Yeah.

turn 3 : In both of these turns, the implied meaning goes beyond the literal words used. The speaker is not simply asking about the reasons behind the human need to look at themselves or stating that it is innate and related to genetics. The implied meaning suggests a deeper exploration of human psychology and the significance of self-reflection as a part of our daily

turn 3 : In these turns, the speakers are discussing the implications and deeper meanings behind the actions and ideologies of the person they are talking about. They are not merely discussing the literal surface-level interpretations, but rather the underlying motives, strategies, and persuasive effects of those actions and ideologies.

turn 3 :  "I look at these things in a purely selfish way" - The literal meaning of this turn is that the speaker evaluates art based on how it affects their own enjoyment. The actual meaning is that the speaker considers how the artist's personal life may impact their ability to enjoy the art, but ultimately leaves the decision up to the individual viewer.

turn 3 :  (4), the speaker is commenting on something that is described as "very pretty." The literal meaning of the turn is that the speaker finds the thing being referred to visually attractive. However, the implied meaning of the turn is unclear and could depend on the context of the conversation. The turn could be a sincere expression of admiration, or it could be a polite or perfunctory comment that does not reflect the speaker's true feelings. Alternatively, the turn could be sarcastic or ironic, indicating that the speaker does not actually find the thing being referred to as attractive as it may seem.

turn 3 : The literal meaning is that the speaker wants to examine the motives behind the actions of the people involved in the events. The implied meaning is that the speaker is questioning whether their mother's version of events was accurate and whether the motives behind the actions were as terrible as their mother portrayed them to be.


And then we figured out how to pull aluminum out of its oxides, and now we use it everywhere. And platinum group metals are no different. They're very useful in electronics, microprocessors, medical devices, you name it, catalytic converters, renewable energy. And I would love to see a day - whenever that may be - when the platinum group metals are 100 times cheaper than they are now.

I'm reminded of a "Twilight Zone" adventure where they learned how to make gold and it was worthless. That's another story, but take us through the steps for your plan stage. Where do we go from here, and what are the steps?

Well, it's a three-phase plan. First of all, we have a technology road map that we've developed that lists every bit and every piece of technology that we need in order to go and extract resources from asteroids. We have some of that technology today and others we need to develop. And so we're slowly but surely piecing together, pulling together all the different pieces of technology that we need to have. Number two, we're going to do asteroid prospecting. And so this means that, first, we're going to develop a series of Arkyd 100 spacecraft to go into low Earth orbit and study the nearest asteroids and make sure that we've found, you know, lots of the other interesting ones that are not yet found and look closer at the ones that we do know of.

And number three?

turn 1 : (3) A: Well, you know, I think, just like copper and grain, I mean, I think there are shortages that arise every once in a while in important human commodities. And this is kind of a replay, to me, of when I became a clown.  The literal meaning of this turn is that the speaker is drawing a comparison between shortages in important commodities, like copper and grain, and a shortage in "human commodities," which the speaker then explains is a reference to the shortage of great master clowns in the late 1960s. However, the implied meaning could be that the speaker is making a commentary on the current state of the world, suggesting that there are shortages in important areas beyond just physical commodities, such as in human connection, joy, or creativity. The speaker may be using the example of the clown shortage to illustrate this broader point, and to suggest that this shortage represents a larger trend of a loss of something valuable in society.

turn 1 : The speaker in (2) is implying that they are looking for something rare and valuable, such as precious metals or other valuable resources, rather than simply asking what type of metal they are looking for.

turn 1 : "But this year, we are re-evaluating not just how we spend our money, but also the lessons we pass on to a new generation."  This turn has a figurative meaning. The speaker is not literally saying that they are evaluating the lessons they pass on to a new generation in the same way that they are evaluating how they spend their money. Instead, they are using the idea of evaluating their spending habits as a metaphor for rethinking their approach to passing on values to their children.

turn 1 : In (2), the speaker mentions a "Twilight Zone" adventure where they learned how to make gold and it was worthless. The literal meaning is that they learned how to make gold, but the implied meaning is that sometimes things that we think are valuable may not be worth much in reality. This is different from the literal meaning of the words spoken.


And number three?

turn 1 : as it is the only turn with an implied meaning different from its literal meaning.

turn 1 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 1 : The turn in (2) is a figurative expression and its actual meaning is different from its literal meaning.

turn 1 : All the turns in this conversation appear to have their literal meanings, and there are no metaphors, figurative language or idioms used.

turn 1 : There are no turns in the given conversation that have a meaning different from their literal meanings. All the turns convey their literal meanings without any implied or figurative language.


Well, prior to me going to medical school, I was actually a vegetarian. I was a martial artist. And I got exposed to concepts of diet and nutrition as it impacted health, and I got exposed to concepts of energy with respect to martial arts practice. And I really didn't see any of that in my medical school experience. Along with that, I had a just really open-ended approach to looking at medicine.

Being an African-American, I was not one of the good old boys in medical school. So you can either try hard to be a part of that club, or you can say to yourself, well, gosh, maybe there's some other things that can actually be explored. So Chinese medicine - I've explored that. I explored classical homeopathy. I explored nutrition. I explored other, particularly African cultural arts. And out of that, it just opened a whole worldview to me.

Give us some specifics on what African traditional medicine might incorporate into your practice.

At the heart of traditional African medicine is God and the ancestors, OK?So now, you have many Africans that want to take advantage of traditional medicine, but they don't want to acknowledge the roots. So the roots, as I'm saying, is understand your relationship with ancestors in terms of ancestors being a part of the community. The use of divination - on the surface, I mean, we've seen different things, maybe on TV or someone is throwing bones or caraway shells and then makes a pronouncement.

turn 0 : Growing up in an impoverished neighborhood hindered A's path to become a medical doctor.

turn 0 : The professor's enthusiasm for medicine and knowledge about the human body made A interested in pursuing a career in medicine.

turn 0 : Failing chemistry is a hindrance to becoming a doctor

turn 0 : Pursuing passion is important, but financial stability is also crucial.

turn 0 : Prior to medical school, I gained knowledge of diet and nutrition through martial arts and vegetarianism, which was lacking in my medical education.


turn 1 : As an African-American, I had to explore unconventional areas such as Chinese medicine, classical homeopathy, and African cultural arts, to gain a wider perspective in medicine.

turn 1 : The notion of gender and race plays a significant role in the medical field.

turn 1 : The professor's enthusiasm for medicine and knowledge about the human body made A interested in pursuing a career in medicine.

turn 1 : Growing up in an impoverished neighborhood hindered A's path to become a medical doctor.

turn 1 : Many Africans want to use traditional medicine but ignore its roots


Yes. You know, you will talk to Republicans and Democrats who will make very passionate cases that the other party will be to blame in this shutdown. I think shutdown politics are tricky. For one, we have a recent one in memory. The 2013 shutdown was largely driven by Texas Senator Ted Cruz, a member of the Republican Party. Republicans were seen as responsible for that shutdown. They went on to win big in the following midterm elections.

So the idea that being seen as the party that shuts down government will have electoral consequences, I'm not so sure Democrats view it that way.

Yeah. And the last shutdown lasted 16 days.

It lasted 16 days. If this one lasts as long as that, we will also be in a very interesting situation because President Trump's State of the Union address is 10 days from now. And I - my mind. . .

turn 1 : In (2), the speaker implies that Democrats may not be concerned with being seen as the party responsible for the shutdown, even though it may have electoral consequences.

turn 1 : e turn in (3) implies that the speaker does not have a strong allegiance to any particular political party and is more concerned with the issues that affect them personally.

turn 1 : The speaker believes that blaming only the president for the current political climate would not be fair since both parties have contributed to it (score: 4)

turn 1 :  In statement 2, the speaker is implying that Trump should make a statement that can help heal the divide between him and the Republicans.


turn 3 : In (4), the speaker implies that if the shutdown lasts as long as 16 days, it will create an interesting situation due to the upcoming State of the Union address.

turn 3 : A government shutdown affects the government and its citizens negatively.

turn 3 : seem to be no longer - are not contained in the House version?And the House leaders say nope, we're not going to have them," respectively.

turn 3 : "Run out the clock" is not literal. There is no actual clock here, as in sports. Instead, it refers to delaying tactics where the "clock" would be the remainder of his time in office.

turn 3 : They are implying that they are short on time


Finally, Ron, lots of talk about Congress releasing the second half of this $700 billion bailout this week. Where do we stand with that?

Quite possible that Congress will get that done this week now that Barack Obama has asked George Bush, has asked the current president, to formally put in a request for that money. Congress has got a lot of questions about how this money is going to be spent, as it has questions about how the first half of the money was spent. So, they're going to resist. There's going to be some pushback. But it's quite possible the release will come this week.

NPR senior Washington editor Ron Elving. Thank you, Ron.

Thank you, Alex.

turn 1 : The oversight of the bailout money may not be as strong as it is intended to be.

turn 1 : The bailout could have potential negative consequences for the average taxpayer

turn 1 : Barack Obama's request for the $700 billion bailout may expedite the process

turn 1 : Companies are misusing bailout money and need to be held accountable and punished for doing so.

turn 1 : The bailout is not punishment enough for the people responsible for the financial crisis.


So Robert Mueller testified. The House adjourned. And yet, the idea of impeaching Donald Trump lives on.

It lives on. And as you said, it is inching forward. I was checking this morning - NPR has an impeachment tracker where we've been tracking every member that comes forward for impeachment - and it's now at an even 100. Although, I should say that before Robert Mueller testified, it was at about 95. So we haven't exactly seen a big groundswell of impeachment following his testimony. I think the Congress reflects, right now, where the country is - there's a bunch of people really for it, a bunch of people really against it and not much moving in one direction or the other. The Congress is largely stuck on the question of impeachment.

How do you think this six-week break will change the dynamics of the situation?What do you think Democrats and Republicans are going to hear from their constituents?And is that going to change how they act when they get back here?

It's really interesting because August recess can be funny things. You know, we do sort of see groundswells sometimes that happen when members are home. Remember; the Tea Party movement in 2010 really started to rise up during the August recess when members were home. I don't think we're going to see something like that along the lines of impeachment, but I do think you would have to see a groundswell of a public opinion change or Democrats going home and realizing that this is not what their constituents want. We don't know the answer to that question yet.

turn 3 : The atmosphere is how people are feeling toward one another and treating one another.

turn 3 : The members that follow the rules and never go on strike have better status.

turn 3 : Efforts are made to provide a sense of community and celebration among the workers

turn 3 : The ground does not swell but a great many people join together for promoting a cause.

turn 3 : The speaker's baby and family are doing well and they are happy about it.


Little Africa was rough. It scared me to death. It produced a sense of claustrophobia. My luck was that I had parents who were college educated. They were community oriented. And for my brothers and I, it was never a question of whether we were going to get out, whether in fact we were going to go to college, but when we were going to get out and where we were going to college. So, I was blessed to have those parents.

Well, professor, when you think about some of the fundamental distinctions that you're making in this book is really the question whether or not black intellectuals have an obligation to majority black communities, particularly ones that are dealing with issues of poverty.

What's you're litmus test for who you consider to be people who were acting on behalf of the broader community?

I think the litmus test is what they say in their own words and to whom they say it, and the way they portray or characterize the black majority. Finally, I guess it would be a great divide. Do they plump down with a very serious and a structural analysis of why some people live in an objection in the United States and elsewhere, or do they opt for a behavioral explanation saying that they're just apathetic and they tend toward bad behavior. And if they would just change their behavior, things would be better for them. So, that's sort of in a nutshell.

turn 3 : "Do they opt for a behavioral explanation saying that they're just apathetic and they tend toward bad behavior. And if they would just change their behavior, things would be better for them." - The literal meaning is that some people believe that the behavior of certain individuals in the black community is the cause of their problems, and if they changed their behavior, things would improve. The actual meaning is that this is a simplistic and flawed explanation for the complex issues facing the black community, and ignores the structural and systemic factors that contribute to their problems.

turn 3 : The speaker is worried that their work may contribute to the stereotype that black people are oversexualized.

turn 3 : This statement from the passage implies the emotional impact of racism on the person of color and the discomfort and guilt experienced by the white person.

turn 3 : The speaker is asking if the listener believes in racial justice and if it is possible to achieve it. The speaker suggests that African-Americans have debated this issue for a long time, indicating that it is a complex issue.

turn 3 : Some people stereotype black people as oversexed, and the speaker is afraid that their work might reinforce this stereotype.


What has been done since then?And what still needs to be done to achieve a formal exoneration from the state of Texas for Timothy Cole?

Well there's an enormous amount. The first problem is that the court system in Texas is addicted to convictions and not very up on exonerations. We have created a very political system here in which egos are involved, politics are involved, and it's very, very difficult for judges and prosecutors to ever admit that they've convicted innocent people.

Do you have. . .

Because of that, we are running into a lot of obstacles.

turn 3 : There are many obstacles to achieving a formal exoneration for Timothy Cole due to the addiction of the court system to convictions.

turn 3 : The war on drugs has resulted in the implementation of harsh sentencing practices.

turn 3 : Adjusting to life outside of prison has been a challenge, but he has successfully adapted.

turn 3 : The process of restoring voting rights is too complicated and difficult for ex-felons to understand or complete.

turn 3 : The ex-convicts need to take an active role in the community and become more involved in order to get their civil rights back.


Yeah. I think people are starting to back away from that a little bit because there are enough little pockets where you could get some ice accumulating every summer and not melting out because, basically, you have the wind that pushes that together and piles it up. So you have always have a few places where it's piled up. But on the other hand, that will be a fairly small part of the Arctic, quite a small bit. So it's not - so for practical purposes, the ocean will look ice-free, and the North Pole may be sort of in a large area of no ice at all. Occasionally, right now, there are cracks and there are openings that drift around. And so, sometimes, the North Pole itself is in an ice-free area.

Open water, yeah.

But it could be possible to be in a large area of open water in the coming decades. That's the expectation.

The other enormous area of a white, reflective surface is the ice cap that covers the island of Greenland, the biggest island in the world. And that this summer also had a really powerful melt.

turn 0 : The melting of Arctic ice has local and global effects.

turn 0 : The Arctic ice is melting faster than ever before due to global warming, which causes a thinning of the ice.

turn 0 : There has been a long-term warming trend resulting in the Arctic ice melt.

turn 0 : There was no extraordinary weather pattern to explain the dramatic ice melting in the Arctic, it was caused by the ice being too thin.

turn 0 : The Arctic may have pockets of ice even when it appears ice-free


Open water, yeah.

turn 3 : The Arctic ice is melting faster than ever before due to global warming, which causes a thinning of the ice.

turn 3 : The ice cap on Greenland is melting rapidly

turn 3 : There has been a long-term warming trend resulting in the Arctic ice melt.

turn 3 : Melting ice on Greenland and Antarctica will increase sea levels


Both the trains slowed. I was standing there with my bag over my shoulder, ready to jump. It was windy. It was cold. It was kind of getting dark. And so they finally lined up the cars correctly, and I was told to run across the loose rocks and jump on to the other train.

The conductor on the other train pulled me on to that car. Once I was onboard, another conductor came through the car, and she said to me, don't get up when we get to Milwaukee. What I heard from her was don't get up, or I will kill you. I did not move the rest of the trip.

So I get to Saint Paul. I'm looking for my brother. He's late. So he gets there, and I ask him, why were you late?And he says, well, I checked the train schedule, and it said it was running behind. Oh, that was because of me.

A travel nightmare with a happy ending from Anne Fleury in Milwaukee. Send us your stories, please. Go to weekendeditionsaturday@npr. org. Click on contact. Put Travel Nightmare at the top of your message.

turn 0 : The pilot could have intentionally crashed the plane.

turn 0 : It did not come to a wire but came down to the last moment of the session.

turn 0 : There is a dangerous situation happening that requires people to seek shelter and take precautions.

turn 0 : not too far down the road means that it isn't far away from a different location.

turn 0 : The conductor was warning me not to get off the train when we arrived in Milwaukee or there would be consequences.


turn 1 : The situation is urgent and requires immediate action.

turn 1 : The situation worsened after trying to treat it

turn 1 : They had something on the bus that the authorities were interested in.

turn 1 : The situation was dire and I was desperate to get to my destination.

turn 1 : A agreed to do something but later realized it wasn't what they wanted


turn 1 : to pull up somewhere means to drive to a particular place

turn 1 : (2) The actual meaning of the turn is different from its literal meaning. The statement "don't get up when we get to Milwaukee" is meant as a warning not to get off the train at Milwaukee, rather than a threat to kill the speaker if they move.

turn 1 : Turn (2) has an actual meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is not discussing an attempt to physically move goalposts, but rather a rhetorical strategy of avoiding answering certain questions.

turn 1 : The implied meaning of the turn is that the speaker is asking whether the derailment could have been prevented if Amtrak had received more government funding.


turn 2 : She was not actually scared but was worried about doing a good job.

turn 2 : There was almost a competition for who had the authority of the the situation.

turn 2 : The situation was dangerous and Anne was scared.

turn 2 : It affected the young people's emotions when they saw what happened.


turn 3 : It made the person feel sadness and it was hard for them to see.

turn 3 : The disaster was so severe that it was impossible to save everyone, and the situation was out of control.

turn 3 : .The situation was potentially dangerous and uncomfortable, with the darkness and cold adding to the tension.

turn 3 : A describes his fear and relief during a shooting incident

turn 3 : something that was hinted at or suggested, but not directly stated.


Well, this obviously has been a really long time in coming for the victims of the crimes in Guatemala, and for their country, as well. I think the victims who had an opportunity to testify in the trial proceedings would say that justice ultimately was not denied, as a result of this really historic outcome, that I don't think anybody expected to happen.

Why?

Well, there has been a really remarkable wave of prosecutions for former political leaders who, in days of yore, would have enjoyed a comfortable retirement and not faced any threat of prosecution. And against that history, in Latin America in particular, many former leaders and other senior officials have faced trial in the last 20 years or so. And it's been a notable phenomenon, and has provided inspiration for countries in other regions of the world, as well.

But Guatemala was the really striking holdout from this pattern. And so while one after another country was able to confront its past, not only through historical confrontations, through truth commissions and other means, but also in court. While that was happening in the region broadly, Guatemala was really almost a poster case for enduring impunity. And there were numerous efforts made over many, many years, led by Guatemalans themselves, but with a lot of support from the international community in many different ways. And despite all these efforts, Guatemala was unable, until recently, to bring past leaders to justice.

turn 0 : The current president of Guatemala acknowledges the verdict but denies genocide

turn 0 : Victims did not have any legal rights until recently.

turn 0 : The family members of the killed victims are happy to see that the offender is finally being held accountable for his actions.

turn 0 : Justice has been delayed for the victims of crimes in Guatemala.


Rabbi, how are you and the other people doing this profound work doing, feeling, thinking about?

Well, I cannot speak for anyone else. I can only answer you the same answer I've given everyone since Saturday night when they've asked how I'm doing. And the answer is, ask me in a few days. And I'll try to figure it out. Right now I'm not - I'm focused on what I and others - there's so many people working day and night on this issue and on other communal issues. It's inspiring to see. But right now I haven't even allowed myself to cry because if I do, I will fall apart. And I will not be able to do what has to be done. As the days go by, it's getting harder and harder for me to push those tears back. So I'm going to probably need a corner soon just to fall apart in. But right now we have work to do.

At some point, Rabbi Wasserman, that synagogue becomes a place of worship once again. Will that be difficult for you?

Well, that's not my synagogue. I'm the rabbi at one of the other synagogues.

turn 1 : the turns whose actual meanings are different from their literal meanings. By saying "you're not one of these people that thinks I'm young and strong and nothing will happen"

turn 1 : the turn "out of control" in (2) is an idiomatic expression that means something is unmanageable or chaotic. Its actual meaning is different from its literal meaning, which would be that the person's weight was physically out of their control.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using metaphors or analogies to convey a complex idea or emotion in a more relatable or understandable way.

turn 1 :  by person A is different from its literal meaning. While the words used in the turn are clear, the intended meaning is metaphorical. Person A is saying that they are emotionally overwhelmed but are trying to maintain their composure to continue doing the necessary work. The phrase "fall apart" is not meant to be taken literally, but rather as a figurative expression for losing control or breaking down emotionally.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a metaphor or analogy to convey a deeper meaning or idea, often related to emotions or personal experiences.


Well, there have been dozens, many dozens of studies now over the last 20 years, and more that strongly suggest that men who are not circumcised are at higher risk of HIV infection from heterosexual intercourse.

Consistently, we see at least a 60 percent reduction in risk for men who are circumcised. And it's a relatively simple surgical procedure. It takes about 15 or 20 minutes normally for adults. It's done under local anesthesia.

There's a lot of demand for it. In many African countries now, there are long wait lists at the public hospitals of men wanting to get circumcised, and there just are not the resources there for them to do it.

Thabo Mbeki, the president of South Africa, was reviled by some people when he said poverty was the cause of AIDS. Regardless of whether or not you think his statement is literally true, is there a grain of truth to it?

turn 3 : Grain of truth, meaning that at least some of what he said is true

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at a deeper or hidden motive or intention behind their actions or words.

turn 3 : (4) is the same as its literal meaning, which is a brief acknowledgement of what was just said.

turn 3 : not a literal meaning but rather a rhetorical question.

turn 3 : quite frankly means quite honestly, or the person is telling the truth but some people might not like it


It's a common complaint about poetry. It's the oldest form of expression, but what can it do for us now in an age of social media, Twitter, Facebook and national urgency?Poet Claudia Rankine's new collection, her fifth, has an answer. Its cover shows a black hoodie against a white background, recalling Trayvon Martin. And it's a very personal meditation on race in America. The book is called "Citizen: An American Lyric. "It was a finalist for the National Book Award. Claudia Rankine joins us now. Thank you, welcome to the program.

Good morning, Eric. Thank you for having me.

Before we chat, I want to give listeners a sense of your book. It reads like a series of kind of diary entries, so to speak, and an anatomy of encounters with perceived racism. I'd like you to read, if you would. Could you start "You Are In The Dark"?

Sure. (Reading) You're in the dark, in the car, watching the black, tarred street being swallowed by speed. He tells you his dean is making him hire a person of color when there are so many great writers out there. You think maybe this is an experiment, and you're being tested or retroactively insulted or you have done something that communicates this is an OK conversation to be having. Why do you feel comfortable saying this to me?You wish the light would turn red or a police siren would go off so you could slam on the brakes, slam into the car ahead of you, fly forward so quickly both your faces would suddenly be exposed to the wind.

turn 0 : It means the poems that the author has read, not the author herself.

turn 0 : No matter where a person works they can find inspiration to write a poem.

turn 0 : Having it to compared music as poetry and music has the heartstrings of everyone listening to the melodies of the instrument and words.

turn 0 : B is surprised or impressed by what A just said

turn 0 : B's statement implies that poetry is often seen as outdated and irrelevant in today's fast-paced world


turn 3 : 4 - Implied meaning: Was it difficult to document the experiences of racism and the corresponding emotions?

turn 3 : The literal meaning of this turn is to state that the speaker is of mixed racial and/or ethnic heritage. However, the actual meaning is to downplay the significance of the speaker's racial and ethnic identity.

turn 3 : The speaker is concerned about their biracial children feeling pressure to choose between their racial identities.

turn 3 : This statement from the passage implies the emotional impact of racism on the person of color and the discomfort and guilt experienced by the white person.

turn 3 : black people  implies African American people and not black color humans beings


We're talking about 2. 8 million people. Has the rise of temporary workers figured into, at least, the statistical improvement of the U. S.  economy for some people?

It has. Overall, about one seventh of the total job growth has been in the temp sector. The temp sector is growing nine times faster than the overall private sector as a whole. And the 2. 9 million workers represents a record number, both in the number of temp workers and in the percentage of the economy that they make up.

You know in "Harvest Of Shame," Edward R.  Murrow very famously said, the people we're showing you in this documentary have picked your Thanksgiving bounty with their bare hands, and this is how they live. What should we look at in our everyday lives that might remind us of how we're dependent on temp workers to get by?

It's very similar in how the goods change by the season. If you look at Valentine's Day, they pack our chocolates. If you look at Memorial Day, the barbecue grills are packed by temp workers. At Christmas, all the clothing and toys and gifts we get - the same things we saw in "Harvest Of Shame," how workers get hired, how much they're paid, how they're transported to work is exactly the same thing that's happening here. The only difference is now that instead of picking things we're packing things.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at a deeper meaning or intention behind their words or actions, which requires further investigation or understanding to fully grasp.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker might be implying a hidden agenda or ulterior motive behind their words, actions, or decisions, without making it explicit.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: Although there may be variations in how people interpret it, the speaker is fairly confident that a significant number of individuals will understand that there is an underlying or implicit message conveyed through this turn. The meaning might not be immediately apparent and could require additional context, but the speaker believes that most people will recognize that there is a subtext or insinuation.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is expressing a sense of frustration or dissatisfaction with a situation or person, without explicitly stating it.

turn 2 :  The implied meaning of this turn is to reflect on our reliance on temporary workers in our day-to-day lives, rather than its literal meaning of asking what we can look at to remind us of the plight of temporary workers.


You know, in the post-Katrina era, Scott, the assumption has been that when a hurricane comes, you focus on that and set other things aside. So it was jarring when the president went ahead with his summit with Kanye West. And as you say, it was a major full-media presence in the Oval Office.

But the president's theme all week has been to keep the focus on the president. He's had a flurry of news availabilities - way more than usual. In fact, in the last month, he's had more than in all the time previously in his presidency - very flashy events, campaign rallies around the country, night after night.

And that happens just as the cable operations - television, news - has - well, they've begun to lose interest in some of those rallies. They're not covering them from beginning to end anymore, sometimes not covering them all - at all, perhaps because they do seem to be news-free campaign events, and maybe because they've become so frequent.

Does this week's sudden stock sell-off raise questions about what had seemed to be so much good news about the economy, including that historically low unemployment rate?

turn 0 : Jesse Jackson wanted to assert his power over Obama by threatening his manhood

turn 0 : White House conducts briefings in an inappropriate way.

turn 0 : The president may not have been as sympathetic to Puerto Rico's situation as he was to Texas and Florida.

turn 0 : The president's decision to meet with Kanye West during a hurricane was inappropriate

turn 0 : The president was showing a lack of seriousness for the Puerto Rican crisis.


turn 0 : The President's focus has been on himself, rather than hurricane relief efforts. The meeting with Kanye West was unexpected and inappropriate during a crisis

turn 0 : The president's reaction is self-destructive, but predictable due to his past involvement in media spats.

turn 0 : (1) - The actual meaning is that every president in their first year faces unexpected challenges, and Donald Trump is currently facing one. He may be feeling the pressure and acting out as a result.


turn 1 : The president thinks that the media is out to ruin him and makes them out to be evil.

turn 1 : The president's reaction is self-destructive, but predictable due to his past involvement in media spats.

turn 1 : The president's disruptive foreign policy is popular among his base but concerning to others.

turn 1 : Congress is not doing its job and is passing their responsibilities to the president who then abuses his power

turn 1 : The president is trying to divert attention away from negative news about him and his administration


turn 1 : The President has been using flashy events and rallies to maintain the spotlight on himself and his presidency

turn 1 : He would be fulfilling a government role and Trump makes it look like he does all of the work.


And then, from that point, he had a great change in his life. Because with that adverse discharge, dishonorable discharge, he wasn't able to secure the kinds of benefits that he wanted to, and he had to overcome that. And I think the great story of his life is what he did afterwards, for the duration of his life and leading his family. He was an ordinary person under remarkable circumstances.

Now unfortunately, he passed away in 1984. So how did you get involved with the case?

Well, it all goes back to Jack Hamann, who is an author who wrote the book. He did some research, he found out, he's from the Seattle-Fort Lawton area. Discovered there was something very unusual in terms of the courts martial, and then sought to investigate the matter. And when he did, he uncovered, essentially, just a tremendous miscarriage of justice, very well documented. He researched it, he published the book.

And at that time, the family members came forward as he did more and more research in terms of trying to find and locate the individuals. And from there, I became involved when the - last September, when Congressman McDermott's office asked me to assist some of the individuals with their cases before the Army Board for Correction of Military Records. And that's how I, for example, got to know the Townsell family.

turn 2 : "tremendous miscarriage of justice" implies that something really wrong happened, not that a physical miscarriage happened.

turn 2 : she was raped and doctor given given the false statement about it

turn 2 : Implies that the judge believes that the shooting was done out of self-defense, even though others may say differently.

turn 2 : (3) - "It was devastating, just absolutely devastating." suggests that the event caused immense emotional distress, rather than physical destruction.

turn 2 : The question is whether the Court will redo the case of Roe v. Wade and change the outcome of it.


Perhaps it really was all Steve Bannon inviting Michael Wolff into the White House, giving him unfettered access. But the White House is - and the West Wing is a small place. And it's hard to ignore. I certainly saw Michael Wolff when I was covering - when I've been covering the White House for the last year. It's kind of hard to ignore the guy.

Yeah. And just briefly, I'm just curious about this idea that somehow, you know, this may not really damage the president. I mean, how much of a blow do you think this will be?Or is this just another one of these scandals that seems to erupt and then be forgotten when the next one comes in?

I think it has a small, marginal, cumulative effect, right?I mean everybody sort of has baked in that that the president is not normal, is not - certainly not a normal president, doesn't operate in the normal way. I think what will change - say, that 36, 38 percent approval to something a lot worse - is if something happens catastrophic, if there's a drop a severe drop in the stock market or, God forbid, some kind of national security disaster, something bad for the Mueller investigation. This is only hurting his ability to weather a big storm like that. It's giving nobody who's on the fence, trying to figure out if they can still support him any reason to do so.

That's Michael Warren, a senior writer at the Weekly Standard. Thanks for coming in.

turn 0 : White House conducts briefings in an inappropriate way.

turn 0 : He made into the White House because of how fast information is shared.  If you take people back to a time when they did not happen no one will like it.

turn 0 : "Bannon describes the meeting as treasonous, as unpatriotic." - The actual meaning of this turn is figurative and implies that Bannon believes the meeting was disloyal and against the country's interests, rather than literally being an act of treason.

turn 0 : Steve Bannon is responsible for giving Michael Wolff access to the White House, which is hard to ignore.

turn 0 : The president may be lying about not being informed


Well, some people put onion in. Others say no. Some people put a dash of white wine in. Others say you couldn't possibly do that.

Oh, this is a foodie controversy, not a controversy controversy.

Oh, yeah, it's a foodie controversy, and it truly, in this case, it's not that important.

(Laughter) I understand there's a social media campaign going on now in the food world to support relief following the earthquake.

turn 3 : (4) implies that the conversation has changed from discussing the recipe to talking about the social media campaign for relief following the earthquake.

turn 3 : (3) implies agreement with the previous statement and reinforces the idea that the media environment has structural issues that prevent reasonable conversations.

turn 3 : So you get a sense of how this whole thing is going. - This implies that the speaker wants the listener to understand the context and overall direction of the conversation.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that A is implying that the way media is consumed has changed drastically, and this could lead to the failure of the American experiment.


Yeah. Yeah.

It could've taken a long time to write.

Yeah. Some playwright, you know, trying to, trying to, you know, solve the Alzheimer's problem. So, yeah.

But it can pull you in, right?You know, these mysteries of science.

turn 2 : The playwright is not really trying to solve Alzheimer's problem.

turn 2 : We need to examine it as much as we can possibly can. We need to get people involved with Alzheimers to learn about  other things that can cause the disease.

turn 2 : The content of the book is humorous and not meant to be taken seriously.

turn 2 : He had to find a way to keep the students from becoming bored and distracted.


Hi, Alex.

So, Barack Obama doesn't actually take office for about two more months. So is it fair to call Mumbai a test for him?

Well, obviously the tremendous economic crisis the country's going through is something that threatens to derail Obama's train before it leaves the station in terms of his inauguration on January 20th. But Alex, when you think about the terrorist attack in Mumbai, what you have is a situation where this has been identified by the American public as a potential point of weakness. The Bush administration has also said that when it comes to vulnerability, there's a pattern with terrorists identifying moments of political transition as prime for attacks. So in so many ways, this is a test for the president-elect, and what we've seen so far is the president-elect being quite aware of it. He had a briefing from Secretary of State Rice on Thanksgiving Day over the phone on the situation. They have established a team of people from the Obama transition team to interact with the State Department operation center. So right now, Barack Obama, I think, is finding himself having to be a quick study, but a quick study with so much on the line - literally the safety of the world.

And Juan, what is the protocol here for how a president-elect handles a situation like this while there is still a current president in office?

turn 1 : Obama is already working before he is officially in office.

turn 1 : The administration should be planning for the future and not just focusing on immediate reactions

turn 1 : Obama is being tested to see if he is capable of successfully managing a crisis.

turn 1 : He would be fulfilling a government role and Trump makes it look like he does all of the work.

turn 1 : Obama is not yet in power but is being kept informed of the situation


Well, I think one of my roles - at least the way I pretty much defined my life and work for 35 years in the academy and was quite lucky in serendipitous ways began teaching at Yale at the time of the moment that's now considered, I guess, the revolutionary moment at Yale with the Black Panthers and Bobby Seale and Erica Huggins and others.

So, I always saw a kind of resistive undercurrent in the university even at its Ivy League level. And I've tried to identify myself in the academy with that resistive undercurrent. And I've tried to maintain an integrity of my public appearances and what I write that never refuses to look at the fact that racism, in my estimation, is more rampant in the United States and globally than ever before.

One can say is the glass half-full or half-empty. I think that's mere casuistry. It seems to me that the glass is empty for the majority of Americans now, not just black Americans, and it's not near any liquid refreshments source that I know of, the foreclosures, the economics of the present time, the war.

It seems to me that Henry Louis Gates Jr.  and Cornel West made a deliberate turn at a certain point in their career and decided, in the case of Mr.  Gates for example, that he was not going to do another profoundly brilliant book in his…

Well, professor, I'm sorry, we have to wrap this up. There's a lot there, but thank you so much, Professor Baker.

turn 0 : A is advocating for political activism and social justice

turn 0 : The man was highly involved in social events and had long-standing involvement with various organizations.

turn 0 : There was a period of political upheaval and social justice activism at Yale University involving prominent figures such as the Black Panthers and Bobby Seale.

turn 0 : A is advocating for social and political change.

turn 0 : The family in question has shown exceptional bravery and commitment to activism.


turn 1 : The speaker is expressing frustration with the limitations imposed on them by their identity.

turn 1 : Implicated meaning: The speaker is expressing a desire to create a character in their book who is strong and believable, rather than simply creating a character who is physically strong. The implied meaning is that the speaker values depth and authenticity in their character portrayal, rather than creating a one-dimensional, superficial character.

turn 1 : And I've tried to identify myself in the academy with that resistive undercurrent." Implicated meaning: The speaker aligns themselves with the idea of resisting systems of oppression and inequality within the academic world.

turn 1 : The speaker faces racial discrimination and stereotypes from both white and black people.

turn 1 : The speaker is suggesting that there may be a hidden agenda or underlying motive behind their words.


turn 2 : The speaker believes that America is currently not living up to its potential and wants a leader who can bring the country back to a place of pride and respect on the world stage.

turn 2 : The speaker believes that the current state of affairs in America is bleak and lacking in resources and opportunities for most people, regardless of their race.

turn 2 : Implies that the speaker is asking for the other person's opinion about the political implications of the current situation.

turn 2 :  This turn actually means that the speaker is more concerned with the alternative (Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, or Bernie Sanders) than with a "Never Trump" attitude, and that it is important for the country and party to come together despite any reservations about Trump.


turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that A is implying that the way media is consumed has changed drastically, and this could lead to the failure of the American experiment.

turn 3 : The speaker believes that Gates and West intentionally shifted their focus away from producing groundbreaking works in their field.

turn 3 : the literal meaning is that the interviewer asks if recent events and debates make a scene in a book more significant.

turn 3 : They suddenly started talking about new technologiesin London

turn 3 : In these turns, the speakers are discussing the implications and deeper meanings behind the actions and ideologies of the person they are talking about. They are not merely discussing the literal surface-level interpretations, but rather the underlying motives, strategies, and persuasive effects of those actions and ideologies.


turn 4 : The interviewer reminds the speaker of what they've been saying, which is different from what the speaker is saying now.

turn 4 : The interview or conversation is coming to an end and the speaker needs to conclude.

turn 4 :  (4) implies politeness and acknowledgement,  (4) implies that the conversation is continuing.

turn 4 : The speaker is asking the other person to continue the conversation.


I joined in April 2016. And I did not get my security results until June of 2018. I spent more than two years in limbo. And that period was mind-crushing.

Yeah. And then what happened in July?

I got a call from my recruiter. And they said that I did not clear my background checks due to my foreign ties with my parents in Pakistan.

Your foreign ties - your foreign ties were the fact that you were born in Pakistan to Pakistani parents.

turn 2 : A's family and fiance being in Pakistan were used as excuses to discriminate against them in the military

turn 2 : The fact that A's parents were from Pakistan led to their failure in background checks.

turn 2 : A's decision to join the U.S. military is not typical due to his background and experiences in Pakistan.

turn 2 : The background checks will be of anyone and everyone that buys a gun in the country.


You know, and you're not going to get, you know, 80,000, you know, ticket-holders to hold it down. So you know, you just kind of figured out - you know, some days I've toughed it out. Some days I've gone on air with a very bad migraine, because that's my job.

Has anyone ever just run a tackle into you by accident, shaken up your brain, anything?

I have never been sideline road-kill. I've made it a point to always know where the action is and to not get caught up in it. There are times, though, when my back is turned, I'm doing a stand-up, for example, and you could see everybody. Their eyes are getting big, and they're just kind of like - you know, my cameraman's really good about pulling me out of the way.

So no, I haven't had any kind of brain scramble to that extent, but yeah, I can see where you're going. A lot of these players who suffer from concussions, eventually, you know, sometimes they can turn into migraine sufferers as well.

turn 2 : Reporters are in dangerous situations but being cautious

turn 2 : The speaker is suggesting that the situation might not be as serious or dangerous as it initially seemed.

turn 2 : (4) The literal meaning of turn (4) is that the reporter contacted the Department of Justice for comment, but the implied meaning is that the reporter wants to highlight the lack of response from the Department of Justice, which can suggest a lack of transparency or accountability.

turn 2 : The reporter tries to avoid getting caught up in the action.


Quite a bit. They know nothing is going to happen unless Washington can help some way. That's why they want to hear the president come here and talk about people like them. And I guess I want to make it clear that nobody really wants a handout here. That's not what this is about. Nobody wants the president to come in and somehow bail out Elkhart. What we want is a chance to get back to work.

So, what is the big industry there?I've read that RVs are a big industry.

This place is commonly referred to as the RV capital of the world and, they build RVs; they build trailers; they build auto parts here. Basically, this is a place that makes stuff, and we can make virtually anything. And if this economy does shift to a green economy, if we start developing green energy sources, we can make the parts necessary to make that happen.

So, if you have a 60,000 population there and 16,000 people are out of work, that's nearly a third.

Mm-hmm. The county is bigger than 60,000, of course, and the county is. . .

turn 0 : The listeners might be motivated to offer help.

turn 0 : He said he doesn't demean his defense of assistance. That's something another person would do.

turn 0 : Nobody wants to be helped when they can help themselves.

turn 0 : i can take care my self for sure

turn 0 : There is a dangerous situation happening that requires people to seek shelter and take precautions.


turn 0 : A lot of people are out of work and jobs are getting harder to find.

turn 0 : A feels pressure to work faster as an artist in a society that values speed and efficiency.

turn 0 : It's important to take risks and learn from failure.

turn 0 : People want to work hard for things.

turn 0 : has a literal meaning of "Yes, the numbers aren't looking good for the person," but its actual meaning is "It looks like the person isn't likely to succeed."


Are we talking about resveratrol here?

Well, the resveratrol discovery was about 10 years ago. We, my colleagues and I, made that discovery. But what we've done since then is use that as a - just a stepping stone, a proof of concept to make much more potent synthetic drug-like molecules that are just in the beginnings of human clinical trials. And this paper is about the finding that these molecules from grapes and the synthetics all seem to work through this one particular gene, genetic pathway we call the sirtuin pathway.

Let's back up a little bit and talk about the study you did in mice. What did you find - what did you give the mice, and what did you find there?

Well, originally we found resveratrol just in a test tube, looking for molecules that would turn on this enzyme, this protein that seems to defend against diseases in aging. We then moved to nematode worms and flies. We've done some work with bees even. The mouse study was in 2006.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be conveying a hidden message or agenda that requires further exploration or analysis to fully understand.

turn 1 : a stepping stone is not a litereral stone, but is an intermediate step in a process that leads to another.

turn 1 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

turn 1 : (2) Implied Meaning: Is this the overall goal we are striving towards?

turn 1 : Literally, this turn is a short response to A's previous statement about the time-lapse videos of human development. However, the implied meaning is that B understands and acknowledges A's previous statement about the videos featuring embryos, and is simply reiterating that fact.


Are we talking about resveratrol here?

turn 2 : mice play a crucial role in the scientific research conducted by the speaker.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at something indirectly and expects the listener to read between the lines.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at an underlying issue or concern that they are not comfortable discussing directly.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at a deeper meaning or intention behind their words or actions, which requires further investigation or understanding to fully grasp.

turn 2 : The implied meaning is that the interviewer wants to hear about the findings of the mouse study and what was administered to the mice during the study.  I apologize for any confusion caused by my earlier response.


The schemes that Vee and Noel eventually come up with - they begin collecting for the Dunkirk Widows and Orphans Fund. . .

That's right.

. . . Which is their own pockets. They're illegal, but were they wrong?

That's the whole dilemma. It's wrong, but Noel decides it is a lesser wrong than a crime he stumbles upon later in the book because it hurts no one. And it's this distinction between legally wrong and morally wrong which sets the whole plot on course in the second half when Vee and Noel come across someone who really is causing pain and trouble to other people by their illegal activities.

turn 2 : their own pockets implies that they were collecting money for themselves

turn 2 : If they began to lose money steadily then they would change their pay.

turn 2 : Pouring money is a metaphor, not literal. It just means the government gave a lot of money to the bank, who spent a lot on bonuses and dividends.

turn 2 : "drain a lot of their personal wealth" implies to lose a lot of their personal wealth.

turn 2 : ROBBERS ROBBED PEOPLE'S MONEY AND THE PEOPLE ARE CARELESS TO LOSS THEIR S


Yes, definitely. Over the past several years, something called the field of behavioral economics has been gaining support. It used to be considered sort of a quirky field. Basically, what behavioral economics is, is it's trying to take sort of methods and insights of psychology and apply them to economics to at least temper this idea of the, sort of, rational economic man. And I think when you see these kind of panics, that only lends credence to this idea.

Well, now there is plenty of situations to study and look at, and maybe this is an exciting time for economists. John Maynard Keynes came out of the Great Depression as a visionary. What do you see as the new hot field of study, based on what's happening now?

Well, I do think trying to explain what happened to lead up to this crisis and trying to figure how to get out of it is only going to drive more people into trying to look at the psychology of economic behavior. I think also just fields like banking regulation, which have not been considered very sexy for a long time, are going to draw a lot more new, young, smart academics.

And what about market bubbles?

turn 2 : very sexist implies being very interesting and attention demanding not in amorous or lustful way

turn 2 : "Sexy" here has nothing to do with sex. It just means the field is considered appealing and relevant so that people want to study it.

turn 2 : It may be a way to give attention to women trying to break into science.

turn 2 : very attractive to people in this context means that they like a policy a lot


Yes, it has. Theater has definitely been an escape to just, you know, work on the show, work on the production and see the magic of it going up and seeing that art. And theater has just become so much more diverse. All these stories that just tell these stories about people that you don't usually hear about. Whether they're queer, brown, black, trans, undocumented, it's all these stories. And I think that it's really magical, and it really paints like a really great picture of everybody on stage.

What shows have you worked on?

Here at VCU, we just closed "Into The Woods. "

Well, lots of luck to you - very good speaking with you.

turn 0 : Finding success in the New York theater world is difficult.

turn 0 : "Theater has definitely been an escape" implies that A sees production and acting as a way to get away from stress and problems in the real world.

turn 0 : Actors don't have to stay in character all day

turn 0 : The speaker is expressing amusement at the idea of the future being here.


About a year ago, my husband started getting Facebook friend invitations from like every girl he ever went to school with, and it seemed as if half of them confessed crushes on him.

Lissa Soep quickly figured out social networking sites not only allowed her to get back in touch with people - her husband could reconnect with folks from his past, too. But it turns out that's not all bad.

These were girls frozen in his memory with teenage breasts, AP English minds, and a sense that anything was possible. Like this one girl from seventh grade. She friended my husband on Facebook and then reminisced about the day his family moved away. She put on her favorite dress, painted her nails purple, and worked up all her courage to hug him goodbye. Isn't that so funny, she wrote. How silly we are as kids?

You think I'd be mad or at least threatened by all this nostalgia, but I wasn't. For a split second, at least, my husband was less familiar to me, and I mean that in a good way. With so many people my age riding Facebook like a time machine to our past lives and loves, you might expect the site would be breaking up marriages or at least unleashing all sorts of digital infidelity. Some of that is happening.

turn 0 : you have a crush usually means that the person likes something or someone.

turn 0 : crushes in this context means to like somebody.

turn 0 : to approach someone with something in this context means you are showing them something

turn 0 : "But well..." - This is an expression that doesn't have a literal meaning. It is an interjection that is often used to indicate hesitation, a change of subject, or a transition in conversation.


turn 2 : There were some personal problems, and he is trying to understand the reason behind them without being too direct.

turn 2 : that the acquaintance between the two people had grown over the years.

turn 2 : The speaker keeps the happy memories of her past with her loved ones locked up inside her to deal with her grief.

turn 2 : His memory had these girls staying the way they were and not changing into what they are now.

turn 2 : The mother was surprised that her 7-year-old son already knew about the terms 'hooker' and 'stripper' and their connection to violence and sexuality without her teaching him.


We've seen so many figures come and go in this administration. This one's unusually swift. What happened?

Well, the lack of experience was the first thing that jumped out. Ratcliffe has been a prosecutor and a small-town mayor in Texas. He was in his third term in Congress, very strong partisan supporter of the president but didn't have this intelligence background that previous holders of this job have had.

He got a very cool reception from Senate Republicans. Most of their statements praised the outgoing Director of National Intelligence Dan Coats, but some of them didn't even mention Ratcliffe. Some people on the Hill said they didn't even really know who he was. Richard Burr, head of the Senate Intelligence Committee, today said, I respect John Ratcliffe's decision to withdraw. So this was this really tepid response he seemed to be getting.

Not only that - as reporters started digging into his resume, they found some of his claims didn't quite hold up. What can you tell us?

turn 0 : has a literal meaning of "Yes, the numbers aren't looking good for the person," but its actual meaning is "It looks like the person isn't likely to succeed."

turn 0 : a lot of stuff means there is a massive amount

turn 0 : short word in this context means to sum something up

turn 0 : figures in this context means numbers, referring to money likely

turn 0 : Indicating that they are priceless means that they have high value.


One morning in early December, 23-year-old Andrew Black of Vermont bought a gun. And a few hours later, he used that gun to kill himself. We first spoke to Andrew's mother, Alyssa Black, shortly after her son's death. She was calling for Vermont to pass legislation requiring a cooling-off period between when a person can walk into a gun store and walk out with a firearm.

A bill requiring a 24-hour waiting period moved to the top of the Vermont Senate's agenda earlier this year. It passed in both houses. And then last week, it was vetoed by Governor Phil Scott. Alyssa Black joins me now.

Welcome to WEEKEND EDITION.

Thank you for having me again.

Vermont would have been one of a handful of states to mandate time between buying a firearm and actually receiving the firearm. What was your reaction to Governor Scott's veto?

turn 0 : wind up means to suddenly be in a situation.

turn 0 : The cooling off means to wait until a person calms down if they are upset.

turn 0 : on and off means in this context that they are doing something then not doing something

turn 0 : wait a minute usually means they are taken aback by something and need to process it

turn 0 : The word 'Cold' does not literally mean they are cold and chill, it has the implied meaning that they are not in good terms


So, people like him, which I believe there are a lot of them out there, you know, and people like Oprah, for instance, you know, people like that. I mean, they need help. You know, $100, 1,000 - maybe $20 you know, it can help people. And people in Africa are human beings just like you and others. So, they feel the pain. They are suffering every day. So, you know, here I am doing music. I'm not rich, you know, I am not rich, but I want to share a little bit of what I have with the ones that we left behind.

What do you want to be your legacy in the world of music because there's the philanthropy you're doing but then there's also the music that you're doing. What do you plan to do in the future?

I want to be able to play music to please Americans, and I want to be able to make them see just the beauty of music, not just African music but just the gift of music. That's my goal — to make people happy, to make them dance.

Well, Shiko, I'm so glad that we got a chance to talk. Thank you.

turn 0 : Nobody wants to be helped when they can help themselves.

turn 0 : The speaker is acknowledging the wealth of their country and how they have been living in luxury, but now they feel like beggars due to the sudden change in their circumstances.

turn 0 : "people like him...need help" - the literal meaning is that people like him require assistance. The actual meaning may imply that people like him (referring to impoverished individuals in Africa) require financial aid.

turn 0 : He says to call him a guy that likes to do things the way they used to be done years ago. He cautions against thinking that bringing people together will make them suddenly realize how wrong they had been.


Good to be with you, Scott.

Do you think President Trump was essentially trying to back off and ease tensions with Iran this week?

Scott, let's begin by saying there was relief, widespread and bipartisan, when the president pulled back instead of pulling the trigger. But the larger confrontation he's created here still has very few avenues for escape. It's possible this show of last-minute restraint may make renewed negotiations possible, but it could also heighten the tension to the point where the Iranians cannot come to the table. They have complicated domestic politics to deal with, just as we do. So the moment of hesitation on the president's part could ultimately produce an even greater degree of anxiety, an even more disastrous hour of reckoning.

A number of people have questioned parts of the president's account, especially a statement that he wasn't given or asked for - whatever it was - an estimate of casualties until the strikes had almost begun.

turn 1 : to look forward to something means they are excited for an event.

turn 1 : To pull the trigger means to decide to make something happen.

turn 1 : can be interpreted as a way to inquire about the current situation in the city, not just the events taking place.

turn 1 : you've got the whole thing likely means that they have everything needed to succeed.

turn 1 : To pull back for a moment means to take a step back and consider the bigger picture.


Good to be with you, Scott.

turn 2 : Come to the table means to show up or to engage with others.

turn 2 : I see means in this context I understand

turn 2 :  (2) The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is curious to know what kind of help the two people provided each other with during their lunch time.

turn 2 :  is to sing, but the implied meaning is to not take the conversation in the direction being presented.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is making a subtle suggestion or insinuation that others may pick up on, but without being too direct or forceful.


Well, I want to understand it as my friend, Fanon, as my idol, Fanon. I want to understand it, and it is quite complicated, but in another way it's quite simple.

And when I say race, I should stipulate. I don't mean simply black and white. By race, I mean any idea or notion that divides human beings into more than one kind. And then the next step of race and racism and racialized thinking is to figure out a scheme through which or by which because of this difference, manufactured difference, one group or another can take advantage of other groups.

So it sits over our shoulder, and it's part of what's the motivation for our going into Iraq. It's keeping young black men in prison in a totally disproportionate way. It's the cause of abuse against women. Race is a villain, and I wish I could wave a magic wand, but I can't. It's too deeply embedded in our nature.

You mentioned how race is linked to, among many other things, the prison system. And you've had, I'm sure, much too much experience with it, more than you'd like with both your brother and your son incarcerated.

You have sections in your book where your brother is - you and your brother are talking about the nature of hope and whether hope can be debilitating in the context of being someone who's incarcerated.

turn 1 : All ideas are different between all human beings.

turn 1 : Race refers to any idea that divides human beings into more than one kind

turn 1 : A: "breaking free from all of these identities and get down to that last one, which is human" - This turn is figurative language as it refers to the author's desire to move beyond societal labels and stereotypes and focus on our common humanity rather than actually breaking free from physical identities.

turn 1 : Race is a deep-seated issue in society that cannot be easily solved

turn 1 : AGREE WITH THE TURN AND IMPLIED MEANING AND BELIVE THAT EVERYONE


turn 2 : Race is a deep-seated issue in society that cannot be easily solved

turn 2 : taking race off the table implies that people would not consider race in the election

turn 2 : The speaker believes that the current state of affairs in America is bleak and lacking in resources and opportunities for most people, regardless of their race.

turn 2 : Race relations are a critical issue in California


What can Americans learn from 18 years of war?That's what the U. S.  has faced since the 9/11 attacks in 2001. James Mattis was in position to learn. The Marine veteran served in Afghanistan and Iraq and was defense secretary under President Trump until he resigned. Mattis has a memoir - "Call Sign Chaos. "He avoids direct criticism of the president. When we spoke yesterday, we asked if the president thinks long term, and Mattis said only that people around him do. The general describes his own detailed planning. Before leading a force into Iraq in 2003, he read thousands of years of history of Alexander the Great and others who invaded that region before him.

What could a multi-thousand-year-old battle teach you that would be relevant in the 21st century?

Well, there's enduring aspects of leadership, and plus geography doesn't change. And so when you read about the challenges they faced, it gets you thinking about your own. I knew we were going to be operating very deep inside the Middle East, and I had to decide what was the right manner in which I wanted the troops to go in. So I used words from antiquity. From a Roman general, I used no better friend, no worse enemy. We were going in to liberate the Iraqi people from Saddam. We were not going in to dominate them. I didn't want triumphalism. I wanted to go in with a sense of first do no harm.

So you read thousands of pages and then tried to boil it down to a few phrases, or in some cases even a word, that you could pass on to thousands of people.

turn 2 : They would not do bad things were most people would find out about them.

turn 2 : The roman general he used was not someone he knew, but they were helpful in good and bad ways.

turn 2 : There was almost a competition for who had the authority of the the situation.

turn 2 : He worked on the intelligence committee and learned a great deal of things that most people don't know about the world.

turn 2 : Frederick the Wise was so learned and yet he still believed in the power of relics, suggesting that people can be misguided even when they are very knowledgeable.


turn 2 : The key point is made to make people want to learn more about what happened.

turn 2 : Studying history helps to make better decisions in the present.

turn 2 : The information does not boil down, but it gets to the most practical facts.

turn 2 : A has recently researched various topics and is knowledgeable about them.

turn 2 : Comparing a player's skill to their peers is important when assessing their historical impact.


He wanted two basic political reforms. The major one is called open primary electoral system. And essentially, what that means, instead of having Democrats run against Democrats and Republicans against Republicans in primary elections in the state, you would throw all of them into the mix and the top two vote-getters would advance to the general election. And the idea, if you believe proponents, is that it would allow kind of more moderate candidates to survive what are now hardest in the primary election. Instead, that you'll be catering to kind of a more moderate, wider electorate in the primary.

So, finally there is a budget. How has Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger reacted to this?

He hasn't said a whole lot yet, but his - I know that his staff is celebrating. This is a huge win for the governor. The framework is essentially what he's been calling for, for months. He's been urging both political parties to come out of their ideological corners. This has been his calling card for the past year, and if you look at the outline that he unveiled three months ago, this budget blueprint is essentially everything that he asked for. It's a major win for the governor.

And in his latest version of the budget, who were the big winners and losers?

turn 0 : Hillary Clinton would also generate a lot of interest.

turn 0 : The wonkiness of smart candidates is not popular with voters.

turn 0 : Not all parties weigh in on ballot design

turn 0 : People who usually would vote for the Republican candidate are considering voting for Hillary Clinton instead.

turn 0 : Open primary electoral system would help moderate candidates.


turn 2 : The Legislature wants to get the governor out of office before dealing with a huge budget deficit and the dysfunctional relationship between them.

turn 2 : Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger is happy with the budget agreement.

turn 2 : The governor has had a hard time finding common ground in the legislature to get things done due to the difficulty in passing a budget.

turn 2 : the democrats did everything they could to make it look bipartisan.


How do you think people view the people that you grew up with now?

Well, I think - especially when we're talking about Appalachia, I think it's the same stereotypes we've been dealing with forever. I got off a plane in Arizona, and the person who was driving me said, you know, what do people where you come from think of your books?And before I could answer, she said, or can they read?

Oh.

And I looked at her, and I was kind of angered by that. But at the same time, I don't think she meant it that way. But I said, you know, of course we can read. And we even got shoes, you know. I think, in a lot of ways, we're dealing with the same stereotypes we've dealt with forever.

turn 1 :  "Well, for so long nobody really knew where they were from." - The literal meaning of this turn is a response to the previous statement, but the actual meaning is an acknowledgment of the historical difficulties African Americans have faced in tracing their ancestry due to the legacy of slavery and displacement.

turn 1 : The speaker believes that the current state of affairs in America is bleak and lacking in resources and opportunities for most people, regardless of their race.

turn 1 : The head rag is associated with negative stereotypes.

turn 1 : "Well, I think - especially when we're talking about Appalachia, I think it's the same stereotypes we've been dealing with forever." Implication: The speaker believes that people from Appalachia are often subject to negative stereotypes that persist over time.

turn 1 : The speaker is pointing out the cultural differences between America and their country, where America tends to cover up imperfections while their country embraces them. Implicated meaning: The speaker values authenticity and honesty over superficial appearances.


So Iran, I think, is going to respond to what it sees as its advantage. If the Trump administration were prepared to say we're going to remove a good part of the sanctions on Iran if you will sit down at the table, I think Iran would probably take that very seriously. The Trump administration, because of its opposition to the nuclear deal, created a crisis that really wasn't necessary.

And it could get worse. There is a real chance of misperception and misunderstanding that leads to military conflict. And I think this is something that nobody wants.

That's Gary Sick. He's a senior research scholar at Columbia University's Middle East Institute. Mr.  Sick, thank you so much for talking to us.

It was a pleasure.

turn 0 : Unilateral sanctions might force Tehran to reconsider their decision to stay in the agreement

turn 0 : It is not yet known how the sanctions will be received

turn 0 : This implies that Iran has found ways to evade or circumvent the sanctions, despite their severity.

turn 0 : Iran would be willing to negotiate if some of the sanctions were removed.


It was a pleasure.

turn 0 : The United States' policy of isolating Iran will not bring Iran back to the negotiating table by just piling on pressure until Iran collapses.

turn 0 : The Trump administration's strategy of maximum pressure may lead Iran to negotiate

turn 0 : If the Trump administration offers to remove some of the sanctions on Iran, Iran would be willing to negotiate.


It was a pleasure.

turn 1 : People are not playing a game but taking part in a military conflict.

turn 1 : There is a risk of military conflict due to misunderstandings.

turn 1 : Military interventions often escalate beyond their original scope.

turn 1 : They are worried about any negative consequences of their actions and will fix them quickly.

turn 1 : The US military has evidence to support their claim.


It was a pleasure.

turn 1 : The United States' policy of isolating Iran will not bring Iran back to the negotiating table by just piling on pressure until Iran collapses.

turn 1 : The Trump administration's strategy of maximum pressure may lead Iran to negotiate

turn 1 : The situation with the US and Iran is concerning for Europeans

turn 1 : The situation between Iran and the US may lead to a military conflict, which nobody wants.

turn 1 : Assuming that Iran is responsible for the attack.


But sometimes people get caught up in the moment, and a lightweight reminder can actually help them rethink what they're doing or what they're saying. And so it's not supposed to be the solution that we hang our hat on for all of bullying. It's supposed to be one of many tools to try to prevent bullying from happening in the first place.

One controversial idea that I know you are thinking about is the idea of making the number of likes private. Right?

Yeah.

So when a person posts to Instagram their image, lots of people can click on a little heart that shows I love this thing. And some people get a high off of that - right?- when they - 'cause it's a big popularity contest in a way. If you make that private, doesn't that get to the heart of what Instagram is?

turn 0 : a pound refers and implies to a body weight and not one British pound

turn 0 : They would go in every day without fail to weigh themself.

turn 0 : "it will mean it's more lightweight for them to lift" - The literal meaning of "more lightweight" is redundant, as the adjective "lightweight" already implies that the object is light. The intended meaning is that the wheelchairs will be lighter, making them easier for people to lift.

turn 0 : lightweight doesnt mean it weighs a little but that the reminder is small or trivial; hang our hat on means to make something really important, not to use something as a hat holder

turn 0 : to weight in on something means to give an opinion on something


Which he said, actually, publicly.

Well, yeah. But then to go one step further and say we recognize Russia's sovereignty over Crimea - now, that will be an astonishing step. I think the more sinister and conspiratorial version is that Trump basically says to Putin that he no longer believes in NATO, that America has got no intention of honoring its Article 5 commitment to intervene if a NATO ally is attacked and effectively says, look. Vladimir, Europe is U. S. -free of influence. If you want to do some kind of adventure in the Baltics or revisit Ukraine or do something else, we are not going to intervene.

Is there a concern within Europe at this point about the relationship between President Putin and President Trump?

I think concern doesn't really capture it. I think it's worse than that. I think it's dismay because you have to bear in mind that what happened in the United States in 2016 has also happened on the European continent and continues to happen. And it's working. I mean, that's not to say that it's just Russia that is creating these forces. But what Putin is doing very cynically and very cleverly is to instrumentalize fault lines in European society over Brexit, over the economy, over austerity and to encourage populism. So we now have a far-right government in Italy, in Hungary, in Poland. And, essentially, Russia likes all this very much.

turn 3 : They mean that this is not a small way of being associated with Russia.

turn 3 : A: "Well, I think the only way you're going to get a cease-fire is if one side stops shooting because clearly the Russians and the Russian-backed separatists are bent on continuing to fight." - This turn uses the idiom "bent on" to mean "determined to" or "committed to," rather than a literal meaning of being physically bent over something.

turn 3 : is that the people of Moscow are not paying attention to the report, but rather are more concerned with the inauguration of Donald Trump.

turn 3 : Fault lines are ways that people will get shaken up over events that are being caused by Putin.

turn 3 : that Russia views itself as a victim of a Western conspiracy and is retaliating with its own tactics.


Tell us about the test. What is the implicit association test?How does that work?

This is a procedure that's sort of fun to play with. You can take it yourself on the Internet. It's a procedure that involves four steps. And first you're asked to rapidly classify white and black faces by pressing a left-side computer key for black faces or a right key for white faces. That's an easy test.

Second, same type of test, but now you're pressing the left key for unpleasant words, words like hurt or failure, and the right key for pleasant words for words like joy and love. That's an easy task, too.

Then it begins to get more difficult. We combine the tasks, the third step. Now the left key is for either white faces or unpleasant words, and the right key is for either black faces or pleasant words. This combination of two easy tasks can be quite difficult.

turn 1 : playing refers to as and implies engaged with or undertake

turn 1 : B finds something amusing or funny, but it's not clear what

turn 1 : In turn 4, "It's fun to write (laughter)" implies that the speaker enjoys writing a story which challenges the conventional expectations of the characters.

turn 1 : A: "This is a procedure that's sort of fun to play with."  The speaker is using the phrase "fun to play with" to describe an activity that may not necessarily be entertaining, but is interesting or engaging to participate in.

turn 1 : A finds something amusing but doesn't want to explain why.


The so-called Energy Climate Czar, I think people are calling it. I suppose if we have a car czar, we have to have a climate czar. This is supposedly going to be Carol Browner, who was the head of EPA in both Clinton administrations, actually, I think probably the longest serving EPA director.

She's a lawyer. She used to work with Al Gore in the Senate. She has earned herself quite a reputation when she was working for President Clinton as a tough regulator, someone who defended the Clean Air Act vigorously against lawsuits brought by industry questioning some of the scope of the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act. So she comes with, again, quite a lot of green credentials and reputation for being very savvy on how Washington works.

And finally, Chris, can you tell us a bit about who is going to head up Mr.  Obama's EPA?

Again, the name that's being bandied about quite a bit about is a woman named Lisa Jackson. She is a chemical engineer, and she is working currently as the environment - she started working as the environment head for the state of New Jersey in 2006. And again, she also worked at EPA during the Clinton years, so we've got a couple of people here who were Clinton executives and environmental movers and shakers during the Clinton administration.

turn 0 : The administration doesn't want to draw attention to the position by calling it a 'czar'

turn 0 : The term 'Czar' is used to refer to the head of a certain field, although it does not hold any official title or position in the government.

turn 0 : The statement is tongue in cheek. B is joking that "car czar" rhymes and fits in with the habit of calling so many positions "czar" in American government.

turn 0 : It changes the way you think about the situation. Russia wants to capitalize on everyone's problems in the region.


turn 1 : Farmers in southern Appalachia feel the harm of a changing climate but are the last to talk about it.

turn 1 : Carol Browner and Lisa Jackson are experienced environmentalists with strong backgrounds in regulation and policy.

turn 1 : to put something forward is to give an idea, they are giving ideas for climate change

turn 1 : The NAACP should form coalitions with other people of color


The reason for this shrinkage, the leagues will tell you, is that televised sport has beaten the live experience. As the TVs got better, the traffic got worse, I guess. And the couch beckoned. I just got back from Disney World. Disney movies are clearly cheaper and easier to get to than the live experience. And yet millions more people flock to the Magic Kingdom than did 10 years ago. There is an "Avatar" ride that had a wait time of - let me check the app. It's on an app now - three hours, five minutes. But with baseball and football, there is so little attention paid to the experience in the park. How about good Wi-Fi or some milling-about zones and food that challenges our collective delusion that Dodger Dogs aren't inferior, cylindrical foodstuffs?We have been gaslit about Fenway Franks.

Then there's the gouging. The New York Jets will charge you 40 to $50 for parking. And when you enter the stadium, you have to watch the New York Jets. Owners can continue to shrink their stadiums and their ambitions or they can start rewarding fans who literally give their teams the home field advantage as something other than chickens to be plucked or geese to be fattened before slaughter. Don't the fans have enough experience with slaughter, especially when we're talking about fans of the Jets, Rays and Raiders?

(Singing) Take me out. . .

No, I'm not going to do that. Commentator Mike Pesca hosts the Slate podcast The Gist, which is still very affordable and welcomes new fans. He also wrote the book "Upon Further Review. "

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at something indirectly and expects the listener to read between the lines.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be subtly implying that they are not interested in continuing a conversation or that they would prefer to end the discussion.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using nonverbal cues, such as facial expressions or body language, to convey a message that complements or contradicts their spoken words.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using subtext or implications to communicate something that they don't feel comfortable saying outright, but the listener may need to read between the lines to understand their true meaning.

turn 2 :  is to sing, but the implied meaning is to not take the conversation in the direction being presented.


That's a long drive.

It is. Yeah. Two days.

So was there poker - what happens in those buses on that long trip?

You know, I'm afraid to tell you.

turn 0 : The situation is uncertain and they need to take it one step at a time

turn 0 : It would be a mistake for me to do that.

turn 0 : just around the corner implies it is happening soon.

turn 0 : None . There's nothing in this that implies anything.

turn 0 : The drive is tiring and they may not want to make it.


I was one of those kids raised on whole wheat spaghetti and NPR every day in the car, but especially on weekends when we drove the hour from the relatively small town of Hanford, California, where I grew up, to the big city where we shopped at Costco and saw movies that never made it to our town. It was all NPR all the time.

It was 1995 and my family was taking an epic cross-country trip to see America from the windows of a minivan. I was hoping the letters would land us a tour of NPR during the few days we were planning to spend in Washington, D. C.  That little letter writing campaign and the people who responded changed my life. And I don't mean that in some abstract way.

First I heard from Cokie. Whatever you do don't major in communications, she said. And then Scott Simon invited my family into his home where we sat on a peach-colored leather couch and my little brother played with Scott's ancient cat. His advice - consider majoring in philosophy. I did. It was one of the hardest things I've ever done, but it taught me how to break apart arguments, how to ask the right questions. Liane Hansen responded too.

High school senior Tamara Keith. . .

turn 1 : In turn (2), the speaker questions the future of traditional journalism and whether there is an opportunity for novelists to fill the gap.

turn 1 : implies that the meeting was focused on discussing how to achieve party unity and defeat John McCain in November. However, the actual meaning could be that the meeting was a bargaining session where Obama and Clinton discussed potential terms for Clinton to drop out of the race and endorse Obama. This is not explicitly stated yet is a possible subtextual meaning.

turn 1 : Despite facing insults and criticism, the writer encourages others to have hope and support Barack Obama's presidential campaign.

turn 1 : B wants to know more about the writer's personal journey, but also wants to understand how the writer's experiences may have shaped their writing

turn 1 : (2) Although the speaker is talking about a letter writing campaign, the actual meaning is that the campaign opened up an opportunity for the speaker to visit NPR and meet people who had a significant impact on her life.


Bummer.

Yeah, it is.

David Roth is the founder of the independent sports website The Classical. Thanks so much for talking with us.

Thanks for having me.

turn 0 : (1) has an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The literal meaning is that the speaker is asking if there is any sign of improvement in the situation being discussed, but the implied meaning is that the situation is bad and the speaker is hoping for some positive news or indication that things will get better.

turn 0 : has a literal meaning of "Yes, the numbers aren't looking good for the person," but its actual meaning is "It looks like the person isn't likely to succeed."

turn 0 : In turn (1), "Bummer" is often used as an expression of disappointment or sympathy. Therefore, it implies a meaning beyond its literal meaning of "something that is unpleasant or disappointing."

turn 0 : "But well..." - This is an expression that doesn't have a literal meaning. It is an interjection that is often used to indicate hesitation, a change of subject, or a transition in conversation.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: People are feeling resentment and anger towards people who think they don't have to follow the same rules as everyone else.


And so my point is that with the fact that they didn't seem to have old and outdated technology, you couple that now with an administration that's new, that basically, I say he made it into the White House due to the speed of the Internet. So you have a bunch of people that are used to using Facebook, social networking, mobile phones and wireless connectivity, and then you take them back into what feels like the '80s. That's just not going to work.

It seems really bizarre. I have another question for you, and I don't know if you have the answer to it or not. Since the president - I want to talk about the BlackBerry again - since the president was allowed to keep his BlackBerry, are we to assume that there has been some sort of technological advancement with regard to security that the president's BlackBerry would have, that my BlackBerry and your BlackBerry don't have?

Yeah.

My BlackBerry and your BlackBerry sitting by the fire.

turn 0 : The White House had no clear plan for the book and let the president handle it alone.

turn 0 : The president may be lying about not being informed

turn 0 : He made into the White House because of how fast information is shared.  If you take people back to a time when they did not happen no one will like it.

turn 0 : White House conducts briefings in an inappropriate way.

turn 0 : They aren't literally going to put a black man in the White House, they are going to vote him in.


I will walk down the red carpet, yes, yes.

Oh, man, that's exciting, huh?Tell us what it was like when you found out, and tell us you found that you had been nominated for Grammy Award, your first.

Well, it's a pretty funny story, because since I'm an indie artist and this is my first foray into the industry, let alone this part of it, I wasn't really expecting anything and I didn't even know when the Grammys were being announced. That's how far off I was. And I was sitting at home in my jammies, actually, watching "Top Chef. "I might have been watching even watching it on TV, I don't know, but the phone rang and it was my producer, who also co-writes my songs with me. And he said, um, I think you've been nominated for Grammy. I was like, shut up.

I was, like - I didn't even know I've been submitted. Like, nobody told me that I had been submitted. I just wasn't even thinking about it. So, it was really crazy. It took a couple of hours, actually, for me to believe him. Like, I actually hung up on him.

turn 0 : This made the person have to stay where they were at.

turn 0 : The person is thinking of a particular person but they are not going to say who.

turn 0 : Although the speaker is trained, they may not have noticed the suspicious behavior of the suspects.

turn 0 : Standing up for what is right even if it goes against the law.

turn 0 : I will walk down the red carpet implies that the person is a VIP


turn 1 :  friendly.the speaker is implying that they are trying to manipulate the personality of someone to make it more

turn 1 : they are just acknowledging the person's response

turn 1 : People's avoidance made the speaker feel isolated and angry

turn 1 : When this person says "shut up" they are expressing surprise and happiness, not hostility.


You know, there are a number of reporters who've contacted me that have said, what do you we do?I've got sinusitis. What do I do?It clearly is a prevalent problem in the general population. But clearly, we need controlled clinical trials to determine the efficacy of these kinds of interventions. And the FDA has ruled that if we are doing such trials, we need investigational drug status for every species that we want to instill into a patient to treat our disease.

So it maybe a while before we can actually get to a point where we would be instilling these kinds of organisms into the sinuses. But it's certainly another way of thinking about treating chronic inflammatory disease, of the sinuses, at least. There's certainly prostins in the gastrointestinal tract. For example, when there's recalcitrant C.  difficile, clostridium difficile infection, which is this thing that outgrows when patients have had, again, a lot of antimicrobials and have depleted diversity. Fecal transplant works very well.

So taking the feces of a spouse or a relative, and basically repopulating the gastrointestinal tract with those species, has a rate of 91 percent efficacy. So I think we could consider this for mucosal services as, perhaps, the general rule that this kind of restoration ecology approach to try to reinstate the healthy protective organisms in this niches, maybe an alternative strategy for treating some of these chronic inflammatory diseases.

Yeah. Did we once all have them and they went away somehow?Or what - why did some of us have the healthy population and some of us don't?

turn 1 : Fecal transplant may be an effective treatment for some chronic inflammatory diseases.

turn 1 : Antimicrobial use, including antibiotics, can deplete microbiome diversity.

turn 1 : Many parts of the human body are colonized by bacteria.

turn 1 : There are unorthodox treatment ideas, such as infesting patients with worms, which may seem strange but have been found to be effective

turn 1 : Clinics and hospitals will have to integrate alternative medicine.


turn 1 : A suggests using anti-microbial and rehabilitation approaches to clear out bad bacteria and reinstate appropriate organisms.

turn 1 : Fecal transplant may be an alternative strategy for treating chronic inflammatory diseases.


turn 2 : A suggests using anti-microbial and rehabilitation approaches to clear out bad bacteria and reinstate appropriate organisms.

turn 2 : Many parts of the human body are colonized by bacteria.

turn 2 : Antimicrobial use, including antibiotics, can deplete microbiome diversity.

turn 2 : The healthy protective organisms in mucosal services can be reinstated by repopulating the gastrointestinal tract with healthy species.

turn 2 : There are unorthodox treatment ideas, such as infesting patients with worms, which may seem strange but have been found to be effective