I'm Farai Chideya, and this is News & Notes. How much are you willing to spend on a bottle of fine wine?Thirty dollars?Maybe 60?How about more?And how do we know what makes a wine premium?There are nearly 6,000 wineries in the U. S.  African-Americans own fewer than a dozen. Stephen Sterling is one of those owners, and he's on a quest to educate African-Americans about the pleasures of fine wine.

Stephen is a co-owner of the family owned Esterlina Vineyards and Winery and Everett Ridge Vineyards and Winery. He's also the president of the Association of African-American Vintners. Welcome, Stephen.

Welcome. Thank you for having the African-American Vintners as part of your show today.

Well, give us some examples of some of the fancier places that your wine has been served.

turn 0 : The speaker is asking how much someone is willing to spend on wine but also questioning how people determine what makes a wine premium. African Americans own very few wineries in the US and the guest is working to educate them about fine wine.

turn 0 : The speaker is saying that money is important, but not as important as the enjoyment of cooking.

turn 0 : “The confessions were false” but not “The confessions were short and contained false-fed facts” which is the literal meaning of the turn.

turn 0 :  "writing very disparaging things about our victims - not believing them, dismissing their cases, not bothering to work on them."

turn 0 : the literal meaning is that the interviewer asks if recent events and debates make a scene in a book more significant.


How do we explain what happened here?

Well, this all started about 8 o'clock Pacific Time last night when this man, who, as you said, was believed to be an airline employee, stole a Horizon Airlines Q400 turboprop plane. This is a small, 80-passenger aircraft used for regional hops. He managed to take off from Sea-Tac Airport - a major airport. And he stayed airborne for about the next 60 to 90 minutes. During this time, North American Aerospace Defense Command, also known as NORAD, launched those two F-15 fighter jets from Portland, Ore. , to intercept the plane. As you heard, the man was in contact with air traffic control. They were trying to get him to land. And then just after 9 o'clock local time, the plane crashed on that small island, caught fire. NORAD says the F-15s did not fire upon the aircraft. And the man is presumed dead.

What do we know about him?

Not much. Alaska Airlines, the parent airline to Horizon Air, put out a statement saying it believes this man was a ground service agent employed by Horizon. They say that he took the plane from a maintenance position, which means that this was not a plane scheduled last night for passenger service. We don't know what motivated him to take the plane and do this. But during those communications with air traffic control, he did describe himself - and I'm quoting here - as "a broken guy with a few screws loose. "Those are his words.

turn 3 : The disaster was so severe that it was impossible to save everyone, and the situation was out of control.

turn 3 : Implied Meaning: The speaker's use of sarcasm suggests that they do not believe the statement they just made is true, and instead are expressing the opposite sentiment.

turn 3 : The man who stole the plane had mental health issues.

turn 3 : The speaker is suggesting that there may be a hidden agenda or underlying motive behind their words.

turn 3 : The speaker is suggesting that the situation might not be as serious or dangerous as it initially seemed.


As we mentioned, polls show that a strong majority of Republicans do still support the death penalty. You're one of the growing number of those, though, who have called for repealing it. And there has been a move, as we said earlier, in some red states to repeal the death penalty. What do you think accounts for that shift?Is it just about economics?

No, I don't think it's solely economics. But, again, you know, most Republicans are pro-life. And when you start looking at the abortion issue and the life issue, you start to have to ask yourself, am I being consistent when I'm looking at the death penalty?

And, you know, for the longest time, the death penalty from the criminal law standpoint was there only for society's revenge. You know, it doesn't serve the other goals of criminal law. There's no rehabilitation of anybody. There's no study that shows that it helps prevent crime. So we're really kind of in that Old Testament retribution. And I think as we move more and more away from that and then factor in the economics, there's a real reason to get rid of it.

You mentioned, though, religion in politics as well as economics. I'm curious - how do you think about the morality of this question of the death penalty?

turn 0 : Ruby-red states re not literally colored. They vote nearly always for Republicans, who are "red" in American political parlance.

turn 0 : The speaker is asking the other person to continue the conversation.

turn 0 :  (2) - This is used as a response to show agreement with the speaker.

turn 0 : red states meaning those that are primarily seen as republican dominated

turn 0 :  while turn (3) implies agreement and understanding of the speaker's request.


turn 2 : old testament retribution means that some of these laws are very old and outdated

turn 2 : The implication of the statement is that the Bible has been used for power struggles and arguments between men.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be suggesting that there are some hidden or unknown factors that could influence the situation being discussed.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is subtly trying to convey a sense of urgency or importance in the matter being discussed, without explicitly stating it.

turn 2 : In turn (4), the statement suggests that despite the appearance of a positive sign, the comments from the British Foreign Secretary indicate that the situation is more challenging and difficult to resolve than it may seem. The literal meaning of the words may convey a positive outlook, but the implied meaning highlights the potential obstacles and complexities involved.


But some of the people you were just talking about are format breakers, who are a little bit of R&B, some soul. They pull back from influences from the past but they put their own stamp on it. Sonia, what do you like right now coming out of Atlanta?What are some of your favorites?

You know, I liked hearing the bumper music that you guys are playing in between - those are current songs, but when I think about - well, you know, first it was Goodie Mob and the "Cell Therapy. "So, I was thinking about what Cee-Lo is doing now is part of Gnarls Barkley.

As a songwriter, when you think about it, this guy wrote "Don't You" for the Pussycat Dolls, turned around and that is a big commercial. I mean, this guy is an incredible talent. The album that he's put out now with Gnarls Barkley is good. I can't wait to hear what TI's going to say, now that he has been through what he has been through.

I'm a big TI fan. I am still a bit OutKast fan. You look at OutKast, just completed their ballet this past weekend. I mean, these people are looking at the music as just kind of a launching pad into a lot of different mediums and you can't help but be proud to see such talent being recognized and explored in so many different mediums.

turn 2 : Despite tough times, art will survive and music helps people cope.

turn 2 : What evidence do you have for human intelligence decline?

turn 2 : TI has faced some challenges but people still look forward to his music

turn 2 : "What evidence do you cite? What evidence is there that human intelligence is slowly declining?"

turn 2 : Genetically-based intelligence decline is so slow that it cannot be detected within existing generations


This is SCIENCE FRIDAY. I'm Flora Lichtman, filling in for Ira Flatow, who's out today. This week, the FDA approved a new influenza vaccine for this year's flu season, and soon enough summer will be over and you'll be standing in line again at your pharmacy or doctor's office, participating in that yearly ritual - your annual vaccination allocation.

But what if that didn't have to happen?Imagine a world without the seasonal flu shot. What if one shot could protect you against flu forever and protect you against all flus, including avian flu and swine flu?

Well, you'll have to keep imagining for a while yet because there's no universal vaccine, but researchers are working on it. And joining me now to talk about the effort is Dr.  Gary Nabel. He's the head of the Vaccine Research Center at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases - that's part of the NIH - and he's co-author of a paper this week in the journal Science Translational Medicine on the topic. Welcome to the program, Dr.  Nabel.

Thank you.

So what's the difference between a universal vaccine and the one that I get every year?

turn 1 : The mortality rate of the disease is high and it has caused outbreaks in the past.

turn 1 : It implies how important vaccination is against seasonal flu.

turn 1 : Genetically-based intelligence decline is so slow that it cannot be detected within existing generations

turn 1 : What evidence do you have for human intelligence decline?

turn 1 : "What evidence do you cite? What evidence is there that human intelligence is slowly declining?"


So you get a sense of how this whole thing is going. Obviously, we should then inject alcohol into the situation. For his new show, Brad spent some time around Austin, Texas. So to cap off the visit, we made a cocktail - a paloma made out of a spirit called sotol, distilled from a plant that grows in the Texas desert.

All right. So first up. . .

Yeah.

. . . We're going to mix it with a little grapefruit. OK, I'm going to make a little grapefruit juice.

turn 0 : "inject alcohol into the situation" - this is an idiomatic expression and does not actually mean injecting alcohol into something. It means to add alcohol to a situation to make it more fun or relaxed.

turn 0 : It is a dive into drinking the espresso, taking a chance by drinking it.

turn 0 : The movement to get kids to do math is becoming known and done by a large amount of people.

turn 0 :  I think that it could result in a lot of these either being kicked back to the school and these students

turn 0 : It may be a way to give attention to women trying to break into science.


All right. So first up. . .

Yeah.

turn 0 : B is asking A which type of alcohol to use for the recipe

turn 0 : She wrote an article asking if the police were not doing their jobs as well as they should have.

turn 0 : This implies that Senator Clinton does not really want to become the Vice President, she just wanted to be honored for trying.

turn 0 : (1) B: "Obviously, we should then inject alcohol into the situation." - This turn does not mean that they should literally inject alcohol into something, but rather that they should add alcohol to the situation.

turn 0 : She claimed someone was obtaining illegal access to her Instagram account.


Good morning.

Jason, there's still no power on much of the island, which is astounding. It's five weeks now. What is it like?What have you seen to undertake a recovery from a hurricane when you still don't have power?

And part of what is crazy is it's not just Hurricane Maria. Hurricane Irma came through here two weeks before that. So there's some people who've been almost two months without power. But people are making an effort. They're out there. I see people, you know, cleaning up by hand. People are out there with hand tools trying to, you know, cut 2-by-4's to rebuild things when, you know, they don't have power tools. You've got people who are living in high-rises. It's kind of amazing sometimes walking around at night here in San Juan. You got these tall buildings. And you'll just see some candles flickering in the - and that's the only light in this entire high-rise.

I went out last night, actually, to try to catch some of the World Series. And some of the bars are starting to reopen. But everywhere that you go, the only power that people have is running off of generators or running off of some solar power. You really do not see people getting much power from the grid.

turn 1 : The hurricane caused severe destruction and devastation in the area.

turn 1 : Jason is frustrated and surprised by the length of time it is taking to restore power after the hurricane.

turn 1 : Improved by leaps and bounds, meaning it has improved by a large margin.

turn 1 : to break records means that a previous record was taken away by a new record

turn 1 : We appreciate the opportunities we get to perform


Good morning.

turn 2 : "It's tried to remain undeveloped" - The island itself does not have the capacity to try to remain undeveloped. This is a personification of the island that means the people living on the island have tried to prevent it from being developed.

turn 2 :  (2) Implies that the speaker is asking if the client has any knowledge of President Trump's personal involvement in granting security clearances, rather than a literal reading of the question which could be interpreted as asking if the client has any awareness of the reporting itself.

turn 2 : Despite the lack of power, the people on the island are doing what they can to recover and rebuild.

turn 2 : It does not seem clear on whether Trump made the phone call or received it

turn 2 : (2) implies that the speaker doubts whether the KGB officers were actually interested in the discussion of democratic oversight and were just pretending to pay attention.


I also asked Precious Shumba if President Mugabe would have to leave Zimbabwe if he loses the election.

If Mugabe loses, it is widely expected he will have to negotiate on almost every facet of his life. So the issue of whether he would stay here in Zimbabwe or elsewhere entirely depends on the new administration probably led by the opposition.

Finally, I asked Precious, who lives in the poor urban heart of the capital city, why he chooses to stay in the country and if he ever questions being a journalist in Zimbabwe where his career is risky and sometimes dangerous.

It would be an act of cowardice if I were to say, I cease to be a journalist. I feel I'm accountable and needs to contribute to public discourse. So I'm not really intimidated or really afraid of what might happen to me.

turn 1 : A: If Mugabe loses, it is widely expected he will have to negotiate on almost every facet of his life. Here, the actual meaning is that if Mugabe loses the election, he will lose power and the new administration, possibly led by the opposition, will have the upper hand in negotiations.

turn 1 : (2) In turn (2), the speaker implies that there is a connection between Russia's illicit arms trade, North Korea's relationship with Mugabe, and Zimbabwe's political situation.

turn 1 : It does not seem clear on whether Trump made the phone call or received it

turn 1 : Implied meaning for turn (3): The questioner assumes that the speaker decided to support Donald Trump based on something he said, but the speaker clarifies that his decision was based on Trump's track record of job creation, as well as input from other people involved in the election.

turn 1 : This statement implies a suggestion that some of President Trump's supporters may believe that the CIA report is an attempt to undermine his authority, rather than an objective assessment of the facts.


turn 3 : The literal meaning of this turn is that people might think news organizations are concealing information, but the actual meaning is that people might think news organizations should not be concealing information.

turn 3 : A: It would be an act of cowardice if I were to say, I cease to be a journalist. The actual meaning is that the speaker believes it is their duty as a journalist to contribute to public discourse and they are not afraid of the risks that come with their job, and it would be cowardly to give up.

turn 3 : "What are you going to do?" does not literally mean "What are you going to do?" but rather "What are you going to do in response to the judge's decision?"

turn 3 : The actual meaning of (3) is that many people wrongly assume that suspects will remain silent when questioned, when in fact they rarely do.

turn 3 : demanding the documents, they have the materials to pin the witness down in the questioning. The literal meaning of this turn is explaining the different types of subpoenas used in investigations and how they are effective in obtaining witness testimony and documents.


Yeah. Did we once all have them and they went away somehow?Or what - why did some of us have the healthy population and some of us don't?

Well, that's all down to exposures. And, you know, one of the things that clearly can deplete a microbiome of diversity is antimicrobial use, which clearly is more prevalent in use and perhaps inappropriately.

Antibiotics, you mean.

Exactly. In the last several decades. That's clearly one obvious approach to deplete the diversity. The other thing is, we think that viral infections, which frequently perceive these kind of chronic outcomes in inflammatory disease, including in the sinuses, they may actually perturb the microbiome and induce, perhaps, inflammation from the host that actually kills some of these protective organisms.

turn 1 : A suggests using anti-microbial and rehabilitation approaches to clear out bad bacteria and reinstate appropriate organisms.

turn 1 : B wants to know more about the writer's personal journey, but also wants to understand how the writer's experiences may have shaped their writing

turn 1 : A decided to be vulnerable and share about his severe depression in order to be authentic in his book and play.

turn 1 : Antimicrobial use, including antibiotics, can deplete microbiome diversity.

turn 1 : The author included difficult experiences in the book for a reason.


I know I could have summitted. Yes, however - yes, I wasn't willing to lose my fingers or a tip of a finger, even, for the summit of K2.

Nick, this climbing season in the Himalayas is done for you. Do you think that you would think about K2 again?

I'm actually pretty sure I will think about K2 again. It's always been a dream of mine to be up there, and it is quite painful to have gotten so close to the summit and turn around. So maybe not next year, maybe not the year after, but I can say, in my life, I will for sure come back here. There's something about this mountain that just draws us all to it.

But you know, you know now, this is the deadliest mountain in the world.

turn 0 : The literal meaning of turn (4) is that the speaker could have reached the summit of K2 but chose not to risk losing their fingers or a tip of a finger. However, the implied meaning is that the speaker prioritizes their physical well-being over the achievement of reaching the summit of K2. This suggests that the speaker is sensible and cautious when it comes to decision-making, even in high-risk situations.

turn 0 : Race relations are a critical issue in California

turn 0 : The United States is the only place where the speaker can survive.

turn 0 : There are many potential candidates for the Senate seat

turn 0 : A wasn't willing to risk his fingers to summit K2


Wow.

. . . Actually the night he died. So he was a very well-respected young person by our staff, by our students and our community. And, you know, it was a very shame that that did happen.

I'm so impressed. I gather the youngsters themselves in your school came up with the idea of electing them king and queen. I got to tell you. . .

Yeah, you know, you think about social media as something that's bad sometimes. Well, they - her friends and his friends kind of started a little social media thing and the adults weren't even totally aware. And they wanted to - they wanted to have them be king and queen. Now, it wasn't, you know, the whole school. It wasn't everybody. It was a very tight group of kids that really. . .

turn 0 : Wow. Implicated Meaning: B is expressing surprise or admiration. It implies that B is impressed or astonished by something.

turn 0 : Implicated meaning: A is teasing or mocking B for not realizing that B loves salt. The phrase "You didn't see that coming" implies that B's love for salt was unexpected or surprising.

turn 0 : The speaker feels he has reached the height of his professional career by performing in a certain venue

turn 0 : The speaker's experience as a consumer helped in building their business.

turn 0 : The turn suggests that the speaker is feeling frustrated and overwhelmed.


Wow.

turn 1 : Actually the night he died. So he was a very well-respected young person by our staff, by our students and our community. And, you know, it was a very shame that that did happen. Implicated Meaning: A is providing additional information or context about the person who died. The phrase "actually the night he died" implies that there is a specific event or incident being referred to, and A is emphasizing the significance and respect the person had before their death. The phrase "it was a very shame that that did happen" implies a sense of regret or sadness about the event.

turn 1 : Implicated meaning: The speaker is expressing a desire to create a character in their book who is strong and believable, rather than simply creating a character who is physically strong. The implied meaning is that the speaker values depth and authenticity in their character portrayal, rather than creating a one-dimensional, superficial character.

turn 1 : The World Food Programme has to decide who is not going to get food due to the lack of resources, and those who are most in need often have to go without.

turn 1 : The farming communities are disappearing due to factors such as depopulation, urbanization, and economic challenges.

turn 1 : The government’s lack of interest and prioritization of political issues is causing a delay in getting necessary approvals and treatments for crops and animals.


Wow.

turn 2 : B is impressed or surprised by what A said.

turn 2 : I'm so impressed. I gather the youngsters themselves in your school came up with the idea of electing them king and queen. I got to tell you... Implicated Meaning: B is expressing admiration and surprise. The phrase "I'm so impressed" indicates that B finds the idea of the youngsters coming up with the idea of electing a king and queen to be impressive. B's use of "I gather" suggests that this information was not explicitly stated but was deduced or inferred by B. It implies that B is intrigued or fascinated by the youngsters' initiative.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is indirectly suggesting that they may have information or opinions that they are hesitant to share openly.

turn 2 : The speaker is worried about their own marriage

turn 2 : Turn (2): The speaker is implying that the person proposing marriage to a woman at the ballpark is likely to be rejected in public.


Wow.

turn 3 : When you read the social media post, what did you think?

turn 3 : Yeah, you know, you think about social media as something that's bad sometimes. Well, they - her friends and his friends kind of started a little social media thing and the adults weren't even totally aware. And they wanted to - they wanted to have them be king and queen. Now, it wasn't, you know, the whole school. It wasn't everybody. It was a very tight group of kids that really... Implicated Meaning: A is challenging a common perception or assumption about social media. The phrase "you think about social media as something that's bad sometimes" implies that there is a negative generalization or stereotype associated with social media. A is suggesting that this perception is not always accurate or applicable in every situation. The phrase "the adults weren't even totally aware" implies that the adults were unaware of the social media activity initiated by the friends of the individuals in question. It suggests a level of secrecy or exclusivity among a specific group of kids. The phrase "they wanted to have them be king and queen" implies that the group of kids had a desire or intention to elect the individuals as king and queen, which may have been unexpected or unconventional.

turn 3 : The literal meaning: The speaker mentions that they discuss this as a significant starting point or origin for the book. The implied meaning: The speaker suggests that this event plays a crucial role in shaping the themes or direction of the book.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of the turn is asking why they want to cause violence, but the implied meaning is asking why they find violence appealing or attractive.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of (3) is asking what type of story was popular in the 19th century that could be compared to a modern day internet meme. The implied meaning is asking what was popular or trendy in the 19th century.


Different things. Some people have heard of the Ig Nobel Prize, many have not. To some of them - there have been some winners who have been waiting for it for years. More typically they're not quite sure what it is. Our standard policy, which - it has a few twists now and then. But in general, when we've chosen somebody, we will quietly get in touch with them, offer them the prize and give them the opportunity to quietly to decline the honor. And if they say no, that's fine, that's it. We never mention it. We don't even keep records. We give it to somebody else. But happily for us, not many people decline. Almost everybody accepts.

And some of them - do they actually go on to win the real Nobel Prize?

That's happened at least once. In the year 2000, we gave the Ig Nobel Prize in psychics to two physicists in England, Andre Geim and Michael Berry, who were, and are, quite eminent physicists. They won the Ig Nobel Prize that year for using magnets to levitate a frog. I don't know if you've seen the videos on the Web of that.

Yeah, yeah, yeah.

turn 0 : He is implying that the first place winner will get the prize.

turn 0 : The story is a happy one that is also distracting and the people have been feeling sad so they need the story to make them happy again.

turn 0 : 3) is the same as its literal meaning, which is asking for information about the number of stories typically received by the literary magazine.

turn 0 : Winners of Ig Nobel Prize are eager to receive it

turn 0 :  "I don't know that story" - This turn has a literal meaning, which is that the person speaking is not familiar with the story being referred to.


Yeah, yeah, yeah.

turn 2 : Scientists need more data to confirm their hypotheses.

turn 2 : This implies that the morale of the protesters' was weakened probably because of the low turnout.

turn 2 : Winning the Ig Nobel Prize doesn't discredit their scientific achievements

turn 2 : The protest will be disruptive and cause inconvenience to the city

turn 2 : The tactics used were very dangerous and deadly to the protestors.


. . . Battles. Yes. It was bloody, but it was also joyous because we're - all three of us - just super fans of Nancy Hale's.

I mean, people always ask fiction writers - as you would know better than anyone - how much of your writing, how much of your protagonist is you. And writers always say, it's fiction. You know, I made it all up. But you write that with Hale, it's - it actually really matters to know what her life story was when you're reading these stories.

You know, every story that a fiction writer writes has something of them in them. And I had to go through her story and sort of understand where they came from in her life. She wrote so close to the bone to her own life in many ways, and you can see herself in her characters in these stories - in a lot of them.

All right. So let's get to some of the stuff she writes about because she writes about things that are uncomfortable to discuss today in 2019 - must have been incredibly edgy at the time she was writing some of these. She writes about mothers feeling ambivalent about their children. She writes about how oppressive marriage can be. She writes beautifully about female desire. I actually wanted to let you read a little bit from one of her stories, titled "Midsummer. "

turn 2 : She wrote very close to what happened in her own life.

turn 2 : She writes a wide variety of stories and the lessons that she learns as a writer can be seen in her stories.

turn 2 : "Have you been able to restore the populations to any extent?" This turn has a literal meaning. It asks whether any progress has been made in increasing the population of the tortoises.

turn 2 : "out of danger" - This implies that the populations of the tortoises are no longer threatened or endangered, rather than just not in immediate danger.

turn 2 : "released back to that island through the reproduction program" - This implies that young tortoises were bred in captivity and then reintroduced to the wild on the island of Espanola to increase the population, rather than just physically released.


turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is implying that her character's story line on the show mirrored her own life experience.

turn 3 : "it kind of reinforced the importance of the work we do and the future and trying to ensure that no other species or subspecies are lost in Galapagos." This turn has a metaphorical meaning. It means that the death of Lonesome George highlighted the significance of preserving endangered species and preventing their extinction.

turn 3 : "clone him" - This implies the possibility of cloning Lonesome George, a tortoise, rather than just asking if it is possible to create a genetic duplicate of him.

turn 3 : her stories were not what people were usually reading and the topics of them were not what was normally talked about.

turn 3 : "Have you been able to restore the populations to any extent?" This turn has a literal meaning. It asks whether any progress has been made in increasing the population of the tortoises.


What the government says they're doing is addressing the problem with intelligence, which means being aware of rifts like this inside the gangs before they become violent. Fifty-five dead shows that that strategy failed here. And the governor says he's not renewing the contract of the private company that runs these prisons. Now they are taking these transfer measures. You know, they're using the intelligence that they have to transfer some gang leaders to a maximum security prison and then moving 200 other inmates who they say have received death threats. And that's their measures right now. The city is also under alert. There are police on the streets making sure this doesn't spill out into gun violence on the streets. And, you know, we'll see over the next few days whether that can contain even more possible violence.

Interesting that you say it's a private company that is running these prisons. Given that, why are these facilities so out of control?These are profit-making enterprises.

Watchdog groups have been sending out red flags about prison overcrowding in Brazil for many years now, and so it really is a political will issue. Many experts, after the tragedy of the past few days - including a U. N.  spokesperson yesterday - say that to really address this problem, you have to reduce overcrowding. And countrywide, prisons are around 70% over capacity and around 137% in this state alone.

Just quickly - Brazil's new president, Jair Bolsonaro, is a guy who talks tough on crime. Has he said anything about this?

turn 0 : The government rigged the election and caused violence.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker is suggesting that they are uncertain about the future outcome of a situation, and are not making any definitive statements or commitments. The tone and context of the statement could suggest that the speaker is being cautious, non-committal, or may be waiting for more information before making a decision.

turn 0 :  Implied meaning: There is a fear of the spread of Zika, malaria, cholera, and other diseases due to the lack of access to aid.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at a desire or need for help or support from the listener.

turn 0 : The government failed to prevent the gang violence despite claiming to address the problem with intelligence.


(Laughter).

He's just taking everything and ratcheting it up.

This song in particular has become a kind of proving ground for generations of musicians.

What about the listener experience, though?Does it have the same emotive quality that "Kind Of Blue" has?

I feel like there's emotion in "Giant Steps. "But it is certainly - you know, if you want to talk about "Kind Of Blue" as sort of relaxing-into-your-armchair-with-a-cocktail vibe. . .

turn 2 : Tops in Blue is not just a regular show, it's something exceptional and unique.

turn 2 : not a physical drawing board or easel, but the most important thing on an agenda or plan; not a physically big-in-size plan, but a plan with many elements or parts to it

turn 2 : The person has a great many books in stacks around his home.

turn 2 : The listener experience of 'Giant Steps' is different from that of 'Kind of Blue'.

turn 2 : (4) implies that part of the appeal of the installations is that people have to work to see them, rather than them being immediately visible.


Well, what would that serious diplomacy look like?I mean, I - the United States would have to - what?- accept a. . .

It's a fair question, you know, why diplomacy would work now when it's failed in the past. I think that the breakout is a game-changer for the United States because we're directly - become directly vulnerable to North Korea. But it's also a game-changer for China because they'll either - they'll have to live with the strategic consequences of a breakout, which could - are unknown. South Korea could reassess its non-nuclear status.

So I think the conjunction of factors that we can bring China into play would have the goal of obtaining a nuclear - a freeze to lock in North Korea at its current level of capabilities. And for China - I think the conjunction of factors is that for China, they would retain their buffer in North Korea. And they would prevent these adverse strategic consequences. North Korea would maintain its minimum deterrent, and the regime would remain in power. For the United States, it would prevent this breakout, and it would offer us a not-great narrative. But we would say that this is an interim agreement toward the long-term goal of denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula.

Well Mr.  Litwak, in the minute we have left, can you really trust any - the process of reaching or signing any agreement with a regime like North Korea's?

turn 0 : The United States would need to compromise and accept a nuclear-armed North Korea.

turn 0 : If the Trump administration offers to remove some of the sanctions on Iran, Iran would be willing to negotiate.

turn 0 : The hurricane may cause severe impacts along the coastline despite staying offshore.

turn 0 : The hurricane in the Bahamas is a developing story.

turn 0 : Surviving hurricanes is a common occurrence and a way of life for the Bahamians.


turn 1 : North Korea's nuclear capabilities pose a direct threat to the United States.

turn 1 : China is willing to support North Korea's terrible regime to prevent its collapse and the horrible situation that might ensue

turn 1 : The hurricane may cause severe impacts along the coastline despite staying offshore.

turn 1 : The hurricane in the Bahamas is a developing story.

turn 1 : Surviving hurricanes is a common occurrence and a way of life for the Bahamians.


turn 2 : China is willing to support North Korea's terrible regime to prevent its collapse and the horrible situation that might ensue

turn 2 : "it kind of reinforced the importance of the work we do and the future and trying to ensure that no other species or subspecies are lost in Galapagos." This turn has a metaphorical meaning. It means that the death of Lonesome George highlighted the significance of preserving endangered species and preventing their extinction.

turn 2 : "Have you been able to restore the populations to any extent?" This turn has a literal meaning. It asks whether any progress has been made in increasing the population of the tortoises.

turn 2 : So I think the conjunction of factors that we can bring China into play would have the goal of obtaining a nuclear - a freeze to lock in North Korea at its current level of capabilities." - The implied meaning is that involving China in the situation could lead to an agreement that aims to prevent North Korea from further advancing its nuclear capabilities, essentially freezing its current level of capabilities.

turn 2 :  the figurative use of the phrase "flipping the bird" and the phrase's implication in New York City, respectively.


turn 3 : (4) A: "And I believe there's a moment - a conjunction of factors that call for a pivot to serious diplomacy." - The literal meaning would be that the speaker thinks it's time to switch to more serious diplomacy with North Korea. However, the implied meaning is that the speaker believes that the current situation with North Korea calls for a change in approach and a greater emphasis on diplomacy rather than military action or acquiescence to North Korea's nuclear capabilities.

turn 3 : "Well Mr. Litwak, in the minute we have left, can you really trust any - the process of reaching or signing any agreement with a regime like North Korea's?" - The implied meaning is that the person is questioning the reliability and trustworthiness of engaging in the process of negotiating or signing an agreement with North Korea, considering the nature of its regime.

turn 3 : implies that A has endorsed Hillary Clinton and believes she effectively addresses the issues.

turn 3 : Implies that Bill Clinton is both a valuable asset and a potential liability to the campaign.

turn 3 : (2) Implied meaning: Is there any incentive for Democrats to cooperate with Republicans on health care reform now that they have been successful in preserving the original?


Yeah. It's hard to understand today just how much the catcher, especially in the 1870s, dominated the baseball game. A single baseball game was - really revolved around the catcher's ability to harness what the pitcher was pitching, and everything revolves around that. The pitcher couldn't use his best pitches if he had - he didn't have confident - confidence in the catcher.

So he really was a sort of iconic folk hero, dominated the game in a way that I think no player ever has before or since and - at a point to where people resented it and would say, you know, this is a game played by two players while the other seven just kind of watch.

The pitcher and the catcher and everybody else watches. The catcher's - well, we are familiar with the crouched position right behind home plate. That was not what they did in the 1870s.

No. They stood, sometimes a little stooped but mostly straight up, and they would just catch the ball and be ready to throw it to bases immediately. And the way that they would throw it sort of made them look like gunslingers. And so that really fed into the whole icon of them, the whole idea of them as American folk heroes.

turn 0 : Playing catcher is a dangerous position that can cause permanent physical harm.

turn 0 : It tells about developed our nation and innovoted lot of things

turn 0 : The speaker believes that Gates and West intentionally shifted their focus away from producing groundbreaking works in their field.

turn 0 : The catcher played a crucial role in baseball games in the 1870s.

turn 0 : They could not come up with an idea that would impress people.


Well, could payments like this then allow the defendants in this case - who obviously are either wealthy or supported by very wealthy people - allow the defendants to buy their way out of criminal punishments of any kind?

I think that's conceivable. But I think, in this case, there would still be punishment. It would - they would probably still be incarcerated, although it's a very opaque process. So it's not very clear. I mean, this is - these are not trials like in the United States where you can go in and watch the court proceedings unfold day after day. These are all very cloaked processes in Saudi Arabia.

Looming behind all of this, of course, is the crown prince, Mohammed bin Salman, who's denied any culpability and, of course, is not on trial in any way. Does blood money offer him a way to wipe this case away without facing any particular accountability?

Well, it - not completely. But it does - you know, the Khashoggi children have been awfully restrained in their public positions about all of this. Right?They have not condemned the kingdom. They've not gone after Mohammed bin Salman. And this is a way to making sure they sort of stay quiet. This is a way for that to happen.

turn 3 : (4) implies that "blood money" is a way to reconcile with the family of the victim without seeking revenge.

turn 3 : The implied meaning in turn (3) is that the author saw a lack of knowledge among young people in their community about their own cultural history and wanted to address this deficit by creating a book with images and information about that history.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of the statement is that the speaker talks about the genesis of the book and how they were inspired to write it. The implicated meaning is that the speaker was motivated to write the book by their observations about the U.S. military presence in Afghanistan and the reactions of the Afghan people to it.

turn 3 : The implication is that wealthy people or those with access to wealth may be able to avoid criminal punishment by using blood money.

turn 3 : The implied meaning in turn (2) is that the author created the book out of a desire to educate young black people about their cultural history, which they may not have learned from mainstream media sources such as hip-hop videos.


Does the seriousness of this cast a shadow on the White House?Are they concerned about what, for instance, is going to be coming out today?

I think it casts a huge shadow over the White House. I think it's very serious. I want Congress to conduct full oversight on it. And I think we need to look at it. I think Congress and I think Republicans and Democrats have a duty, no matter who's in the White House, to ask tough questions, and the president can push back when they think they overreach.

Finally, with the president calling this a hoax and a scam, do you think that is wise?

Well, I - you know, I'm not going to comment on every description the president. . .

turn 0 : They are on a list of people that are treated badly by the country.

turn 0 : They want to know if the seriousness of the situation makes the government appear to be bad to the public.

turn 0 : The oversight of the bailout money may not be as strong as it is intended to be.

turn 0 : The bailout could have potential negative consequences for the average taxpayer

turn 0 : The administration should be planning for the future and not just focusing on immediate reactions


turn 1 : It implies that no matter the impact of the program the society will still change those impacts.

turn 1 : (2) A: It's a real pleasure. (implied meaning: I am happy to be here and discuss this important topic)

turn 1 : They think it does make the government look bad to the public.

turn 1 : nice to be here means its nice that I'm here being interviewed

turn 1 : because the speaker said always good to be here


Well, approved solar filters are what you really need. The cheapest and I think probably the best way is to go with these welder's glasses. They're called number 14 welder's glasses. They're a very dark shade. You go into a welding store, and you say you want number 14, they know what you're doing. They always look at me and they say, oh, you're going to look at the sun?I say yeah, that's what I'm going to do.

And so you want to get those glasses. They usually cost about five, six bucks or so. And then you can put those up to your face and look right at the sun all you want. Then you can also get filters for your telescopes, binoculars, that type of thing. But really, we recommend making this into a social situation.

As astronomers, we always like company, and we recommend people to join or find any astronomical groups that are in their area, because there are astronomy clubs all over the country, and they love to share their expertise, and on these days of the eclipse on the 20th and the Transit on the 5th, join up with one of them because it's a lot of fun having a sun party.

Wow, and you can find these - you can find more information on your website, or. . .

turn 1 : This goes beyond what is being asked and explains the cycle of annular eclipses in more detail.

turn 1 : The implication of this turn is that the speaker was one of the first British intelligence officers to meet with the KGB after the fall of the Soviet Union.

turn 1 : The actual meaning of (3) is that many people wrongly assume that suspects will remain silent when questioned, when in fact they rarely do.

turn 1 : Well, that raises another question.So, did you take some top-secret operation and just thinly fictionalize it to this book and, you know, are... The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker is asking if the author took a real, top-secret operation and used it as the basis of their fictional book, and whether it might be recognizable to Russian agents.

turn 1 : The speaker suggests that in addition to getting solar filters, people should make viewing the eclipse or transit into a social event by joining an astronomy group or having a "sun party" with friends.


Linda Greenhouse is co-author of "Before Roe v.  Wade: Voices that Shaped the Abortion Debate Before the Supreme Court's Ruling. "She joins us by phone from her office in New Haven, where she now teaches at Yale Law School. Good to have you back on the program.

Oh, thanks very much.

And one of the documents you reprinted is the story of Dr.  Jane Hodgson. What's her part in Roe v.  Wade?

Well, she didn't have a direct part in Roe against Wade. Jane Hodgson was a very courageous obstetrician-gynecologist in St.  Paul, Minnesota in the early 1970s. Before Roe she was a Mayo Clinic-trained doctor. And she decided to test, to challenge the Minnesota criminal abortion law. She had a patient who had contracted German measles very early in her pregnancy. And people my age might remember, before there were immunizations, that there were epidemics of German measles that swept through the country, and when it hit somebody early in pregnancy, it had a very high probability of causing serious birth defects.

turn 3 : Turn not provided. Please provide a turn for me to analyze.

turn 3 : The implication of this turn is that the speaker was one of the first British intelligence officers to meet with the KGB after the fall of the Soviet Union.

turn 3 : when something sweeps or swept through, it means it came through quickly

turn 3 : In turn (4), the implied meaning is that the Chinese Ministry of State Security is trying to take revenge for the U.S. FBI catching their spies in the U.S.

turn 3 : The actual meaning of (3) is that many people wrongly assume that suspects will remain silent when questioned, when in fact they rarely do.


Oh, thanks very much.

turn 3 :  In (3), the implied meaning is that some parents have chosen not to vaccinate their children, which may be contributing to the measles problem.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: Although there may be variations in how people interpret it, the speaker is fairly confident that a significant number of individuals will understand that there is an underlying or implicit message conveyed through this turn. The meaning might not be immediately apparent and could require additional context, but the speaker believes that most people will recognize that there is a subtext or insinuation.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at something indirectly and expects the listener to read between the lines.

turn 3 : Implied Meaning: While there may not be a clear and definitive implied meaning behind this turn, it's possible that there is a subtle message or intention that can be inferred based on the speaker's tone and the context of the conversation. However, not everyone may agree on what the implied meaning is, as it may be subject to interpretation. Nonetheless, there is a likelihood that most people would perceive some sort of subtext or hidden intention in this turn.

turn 3 : German measles affected the people, it did not 'hit' them in a literal sense


You know what else my mother said?You should talk to more people in their 80s because they've looked across the street at death for a decade. And they know what's really important in life.

Your mother was smart. Now, I'm talking as one of the people in the 80s. Nobody wants to hear that you met Harry Truman, you know. Shh.

(Laughing) You didn't meet Harry Truman, did you?

I met Harry Truman. But you know what I mean?Nobody's interested. They want to know you've met Rihanna, and that kills me.

turn 1 : to be silent about something is to not talk about something, or to keep something a secret

turn 1 : There is a risk of military conflict due to misunderstandings.

turn 1 : Short deployments had negative consequences, contrary to expectations.

turn 1 : Military interventions often escalate beyond their original scope.

turn 1 : "Nobody wants to hear that you met Harry Truman" - this is an expression meaning that people are not interested in hearing about things that happened a long time ago, especially if they are not relevant to their own lives.


turn 1 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply an acknowledgement or agreement, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker may not be fully engaged or interested in the conversation. It could be interpreted as a way of signaling disinterest or a desire to move on to a different topic.

turn 1 : It is not actually zapped. It has been exposed to radiation.

turn 1 : (1) The speaker is explaining why dark matter cannot be seen because it has no charge and therefore does not emit light.

turn 1 : The cell doesn't literally "read" the protein, it merely reacts to the stimili.

turn 1 : The turn with an actual meaning different from its literal meaning is (2).  In this conversation, A is acknowledging the wisdom in what B's mother said about talking to people in their 80s because they have a unique perspective on life. However, when A says "Nobody wants to hear that you met Harry Truman, you know. Shh.", the literal meaning is that A is telling B to be quiet about meeting Harry Truman because it's not interesting. The actual meaning, however, is that A is making a sarcastic comment about how people only seem to care about meeting famous celebrities like Rihanna, rather than valuing the life experiences and wisdom of those who have lived longer.


'Cause there are a lot of industries now that can point to the fact that they are using fewer people to sometimes produce even greater revenues.

Well, that's what using fewer people will sometimes do. It certainly will - using fewer people will increase the productivity of the people that you are using. And we had been living through an age where we are adapting to a transformative technology - the Internet. I mean, this has enormous effects on the workplace. But, you know, I'm a mere writer. I wouldn't even know how to begin to answer the question you just asked; how much of this is a fundamental shift in the economy and how much of it is a result of the way we've led our financial lives?

Michael Lewis, what should, in your mind, Americans learn from the financial crisis in Europe?

The thing that has interested me the most is the role of the big financial institutions in our economy. I think over the period of the last several decades, they have spun out of control; that they are too big to fail, which means that the normal sort of mechanism of a market economy is not allowed to work in a financial sector. That normal mechanism is creative destruction. It's, you know, someone builds a better one and the old one dies. And I would have thought the big lesson from the period of 2007, 2008 is that we can't really build an economy based on such institutions. It's like building your house on sand.

turn 1 : "Well, that's what you go for or what?" - This turn is a sarcastic response to the previous statement made by A, rather than a genuine question about A's preferences.

turn 1 : you don't really know that much about this.

turn 1 : A's statement "Well, that's what using fewer people will sometimes do" implies a sarcastic tone, suggesting that using fewer people is not always a positive thing and can have negative consequences, despite B's initial statement seeming to praise it as a productivity booster. Additionally, A's response is somewhat evasive, indicating that they do not feel qualified to answer the question posed to them.

turn 1 : that the people don't want any more violence and want it to stop

turn 1 : You will never be taken seriously no matter how hard you try.


turn 3 : A had a difficult childhood with no celebrations, and later moved in with his father who was involved in illegal activities.

turn 3 : NOTHING IS NOT GOOD.SO IT WAS A VERY MEANING FULL

turn 3 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer


turn 3 : (4) "sat like a muddy, brown bird hiding herself in dense foliage" - The literal meaning is that the small, stone house was situated in a way that it resembled a bird blending in with the surrounding foliage. The figurative meaning could be interpreted as the house being intentionally hidden from outsiders and only visible to those who knew where to look.

turn 3 : Literally, this turn is a short response to A's previous statement about the time-lapse videos of human development. However, the implied meaning is that B understands and acknowledges A's previous statement about the videos featuring embryos, and is simply reiterating that fact.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at something indirectly and expects the listener to understand the intended message.

turn 3 : A's statement "It's like building your house on sand" is a metaphorical expression, implying that an economy based on big financial institutions is unstable and likely to collapse. The actual meaning is not about building a physical house on sand, but rather using it as a comparison to convey a message about the inherent instability of such an economy.

turn 3 : The literal meaning is that the speaker would have appeared on a media outlet many times. The actual meaning is that the speaker would have been very vocal and persistent on the issue, possibly annoying the media host.


Yeah, and that sounds a little anthropomorphic. I mean, they live in those reservoir hosts inconspicuously. Obviously viruses don't have purposes, so it's not their purpose to hide, but they disappear. They go somewhere where we can't find them.

Scientists - Ebola spilled over for the first time in 1976, and scientists still don't know what the reservoir host of Ebola is.

If you want to get in on the conversation, ask David Quammen a question, it's 1-800-989-8255, 1-800-989-TALK. Now these are called zoonosis, is that - did I get that right?

That's right, yeah, zoonoses. A zoonosis is an animal infection that's transmissible to humans. It might or might not cause disease in humans. Sometimes these things spill over, and they become innocent passenger viruses in humans. But if the zoonosis spills over and does cause disease, then we call that a zoonotic disease. And about 60 percent of our infectious diseases are zoonotic.

turn 1 : Scientists have been studying Ebola for decades, but they still haven't identified its reservoir host.

turn 1 : The response to the Ebola outbreak in DRC is not going well and there are a lot of challenges to overcome

turn 1 : The Trump administration's strategy of maximum pressure may lead Iran to negotiate

turn 1 : The situation between Iran and the US may lead to a military conflict, which nobody wants.

turn 1 : If the Trump administration offers to remove some of the sanctions on Iran, Iran would be willing to negotiate.


. . . Of Puerto Rico. (Laughter) So that would leave the secretary of the Department of Education fourth in line. And he took over that agency from Julia Keleher, who is facing corruption charges in federal court.

Oh, my goodness.

And I think it's important to remember that the arrest of the former Department of Education secretary almost three weeks ago initiated this head-spinning series of events that has led to Governor Rossello's announcement last Wednesday that he was resigning.

Mr.  Trelles, I just want to know because we're going so far down the line of succession, is there some point in the rules where the governorship just falls to you, that it's the editor of Radio Ambulante who becomes governor of Puerto Rico?

turn 3 : It is being implied that if everyone resigns he will be the new leader.

turn 3 : second in line refers to who takes the place of a leader if they resign

turn 3 : something that was hinted at or suggested, but not directly stated.

turn 3 : The boss refuses to change their mind on what they think about situation.


Would it be ethical to do this, you know, some of this work in humans?Would it take away some of the stigma about using embryonic stem cells?

Well, there's a whole lot of issues to consider in that I think a lot of people are going to have to involved in working through and thinking about under what circumstances it would be permissible to use this kind of approach in humans if the science really supports the idea that this kind of approach could generate cells that look like eggs from human pluripotent stem cells. I think the two key factors, I mean one key factor is that you would want to do this in the context of an effort, you know, for in vitro fertilization, in the course of reproduction rather than just generating embryos for the sake of research by fertilization.

And secondly, you would only want to go forward, I think, if you were sure enough from the preliminary studies that the eggs really looked healthy and normal and really felt like they had a chance of giving rise to successful pregnancies because you wouldn't want to engage in in vitro fertilization with a patient if there really wasn't much chance of having a successful pregnancy.

Is there any reason - going the opposite direction of thought, is there any reason to believe this would not work in humans?

turn 1 : Ethical and scientific considerations need to be taken into account before using embryonic stem cells in humans for generating cells that look like eggs.

turn 1 : implying that there are ethical and moral considerations to be taken into account when conducting CRISPR research

turn 1 : implies a contrast between the two parties and the different ways that they conduct their caucuses.

turn 1 : Liberals in this place have socially conservative views.

turn 1 : People are uncertain about their vote in this election, and are hesitant to support either the Republican or Democratic candidate.


The cease-fire that was supposed to halt fighting between Russian separatists and the Ukrainian government has not taken hold. Really, it never seems to have started. Shelling and dying has continued this week with both sides insisting the other had violated the cease-fire agreement. Separatist rebels have taken control of the city of Debaltseve, which serves as a key rail hub in Ukraine. Ivo Daalder is the president of the Chicago Council on Global Affairs and the former NATO ambassador. He joins us now. Thanks very much for being with us, Mr. Ambassador.

Oh, it's great to be here.

Do you think a cease-fire is even practical?

Well, I think the only way you're going to get a cease-fire is if one side stops shooting because clearly the Russians and the Russian-backed separatists are bent on continuing to fight. They were never interested in the cease-fire in the first place. We saw that in the Minsk negotiations more than a week ago when they refused to have an immediate cease-fire. They wanted to have a delay. So they could take this city of Debaltseve, but we now also see continued fighting in the south near Mariupol and in other parts of the region.

turn 3 : A: "Well, I think the only way you're going to get a cease-fire is if one side stops shooting because clearly the Russians and the Russian-backed separatists are bent on continuing to fight." - This turn uses the idiom "bent on" to mean "determined to" or "committed to," rather than a literal meaning of being physically bent over something.

turn 3 : implies asking for an opinion on Russia's ambitions.

turn 3 : People are uncertain about their vote in this election, and are hesitant to support either the Republican or Democratic candidate.

turn 3 : The political divide between the Democratic and Republican parties is not the only divide that exists, there are divides within the two parties as well.

turn 3 : implies a contrast between the two parties and the different ways that they conduct their caucuses.


But turning 70, that's got to be a bit of a shock.

No, it isn't. Really, I keep wondering what everybody's amazed about it. You know, I feel excited the same as I did when I was 37 and that has carried on pretty much the same all those years. I feel no difference at all. Somebody's told me, or I heard in the radio or something, someone said that Mark Twain said age is a case of mind over matter. If you don't mind, it doesn't matter. So I just amble merrily forward. I don't care. I don't hide my age. I think hiding you age is a bit as sensible as acting(ph) your street number.

Well, acting, let's go to that for just a moment. I want to ask you about that Dustin Hoffman movie where. . .

That was a smooth maneuver.

turn 1 : He is the sort of person that still acts like a kid even though he is an adult.

turn 1 : (1) has an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The literal meaning is that the speaker is asking if there is any sign of improvement in the situation being discussed, but the implied meaning is that the situation is bad and the speaker is hoping for some positive news or indication that things will get better.

turn 1 : Age is just a number and doesn't define how one feels

turn 1 : (1) The implied meaning is that the speaker has encountered some subtle differences in language between American and British audiences while performing, which has been challenging but also rewarding.

turn 1 : to take on a role in this context means to act like a character.


We were sure supposed to. Somewhere along the line things, sort of, broke down and it's obviously disturbing that we haven't come as far as we thought in that time.

As you looked at what happened before the attack in Benghazi, what do you think are the important lessons to be taken away there?

You know, I think that right now it's hard to tell what the lessons are because there's no clear chain of accountability or decision making. The first question you ask yourself is who is in charge of this thing?You had a mission - a State Department mission on the ground.

Theoretically everyone in that mission, including that special operations team that supposedly could've reacted to this thing was working for the head of mission, which in this case was a deputy chief of mission since the ambassador was the individual involved. And it's unclear to me even at this point if he had the authority to launch that special operations team or whether someone outside that chain of command and Department of Defense or Southern Command, or pardon me, in Special Operations Command, you know, overruled that. And it's never become obvious to me what that chain of command was. And it seemed to me that would be one of the first questions the congressional people are asking - doing the inquiries should've been asking.

turn 0 : No, this is not the same thing that happened a couple of years ago. It might be similar, but it is not the same.

turn 0 : you've got the whole thing likely means that they have everything needed to succeed.

turn 0 : (3) Implies that the speaker used to have a difficult time during the holidays, as they had to worry about bills and expenses that come with the season.

turn 0 : The line did not break but somewhere in time things got worse.

turn 0 : Being good at something is not enough for success.


turn 2 : Members should be held accountable for the decisions they make in office

turn 2 : In this turn, the speaker is not just providing a definition of success but also implying that the program is already showing signs of success by highlighting the increase in tips and information received.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of (3) is a simple expression of agreement, while the implied meaning is that the speaker is amazed by the story of Steve Dalkowski's feats.

turn 2 : There is no clear process for who has accountability and makes decisions. The mission was outside of the office instead of being conducted via phone or internet.

turn 2 : Being good at something is not enough for success.


Right.

Or La Scala in Milan. And now you debuted at the Met this fall. What was that like?

It was pretty awesome. And it all didn't really hit me until the curtain came down after the first performance. Because up until then, I was just, you know, trying to rehearse and trying to work, you know, really hard, and make sure that, you know, I was doing everything I needed to do. And even going out on stage the first time, it really didn't hit me, because I was just trying to stay focused. But once the curtain came down and we were doing the curtain calls, and I could actually see out to the house how many people were out there, and, you know, the whole occasion of it all didn't strike me until then. And boy, it was just - it was amazing, because for any young American singer, that's the place you're shooting for, it's the pinnacle of the opera world. And it was great. Just thinking about it sitting here right now, I was just - yeah, I'm just - I'm really grateful to have had that experience.

Yeah, I can only imagine. Well, let's talk a little bit more about the role that you were playing, General Leslie Groves in the opera "Doctor Atomic" by John Adams. And it's a modern opera about the countdown to the first test of the atomic bomb in the New Mexico desert during World War II. Let's start out by listening to you.

turn 2 : He is glad that he is not so famous that he is recognized everywhere he goes all of the time.

turn 2 : The protest turned violent, despite initially being peaceful.

turn 2 : The speaker believes that the protests need to be more extreme for America to acknowledge the issue, but not necessarily violent.

turn 2 : The protests are still significant despite not being widespread

turn 2 : The speaker feels he has reached the height of his professional career by performing in a certain venue


Well, it's definitely run by individual nations but individual nations with their systems tied together. And that happens both geographically but also temporally. You know, one of the key tools for observations that feed the weather models are the polar-orbiting satellites. It's so well-integrated that the European polar orbiters cover the earth in each local time's morning, and the American orbiters come in the afternoon.

I mean, that's a sort of pattern that has been essential to making sure that, you know, we have the latest observations from every part of the earth's atmosphere. It's about this sort of continually humming system to step forward in time and correct slightly and, you know, keep spitting out a changing forecast that hopefully gets better and better.

And so up until now, it's been governments that have been obviously calculating the weather for the greater good. But you call privatization a major threat to weather forecasting. Explain.

Yes, it's a 150-year-old system of governments collaborating with each other as a global public good. You know, in the '60s, it was something that President Kennedy saw as a sort of counterpoint to the space race. You know, meteorology was a way that governments could collaborate. But more recently, we potentially have a kind of bifurcation. You know, we potentially have forecasts for the haves and forecasts for the have-nots.

turn 0 : Extreme weather swings are happening more often due to climate change

turn 0 : The weather models obtain information from the satellites.

turn 0 : The interviewer reminds the speaker of what they've been saying, which is different from what the speaker is saying now.

turn 0 : the literal meaning is that the interviewer asks if recent events and debates make a scene in a book more significant.

turn 0 : The literal meaning of turn (4) is that the interviewer is seeking clarification on what the interviewee means by "bad things going on." However, the actual meaning is that the interviewer is making an assumption that "bad things going on" primarily refers to guards abusing inmates, even though the interviewee did not explicitly state this.


So your book looked at air pollution in a number of countries, but we want to talk about a chapter that discusses the development of the Clean Air Act here in America. And you call this a landmark moment for public health. How come?

Well, the Clean Air Act of 1970 was really a revolutionary piece of legislation for its time. And I think in retrospect, it really stands as one of the most consequential laws in modern American history. A couple of congressionally commissioned studies since 1970 have found - literally - that the regulations enacted under the Clean Air Act have saved millions of American lives since that time and trillions of dollars.

So that's an extraordinary impact. It's one that's sometimes invisible to us. We obviously don't know if we haven't had a heart attack, haven't had an asthma attack, haven't lost a loved one because the air was cleaner than it otherwise would have been. But nonetheless, the science demonstrating that that's true is very solid.

You also call this the start of a new era in America's modern history - in what way?

turn 3 : New era doesn't refer to a calendar date here , but rather a change in the mindset of a population

turn 3 : coming year means the year that is coming up

turn 3 : soared in this context means to go up, or increase significantly.

turn 3 : when something is referred to as a hurdle in this context it means its something that stands in the way of getting something done

turn 3 : (1) "it's just growing too fast" - This phrase is not referring to the physical speed of growth but rather the rate of growth over time.


No, I don't think the passage of time has narrowed options for action but time is indeed the enemy. We've seen a persistence of this regime in Syria create a humanitarian crisis that is not only torturing the Syrian people but it's having massive effects on the neighborhood.

The U. N.  panel reported this week on evidence of chemicals weapons, which, of course, the Obama administration had once called a red line. What's your assessment of their reaction?

I think there's little doubt on the part of anybody that the regime has employed chemical weapons against the Syrian people. It's a remarkably small percentage of casualties are accounted for by this practice but it is a particularly bad practice. But the United States had a very traumatic experience with this business of weapons of mass destruction 10 years ago in Iraq. The administration wants to get it right this time. It wants to be able to present a case that is accurate and irrefutable.

That being said, does it run the risk with a protracted delay seeming as if they're countenance in the use of chemical weapons?

turn 3 : Well, I think one is that I think there's time... And the Washington Post story kind of created a shock that somehow we don't have the time, that we're already in the bull's-eye of North Korea's nuclear weapons."  The literal meaning of this turn is that there is a perception that there is enough time to engage in negotiations for denuclearization, and a Washington Post story caused concern that time is running out and the threat of North Korea's nuclear weapons is imminent. However, the implicated meaning is that the perception of having enough time for negotiations is in contrast to the urgent and imminent threat posed by North Korea's nuclear weapons. The Washington Post story has highlighted the need for immediate action.

turn 3 : Dark horse is implying an unexpected person or candidate and not an animal that's dark

turn 3 : dark horse in this case implies an unknown entity, as in a team that no one knows of or is aware of.

turn 3 : (4) Implies that by delaying action, the U.S. appears to be tolerating the use of chemical weapons.

turn 3 : the meaning of "pin your heart on this beautiful little horse and this odd cast of characters around him" is to invest your emotion or faith in Chrome and his team, even if there is no guarantee of success.


It's the gear for your grinds video.

The coffee decoder series.

And with some very surprising results. Thank you, Flora.

Thanks, Ira.

turn 0 : The French coffee machine that presses beans is hard to understand.

turn 0 : The government rigged the election and caused violence.

turn 0 : It's a video about what to use to make coffee with your coffee bean grounds.

turn 0 : Republicans in Congress are complicit in Trump's attacks on democracy.

turn 0 : it is a metaphorical field, it just means there are not as many candidates running for the election as there was in the past because some decided not to continue running


And the story is conveyed through the eyes of this young woman, this farmer's wife, who discovers it, actually, in a - she's kind of in an awkward situation. She's going somewhere where she's not supposed to be, and she sees it and she's not allowed to tell anyone. But she feels it's her personal burning bush. She takes it as a warning to go back.

I wanted to write it initially through her eyes so that you, too, would not know what you are seeing. But later. . .

If SCIENCE FRIDAY didn't spoil it.

Well, yeah. But you see what I mean?Because it is about perception and how we need to be - to understand what we're seeing before we can really see it, that's really key to understanding this whole issue of climate change and why we see or don't see what's right in front of us.

turn 1 : She creates lines of written work in stories that sound good and have a great deal of emotion. Also, the way she writes her stories has a great deal of meaning.

turn 1 : The congressional committees are trying to gain public attention and support for their investigations, while Mueller is working in the shadows and his findings will only be revealed when it is time to take legal action.

turn 1 : Writing through the woman's perspective is done to create mystery.

turn 1 : The person thinks there is contitutional responsibility to investigate areas that the president has said not to. The Mueller team did not as the president told them to investigate only so much and then to stop.

turn 1 :  turn is asking about the use of subpoenas to compel witnesses to testify and whether they are a last resort or a negotiating tool. The actual meaning, however, is asking about the effectiveness and necessity of using subpoenas in congressional investigations.


If SCIENCE FRIDAY didn't spoil it.

turn 3 : Understanding climate change is not just about seeing, but also about perception.

turn 3 : "Oh, wow." - This turn's actual meaning is different from its literal meaning. In this context, it is used sarcastically to express disbelief or surprise.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using understatement or exaggeration to convey a message, often to emphasize a point or to add humor to a situation.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using humor or sarcasm to make a point or convey a message in a lighthearted way.

turn 3 : Climate change is hard to see because of how we perceive it.


And why the neighborhoods around Logan?What was going on then?

The people who lived on or in the vicinity of Neptune Road were having a very, very big problem. The airport grew and grew and grew, and needed more and more land. And the people on Neptune Road were so hurt by the noise pollution because at that point the airplanes would land and take off right over their street often enough that there was extensive noise pollution. And I have this one picture - I think you probably saw it - of the teenagers on the overpass, and some of them are not even paying attention to the airplane overhead, and it could be that some of them are now hearing impaired in this photograph.

I mean, you take a look at some of your photographs and the planes are astonishingly close. I mean, it feels that you can almost reach up and hold onto one of the wheels.

And I documented cracks in walls in the homes, people with severe hearing problems. It just went on and on and on.

turn 0 : In turn (1), the speaker asks why the neighborhoods around Logan were affected by some issue or problem. The literal meaning of the turn is a question about the specific cause or nature of the issue.

turn 0 : (1) has an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The literal meaning is that the speaker is asking if there is any sign of improvement in the situation being discussed, but the implied meaning is that the situation is bad and the speaker is hoping for some positive news or indication that things will get better.

turn 0 : something that was hinted at or suggested, but not directly stated.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be suggesting that there are some hidden or unknown factors that could influence the situation being discussed.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker is subtly trying to convey a sense of urgency or importance in the matter being discussed, without explicitly stating it.


If you're a minority professional and you grow up understanding that there will be expectations placed upon you that you have to overcome, the reality of it is, if you go into this thinking you can just be good you'll end up with a mediocre career. And so "Good is Not Enough" is really just a sounding call to minority professionals saying, hey, you know, we can be players at this level but we can't just play good, we have to excel.

Let's break down a few of the things you say matter. One is networking. Why so important?

Networking is so important because in this day and age a lot of the jobs, a lot of the opportunities that will come your way will not be through Monster, will not be through the want ads, it will be through networking. And so from a career perspective the opportunities will come your way from networking, but more importantly networking is a great opportunity to learn from others who have been down the road that you're trying to go. For example, if, I met a company right now - I'm at Pitney Bowes, and I love being there - but if I were to look at an opportunity at IBM, if I had a network that includes someone at IBM, I could actually call and get a better idea of what it is I'm stepping into, because corporate culture is just critical.

But how do you find someone who is a peer or a mentor at another company?

turn 0 : White people are not held to the same standards as people of color when it comes to achieving success.

turn 0 : Good is not enough for minority professionals to excel, they need to overcome expectations placed on them

turn 0 : People are not playing a game but taking part in a military conflict.

turn 0 : The key point is made to make people want to learn more about what happened.

turn 0 : The regime has been causing damage to the country and harming innocent people.


turn 2 : Be mindful of the content you share online as it can affect job and college opportunities.

turn 2 : red states meaning those that are primarily seen as republican dominated

turn 2 : whites refers to the Europeans and Americans and not just a color

turn 2 : "multicolored" is a figurative language that means it was not just one racial group that supported Barack Obama.

turn 2 : Networking is crucial for career opportunities and learning from others' experiences


Yeah, it's still very present. I don't think it's still very accurate. I think what this proves is that 5 billion songs is $5 billion, and so they are still saying that global music sales have dropped 8percent to about 19. 4 billion, according to the phonographic industry.

So they are seeing some sales still decline, but you're seeing digital music rise, so I think these music labels are needed to get with the program and get over this fear of piracy, and - and look at this say, you know what?Five billion songs, that's a lot of music that anyone could be buying. I mean, that's just - you know, at the end of the day, that's a lot of music to be purchased.

Mario, thanks so much.

Thank you, Farai.

Mario Armstrong is News & Notes regular technology contributor, and he joined us from the studios of the Baltimore Sun.

turn 1 : The music industry has changed dramatically over time, including accessibility through music, the transition to radio and regulations.

turn 1 : red states meaning those that are primarily seen as republican dominated

turn 1 : Music labels should adapt to digital music rise.

turn 1 : whites refers to the Europeans and Americans and not just a color

turn 1 : implies a contrast between the two parties and the different ways that they conduct their caucuses.


Mario, thanks so much.

Thank you, Farai.

turn 1 : The candidate had something troubling in their past.

turn 1 : The president thinks that the media is out to ruin him and makes them out to be evil.

turn 1 : Digital music sales are increasing, music labels need to adapt to the changing market.

turn 1 : He would be fulfilling a government role and Trump makes it look like he does all of the work.


We should say this is a multi-level chess game, and we can only see the top level - the overt actions, not the covert. But these diplomatic measures that we can see do seem like gestures, really, only. And economic sanctions are the real deal. Russia has suffered economically in recent years from sanctions. They do hate those sanctions. But, of course, what they really hate is low oil prices.

Has the Obama administration been late to recognize the threat from Russia?

Perhaps not to recognize the threat but slow to get serious about it. After the Crimea sanctions, there were lots of other provocations, Syria being the worst, Obama clearly not willing to go to war in Syria. So Russia has had something of a free field of fire as it were. But as far as the cyberhacking of this election campaign, the administration did sound the alarm last fall, but they did not go to the mat, in part, because they didn't want to appear to be interfering with the election themselves. And let's face it, they thought Hillary Clinton was going to win anyway.

Ron, this was the administration that said we needed to do a reset with Russia. What happened?

turn 3 : "messed up" means to cause problems or difficulties, not that something was physically destroyed or ruined.

turn 3 : "do a reset" means to attempt to improve a relationship between two parties, rather than resetting a machine.

turn 3 : The person found a lot of people not shopping and instead watching how much they spend on things in order to save money.

turn 3 : People may be selling their belongings to cope with the financial crisis.

turn 3 : It's important to prioritize the country's future over personal gain.


And then it's like, it kind of makes it more of a treat.

(Singing) You took me from the shelter of a mother I had never known…

I read that - about you having, as we all do, ups and downs in life. In 1977, I read that your mother died, which was a painful period for you.

Very.

But the very next year, you gave birth to a son.

turn 4 : He would be able to go home happily when the baby was born.

turn 4 : The stars are not actually very close to Earth. The implication is that they are closer to Earth and its Sun than other stars.

turn 4 : big star implies being very popular  well known  or famous and not talking about the star in the sky

turn 4 : If they began to lose money steadily then they would change their pay.

turn 4 : Giving birth to a son could imply that the speaker was able to find hope and joy despite their pain.


From an economic perspective, they certainly don't seem to. All the evidence suggests that stadiums are not good economic drivers. But that being said, that doesn't mean that there is not value in a stadium. There are things like quality of life, things like civic pride. But ultimately, a lot of the economists I spoke to landed on the fact that what you need to do is have honest conversations among taxpayers and voters in terms of what you want to spend and why. Don't tell taxpayers that the stadium is going to make them rich because it's not going to. But it may enrich your life if you're a fan. And so take that into account and think about it the same way you would a golf course or an arts district. Is this something that you want to pay for?It's not an investment, but it's consumption.

You are awfully impressed by the art and craft of grounds crews.

Oh, I was.

A clever grounds crew can mean a difference in close games, can't it?

turn 0 : (1) implies that while stadiums are not good economic drivers, they still have value in terms of quality of life and civic pride. However, taxpayers and voters should be honest about what they want to spend and why, and not expect stadiums to make them rich.

turn 0 : level playing field implies that all things rightly set in place or things happening as supposed and not a football field

turn 0 : Implies a question as to whether any action has been taken to remove President Kabila from power.

turn 0 : The supporters of Jeremy Corbyn are very committed and enthusiastic about him.

turn 0 : (3) Implied Meaning: Is President Kabila using the current situation to remain in power?


So the president, I think, recognized that leverage and negotiated with them. I would have preferred a longer debt ceiling as well, closer to 18 months. But I do recognize the reality of the situation. We're providing relief to the hurricane victims from Harvey. And we're keeping the government running for three months. And we have a three-month debt ceiling. The agreement was reasonable. And again, those very same members who are complaining about it would have never voted for a better deal anyway.

I have to ask. You're from a swing district. I gather you spoke with Speaker Ryan before news of your declining to run for re-election got out. Did the speaker try and change your mind?

Well, I did speak with both Speaker Ryan and Steve Stivers. He's chair of the Congressional Campaign Committee. And they were both, I believe, fair to say, disappointed in what - would certainly prefer that I run for re-election. There's no question about that. But they understand that, you know, these decisions are not just about politics, they're personal. And they respect that, but they clearly would prefer that I run for re-election.

You would have had a tough primary though, right?There's been rallies against you and. . .

Oh, no. There was a rally last week, but it was a - that was a buffoon bus. And it was a - it was a freak show, to be honest with you. I mean, it really was bizarre. I mean, it was a bunch of people from out of town in a bus, you know, yelling and screaming. I mean, it really was not much of anything, but. . .

turn 2 : The positive outlook is giving him the support he needs to continue campaigning.

turn 2 : the war on women meaning that the government is trying to tell a woman what she can and cannot do with her body.

turn 2 : There is an idea that women must suffer through the pain of wearing high heeled shoes to be professional.

turn 2 : This implies that A's decision to decline his reelection has a personal reason and not all for political reason.

turn 2 : The women that were photographed did not see themselves as beautiful before the project


Well, we fought three wars in the 20th century in Europe - we had World War I, we had World War II and we had the Cold War - because we believed that a stable united Europe was our best partner to deal with the challenges in the world. If that was true in the 20th century, it's even more true in the 21st century when it is the only partners we can find militarily, economically and politically around the world that we can count on. They're not doing enough, but they're doing more than anybody else.

If your board were to go under, were to collapse, where nationalism would ignite the kinds of dangers we saw in the 1920s, in the 1930s, we, the United States, would suffer in the same way that we did in the 1920s and 1930s.

Ivo Daalder is president of the Chicago Council on Global Affairs, former U. S.  ambassador to NATO. Thanks so much.

It's my pleasure.

turn 3 :  (4) implies politeness and acknowledgement,  (4) implies that the conversation is continuing.

turn 3 : the war on women meaning that the government is trying to tell a woman what she can and cannot do with her body.

turn 3 : There is an idea that women must suffer through the pain of wearing high heeled shoes to be professional.

turn 3 : The women that were photographed did not see themselves as beautiful before the project

turn 3 :  The speaker is politely acknowledging and expressing their pleasure at being part of the conversation, while also implying that they are open to further discussion.


Boy, melodrama going on, on the Washington football club whose team name I refuse to utter. Coach Shanahan benching Robert Griffin III for the rest of the season - good idea or. . .

Well, it's all part of a bigger power play. The big problem is the owner. The problem with the Redskins goes back to Daniel Snyder. He's worse than George Steinbrenner, worse than Marge Schott; worse than all of them. He's one of the worst owners that you could possibly have. When he started, he had past-prime players with Deion Sanders and Bruce Smith trying to make a splash.

We're about to run out of time. Not much time for many more worse, yes?

Awful. He's just bad.

turn 0 : They are going to reward him for playing as hard as he could despite his injury.

turn 0 : The oversight of the bailout money may not be as strong as it is intended to be.

turn 0 : The Washington football team is in chaos due to their controversial name and the coach's decision to bench Robert Griffin III.

turn 0 : The bailout could have potential negative consequences for the average taxpayer

turn 0 : Companies are misusing bailout money and need to be held accountable and punished for doing so.


Awful. He's just bad.

turn 2 : He has not been on a bench but has been working as a judge for some time.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of a certain word or phrase may have a hidden connotation or subtext that is meant to convey a particular idea or message, such as irony or euphemism.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using sarcasm or irony to convey a different meaning than what is being explicitly stated.

turn 2 : The coach's decision to bench Griffin is indicative of larger issues within the organization, likely stemming from the owner's poor management.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of sarcasm or irony suggests that they hold a different opinion or belief than what they are expressing explicitly.


Can I ask you, has your shop - your restaurant, which is very well known here, helped you in your endeavor?Do people walk in to give you tips, try and contact you through that?

Jeff Jetton, thank you so much for being with us.

Absolutely. Thank you.

turn 1 : The speaker is suggesting that there may be a hidden agenda or underlying motive behind their words.

turn 1 : The regime has been causing damage to the country and harming innocent people.

turn 1 : A is implying that there have been small reports of violence, such as stones being thrown at mosques and shops being burned down.

turn 1 : Jordan is open to international efforts to resolve the situation in Syria, but is not taking unilateral action

turn 1 : You know, I'm not talking about this, really, to people because it probably would seem like I have a tin foil hat on my head until (laughter) - I don't know - you realize with a lot of people, I think that you think that there may be conspiracy theorists on Twitter or whatever. And then you realize, like, sometimes the conspiracy theorists are right.  The actual meaning of this turn is different from its literal meaning. The speaker is not talking about wearing a tin foil hat literally. Instead, they are referring to the perception that people may have of them being paranoid or overly skeptical if they share their beliefs about conspiracy theories. The speaker then goes on to express that some conspiracy theories, which are often dismissed by people, may have some truth to them.


How did she describe it?

It happened to be a beautiful day when she posted this picture, but you see rubble side by side with, you know, people doing their shopping, people just going about their business, school kids returning to school. It's surreal.

So there's the physical scars of this conflict, but what about the other one that you mentioned, which is justice?Will there be justice for anyone who committed atrocities?There's so much evidence of the chemical attacks, the murders, the torture, the disappearances. What happens to that?

There are some bright spots of hope - the fact that we saw - that we're starting to see indictments in European courts. You know, interestingly enough, a lot of people who were perpetrators of some of the worst crimes inside Syria, whether they did it in the name of the regime or in the name of an opposition, have found themselves in Europe and, therefore, sort of subject to European justice because other Syrians have recognized them. Other Syrians have identified them. And there might be hopes that there can be an accountability in that sense.

But I think inside Syria, you know, the actual architects of most of this - of this incredible disaster still remain at large. And not only at large or in power, but about to potentially be incredibly enriched by the reconstruction that, in theory, is coming to Syria.

So what do you think the road ahead looks like for Syria?

turn 4 : They could not think of any ideas on what to build and how to build it.

turn 4 : They did not actually build something physical, they created the situation of the disaster.

turn 4 : Turn (3) describes the discovery of clues that led to the unraveling of the scandal, which is consistent with its literal meaning.

turn 4 :  (4) is an expression of surprise. The implied meaning is an expression of admiration.

turn 4 : The literal meaning: The speaker mentions that they discuss this as a significant starting point or origin for the book. The implied meaning: The speaker suggests that this event plays a crucial role in shaping the themes or direction of the book.


How did she describe it?

turn 5 : He does not go into Syria, just told what is happening there.

turn 5 : The speaker is mentioning a song that reflects their current emotions.

turn 5 : What matters is how the song makes a person feels and how it sounds.

turn 5 : There is not a road but life in general that is meant here. What Syria will go through is what is meant.

turn 5 : The story is emotional and difficult to hear.


And a note, yesterday, on Weekend Edition Saturday, it was implied that WikiLeaks was the first to post the Macron documents. That's incorrect. For its part, WikiLeaks says it's trying to confirm their authenticity. To Nigeria next, where the government says Boko Haram has released 82 of the missing schoolgirls the group seized in a mass abduction three years ago. That kidnapping prompted global indignation and the creation of the high-profile Bring Back Our Girls campaign. NPR's Africa correspondent, Ofeibea Quist-Arcton is monitoring developments from Accra. Good morning.

Greetings.

Ofeibea, what more do you know?

President Muhammadu Buhari's spokesman has said that the release of these girls happened after mediation by the Swiss government and the International Red Cross. And it was like a prisoner swap, Lulu, because, apparently, Boko Haram detainees have been released. The presidential spokesman did not say how many but indicated that negotiations are continuing as the government has been saying over recent weeks.

turn 0 : is asking how intelligence agencies have changed in response to Edward Snowden and WikiLeaks hacking

turn 0 : Discussing the difficulties to get something done despite bureaucracy

turn 0 :  (2) implies that people are facing a lot of bureaucracy and paperwork,

turn 0 : WikiLeaks may not have been the first to post the Macron documents, but they are attempting to verify their authenticity.

turn 0 : The government could acquire loans and make changes more easily.


Jeffrey Mann was once a hard driving college athlete. But his dreams were dashed when he suffered a series of injuries. He managed to make it to the conference finals in the 400-meter hurdle race, but came in dead last. Twenty-five years later, he decided that failure was not an option. Jeffrey Mann is a religion professor at Susquehanna University in Pennsylvania. And when we spoke with him, post-race, he told us his return to the track wasn't exactly by design.

It wasn't really planned. I had been exercising and working out and doing a little bit of running on my own. And I ended up in a conversation with the head coach, here, of the track team. And as we were talking, he found out a little bit about my history and where I was at and told me that there was a possibility for me to compete in a Division III intercollegiate competition.

But that sounds theoretical. You took it seriously.

I think I was a little bit overly optimistic when I first accepted the challenge. But I thought how much could I possibly have slowed down in 25 years?And so I decided to take on the challenge and compete as a - what they call an unattached runner at a college meet.

turn 1 : A agreed to do something but later realized it wasn't what they wanted

turn 1 : Many people are losing their jobs and companies are going bankrupt.

turn 1 : The stock market is not reliable to determine whether companies will create more jobs or not.

turn 1 : "ended up" in (2) means that the person did not plan to do something, but it happened anyway.

turn 1 : Corporations have piled up capital but do not know how to use it productively.