OK. So in a statement, the police lieutenant said that the investigation showed that the only true victim in this was the unborn baby. Is it common to see prosecutions of women for the unintentional death of fetuses that they are carrying?

It's becoming more and more common since the late 1980s, early 1990s, when prosecutors began to charge women for crimes for using drugs during pregnancy. That has spread out to include prosecutions of women who commit all sorts of conduct during pregnancy that harms a fetus. It's included attempting suicide. It's included driving drunk. It's included botching self-induced abortions. And many of us are saying it's gotten to a point where pregnancy itself is being criminalized because so many things that someone does while pregnant can be the basis of a criminal prosecution.

I was just trying to understand, like, what is the legal theory here at work?Is it that women who are pregnant have a higher duty to care?

It's that argument, and it's also the argument that the fetus is equivalent of a child, and therefore, all the laws that protect a child from parental maltreatment would apply to a fetus as well. I should mention most of these cases involve mothers who fail to protect their children from harm, including, in many cases, mothers who are themselves victims of domestic violence and then get charged with crimes for failing to protect their already-born children.

turn 1 : The prosecution's theories are sexist and target pregnant women, particularly black women

turn 1 : Pregnancy itself is being criminalized due to the broad scope of what actions can lead to a criminal prosecution

turn 1 : The speaker is hinting at the possibility of using DNA as a storage system for personal data in the future, instead of relying on hard drives and other storage systems.

turn 1 : ) Implied meaning: DNA is a reliable storage option for long-term archiving of data

turn 1 : Stem cells are more stable and safe than cells but can become any cell type


No, I didn't think they were racially motivated. They were just wrong. The president actually was referring to my opposition to the war in Iraq and suggesting somehow that I have not consistently opposed the war in Iraq.

Everybody who's looked at my track record knows that from 2002, when I made a speech in front of 3,000 people saying the war in Iraq was a mistake. Until today, I have consistently been opposed to this war.

And so the president, I think, was massaging the truth a little bit, and that's part of sort of standard Washington politics. But I think, at this point, you know, we're - we just want to move forward and make sure that we are talking about the issues that people are struggling with and particularly in economy right now that is teetering on the edge of recession.

That was Illinois Senator Barack Obama.

turn 0 : Turn (1) has an implicated meaning that is different from its literal meaning. Although the speaker denies that the remarks were racially motivated, the implication is that the speaker believes they were in fact racially motivated, and is trying to downplay or avoid addressing that implication.

turn 0 : The literal meaning of turn (2) is a question asking what the speaker can add to the race that other candidates do not already have. However, the actual meaning is that the speaker is being challenged to prove their value and justify their entry into the race. The literal meaning of the turn does not reflect the underlying challenge and skepticism expressed by the speaker.

turn 0 :  (4) is an expression of surprise. The implied meaning is an expression of admiration.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using humor or sarcasm to make a point or convey a message in a lighthearted way.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a euphemism or understatement to convey a more significant or sensitive message.


That was Illinois Senator Barack Obama.

turn 2 : The president's words are exaggerated and they are not meant to be taken literally.

turn 2 : In the statement, "the president...was massaging the truth a little bit," the implied meaning is that the president was not telling the truth or was being dishonest. The phrase "massaging the truth" is a figurative expression that means to manipulate or distort the truth. It is not meant to be taken literally, but rather as a way to express skepticism or doubt about the president's claims.

turn 2 :  (4) is an expression of surprise. The implied meaning is an expression of admiration.

turn 2 : it does not mean "gone Girl" but something like "gone girl"

turn 2 : "Oh, wow." - This turn's actual meaning is different from its literal meaning. In this context, it is used sarcastically to express disbelief or surprise.


We're talking with Henry Petroski, author of "To Forgive Design: Understanding Failure. "And I got a minute before the break. Henry, tell us why after two decades of book writing, you made - you wrote a sequel "To Engineer is Human. "This is "To Forgive Design. "

Well, the first book I concentrated on mechanical reasons why things fail. In this book, I wanted to concentrate on larger questions of systems. Everything is embedded in a system, and that system includes these people who - some of whom are not the best of actors. So I wanted to tell that story. A knee-jerk reaction is when a plane has an accident or something happens, oh, it was a bad design. That's not always true. In fact, in more cases than not, it turns out not to be true. It turns out that the operators or the inspectors or some person involved wasn't. . .

All right.

. . . holding up his end of the deal.

We'll talk about more stuff from his book "To Forgive Design: Understanding Failure" with Henry Petroski. Our number, 1-800-989-8255. You can tweet us, @scifri. Stay with us. We'll be right back. I'm Ira Flatow. This is SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR.

turn 1 : Turn (2) has an actual meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is not discussing an attempt to physically move goalposts, but rather a rhetorical strategy of avoiding answering certain questions.

turn 1 : is asking for the president's statement today, but the actual meaning is asking for an update on the situation.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of this turn is that some people may question whether the President of the United States, who is from the South Side, is a role model for people in that area. However, the implied meaning is that the President should be doing more to address the issues and problems faced by the people in the South Side. The speaker is suggesting that the President has a responsibility to use his position to help the community and that some people may feel disappointed by his lack of action.

turn 1 : Congress is not doing its job and is passing their responsibilities to the president who then abuses his power

turn 1 : A "knee-jerk reaction" in this phrase doesn't refer to the legs. The implied meaning is an automatic response to something, done without much thought. Akin to how when your knee is struck your leg flexes - no thought, pure reflex.


In Brazil, at least 55 prison inmates are dead - strangled or stabbed after fights broke out in four different prisons over the weekend. Officials blame gang violence and say they're transferring some of these inmates to other prisons. Reporter Catherine Osborn is on the line from Rio.

Good morning, Catherine.

Morning.

So what is going on with these gangs in Brazilian prisons?This is a lot of people dead.

Yeah. Many drug gangs that operate outside of jails in Brazil in activities like drug trafficking and extortion operate and recruit from inside of the jails. And they're so powerful inside the prisons that, right after arriving, people join the gangs to get some small amount of protection. Prisons have even earned the nickname schools of crime in Brazil.

turn 4 : Proposes a different approach to dealing with non-violent drug crimes.

turn 4 : B implies that they are skeptical that border security means a wall.

turn 4 : It means border security... But we are calling for much more intense border security.  Implication: A is clarifying that "border security" does not only mean building a wall, but also includes other measures, such as physical barriers in certain areas and intensified security measures overall.

turn 4 : The House Republicans have conflicting views on illegal immigration and the border wall, making it difficult to reach a deal.

turn 4 : Many drug gangs operate and recruit from inside of Brazilian jails.


Good morning, Catherine.

Morning.

turn 4 : The Venezuelan government is responsible for many extrajudicial killings.

turn 4 : Gangs have a lot of power and influence inside Brazilian prisons.

turn 4 : They don't mean literally wall to wall but that everyone was for it.

turn 4 : "Trying to build walls" - The actual meaning is that they are trying to create barriers and divisions instead of promoting unity and understanding.


Well, and how does Barack Obama come out of all this?

If you read the charges, he comes out shining. He and his aides would not play at all with the governor. In fact, it drove the governor to distraction, and he created these fountains of profanity when he thought about what President-elect Obama was willing to give him for the Senate seat, which is to say nothing. And so he was quite angry that he wasn't getting anything out of the Obama camp.

When President-elect Obama was asked about this, though, his answer was not that nourishing. He said that he didn't know anything that was going on. That's excessively vague. His good friend, Valerie Jarrett, was up for the post. He appeared to be pushing her. So it's hard to believe that he would know nothing about that.

There was a little confusion also about whether he had talked to Blagojevich about his successor. David Axelrod, a top strategist for Obama, had at one point said that the two had talked. It then came out that Axelrod said he was mistaken. They had not talked. So we know the two never talked about it, but still open is the question of what exactly Obama knew about this pay-for-play scheme that Blagojevich was running.

turn 0 : "creating a sense of movement among the millions who now acclaim him as the best thing that happened to American politics since Jack Kennedy." - This implies that Barack Obama has generated a significant amount of enthusiasm and support from a large number of people, which goes beyond his role as a senator and his political legitimacy.

turn 0 : The whole courtroom was probably not crying, it just means that a lot of people present were crying or just moved emotionally.

turn 0 : The person was surprised greatly by the information and it affected many of their thoughts and emotions. They were not struck but what they saw made them notice it and think about it more.

turn 0 : The implication is that Barack Obama may have been involved in the Blagojevich scandal.

turn 0 : They thought he was a joke or not a serious person


You've been raising questions about Jared Kushner's security clearance for a couple of years. Should he have one?

No. He should not - well, he should not have top-secret security clearance. You know, there are at least three problems - one is that he had numerous errors and omissions on his initial security clearance form where he did not report foreign contacts. Two, he has tremendous financial vulnerabilities, including this property called 666 Fifth Avenue in New York City where he's tremendously indebted. And he's seeking investment from all over the world to shore it up. And then three, it appears that the president concealed the fact that he had actually ordered John Kelly and Don McGahn to give Jared Kushner a top-secret clearance. And law enforcement officials didn't want him to have it. And so these factors all point to him not having it or not - he should not have it, I should say.

Quick last question. Do people in Schaumburg, Ill.  - in your district - care about whether Donald Trump lied about paying hush money to an actress or the job he's doing as president?

I think they really care about making sure that we get to the bottom of what happened in 2016. At the same time, they also care about us delivering on their pocketbook priorities. And so as Chairman Cummings pointed out in the Oversight hearing, this hearing with Michael Cohen was not the first hearing of the 116th Congress in Oversight. The first hearing was about trying to tackle the problem of rising prescription drug prices. And so we got to walk and chew gum at the same time, Scott.

turn 1 : The reasons for security clearance denial listed by A are hypothetical but serious.

turn 1 : Jared Kushner should not have top-secret security clearance due to errors, financial vulnerabilities, and concealing facts

turn 1 : What people think of him has lessened due to the situation.

turn 1 : when someone says "he had no mean bone in his body" it means that the person was nice and kind

turn 1 : "his brain has been touched by God" - This turn has a figurative meaning and is not meant to be taken literally. It is a common expression used to describe someone who is exceptionally intelligent or talented.


Yeah, it's light and it's very dark at the same time, yeah.

Well, that's what you go for or what?

Yeah, you got to have a little bit of - a little bit of an edge, I think.

You have a woman in a classical gown looking out over the sea coast in the moonlight holding a lantern. The caption - night after night she watches the sea, longing for her husband's departure (laughter).

turn 1 : "Well, that's what you go for or what?" - This turn is a sarcastic response to the previous statement made by A, rather than a genuine question about A's preferences.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker's tone or choice of words may suggest that they have reservations or doubts about a particular topic or decision.

turn 1 : Tim Geithner and Larry Summers have a lot of responsibilities

turn 1 : He made a promise that was stressed by him and gave people the impression he would do it regardless of what happens.

turn 1 : The person was not on fire but he was playing very well and getting a lot of fame and jobs because of this.


Well, that's what you go for or what?

turn 1 : I’ve also experienced times where I have been too confident. I have taken risks that have not paid off and I have overestimated my abilities or made decisions without thinking things through. This has been a hard lesson to learn, but it has taught me the importance of being humble and realistic about my capabilities.

turn 1 : his magic implies he performed so skilfully and amazingly

turn 1 :  Implied meaning: Radovan Karodzic was a war criminal but no one in the bar recognized him as such.

turn 1 :  My experience with my level of confidence has been a bit of a roller coaster ride. I started out quite shy and timid, but over time I have been able to gain more and more confidence. I have found that the more I put myself out there and take risks, the more confident I become. I have been involved in activities such as public speaking, volunteering, and even starting my own business, which has all helped to boost my confidence.

turn 1 : It is suggested that Magic Johnson is faking his illness of AIDS.


Well, that's what you go for or what?

turn 2 : This is implying that A believes art should have an interesting or captivating element to it.

turn 2 : The hard work and emotions put into creating art are not always acknowledged or remembered.

turn 2 : has a literal meaning of "Yes, the numbers aren't looking good for the person," but its actual meaning is "It looks like the person isn't likely to succeed."

turn 2 : The speaker uses 'literally' in a figurative sense.

turn 2 : implies that the speaker was advocating for themselves to be violently punished,


Well, that's what you go for or what?

turn 3 : In turn 4, "It's fun to write (laughter)" implies that the speaker enjoys writing a story which challenges the conventional expectations of the characters.

turn 3 :  "night after night she watches the sea, longing for her husband's departure (laughter)." - The caption is meant to be humorous, as it contradicts the expected sentiment of missing one's husband who has departed. The laughter indicates that the speaker finds it funny that the woman is actually longing for her husband's departure rather than his return.

turn 3 : (3) has an actual meaning different from its literal meaning. The speaker is discussing how video games can impose consequences for harming civilians in-game, and how this is similar to the rules set by the Geneva Conventions in real-life conflicts. The implied meaning is that video game developers have a responsibility to consider the consequences of their game mechanics and the messages they send to players.

turn 3 : In (2), the speaker is saying that advertisers are desperate to reach young male viewers and are investing in esports to do so. The literal meaning is straightforward, but the implied meaning is that traditional forms of advertising are becoming less effective in reaching younger generations, which is why advertisers are turning to esports as a new platform to reach their target audience.

turn 3 : "What kind of hard decisions do the folks in your program have to make?"  The actual meaning implied in this turn is: "What difficult choices or determinations do the people involved in your program have to make?"


Well, that's what you go for or what?

turn 3 : Please expand upon your thoughts and discuss what your experience has been to-date with engagement with your loved one.

turn 3 : The details will be hard to work out and difficult to deal with.

turn 3 : Implies that there is a possibility for a drone pilot to experience psychological trauma, even if they are not in combat.

turn 3 : The drone has powerful sensors and can see far distances

turn 3 : "on your radar screen" - This is also a figurative expression meaning something that is being monitored or tracked, rather than a literal radar screen.


So what was the content posted in The Donald that led to this action?

Well, it's hard to say, I suppose would be the answer to that, because the Reddit staff are opaque a lot of the time and what actions they take and why. The best guess we have is that a few days ago, there were several posts and comments on that subreddit that were - seemed to be calling for violent action against public officials in the U. S.  state of Oregon - this in response to the Republican walkout over House Bill 2020 in that state, the Climate Change Act, that has caused the Republican delegation to flee the state rather than vote. There were posts - calling for things like taking up arms, flooding into the state of Oregon, defending these people with violence and going after public officials with violence.

I think many people will be familiar with Reddit because they're interested in, you know, cat videos and things of that sort. But other people are aware that Reddit has come up a lot in the conversation around the spread of white supremacy and other extremist ideas. I mean, why is that?

I think that Reddit would have trouble dealing with these issues more than other social media sites would because of that focus on designing the site to center it around an idea or a group of people rather than an individual. That's a change that allows people with common interests to come together and discuss, advocate and act on those interests more easily than they might be able to in other places. And, again, on Reddit, they can also often do so anonymously.

turn 1 : They are worried about any negative consequences of their actions and will fix them quickly.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of (4) is that Tracy Letts watched his family suffer when he was 10 years old, but the implied meaning is that the experience had a lasting effect on him and shaped his life and art.

turn 1 : The speaker is implying that kids are getting involved in stealing cars at a very young age.

turn 1 : This turn is literal in meaning, as it is a straightforward question asking about the speaker's children.

turn 1 : The Reddit staff does not always disclose why they take certain actions.


Well, I think so. Among Republicans here in Utah, there are a variety of different flavors of Republicanism. And I think there are non-Mormon Republicans in the state who expressed concern about his readiness for office and some of the other statements that he made, in the same way that many other Republicans around the country have expressed concern.

At the same time, Hillary Clinton, the Democratic nominee, seems to have made a real specific and concrete direct appeal to Utah voters, hasn't she?

I think that's right. She published an op-ed in The Deseret News referencing LDS Church history and talking in ways that would have resonated with many Mormons or at least the language would resonate. Whether or not people who have come to some judgments, rightly or wrongly, about Hillary Clinton will ultimately be swayed by that is another question. But there's no question that Hillary Clinton or her campaign are reaching out to Mormons in a way that is different from what we've seen from Democratic candidates in the past.

Any sign of increased support or at least interest in third-party candidates?

turn 1 : They are asking if the other person can help them to understand what they mean.

turn 1 : It is becoming very dangerous for workers to run Ebola clinics

turn 1 : The fight against Ebola is not just a health problem, but also a political one

turn 1 : "Please read the examples above carefully!" - Implied meaning: Pay attention to the examples given before continuing.

turn 1 : The chances of new Ebola cases arriving in Uganda are high until the outbreak stops in DRC.


turn 3 : People are uncertain about their vote in this election, and are hesitant to support either the Republican or Democratic candidate.

turn 3 : "Any sign of increased support or at least interest in third-party candidates?" - Implied meaning: Is there any indication that people are more likely to vote for a third party candidate?

turn 3 : It is becoming very dangerous for workers to run Ebola clinics

turn 3 : The fight against Ebola is not just a health problem, but also a political one

turn 3 : The chances of new Ebola cases arriving in Uganda are high until the outbreak stops in DRC.


Then I opened the door, and there were those four officers there. They raided my apartment. They went through every single thing I had. They were going through my WhatsApp messages for hours and hours. They also brought in some other equipment that they said was used for a sweep. It was a bizarre-looking apparatus that shot out a laser. And they pointed it at my walls and at the air conditioning unit. And they said they were looking for spying equipment.

And you were taken into custody. And you were interrogated. What happened?

I was. They took me to their headquarters just a few miles away. They put, like, a ski mask over my face. Then I was finally in a room and a chair. They would periodically come in and sort of prod me and have questions for me about my contacts in Venezuela, contacts with the military, the people who work with me or also just needing the password to my computer. Also, generally, just - they gave me a very long lecture about how I was supposedly a mercenary journalist.

What do you think this was about?

turn 0 : It is not actually zapped. It has been exposed to radiation.

turn 0 : It is becoming very dangerous for workers to run Ebola clinics

turn 0 : The fight against Ebola is not just a health problem, but also a political one

turn 0 : The chances of new Ebola cases arriving in Uganda are high until the outbreak stops in DRC.

turn 0 : The equipment did not actually sweep the floor but went over the room with a infrared detection sensor.


And now, the EU countries, they're following suit on this.

That's right. I mean, you tend to sort of run out of superlatives these days. Indeed, when we look at the figures that are being available on the continent, Germany has approved a package of up to $680 billion, the French $500. The Spanish have set aside $130 billion.

Again, this sort of two-fold plan guaranteeing lending between banks, and taking stakes in financial institutions, similar to the United Kingdom. And again, Gordon Brown is getting a lot of kudos for being upfront, and right in front of the curve for doing this first.

Any sign that lending is indeed going on?Can people borrow?

turn 0 : EU countries are also taking action regarding the financial crisis.

turn 0 : The eurozone is still in a precarious economic position and not fully recovered yet.

turn 0 : The lack of trust in the community in the DRC is hindering efforts to stop the spread of Ebola.

turn 0 : The response to the Ebola outbreak in DRC is not going well and there are a lot of challenges to overcome


Is it important to the grassroots to have that still?

Absolutely. I mean, fiscal responsibility is still a measure of what I would call conservative values. The problem is we just don't seem to see the Congress expressing those values any longer. The CBO and the GAO have both said that this kind of spending cannot be sustained. And what can't continue won't continue. So it's irresponsible for us not to deal with the spending issue.

Mark Meckler is the president of Citizens for Self-Governance. Thank you so very much.

Thanks for having me, Lulu. I appreciate it.

turn 0 : A is advocating for social and political change.

turn 0 : grassroots is a movement made by a district and still implies that it holds the feature in order to hold the government's attention.

turn 0 : The speaker is sarcastic about the so-called 'racial moment'

turn 0 : She is agreeing that they debated and making it humorous.

turn 0 :  "Although lots of the things the racist rulers said were very funny.I don't think they intended it that way."


turn 3 : having me implies hosting someone or engaging with someone and not referring to owning someone

turn 3 :  The asylum-seekers have a legal status, which means the speaker is not responsible for them.

turn 3 : that the asylum seekers may be facing problems in their attempt to get to Canada, due to their association with Snowden.

turn 3 : The speaker acknowledges some people don't support the asylum seekers, but they believe that most of them don't understand the situation well.


Yeah. And that took a lot out of my legs. I was pretty fatigued by the end of the game, and I'm feeling it today.

And do - I bet you are a little tired.

But at - towards the end of the game, where you aware of the record?And where you aware you'd broken it?

I wasn't aware, actually. I think I was just so tired and so focused on scoring the basketball. There's a stretch late in the second half where I think I hit seven or eight consecutive threes, and I knew something special was going on after that.

turn 0 : "took a lot out of my legs" - This expression is an idiom used to describe feeling physically exhausted or drained after an activity. It does not literally mean that something was taken out of the speaker's legs.

turn 0 : A "knee-jerk reaction" in this phrase doesn't refer to the legs. The implied meaning is an automatic response to something, done without much thought. Akin to how when your knee is struck your leg flexes - no thought, pure reflex.

turn 0 : The cell doesn't literally "read" the protein, it merely reacts to the stimili.

turn 0 : A is discussing a scientific concept or discovery with B.

turn 0 : The actual meaning implied here could be that whatever "it" refers to has a strong presence or quality of plant-like characteristics. It might not necessarily mean that "it" is literally made of plants or vegetables.


And do - I bet you are a little tired.

turn 1 :  The phrase "You bet" in (4) is a colloquial phrase which means "You're welcome" or "No problem".

turn 1 : B is asking if viruses can easily infect multiple species or if there needs to be specific conditions.

turn 1 : smell like rotten eggs is about bacteria smell

turn 1 : "I bet you are a little tired" - This expression is a form of a rhetorical question that is not meant to be answered. It is a way of showing empathy or understanding for the speaker's situation, rather than actually asking if they are tired.

turn 1 : Many parts of the human body are colonized by bacteria.


And do - I bet you are a little tired.

turn 2 : the speaker is implicitly asking the listener to ask how ICE agents found out about the speaker's case and location.

turn 2 : "where you aware of the record?" - This question is using the word "where" as a way of asking whether the speaker was aware of the record, rather than asking about the physical location of their awareness.

turn 2 :  where the speaker uses words that are not typically associated with wine tasting, such as "burnt hair," "desiccated strawberry," and "armpit," to describe the taste of wine. The implied meaning is that sommeliers use highly imaginative and unconventional ways to describe the taste of wine, which may not be easily understandable to the average person.

turn 2 : (3) "So, clean water tastes bad." The speaker is not suggesting that clean water always tastes bad, but rather making a statement based on the previous speaker's explanation that excessively purified water (i.e. distilled water) can have a less appealing taste. The implied meaning is that excessively purified water can have a less appealing taste, not that all clean water tastes bad.

turn 2 : A: His anatomy turns out to be such that when he tastes something, he experiences it as much more intense than someone who has a lower density of taste buds on his tongue...


And do - I bet you are a little tired.

turn 3 : the phenomenon described in the book is extraordinary and could be perceived as a miracle by some readers, even though the literal meaning is simply acknowledging that the phenomenon is portrayed realistically in the book.

turn 3 : The agreement will cause things to come to a halt with no further changes.

turn 3 : "something special was going on" - This expression is a colloquialism used to describe an exceptional or noteworthy event. It does not literally mean that something supernatural or magical was happening.

turn 3 : The cuts will be significant and likely affect employees.

turn 3 : The executive order signed by Trump may not be accomplishing anything new.


And do - I bet you are a little tired.

turn 3 : The ball that was thrown was caught and it could only have been a miracle due to how and when in the game it was thrown.

turn 3 : The NAACP should form coalitions with other people of color

turn 3 : The NAACP needs to work with people of color regardless of tensions or issues

turn 3 : If late in the second half he could hit seven or eight consecutive threes and he knew something special was going on after that, then he was definitely aware of the record

turn 3 :  "Frankly, they kind of overdo it, you know? So for blacks to support Obama, he's got to make up his mind. Is he African or American? Because he can't be both. That doesn't make sense." The literal meaning of this turn is that Obama cannot be both African and American, and that it is difficult for black people to support him. However, the actual meaning is that there is a sense of confusion and identity crisis regarding Obama's background, and that this confusion affects how some black people feel about him.


Well, that's how your muscles grow. And in this case, what we found was with the exercise, after very strenuous exercise of 20 minutes, we found a disappearance of the chemical tags from the DNA. And what this means is that it allowed other proteins' transcription factors to access the DNA, and this could instruct the cell to make specialized proteins that could support growth and metabolism.

Wow. Does it also explain why you lose your muscle tone if you don't exercise?

Well, we actually - we didn't study that.

Yeah.

turn 0 : The literal meaning of this turn is that exercising leads to muscle growth. The actual meaning is that the modification of DNA through the addition or removal of methyl groups is one mechanism through which gene expression changes, leading to physiological changes such as muscle growth in response to exercise.

turn 0 : The implied meaning of turn (1) is that engaging in strenuous exercise leads to changes in DNA that enable the production of specific proteins necessary for muscle growth and metabolism. It implies that the process of muscle growth involves more than just physical strain.

turn 0 : Not all scientific beliefs are accurate, even if widely accepted.

turn 0 : B is making a sarcastic remark about the difficulty of discovering something new with telescopes.


Yeah.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker's selection of a seemingly insignificant turn may be interpreted as an attempt to change the subject or redirect the conversation, potentially indicating discomfort or disinterest in the current topic.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of turn (4) is that the speaker is acknowledging what was said but may not have a specific response or further comment. It implies a lack of elaboration or engagement in the conversation.

turn 3 : Cat called means to have mean loudly say sexual things to you in front of others.

turn 3 :  the figurative use of the phrase "flipping the bird" and the phrase's implication in New York City, respectively.


So we just had midterm elections, as you know, and people really said health care is an important issue to them. And, you know, that's not a surprise. But lots of Republicans were running ads during this midterm, saying that they were the ones who are going to protect people's health care and, specifically, protect people with pre-existing conditions, which is one of those more sensitive issues around the Affordable Care Act. People want to make sure that if they're sick, they can get insurance.

But in this lawsuit, these Republican attorneys general specifically argue that the pre-existing condition protections had to be struck down when that mandate went away. So now you have Republicans sort of trying to play both sides, which is going to be difficult.

And then there's one other point that, you know, I think a lawyer made to me last night. Congress, in 2017, voted multiple times on whether to repeal the Affordable Care Act, and they didn't do it. And now this judge has gone in and done it by himself. And one lawyer called this a breathtaking act of judicial activism.

In the end, if the Affordable Care Act goes away, if it's abolished, what can we expect to happen?

turn 1 : A court decision may eliminate protections for people with preexisting conditions

turn 1 : 3) is the same as its literal meaning, which is asking for information about the number of stories typically received by the literary magazine.

turn 1 : The literal meaning of (3) is a simple expression of agreement, while the implied meaning is that the speaker is amazed by the story of Steve Dalkowski's feats.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using metaphors or analogies to convey a complex idea or emotion in a more relatable or understandable way.

turn 1 : Republican politicians are trying to both protect and remove pre-existing condition protections


Absolutely. They may, you know, be with someone, or as they play cards with other decks of playing cards, people talk, you know?We all - we all kind of fill that space. And so hopefully maybe some information that they've heard could prove valuable in cases as we work towards resolution.

How many cold cases do you have there on the books in Colorado?

>>SIMKINS Here in Colorado we have nearly 1,600 cases total. And when we identify a cold case, we are calling any unresolved homicide that is more than three years from the commission of crime a cold case. We're also including any long-term missing person cases and any unidentified remains.

There are only 52 cards in a deck of cards. So how do you decide which case makes the deck?

turn 0 : This turn expresses willingness to engage in the conversation.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be indirectly suggesting a course of action or solution to a problem without explicitly stating it.

turn 0 : "as they play cards with other decks of playing cards, people talk" - this is a metaphorical expression, suggesting that people communicate and exchange information in various ways, just like card players do.

turn 0 : The actual meaning of turn 4 is "You are welcome and appreciated for joining us and discussing the topic."

turn 0 : Implies that the speaker found the information about spiders and their webs interesting or impressive, despite the fact that they also thought it was "cool." So, the actual meaning of (4) is slightly different from its literal meaning.


turn 3 :  The turn whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning is (4): "There are only 52 cards in a deck of cards. So how do you decide which case makes the deck?"  The speaker is using a metaphor to compare the limited number of cards in a deck to the limited number of cases that can be included in the deck of playing cards used by law enforcement to raise awareness about cold cases. The implied meaning is that there are many cold cases to choose from, but only a limited number can be featured in the deck

turn 3 :  you imply that something is the case

turn 3 : A is advocating for social and political change.

turn 3 : "engaged in the process" - this means actively participating in the political process, not just being present or observing it.

turn 3 : Despite congressional interest, the Trump administration is not listening to anyone but Donald Trump


Right (laughter).

But you saw her in the kitchen all the time.

Oh, yes. Yes, we had a good time. I mean, I met Julia in 1960. Helen McCullough was the food editor of "House Beautiful. "She said, I have that manuscript here. Can you look at it, of French cooking?What do you think of it?And I say, well I think it's very good. And she said, well, the woman is from California. She's coming to New York next week. Let's cook for her.

turn 3 : has a figurative meaning, as it is implying a joke about the idea of Dame Stella turning her experiences into a novel.

turn 3 : The atmosphere is how people are feeling toward one another and treating one another.

turn 3 : A is reflecting on the nature of relationships between people close to each other.

turn 3 : The person thinks that the good feelings have lessened a bit.

turn 3 : "It's a big, tall woman with a terrible voice. And of course, that was Julia." - The literal meaning of this turn is a description of Julia's physical appearance and voice, but the actual meaning is that A is identifying Julia as the woman they were discussing earlier.


From NPR News, this is NEWS AND NOTES. I'm Tony Cox. We begin today with some important economic news. Last week for the very first time oil jumped past the $100 a barrel mark. Since then prices have dropped but only slightly. And now there's more news of instability in the Middle East with the Turkish incursion into northern Iraq. With Middle Eastern tensions controlling what we pay at the pump, the chance that the cost of oil will continue to rise seems all but inevitable.

But how will rising oil prices affect you, and what can we do about it?Meanwhile, the current economic strain is hitting some people pretty hard. Folks are tapping into those 401(k) nest eggs to pay bills and buy gas and groceries. But is that any way to manage your retirement fund?With me now to talk about oil prices and your 401(k), we've got Author and Economist Julianne Malveaux. She is president of Bennett College. Julianne, nice to talk to you as always.

Always a pleasure, Tony.

Let's begin with this. Folks were waiting for oil to hit that $100 a barrel mark. It came and it went. My question is going to be how you thought folks felt the strain, because I did notice, Julianne, that my gas went up again in the last couple of weeks. Is that why?

turn 2 : "I'm doing great" is just a response to the question in order to lead into the conversation. Tony appears by the conversation to be a bit upset or excited

turn 2 : The NAACP needs to work with people of color regardless of tensions or issues

turn 2 : The NAACP should form coalitions with other people of color

turn 2 : It is a bad idea either way for the social media companies.

turn 2 : Julianne is expressing appreciation for Tony's invitation to the conversation.


Having read about you, you just don't believe that this would be redundant but could be dangerous.

Yeah. If you put the two side by side, there's only one difference. And that is the FDA. The FDA gets taken out of the equation with the proposed legislation. The FDA is in the equation with the existing regulations. Compassionate Use process is extremely easy. Basically, go to your doctor. Find one who will agree to administer the therapy. Contact the drug company. See if they're also willing to agree. Fill out the paperwork. And then if the FDA doesn't object, the patient can get the treatment. And the only difference with the new legislation is that last part. The FDA is taken out of the equation.

With respect, why care so much about the FDA if a life is hanging in the balance?

So as a terminal cancer patient, I would, you know, obviously love to try something that's going to prolong my life or cure my cancer. The reality is that that's a very, very small statistic in terms of drug development discovery. Only 5 percent of drugs that go through phase one development actually go on to be approved. So you're talking about giving people medications that, in historical context, have only had a 5 percent chance of actually working at the end of the day. And then you're exposing these patients to, potentially, additional toxicities that could accelerate their death or cause additional problems for them.

turn 1 : The actual meaning of turn (2) is different from its literal meaning. While the literal meaning refers to the painful methods that psychiatry has used in the past to cure people, the implicated meaning is that psychiatry has a history of questionable and even harmful practices, which have affected people's trust in the field.

turn 1 : The future of the town is uncertain and it is causing anxiety

turn 1 : "Compassionate Use process is extremely easy" - This turn is literal in meaning. It explains how the compassionate use process works and implies that it is not complicated.

turn 1 : The speaker is suggesting that the situation might not be as serious or dangerous as it initially seemed.

turn 1 : the computer gets upset implies that the computer does not do what the person wants it to do


Adventure on the high seas is a concept that has captured our imagination - stepping onto a ship, waving goodbye to your friends, family, land and sailing off toward the horizon. But once a ship leaves its shore, it's also sailing beyond the reach of law and order. Piracy, murder, exploitation, sea slavery, gun running, intentional dumping - the criminal activity off shore is so extensive and so diverse that investigative reporter Ian Urbina continued reporting after his 2015 multipart series for The New York Times. All that reporting is contained now in his new book called "The Outlaw Ocean. "And he joins me now. Welcome.

Thanks for having me.

And we should remind people that we are deeply dependent on the ocean, both in and of itself, of course, and also as a means of how we get things and what we consume.

Yeah. Ninety percent of what we consume from iPhones to running shoes comes across the sea on cargo vessels, and 50% of the oxygen we breathe is produced by the oceans. And seafood is a massively expanding source of protein for much of the planet. The oceans are the temperature stabilizer for countering climate change's effect. So in all these ways, it's a pretty essential part of the planet.

turn 3 : To consume from iPhones and running shoes meaning that people buy phones and shoes rather than eat them.

turn 3 : The person found a lot of people not shopping and instead watching how much they spend on things in order to save money.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: the West's obsession with originality is a cultural clash with the East's approach to objects, which is to replace the parts of objects and thus keep them alive in memory and history.

turn 3 : The speaker is pointing out the cultural differences between America and their country, where America tends to cover up imperfections while their country embraces them. Implicated meaning: The speaker values authenticity and honesty over superficial appearances.

turn 3 : when a country is divided it means that the people living in the country have very different opinions from one another


Yeah.

And so - especially in the 24/7 cable environment, where you're desperate for eyeballs, you know, which would you rather see, somebody who's methodically and deliberately laying out the science of climate change or two people yelling at each other and getting. . .

Yeah.

. . . into a fight. So unfortunately, the media itself has some structural issues that make it harder to have a reasonable conversation.

turn 1 : A's turn: The implied meaning is that media coverage plays a significant role in shaping public perception and awareness of issues like climate change. Despite the visible impacts of CO2 emissions, many people remain unaware of the severity of the issue until they learn about it through media outlets. If the media fails to report on climate change, it can become an "out of sight, out of mind" issue for many people.

turn 1 : (2) implies that the media environment is desperate for viewers, and so it chooses to show people yelling at each other instead of presenting the science of climate change in an informative way.

turn 1 :  B: "And what's the seal look like? How would you describe it?"  The literal meaning of this turn is a request for a physical description of the national seal. However, the intended meaning is to ask for the significance or symbolism behind the design of the seal.

turn 1 : A: "These state symbols are really marks of consensus. They're about design, but they're really about agreement."  Here, the literal meaning would be that state symbols are merely designs created for aesthetic purposes. However, the intended meaning is that these symbols represent the agreement and consensus of the people and hold significant cultural and political value.

turn 1 :  The phrase "stitched with a fuse" is figurative, meaning that each generation of people should be prepared to fight for their rights and freedoms. The speaker is not literally suggesting that flags should be physically stitched with a fuse.


Yeah.

Yeah.

turn 2 : The implied meaning of this turn is that A is implying that the way media is consumed has changed drastically, and this could lead to the failure of the American experiment.

turn 2 : (3) implies agreement with the previous statement and reinforces the idea that the media environment has structural issues that prevent reasonable conversations.

turn 2 : gained the friendship implies making connection and meeting new people

turn 2 : Turn (2): The speaker is implying that the person proposing marriage to a woman at the ballpark is likely to be rejected in public.

turn 2 : The person being referred to has accomplished many things and is currently engaged.


This is News & Notes. I'm Farai Chideya. In 1944, an Italian prisoner of war was lynched in a riot. It took place at Fort Lawton in Seattle, Washington. Forty-three black soldiers were charged in the incident; 28 of them were convicted. More than 60 years later, the Army Board of Correction overturned the convictions. The military found major issues with the soldiers' court martial. Joining us today is Howard Cooley. He's an attorney with the law firm Patrick Henry. The firm represented the family of Booker Townsell, one of the soldiers charged in the case. Thank you for joining me.

Thank you, and thank you for having me.

So tell us about Booker Townsell. Who was he, and what had he been through before and after the court martial?

He was a young man who was drafted in World War II, like so many other people. Seems to have had a - not a - nothing remarkable about his background, from what I'm able to understand. And - but he did become quite remarkable during World War II because he became a prisoner - he had to guard some prisoners of war, some Italian prisoners of war. And the riot broke out and then he, as a result of that, he was convicted, he was dismissed from the service with adverse honors.

turn 0 : implies that the speaker was advocating for themselves to be violently punished,

turn 0 : The actual meaning of turn (2) is different from its literal meaning. While the literal meaning refers to the painful methods that psychiatry has used in the past to cure people, the implicated meaning is that psychiatry has a history of questionable and even harmful practices, which have affected people's trust in the field.

turn 0 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply an acknowledgement or agreement, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker may not be fully engaged or interested in the conversation. It could be interpreted as a way of signaling disinterest or a desire to move on to a different topic.

turn 0 : "lynched in a riot" - the word "lynched" typically means an extrajudicial killing, but in this case, it refers to the death of an Italian prisoner of war during a riot.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker is subtly suggesting that the other person is being unreasonable or unrealistic in their expectations or demands.


Thank you, and thank you for having me.

turn 2 : "tell us about" - this is a commonly used phrase to ask someone to share information or their thoughts, but its actual meaning is to ask for an overview or summary of a particular topic or person.

turn 2 : "Tell us what the article said" - The literal meaning is a request for a summary or explanation of the contents of an article.

turn 2 : B: "How the happiness can go both ways." Implicated meaning: The positive effects of pet therapy can be experienced by both the animals providing the therapy and the humans receiving it.

turn 2 : MY CAT IS VERY VERY BEAUTIFUL BIRD AND VERY CALM

turn 2 : The speaker is using Scottish slang to describe animals.


Thank you, and thank you for having me.

turn 3 : "dismissed from the service with adverse honors" - the phrase "dismissed with adverse honors" seems contradictory because "honors" usually connote a positive recognition, while "dismissed" connotes being fired or removed from service. In this case, it means that Booker Townsell was removed from service in a dishonorable manner.

turn 3 : He resigned because the job was not worth all of the trouble that he and his father were going through.

turn 3 : The Russian goverment doesn't get many chances to do the right thing where people all over the world will see and know about it.

turn 3 : It changes the way you think about the situation. Russia wants to capitalize on everyone's problems in the region.

turn 3 : Russians have interfered in the elections and are doing it again.


We'd like to talk about the economy now. With a campaign for the upcoming presidential election already underway, you can expect the state of the economy to get a lot of attention. And one of the tools economists use to predict whether a recession is coming is the yield curve, so we want to tell you what that is and why it matters.

We've called Campbell Harvey for that. He's a professor of finance at the Fuqua School of Business at Duke University, and he was the first to demonstrate that the yield curve can predict a recession. Professor Harvey also says he only considers the indicator definitive if the inverted yield curve lasts for an entire quarter. And, well, the quarter ends today, so here to give us his thoughts about what's to come is professor Campbell Harvey.

Welcome. Thank you so much for joining us.

Great to be on the show.

All right. So let's get the headline, and then we'll work backwards. Are we going into a recession?

turn 0 : None found - the turn "the economy" appears to have its literal meaning as the main issue of concern.

turn 0 : The Russian goverment doesn't get many chances to do the right thing where people all over the world will see and know about it.

turn 0 : "state of the economy" - This turn has a figurative meaning, as it refers to the overall condition of the economy rather than a specific physical location.

turn 0 : In turn 2, the speaker is implying that even though Mr. Putin's arguments may sound familiar to those of Hitler in 1938, the analogy between the two is still an exaggeration.

turn 0 : We need to give it our best attempt and relations with Russia could use some help to get better.


Great to be on the show.

turn 1 : "yield curve" - This turn has a figurative meaning, as it refers to the relationship between short-term and long-term interest rates rather than an actual curve.

turn 1 : A is confirming that the yield curve has inverted.

turn 1 :  implies that you should be mindful of the information you hear and stay informed.

turn 1 : a little foggy implies that the people do not have exact information

turn 1 : something that was hinted at or suggested, but not directly stated.


Yeah, that's one of the kind of strange things about the case. If these people were alive, it's rare that - 243 people - one of them wouldn't have been able to contact one of their family members at this point.

If they had, would you hope that this project could find that out?

So I'm in pretty close contact with a number of the family members. So if they had contacted the family members, we would know. The Eritrean diaspora is very interconnected.

When you refer to the Eritrea diaspora, that refers to the fact that many of the people on board this boat were Eritrean?

turn 1 :  is whether or not the project could uncover any contact the people had with their family members and the implied meaning

turn 1 : Implies a question as to whether the idea presented is correct.

turn 1 : Congress and the president are not working at the moment.

turn 1 : The government rigged the election and caused violence.

turn 1 : There is a possibility of an election despite no official announcement yet.


Scott, there's an outside chance, but it's unlikely. And it's definitely not going to happen before the presidential election takes place. It's going to take a long time for the FBI to go through all these messages, get through all the red tape with intelligence agencies to decide what may be classified or not.

And Hillary Clinton had a swift response, didn't she?

Yeah, she came out in Iowa, did an impromptu news conference. She said she didn't know anything about this. She found out through media reports. She's demanding the FBI director release a lot more information and explain the facts here. Some of Clinton's close allies, including California Democratic Senator Dianne Feinstein, went even stronger. She said the FBI move was appalling and that the bureau was playing into the campaign slogans of Donald Trump.

turn 1 : The first memorandum makes unfounded allegations to undermine the FBI.

turn 1 : In (4), the speaker is implying that more people are choosing to vote early, not because they have to, but because they want to.

turn 1 : It would be difficult to conduct an election in the 9th District quickly.

turn 1 : And the FBI director, James Comey, has already told Congress Hillary Clinton didn't lie to agents when she was interviewed - same for her aides. He found no efforts to obstruct justice, no desire to betray the country here. So unless something really huge emerges, it's hard to see the legal analysis changing or any criminal prosecution at all.  Implicated meaning: Despite the FBI director's findings that Hillary Clinton and her aides did not lie or obstruct justice, the speaker implies that there may still be a possibility of uncovering significant evidence or developments that could change the legal analysis and potentially lead to criminal prosecution.

turn 1 : The Senate race was controversial due to bad ballot design.


turn 3 : This implies that B is pushing back against the idea that journalists presume Clinton will win and are biased in their coverage.

turn 3 : when something is front and center in this context it means its out in the open, or some type of problem everyone notices

turn 3 : It is easier to do something when there are no obstacles (guards) around.

turn 3 : 4) is that Hillary Clinton gave an impromptu news conference in Iowa, denying knowledge of the issue and demanding the FBI director release more information. Her allies also criticized the FBI's actions.  The implied meaning, however, is that Clinton and her allies are reacting to negative news about her campaign and attempting to deflect attention away from it. The language used suggests a degree of defensiveness and desperation, as they try to shift blame onto the FBI and portray the issue as a partisan attack by Donald Trump.

turn 3 : I see means in this context I understand


So you were recently in Michigan speaking to autoworkers. The Detroit News quoted you as saying that the labor section in the agreement is actually better than NAFTA, but it still needs improvement. So can you just give me one or two ideas of what more needs to be done in your view?

Well, as it currently stands, the agreement can't be enforced. And there are three levels that it must be enforced at. One, Mexico has to show us not only that it can pass laws but that it has the wherewithal, the infrastructure and the resources to be able to implement those laws and give workers a chance to better their wages and working conditions because if they don't do that, no matter what the agreement says, it's - it won't matter. It won't change workers' lives in this country.

The second part is, the agreement's enforcement provisions need to be dramatically strengthened. The International Trade Commission's report recently confirmed what we already knew - that without a way to hold all three countries accessible, this deal isn't worth the paper it's written on. And under this agreement, any party can block a panel. A panel is the arbitrator that decides the dispute, the trade dispute. And if you can't ever get it decided by a third party, you can never actually implement it.

And then the third level of enforcement is that workers need to be able to enforce this trade agreement to make it better so that it works for us so that if somebody violates the agreement in Mexico or Canada, we should be able to stop their products at the border.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker is indirectly suggesting that they may have information or opinions that they are hesitant to share openly.

turn 0 : You may not actually want to be here.

turn 0 : what do you want from the US that implies they want freedom from the other country

turn 0 : please provide me with the turn you want me to analyze for the implied meaning.

turn 0 : to give an idea means to tell them their opinion, or what is happening


Yes.

They got very close.

Yeah. They got way too close. It would've been an absolute disaster, politically, politically - never mind anything else - for Mr.  Lincoln if the Confederates had just marched into Washington, you know, burned Washington. And that could have very easily had happened. Grant would have been disgraced. Lincoln might have lost the election in November because this would be such an embarrassment, psychological impact would've been incalculable.

I want to talk about Lincoln and I think that there's a monument up there to Lincoln's role in this battle.

turn 3 : The speaker is reflecting on the fact that Lincoln's willingness to work with his rivals was seen as a weakness by some in Washington at the time, but in hindsight, it was a display of personal strength and leadership

turn 3 : The author included difficult experiences in the book for a reason.

turn 3 : Turn (4): "I want to talk about Lincoln and I think that there's a monument up there to Lincoln's role in this battle" - The literal meaning is that the speaker wants to discuss a monument related to Lincoln's role in a battle. However, the actual meaning could be that the speaker wants to discuss Lincoln's role in the battle itself, rather than just the monument.

turn 3 : The content of the book is humorous and not meant to be taken seriously.

turn 3 : The phrase "central to the book you've written" in this context does not literally mean that the book is physically located in the center, but rather that the kidnapping plays a major and important role in the narrative of the book. Similarly, the phrase "well into middle age" does not refer to a specific age range or point in time, but rather a general time period when someone is considered to be middle-aged.


Thank you.

In general, these hearings, the questioning has been chopped up into five-minute increments back and forth between Democrats and Republicans. Do you think this works, especially for something where we know that there are two very distinct narratives and a great deal of polarization?

I think it can be very productive given the fact that they are planning for it. They are rehearsing. They're having mock sessions - at least the Democrats are, Republicans may be doing something similar - because the five-minute increments are highly disruptive. A trend of questioning tends to peter out at - given five-minute switch from the Republicans to the Democrats and vice versa. So I'm looking for a rather smooth hearing on this one.

Do you think by rehearsing what the Democrats are trying to do is sort of develop a line of questioning and try and get a coherent narrative in place?

Well, the first part of this hearing, I actually testified back in June, and I know that the Democrats at least are preparing for these sort of things in a very conscientious way. And I learned it because they said, listen; when you're out there, we are going to ask you questions about A, B, C, D and E.  And they said they would have graphics for that. I didn't watch the hearings after I testified, but I did see the graphics when they were asking me about them. And that's really a process of building a record as well of what is very important to understand in this event.

turn 1 : It is not chopped but divided bluntly into increments.

turn 1 : The implied meaning is to cut the onion into very small pieces.

turn 1 : Chinese citizens have limited investment options due to government regulations

turn 1 : The people of Hong Kong are not willing to trade their freedom for economic growth offered by China's government.

turn 1 : The extradition law may result in Chinese state kidnapping.


Now, the economies in Africa, let's say, in the Caribbean are different, are they not, from either the U. S. , Europe, or Asia?And I'm thinking, for example, of the $1 million notes being printed up willy-nilly in Zimbabwe. How has the global downturn affected them?

Well, just on Zimbabwe for a minute. Zimbabwe has a whole host of problems that are really quite unrelated to the credit crunch and the financial crisis. These are big problems that have been in the making for a long, long time because of an economy that's been run into the ground.

But more generally, Africa and Latin America are being hurt, but it doesn't seem quite as bad for example, as those in Eastern Europe, their debt levels are not as high. While they're hurting some because of the big fall in commodity prices - I mean, we've seen for example the first negative growth in South Africa since 1998. But I don't think these are as hard hit because the financial exposure in this part of the world is not as great as let's say it is in the U. S.  certainly, in Europe, and parts of emerging Europe.

Is that what is allowing some countries to be - I hesitate to use the word financially successful at the moment, but allowing them to compete in a way that they had not been able to before?

turn 0 : Despite the presence of goods in shops, people are still starving due to lack of money and high taxes.

turn 0 : China is willing to support North Korea's terrible regime to prevent its collapse and the horrible situation that might ensue

turn 0 : China is trying to negotiate the best possible deal while doing as little as possible to please Trump.

turn 0 : Money is being printed irresponsibly in Zimbabwe and the person wonder's how the lowering economy of the world affects them.

turn 0 : China did not want to commit to difficult structural changes in their economy in writing because it would look like a concession to the Chinese people.


And I'm wondering how to square the situation now with - I remember interviewing you last year. You had a new book just out on Libya. You were telling me. . .

Yeah.

. . . This did not feel like a country at war, that markets were open, that there were signs of normalcy in Tripoli. That has now changed with these latest developments.

Tragically yes. I mean, of course the country's always had problems. But through international assistance and a U. N. -brokered effort, things were improving in Tripoli modestly. Libyans have a way of getting by. And of course that has all been reversed, so of course now you're seeing electricity blackouts, I mean, displaced. The militias have a newfound presence in the capital. So the country's really been put backward.

I should mention you were just in Libya for a few weeks last month, in Tripoli.

That's right.

turn 3 : The involvement of foreign powers has created chaos in Libya

turn 3 : CHINA IS GOING TO BE COMPETITION AS FAR AS IT'S ADVANCEMENTS IN THEIR ECONOMY

turn 3 : The decision to let Lehman Brothers fail was a key factor in the credit market freeze

turn 3 : The situation in Chinese factories is dire with many factories closed and workers losing their jobs, including millions of migrant workers.

turn 3 : Despite previous improvements, Libya has regressed due to latest developments


Well, Zach looked at them and said, you know, these look like Sexton. But they don't look like the Sexton I've read. So even from the beginning, we had a very clear idea that we might have found something special here. So the next step was to reach out to other more-established Sexton scholars who hadn't seen them. And that was when we got really excited. They put us in touch with her daughter and literary executor Linda Gray Sexton, who also said, I have never seen these, either.

So Anne Sexton, as we've said, is one of the poets that really introduced the idea of confessional poetry, poetry that's personal - so much about the I. How do these poems fit into that emerging style?

Well, I think one of my favorite things about Sexton is how she kind of emerges almost fully formed, right?So she wasn't a childhood poetry writer. You know, before she even started taking a poetry class where she's writing for therapy, 12 years after that, she's winning the Pulitzer Prize for poetry. So what these poems show is, yes, her development but also very much her initial poetic power. In 1957, she presents her mother with a sort of homemade book of poems. And she says this was the first year of Anne Sexton, you know, poet - and that's before she even starts publishing - and then very shortly after has a meteoric rise to fame.

So I guess I'd like to know what these poems are about and something that really moved you. Can you give us an example?

turn 0 : None of the turns have implied meanings that are different from their literal meanings. They all convey their literal meanings without any hidden or implied messages.

turn 0 : It means the poems that the author has read, not the author herself.

turn 0 : A: (Singing) There'll be a little black spot on the sun that day.  The actual meaning of this turn is different from its literal meaning. It is a reference to a song by The Police, and is being used metaphorically to describe the transit of Venus, which will appear as a small black dot moving across the face of the sun.

turn 0 : B is being sarcastic and dismissive about the sun.

turn 0 : Sunflowers figured out how to follow the sun's movement.


Well, to be quite honest with you, at the end of the day, when you're looking at a product that is an adult product - and that's how we see it - the adult has the ability to choose.

But why blueberry, vanilla and cherry - why those flavors?

Actually, you know, we have quite a few individuals that like the blueberry. For me, it gets old quick. So therefore, I have, like, more coffee flavors. But the point is cherry and strawberry are actually fairly popular flavors amongst adults.

And when we're talking about flavors, we're not talking about those kind of flavors. We're talking about the cotton candy type of flavors. We steer away from any flavors that expressly go after a particular target market audience. And those flavors we obviously will never carry, never made and will never participate in our lineup.

turn 0 : (1) has an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The literal meaning is that the speaker is asking if there is any sign of improvement in the situation being discussed, but the implied meaning is that the situation is bad and the speaker is hoping for some positive news or indication that things will get better.

turn 0 : The school is diverse despite being majority minority

turn 0 : The speaker faces racial discrimination and stereotypes from both white and black people.

turn 0 : The kids will begin to think of ideas as they explore on their own.

turn 0 : at the end of the day means something is likely going to happen or what happens after everything else.


We're getting a rare inside view of a massive Taliban attack in Afghanistan earlier this month. In that assault, the Taliban nearly succeeded in seizing control of a key provincial capital - city of Ghazni, about 90 miles from the Afghan capital, Kabul. In a matter of days, the Taliban offensive was halted, but the death toll and destruction were immense. Hundreds of Afghan civilians, police officers and soldiers were killed. U. S.  Special Forces and Army played a key role in crushing the attack. Nine of them were hurt - among them, two who sustained what will be lifelong injuries. Time magazine correspondent William Hennigan was reporting in Afghanistan at the time and was allowed to travel with the Green Berets to Ghazni. They had gotten a call that several Afghan helicopters were down. And they headed out to secure the area.

As they approached the city overnight, they were seeing that the city of Ghazni was on fire. And they knew that they had quite a fighting force to go up against. And the signs were readily apparent. Aside from the great fire that was burning in front of them, there was craters, IEDs, trucks that were standing like tombstones in the middle of the road. So the ODA had to muscle their way around these vehicles in order to push through to the city.

The ODA being the Green Beret unit.

That's correct. And while they're doing that, in comes mortar fire and RPGs and AK-47 fire. So it was not only a difficult task to punch into the city. It was also quite deadly because of the ambush that they had walked into.

turn 3 : They had a large amount of weapons from the United States.

turn 3 : The speaker is concerned about their biracial children feeling pressure to choose between their racial identities.

turn 3 : They used ammunition to make their way into the city.

turn 3 : This implies that there is a racial component to the exploitation of student-athletes.

turn 3 : The speaker is worried that their work may contribute to the stereotype that black people are oversexualized.


Right.

. . . in their noses, and that was because it was reflected back to visible light.

Oh, interesting.

But now, we're able to micronize that. And when we do that, we're able to make those molecules smaller, and you can focus just on the UVB and UVA, which is important for sun protection.

turn 1 : A is discussing a scientific concept or discovery with B.

turn 1 : A is implying that the topic is something that is futuristic, or ahead of its time.

turn 1 : They thought he was a joke or not a serious person

turn 1 : Despite differences, he saw the good in all people.

turn 1 : He is a guy that sees positive outcomes in times of trouble. He has the ability to not think about the impact some lawsuits have.


Right.

Oh, interesting.

turn 3 : Using sun-protective clothing helps protect the environment and against potential problems with sunscreen ingredients.

turn 3 : 50 pounds  implies a weight and not referring to 50 British pounds

turn 3 : A explains the importance of micronizing molecules for sun protection.

turn 3 : 160 pounds implies the body weight and not referring to money or 160 British pounds

turn 3 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer


It's the 100th birthday of the Pulitzer Prizes this year - the centenary of a prize that can change the life and the career of a journalist, a photographer, a biographer, a dramatist or a poet. In the latest conversation in our series to mark the Pulitzer's big year, we welcome Gregory Pardlo. He won the Pulitzer for poetry last year for his collection of poems entitled "Digest. "And he joins us from our studios in New York. Greg, thanks so much for being with us.

Hi, Scott. Thanks for having me.

Can we hear a bit of your work, maybe from the poem "For Which It Stands?"

Absolutely. (Reading) "For Which It Stands" - for a flag, I answered facetiously. A flag of tomorrow. Fluent in fire, not just the whispers, lisps, not just the still there of powdered wigs, dry winds. Who wants a speckled drape that folds as easy over smirch as fallen soldier?

turn 3 : implies that the Mexican government is trying to portray El Chapo in a negative light by discussing details of his private life.

turn 3 :  In turn (4), "they're attacking him where it hurts most to a Mexican man - machismo" implies that the Mexican government is trying to discredit El Chapo by bringing up stories of his allegedly poor sexual performance.

turn 3 : The speaker disagrees with the other person's argument.


You know, we - we're in constant communication with our states. I know South Carolina has done - and all the states, for that matter - but South Carolina, they've done a very proactive job. North Carolina is really going to amp up the messaging on evacuations. Florida has, and Georgia. So, you know, we will be able to tell what those evacuation rates are, obviously working with our state. The states and the locals are the ones that actually call for those evacuations.

Right now, it seems to be going well, but it always could go better. You know, if you're in a danger or hazard area, you know, I ask you to take those warnings seriously, and evacuate and protect yourself and your family.

Jeff Byard of FEMA, thanks for speaking with us today.

Thank you so much.

turn 0 : The situation is so dangerous that people who refuse to evacuate should identify themselves in case of death.

turn 0 : She hopes people find a way to read the book that she has written.

turn 0 : South Carolina is going to make more and much more public messages regarding evacuations.

turn 0 : She creates lines of written work in stories that sound good and have a great deal of emotion. Also, the way she writes her stories has a great deal of meaning.

turn 0 : She wrote very close to what happened in her own life.


Thank you so much.

turn 0 : People in some communities refuse to evacuate despite being warned of floods and tornadoes.

turn 0 : In turn (3), the speaker uses the word "hunting" to refer to the killing of tortoises, but this word carries a connotation of hunting for sport or pleasure, rather than the more utilitarian and exploitative meaning of the word as used in the context of the Galapagos tortoise population. Additionally, the speaker uses the phrase "all alone up there" to describe George's isolation on his island, when in fact the actual location of the island is not specified and the use of the phrase "up there" is a colloquial expression that does not convey any specific location or orientation.

turn 0 : The federal government relies on states to determine when to call for evacuations.

turn 0 : (3), "It seems good here to remember the words that President Roosevelt said after the sinking, quote, 'our enemies have given us the chance to prove that there will be another USS Houston and yet another USS Houston, if that becomes necessary. And still another USS Houston, as long as American ideals are in jeopardy.'"  The literal meaning is simply a quote from President Roosevelt about the USS Houston and its crew. However, the implied meaning is that the quote represents the resilience and determination of the American people in the face of adversity and how they will continue to fight for their ideals even in the most difficult of circumstances. It is a call to action and a reminder of the sacrifices made by those who fought for their country.

turn 0 : The literal meaning: The speaker mentions that they discuss this as a significant starting point or origin for the book. The implied meaning: The speaker suggests that this event plays a crucial role in shaping the themes or direction of the book.


Thank you so much.

turn 1 : The situation is so dangerous that people who refuse to evacuate should identify themselves in case of death.

turn 1 : "out of danger" - This implies that the populations of the tortoises are no longer threatened or endangered, rather than just not in immediate danger.

turn 1 : Taking warnings seriously and evacuating can help protect yourself and your family in a dangerous area.

turn 1 : "released back to that island through the reproduction program" - This implies that young tortoises were bred in captivity and then reintroduced to the wild on the island of Espanola to increase the population, rather than just physically released.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: Dr. Yphnatides is being asked to think about what changes should be made in the future to prevent another outbreak like this.


There is a level of acceptance for some. So one young woman I met joined the all-women's force after being brutalized by her husband, who was part of ISIS. On the other hand, the women who were foreigners and even the real hardcore last holdouts in the fight against ISIS who are in this town of Baghuz, which had basically an apocalyptic end. They ran out of food. They ran out of water.

And what you see now from the women who were part of that is that all of the crimes of ISIS - you know, enslaving girls, raping women, beheading people on the streets, the hangings - that was not enough really to make them lose confidence in the head of ISIS. But the fact that children whose families belong to ISIS starved to death while leaders had food, that is what's making people very disappointed, very disillusioned, especially the women I've talked to.

Are there people who still support the caliphate despite all that they went through?

Absolutely there are. And in fact, one woman from Egypt I met has four daughters. She was talking about how all they want is to go home, to go back to Egypt, to go back to the parks, to go see relatives. And she said to me, you know, I don't believe in Baghdadi. But I still believe in the caliphate.

turn 0 : the war on women meaning that the government is trying to tell a woman what she can and cannot do with her body.

turn 0 :  implies that something else is going on behind the scenes that is not typical of director changes, (3) implies that the Obama-era appointee was trying to protect the agency in an unconventional way, and (4) implies that the White House is attempting to justify their side of the argument by citing the law.

turn 0 : Some women joined the force due to domestic violence

turn 0 : The speaker is implying that the initial positive buzz surrounding the book was overshadowed by the negative review and the controversy that followed.

turn 0 : The author included difficult experiences in the book for a reason.


turn 0 : The women who joined the all-women's force did so as a result of being abused by their husbands who were part of ISIS.

turn 0 : The blue ASU uniform is not recognizable to the public and the Army is trying to change that by making it resemble the uniforms from World War II-era that people recognize from movies.

turn 0 : The military council is not trustworthy and will not allow observers to carry out their job

turn 0 : they are trying to imply they want peace not war instead


turn 1 : Unfolded meaning that things are revealed to what they really are, in this case the lives of young women involved in ISIS.

turn 1 : The disaster was so immense and overwhelming that it was hard to comprehend.

turn 1 : The tactics used were very dangerous and deadly to the protestors.

turn 1 : Implies that the situation is incredible and shocking, rather than simply saying that it is amazing.

turn 1 : ISIS crimes did not make some women lose confidence


turn 1 : The crimes committed by ISIS, such as enslaving girls, raping women, and beheading people, did not make the women lose confidence in the head of ISIS, but the fact that children whose families belong to ISIS starved to death while leaders had food did.

turn 1 : Isis began just as the Arab's began to collapse or at least lose popularity.

turn 1 : They were in the middle of the highest tensions between the two countries.

turn 1 : They used ammunition to make their way into the city.

turn 1 : (4) Implies that by delaying action, the U.S. appears to be tolerating the use of chemical weapons.


turn 3 : She is not necessarily the one that is making the decisions with the impeachment.

turn 3 : The woman from Egypt still supports the caliphate even though she does not believe in Baghdadi.

turn 3 : China sees renewable energy as a future economic opportunity, which can be exported and reduce environmental impact.

turn 3 : The topic of energy is crucial to our world's future and has significant impacts on policy decisions, including war.

turn 3 : Economic policies like bio-fuel increase fuel cost and food prices, leading to global crisis.


For the second time in as many months, Mozambique is recovering from a deadly cyclone. In March, it was you Idai. This time it's Kenneth. Kenneth was a Category 4 cyclone when it made landfall in the north of the country last week. Devastating winds were followed by days of torrential rain and widespread flooding. The government says at least 38 people have died.

For more, we're joined by Deborah Nguyen with the United Nations World Food Programme. She's in Pemba, near the center of the storm's path. And to begin, can you tell us what the damage looks like on the streets of Pemba right now?

In Pemba itself right now it's completely flooded. It has rained for the past two days, which is making humanitarian aid difficult.

Currently you're involved with the teams who are distributing food. What kind of food are you bringing to people?And how are you able to reach them?

turn 0 : The cyclones in Mozambique have caused a lot of destruction and loss of life.

turn 0 : The hurricane caused severe destruction and devastation in the area.

turn 0 : Despite being the champions, the female players were not given the same bonus as the male players, showing the inequality in the sport industry.

turn 0 : The female players were not given proper uniforms, showing the lack of resources and support for the female national team.

turn 0 : They had a hard time coming up with something that would amaze and impress people.


There is some. The question is whether what they see in their internal polls, the surveys they're doing every night in the 14 battleground states, whether what they're seeing is just a little glimmer or a hope that will sort of fade away, or whether it's kind of the beginning traction of perhaps a long shot, but perhaps a strategy that might actually pay off for Senator McCain.

You write about Senator McCain's pollster, a guy named Bill McInturff, who I gather is quite well regarded in the polling industry, and he's been sending out memos saying, I actually think things are getting better. There's also a new poll today, Mason-Dickson-NBC, on specifically Pennsylvania, and it finds the numbers there narrowing down to about a four-point lead for Senator Obama.

Well, that's exactly right. Bill McInturff has been, as some McCain aides described it over the course of his campaign, a bit of a wet blanket at times. When they thought things were going well, he would say, well, you know, the numbers are showing some weakness here.

But yet, in the last four or five days, it's kind of reversed. They've gotten emails in the morning that as delivers his reports from the previous day's survey, they've got good news in them. You know, women who make less than $60,000 are moving towards McCain. Men with some college education are moving towards him. And they're doing it in these battleground states.

turn 3 : battleground implies a place of contests and difficulties

turn 3 : People are not playing a game but taking part in a military conflict.

turn 3 : The Saudi foreign minister might not be actually standing next to the U.S. Secretary of State, but figurately.

turn 3 : The website provides personal and political information about people based on their address, which may be an invasion of privacy.

turn 3 : So you think there's more to be known about this mission and about U.S. operations in that area of the world?" Implicated meaning: The speaker believes that there is additional information or details that have not been disclosed regarding the mentioned mission and broader U.S. operations in that region.


And let's talk about the rivals themselves once they were in the Cabinet. You wrote about this this week in the Los Angeles Times in an op-ed. And you noted that, two years into Lincoln's administration, there was a full-blown crisis in Lincoln's Cabinet. What was that about?

Well, we reached this point in the middle of the war - it's December 1862 - when Lincoln actually says to one of his closest friends, we are now on the brink of destruction. And he was talking about a Cabinet crisis that was the result of this friction between these rivals. There was backbiting and intrigue, and it was ugly. Lincoln survived it, and that's why we tend to forget how ugly it was. But, you know, in the first two years of the conflict, the president is really struggling to manage these balky rivals.

And they're unable to, what, subsume their own egos to that of the president's?

You know, in retrospect, I think Doris Kearns Goodwin, you know, has a lot of wisdom when she says Lincoln had great personal strength to reach out to his rivals. But at the time, it was considered tremendous weakness and therefore, people in Washington at the beginning of the administration thought he was weak, and they tried to take advantage of it.

turn 1 : The president was showing a lack of seriousness for the Puerto Rican crisis.

turn 1 : B's laughter does not have a literal meaning but is likely a response to something humorous or lighthearted in the conversation.

turn 1 : The Cabinet crisis was very serious and ugly.

turn 1 : The implied meaning is that A is inquiring about the details surrounding B's special person.

turn 1 : B finds something amusing or funny, but it's not clear what


turn 3 : (4) Indicates that the speaker would use passive-aggressive tactics to undermine Donald Trump's confidence.

turn 3 : This turn does not mean that the speaker is proposing to explain that they slept in motels, but rather that they are suggesting to mention it as an additional piece of information to the conversation, which is a different meaning than the literal one.

turn 3 : All the turns in this conversation appear to have their literal meanings, and there are no metaphors, figurative language or idioms used.

turn 3 : The speaker is reflecting on the fact that Lincoln's willingness to work with his rivals was seen as a weakness by some in Washington at the time, but in hindsight, it was a display of personal strength and leadership

turn 3 : There are no idiomatic expressions or figurative language in this turn.


Hi, senator. How are you doing?

I'm great. How are you?

I'm doing great. So your two major competitors in this race have come to symbolize certain things. Senator Edwards paints himself as the candidate who's going to end poverty and Senator Obama's supporters say he's the candidate of change. So what do you symbolize?

Well, I think that I'm the candidate with the experience we need to make the changes we want. I don't think there is an either or here. That's a false choice. We have to look at each of us and what we represent and what we have done in our lives and what we believe we can do as the next president.

turn 2 : Implies that the speaker is asking for the other person's opinion about the political implications of the current situation.

turn 2 : (5) Refers to asking if the new food is good or too strong in terms of alcoholic content.

turn 2 : It is not chopped but divided bluntly into increments.

turn 2 : (2) implies that A has a very tiring day in the lab and wants to finish the work quickly and go home.

turn 2 :  (3).  In this turn, the speaker asks what the senator symbolizes in the current political race. The literal meaning of the words is clear, but the implied meaning is more complex. The speaker is really asking the senator to define their political platform and message, and to explain how they differ from their competitors. The question is meant to elicit a nuanced response that goes beyond simple symbolism.


Oh, yes. Yes, indeed.

(Singing) X is the letter. Blue is the color. One is a number. Now is the time.

I mentioned back in the '60s then and it's still - news reminds me of the '60s. We're going out the world backwards. You know, we've got to change. We need a change. And every chance I get, I'm going to sing songs of change because, like I say, I feel like we're going out the world backwards.

Well, in fact, you know, to that end, the album art is actually a beautiful photograph of a group of young kids - African American kids on the outside of a chain-link fence. And they're looking into a park. It's a photo by Gordon Parks from 1956 called "Outside Looking In. "And, you know, I'm assuming that this was a park these kids weren't allowed to play in - right?- because it was segregated.

turn 3 : This implies that there is a racial component to the exploitation of student-athletes.

turn 3 : Car companies want to know the future regulations to plan ahead

turn 3 : The park is segregated, and the African American kids are not allowed to play in it.

turn 3 : The Big Three auto companies are facing financial difficulties.

turn 3 : The car czar should not be the only answer to the auto industry's problems; loans should be offered, but with strict conditions.


Well, you know, the Chinese economy has some major problems even in boom times. It's awash with corruption, enormous inefficiencies. It still has training wheels in many respects, and when an economic crisis hits a booming economy, it tends to make it more efficient. When it emerges, it becomes an even better competitor.

And we've seen this with other emerging Asian economies in the past - after the first oil shock in Japan. Japan really got its act together and became our foremost competitor then.

And how will this affect what's happening here in the United States in terms of manufacturing and jobs here?

You know, I think it is an economic question and a political question, and there are some uncertainties on how we will play our hand. The president-elect when he was talking about creating jobs at home, he was really stressing incentives on keeping jobs here, giving companies good reasons to keep jobs here.

turn 1 : The financial crisis is recurring and becoming more severe each time it comes back.

turn 1 : Implies that the speaker is asking for the other person's opinion about the political implications of the current situation.

turn 1 : is asking for the president's statement today, but the actual meaning is asking for an update on the situation.

turn 1 : An economic crisis can lead to better competitiveness.

turn 1 : The implied meaning is that A is inquiring about the details surrounding B's special person.


Exactly. Well, they, you know, they have a head start in knowing at least that they're meant to be living in the nervous system, which means that there's a little bit of built-in safety and stability that may not quite exist in cells. They can become and kind cell to.

And how long are they effective for in the life of the mice they're injected into?

Well, in the mice that we've looked at, they were effective throughout the lifespan of the animal. So they were present, having their action and, you know, ultimately the animals do die. But it raises the question of, well, what about if we re-dose the animals?Would we have an even longer effect?Would we increase even the area that the stem cells were able to engraft in?Would we have a better effect?You know, that is where the investigations now need to go.

All right. Dr.  Snyder, thank you for taking time to be with is today and happy holiday to you.

turn 0 : The stem cells have an advantage in developing into neurons.

turn 0 : The speaker was misled into attending a meeting under false pretenses.

turn 0 : (1) implies that the speaker wants to know what happened to the news organizations that weren't permitted in the briefing,

turn 0 : The speaker is not providing information about how to complete a blank, but rather communicating to his interlocutor that they need to be careful about what they say since they are on NPR.

turn 0 : Stem cells are more stable and safe than cells but can become any cell type


turn 2 : Further investigation needed to determine if stem cells can have longer effects

turn 2 : Neural stem cells have a better chance of becoming healthy cells.

turn 2 : Authorities are not present to regulate illegal border crossings.

turn 2 : The speaker believes that the current policing system is irreparable.

turn 2 : The speaker is implying that some law enforcement professionals may be resistant to gathering and analyzing data on animal abuse because they view it as an added bureaucratic burden. This suggests that the speaker believes that some law enforcement officials may be unwilling to take the issue of animal abuse seriously or prioritize it as a potential indicator of violent behavior.


I was listening back to some of the pieces that you've done in the past couple of months as we prepare for this broadcast. One of the things that China may have to change is the role of its banks. Banks like to take very few risks if possible, and that means investing in those big state-owned industries that have - well, they may not be spectacular returns anymore, but they are reliable.

Yeah. The banks do extremely well. You and I could sit back and run those banks and be very, very wealthy, though, communist.

The government sets the interest rates and so the banks can make a lot money. And if you're a Chinese person, you can't really get much of your capital out of the country. So where else are you going to put it?

One of the problems with the banks is that they tend to invest in state-owned enterprises. It's kind of part of their job, and it's less risky. But most of the jobs in China are really produced by private enterprise, as they are here in the United States. And it's much harder for them to get capital. So people are, in many ways, feelings that the economy is out of whack in a number ways and that there need to be some serious changes. The government knows this, but there are now very strong vested interests in state-owned enterprises and the banks. And so getting that done is not going to be easy politically.

turn 1 : There is a sense of panic in the financial system and central banks are the only ones willing to finance the banking sector.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker might be implying a hidden agenda or ulterior motive behind their words, actions, or decisions, without making it explicit.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at a deeper meaning or intention behind their words or actions, which requires further investigation or understanding to fully grasp.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be expressing a subtle hint or suggestion, rather than stating something directly.

turn 1 : The banks are profitable, but the speaker is critical of their communist policies


turn 2 : Market access in China was protected by the government for start-ups, but now it's time to open up and increase access for American businesses

turn 2 : the turn "out of control" in (2) is an idiomatic expression that means something is unmanageable or chaotic. Its actual meaning is different from its literal meaning, which would be that the person's weight was physically out of their control.

turn 2 : Chinese citizens have limited investment options due to government regulations

turn 2 : The rigged witch hunt is something that is fixed so that a person looks guilty of something when they are not.

turn 2 : In turn (2), the speaker is describing the use of oversized slingshots in a conflict to throw pipe bombs farther than they would normally be able to reach. The literal meaning is a description of the physical objects and their use, but the implied meaning is the unusual and desperate measures taken in a violent conflict.


turn 3 : Using government money to prop up the banking system is better than letting it implode.

turn 3 : The actual meaning of turn 3 is that Bernie Sanders has gained popular support and this popular support should be taken into account rather than just looking at the math.

turn 3 : implies a contrast between the two parties and the different ways that they conduct their caucuses.

turn 3 : The government is aware of the issues with state-owned enterprises and banks, but it will be difficult to make changes due to vested interests

turn 3 : Implies that the speaker would like to see further reforms beyond what is suggested by Speaker Ryan.