," they are not expressing a belief that the events described in turn (2) are factual. Rather, they are acknowledging the information that has been presented and using it as a basis to introduce a theory about what might have happened to the crewmen. T

turn 2 : It's a high level concept but it's exaggeration to say that it's fictional.


Mm-hmm. A skyscraper overlooking the Sydney Harbor was named best tall building from Asia and Australia. Why?Why was this tall building a standout?

Well, this, again, is a very beautiful tower, but that is innovating in that a large part of the building is naturally ventilated. And we lost our way with tall buildings in architecture generally maybe 60, 70 years ago when we had the freedom to disconnect them from their environment by creating enclosed, mechanically ventilated boxes.

So this is a, you know, a 60-story tower in Sydney which uses the wind, the ventilation, to naturally ventilate a huge atrium, which runs the full height of the building. Quite innovative.

You say that 95 percent of the tall buildings in the world are terribly designed.

turn 1 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 1 : "lost our way" is a figurative expression that means to have made a mistake or taken the wrong approach in a certain area. It does not refer to physical location or direction.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using metaphors or analogies to convey a complex idea or emotion in a more relatable or understandable way.

turn 1 : The turn "Literally, I went to the scene of the crime" is meant to be taken at face value as a statement about the speaker physically going to the location where a crime was committed. There is no figurative or non-literal meaning to this turn.

turn 1 : The turn in (2) is a figurative expression and its actual meaning is different from its literal meaning.


turn 3 : "terribly designed" is a figurative expression that means poorly designed or not meeting certain standards. It does not refer to buildings that are literally falling apart or unusable.

turn 3 : Literally, the turn means that the Absolute Towers are unique because they are curvy and organic, and also serve a purpose. However, the implied meaning is that most tall buildings are not designed with both aesthetics and functionality in mind, whereas the Absolute Towers manage to achieve both.

turn 3 : "fits in with the rest of the buildings" - This is a figurative expression that means to be harmonious with the surrounding architecture or cultural context, rather than literally fitting in like a puzzle piece.

turn 3 : I do not think that the ugliness mentioned is meant to be literal but metaphorical.

turn 3 : not a physical drawing board or easel, but the most important thing on an agenda or plan; not a physically big-in-size plan, but a plan with many elements or parts to it


Yeah.

You look ahead, and what do you see?Just life is going to be a kind of process of trying to figure out how to live on very reduced circumstances.

Yeah. And my grandparents raised me, and they did live through the Depression. And I've kind of gone back more and more to how they coped. I remember my grandmother telling me how they had to eat the kids' pet chickens for dinner.

Cutting back to two meals a day, that's two things, dire circumstances and also an enormous amount of self discipline.

turn 1 : The problem is extremely hard and difficult to understand as well as constantly changing.

turn 1 : Life should be lived in the moment rather than for posterity.

turn 1 : The issue being discussed involves human lives and families, making it emotionally charged and difficult to solve.

turn 1 : Life is going to be a challenge due to reduced circumstances.

turn 1 : It's important to take risks and learn from failure.


Yeah.

turn 1 : Everybody isn't struggling, but enough people are to make it notable that Person A is making money.

turn 1 : Life is going to be a struggle due to limited resources

turn 1 : The story is emotional and difficult to hear.

turn 1 : Being good at something is not enough for success.


We wanted to show that it's much more than just the bad guys and the good guys. I remember that I went to the writer's room. And when we were sitting there, I said, I really want to be able and love and want to play every and each role in this show. Most of the terrorists that I saw on TV shows and movies are just the bad guys. Nothing - they didn't have kids. They didn't have families. They didn't have love. They didn't have anything.

And we wanted to show that. We wanted to show that the Israelis - they are not just the soldiers, the brutal bad soldiers. And this is why people feel compassion for both sides. But I can tell you that the terrorists in our show, when they go out in the streets of Israel - even in settlements - it doesn't matter where - people just want to take a selfie with him.

(Laughter).

They became sex symbols for Jewish and Arabs. It doesn't matter. It's like - it's crazy (laughter).

turn 3 : B is asking A if he got a good photograph of the inauguration

turn 3 : This implies that people are already curious to know how A intends to defeat Trump.

turn 3 : The fact that people want to take selfies with terrorists is surprising and absurd.

turn 3 : The turn (3) "those people who are accidentally finding themselves in the situation of taking risky selfies" is an example of figurative language, as the phrase "accidentally finding themselves" implies a lack of agency or responsibility. In reality, individuals make a conscious decision to take risky selfies, and this phrase may be used to downplay their responsibility for their actions.

turn 3 : Funny things that make people think and stick in their mind


The third-longest-serving justice on the U. S.  Supreme Court is issuing a warning. Stephen Breyer was nominated by President Bill Clinton. He took his seat on the court in 1994 and is now part of the court's liberal minority. He wrote an unusual opinion released yesterday. In it, Justice Breyer appeared to send a message to his conservative colleagues on the bench, urging them to respect precedent and only overrule it when the circumstances demand it. His comments came in a dissent, after the Supreme Court ruled that a state cannot be sued in the courts of a different state by a private party unless it gives its permission.

Amy Howe is in studio with us this morning. She's co-founder of the SCOTUSblog. Amy, thanks for coming in.

Thanks for having me.

So can you flesh out the context of this warning?I said it came in a dissent. What more can you tell us about what led Justice Breyer to do this?

turn 2 : having me implies hosting someone or engaging with someone and not referring to owning someone


So what is this thing about turning Girl Scout cookies into graphene?

All right, we'll start with a little reminder about graphene. Graphene is just a form of carbon. It's a form of carbon people knew existed, but just about eight or so years ago, for the first time, people were able to get enough of it to actually look at it. It's the two-dimensional form. It's like a big sheet of chicken wire, that's the shape, and it's really hard to get.

The guys who figured it out did it in a goofy way, using pencil and scotch tape. When you write with a pencil, that stuff that comes off, that graphite, that's really sheets, and sheets and sheets of this thin stuff. But separating those, that was expensive.

The numbers you've tossed around show you how expensive. People have been able to do experiments. They've found all kinds of really interesting possibly valuable properties, but nothing, no industry is really going to start until they can make enough of this stuff cheaply to use it.

turn 3 : He was having a hard time thinking of an idea and then saw something.

turn 3 : tossed around refers to putting ideas out there without much thought

turn 3 : to put something in this context is to explain something

turn 3 : They could not come up with an idea that would impress people.


We're now going to take a look at another flood and what lessons it may have for Houston and other cities facing the possibility of disaster. Twenty years ago, 50,000 residents were evacuated from Grand Forks, N. D. , when the red river burst its banks. At the time, it was the largest displacement ever in an American city.

What followed was a painful process of raising homes, redrawing maps and building flood walls. The town has been well-protected ever since. Michael Brown has been the mayor of Grand Forks since the year 2000. And he joins us now. Good morning.

Good morning.

So can you remind us, first, of the devastation your city faced in 1997?Take us back.

turn 1 : The governor has had a hard time finding common ground in the legislature to get things done due to the difficulty in passing a budget.

turn 1 : The flooding is so severe that familiar landmarks are unrecognizable.

turn 1 : "And to have built it there in the first place would be crazy, and they rebuilt it anyway." - The literal meaning of this turn is that building a city in a vulnerable location is illogical, yet they rebuilt it regardless. The actual meaning is that the city was rebuilt despite the knowledge of its vulnerability.

turn 1 : The development of the city will be very difficult due to the lack of infrastructure.

turn 1 : "a painful process of raising homes, redrawing maps and building flood walls" implies that the recovery efforts in Grand Forks were challenging and required significant investment and resources, rather than a straightforward or easy process.


All right. My apologies there.

Oh, thank you.

Well, technical glitch. Thanks very much for being with us. And you wrote about your experience as a child actor in an article for the website Cracked. And you wrote you're glad you weren't Olsen twins famous, but you are pretty famous.

Well, thank you. I mean, I think that when I was child, acting was mostly just a hobby for me. It was something that my parents encouraged me to think of the way that my brothers thought of their cross-country classes, or my little sister to dance classes and art classes, and it was something like that for me. You know, the other kids were playing Little League or Pee-Wee hockey or whatever, and I was - well, I was an actor.

That's the way that I saw it. So I never really realized how much of an impact that was having on other kids' lives. And still to this day, I'm not sure how much on an impact I really had.

And you wrote in your piece that this was your choice. You didn't have a stage mom and stage dad. This was something you wanted to do.

turn 2 : The speaker feels he has reached the height of his professional career by performing in a certain venue

turn 2 : He was happy to attend the talk show

turn 2 : She was a remarkable and iconic figure who would still be celebrated today.

turn 2 : He jokes to the person that he can be seen and found everywhere all the time.

turn 2 : He is glad that he is not so famous that he is recognized everywhere he goes all of the time.


You don't see anything problematic with the underlying facts - the fact that, according to the unclassified transcript released by the White House, immediately after the Ukrainian president talks about buying more Javelin missiles, the president is asking Zelenskiy to do him a favor, though - his words - and then he turns the conversation to investigating former Vice President Joe Biden and his son. You have no problem with that.

Yeah, that is not an accurate description of the transcript. I've read the transcript. I've read the whistleblower account. And in neither one of those documents is there something that appears to be high crimes and misdemeanors, which is what the Founding Fathers created the impeachment process to account for to begin with. It should only be used in extraordinary circumstances to impeach a president for high crimes and misdemeanors. I have yet to hear an account by any Democrat on Capitol Hill of where the high crimes and misdemeanors are found in the whistleblower account or the transcript.

OK.  That would be an interpretation of those facts, though. Just let me be very clear. I'm just reading from the transcript. I have it in front of me, and my rendering of it is entirely accurate. What we're talking about here is what the interpretation should be of that and isn't that what the inquiry is for?

Well, I would love to hear you read the part of the transcript that would indict the president of high crimes and misdemeanors. I mean, it's not there.

turn 1 : They read the account from the person that made public the illegal deads of the government.

turn 1 : They think it does make the government look bad to the public.

turn 1 :  implies that the investigators used information from the traffickers to further investigate the route of the people who survived the tragedies.

turn 1 : The banks lent money to people and other banks without anyone knowing or monitoring them.

turn 1 : There might be more alleged victims in the federal indictment


So, I think, you know, I didn't expect her to do anything huge after "Dream Girls. "I think that's just sort of the name of the game. When you're an African-American actress, you take what you can get. And this is a big film. It's a small role, but it's in a huge movie that will probably do incredibly well. I just thought she was ill-fitted. I didn't think she belonged in it.

Kelly Rowland, you mentioned her name, Destiny's Child.

MS.  SAMUELS: Right.

She basically said she wanted the part.

turn 0 : Turn (1) has an implicated meaning that is different from its literal meaning. Although the speaker denies that the remarks were racially motivated, the implication is that the speaker believes they were in fact racially motivated, and is trying to downplay or avoid addressing that implication.

turn 0 : The speaker is pointing out the cultural differences between America and their country, where America tends to cover up imperfections while their country embraces them. Implicated meaning: The speaker values authenticity and honesty over superficial appearances.

turn 0 : The speaker is expressing their opinion about the actress's ability to get roles in Hollywood as an African-American woman, and how they didn't think she was a good fit for the particular movie. The literal meaning of the words used in the turn may not convey the speaker's actual opinion or intended message.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker is indirectly suggesting that they may have information or opinions that they are hesitant to share openly.

turn 0 : (1) Turn A: The implied meaning is that being an African-American police officer is particularly challenging because of the negative perceptions and biases that exist towards young black men, and that this can create tension and difficulties in relationships between police officers and the communities they serve.


MS.  SAMUELS: Right.

She basically said she wanted the part.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker's selection of a seemingly insignificant turn may be interpreted as an attempt to change the subject or redirect the conversation, potentially indicating discomfort or disinterest in the current topic.

turn 3 : This turn does not have an implied meaning different from its literal meaning. It is a straightforward expression of gratitude towards Laura Sydell, the NPR correspondent.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of the turn is that Kelly Rowland expressed interest in the part. However, the actual meaning may be that Kelly Rowland was not mentioned before this turn, and the speaker may be changing the subject or trying to steer the conversation in a different direction.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker thinks that there is a level of ambiguity or hidden message in the turn that may not be immediately apparent, but which can be inferred or interpreted through context or other clues.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at a deeper or hidden motive or intention behind their actions or words.


And so if we organize the production and the processing and distribution of organic foods on a large scale, there's efficiencies to be had. This is actually kind of an experiment, a test. You know, how much of the extra costs that you pay when you buy organic food - how much of that is just the fragmented nature of the business?How much of it is the small-scale aspect?And how much of it is inherent in organic production?

Well, there's no question that Walmart is kind of the king of logistics. But if you talk to some of their suppliers, they'll also complain that Walmart is the king of squeezing them and making them produce the product ever more cheaply at their own expense.

Right. So you could say this is a threat to some organic producers who are used to higher margins. On the other hand, I mean, the organic production is expanding, and if Walmart wants large quantities, they may have to outbid other producers. There is a limit right now on the amount of organic food for sale. They say they want to expand that, and there's no reason why they couldn't. There's lots of land out there. Right now, organic is actually a very small part of American food production, people say 5 percent or less. So there's no reason why Walmart couldn't expand organic production if they offered a good price. The question is can they do it cheaply?

Part of this has to do with trust. Are people going to stop going to Whole Foods and go over to Walmart 'cause they can get the eggs $2 cheaper?I'm a little skeptical.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is making a subtle suggestion or insinuation that others may pick up on, but without being too direct or forceful.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker has some reservations or doubts about the situation being discussed.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is expressing a sense of frustration or dissatisfaction with a situation or person, without explicitly stating it.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker might be implying a hidden agenda or ulterior motive behind their words, actions, or decisions, without making it explicit.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of hesitant or noncommittal language may indicate a lack of confidence or a desire to avoid making a definitive statement.


turn 2 : The World Food Programme has to decide who is not going to get food due to the lack of resources, and those who are most in need often have to go without.

turn 2 : The program of providing direct payments to farmers is more feasible than dumping large amounts of crops on poor countries.

turn 2 :  Implies that the aging of the baby boom and the lack of immigration are reasons why the growth rate is slower and that the Trump administration will need to focus on boosting productivity to reach the 3 percent growth rate.

turn 2 : implies that Walmart may be able to produce organic food more cheaply than other producers and expand the market for organic food.

turn 2 : There are better meat choices to reduce environmental impact.


turn 3 : Implied Meaning: Based on the speaker's tone and choice of words, there may be an underlying message or intention behind this turn that suggests they have a particular opinion or feeling about the subject being discussed. However, the meaning is not entirely clear and may be open to interpretation, leading to some level of uncertainty about whether everyone will agree on its implied meaning.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be expressing a hidden emotion or attitude, such as resentment or envy, that is not directly stated in their words, but is conveyed through their tone, facial expressions, or choice of language.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker's tone or body language suggests that they may be withholding information or not fully expressing their thoughts and feelings on the topic at hand.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is subtly trying to convey a sense of urgency or importance in the matter being discussed, without explicitly stating it.


turn 3 :  implies that people may not trust Walmart to provide the same quality of organic food as Whole Foods.

turn 3 :  The speaker is implying that Wal-Mart is not genuine in its claim that the store closure was an experiment, and that it may have been a strategic move to avoid further criticism and negative publicity.

turn 3 :  (4) implies that retailers want customers to pick up their items in-store so that they can be enticed to purchase other items while they are there.

turn 3 : The person found a lot of people not shopping and instead watching how much they spend on things in order to save money.


Look; can Democrats accuse Republicans of refusing to live up to their oversight responsibilities because they don't want to antagonize what they take to be their political base if Democrats don't bring up impeachment because the poll numbers are discouraging or because they think they'd lose the vote in the Senate?Isn't there a constitutional responsibility, too?

I think there's absolutely constitutional responsibility right now to break through obstructionism put up by the president to continue the investigations that we're pursuing right now. Just as an example, you know, within the Intelligence Committee and the Oversight Committee, we're pressing for the financial records of the president through Deutsche Bank and his accounting firm to figure out, you know, what are his ties to the Russians?This is material that I don't think that the Mueller team necessarily pursued because the president had put a red line around it. And I think the Mueller team, based on what we can tell, decided not to cross that red line.

So this is potentially new material that hopefully would move some independent-minded folks on the other side depending on what the results are. But at the end of the day, this can't be about party. It has to be about our country and what's best for our country. I do believe the president has done some very bad things, and now we have to hold him accountable.

How?I mean, isn't - doesn't the Constitution provide the instrument for holding him accountable right in front of you?

turn 1 : The congressional committees are trying to gain public attention and support for their investigations, while Mueller is working in the shadows and his findings will only be revealed when it is time to take legal action.

turn 1 : Trump is now openly calling for the Mueller investigation to be shut down

turn 1 : B is asking for an update on the Mueller investigation.

turn 1 : The person thinks there is contitutional responsibility to investigate areas that the president has said not to. The Mueller team did not as the president told them to investigate only so much and then to stop.


What happened was there was this terrible murder in a house on Runyon Street. It was called the Runyon Street murders. Four people were killed. And the police set their sights on a 14-year-old named Davontae Sanford. He was young. He was alone. He was developmentally disabled.

And they got him to admit to what he said was, quote, "something" with his understanding that he would be let go. He ended up signing a confession to the murders. He was indicted. His attorney, who was guilty of all sorts of misconduct, ended up, in the middle of trial, having Davontae plead guilty to the four murders and get an extremely long sentence.

Eighteen days after he pled guilty - or maybe 16 days - the actual killer, a guy named Vincent Smothers, confessed to the Detroit Police that he had carried out these four murders and eight other murders at the behest of a hitman. So the Detroit Police, even though they had this evidence, didn't free Davontae Sanford. And at some point, the evidence leaked out. I think that was in 2009. And at that point, he started fighting to be released and was opposed at every turn by Prosecutor Worthy.

We contacted Prosecutor Worthy, who didn't come in for another interview. But she - there is this statement. And let me read it.

turn 1 : “The confessions were false” but not “The confessions were short and contained false-fed facts” which is the literal meaning of the turn.

turn 1 : she was raped and doctor given given the false statement about it

turn 1 : Davontae Sanford was coerced into confessing to a crime he did not commit and his lawyer was guilty of misconduct.

turn 1 : A takes responsibility for their mistake and doesn't want it to reflect on the counsel


Pleasure to be here.

How was your lab affected by this?

Well, pretty severely. We lost the great majority of our mice. And I guess probably the clearest way I can put it is to say mice are very - are quite literally our partners in discovery. We really rely on them to inform us on pretty much every aspect of what we learn about how the brain functions.

I mean, I was trying to think about this, too, how - what the right analogy is. I mean, you don't - they're encoding data, as well, right?

turn 2 : The loss of their partners in mice experiments can lead to new research directions

turn 2 : mice play a crucial role in the scientific research conducted by the speaker.

turn 2 : The implied meaning is that the interviewer wants to hear about the findings of the mouse study and what was administered to the mice during the study.  I apologize for any confusion caused by my earlier response.

turn 2 : The listener is surprised that the speaker is creating an actual, physical mouse with Beatrice's genetic variant for research purposes.


Pleasure to be here.

How was your lab affected by this?

turn 2 : The loss of mice was a great setback as they are vital for research purposes

turn 2 : they are performing experiments on mice, and the mice are all dead


So the root stocks that people today associated with French wines came from another country?

One part of the genetic signature is of the domesticated grape. And then as the domesticated grape travels across the Mediterranean, you get crosses with wild grapes because the wild Eurasian grape, Vitis vinifera, it grows all along the southern coast or along the Mediterranean. So as you get - bring in the domesticated grape vine, you know, starting over in, you know, the area of Lebanon today, and you move across to Crete and Greece and then on to Italy, you're getting crosses between that domesticated vine and the wild grapes that are growing there.

And so you get a whole series of cultivars springing up, and those are the ones that then, you know, get chosen for different reasons. It could be the color of the grape, it could be the thinness of the skin, the sugar, flavor and so forth. But the grapevine is very promiscuous. So it crosses quite easily.

Can you tell from the residue whether the wine was red or white that was in there?

turn 2 : when something "pops up" in this context it means it came up

turn 2 : The implied meaning of turn (1) is to hurry up and finish the task quickly.

turn 2 : a long time coming means something has been meaning to happen but hasn't happened until recently

turn 2 : wind up means to suddenly be in a situation.

turn 2 : springing up means to suddenly appear or to suddenly happen.


Sure, Scott.

Russia's been taking over bases in Crimea all this week following the referendum. Was this expected?Were there any signs of resistance, near as you can tell?

There were signs of resistance. So, just to give you a sense, so this was an airbase - the tarmac area was taken weeks ago. That was in the initial occupation by Russian forces. This part of the base is where the soldiers and the pilots lived, and lived with their families. There were houses, apartments right around there. So not a strategic area but certainly symbolic. And all these bases had a deadline of yesterday. This base missed that deadline; they had an ultimatum of today to evacuate the base or be stormed.

Significantly, this was one of the few bases that did announce their intention to fight. We're not sure what that would lead to, whether it would lead to death. And this is all because of the commander. Very interesting guy named Yuli Montir(ph), who became famous for a YouTube video that he put up, saying that he'd stand until he heard from Kiev, which has not given any information to these soldiers as to what they're supposed to do. Whether they're supposed to evacuate, evacuate or fight. And so when the Russians did come, it was very expected. They came today and the attack was very swift. Military people describe it as very professional. It was clearly designed to minimize casualties, and it seems to have done so. In fact, an ambulance followed the tank that crashed open the gate today.

turn 2 : (3) The implied meaning is that there is a great sense of uncertainty and concern about what will happen next, and it's not clear whether the situation is still a political game or has escalated to military brinksmanship. The literal meaning is consistent with this implied meaning.

turn 2 : (3) has an implied meaning different from its literal meaning. The speaker is describing a military base that was not strategically important but was taken over by Russian forces because it was symbolic. The base was given an ultimatum to evacuate, but the soldiers and pilots chose to stay and fight. The speaker describes the situation as "very expected," which implies that similar events have occurred before.

turn 2 : Well, that raises another question.So, did you take some top-secret operation and just thinly fictionalize it to this book and, you know, are... The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is asking if the author took a real, top-secret operation and used it as the basis of their fictional book, and whether it might be recognizable to Russian agents.

turn 2 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer


Sure, Scott.

turn 3 : In turn (4), the literal meaning is that North Korea's nuclear capabilities are something to be reckoned with and the speaker is asking why we shouldn't be concerned about this one move. However, the actual meaning is that the speaker is asking for an explanation as to why the reassembling of the site should not be a cause for concern, despite the fact that North Korea's nuclear capabilities are usually considered a threat.

turn 3 : . The implied meaning of (4) is that the General is downplaying the possibility of a technical problem, despite the fact that a stealth fighter did crash in the past.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of (4) is to call for an ambulance in case of an emergency, however the implied meaning is that the task the speaker is asking B to do is dangerous or risky.

turn 3 : (4) has an implied meaning different from its literal meaning. The speaker is describing the attack on the military base mentioned in (3). The attack was swift and professional, designed to minimize casualties. The fact that an ambulance followed the tank that crashed open the gate implies that the Russians were prepared for possible injuries or casualties, and were taking steps to minimize them.

turn 3 : Implies that A is being asked if the progress made involves any change in Russian behavior or policy.


That's a separate project and the basic premises for Stratolaunch is that there are satellite customers who are really want a lot of flexibility in launch location. So the rocket can be picked up by a giant aircraft and the launch can occur, I think, almost anywhere on Earth. That's the basic idea with Stratolaunch, or that's the premise. But it's independent from our other activities.

So like going back to the '60s with dropping an X-15 out of the belly of a bomber and shooting it up into space.

Right, right. It doesn't result in a cost-savings, but it does result in increased launch life flexibility.

Mm-hmm. And just - while I have you here for a few here for a few seconds, let's talk a bit about Tesla Motors if you don't mind.

turn 1 : Not a shell of a bomb, but a very surprising bit of information that shocks people.

turn 1 : Not arms that are funneled but weapons that are provided to them.

turn 1 : Stratolaunch is similar to dropping X-15 out of a bomber in the 60s.

turn 1 : It is not chopped but divided bluntly into increments.

turn 1 : The attack looked so perfect, like something straight out of the movies.


People are still debating 70 years later about whether or not FDR's New Deal actually corrected the Great Depression or whether it was World War II.

Finally, Mara, let's take a look ahead. What is next on the president's agenda?And what else will he be talking about and promoting in the weeks to come?

Well, he has the State of the Union, the big address to Congress next Tuesday. He has what's called a fiscal responsibility summit on Monday, which is kind of an extraordinary thing where he's going to be trying to explain to people how after he's increasing the deficit by trillions of dollars, how at some point in the future he's going to bring it down so that we don't basically become like a Banana Republic and inflate our way out of this mess.

In other words, the solution to the immediate crisis, which is deficit spending, is going to cause another problem that has to be solved down the road. He's also going to be rolling out his budget next week, which will have some parts of his health-care agenda on it. And of course, tomorrow, he will be talking about housing in Phoenix, Arizona.

turn 0 : The effects of FDR's New Deal on the Great Depression are still controversial.

turn 0 : The depression of the early 1890s was the closest event of real hardship that people could compare to the Great Depression

turn 0 : (1) Implied meaning: Are you suggesting that despite the good things Franklin Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln did, they were still wrong for certain actions?

turn 0 : The recession will not have a quick recovery

turn 0 : The first major foreign crisis for the U.S. after the end of the Cold War occurred during his presidency.


Well, he had his archenemy, a man by the name of Julian, who he claimed had tricked him out of this magical cheese that he had made. And so I eventually got around to visiting with Julian and found myself being able to slowly release myself from Ambrosio to tell it.

You took your kids to Guzman a couple of times, and so they also got to know the place and Molinos' family, right?

Yeah. Those are some of the best memories of having done this book. I was in love with our children being young and living forever, and I knew the minute I broke the spell, time would start again. The minute you put an ending on a story, you have to walk out into real life, and, you know, that's where you feel the real losses, and I think that I was probably hiding from that a little bit, too.

Did writing this book, meeting this man, spending time in this place, change you?

turn 3 :  while turn (3) implies agreement and understanding of the speaker's request.

turn 3 : (3) implies that the speaker wants to know what the speaker observed,

turn 3 :  (4) implies that the speaker is facing a difficult living situation.

turn 3 : :while (4) implies that the speaker was asking if the experience changed the speaker in some way.


Absolutely. No question. When I first started to sing, the last thing I wanted to do was sing my dad's music. And ironically, when I was signed to a label, it was Capitol Records, which I thought that they would be like, oh, you got to sing your dad's music. But they did not. . .

He made Capitol Records.

He certainly did. The house that Nat built. But they did not insist on that, whereas I went to two other labels and they said, well, are you going to sing your father's music?And I said no. And it took 15 years into my career before I felt comfortable and confident enough to even attempt at singing my father's music.

Like a lot of famous fathers, Nat King Cole was often away from home. He died when Natalie was just 15. She had some rough times in the years that followed, sometimes making her own name in all the wrong ways with drugs and drink. But she sought help and she persisted, having her own R&B hits in the 1970s before she recorded a 1991 duet with the recorded voice of her father that sold over seven million copies and won many Grammys.

turn 0 : Do you ever feel that way, you're just so tired of singing, but you know you have to because that song is so closely associated with who you are?" - The implied meaning here is that the person is feeling tired of singing a particular song, but they feel obligated to continue performing it because it is an integral part of their identity and public persona.

turn 0 : The speaker feels the need to perform music to feel complete.

turn 0 : The songs that I sing have a message that can inspire change in the world.

turn 0 : You sang tribute songs instead of creating new ones.

turn 0 : Singing my dad's music wasn't literally the last thing I wanted to do, it just means I really didn't want to do it.


The Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi continues to oppose proceeding with impeachment, and there's no law that says she has to go forward if a majority of her caucus wants it. And something that you do hear in the nuance of these statements from members of the House is they're not putting a lot of pressure on the speaker. They're not vocally opposing her strategy, going after her. They're saying this is where they are personally, and, in fact, she's given them permission to do so. But they're not saying, you know, the leadership is wrong, and we've got to push this through. So there is some patience, I think, that allows the speaker to continue to move the process forward.

So she is still the engineer.

She is. I. . .

But not necessarily plotting the course. I told you this analogy would be hard to take.

(Laughter) Well, she has very firm control over the caucus of House Democrats. And, so far, they have deferred to her, even if they differ with her on where this train, as you put it, is likely to end up.

turn 3 : They don't think Nancy Pelosi would begin impeachment proceedings if she wasn't sure that what she knew would get the president impeached.

turn 3 : The house of representatives has absolute power of impeachment and there is no way to argue the point.

turn 3 : She is not necessarily the one that is making the decisions with the impeachment.

turn 3 : implies that A has endorsed Hillary Clinton and believes she effectively addresses the issues.

turn 3 : Implies that Bill Clinton is both a valuable asset and a potential liability to the campaign.


So she is still the engineer.

She is. I. . .

turn 4 : House Democrats have been deferring to Pelosi's leadership despite some disagreement

turn 4 : They don't think Nancy Pelosi would begin impeachment proceedings if she wasn't sure that what she knew would get the president impeached.

turn 4 : the democrats did everything they could to make it look bipartisan.

turn 4 : (4) is that the Republicans must use pressure tactics to pass their agenda, rather than just relying on persuasion alone.


Aw. We mentioned that you worked for President George W.  Bush, who advised John McCain. In your circle of friends, people there at the Hoover Institution - without violating any any confidences - your friends and colleagues - is your opinion widely held or are people who ordinarily would support the Republican candidate talking about voting for Hillary Clinton?

I think this is a real time of crisis for Republicans. It's hard for many of my friends to think about supporting Donald Trump. And it's very hard for many of my friends to think about supporting Hillary Clinton. In fact, I would have indulged the luxury of writing in one of my terrific nephews for president if I hadn't seen that the polls during the British referendum were off by 12 points. And my concern that (inaudible) be accurate, and everybody's vote's actually going to count this election.

Kori Schake is a research fellow at the Hoover Institution. She joined us by Skype. Thanks very much.

You're welcome.

turn 0 : A prefers Obama over the Republican candidate but is hesitant to vote for him.

turn 0 : Everyone is talking about something that no one can deny as everyone sees it. It might not upset people who like Bernie Sanders and make them want to vote for someone else.

turn 0 : People who usually would vote for the Republican candidate are considering voting for Hillary Clinton instead.

turn 0 : Hillary Clinton would also generate a lot of interest.

turn 0 : it is a metaphorical field, it just means there are not as many candidates running for the election as there was in the past because some decided not to continue running


You're welcome.

turn 1 :  This turn actually means that people should not expect to "love" Donald Trump as the Republican nominee, but should come together as a party to face the challenges that lie ahead.

turn 1 : There are dangers that cause problems by doing these polls.

turn 1 : The candidate had something troubling in their past.

turn 1 : In statement 1, the speaker is subtly suggesting that the Republican friends should be open-minded and consider the possibility of voting for Trump in the upcoming election

turn 1 : Many of my friends are in a difficult position deciding whether to vote for Donald Trump or Hillary Clinton.


You're welcome.

turn 1 : the turns whose actual meanings are different from their literal meanings. By saying "you're not one of these people that thinks I'm young and strong and nothing will happen"

turn 1 : "It's hard for many of my friends to think about supporting Donald Trump." This turn is an example of figurative language, where the word "hard" is used to express the idea of difficulty or reluctance. The literal meaning of "hard" is related to physical or tangible things, but in this context, it's used to convey an abstract concept.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using metaphors or analogies to convey a complex idea or emotion in a more relatable or understandable way.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker is subtly suggesting that the other person is being unreasonable or unrealistic in their expectations or demands.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of repetition or emphasis on certain words or phrases may indicate that they are trying to convey a particular message or make a specific point, or that they feel strongly about the topic at hand.


You're welcome.

turn 3 : The implication is that the Republicans may have to use strong tactics to pass their agenda, even if it means having to pressure members of their own party.

turn 3 : implies a contrast between the two parties and the different ways that they conduct their caucuses.

turn 3 :  Is it your impression so far that one party or one campaign is better prepared than the other right now for early balloting?

turn 3 : People are uncertain about their vote in this election, and are hesitant to support either the Republican or Democratic candidate.

turn 3 : (4) Implied meaning: Does Mr. Trump have the support to win the Republican nomination, or is it uncertain?


You're welcome.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of "You're welcome" is to thank someone for what they have done, but the implied meaning is that the speaker is accepting the gratitude.

turn 3 : "You're welcome." This turn is an example of conventionalized language, where the speaker uses a set phrase to respond to the expression of gratitude. The literal meaning of "you're welcome" is an invitation for the other person to come in, but in this context, it's used to acknowledge and accept thanks.

turn 3 : The turn whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning is (4): "A: Thank you."  The literal meaning of "Thank you" is an expression of gratitude or appreciation. However, in this context, it is likely used as a polite way to end the conversation or acknowledge the host's farewell. In other words, it implies that the speaker is ready to end the conversation and move on.

turn 3 : you are welcome is implied in response to Thank you very much


In the U. S. , the Federal Reserve decided on Wednesday to wind down its quantitative easing, and keep short-term interest rates near zero. If that last sentence made your head spin, don't worry - there's a computer game for that. Actually, a whole slew of them.

They're games created by central banks, from the ECB in Frankfurt to the Cleveland Federal Reserve. And, as you might tell from that theme music, they are not quite "Grand Theft Auto. "Jason Karaian reviewed a few of these games for the online business news outlet Quartz. He joins us from the BBC in London. Mr.  Karaian, thanks so much for being with us.

Thanks for having me.

We heard the theme music to a game I believe is called "Economia. "

turn 0 : has a literal meaning of "Yes, the numbers aren't looking good for the person," but its actual meaning is "It looks like the person isn't likely to succeed."

turn 0 : Referring to a complicated game of musical chairs, not an actual game but referring to the fact that anyone could take the spot, similar to the game of musical chairs.

turn 0 : Video games can have negative effects on real life.

turn 0 : to look for something in this context means they are trying to see if something will happen

turn 0 : "If that last sentence made your head spin, don't worry - there's a computer game for that." The literal meaning suggests that if the previous sentence caused confusion or disorientation, there is a computer game specifically designed to address that. The implied meaning is that there are computer games available to help people understand complex financial concepts or economic terms in a more engaging and accessible way.


Thanks for having me.

turn 1 : (3) - "Grand Theft Auto" videogames is a metaphor for the risky and dangerous activities the juveniles are engaging in.

turn 1 : (2) A: The Federal Reserve in the U.S. has a few games. They're pretty simple, I would say. They're effective in a way but they are not, I think, as modern. And they do a job but perhaps something that wouldn't entice the future central bankers of tomorrow.

turn 1 : They're games created by central banks, from the ECB in Frankfurt to the Cleveland Federal Reserve. And, as you might tell from that theme music, they are not quite 'Grand Theft Auto.'" The literal meaning states that the games mentioned are not similar to the popular video game "Grand Theft Auto." The implied meaning is that the central bank-created games are not action-packed or focused on violence like "Grand Theft Auto." Instead, they serve a different purpose and have a different gameplay experience.

turn 1 : (3) has an actual meaning different from its literal meaning. The speaker is discussing how video games can impose consequences for harming civilians in-game, and how this is similar to the rules set by the Geneva Conventions in real-life conflicts. The implied meaning is that video game developers have a responsibility to consider the consequences of their game mechanics and the messages they send to players.


So what I did was incorporate the superhero, but have them have HIV in real life situations, if the person were to have it. So they would have the same illnesses, the same sicknesses, and even some of the characters may die from AIDS or something like that.

So, the book really shows you - I have in one scene where you see one of the characters is about to have sexual relations with a woman, and he - I show a condom. I talk about. . .

Robert, I'm sorry. We have to wrap it up here. There's so much to talk about. . .

I'm sorry for that.

turn 0 : HIV is preventable, but it requires individuals to take responsibility for educating themselves about the disease.

turn 0 : Incorporating a superhero with HIV in real life situations to raise awareness of the disease.

turn 0 : I couldn't think of any better way to show people that, you know, this isn't the 1980s anymore. You can live a long and healthy life living with HIV. People like me don't bring death, we can actually bring life.  The actual meaning of this turn goes beyond its literal meaning. While A is stating that HIV is no longer a death sentence and that people with HIV can live long, healthy lives, the turn also communicates A's desire to challenge stigmatizing beliefs about HIV and to educate people on the reality of living with HIV. The phrase "People like me don't bring death, we can actually bring life" is a powerful statement that challenges the notion that people with HIV are a danger to society.

turn 0 : It is suggested that Magic Johnson is faking his illness of AIDS.

turn 0 : Living with HIV has taught me to love and accept myself, and I am grateful for the experience.


I'm sorry for that.

turn 1 : B is suggesting that the topic of child molestation in A's previous book might be related to A's personal experiences, given the similarities to the themes in Lolita

turn 1 : It seems like a book that gives advice that helps people get with the one they love, in this case, what they love.

turn 1 : It implies that issue of rape and AIDS are interconnected and cannot be viewed in isolation from one another.

turn 1 : Discussing the use of condoms during sexual relations in the book.

turn 1 : Sexual violence is a widespread problem in Alaska.


So who is this father we're talking about?

Well, his name is Bashirul Shikder, and he's an American dad who is from Florida - lives in Florida. And four years ago, his two children - one of them was just an infant less than a year old - were kidnapped by their mother and taken to Syria, where she came to join ISIS. He's been trying to get his kids back since then. And then last month, he received the awful news that his wife had been killed in an explosion. His kids are injured with burns to their faces. So he came to Iraq. We followed him there, you know, next door to Syria where he was lobbying U. S.  officials to try to help, trying to locate these children who are somewhere in Syria.

Now it's been confirmed by - well, now multiple sources tell us - but I should say that it's not yet fully confirmed - that these two children and a half sister they now have are actually alive and still in Baghouz. Of course, the offensive on Baghouz has just started again, so this is really every parent's nightmare. What he is hearing is that the kids are there; they're being bombarded. But they're with a family who doesn't want to leave.

Wow. So this father might be watching U. S. -backed forces basically try to take out territory where his children might be still holed up somewhere.

turn 1 : This turn is literal in meaning, as it is a straightforward question asking about the speaker's children.

turn 1 : The turn "He's been trying to get his kids back since then" is an example of a figurative language, as the father is not physically trying to retrieve his children but rather taking legal and diplomatic actions to locate and bring them back.

turn 1 : "he has forgotten from where he came" - This turn is also figurative and not meant to be taken literally. It is used to describe someone who has become successful and wealthy but has lost touch with their humble beginnings.

turn 1 : All the turns in this conversation appear to have their literal meanings, and there are no metaphors, figurative language or idioms used.


Antivirus experts are calling Flame one of the most complex threats ever discovered. Once a machine is infected, the operator of the malware can expand its functionality almost like adding apps to a smartphone. Its operators sent out another app with orders to erase it this week, leaving no tracks behind.

Much like Stuxnet, Flame is also believed to be the handiwork of a nation-state. Why are antivirus experts so concerned about Flame?How does this malware tool, spy kit(ph) and eavesdrop?Who's behind Flame, and who are they targeting, and why is it being compared to Stuxnet?

That's what we're going to be talking about this hour. Our number is 1-800-989-8255, 1-800-989-TALK. My guest is Kim Zetter. She is senior reporter at Wired covering cybercrime, privacy, security and civil liberties. She's currently writing a book about Stuxnet and joins us from Oakland, California. Welcome to SCIENCE FRIDAY.

Thank you.

What makes Flame different?

Well, different from the average run-of-the-mill malware that criminals use?

turn 0 : "once a machine is infected, the operator of the malware can expand its functionality almost like adding apps to a smartphone." - This implies that the malware can be customized and modified according to the operator's needs, making it more dangerous and harder to detect.

turn 0 : B is asking if viruses can easily infect multiple species or if there needs to be specific conditions.

turn 0 : This implies that the lack of adequate medical supplies has been affecting the medics response to the virus.

turn 0 : It is expected that your online privacy will be compromised.


Thank you.

What makes Flame different?

turn 1 : Turn B: The actual meaning of "What makes Flame different?" is not a literal question seeking to identify what sets Flame apart from other things. Instead, it is a rhetorical question used to introduce the topic of discussion and prompt the guest to provide information about Flame's unique characteristics.

turn 1 : "Why are antivirus experts so concerned about Flame? How does this malware tool, spy kit, and eavesdrop? Who's behind Flame, and who are they targeting, and why is it being compared to Stuxnet?" - The literal meaning of the questions is clear, but the implied meaning is that the Flame malware is a serious threat, and the experts are worried about the implications of its capabilities and origins.

turn 1 : Turn B: The actual meaning of "handiwork of a nation-state" is that Flame was likely created by a government agency, rather than an individual or group. The term "handiwork" is used figuratively to suggest that the creation of the malware was a deliberate and skillful act.

turn 1 :  A's turn has a different actual meaning from its literal meaning. When A says "Microsoft patches the vulnerabilities that the Flame used to spread on a machine or to get on a machine," they mean that Microsoft released a patch to fix the vulnerabilities that the Flame malware exploited to infect computers. The literal meaning might suggest that Microsoft somehow "patches" the Flame malware itself, which is not what is happening.


Thank you.

What makes Flame different?

turn 2 :  "defend cyborg rights" - the actual meaning is advocating for the legal recognition and protection of individuals who have integrated technology into their body as a part of their identity. The literal meaning would be physically defending cyborgs.

turn 2 : The implied meaning in this turn is that B is suggesting that Rob Kuznia should be hopeful of getting a job offer from a big-time newspaper editor.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of (3) is "We know about Internet-radicalized lone-wolf scenario. It's very interesting and unusual to have a woman involved and a couple involved." However, the implied meaning is that the speaker finds it notable that a woman and a couple are involved in the scenario, which may suggest a stereotype or bias about the typical profile of individuals involved in internet-radicalized lone-wolf scenarios.

turn 2 : "She's currently writing a book about Stuxnet and joins us from Oakland, California." - The literal meaning is that Kim Zetter is joining the radio show from Oakland and is writing a book about Stuxnet. The implied meaning is that Kim Zetter is a reputable and knowledgeable expert on cybercrime and security, and her insights will be valuable to the discussion.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of turn (4) is that B is interrupting A to introduce the radio program they are both on, "SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR," and to announce their names. However, the implied meaning is that B is politely interrupting A to take over as the host of the radio program.


Thank you.

What makes Flame different?

turn 3 : The literal meaning of this turn is to thank the guest for joining the show and being available. The implied meaning is to thank the guest for their contribution to the show and for providing useful information.

turn 3 :  The implied meaning of this turn is that the guest is expressing gratitude for being invited to the show

turn 3 : The speaker is expressing his appreciation and gratitude for the guest taking the time to be on the show.

turn 3 :  the literal meaning is that the host is thanking the guest for being with them. However, the actual meaning is that the host is ending the interview and thanking the guest for participating.

turn 3 : "Thank you." - The literal meaning is a polite response to being welcomed to the show. The implied meaning is that the guest is ready and willing to contribute to the discussion.


Thank you.

What makes Flame different?

turn 4 : Turn B: The actual meaning of "What makes Flame different?" is not a literal question seeking to identify what sets Flame apart from other things. Instead, it is a rhetorical question used to introduce the topic of discussion and prompt the guest to provide information about Flame's unique characteristics.

turn 4 : "What makes Flame different?" - The literal meaning is a straightforward question about the characteristics of the Flame malware. The implied meaning is that the experts have identified Flame as a unique and potentially dangerous threat, and they want to know more about it.

turn 4 : Turn B: The actual meaning of "handiwork of a nation-state" is that Flame was likely created by a government agency, rather than an individual or group. The term "handiwork" is used figuratively to suggest that the creation of the malware was a deliberate and skillful act.

turn 4 :  A's turn has a different actual meaning from its literal meaning. When A says "Microsoft patches the vulnerabilities that the Flame used to spread on a machine or to get on a machine," they mean that Microsoft released a patch to fix the vulnerabilities that the Flame malware exploited to infect computers. The literal meaning might suggest that Microsoft somehow "patches" the Flame malware itself, which is not what is happening.


Thank you.

What makes Flame different?

turn 5 : "Well, different from the average run-of-the-mill malware that criminals use?" - The literal meaning is a question about the differences between Flame and other types of malware. The implied meaning is that Flame is not a typical or ordinary type of malware, and its capabilities and characteristics set it apart from other threats.

turn 5 : Turn B: The actual meaning of "handiwork of a nation-state" is that Flame was likely created by a government agency, rather than an individual or group. The term "handiwork" is used figuratively to suggest that the creation of the malware was a deliberate and skillful act.

turn 5 : Turn B: The actual meaning of "What makes Flame different?" is not a literal question seeking to identify what sets Flame apart from other things. Instead, it is a rhetorical question used to introduce the topic of discussion and prompt the guest to provide information about Flame's unique characteristics.

turn 5 :  A's turn has a different actual meaning from its literal meaning. When A says "Microsoft patches the vulnerabilities that the Flame used to spread on a machine or to get on a machine," they mean that Microsoft released a patch to fix the vulnerabilities that the Flame malware exploited to infect computers. The literal meaning might suggest that Microsoft somehow "patches" the Flame malware itself, which is not what is happening.


I think it's very important for people to unplug. Setting aside the whole question and dangers of addiction, let's assume you're not somebody who is addicted, but you are still constantly plugged in. The downsides are likely to be, first of all, no time to think, no time to just reflect on what you feel, what you think, what you've been experiencing. And wisdom really comes to us through the process of reflecting on our experience and our feelings and thoughts. So, I think people are in danger of not being able to become wise if they don't take time to think.

Plus there is this huge factor of engagement with other people. We are we're social animals. We need to be connected. There's something called limbic resonance, which is kind of an energetic resonance that gets set up between two people when they are engaged in a positive and constructive way with each other and they are able to develop the relationship. And we know that when people do not have enough of that engagement with each other, they suffer depression and they suffer in other ways. So, getting unplugged allows you to get reengaged with real people in your life that matter to you.

Let's talk a little bit about how online addiction can work in tandem with other addictions. I'm thinking about gambling. There's now all sorts of online gambling. There's also pornography.

Right.

turn 0 : to make a switch mean they go do something else.

turn 0 : There is a dangerous situation happening that requires people to seek shelter and take precautions.

turn 0 : This made the person have to stay where they were at.

turn 0 : Pushing away emotions and experiences only leads to exhaustion and they must be faced.

turn 0 : Constantly being plugged in prevents people from becoming wise


Right.


Now turning to economics, the housing market is in a shambles. Oil and food prices are skyrocketing. The U. S.  dollar is slumping, and stocks are on a bumpy ride. Gloomy economic news is most of what we hear these days, but the choices that you make can transform your relationship to money, even through these tough economic times. Here with some big picture advice is author and economist Julianne Malveaux. She is also the president of Bennett College. Great to have you on again.

Good to be with you, Farai.

So before we dig into some practical methods that you can help turn around your economy, let's get a good picture of what's going on. Many experts say that we're already in a recession. Do you agree with that?

The data don't suggest that we are. But for African—Americans in particular, you know, when some people have a cold, other people have a fever. We have seen negative growth. We have seen high unemployment rates. We have seen the impact of gas prices over $100 a barrel. And so I think that whether we're in a technical recession or not, people are feeling the pinch of an economy that is not doing well.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: Amused disbelief at the sudden change in the status quo.

turn 3 : The person thinks that the good feelings have lessened a bit.

turn 3 :  (4) - Implied meaning: What thoughts or feelings were you experiencing in that moment?

turn 3 : "feeling the pinch" - actual meaning: experiencing the negative effects or consequences of something.

turn 3 :  (4) is an expression of surprise. The implied meaning is an expression of admiration.


Does this raise the hopes that, you know, you might be finding more exoplanets that are more like Earth because there seemed to be a little period going through here with astronomers that they were saying it may be a little more difficult than we expected, or there may not be as many in that sweet spot as expected?

Yeah, I think the arc of discovery is showing us that there's actually a lot more than anyone would have hoped. And finding them this close and this soon and this easily, as we improve our techniques, is telling us that virtually every star has planets, and a lot of systems probably have planets similar to the kind we're seeing here.

And so yeah, that greatly raises the ante in terms of the likelihood that there are similar Earths out there around stars. There's more planets in the sky now than there are stars.

A couple of questions: Does a planet have to be like, quote-unquote, "like Earth" for it to be habitable?

turn 2 : The stars are not actually very close to Earth. The implication is that they are closer to Earth and its Sun than other stars.

turn 2 : It's likely there are similar Earths out there

turn 2 : world in this context means that there is many

turn 2 : The actual meaning is that near-Earth asteroids are easier to reach than the surface of the moon.

turn 2 : The moon was formed from the Earth's mantle.


They're voting for him for various reasons. A, he was a very big Maidan supporter. He was clearly pushing the opposition to take a very pro-European and pro-Western stand. He was helping with those victims during the fights. He was basically becoming one of the faces of Maidan. And that's one of the reasons why people are actually voting for him. The second reason is because he is an oligarch where, actually, now they can turn to.

You know, when you have the central government break down, the people need some kind of stability. And that's not going to be civil society. It needs to be something bigger than that. And the oligarchs are coming, very interestingly, back in the picture by that. The question is not whether Poroshenko is going to win and why he's going to win - what he's going to do with his mandate. If he understands that he needs to bring in a new generation of Ukrainians and do the reform, I think Ukraine is going to be in a very good place.

Balazs Jarabik is a scholar and analyst we reached from Kiev. Thanks very much for being with us.

Thanks, really, for having me.

turn 3 :  A: "Thanks, really, for having me." - The literal meaning of this turn is an expression of gratitude for being invited to participate. The actual meaning is that the speaker appreciates the opportunity to share their knowledge and expertise on the topic at hand.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of this turn is to thank the guest for joining the show and being available. The implied meaning is to thank the guest for their contribution to the show and for providing useful information.

turn 3 :  implies that the speaker is expressing gratitude for the other person's time and attention.

turn 3 : Thank you so much for having me." - The literal meaning is the speaker thanking the host for having them, and the implied meaning is likely just gratitude and politeness.

turn 3 :  The literal meaning of (4) is "Thanks for having me."  The actual meaning is "Thank you for the opportunity."


Yeah, yeah, for sure. I definitely had it going last night.

And where do you hope to take it next?

Well, I think the rest of the season here, I'm going to be a marked man. I think I'm going to face a little bit more double-team. It's going to be. . .

I was going to ask you, are you going to get a double team on Sunday, yeah.

turn 2 : A is worried that he will face more difficulties in the upcoming games.

turn 2 : There were some personal problems, and he is trying to understand the reason behind them without being too direct.

turn 2 : He causes chaos and trouble but he does not actually sow it

turn 2 : He is implying that he is still not safe.

turn 2 : A decided to be vulnerable and share about his severe depression in order to be authentic in his book and play.


The story many Americans learn as kids may reveal a lot about America's role in the world. It's a story involving Theodore Roosevelt. Before he was president, he volunteered to fight in a war. He organized the regiment in which he fought. The Rough Riders went ashore in Cuba during the Spanish-American War of 1898.

On one level, this is an adventure story. Clay Risen of the New York Times felt there was more to it, that a story from the days of steam engines and horses and colonial empires was still relevant. His new book is "The Crowded Hour: Theodore Roosevelt, The Rough Riders And The Dawn Of The American Century. "

Who were the Rough Riders?

The Rough Riders were a unique volunteer regiment that was formed in the first days of the Spanish-American War. At the time, the U. S.  military was really small, and they needed to bulk up really quickly. So the U. S.  Army went out and recruited cowboys, athletes, people who you could train pretty quickly. And a lot of it was the brainchild of Theodore Roosevelt.

turn 0 : America thought it could make the world better by force

turn 0 : Theodore Roosevelt had specific ideas about what made a man manly

turn 0 : The story involving Theodore Roosevelt may reveal America's aggressive nature.

turn 0 : The first major foreign crisis for the U.S. after the end of the Cold War occurred during his presidency.

turn 0 : (1) Implied meaning: Are you suggesting that despite the good things Franklin Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln did, they were still wrong for certain actions?


Absolutely. And the thing is - and this is so beautiful - is that when you get to watch lives change. For myself, you know, I used to get up every single morning thinking, you know, where am I going to get my pills?And that occupied my entire day. Now, keep in mind, I was a practicing physician. So I had some other things to do. And that's what people who are, you know, who are addicted are facing every single day.

And now, you know, providing them with quality help and watching them change their lives is one of the most fun things that I've ever been involved with. We need to make that opportunity more widespread. We need to decrease the stigma around stepping out and ask for help. And also, Sacha, we need to make evidence-based treatment available without the stigma that goes along with it.

That's Dr.  Steven Loyd. He's based in Nashville, Tenn. Thanks for talking with us.

turn 0 : (3) Implied meaning: When a doctor talks with a patient about end-of-life medication, the doctor should ask why and focus on addressing the patient's fear of death and alleviating their worries, rather than just prescribing the medication.

turn 0 : "We probably can't arrest our way out of this problem" - This turn means that relying solely on the criminal justice system to solve the problem of sexual abuse is not enough. The literal meaning of the sentence would be that arresting people is not a viable solution.

turn 0 : Proposes a different approach to dealing with non-violent drug crimes.

turn 0 : "So crack down on the doctors, but make sure there's a support system ready for their patients."  The implied meaning of this turn is that while it is necessary to hold doctors accountable for any role they may have played in fueling addiction, it is equally important to ensure that patients receive the necessary support to cope with the aftermath of addiction.


turn 1 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply an acknowledgement or agreement, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker may not be fully engaged or interested in the conversation. It could be interpreted as a way of signaling disinterest or a desire to move on to a different topic.

turn 1 : (2) The literal meaning of this turn is a simple question, but the implied meaning is that the speaker wants to know what actions can be taken to address the issue being discussed and is seeking guidance or suggestions.

turn 1 :  (2) The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is curious to know what kind of help the two people provided each other with during their lunch time.

turn 1 : "There's people who become who they are on the inside."  This turn is a figurative expression that means some people change and grow emotionally and mentally while incarcerated.

turn 1 :  "And the thing is - and this is so beautiful - is that when you get to watch lives change...And that occupied my entire day."  The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker has overcome addiction and now enjoys helping others in a similar position, which is incredibly fulfilling. They used to be preoccupied with obtaining drugs, but now their focus has shifted to improving the lives of others.


turn 2 : "And now, you know, providing them with quality help and watching them change their lives is one of the most fun things that I've ever been involved with... we need to make evidence-based treatment available without the stigma that goes along with it."  The implied meaning of this turn is that providing quality help to people struggling with addiction and witnessing their transformations is incredibly rewarding. The speaker believes that access to evidence-based treatment should be expanded, and the stigma surrounding seeking help for addiction should be reduced.

turn 2 : The speaker is implying that the interviewer's drug use in the 1960s is not comparable to the type of addiction that he is talking about.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of this turn is that someone is suffering from schizophrenic paranoia and another person believes they should be put in jail instead of a hospital. However, the implied meaning is that the speaker is discussing the mental state of someone else and their legal situation, which may be relevant to the conversation but is not explicitly stated.

turn 2 : "Doesn't it raise some ethical concerns about having an antidote?"  The literal meaning of the turn is that B is asking whether the development of an antidote raises ethical concerns. However, the implied meaning is that B is questioning the ethical implications of having an antidote that can quickly reverse the effects of an overdose. B is concerned that having an antidote might lead to people being less careful with their drug use and may increase the risk of overdoses.

turn 2 : Actual meaning: A is pointing out the lack of discussion and attention given to a potential solution to a problem due to the dominance of the Trump-related discourse. Literal meaning: A is discussing a method of repealing Obamacare that involves tax credits and encourages consumer choice.


turn 3 : "That's Dr. Steven Loyd. He's based in Nashville, Tenn. Thanks for talking with us."  The literal meaning of this turn is simply an introduction to Dr. Steven Loyd. The implied meaning is that the interview has ended and the interviewer is thanking Dr. Loyd for his time and participation.

turn 3 : Actual meaning: B is bringing the conversation to an end because of time constraints, but expressing interest in having A return in the future. Literal meaning: B is stating that A will be invited back and that Michael Graham is the podcast editor for The Weekly Standard.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that Jeff Jarvis is thanking the questioner for having him on the show

turn 3 : Implies that Dr. Stephen Loyd is a reliable source of information on the subject, and that they are asking him to provide insights on the issue.

turn 3 : The actual meaning of turn 3 is "Thank you for joining us and providing information on the topic."


He gave him something called Ward's White Drops which didn't do anything. The poor bishop died a few months later, and Dr.  Hunter was the one who performed the autopsy. And he collected the bishop's rectum for whatever reasons and he preserved them in formaldehyde. And when he started his museum, it became one of the main things on exhibit and it's still there.

Hmm. For - yeah, for all of us to take a look at.

Mm-hmm.

What made this an outstanding candidate?Just the story like that, for your. . .

turn 0 : The bishop is rectum became a museum exhibit.

turn 0 : The preserved rectum of the Bishop of Durham is on display at the Hunterian Museum

turn 0 : A is willing to share the story of why the rectum of the Bishop of Durham is displayed in a jar.

turn 0 : A strange story is going to be told about a preserved rectum.


Mm-hmm.

turn 0 : The Bishop insulted the doctor who diagnosed his incurable disease

turn 0 : The drops did not help the bishop's condition which eventually led to his death. Dr. Hunter collected and preserved the bishop's rectum, which became a prominent exhibit in his museum.


I don't want to give away how your story seems to resolve itself toward the end, but I think a lot of people would ask you why do you even talk to your mother now?Why do you care what she thinks?

Oh, my God. I love my mother to death, and I'm a writer and I'm a black, American writer, and I would not be a writer, a reader or teacher had my mother not loved me enough to instill a practice at an early age. And this book, in some way, is like her investment coming full circle. She really believes that reading and writing can save us. And I don't know if that's true, but I know I'm a writer. I know I'm an American reader, and I wanted to use my words to try to talk to her and try to tell her that we can be better. We can be better if we give ourselves a chance to walk honestly together. And that's what I tried to do with this book.

Kiese Laymon - his book, "Heavy: An American Memoir" - thanks so much for being with us.

Thank you so much for having me.

turn 0 : give away in this context means to tell someone something without much warning, usually a secret

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker is indirectly suggesting that they may have information or opinions that they are hesitant to share openly.

turn 0 : to surface in this context means that something has been kept secret but isn't anymore


Thank you so much for having me.

turn 3 : having me implies hosting me and where someone is a guest

turn 3 : having me implies hosting me and having someone as a guest

turn 3 : having me implies hosting someone or engaging with someone and not referring to owning someone


. . . Didn't make millions. I know he made a lot - who ran Bernie Sanders' campaign.

Yeah, I think it's a question of, you know, does money tempt you to do things that you might not otherwise do?

Well, you've been there. What do you say?

I like to think that you need to stay grounded, right?You need to stay grounded. You need to say to yourself, am I doing what matters to the country and our future?Or am I just thinking about just pure self-interest, the amount of money that I can amass for myself and my family?

turn 3 : They need the countries to realize this is the way things should be done in other countries.

turn 3 : One should prioritize the country's future over personal gain.

turn 3 : THERE IS A BIG CHANGE THE PEOPLE HAVE ALREADY LOST THEIR MONEY

turn 3 : The economic situation will get worse, and it's uncertain how bad it will be.

turn 3 : It tells about developed our nation and innovoted lot of things


turn 3 : It's important to prioritize the country's future over personal gain.


Very good, thank you.

So, tell me a little bit about this new report you've done.

This is a very timely paper. I'm sure many people don't know, but there are essentially three different laws that are governing transracial adoptions in the United States.

We just signed on to the Hague Convention for international adoptions, which stipulates that preservation of one's culture and heritage is important, and requires 15 hours of prospective adoptive parent training.

turn 3 : The speaker is concerned about their biracial children feeling pressure to choose between their racial identities.

turn 3 : This implies that an adopted child cultural background is protected by international law.

turn 3 : The AMA is concerned about another abortion law.

turn 3 :  implies that the speaker's daughter has a negative view of Germany and its history, and thus does not understand why anyone would want German citizenship.

turn 3 : Unrepresented children are at a disadvantage in court.


And for some young women in those societies, it was that just order. Those kind of dashed hopes were exploited. And part of the appeal of ISIS, I think, in those early days in countries like Tunisia and for girls like Nour, was that there was no other way to be politically active, to be a feminist of any kind. It was the only door that was open.

I was about to mention the story of Nour. She was a high school dropout from Tunisia. And you make the point in the book that she was sort of rebelling against a secular state. And it was her way of expressing her female identity.

Exactly. So Nour grew up in a Tunisia that was highly authoritarian but secular. So Nour was religious. She wanted to cover her hair. She went to school wearing a headscarf. And she was thrown out of high school for that because the headscarf was banned in public spaces like that in Tunisia before the 2011 uprisings.

You described this shocking scene where she's actually attacked by her teacher.

turn 0 : There is a dangerous situation happening that requires people to seek shelter and take precautions.

turn 0 : All they have is the way of life that takes place outside of buildings.

turn 0 : The systems are capable of being penetrated by someone.

turn 0 : The situation is uncertain and they need to take it one step at a time

turn 0 : It's not a door but an opportunity that becomes available to them.