Well, what do you say to those people who find that analogy overblown, who say whatever drawbacks Vladimir Putin has a democratic leader, on the other hand, he hasn't undertaken to extinguish an entire people the way Adolf Hitler did?

Certainly in 1938, Adolf Hitler had not yet undertaken the Holocaust. In 1938, his arguments were reversing unjust borders, uniting old German speakers with the motherland, correcting historical injustice. This the same kind of argumentation Mr.  Putin uses. Now, of course, as of today, the analogy with Hitler remains overblown and may it remain so. Having said that, I really do not see an example of this kind of blatant land grab in recent post-war European history.

Any concern that Ukrainians who feel anxious might wind up fleeing to Poland?

We've had our first 100 refugees, Tatars from Crimea, entering Poland over the last couple of days requesting political asylum, and we expect more. If the situation on Ukraine's eastern land borders with Russia flares up - and I'm pretty sure it will - it won't be very difficult for Mr.  Putin to whip up trouble there to make proper conduct of presidential elections impossible - then I can imagine that the numbers of refugees will not be in the hundreds but in the thousands, and Poland is Ukraine's major outlet on the European Union. So, yes, the country is getting prepared to receive and accommodate refugees. But, of course, we hope that they will not arrive.

turn 1 : (2) In turn (2), the speaker implies that there is a connection between Russia's illicit arms trade, North Korea's relationship with Mugabe, and Zimbabwe's political situation.

turn 1 : Implies that the speaker is asking for the other person's opinion about the political implications of the current situation.

turn 1 : In turn 2, the speaker is implying that even though Mr. Putin's arguments may sound familiar to those of Hitler in 1938, the analogy between the two is still an exaggeration.

turn 1 : He is not saying that Putin never does anything wrong and is very nice.

turn 1 : (2) implies that Russia's goal is to promote a worldview that everything is corrupt and that its tactics are meant to psychologically influence others;


This is WEEKEND EDITION from NPR News. I'm Scott Simon. This week, new reporting revealed that the electronic communication we may think is private is actually not. That includes everything from our medical records to banking information. The National Security Agency has been able to crack encryption technology, giving the government access to the private details that we type into encrypted websites. Now, we know this because of documents released by the former NSA contractor Edward Snowden. These documents resulted in a story that was published simultaneously in yesterday's New York Times, the Guardian, and on the website of the nonprofit news organization ProPublica. They did so despite the objections of intelligence agencies. Jeff Larson of ProPublica co-authored the article and he spoke to us from New York. And we began by asking him whether he knows how many of these encrypted sites have been cracked.

We don't actually know exactly what the NSA and GCHQ have cracked. They. . .

GCHQ is the British equivalent of the NSA.

Right. Yes. They protect this information with a special classification level. We can only sort of infer by the fact that they say that they've cracked vast amounts of encrypted communications traveling over the wire.

turn 0 : It is expected that your online privacy will be compromised.

turn 0 : can be cracked meaning the problem can be looked into and a solution found for it

turn 0 : The NSA lost control of their hacking tools and they were leaked/stolen.

turn 0 : The radicalization of people through activity on the internet has not been defeated yet.

turn 0 : The sites were not actually cracked but were opened by unauthorized people.


Well, I was interested in medicine ever since I was a young child, but, you know, life kind of gets in the way. The neighborhood where I grew up wasn't really conducive to producing medical physicians.

Did - this is East Cleveland you're talking about, yeah?

Yeah. East Cleveland, yeah. It was a pretty impoverished neighborhood. And so just not many opportunities to go into medicine there, but I ended up in the automotive career just by happenstance.

Well, I've read that you just - you know, you loved tinkering with cars from the time you were a teenager.

turn 0 : Prior to medical school, I gained knowledge of diet and nutrition through martial arts and vegetarianism, which was lacking in my medical education.

turn 0 : People are spending more on alternative medicine than primary care.

turn 0 : Failing chemistry is a hindrance to becoming a doctor

turn 0 : touches every part of the health care system implies relates and concerns the health care system

turn 0 : Growing up in an impoverished neighborhood hindered A's path to become a medical doctor.


Is racism a problem at the Air Force Academy?

Racism is not a problem at the Air Force Academy. Somebody that decided to put hateful speech and someone that clearly is thinking small and someone that does not embrace our values as an Air Force Academy or as the United States Air Force decided to write something on a message board. And writing something on a message board is not going to take away our values or threaten our institution.

General, may I ask, without giving away anything you've discovered, do you know who wrote those messages?

We do not know who wrote those. The investigation is ongoing. We are fairly certain at this point based on handwriting that one person did write on the boards, but the investigation continues right now as we speak.

turn 1 : This implies the level of Racial discrimination on Campuses.

turn 1 : White people saying they were taught to treat everyone the same is not enough to combat racism.

turn 1 : The Air Force Academy is committed to its core values and will not tolerate any form of racism or hateful speech.

turn 1 : The NAACP should form coalitions with other people of color

turn 1 : Military interventions often escalate beyond their original scope.


As you alluded to, the printing of the census has begun, without the citizenship question. Isn't that a logistical hurdle, a financial hurdle to this going forward?

So the Justice Department represented in court that the forms had to start printing on July 1, and they in fact started printing. So what would have to happen if the citizenship question were added is the printing would stop, they'd have to junk all those forms, and they'd be behind. The plaintiffs had argued in some of the cases, well, we could really start printing as late as October in order for it to be in time. It would be yet another reversal by the government if they took the position, yeah, now we agree with the plaintiffs; the printing can happen later.

Rick Hasen is a professor of law and political science at the University of California, Irvine. Thanks for speaking with us.

Thank you, and happy July 4.

turn 0 : (1) is the same as its literal meaning, which is explaining the decision-making process behind cutting rations in a situation where there is a shortage of aid.

turn 0 : (1) has an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The literal meaning is that the speaker is asking if there is any sign of improvement in the situation being discussed, but the implied meaning is that the situation is bad and the speaker is hoping for some positive news or indication that things will get better.

turn 0 : to carry something out means to do something

turn 0 : (1) - The actual meaning is that every president in their first year faces unexpected challenges, and Donald Trump is currently facing one. He may be feeling the pressure and acting out as a result.

turn 0 : when something is referred to as a hurdle in this context it means its something that stands in the way of getting something done


Oh, yeah. Now, the - no, you've got two different, very distinct threats. You've got the homeland, you know, converted through the internet or perhaps with some of the mosques or some of the individuals here in the United States. But no, it is clear from, you know, all kind of open-source reporting and other information that is available.

But I wonder if you can name - I don't know - even one instance.

The - no. You have the folks a couple of years ago that came across from Vancouver. But just because they have not yet executed a terrorist attack. . .

That's the Canadian border.

turn 2 : In (4), the speaker is implying that the U.S. is not necessarily looking forward to the fall of Assad, but rather is trying to prepare for it.

turn 2 : In (3), the speaker is implying that just because there hasn't been a terrorist attack yet, it doesn't mean that there won't be one in the future.

turn 2 : (3) In turn (3), the speaker implies that the recent events in Iraq are not normal and that there is a sense of uncertainty and instability, despite some signs of progress.

turn 2 : In (4) the speaker is implying that the US has a higher level of tolerance for school shootings than for terrorism.


You know, thousands of people around the world are facing these situations now. I mean, these people who left lots of countries to go overseas and connect with ISIS or fight for ISIS or marry people involved with these extremist organizations, they're coming back. Do you have advice for your officials in other parts of the country, or perhaps even the world, about how we should start thinking about this as a society?

Well, I think first and foremost that it has to be a focus area, and, A and B, that it has to be very well-funded. We can't think of this as an issue of the day, and then a 24-hour news cycle passes, and it's not the topic that's hot in the media attention at the moment. Every time that we stop or we don't continue to move forward when a catastrophic event occurs, then we're going to be in a situation where asking the same questions - what are we doing?Why aren't we doing more?What should be done?

That's Kevin Lowry. He is the former chief probation officer for the U. S.  District Court in Minnesota. Mr.  Lowry, thank you so very much for talking to us.

You're welcome. And thank you.

turn 1 : International investment is necessary to maintain the success against ISIS

turn 1 : Isis began just as the Arab's began to collapse or at least lose popularity.

turn 1 : The issue of people joining ISIS should be a continuous and well-funded focus, not just a temporary concern when a catastrophic event occurs.

turn 1 : Although leaders acknowledged activists' fears, more drastic actions are still needed to solve the issue.

turn 1 : The Iraqi Sunni insurgents have given up their struggle against the US-led government, and have accepted its terms for peace.


Just quickly, do you think the president will stay on message when he announces this this afternoon?

Well, if past is prologue, often, he gets off message or does not stick to the script. But sometimes, in the Rose Garden, he sticks to those teleprompters. So, you know, you never know. But he certainly has a lot of ideas about immigration.

NPR's Tamara Keith.

Thanks, Tam.

turn 1 : The president is trying to divert attention away from negative news about him and his administration

turn 1 : He can talk to the president directly with no in between people.

turn 1 : It does not seem clear on whether Trump made the phone call or received it

turn 1 : Obama wants to be seen as the voice of the people.

turn 1 : The president sometimes goes off script during announcements, but sometimes sticks to teleprompters.


As a Bears fan, I would also immediately pick on the Green Bay Packers fan.

Right, exactly (laughter) - and, you know, I might finger someone who was wearing a Raiders jersey. But, you know, that's just my unconscious bias, right?And so I leaned on my training, and I just looked for those signs of a potential threat. I engaged him in a conversation. He was able to respond to my questions completely normally. And then once he took his seat, I walked by and I carefully observed him again. He was completely casual. He was not sitting stiffly in any way. He had his headphones on, and he was watching the game. Someone who believes that they are about to die generally doesn't turn on football.

And to recap, using football terms, this was very rare in your flights.

Absolutely - absolutely. More often you'll get biases against people who are larger or mothers with crying children. There's all kinds of cultural issues that you come into contact with. And part of being a flight attendant is understanding what is and is not your job to judge.

turn 0 : (1) has an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The literal meaning is that the speaker is asking if there is any sign of improvement in the situation being discussed, but the implied meaning is that the situation is bad and the speaker is hoping for some positive news or indication that things will get better.

turn 0 : The actual meanings of (1) and (3) are different from their literal meanings. In (1), the speaker is implying that he would be prejudiced against a Green Bay Packers fan, rather than simply picking on them

turn 0 : Turn (1) has an implicated meaning that is different from its literal meaning. Although the speaker denies that the remarks were racially motivated, the implication is that the speaker believes they were in fact racially motivated, and is trying to downplay or avoid addressing that implication.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker is indirectly suggesting that they may have information or opinions that they are hesitant to share openly.

turn 0 : (1) The actual meaning of turn (1) is different from its literal meaning, as it implies that the speaker is ready to defend their state against any legal challenges from the Trump administration and has a track record of success in litigation against them, indicating a confident and confrontational approach.


I'm - so far, pretty much silence, but I also think that this is very different from the past allegations. This is something that will be much harder for Republicans to defend without looking even more craven than most voters. . .

OK.

. . . Will tolerate. You know, we can't base our foreign policy on whether foreign leaders are willing to do political favors for the president.

And we'll have to leave it there. Representative Tom Malinowski, Democrat of New Jersey. Thanks so much.

turn 0 : "without looking even more craven" implies that Republicans look craven for sure.

turn 0 : People who usually would vote for the Republican candidate are considering voting for Hillary Clinton instead.

turn 0 : A implies that the process of political maneuvering can be absurd and comical to an outside observer.

turn 0 : To the right means politically right wing, not that they are actually sitting on the right

turn 0 : Republicans in Congress are complicit in Trump's attacks on democracy.


OK.

turn 3 : The show cannot be picked up by another network or platform, indicating a potential end to the series.

turn 3 :  the host is wrapping up the interview and thanking the guest for being on the show. The literal meaning is simply expressing gratitude, but the implied meaning is that the interview has come to an end.

turn 3 : "maybe missing" implies not currently watching Game of Thrones anymore.

turn 3 : "we'll have to leave it there" implies that the tv show is over.

turn 3 : seem to be no longer - are not contained in the House version?And the House leaders say nope, we're not going to have them," respectively.


It's nutritionally vacuous. It's unhealthy. Why would you eat iceberg?Iceberg is pathetic. Iceberg is, you know, lettuce for people who have no class or no taste.

In 1894, the Burpee seed catalog introduced iceberg to the world. It was advertised as hardy, rich, flavorful and, most importantly, durable.

From the moment of its introduction, it transformed the face of American lettuce consumption. And for decades and decades and decades, it was overwhelmingly the lettuce that was consumed in the United States of America.

Eventually, iceberg's popularity became its downfall.

turn 2 : The video is gross, but still interesting enough to watch.

turn 2 : It is not that is something to be tasted. It is something people don't like to hear about.

turn 2 : I do not think that the ugliness mentioned is meant to be literal but metaphorical.

turn 2 : "Lashkari has applied that to the dishes he serves... His signature chicken curry, cooked in huge metal pots in his sweltering, fragrant kitchen, is made with Mexican tomatillos and cilantro. It's incredibly delicious. And we ate that along with the best saag paneer, a spinach and cheese dish, that I have ever tasted."  The actual meaning of this turn is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is not simply describing the food and its taste, but also highlighting the diversity and cultural fusion that has contributed to Houston's unique culinary scene.

turn 2 : It's not an actual face but the most popular and most seen way that lettuce is consumed.


It doesn't want to concede to American pressure because it fears that if it concedes under pressure, that's going to project weakness and invite even more pressure. And so for that reason, you've seen, rather than Iran capitulating or compromising, they've begun escalating. But I think the endgame for both sides is - there's really no alternative to coming back to the negotiating table.

And there has been a string of headlines from the region involving Iran in recent weeks. This incident with the British tanker, of course, comes right after the U. S.  says it brought down an Iranian drone. Of course, Iran disputes that version of events. How connected are these events?

They're all interconnected. And essentially, the Trump administration's policy toward Iran has been to subject Iran to significant economic pressure and sanctions in the hopes that either Iran will come to the negotiating table and capitulate over its nuclear program or - I think there's some folks in the Trump administration, like national security adviser John Bolton, who would like to see the implosion of the Iranian regime.

And what Iran has done in response - Iran's supreme leader has been ruling for 30 years, and he's become pretty adept at these escalatory cycles. And he's adept at waving both the white flag of diplomacy and the black flag of radicalism and escalation. So on one hand, he sent his chief diplomat - Iranian Foreign Minister Javad Zarif - he was recently in New York City, and he met with a lot of Western journalists. And he was talking about Iran wanting to pursue dialogue and diplomacy.

turn 0 : There is not a table but people get to leave the negotiation.

turn 0 : The person refuses to change their mind on what they think about the situation.

turn 0 : The person thinks that the situation will come to an end with both sides negotiating with one another. There is no game or table.

turn 0 : The situation is uncertain and they need to take it one step at a time

turn 0 : "Give me a call when you're ready to deal" - This is a polite way of saying that negotiation is over and there is no point in continuing until the other party is ready to make a serious offer.


turn 0 : at the end of the day means something is likely going to happen or what happens after everything else.

turn 0 : (1) B is implying that something valuable is coming to an end, beyond just a literal fade out.

turn 0 : you imply that something is the case

turn 0 : There is no actual endgame - this is hyperbole talking about how the situation might end up


turn 2 : The table simply means that Iran is being forced to return to negotiations.

turn 2 : There is no actual table, just the hope that Iran will negotiate with them.

turn 2 : There are not pieces on a table but there are happenings in countries that are open for negotiation.

turn 2 : Assuming that Iran is responsible for the attack.


turn 3 :  "Flags" does not mean that Tricia Newbold actually used flags to indicate the instances involving senior White House officials. Instead, it implies that she drew attention to these instances or brought them to the committee's notice. This is an example of a figurative or idiomatic use of language where the intended meaning is different from the literal meaning of the words used.

turn 3 : It is being implied that if everyone resigns he will be the new leader.

turn 3 : There are no actual flags, the leader is adept at diplomacy and attacking others.

turn 3 : A thinks that the government is not functioning properly.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: Is there any indication of what will happen next in the conflict?


Jamal Khashoggi's eldest son was photographed meeting the crown prince earlier this week. For a lot of people, it was heart-rending to see. And it was announced shortly after he'd be allowed to travel to the U. S.  We gather, according to reports, he's arrived there. Is it possible someone told him pose with the prince and you can get out of here?

Absolutely. There's no question. The royal family had banned him from traveling since his father had left the kingdom to go into exile. And there had to be a lot of behind-the-scenes maneuvering, including requests specifically by the United States and Secretary of State Pompeo to allow him to leave the country and join his brothers in the United States. Three of Khashoggi's sons are American citizens, and I gather the fourth son was not.

The head of the CIA, Gina Haspel, was in Turkey this week being briefed. What do we know about what she was told and what she did?

Well, the CIA hasn't provided specifics, but it's been widely reported that she listened to this alleged tape of Jamal's last moments and what happened to him inside the Saudi consulate in Istanbul. I mean, this is going to be a pivotal moment for the Trump administration. It has to make a very hard call - what to do about an ally that has been pivotal in three of President Trump's five most important foreign policy goals.

turn 0 : Jamal Khashoggi was killed by Saudi authorities after he walked into a Saudi Consulate in Istanbul.

turn 0 : It is suggested that the meeting between Jamal Khashoggi's son and the crown prince was staged to give the impression that he is safe and free to leave Saudi Arabia.

turn 0 : The Saudi leadership is responsible for the murder of Khashoggi, but they are trying to distance themselves from it

turn 0 : There are four possible scenarios for the crown prince's future in Saudi Arabia.

turn 0 : Qatar believes that by winning over people that President Trump listens to, he might change his mind on supporting the Saudi-led economic blockade of Qatar.


turn 1 : Jamal Khashoggi was killed by Saudi authorities after he walked into a Saudi Consulate in Istanbul.

turn 1 : The United States government intervened to secure the safe departure of Jamal Khashoggi's son, despite the Saudi royal family's ban on his travel.

turn 1 : The Saudi leadership is responsible for the murder of Khashoggi, but they are trying to distance themselves from it

turn 1 : This statement implies that President Trump has a history of not trusting U.S. intelligence agencies, which may affect his response to the CIA report on the killing of Jamal Khashoggi.


If Ms.  Sadler did - and that's something that the McCain family or Ms.  Sadler can comment on - those are private conversations, if, in fact, they happened. What I can tell you is that from the White House's standpoint, the alleged comments came in an internal meeting, and I can't comment any further.

In an interview with NPR on Friday, chief of staff Kelly said of undocumented immigrants, they're not criminals but not people who would easily assimilate into the United States into our modern society. They're overwhelmingly rural people. In the counties they come from, fourth-, fifth-, sixth-grade educations are kind of the norm. They don't speak English. They don't have skills. But as a number of experts have pointed out, that statement John Kelly made is just not true.

Look. We - no - we have low-skilled workers who come to this country all the time. . .

Low skills is different than no skills.

. . . Well, low skill - that's what the chief was talking about. We're talking about bringing in the best and brightest from around the world. That's not what is occurring now. But let's not pretend for a second we have a mean, heartless immigration policy. We have the most generous immigration policy in the world. So to pretend as though, somehow, we're closing off to the world is just ridiculous. What this president and what the chief of staff was talking about is we want people in this country who have a lot to offer the United States, who are the best and the brightest. And right now our immigration system as such - we don't get that.

turn 1 : A: "At the same time, I do believe that we need to find a way to deal constructively with undocumented immigrants, the majority of whom pose no threat to our communities."

turn 1 : This statement implies that that undocumented immigrants are uneducated, rural, and lack English proficiency, and therefore, cannot assimilate into modern society, is a biased and stereotypical view.

turn 1 : The speaker wants to address the negative views towards immigrants in America and reject white nationalism and xenophobia

turn 1 : The speaker is expressing concern that the justice system might be unfairly biased against certain individuals based on their race and access to resources.

turn 1 : Turn (4) is another example of a turn whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning. While the speaker suggests that the phenomenon of attracting voters who are anti-immigrant, anti-trade, and nativist is similar in Europe and the United States, it does not necessarily mean that the situations are identical.


Absolutely. This is a distinction that we don't want, in terms of being first in the nation in the ratio of African-Americans in prison. And it's my goal as the new governor to take this head-on and address it. And we have taken a number of important steps to trying to figure out the root cause. And as long as I'm governor, we will continue to make that a high priority.

Why is it important for you to put this issue front and center?

Well, historically, Iowa has actually been a leader on the issue of civil rights. In fact, we were one of the very first states to assure African-Americans the right to vote. So we - despite this distinction that we have right now - historically, we've been very progressive. And it's my hope that we can address this challenge and get back to leading the way in terms of opportunity and fairness and equality for all of our citizens.

What are you seeing in Iowa in terms of patterns within this pattern?Meaning, are there certain crimes that are more likely to show evidence of disparity between who's convicted than others?Are - what are the hot spots for you within this issue that you are addressing?

turn 0 : The underlying trends and geographical concentration of incarceration disproportionately affect low-income communities of color, particularly young African-American males.

turn 0 : The prison industry has become too expensive for some states to handle and rehabilitation is a possible solution

turn 0 : a heavily African-American district' implies that the majority of the district's population is African-American

turn 0 : Iowa's current distinction in the ratio of African-Americans in prison is a problem that needs to be addressed


I guess they don't have to take it now - do they?- come to think of it.

No. No.

Archibald Cox, for whom you work, made a decision to speak directly to the American people back in 1973 before, you know, he was shown the door. Do you hope special counsel Mueller who has been, I think, famously reluctant to reveal anything about his investigation shows his face and makes a statement now?

No, I don't because the thing about Archie Cox is that he had a very clear mandate from the Senate to take the investigation all the way wherever it led and to report the results to the public. And Bob Mueller has the character and the courage and the skill. But he doesn't have that mandate. So he has to do what he likes to do, which is be quiet and bring in a heavy mallet with all the facts.

turn 2 : I see means in this context I understand

turn 2 : A: "You didn't see that coming." - This phrase is often used figuratively to express surprise or unexpectedness, rather than referring to literal visual perception.

turn 2 : The turn in (2) is a figurative expression and its actual meaning is different from its literal meaning.

turn 2 : "shown the door" is an idiom that means "to be fired" or "to be dismissed." It does not have a literal meaning.

turn 2 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer


This is really speculative. We are not reporting on something we have been told by the White House.

Exactly.

What we're doing is we're trying to imagine a deal that the Senate Republicans could accept, that the Senate Democrats could accept, and that might have a prayer under certain circumstances of passing in the House - either because House Republicans decided they were so embarrassed by what happened a week ago with the failure of Plan B, or because they're feeling the pressure, they're feeling the heat. Or because they're looking at the polls. Or because they've just decided to give in. Or, John Boehner decided he would go with a mix of Republican and Democratic support. Let the whole House vote, not just the Republican majority as he's been doing.

And under those circumstances, this package might pass. OK. Here we go. 500,000, that's the cutoff. That would be the point at which income would be taxed at a higher rate. The 1990s rates, the rates from the Clinton era, would apply to income after a $500,000. Now, that's half of what John Boehner was saying last week.

turn 2 : The turn suggests that the speaker is feeling frustrated and overwhelmed.

turn 2 : "the worst feeling in the world" implies that not being recognized is the feeling that causes the most pain.

turn 2 : feeling the heat implies to experience difficulty

turn 2 : Everybody getting hurt doesn't mean physically hurt but that everybody is experiencing difficulties.

turn 2 : very enjoy am very nice feel very enjoy am very nice feel


So this didn't happen overnight. Russian agents start making covert research visits to the United States all the way back in 2014. They used that information to then begin these social media accounts about different political issues, and they start gaining momentum, getting hundreds, then thousands, then hundreds of thousands of likes and follows, even gaining legitimacy and reach by getting retweets and engagement from people in President Trump's orbit, people like Kellyanne Conway, Donald Trump Jr. , engaged with this content.

And then you think back to 2016 when these social media companies were basically saying, we don't have much of a role in election interference. And this report really shows that that's not true. This content was seen by as many as 126 million people on Facebook alone.

Now let's talk about the issue of hacking the Democratic National Committee and Hillary Clinton's campaign. What does the report say there?

So this section got really technical, but the report detailed exactly how these Russian agents ended up getting a hold of these emails that ended up on WikiLeaks. It all starts with a phishing campaign. They're able to break into the account of one account holder with the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, and they basically leveraged that access into being able to start exploring the entire Democratic national party network between the DNC and the DCCC.

turn 2 : None of the turns in this conversation have a figurative or non-literal meaning.

turn 2 : There are no turns in the given conversation that have a meaning different from their literal meanings. All the turns convey their literal meanings without any implied or figurative language.

turn 2 : There are no idiomatic expressions or figurative language in this turn.

turn 2 : All the turns in this conversation appear to have their literal meanings, and there are no metaphors, figurative language or idioms used.

turn 2 : None of the turns have implied meanings that are different from their literal meanings. They all convey their literal meanings without any hidden or implied messages.


No. OK. The regime have been mistaken for certain things. We used to have corruption. It's not new. Everybody knows that. But most of the Syrians think that the corruption and the mistakes the regime have, it's not to be correct this way.

This way meaning. . .

Destroying the country, killing people.

What do you think about the regime killing Syrian civilians and perhaps with chemical weapons?

turn 2 : The level of repression makes it hard for the country to function on all levels.

turn 2 : The regime has been causing damage to the country and harming innocent people.

turn 2 : The people want visible and effective action against corruption and terrorism.

turn 2 : that the people don't want any more violence and want it to stop

turn 2 : Assuming that Iran is responsible for the attack.


Oprah can pass the mantle anytime and still be a billionaire.

Definitely.

And an entrepreneur, multimedia business owner. Nonetheless, if you are that good at something, it's got to sting a little bit, doesn't it?

See, I don't think it does. I think that Oprah is at a point in her career and in her life where she's done what she wants to do. I think that that's why she felt comfortable coming out for Obama, because I think she understood that that might affect her ratings. I think, she felt like, you know what?This - I've succeeded far beyond anybody's expectations, so now I can take a stand and take the hit, if there is one to come. So, I think she's fine with it. I think she is looking forward to her next, you know, sort of you know, plateau, on, like, where she goes from here.

turn 0 : Oprah popularity and relevance seem to be diminishing due to her side in politics.

turn 0 : Oprah is worldwide. (This turn has an implied meaning that Oprah's cultural influence and recognition transcends different cultures and settings)

turn 0 : Oprah Winfrey's popularity in Saudi Arabia is unexpected.

turn 0 : Despite being one of the wealthiest countries, people are struggling to make ends meet.

turn 0 : Oprah can retire or step down from her current position or role as a successful entrepreneur and multimedia business owner, and still maintain her status as a billionaire.


First, the president speaks to a joint session of Congress tonight. It's not officially a State of the Union speech, but it will have much of the same pomp and ceremony. The speech is at 9 p. m.  Eastern. It will be televised, and so Mr.  Obama's real audience will be you and I, the people watching at home. NPR's Scott Horsley's here now. He's also be monitoring the speech.

And Scott, I guess it'll be economy as the number one topic.

You know, there's really no escaping that. The president said yesterday that this is not the situation he or any new president would like to inherit, but he's faced with rising unemployment, you talk about those plummeting home prices, a record number of foreclosures. So he's going to be talking about the steps he and Congress have already taken, like the $787 billion stimulus plan, the foreclosure prevention plan he unveiled last week in Arizona.

He's also expected to provide some more detail about his administration's efforts to shore up the banking system. That's something that the secretary of Treasury rolled out a couple of weeks ago and has been criticized for not having enough details. So we may learn more about that and about efforts to strengthen and update financial regulations so we don't find ourselves in a situation like this again.

turn 0 : Speech has enabled us to communicate more effectively and creatively, enabling us to come up with solutions and strategies to deal with situations.

turn 0 : It doesn't actually speak, but it it does mean that nothing good comes from the information.

turn 0 : It will have all of the same importance and rituals as the first speech.

turn 0 : The speaker is expressing amusement at the topic being discussed.

turn 0 : There are no turns in the given conversation that have a meaning different from their literal meanings. All the turns convey their literal meanings without any implied or figurative language.


So this new leader - when he took over, what kind of things did he change?

He upped all the stakes, really. He decided that the Brethren were not being hardline enough, that they weren't being separate enough. And he enforced the rule that if you had a teenager in your house who had been raised in the Brethren but was not yet breaking bread - i. e. , fully compliant - you couldn't eat with them. You couldn't eat with non-Brethren outside. You couldn't go to the cinema or have radios or television or newspapers.

So effectively, he not only separated off the Brethren from all contact with the outside world - you know, they might have been able before to have worked for non-Brethren. Now they had to work for other Brethren. And there was a great deal more compliance and surveillance as well. There's a lot of mass confessions. There are a lot of punishments for noncompliant behavior.

Now, you mention you were born into it. And your father wasn't just part of it. He was a high-ranking leader. How high did his influence go?

turn 2 : A: "breaking free from all of these identities and get down to that last one, which is human" - This turn is figurative language as it refers to the author's desire to move beyond societal labels and stereotypes and focus on our common humanity rather than actually breaking free from physical identities.

turn 2 :  the speaker is not talking about physical separation but rather a more metaphorical one in which the Brethren are cut off from the outside world in terms of their beliefs and practices. The mention of working only for other Brethren and mass confessions also indicate a more metaphorical level of control and surveillance.

turn 2 : "mass confessions" - This phrase refers to a practice where members of the Brethren confess their sins publicly in front of the congregation. The literal meaning would be a large number of confessions happening at once.

turn 2 : The speaker is implying that the same divide between religious people and non-religious people is present across the political spectrum, not just within one party.


But, you know, people have been, you know, taking this approach for a long time.

I notice that you might be able to - I think the Romans shipped apparent black wax tablets, and then you scrape off the wax, something's in there.

Oh sure, there are lots of different ways you could do this. And in fact, I mean, the story that's floating around, and I'm not sure if it's true or not, I haven't been able to dig deep enough to find out, is that during World War II, the censors would go through, and they would kind of change numerical tables.

So if somebody was sending a letter to someone in the theater and saying, you know, Johnny got good grades, got an A, B, a C or something like that, they might change them around a little bit. Or they might change, you know, put little changes just in case someone was trying to sneak a message in, you know, some table of data.

turn 2 : The speaker is telling a story about a Swedish prime minister who believed that the cause of a particular phenomenon was Russian submarines, while the scientists believed it was herrings farting. The story is likely fictional, and the implied meaning is that people in power may ignore scientific evidence and continue to promote their beliefs, even if they are not supported by facts.

turn 2 : Although the speaker says "we know that's true," they are not expressing a belief that the events described in turn (2) are factual. Rather, they are acknowledging the information that has been presented and using it as a basis to introduce a theory about what might have happened to the crewmen. T

turn 2 : This statement implies that the newspaper was taking extra precautions to ensure the accuracy of their reporting.

turn 2 : The speaker is suggesting that the situation might not be as serious or dangerous as it initially seemed.

turn 2 : the speaker is hinting that a story about World War II censors tampering with numerical tables is potentially true, although they have not been able to find enough evidence to confirm it


turn 3 : The actual meaning of this turn is to be aware of the potential consequences of what you write in emails and to be careful with what you say via email.

turn 3 : This implies that people have been hiding secret messages within a seemingly innocuous message, image, or other file in a way that is not apparent to anyone who is not the intended recipient for ages.

turn 3 : implies that this sensitive information could be used by malicious individuals to blackmail federal employees.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of the fourth turn is that one should be careful when writing emails so that they wouldn't be embarrassed if they were published. However, the implied meaning is that one should be careful when writing emails because they may be exposed and used against them.

turn 3 : the speaker is suggesting that the censors would change the grades in the letter to prevent someone from sending a secret message.


As for the money that AIG does borrow from the government, the interest rate will be lower. The interest rate the government charged before was very high, and the reason it did this was political. The government knew that taxpayers wouldn't like lending AIG money. So, they wanted to take - make some of the terms of the loan pretty harsh so no one could come back and say, you know, this was some kind of sweetheart deal. Well, now the rate is going to be much more manageable. The company will have more time to pay it off.

Now, in exchange for this, AIG will have to agree to restrictions on financial compensation for five top executives. AIG, as you may remember, got into a lot of trouble because it sent some agents on expensive treatments to spas in California right after receiving the bailout. So, this compensation is kind of a sensitive issue for the company.

And what about taxpayers?Can we expect to get any of that money back from AIG at some point?

Well, as I said, you know, the government is going to be buying $40 billion in AIG stock. The money will come from the big, $700 billion bailout plan that Congress approved in September. You know, some of that, taxpayers presumably will get back if stock goes up. You know, but nobody really knows.

turn 0 :  "took some stock in the company as collateral" - refers to taking some shares of AIG as a security for the loan.

turn 0 : The government purposely made the loan terms harsh for AIG to avoid accusations of a sweetheart deal.

turn 0 : The new terms of the loan are unfavorable.

turn 0 : Despite having a good credit history, the credit was not available on time and it caused a lot of inconvenience


turn 1 : AIG will have to agree to restrictions on executive compensation because of past misuse of bailout money.

turn 1 : The oversight of the bailout money may not be as strong as it is intended to be.

turn 1 : The bailout could have potential negative consequences for the average taxpayer

turn 1 : Companies are misusing bailout money and need to be held accountable and punished for doing so.

turn 1 : The government is demanding that the banks that received the bailout maintain mortgage lending and small-business lending at the levels of last year while also requiring leaders of these banks to step down and freezing bonuses for executives who stay.


So, what do you make of all these pardons?

These pardons are a typical old practice in Russia and the Soviet Union. But, of course, President Vladimir Putin made a wonderful publicity show of pardoning Mikhail Khodorkovsky and this was totally unexpected. There had been talk about another trial against him. And instead, now he's already in Germany.

Let me ask you about what seemed to be, from Mr.  Putin's point of view, a productive week. Ukraine's government, after weeks of some wavering, decided not to sign an agreement with the European Union and instead threw in with the economic aid package from Moscow. How do you read that?

Well, I think it's quite a victory for President Putin and also for President Yanukovych. What President Putin got, it was some kind of alliance with Ukraine. And he also got support for his kind of economic and political system, rather authoritarian and not quite run by the rule of law. And President Yanukovych, he got $50 million in a probably quite expensive loan, which means that he can keep going for 15 months more, until he has presidential elections in Ukraine.

I'm curious as to why Ukraine seems to be teetering. Because when the USSR split up, a lot of people said this is going to be a country with a lot going for it - almost 50 million people; it was considered the breadbasket of the old Soviet Union; coal, steel. What's happened?

turn 3 : implies asking for an opinion on Russia's ambitions.

turn 3 : They mean that this is not a small way of being associated with Russia.

turn 3 : (2) The implied meaning is that the Ukrainian president accused Russia of trying to provoke a military conflict, and that this accusation is related to Russia's actions in Crimea and in other former Soviet regions with large Russian populations. The literal meaning is consistent with this implied meaning.

turn 3 : A: "What President Putin got, it was some kind of alliance with Ukraine" - The literal meaning of this statement is that Putin gained an alliance with Ukraine. The actual meaning could be that Putin gained a strategic advantage by aligning Ukraine with his economic and political system.

turn 3 : (2) implies that Russia's goal is to promote a worldview that everything is corrupt and that its tactics are meant to psychologically influence others;


turn 4 : (2) The implied meaning is that the Ukrainian president accused Russia of trying to provoke a military conflict, and that this accusation is related to Russia's actions in Crimea and in other former Soviet regions with large Russian populations. The literal meaning is consistent with this implied meaning.

turn 4 : "It's about European values.It's about democracy and rule of law.Ukrainians are tired of corruption and poor governance.They want to live as in Europe."

turn 4 : B: "Because when the USSR split up, a lot of people said this is going to be a country with a lot going for it" - The literal meaning of this statement is that people had high expectations for Ukraine after the Soviet Union dissolved. The actual meaning could be that despite Ukraine's potential and resources, its political and economic instability has hindered its progress.

turn 4 : In turn (2), B's comment about Ukraine owing billions to Russia is not directly related to A's comment about Ukraine's gas storage and long-term energy issues. B's comment is an implication that Ukraine's ability to address its energy issues may be hindered by its financial obligations to Russia. It also suggests a possible underlying political tension between Ukraine and Russia.


What about the new government in Kiev. They issued a statement which is, as you described - at least through the translation - sounds like fighting words. What's their reaction been?

Well, there's not been more reaction than that except to say that earlier today, the Ukrainian president, the acting Ukrainian president accused Russia of trying to provoke a military conflict. This was before the vote in the Russian Parliament. And he referred to Russia's action in the past in other former Soviet regions with large Russian populations and said that Moscow's approach in Crimea is very similar to what Russia did before invading in other former Soviets areas.

So, a great sense of concern, a great sense of uncertainty of what will come next. It's not clear whether this is a still a political game or this is military brinksmanship.

And we're told, for example, that the U. N.  had I guess special representative Robert Sery was in Russia. He was supposed to head to the Crimea. Anything you've heard about negotiations to talk this thing through?

turn 1 : In turn 2, the speaker is implying that even though Mr. Putin's arguments may sound familiar to those of Hitler in 1938, the analogy between the two is still an exaggeration.

turn 1 : The actual meaning is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is saying that the protest movement in Ukraine is not just about a trade agreement with the West, but rather about the desire for European values, democracy, and the rule of law. The literal meaning would be that the protest movement is not solely focused on trade agreements.

turn 1 : (2) implies that Russia's goal is to promote a worldview that everything is corrupt and that its tactics are meant to psychologically influence others;

turn 1 : (2) The implied meaning is that the Ukrainian president accused Russia of trying to provoke a military conflict, and that this accusation is related to Russia's actions in Crimea and in other former Soviet regions with large Russian populations. The literal meaning is consistent with this implied meaning.

turn 1 :  (2) Implied meaning: The US is in a difficult situation with North Korea and Russia, and the president's actions have made it even more difficult.


turn 2 : Implied meaning: Is there any indication of what will happen next in the conflict?

turn 2 : In turn (4), the literal meaning is that North Korea's nuclear capabilities are something to be reckoned with and the speaker is asking why we shouldn't be concerned about this one move. However, the actual meaning is that the speaker is asking for an explanation as to why the reassembling of the site should not be a cause for concern, despite the fact that North Korea's nuclear capabilities are usually considered a threat.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is suggesting that they are uncertain about the future outcome of a situation, and are not making any definitive statements or commitments. The tone and context of the statement could suggest that the speaker is being cautious, non-committal, or may be waiting for more information before making a decision.

turn 2 : (3) The implied meaning is that there is a great sense of uncertainty and concern about what will happen next, and it's not clear whether the situation is still a political game or has escalated to military brinksmanship. The literal meaning is consistent with this implied meaning.


Is this - does this - this explanation of how it works, does this offer you and other scientists an opportunity to study other materials or find out other ways things might work and become semiconductors?

Absolutely. I think the reason we were able to figure it out is because we have these very powerful probes like this very high-energy, very powerful X-ray source and these supercomputers where we were able to look at the atomic level of how the atoms are arranged and when they're arranged in a certain way why they exhibit this behavior.

And we can try and reproduce that in other materials and maybe even enhance it in design from the bottom up, new types of materials that have very strange properties.

And I think it's quite fascinating the tools that you use. One of the tools you used was an aerodynamic levitation furnace. It sounds like out of a science fiction movie.

turn 3 : It's a high level concept but it's exaggeration to say that it's fictional.

turn 3 : something that was hinted at or suggested, but not directly stated.

turn 3 : the phenomenon described in the book is extraordinary and could be perceived as a miracle by some readers, even though the literal meaning is simply acknowledging that the phenomenon is portrayed realistically in the book.

turn 3 :  "I don't know that story" - This turn has a literal meaning, which is that the person speaking is not familiar with the story being referred to.

turn 3 : has a figurative meaning, as it is implying a joke about the idea of Dame Stella turning her experiences into a novel.


You know, we have everything we need to handle those challenges, to meet them. But it's the feedback that I've gotten from readers over the years that has just made me humble and really grateful that I have something to share.

One of the things that struck a chord with me in the book is when you talk about not being in the moment and always wanting to be more than, different than, and how we can slip into that mindset. Tell me a little bit more about that.

Farai, I missed so much of my life, particularly as a young mother. You know, when my daughter was born, I wanted her not to be an infant, but to be a toddler, and when she was a toddler, I wanted her to be able to button her own clothes and get herself dressed and help me get her out the door.

And when she was probably around 10 or 11, I wanted her to be 13, 14. And then I wanted her to be out of high school and in college. And when I looked back on that exquisite journey, I realize that I missed so many moments, so many precious moments because I wasn't present. My mind was always far down the road.

turn 3 : The speaker realizes the value of being present in the moment and the importance of not missing out on important experiences.

turn 3 : The speaker identifies with various forms of art and culture, and has a deep appreciation for life and love.

turn 3 : The speaker is expressing appreciation for the opportunity of being able to discuss the issue.

turn 3 :  implies that the speaker is expressing gratitude for the other person's time and attention.

turn 3 : The speaker's emotions and thoughts are being explored in order to gauge their optimism and trust in the peace process.


It sounded great. It's actually pretty good.

Isn't it?

Oh, I kind of shocked myself here.

That's Brad Leone of Bon Appetit. You can watch his show "It's Alive: Goin' Places. "Look for it on Apple TV or wherever you stream your shows.

turn 2 : "they were shocked, stunned" implies they were surprised in a negative way.

turn 2 :  In this context, "shocked myself" is not meant literally, but figuratively. It is meant to imply that the speaker was pleasantly surprised by their own work.

turn 2 : Stunned and shocked means that they were surprised greatly by the information.

turn 2 : "shocked - really shocked" is a figurative way of expressing the speaker's strong emotional reaction.


Actually, it's - in the beginning it didn't look like it was really going to go anywhere. But more than 90 percent of courts have suspended operations now in Egypt, which will paralyze about 20 million cases. This is a nation of 80 million people, so really paralyzing the judicial system. The court system may put some pressure on the president to change the decrees he issued, which essentially, as I said, nullified the judiciary.

And so the political situation comes after a lot of the secular parties and some minority groups had walked out of the assembly that was trying to write the constitution.

Right. It's been a hard battle to write this constitution. When you talk to members of the Muslim Brotherhood, allies of the president, Muhammad Morsi, they say listen, we are elected. Our president is elected, the parliament was elected, the constituent assembly was chosen with a popular mandate, and the courts keep getting in our way. And they say in order to allow for this constitution to be completed, we had to cut out the courts. Right before the president issued these decrees, as you said, minorities, liberals, about a quarter of the constituent assembly walked out in protest, saying it's an Islamist-dominated body, which it is, and we don't agree with what's being put into the draft constitution. It limits women's rights, minority rights, and they take issue with that.

The Muslim Brotherhood, the Islamists, say the liberals, the secularists and the minorities were dragging their feet, trying to run out the clock on the constitution.

turn 2 : The people want visible and effective action against corruption and terrorism.

turn 2 : There is doubt whether the Congress will be able to come up with a comprehensive solution for all the issues and it may require multiple attempts

turn 2 : The Muslim Brotherhood believes the courts are obstructing progress and cut them out to complete the constitution

turn 2 : It's getting harder to make people believe that the Supreme Court is not political.

turn 2 : that the people don't want any more violence and want it to stop


UNESCO must have known in July when they declared the old city in Hebron a Palestinian world heritage site that Israel would object because they say that Judaism has a lot of links to Hebron and that this would create problems in the United States.

One should make a difference. In UNESCO, there are different bodies. So when you say UNESCO took a decision, I think the more precise will be to say that the World Heritage Committee took a decision. But on my side, I have done many - implement many initiatives to strengthen the - our ties with the Jewish people. I think if you look at the bigger picture, you will find also these important activities of the organization that I think makes it a little bit more complex just to be one-sided when when you judge us.

Well, I mean - I wasn't asking if you or UNESCO were anti-Semitic. I was asking if you didn't realize in July when the Heritage Site committee made the declaration.

Well, I personally realized it. But as I said, I'm not taking these decisions to the World Heritage Committee. But I did realize it.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is suggesting that they are uncertain about the future outcome of a situation, and are not making any definitive statements or commitments. The tone and context of the statement could suggest that the speaker is being cautious, non-committal, or may be waiting for more information before making a decision.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be suggesting that there are some hidden or unknown factors that could influence the situation being discussed.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: It's important to take a step back and reflect on our actions before making decisions.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is subtly trying to convey a sense of urgency or importance in the matter being discussed, without explicitly stating it.

turn 3 : the speaker is implying that they personally realized the potential consequences of the decision when it was made, even though they are not part of the decision-making process.


And so having helped quietly and not so subtly to engineer his appearance and his victory as the GOP nominee, she then came yesterday as all of these Republicans were trying to get him off the ticket and saying, no, no, no, the voters of the state have spoken. Of course it would be terrible. There would be a terrible backlash if he were to be pushed off the ticket by these outside forces. So if you're an outsider, like me, you just - and a political observer, you really just have to giggle at this process.

Because Senator McCaskill is clearly hoping to keep the weakest possible candidate in the race.

Well, she's simultaneously making the argument, look, this just proves that we can't risk having this guy representing us in the United States Senate and saying - but he must stay on the ticket because I want to run against him.

As you pointed out in your piece, this was a tactic that Harry Reid, the Democratic leader in the United States Senate, used in Nevada earlier when he got the - was extremely fortunate to run against Sharron Angle.

turn 0 : A implies that the process of political maneuvering can be absurd and comical to an outside observer.

turn 0 : A is advocating for social and political change.

turn 0 : gravity implies that in politics a person's actions can hinder them from acting further

turn 0 : "engaged in the process" - this means actively participating in the political process, not just being present or observing it.

turn 0 : To the right means politically right wing, not that they are actually sitting on the right


It'll rip the shirt right off of your back one day and the next day it's so beautiful you can hardly stand it.

Gary England, master meteorologist of Oklahoma City. Thanks so much for being with us.

It was my pleasure.

You're listening to WEEKEND EDITION from NPR News.

turn 0 : it look like a meaningless. u can improve the sentence

turn 0 : be put right means that something should be made correct, or something should be corrected

turn 0 : on and off means in this context that they are doing something then not doing something

turn 0 : right off bck demage our shirt for beautiful at the same time is really implied meaning

turn 0 : A is unsure whether Steve's comment is a compliment or not


Hi, Lulu. Thank you so much for having me.

It is an absolute pleasure to have you. Let's talk through this. There's already been some diversity in the emoji world. We have different skin tones included in emoji form. But why do you think an afro should be included too?

I think an afro should be included too because there's an entire community of people - black, Afro-Latinx, diasporic. We were just talking about the do for others. It's a lot of people that have hair that grows up, forward and spherically and, you know, defies gravity. And there's been - and there's just been a big dearth and lack of representation of natural hair and Afro hair in the media. And I think the lack of Afro hair in our keyboards is a subtle but constant reminder of that. You know, we're a world that interacts largely in digital spaces. And emoji are this universal language of self-expression and kind of the closest way to, really, inject our personality into our conversations. And the fact that a very large community and culture of people has no reflection of themselves in those conversations is something that I'm trying to change.

Describe the emoji for us.

turn 1 : The interviewer reminds the speaker of what they've been saying, which is different from what the speaker is saying now.

turn 1 : "my pleasure" - This phrase is a polite way of responding to a thank you, but it does not actually mean that the person feels pleasure.

turn 1 : It's not a pleasure but the person is just being polite during the interview.

turn 1 : Pleasure to speak to you. (This is a polite way of expressing appreciation for the invitation to speak on the show.)

turn 1 : The person did not get pleasure from it but is simply being polite.


Yeah. Marianne really is a kind of civilian commander, (laughter) in all ways, of this group, isn't she?

Yeah. In the preface of the book, we see the resisters originally coming together and starting to think of conspiring. And in the context of that, Marianne offers to be the commander of widows and orphans, should it come to that. And it's sort of an offer she makes somewhat in jest. It doesn't feel real at that time - that it could get to that level. But then in the end, her own words come back to haunt her. And that's what inspires her to bring the other two together and to keep searching for others, as well.

I want to be careful with historical analogies because Nazi Germany is the precedent that people - it seems of all political stripes - cite as the nightmare we want to avoid. But what about readers who see parallels between the 1930s Germany in your book and in history and anything we're living through today.

I think, for me, what I felt was really relevant when I was writing this book was the question of - what did ordinary Germans, the people whose lives sort of touched very peripherally on the darkness experienced during that time - and how did they let this happen?How did they either not see it or blind themselves to it?

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a metaphor or analogy to convey a deeper meaning or idea, often related to emotions or personal experiences.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of a certain metaphor or analogy suggests they are drawing a comparison to another concept in order to illustrate their point or express a deeper meaning.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a metaphor or analogy to explain or describe something, often to make a complex idea easier to understand or to create a vivid image in the listener's mind.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using metaphors or analogies to convey a complex idea or emotion in a more relatable or understandable way.


turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of repetition or emphasis on certain words may convey a hidden or implied meaning, such as sarcasm, irony, or frustration, that complements or contrasts with their words.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker perceives that the turn may have an underlying or implied meaning that could be interpreted in various ways depending on the listener's perspective and context, and while not everyone may agree, most people are likely to recognize some level of subtext or hidden message.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a euphemism or understatement to convey a more significant or sensitive message.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using sarcasm or irony to convey a different meaning than what is being explicitly stated.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of a certain word or phrase may have a hidden connotation or subtext that is meant to convey a particular idea or message, such as irony or euphemism.


OK, it's getting there. It's close.

Look - peaks are holding. Peaks are holding. OK. So let's scoop this out. We're going to make two. OK, what I'm doing here is I'm making a divot because that's where our egg yolk's going to go, but first we want to bake this for three minutes.

And we're going to put the salt on now?

Yeah, we can do it now. Sprinkle it to taste. And you know what?Let's do some cheese too because cheese is good.

turn 1 : Whipping egg whites breaks down proteins and creates a structure that captures air bubbles, resulting in a fluffy foam.

turn 1 : Well, yes and no.I mean, the last cookbook like this which takes a long time to do, but I still hope to do some little thing with my daughter, maybe the lesson of a grandfather, you know, showing her how to do simple thing that we've done together.I have a great deal of fun cooking with her so maybe a little book.Certainly, some video will come with that, yes, hopefully.

turn 1 : Preparing divots for egg yolks and baking for three minutes.

turn 1 : Hurry up and get started on the task.


And what's the story about how your parents met?

Well, they met in art school in Charlotte. . .

(Singing) In the '60s, black boots, mini skirt, blonde curls. Then when you went to art school. . .

And my mom would go and see him play. He was in a jazz funk band called Fungus Blues. And she would go. . .

turn 2 : A is telling a joke instead of discussing the topic

turn 2 : Implied meaning: This turn's use of humor or sarcasm may indicate a deeper subtext or intention, highlighting the potential for indirect communication to convey complex messages.

turn 2 : Turn 4 has an implied meaning that conveys a sense of irony or humor. While the speaker's comment is framed as a joke and elicits laughter from their conversation partner, it also carries a serious message about the importance of getting enough sleep.

turn 2 : A is trying to add some humor to the conversation

turn 2 : (3) is a sign of amusement, indicating the speaker was laughing at the metaphor.


turn 3 : B is interested in the connection between jazz and hip-hop in A's work.

turn 3 : A reflects on his childhood experiences of racism and isolation as the only black kid.

turn 3 : A is sharing a personal anecdote about how their parents met, which involves the jazz funk band Fungus Blues

turn 3 : Even though they faced many obstacles in their music career, they persevered and continued to move forward.

turn 3 : the musicians actually created a spark in the speaker's imagination, but the figurative meaning is that the musicians inspired the speaker's creativity.


Exactly. I mean, I have at least two publications on my resume that are no longer in existence. And I think a lot of reporters and journalists can say the same about theirs.

Yeah. You realize - I mean, maybe, I don't know - Gerard Baker, the editor of The Wall Street Journal, they won a Pulitzer this week too. He's hearing, maybe, this interview. He's certainly heard of you and your Pulitzer. What if he or another big-time newspaper editor found you and offered you a job?Do you hope for anything like that?

Well, I can't say that it wouldn't be a dream come true - it kind of would be. But, I don't know what I would do because that opportunity hasn't presented itself. And there's the other factor, which is, I like the job I'm at now. I work for USC Shoah Foundation, which isn't just some place to land. It's a pretty amazing place. It's, you know, really one of the world's leading institutions of Holocaust and genocide studies. Never thought I'd be there in a million years either, but it's turned out to be a very rich and rewarding experience. So the answer is, I - it's a very good question - I don't know what I would do if that happened.

Rob Kuznia, the Pulitzer Prize-winning PR man. He won the Pulitzer this week, along with Rebecca Kimitch, and Frank Suraci of The Daily Breeze in Southern California.

turn 1 :  (2) implies that B is wondering what the latest news or developments are in the situation,

turn 1 : The implied meaning in this turn is that B is suggesting that Rob Kuznia should be hopeful of getting a job offer from a big-time newspaper editor.

turn 1 : Actual meaning: B is challenging A's position and implying that it is morally questionable. Literal meaning: B is asking A if they want to align themselves with people who cut 3 percent from the Meals on Wheels budget.

turn 1 : Actual meaning: B is bringing the conversation to an end because of time constraints, but expressing interest in having A return in the future. Literal meaning: B is stating that A will be invited back and that Michael Graham is the podcast editor for The Weekly Standard.

turn 1 : The implied meaning of this turn is that B is suggesting that the joke is related to Wall Street, such as the stock market and other financial activities.


Correct. Well, you know, I have to say that when I go out and give talks, I say that Buchanan is the second-most consequential American - Washington being the first. Washington started everything or led the start to everything. And Buchanan led us into demise.

Plus, he didn't support Stephen Douglas as his successor. And the Democratic Party split into three, allowing Lincoln to win. Perhaps if he had supported Douglas, his rival, maybe Douglas would've won the next election. And Lincoln would've been - I don't know - an afterthought. But he might not have ever become president.

Just a very - wildly successful corporate attorney in Illinois.

Perhaps so.

turn 2 : (3) Implied meaning: Despite the fact that Buchanan was liked for his civility, he was still an ineffective leader and failed to take action in a crucial moment.

turn 2 : The speaker is reflecting on the fact that Lincoln's willingness to work with his rivals was seen as a weakness by some in Washington at the time, but in hindsight, it was a display of personal strength and leadership

turn 2 : (1) Implied meaning: Are you suggesting that despite the good things Franklin Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln did, they were still wrong for certain actions?

turn 2 : James Buchanan had an impressive career in politics and government.

turn 2 : 3) Implied meaning: If Buchanan had supported Douglas, Lincoln would not have become president, but he would have been successful in some other way.


Yeah. Well, a big one can come from any number of faults here in Southern California. So if you looked at a map of Southern California and wanted to imagine all the faults, just throw a pile of spaghetti down on it, and all those little strands would be faults all over the place. These - this set of faults is inland from the San Andreas.

And so there was a less-than-1% chance that we would've had an above-7. 0 magnitude earthquake yesterday following the 6. 4 on Thursday, and that happened. As of today, there is a less-than-2% chance that we could see another magnitude 7 today, but we're going to have to see how that shakes out.

The San Andreas is not directly impacted by these faults, as far as we know. But there are a whole lot of faults in that area that might've taken a strain of some of these smaller faults that - when they released all their energy, because that strain doesn't just go away. It has to go somewhere else. And some of the other faults in the area took it on.

And how much do we know at this moment in time, this early in the day, about what the damage is up there?

turn 0 : Pile of spaghetti implies the fault lines on the map

turn 0 : The line did not break but somewhere in time things got worse.

turn 0 : Fault lines are ways that people will get shaken up over events that are being caused by Putin.

turn 0 : can be cracked meaning the problem can be looked into and a solution found for it

turn 0 : when a plan is sweeping it means it changes a lot of things and can be life changing


turn 0 : The hurricane caused severe destruction and devastation in the area.

turn 0 : So California has been where innovation has been occuring and tested.

turn 0 : The state of California is in financial trouble and may not be able to pay its employees or meet its financial obligations

turn 0 : Despite the progress and growth in the South, there are still underlying issues that need to be addressed.

turn 0 : Southern California has a lot of faults and is at high risk for earthquakes.


turn 1 : Shakes out implies how things come out in the end

turn 1 : All the turns in this conversation appear to have their literal meanings, and there are no metaphors, figurative language or idioms used.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using metaphors or analogies to convey a complex idea or emotion in a more relatable or understandable way.

turn 1 : how it play out implies the final result of a thing or series of things that happened

turn 1 : AGREE WITH THE TURN AND IMPLIED MEANING AND BELIVE THAT EVERYONE


turn 1 : The outcome of the parliamentary election is uncertain, and it is difficult to predict what will happen next

turn 1 : We saw reports of damage slowly come in to our studio. It is chaotic and confusing for everyone right after an earthquake and everyone is a bit stunned.

turn 1 : No one is currently out due to the strong winds

turn 1 : The implied meaning is that the demise of all people on earth is not a reason to be optimistic.

turn 1 : The chance of another big earthquake is still present and uncertain.


And that leads you to conclude what about guns?

Well, they are extraordinarily dangerous implements, and they have their place and they're effective tools for what they're designed for. But right now we've got very powerful weapons with lots of capacity on our streets that frankly don't belong on our streets or in our forests. You know, defending yourself from somebody breaking into your home is one thing, but you don't need a long rifle with 30 rounds attached to it to do that. So, you know, certainly some other kind of handgun will defend you just fine from somebody breaking into your house, but those other weapons are really meant only to be on the offensive and not just on the defensive. And so, you know, we ought to do everything we can to make sure that we keep guns out of the hands of those that are criminally intent and those that are mentally ill, violently mentally ill.

Senator Morse, what implications do you see in what happened to recall you?

Well, I think it's important to remember that this is really purely symbolic. The Democrats still maintain control of the Senate in Colorado. Obviously, we still have the House. These laws remain in place. So, really we just have the NRA attempting to send a message here. And I'm personally not listening.

turn 1 : (2) Implied meaning: While individuals should have the right to own firearms, it is not practical to suggest the mass confiscation of all firearms in the country.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of the turn is asking why they want to cause violence, but the implied meaning is asking why they find violence appealing or attractive.

turn 1 : In turn (2), the speaker is describing the use of oversized slingshots in a conflict to throw pipe bombs farther than they would normally be able to reach. The literal meaning is a description of the physical objects and their use, but the implied meaning is the unusual and desperate measures taken in a violent conflict.

turn 1 : means that powerful weapons with lots of capacity on our streets should not be allowed because they are meant to be used in an offensive manner;

turn 1 : Not arms that are funneled but weapons that are provided to them.


I'll pull the lever.

So once you change the flow, and you don't need the stimulus, you don't need that storm anymore, you just try to wait for it to rebound, and that rebound could take weeks is what you're saying.

Exactly right. Right now we have a very meandering, very non-definitive jet stream, and so that's allowing a lot of this cold air to just kind of flow out of the poles down into the continental United States. And so until that circumpolar vortex re-establishes itself, that cold air is going to be free to spill out all across the planet. And depending upon where these dips in the jet stream occur, that's where the cold air will flow out.

And so I see a new cold event for the East Coast around the end of January, into February. It's going to be preceded by a very warm event, a very warm rain event, up into the 60s, and then as that wraps around that storm, we're going to get that cold snap behind it. So you're going to have a very dramatic change from February 1st, from like January 31st we'll be like 60 and rainy and then February 1st it's going to be in the single digits again and very cold.

turn 0 : to move in direction in this context means to change something

turn 0 : to move around in this context means to move from place to place, like moving from one house to another

turn 0 : to rebound means to change in a positive direction

turn 0 : "walked them right back" means retracting or withdrawing from a previously stated position, rather than physically walking backward

turn 0 : soared in this context means to go up, or increase significantly.


But so. . . .

So I tried to do it. And, you know, I had like - I had some - added some, like, champagne yeast or something, this grape juice that I got. And it fermented, and it was alcoholic. But I - and I bottled it to carbonate. I'm looking at it, lightly shaking it, looking for, like, little bubbles. This was early and - in fermentation days. And I'm like, man, I think it's a dud; I don't think it worked, you know?And I go - I just literally went to go flip it. And as soon as I touched it, ba-ba-boom (ph). The whole thing, it turned into like - into sand. You know, it just, like, misted. There was red faux lambrusco on the ceiling, on the floor, a little microcut on my face from the glass. Chris was shellshocked - took him two days to talk.

It seriously turned to sand?That's what will happen?

Well, no. But, I mean, it just like - there was not - it, like, vaporized.

It vaporized.

turn 2 : The turn (3) by speaker B is an example of a statement whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning.  In this turn, speaker B uses a metaphor of a bucket of rice to explain the concept of DNA analysis and how it can be used to identify the origin of a sample. The actual meaning of the turn is that DNA analysis can reveal subtle differences in the genetic makeup of individuals, which can be used to identify their origin or other characteristics. However, the literal meaning of the turn is about a bucket of rice and the difficulty of identifying a few brown grains of rice in a sea of white grains.

turn 2 : The implied meaning is that A is inquiring about the details surrounding B's special person.

turn 2 : B: "It seriously turned to sand? That's what will happen?" The literal meaning of B's question suggests that A's beverage actually transformed into sand. However, B is using a figurative expression to emphasize the unexpected and surprising outcome of A's experiment. B is not asking about the literal transformation into sand, but rather expressing disbelief or astonishment.

turn 2 :  A's turn does not contain any figurative language. The speaker is expressing their genuine reaction to the artist's work.

turn 2 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer


Oh, my God.

And so I heard that, I'm like that's what this novel is supposed to be about. Basically, I worked on it for about three years.

In this 40th year anniversary, isn't it, of the fall of Saigon. . .

It is.

turn 1 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply an acknowledgement or agreement, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker may not be fully engaged or interested in the conversation. It could be interpreted as a way of signaling disinterest or a desire to move on to a different topic.

turn 1 : The speaker is suggesting that there may be a hidden agenda or underlying motive behind their words.

turn 1 : In this turn, the speaker is not actually stating that they heard something and then made a decision based on that information. Instead, they are using the phrase "I'm like" to express their thought process, which is a common colloquialism. The actual meaning of this turn is that the speaker had an idea for a novel based on something they heard, and they spent three years working on it.

turn 1 : (2) The literal meaning of this turn is a simple question, but the implied meaning is that the speaker wants to know what actions can be taken to address the issue being discussed and is seeking guidance or suggestions.

turn 1 : The turn that has an actual meaning different from its literal meaning is (2). The speaker is not talking about physically diving into something, but rather delving into the topic of a new class of online retailer that uses Shopify and AliExpress. The implied meaning is that the speaker has started researching and investigating this topic in depth


He is. But he also made a point when he put out a statement saying they would look at this is that he's still a very strong supporter of the Second Amendment, so I wouldn't expect a big fundamental change here. I think what he's saying is if they can present - and he's directed Republican chairmen to work with Democrats - if they can come up with something that can pass with overwhelming support in the Senate, he would be willing to bring it to the floor. But, again, he's not promising an outcome. He's just promising a debate.

So that's the Republicans. But briefly, Sue, the Democrats are really talking about this, not just as a gun debate but also as a hate crime, right?

Right. It wasn't just about guns. It was about race, and they have noted that there's things that they could look for this fall in spending bills to beef up how the government spends its resources to combat white supremacy. And that might be a different kind of debate we hear this fall.

All right. That's NPR's congressional correspondent Sue Davis. Thank you so much.

turn 1 : White progressives cause harm to people of color despite their belief that they are not racist.

turn 1 :  implies that the Democrats should not become complacent with their current demographics and should focus on further outreach

turn 1 : The election of a Democratic House and the rise of white supremacy have made it possible for the issue of slavery and reparation to gain more attention.

turn 1 : Democrate are really taking about race and resources to combat white supremacy.

turn 1 : Democrats wanting to impeach Trump is not a good idea and they should focus on other issues.


Is your area of focus because you believe, you know, what's the old classic Willie Sutton line: why do you rob banks?'Cause that's where the money is.

I would say it's more where the need is. For many years, we had invested in pharmaceutical companies, some device companies. With the advent of the Internet, it was time to bring technology, information technology to health care. You know, hospital systems, payers, physicians' offices were really in the dark ages of technology. I mean, back then, we were literally just wiring up physicians with the Internet in order to get them online. And I think our view is that with better information and information sharing, there's a better coordination of care. If you think about patients which bounce around to different doctors and then have the same diagnostic tests repeated three times, that doesn't help the patient. That only adds cost to the system. And when you have miscommunications between hospital systems and physicians, then you have poor care.

Is - forgive me for putting it in a simplistic way - is health care the new real estate?

I do think there's more innovation and investment going into the area. Some of that will be unwise. It always is in venture capital. We're investing in early-stage companies. Do I think it's a bubble?No, I don't think it's a bubble. I think there are so many ways that we can improve health care delivery today that it's worth a tremendous amount of investment in systems and information to do so.

turn 0 : The speaker is acknowledging the wealth of their country and how they have been living in luxury, but now they feel like beggars due to the sudden change in their circumstances.

turn 0 : The speaker is saying that money is important, but not as important as the enjoyment of cooking.

turn 0 : The sweet spot means they are in a good situation financially to lend to others.

turn 0 : The speaker is using the quote "why do you rob banks? 'Cause that's where the money is" as a metaphor to ask if the area of focus is chosen because that's where the opportunity is.

turn 0 : has a literal meaning of "Yes, the numbers aren't looking good for the person," but its actual meaning is "It looks like the person isn't likely to succeed."


turn 2 : The speaker is using the phrase "is health care the new real estate?" as a metaphor to ask if health care is becoming a popular and lucrative investment opportunity, similar to how real estate was in the past.

turn 2 : "Obamacare" The actual meaning of this turn is not different from its literal meaning. It refers to the Affordable Care Act, which was signed into law by President Barack Obama in 2010.

turn 2 : The implied meaning of the speaker's response to the question of overturning the Affordable Care Act is that they don't only want to do away with it, but also to replace it with something better.

turn 2 : (3) A: The speaker implies that doctors are spending a significant amount of time on non-patient care activities, which is a major problem in the medical industry.


The 767 is a workhorse of an airplane. It's been flying since 1981. Boeing has made more than a thousand of them. As passenger airlines sell off older members of their fleets, many 767s end up as cargo planes. And it's one of these leased to Amazon that crashed last Saturday near Houston. Three people onboard died. Yesterday, investigators discovered the cockpit voice recorder. We spoke with Todd Curtis, an aviation safety and security analyst and founder of airsafe. com, and asked if the 767 is a safe aircraft.

Generally speaking, yes. This is an aircraft that's been used in military versions, passenger versions, freight versions since the early 1980s. This is an aircraft that's had a lot of experience. It's been through a lot of vetting during the original design phase, as well as throughout its history. So there're, at present, no real issues on the level of the NTSB or the FAA being worried about this airplane.

What's known about this specific aircraft that crashed?It was 26 years old. Anything else about its history we know?

Well, this particular aircraft is typical for an older 767. That is, it went through several operators through its lifespan. And in recent years, after it stopped being a passenger airliner, it was converted to being a cargo airliner and had been flying for some time with Atlas Airlines, which, in this case, had the aircraft leased out to Amazon.

turn 1 : A suggests that unpredictability may make the situation safer because there are no grand intentions.

turn 1 : This statement implies that FAA could not expect Boeing to essentially self-inspect their own aircraft.

turn 1 : The 767 has a good safety record and is not a concern for the FAA.

turn 1 : Turn (4) is implying that even though research has been conducted in this area, law enforcement has not been paying attention to it and is only now beginning to do so.

turn 1 : The speaker is implying that the increase in closeness to the action is not matched by an increase in safety, so people may be put in danger.


This country, Cameroon, acts as a source, transit and destination. Especially the Kumbo Diocese, as it is economically poor region. It's a source for many traffickers to have children from our region to take them to the cities, to the towns and to the other nations, especially to the Middle East, where they're exploited sexually, physically and mentally.

So they're taken from homes. They're taken from schools. What happens?

Mostly, they're taken from homes or from where they are working. If they are working in somebody's house, they lobby the girl, say that OK, there is a job opportunity in Middle East as a teacher or as a nurse. Then when they go, they go to a center called a kadama (ph). In Arab, it is called a slave. So they go there. They are bought and sold to various places to be exploited.

What do you do, Sister?What can your organization do?

turn 2 : highlighting the deceptive tactics used by traffickers to convince girls that there are job opportunities in the Middle East as teachers or nurses, but in reality, they are being trafficked and subjected to exploitation.

turn 2 : Distinguishing between criminal acts and sleazy behavior, and whether people should lose their jobs over it.

turn 2 : The 'stop snitching' culture is related to the issue of race.

turn 2 : ISIS crimes did not make some women lose confidence

turn 2 : The people want visible and effective action against corruption and terrorism.


Sure. So one rule that was actually finalized on Halloween at about 4:30 or so on a Friday has to do with confined animal feeding operations, and those are industrial farms. And basically it allows the companies that run those farms to voluntarily apply for permits to discharge waste from these industrial farms into streams, rivers and things like that. The sort of catch is that there is not really much enforcement in terms of whether, you know, the farm that's applying for the permit actually discharges enough waste to apply for that permit. So it really leaves a lot - a great degree of the discretion onto the industry itself. So that's one. . .

So it's deregulation?

Right.

Of course, the financial deregulation issue, whether or not - how much financial industry should be regulated is a big issue, but also, in California, you had a whole look and a proposition that passed that was about this kind of issue, about how densely animals should be kept together. But you mentioned reproductive freedom. What is the regulation change on that?

turn 0 : Farmers need credit to buy expensive inputs like fertilizer.

turn 0 : Water infrastructure is a critical yet underappreciated aspect of our economy and daily lives, and requires more attention and investment.

turn 0 : When you hand out money quickly with no regulations people will spend it on things that are not needed.

turn 0 : The permit system for industrial farms is flawed and allows companies to discharge waste into streams and rivers without much enforcement.

turn 0 : The overflow will not cause harm to the ecosystem.


It's as lethal as Ebola. He's putting it in, putting - taking blood samples and putting them into little tubes that'll go back to a lab in the U. S.  with help from some very gutsy and proficient Bangladeshi collaborators. It's tough work, it's dramatic work, it's scary work, but they love it.

And you too. I mean, you know, some of - literally a paragraph began: Before I knew it, I was helping trap monkeys in a shrine in Bangladesh. And I think. . .

That was with another wonderful researcher named Lisa Jones-Engel and her physician husband, Gregory Engel. They were looking for viruses in monkeys, yes, in macaques, long-tailed macaques and other macaques that, in some parts of Southeast Asia, become habituated as temple monkeys.

And this was a temple in northeastern Bangladesh where I was helping them trap these monkeys so that, again, they could tranquilize them, take blood samples, looking for a virus called simian foamy virus. How's that for a name?That's one of my favorites. Simian foamy virus. And - which is a marker, which is, so far, as we know, a harmless virus when it passes into humans.

turn 0 : It is becoming very dangerous for workers to run Ebola clinics

turn 0 : The response to the Ebola outbreak in DRC is not going well and there are a lot of challenges to overcome

turn 0 : The work that he is doing is dangerous and scary. (Ebola implies deadly nature of the work)

turn 0 : The fight against Ebola is not just a health problem, but also a political one


Where are you right now?

I'm in Columbia, South Carolina.

Now you evacuated on Saturday. Was that because it was mandatory or did you make up your own mind?

I made up my own mind. I figured that at some point it would turn into a mandatory evacuation and I wanted to get ahead of the traffic.

turn 2 : B wants to know if A evacuated because it was mandatory or not.

turn 2 : (3) Had a mandatory evacuation been ordered, they would have had to evacuate the hospitals.

turn 2 : B is asking about A's plans after the storm, assuming that they are in the hospital for a reason.

turn 2 : The coincidence of being evacuated twice is unusual

turn 2 : The situation is so dangerous that people who refuse to evacuate should identify themselves in case of death.


Where are you right now?

I'm in Columbia, South Carolina.

turn 3 : The situation is so dangerous that people who refuse to evacuate should identify themselves in case of death.

turn 3 :  "Let's start by talking about a feature called automatic emergency braking."

turn 3 : (3) Had a mandatory evacuation been ordered, they would have had to evacuate the hospitals.

turn 3 : A evacuated on their own accord to avoid traffic.


It's really interesting. You know, they've been involved on and off in sort of smaller ways. But you know, they put out a press release. They're filing lawsuits. There's a lot of speculation as to why now. Some of it may be just they feel like these laws have finally gone too far. Some of it may be there's a woman president of the AMA and a woman past president and there'll be a woman president next year. For a group that's long been older, whiter and more male, that's changing.

So what kind of stance had they taken in the past?

Well, the AMA has been kind of everywhere on abortion. The AMA in the late 1800s led the fight to make abortion illegal in the United States. That was part of their effort to sort of centralize power over the medical profession. They wanted to get rid of unlicensed practitioners like midwives, who had traditionally been involved with women's reproductive health. And they really didn't change that position until just before Roe v.  Wade. And even when Roe v.  Wade happened, the effort to liberalize abortion laws in the U. S.  was really led by the legal profession, not by the medical profession.

You reached out to the American Medical Association - seems like maybe they're not so comfortable with this new stance. Can you tell us what you learned?

turn 0 : The American Medical Association's membership demographics are changing.

turn 0 : People are spending more on alternative medicine than primary care.

turn 0 : The Koch network uses health care as a ploy to gain Republican support.

turn 0 : Growing up in an impoverished neighborhood hindered A's path to become a medical doctor.

turn 0 : The Affordable Care Act is being challenged by Republicans.


turn 0 : to make a switch mean they go do something else.

turn 0 : don'ts  refers to unacceptable behavior and activities

turn 0 : at the end of the day means something is likely going to happen or what happens after everything else.

turn 0 : to look for something in this context means they are trying to see if something will happen

turn 0 : on and off means in this context that they are doing something then not doing something


Oh no. I think the debate is a crucial - the presidential race, even if you look at state by state. The key battleground states going in to November - Pennsylvania, Ohio, Florida, Michigan, all those states, very, very close. We saw in 1980 a very close race between Carter and Reagan. Once Reagan did really well on that debate, it boosted him and gave him a landslide victory. People are - even though there's three debate plus a vice presidential debate, people are expecting that the presidential race will be won or loss in these debates.

I saw CNN running a poll of expectations a little earlier today. People thinking that Senator Obama might do much better than Senator McCain in these debates. So, how will you know who's won?

Well, because I will tell you, you'll hear me on NPR. No. But I think the real reason is look, a lot of people thought that Al Gore would wipe the floor with George W.  Bush in 2000 and then somehow the media focused on Al Gore's sighs. Not a size, but sighs. His audible sighs during it. So, it's very interesting how we decide to focus on what's important and what's not important, which is unfortunate many times. But I think, it won't be after one debate you'll have three debates and then everybody will sit back and decide what happens.

Ken, I'll be guided by your wisdom tonight. NPR political editor, Ken Rudin. Thanks, Ken.

turn 1 : Hillary Clinton would also generate a lot of interest.

turn 1 : wipe the floor with George Bush implies a lot of people though Al Gore would win by a wide margin

turn 1 : Despite mixed feelings about Joe Biden, many assumed Obama would choose him as his VP.

turn 1 : There are dangers that cause problems by doing these polls.