We literally can't get to everyone, but let's begin with Mitt Romney. He memorably said last year - I'm going to quote - "no, no, no, no, no, no" to the idea of running again. What may have changed his mind?

Romney changed his mind about 2016 because of 2014. And he hopes that will help other Republicans forget about 2012. You know, Romney's been crisscrossing the country for other Republican candidates all this past year, and it felt pretty good to him. Those candidates did very well in November.

And Romney looks around, and he sees no great alternatives to Jeb Bush. And he's just not convinced that Jeb Bush can win the nomination and sell the country on another president named Bush. Of course, his own problem is selling other Republicans on another dance with a guy named Romney.

Rand Paul is jetting around everywhere. How does he take advantage of the national network of support, particularly money that his father Ron Paul built up, while departing from his father on some national security issues?His father essentially blamed the policies of the French government for the murders in Paris.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker perceives that the turn may have an underlying or implied meaning that could be interpreted in various ways depending on the listener's perspective and context, and while not everyone may agree, most people are likely to recognize some level of subtext or hidden message.

turn 3 : The long haul is a length of time where the issue had to be dealt with.

turn 3 : bare bones refers to their credit being SIGNIFICANTLY reduced

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker thinks that there is a level of ambiguity or hidden message in the turn that may not be immediately apparent, but which can be inferred or interpreted through context or other clues.

turn 3 : The behavior of the company should be investigated since it continued for many years.


Yeah, he loved it. He totally loved it, because he's not musical. He doesn't play an instrument. So, you know, I think when he's writing, it's a basic, almost like a poetry kind of - he's just writing with a little beat in his head. But when he hears a song of his completely flushed out with melody and instrumentation, it really bowls him over.

MR.  DAN AUERBACH: (Singing) How you were?In my sleep. (Unintelligible) never keep. . .

A number of songs that you've done as half of half of the Black Keys have wound up in films and in TV shows and even video games. The tune "Strange Times" appeared on the radio station in Grand Theft Auto IV. How do you feel about your music winding up in these places?

I think it's cool. I mean, you know, they don't play music much on the radio anymore, you know, not major radio. Getting our music out there anyway possible, it's the way to go, and video games are pretty huge, although I can't really play video games. I don't know. The modern video games kind of - they're too three dimensional. Have you ever played the. . .

turn 0 : The speaker feels the need to perform music to feel complete.

turn 0 : White people saying they were taught to treat everyone the same is not enough to combat racism.

turn 0 : When he hears a song of his completed with music and song he gets really excited and impressed.

turn 0 : A faced racism from both white and black people due to his behavior and interests not aligning with stereotypes of his skin color.

turn 0 : The speaker wants to address the negative views towards immigrants in America and reject white nationalism and xenophobia


And you actually crossed a few lanes of traffic to get out there and check it out.

Yeah.

What did it feel like to be in that no man's land?

Yeah. I know, I felt like Robinson Crusoe. I felt like some postmodern Vasco da Gama, I don't know. The idea to go into this place - obviously completely ludicrous 'cause no one would go across these lanes of traffic, which travel at quite a speed. And so of course I pretended to be like from the Council or some person in authority, you know, classifying the shrubbery. You know, I did my little faux survey and then escaped. But yeah, what a strange feeling and available to all of us 'cause we've all got these places around where we live.

turn 3 : There are no turns in the given conversation that have a meaning different from their literal meanings. All the turns convey their literal meanings without any implied or figurative language.

turn 3 : The speaker is sarcastic about the so-called 'racial moment'

turn 3 : He used racist language but tried to hide it behind humor.

turn 3 : A faced racism from both white and black people due to his behavior and interests not aligning with stereotypes of his skin color.

turn 3 : there are no turns in this conversation. whose actual meaning are different from their literal meanings. all of the turn are being used in a straight forward and literal meaning.


Basically, they give you a lot of freedom. They don't get in your way. The editors encourage in-depth investigative work. They like to hold public officials accountable. They're also willing to go to bat if you need legal help, if you're trying to get records or things like that.

So would you advise young reporters to do what you have done and stick with a local news organization for a decent amount of time?

Yeah. I think at least a year. Sometimes two years is a good point to kind of reconsider your options. We thought that we were just going to be here for a year, but this paper has a history of crusading investigative reporting, strong local journalism. Our late publisher Ned Chilton coined this phrase called sustained outrage, and that's sort of hammering away at an injustice until it's righted.

People who can manage to stay mad for a long time.

turn 2 : (3) "Hammering away at an injustice until it's righted" - To persistently work towards correcting a wrong.

turn 2 : A takes responsibility for their mistake and doesn't want it to reflect on the counsel

turn 2 : The current theory about the formation of the moon might not be accurate

turn 2 : The actual meaning is that near-Earth asteroids are easier to reach than the surface of the moon.

turn 2 : It's likely there are similar Earths out there


turn 2 : The goal of the provocative activity is to create division and unrest between opposing groups

turn 2 : Gather around the moon, meaning the women gather around each other and gaze upon the full moon in the sky.

turn 2 : Ned Chilton coined this phrase called 'sustained outrage', which means to keep pushing for justice until it is achieved.

turn 2 : We're slowing down but transferring spin to the moon.


turn 3 : What I think is so interesting about looking at the life of someone like my grandfather over the course of nearly a century is that you see that there is a kind of ongoing momentum of change that exists throughout his life and that takes him and those alongside him in many different directions - This implies that change is an ongoing process that people must adapt to if they want to move forward.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be expressing their dissatisfaction or disappointment in a subtle or indirect way, rather than stating it directly.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker's tone and word choice suggest that they may be withholding information or expressing something indirectly, potentially due to fear of judgement or repercussions.

turn 3 : People who can manage to stay passionate and motivated to bring about change, despite the length of time it takes.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is subtly suggesting that the other person is being unreasonable or unrealistic in their expectations or demands.


Well, let's talk about the forecasting because one of the amazing parts of sort of science of this story was that hours before, the National Weather Service locally issued a warning that there might be a tornado. And it was pretty spot-on, it sounded like.

Yeah. You know, even days before. I mean, with this region was under the gun, we had outlooks noting this particular area would be prone to these types of storms on that particular date. Even that day, as you noted, some of our high resolution models indicated the possibility of tornadic storms. I know the National Weather Service put out some public communications, even warning, I think, somewhere around 11, 11:30, noontime hour that there was a possibility of storms later that afternoon. And even special warnings for schools.

So I want to give out a shout out to the colleagues and members of AMS there working at the National Weather Service and in the broadcast community because they were on top of it from the beginning. And I want to also emphasize that the Weather Service put out warnings 16 minutes before the storm even touched down. The average warning time these days is around 13 to 15 minutes, and that's up from five minutes in 1990. So although to many in the public that doesn't sound like a lot, that's actually above average so - and even more time before the storm reached Moore.

Talking with Marshall Shepherd, president of the American Meteorological Society. I'm Flora Lichtman, and this is SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR. So what accounts for this change, this bettering of our prediction time?

turn 0 : The trailer homes were severely damaged due to the tornado and people were forced to evacuate.

turn 0 : The forecast for the tornado warning was exactly right for the place and time it issued it.

turn 0 : to call someone out means to challenge someone, be it on their beliefs or if they are bullying someone

turn 0 : The speaker uses 'literally' in a figurative sense.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: People are feeling resentment and anger towards people who think they don't have to follow the same rules as everyone else.


They had psychiatrists on call, they had access to medication and ability to control that population or to deal with that population. They had psychiatrists on call, they had access to medication and ability to control that population or to deal with that population. If you are in a smaller place, you may not have that and you do not have that access, and there's more warehousing and restrictive methods going on because they don't have any other way to deal with them. If you are in a smaller place, you may not have that and you do not have that access, and there's more warehousing and restrictive methods going on because they don't have any other way to deal with them.

So really it depends on where you are, what kind of law that you've violated in order to determine how well the institution where you are is able to deal with whatever difficulty you have. So really it depends on where you are, what kind of law that you've violated in order to determine how well the institution where you are is able to deal with whatever difficulty you have.

Well, Judge Lynn Toler, it's always great to have you on. Well, Judge Lynn Toler, it's always great to have you on. Thanks so much. Thanks so much.

Always good to be here. Always good to be here.

turn 3 :  (4) implies that the speaker is facing a difficult living situation.

turn 3 : because the speaker said always good to be here

turn 3 : This implies that in the age of the internet, it's more important than ever to focus on the subject of authenticity because it's difficult to distinguish between true and false information.

turn 3 : They are saying that at the risk of sounding like they are perfect and above others they think you have to be honest.

turn 3 : They would not do bad things were most people would find out about them.


What happens if you and all of your neighbors don't get your corn into the field?Like I say, as you've told me now, you've got like only about a fraction in the ground if what you normally would have at this time of year. Are we going to - forgive me for being selfish about it - are we not going to have corn this summer to go with our barbecues and everything else or what?What's going to happen?

The corn the majority of the Midwest grows goes toward feeding pigs, feeding cows, feeding a lot of different livestock, also goes toward corn oil and ethanol and various products that are on our store shelves. Long story short, we're looking at lower supply, which should increase the price if the demand stays the same.

But before we let you go, I mentioned that you're a fourth-generation farmer. And I presume that you've talked to your parents about the rain situation, the heavy rains. Have they ever seen anything like this before?

No. This is relatively unprecedented. I was talking to a neighbor here the other day about the drought in 2012. And, you know, we had a really short crop in 2012 because it got so hot and so dry. The corn crop didn't amount to anything, but at least we were able to get it in the ground. When you go out into a situation like this where we can't get the seed into the ground, it's worse than a drought for the fact that, you know, you don't even have a chance.

turn 0 : The shortage of corn may lead to a price increase in the market.

turn 0 : The corn planting season has been slow due to heavy rainfall.

turn 0 : he literal meaning is that the speaker agrees with something and acknowledges that the other person is correct, and they both laugh.

turn 0 : What people think of him has lessened due to the situation.

turn 0 : They are implying what is your opinion


turn 1 : The corn planting season has been slow due to heavy rainfall.

turn 1 : Although there will be lower corn supply, the demand will remain the same, resulting in an increase in corn price.

turn 1 : They are worried about any negative consequences of their actions and will fix them quickly.

turn 1 : A and the others are aware of the problem.

turn 1 : The situation is urgent and requires immediate action.


You know, when my father died, I promised him I would try to write this book for him really. And then I quickly realized that I was writing it for the little girl who was angry, you know - I call her the girl in the red cardigan. I have a picture of her, and she's biting her tongue (laughter) all the time, you know - and also to try to trace the ways in which that experience had a long tail, if you like.

I have a section of the book called Aftermath. And my father became an addicted roulette player after he left the Brethren, and that put an enormous strain on the family. My parents divorced. My father ended up in prison when I was 16. He was very, very chaotic. I understand that now, you know. He was impossible, infuriating and wonderful. In the year that I was studying "Macbeth" for my O-levels, he decided I had to see every single production of "Macbeth" that year. So we saw 13 productions.

Oh, wow.

And in most car journeys, he'd be playing me music and reciting poetry. So it was really extraordinary being a daughter of such a man.

Rebecca, I mentioned earlier how I grew up in a very religious family. I don't go to church that much anymore. Actually, I don't go at all. So I'm wondering, for you, where is your faith now?Do you still have it?

turn 0 : "the little girl who was angry" is a metaphorical expression that refers to the author's inner child or past self who was frustrated and upset due to her father's death.

turn 0 : build bridges implies engaging in good human relationship and connections

turn 0 : A suggests a more extreme option than setting up a no-sailing zone


Yeah. Now, let me tell you. Again, people in Washington were saying, expedite these cases. Get them done in two weeks, for children who - I will never forget the images - who were sitting on a chair. Their feet were dangling. That's how small they were. And we were going to expedite these cases to have them tell a perfect stranger, in a language or a dialect they don't speak, about the trauma that they were experiencing in their home country, which required them to seek refuge in ours.

And so I got on the phone with managing partners from law firms up and down the state of California and said, let's get pro bono legal services to help these children who otherwise were not entitled to attorneys. All of that to say, one - I disagree with any policy that would turn America's back on people who are fleeing harm. I, frankly, believe that it is contrary to everything that we have symbolically and actually said we stand for. And so I would not enforce a law that would reject people and turn them away without giving them a fair and due process to determine if we should give them asylum and refuge.

We're in a world with 60 million refugees, and with every reason. . .

Yeah.

turn 0 : The turn (1) "holding our neighbors hostage and making them watch 10,000 slides from our family vacation" is an example of figurative language and its actual meaning is not literal. The speaker is using exaggeration to emphasize how people have always had a desire to share their experiences with others, even if it means subjecting them to boring slideshows.

turn 0 : The speaker is mentioning a song that reflects their current emotions.

turn 0 : The speaker is emotionally moved by the lyrics of the song.

turn 0 : What matters is how the song makes a person feels and how it sounds.

turn 0 : In this turn, the speaker is describing the difficult situation of children seeking refuge in the US and the unreasonable expectations placed on them to quickly share their traumatic experiences with strangers in a language they don't speak. However, the implied meaning goes beyond the literal description of the situation and suggests that the speaker is critical of the policy and decision makers who would put vulnerable children in such a position. The tone and choice of words such as "expedite" and "perfect stranger" convey a sense of urgency, frustration, and perhaps even outrage about the situation.


But when we compared Cain against other Republican candidates and looked just at people who were supporting Republican candidate, the racial attitudes predicted, strongly predicted preference for the white candidates.

But the test itself isn't a measure of racism.

It is definitely not a measure of racism. We are very clear to emphasize that this measure something that is perhaps unconscious, in any case most people are unaware of it, and it is possessed by a large of the American population, people who do not at all think of themselves as racist. And we don't think they're lying to us when they say they have egalitarian racial beliefs.

Why is it that they're out of touch with their subconscious?This is too big a question to ask, it may take years to answer for any, you know, any person. But do you have any guesses on that?

turn 1 : (2) The speaker is not only referring to a specific incident but also highlighting the larger issue of racism in the country and how it affects individuals on a personal level.

turn 1 : There is a dangerous situation happening that requires people to seek shelter and take precautions.

turn 1 :  (2) Implied meaning is that the test isn't necessarily indicative of racism, even if it appears to measure it.

turn 1 : Standing up for what is right even if it goes against the law.

turn 1 : Trust must be built before a homeless individual will accept a vaccine from the government.


You know, it would seem intuitively impossible in this environment that the actors would want to go on strike at this point. Just factoring out for a second the economy, there was a devastating writers' strike, and people were just really tired of that by the time it was over. Now, meanwhile, people are watching their savings disappear, it's terrifying out there, and I can't imagine that people would want to go on strike, but you have to bear in mind that a great many members in the Screen Actors Guild don't really work and can vote. So, that might have an effect on the outcome.

You mention the writers' strike that went on for several months. Many folks in the entertainment industry are still recovering from that. So, what would happen if all of a sudden there were SAG strike as well?

Studios can hold out. They're in bad shape. I mean, they're going to be hurt by this environment economically. But that doesn't mean they can't survive for quite a long time with a strike underway. And that means that people would - I mean, it would just be so devastating; people would lose their jobs. And that wouldn't just be the actors; it would be people who support productions. The actors, unlike the writers, they can close down a movie very quickly. So, it would be an immediate and potentially a long-term and the devastating impact not only for the economy here, but for the Screen Actors Guild if it turned out to backfire.

So, Kim, what happens from here?What's the next steps?

turn 0 : "factoring out for a second" - This phrase is an idiomatic expression meaning to temporarily set aside a particular factor or consideration.

turn 0 : to hold out in this context means to wait

turn 0 : Representation in court is necessary for children's cases.

turn 0 : Unrepresented children are at a disadvantage in court.

turn 0 : Nebraska is often overlooked or disregarded by people, despite its significance and potential.


Given that judges do have discretion in a lot of cases about, for example, whether or not someone can get a misdemeanor as opposed to a felony, do you think this really is effecting who's in prison right now?

Well, first, you have to realize, the first person who deals with whether there's a felony or a misdemeanor is the prosecutor. And it's prosecutorial discretion as to what they get charged with. A judge has no control over that. Now, they can work out a deal, or, in a preliminary hearing, reduce a charge or whatever. But the prosecutorial discretion is what most people don't see that tends to be skewed a great deal. So, by the time it gets to a judge, a big chasm may have already arisen about the level of charge that's been leveled on a particular individual.

Judge Toler, who's going to fix this?

We all have to fix it. And we have to fix it by being conscious of what's going on before it goes on. When I went to classes after I was elected a judge, I said, if you remember nothing else I tell you today, when you're 18, you vote. And you register to vote because it does make a difference, six votes in my race. We have to be conscious of the judges, one, and number two, I think we have to change judicial education.

turn 1 : Prosecutors sometimes prioritize finality over justice, even when faced with new evidence.

turn 1 : Schools alone cannot solve the issue of safety, society as a whole needs to address it.

turn 1 : Prosecutors have more power than judges in determining charges

turn 1 : Not taking action to prevent something harmful from happening is wrong.

turn 1 : Representation in court is necessary for children's cases.


I would like to say I have confidence because my experience at NBC with that network and with that company - overall very good. And I have - you know, I hold them in high regard. I do feel that if it was going to be thorough - and you want to find out how that behavior continued for so long unchecked, as they say - then you would have to go back to at least, based on my documentation - that it can go back to the year 2000. So for me, I'm not filing a lawsuit. I am not trying to bring any more shame to him. But I do think that if they really want to get to the root of how this was allowed to happen for so many years, then you would have to come to me and ask how it all started.

Matt Lauer has since released his first statement to The Post. What did you think when you read it?

I thought it was very defensive. I thought - I think he is still feeling sorry for himself. I think that it's really sad if he doesn't view what he did as coercive or an abuse of power.

Have you spoken to Linda Vester, the woman who's made the allegations against Tom Brokaw?

turn 0 : when a company collapses, it means they went out of business.

turn 0 : The behavior of the company should be investigated since it continued for many years.

turn 0 : "checking that box" - This is a figurative expression meaning to select or choose an option, rather than actually checking a physical box.

turn 0 : implies that the box was placed in a specific location in preparation for someone to use it, rather than just setting it down on a table.

turn 0 : a request for a reminder of the timeline of events leading up to the current situation.


I mean, anything that - any interest rate right now that's pegged to the federal funds rate, which is a key benchmark rate that many, many credit cards, many, many - some types of mortgages - but also many more types of short-term debts are pegged to, you can benefit a whole lot.

The problem is that if you're already in one of these homes, for example, that's - and you're underwater, meaning that you're house is worth less than the mortgage owner, and you've got poor credit or you don't have enough money or enough equity in the house to be able to refinance, then you're going to run it to a proper and you're not going to benefit.

Whether or not they - that helps the economy overall remains to be seen. I mean, the problem with economics statistics is that many times they lag by a couple of months. And so by the time you find out - by the time a recession is declared, you may have already been in one for about a month or two before you - before the rest of the country actually knows ,you know, some grand proclamation that comes from the Federal Reserve or some economists somewhere that we are in a recession.

We're going to talk a little bit more soon with a realtor in Ohio, your state, about the situation there. But last week, Countrywide Financial was subpoenaed by the attorney general of Florida. It's just one of a number of government agencies investigating the largest mortgage lender.

turn 1 : Not underwater, but when a person owes more than the house is worth.

turn 1 : AGREE WITH THE TURN AND IMPLIED MEANING AND BELIVE THAT EVERYONE

turn 1 : A is expressing a desire for love and acceptance, despite making mistakes.

turn 1 : A is admitting their mistake and asking for forgiveness

turn 1 : (2) To be underwater means to owe more money than the asset is worth.


turn 2 : The technical definition of a recession doesn't accurately reflect the economic hardship experienced by many people.

turn 2 : Although Kurz is technically still in charge, the government has lost much of its power and stability due to the coalition's collapse.

turn 2 : The outcome of the parliamentary election is uncertain, and it is difficult to predict what will happen next

turn 2 : That statement implies that Sisi's election may not have been fair and that there was an atmosphere of fear during the election.

turn 2 : (3) To be in a recession means the economy is declining.


turn 3 : The subpoena is a powerful tool to get the truth out of witnesses and to obtain documents that may be relevant to the investigation.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at something indirectly and expects the listener to understand the intended message.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using metaphors or analogies to convey a complex idea or emotion in a more relatable or understandable way.

turn 3 : (4) To be subpoenaed means to be compelled to testify in court or provide evidence.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be using a metaphor or analogy to explain or describe something, often to make a complex idea easier to understand or to create a vivid image in the listener's mind.


Nice to talk to you, Audie.

So to start, back in 2013, what intention of this legislation - allowing migrant workers to drive legally - what was the need you thought you were meeting?

There are about 1,500 undocumented people, mostly Mexicans, working on Vermont dairy farms. And they are, basically, supporting our dairy industry. And the need was that so many of them were living in the shadows of the barns - really literally. They did not have transportation. They relied on volunteers or their employers to get them to medical appointments or shopping and all sorts of things. And a group called Migrant Justice started working on the issue and started talking to lawmakers. So it was a very sort of innocent kind of idea that, you know, we can be a state that can accept that these people are here supporting our economy, and we want to be able to provide for them in some way.

Now, fast forward many years, and the Vermont DMV has many records - right?- of people in the country illegally; people who have gotten these driver's licenses. So what was your reaction when you learned about the cooperation between ICE and the Vermont DMV?

Well, I feel terrible that we facilitated this law and now it's putting people in jeopardy. And that was not the intent of law at all. And so it's very, very distressing to hear what's been going on. As you probably know, in 2017, the state officially ended this policy. But in the meantime, there have been other sharing of information by DMV, maybe not at the top levels, with ICE officials.

turn 3 : implies to not being in support and feeling unfavorable about the result.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at a desire or need for help or support from the listener.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is expressing their disappointment or dissatisfaction with the outcome of a situation or decision, without directly stating it.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker's tone and word choice suggest that they may be withholding information or expressing something indirectly, potentially due to fear of judgement or repercussions.


At this point now, those are the two sectors that are continuing to grow, that are continuing to be job engines. And the reason why I stress this is that historically, sectors which grow in downturns are the ones that set the pace for the recovery that comes afterwards. So, if I'm looking out ahead, I would sort of say the fact that these sectors have continued to grow is going to set the pattern for the coming upturn. So, you asked me about other parts of the sector economy that are doing well. It is very difficult to find other parts of the economy. My guess is that the next part that's going to recover is technology, but right now that part is still paddling hard.

OK, we don't want to hear any bad news right now. So…

No bad news. But…

We must end it on an up note.

turn 0 : Sectors that grown when the economy is failing do better when the economy begins to improve.  The techology sector as a whole is trying hard to make money.

turn 0 : The tech sector has had a negative impact on the economy

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at a deeper or hidden motive or intention behind their actions or words.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker thinks that there is a level of ambiguity or hidden message in the turn that may not be immediately apparent, but which can be inferred or interpreted through context or other clues.

turn 0 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be suggesting that there are some hidden or unknown factors that could influence the situation being discussed.


Absolutely. Marine Le Pen did very well. That was expected. It wasn't a huge shock. She got about 24% of the vote. Macron avoided disaster. He personally invested in the campaign. He got about 22%, so came in, you know, second. But it was clearly a rebuke - a rebuke to him. And the - you know, the top person in Marine Le Pen's party lists said, the president - he turned this vote into a plebiscite, and he got his answer. The people are against him and his policies.

That is NPR's Eleanor Beardsley in Paris.

Eleanor, thanks so much.

Michel, good to be with you.

turn 0 : Macron was not afraid to offend Trump by not shaping the summit to his liking.

turn 0 : Macron did not do well in the election.

turn 0 : (3) is a sign of amusement, indicating the speaker was laughing at the metaphor.

turn 0 :  "I don't know that story" - This turn has a literal meaning, which is that the person speaking is not familiar with the story being referred to.

turn 0 :  "Oh, a little bit, I guess, you know?" The literal meaning is that the speaker is acknowledging that they are bothered to some extent. However, the actual meaning could be interpreted as the speaker downplaying their concerns or trying to appear nonchalant about the situation.


Have you ever seen one of these wrestling matches?Are the wasps easily found and seen?

Unfortunately, I've never seen the show. I can't wait, though. The day that I see a tarantula hawk come in contact with a tarantula I'm going to sit back and enjoy this dance. But you can see the tarantula hawks. They're actually quite common and quite conspicuous on the landscape, particularly throughout the southwest and indeed all the way from California to Virginia.

Do tarantula wasps have interest in humans?

They do not. So as long as you're not explicitly harassing this animal, as long as you're not trying to step on it or grab it, it's going to leave you alone. And, in fact, you can walk right up to them and watch them as they forage and hunt for tarantulas.

Ben Hutchins - invertebrate biologist for the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Ben, thanks so much.

turn 1 : (2) The entire passage describing the tarantula hawk's attack on the tarantula and the subsequent feeding of the larvae on the paralyzed tarantula is figurative in its meaning, as it describes a complex biological process using metaphors and analogies.

turn 1 : The turn in (1) where the speaker talks about making "crazy logical leaps" and having "delusions" that keep them "warm at night" is an example of a non-literal meaning, as they are using figurative language to describe their thought processes and coping mechanisms.

turn 1 : The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker enjoyed the solitude of working at night, as it made them feel like a vampire who only came out when it was dark and disappeared again when the sun rose.

turn 1 : You do not actually enter the person's heart or mind, it means that you start to understand their perspective

turn 1 : (2) - Literal meaning: A is expressing excitement about the prospect of witnessing a tarantula hawk and a tarantula interact, and noting that tarantula hawks are common and easily spotted in certain areas. Implicated meaning: A is expressing a morbid curiosity about a potentially violent interaction between two creatures and finding enjoyment in it.


How has technology changed the way that vaccines are made?Is it easier to sort of see responses in living things as they happen now?

Yes, the technology has improved by leaps and bounds. We have, in the case of influenza, now a variety of different ways that we can read out virus neutralization. The traditional way was done using red blood cells, and we would look at the clumping of red blood cells, which is called hemagglutination. And the antibodies to flu would prevent the agglutination of red blood cells.

That was used for decades as the best marker of an immune response. Now we can look with automated assays at neutralization of the virus.

What does that mean?

turn 1 : The new record has surpassed the old one by a large margin.

turn 1 : Do you ever feel that way, you're just so tired of singing, but you know you have to because that song is so closely associated with who you are?" - The implied meaning here is that the person is feeling tired of singing a particular song, but they feel obligated to continue performing it because it is an integral part of their identity and public persona.

turn 1 : Improved by leaps and bounds, meaning it has improved by a large margin.

turn 1 : There are songs from various decades in the top 30 chart.

turn 1 : You sang tribute songs instead of creating new ones.


That's Odysseas Papadimitriou, CEO of the personal finance website WalletHub. We've heard about credit card debt being a problem for middle and working classes before, but it's now become an issue for the upper-middle class. Papadimitriou says they're in the sweet spot for this type of easy lending.

It is the consumer group that wants to take on some additional debt and also has the income and the assets to justify so.

On top of that, recent numbers show that people approaching retirement age are also accruing larger amounts of credit card debt.

You know, they're away from retirement enough years to feel like, I will make up for it later on. Let me go and make this purchase. And then they end up later on in retirement with credit card debt.

turn 0 : (1) Implies that people who work in the tipped industry suffer financially when they don't receive tips, as the low wages don't cover the costs of their rent.

turn 0 : Justice has been delayed for the victims of crimes in Guatemala.

turn 0 : The government is denying their involvement in the atrocities

turn 0 : The sweet spot means they are in a good situation financially to lend to others.

turn 0 : (3) The implication of this turn is that the U.N. special adviser believes that this conflict has the potential to be as destructive and deadly as the genocides in Rwanda and Bosnia.


You are so nice for not doing that spoiler alert. But, yes, so many people discuss Israel-Palestine as if its people on a spectrum. But this notion where people say, oh, you know, Israel and Palestine, they disagree. It's not a spectrum. It's metaphysics.

They're in a different reality, whereas, I lived in Jerusalem that had the Temple Mount and a Palestinian neighbor lived in al-Quds that had Haram al-Sharif. Like, literally, we're inhabiting the same space and in a different city with a different extraordinary holy place on the same spot. And, to me, you know, that gets us to the title of this book. I was looking for a space for the no man's land where a moment of understanding might take place.

Is there an affinity between writers and spies?

That's funny. I'm like - I was going to the list. I was like, writers and shrinks, writers and sociopaths. But, yeah, I have a whole list of things. . .

turn 0 : (2) - The literal meaning of the turn is that Israeli press reports mention a ceasefire being drafted and both sides are still fighting. However, the implied meaning is that there is a possibility of a ceasefire and that both sides may be willing to negotiate, despite the ongoing fighting.

turn 0 : But this notion where people say, oh, you know, Israel and Palestine, they disagree. It's not a spectrum. It's metaphysics."  In this turn, the implied meaning is that the issue between Israel and Palestine is not simply a matter of differing opinions or viewpoints on a spectrum. The speaker suggests that it goes beyond that and enters the realm of metaphysics, indicating a deeper and more complex nature to the conflict than a simple disagreement.

turn 0 : The mention of the Srebrenica massacre and the potential consequences for war criminals serves as a reminder that such heinous acts can lead to future accountability, even if justice is delayed.


turn 1 : They're in a different reality, whereas, I lived in Jerusalem that had the Temple Mount and a Palestinian neighbor lived in al-Quds that had Haram al-Sharif. Like, literally, we're inhabiting the same space and in a different city with a different extraordinary holy place on the same spot. And, to me, you know, that gets us to the title of this book. I was looking for a space for the no man's land where a moment of understanding might take place."  In this turn, the implied meaning is that although the speaker and their Palestinian neighbor physically occupy the same space, they have distinct and separate realities due to the differences in the names and significance attributed to the holy places they inhabit. The speaker seeks a metaphorical "no man's land" where a moment of understanding and connection can occur despite the stark differences in perspectives and experiences.

turn 1 : The actual meaning of turn (2) is to understand the current state of affairs in Egypt and the implications of the decision, rather than the literal meaning of asking what the environment is like in the moment.

turn 1 : The speaker is often expecting bad things to happen, so when something good happens, it's more exceptional than usual.

turn 1 : Despite being nervous, the speaker finds the current situation interesting

turn 1 : Although the speaker is trained, they may not have noticed the suspicious behavior of the suspects.


Well, as I said, Israel is certainly prepared to possibly deploy that armored brigade for an offensive mission. And, you know, this - Israeli strikes are continuing, and rockets are also continuing right now. And this is a - quite an escalation between the two sides and really a serious one since the 2014 war. That was a war that lasted many weeks. Dozens of Israeli soldiers and several Israeli civilians died. And on the Palestinian side, more than 2,000 people died, including many civilians and also militants.

With the stakes so high, are there negotiations for a cease-fire, do you know?And can you tell us about those and where they stand?

Well, before this current outbreak of violence, Egypt was mediating between the two sides to prevent such hostilities from returning. And those negotiations were meant to exchange calm on the border for Israel lifting certain restrictions in the Gaza Strip, basically to make life more bearable for people in Gaza. And this conflict certainly puts those negotiations at serious risk.

That's reporter Naomi Zeveloff in Tel Aviv. Naomi, thank you so much.

turn 1 : The negotiations are not standing upright but it means that the person is saying how far the countries have progressed in the negotiation.

turn 1 : This is an expression of agreement, but it also implies that the speaker is willing to continue the discussion.

turn 1 : The literal meaning: The speaker mentions that they discuss this as a significant starting point or origin for the book. The implied meaning: The speaker suggests that this event plays a crucial role in shaping the themes or direction of the book.

turn 1 : Implies that the situation is incredible and shocking, rather than simply saying that it is amazing.

turn 1 : can be interpreted as a way to inquire about the current situation in the city, not just the events taking place.


We can say she grew up. She had a daughter of her own who became curious about family secrets kept from both her and her mother for decades. That daughter is Laura Cumming, and she's the author of "Five Days Gone. "She joins me now from London.

Laura Cumming, welcome.

Thank you.

Start with the kidnapping, which is absolutely central to the book you've written. It was not central to your mother's life. She was only 3. She had no memory of it. And she didn't even learn of it until she was well into middle age. Is that right?

turn 3 : The author included difficult experiences in the book for a reason.

turn 3 : The phrase "central to the book you've written" in this context does not literally mean that the book is physically located in the center, but rather that the kidnapping plays a major and important role in the narrative of the book. Similarly, the phrase "well into middle age" does not refer to a specific age range or point in time, but rather a general time period when someone is considered to be middle-aged.

turn 3 :  Even though the conversation is centered on the North Koreans who have escaped, turn (3) highlights the fact that there are still millions of people living under the oppressive regime in North Korea, and their plight should not be overlooked or forgotten.

turn 3 :  (2) implies that the speaker was surprised by the unusual words used in the exchange between the president and Kim Jong Un, and had to look up the meaning of one of them.

turn 3 : None of the words or phrases in this turn have a figurative meaning. It is a straightforward statement about the print media in North Korea continuing to praise the leader, despite his absence, and how his father had also disappeared from public view at times.


Laura Cumming, welcome.

Thank you.

turn 3 :  "I don't know that story" - This turn has a literal meaning, which is that the person speaking is not familiar with the story being referred to.

turn 3 : The situation in Pyongyang is extremely unclear and difficult to understand

turn 3 : "which is absolutely central to the book" implies, that without that part of the story, there really wouldn't be much of a story

turn 3 : The statement implies that despite the small number of North Koreans who have escaped, they have provided valuable information about the reality of life in North Korea.


Why, over really a period of 25 years or so, have there been so many misadventures?How do you explain, for example, Iraq?How do you explain the lack of progress after so many years in Afghanistan?Why was the Libyan intervention unsuccessful?And I think the conclusion is is that the United States has focused more since the end of the Cold War not so much on defending against external threats but focusing more on the internal governance of foreign countries and trying to change it.

So rather than maintaining a strong defense in protecting our national interests, we've tended to promote democracy in other countries, we've engaged in nation-building exercises, we've engaged in regime change. And in most of those cases, we've been unsuccessful.

You were the U. S.  ambassador to Germany. Does the United States have - and you know the history - does the United States have no interest in preventing genocide and mass slaughter around the world?

I think genocide is probably the one case where we do have a responsibility. I mean, if it's real genocide and people are - there is mass murder, then I think we have a moral duty to intervene. But the problem is is that how you define that moral duty when it's not clearly genocide, when there's injustice, when there's discrimination, when, for instance, the young girls in Afghanistan can't go to school, that is not genocide.

turn 0 : The United States is in a weak diplomatic state.

turn 0 : The literal meaning of (4) is asking what North Korea wants to achieve with nuclear weapons. The implicated meaning is questioning why North Korea wants nuclear weapons in the first place.

turn 0 :  Even though the conversation is centered on the North Koreans who have escaped, turn (3) highlights the fact that there are still millions of people living under the oppressive regime in North Korea, and their plight should not be overlooked or forgotten.

turn 0 : The US has failed to protect its national interests by instead pursuing nation-building activities and regime changes in foreign countries.

turn 0 :  (2) implies that the speaker was surprised by the unusual words used in the exchange between the president and Kim Jong Un, and had to look up the meaning of one of them.


turn 1 : The United States is in a weak diplomatic state.

turn 1 : He worked on the intelligence committee and learned a great deal of things that most people don't know about the world.

turn 1 : "The Trump administration, or at least the president, has expressed doubt in the CIA's conclusion, and President Trump has previously criticized the U.S. intelligence establishment.

turn 1 : The US has failed to achieve its goals by trying to impose its standards of democracy and governance on foreign countries.

turn 1 : The person mentioned has a talent for comprehending problems and advising on them worldwide, due to his experiences and background, not necessarily related to France.


turn 2 : The government is denying their involvement in the atrocities

turn 2 : The speaker is reflecting on their mistakes and hoping to learn from them.

turn 2 : Does the US have a responsibility to intervene in cases of genocide and mass slaughter?

turn 2 : The speaker is expressing surprise and amazement at the coincidence.

turn 2 : The speaker is expressing amusement at the topic being discussed.


Reptilian, exactly, and now we know that many species of dinosaurs had feathers or simple filaments that seem to be feather precursors in some cases.

Do your findings come from the relatively recent discovery that some dinosaurs had feathers?Is this sort of, like, the next step?

We are sort of taking the next. In the last 10 years, we've discovered that we can gain insight into the colors of dinosaurs and how they may have used visual signals in important contexts. And so what we wanted to ask is, can we gain insight into the vocal communication that extinct dinosaurs might have had?

Well, so what's next for you in your research?

turn 0 : Dinosaurs might have used visual and vocal signals to communicate with each other.

turn 0 : (1) We've been going on the assumption - I suppose largely from movies - that dinosaurs made a big noise. Actual meaning: We have been mistakenly assuming that dinosaurs were very loud creatures based on what we have seen in movies.

turn 0 : There was almost a competition for who had the authority of the the situation.

turn 0 : The speaker lost a significant amount of money through gambling.

turn 0 : The literal meaning is that the speaker would have appeared on a media outlet many times. The actual meaning is that the speaker would have been very vocal and persistent on the issue, possibly annoying the media host.


turn 1 : (1) We've been going on the assumption - I suppose largely from movies - that dinosaurs made a big noise. Actual meaning: We have been mistakenly assuming that dinosaurs were very loud creatures based on what we have seen in movies.

turn 1 : There was almost a competition for who had the authority of the the situation.

turn 1 : The research has advanced to the point where we can now explore the possibilities of what vocal communication extinct dinosaurs might have had.

turn 1 : Obama has demonstrated his credibility and is qualified to be the nominee.

turn 1 : The person campaigned without opposition and was scared while doing so.


turn 1 : Asking if the Animals of Improbable Research were mentioned even though they were not explicitly mentioned.

turn 1 : The situation is uncertain and they need to take it one step at a time

turn 1 : to hold out in this context means to wait

turn 1 : to look for something in this context means they are trying to see if something will happen

turn 1 :  is actually asking if A's findings are related to the discovery that some dinosaurs had feathers, rather than just asking for a literal explanation of the findings.


turn 2 : The implied meaning of this turn is that the speaker has become used to working with frogs and can even enjoy eating frog legs as part of the study.

turn 2 : Poaching is a major problem and is wiping out the forest's animal population.

turn 2 : Drilling for oil is not a viable solution to the problem of oil consumption

turn 2 : The implied meaning of this turn is that the recent discoveries about feathers and filaments on certain species of dinosaurs have enabled us to gain a better understanding of their visual and vocal communication.

turn 2 : The government’s lack of interest and prioritization of political issues is causing a delay in getting necessary approvals and treatments for crops and animals.


turn 3 : "decades away" - This implies that the technology to clone reptiles is still a long way off and not currently available, rather than just being a matter of waiting for a few years.

turn 3 : The discoveries made in the last 10 years provide a new opportunity to understand the communication of extinct dinosaurs.

turn 3 : The NEP is not a pool but an organization that gathers information from groups of people.  The approach was not launched but newly began for the fall season.

turn 3 : The Obama administration has made efforts to combat climate change

turn 3 : (3): The research requires a lot of different initiatives. = It takes a lot of effort to research this field.


But the Polish government didn't agree.

Unfortunately not. We're hoping that the Polish government will look again at this issue and make this process easier not only in terms of the deadline but also what documentation is required. Make sure that archives are open and material is accessible because if you have a right and legislation but not the means to enforce it - and particularly for many of the Holocaust survivors and their families, virtually all of whom live outside of Poland, it's very difficult. They don't speak the language. They don't live in the country. To address even the administrative issues is extremely difficult.

And what makes this important, so many years after the terrible events we're talking about - after the crimes we're talking about?

We're facing a situation where, in the next few years, we will be living in a world where there won't be Holocaust survivors. It's a population, obviously, that's very elderly, very sick and passing away very rapidly. So we think it's a matter of justice and morality to address and to conclude this issue before that last of that generation disappears.

turn 0 : The tax issues caused a lot of nominees to not be able to continue. The software helps a person to understand and work the tax filing correctly.

turn 0 : President Trump has caused a negative impact on climate change policies

turn 0 : We argued that six months was way, way too short. You're talking about trying to go into archives, documents, find materials. Unfortunately, this was what was included in the legislation. And we've urged the Polish government to open that deadline - indeed, to open the program to people who never filed claims or for whom no claim - buildings for which no claims were filed.  The implied meaning of A's statement is that they believe the six-month deadline mentioned in the legislation is too short to effectively search through archives and gather necessary materials. They are advocating for the Polish government to extend the deadline and allow individuals who haven't filed claims or whose claims were never filed to participate in the program.

turn 0 : Moving a million people to a sparsely populated area may harm the environment despite the government's plans for green development.

turn 0 : The Obama administration has made efforts to combat climate change


But the Polish government didn't agree.

turn 1 : A is not fully agreeing with B's statement

turn 1 : to put something in this context is to explain something

turn 1 : But the Polish government didn't agree.  The implied meaning of B's statement is that the Polish government rejected the suggestion or request made by A and others. They did not agree with the proposed changes or extension mentioned in the previous turn.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at a desire or need for help or support from the listener.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker is subtly trying to convey a sense of urgency or importance in the matter being discussed, without explicitly stating it.


But the Polish government didn't agree.

turn 2 : The new law signed by the president of Poland will stifle discussions on the atrocities committed by Poles against Jews during the Holocaust.

turn 2 : She hopes people find a way to read the book that she has written.

turn 2 : her stories were not what people were usually reading and the topics of them were not what was normally talked about.

turn 2 : She believes that child actors are like cattle to be used by others.

turn 2 : Unfortunately not. We're hoping that the Polish government will look again at this issue and make this process easier not only in terms of the deadline but also what documentation is required. Make sure that archives are open and material is accessible because if you have a right and legislation but not the means to enforce it - and particularly for many of the Holocaust survivors and their families, virtually all of whom live outside of Poland, it's very difficult. They don't speak the language. They don't live in the country. To address even the administrative issues is extremely difficult.  The implied meaning of A's statement is that the Polish government did not comply with their previous request or suggestion. A expresses hope that the government will reconsider the issue and make the process more convenient, not just regarding the deadline but also in terms of required documentation. They emphasize the challenges faced by Holocaust survivors and their families who live outside of Poland, including language barriers and administrative difficulties.


But the Polish government didn't agree.

turn 3 :  can be interpreted as a way to ask for an explanation for the sudden increase in homicides, not just a question about what has happened.

turn 3 : The economists spoke up and said that people should take caution in their finances.

turn 3 : Despite the presence of goods in shops, people are still starving due to lack of money and high taxes.

turn 3 : People aren't spending money due to the recession.

turn 3 : And what makes this important, so many years after the terrible events we're talking about - after the crimes we're talking about?  The implied meaning of B's statement is that they are questioning the significance or relevance of the discussed matter after so many years have passed since the terrible events and crimes mentioned. They seek to understand the current importance or urgency of addressing the issue.


But the Polish government didn't agree.

turn 4 : The speaker is worried that the lessons of the Holocaust might be forgotten or ignored

turn 4 : Dominance of a few large companies is discouraging people from starting their own businesses.

turn 4 : Many people are losing their jobs and companies are going bankrupt.

turn 4 :  We're facing a situation where, in the next few years, we will be living in a world where there won't be Holocaust survivors. It's a population, obviously, that's very elderly, very sick, and passing away very rapidly. So we think it's a matter of justice and morality to address and to conclude this issue before that last of that generation disappears.  The implied meaning of A's statement is that they highlight the imminent loss of Holocaust survivors in the coming years. They emphasize the elderly, sickly condition of the survivors and the rapid rate at which they are passing away. A asserts that addressing and resolving the issue at hand is a matter of justice and morality, particularly before the last survivors of that generation are no longer alive.

turn 4 : People aren't spending money due to the recession.


Windsor Castle was restored in exactly that timeframe. The day from the fire to the celebration of the reopening of the restored castle was a span of five years. I know people are feeling more positive than they did yesterday because more of the cathedral seems to have survived than seemed possible at the time. And it's a good starting point to think that five years is a reasonable timeframe for the project.

Architect Francis Maude - he's a director at Donald Insall Associates in London.

Thank you for speaking with us.

My pleasure. Thank you.

turn 0 : (1) has an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The literal meaning is that the speaker is asking if there is any sign of improvement in the situation being discussed, but the implied meaning is that the situation is bad and the speaker is hoping for some positive news or indication that things will get better.

turn 0 : The implied meaning of this turn is that Democrats might not be interested in a bipartisan effort since their own plan has been successful.

turn 0 : And how do they breach the differences between the House and Senate bills, when the promises some Republican Senate leaders made to get the votes of, say, Susan Collins of Maine and Jeff Flake of Arizona

turn 0 : The implied meaning is that there is hope that the restoration of the cathedral will take a similar timeframe to that of Windsor Castle. The literal meaning is that the restoration of Windsor Castle took five years and it's a reasonable timeframe for the project.

turn 0 : The House Republicans have conflicting views on illegal immigration and the border wall, making it difficult to reach a deal.


Science and magic are supposed to be opposites. Science is real, and it's hard, and it's facts-driven. Magic is illusion, and it's make-believe. Two separate worlds. But not for Teller, half of the famous magic duo Penn & Teller. He recently wrote an article for Smithsonian magazine, outlining the secrets that magicians use to manipulate the human mind and how those tricks may be put to use by scientists. At the core of every trick, he wrote, is a cold, cognitive experiment in perception. Does the trick fool the audience?

Well, in this portion of the program, we would like to hear from the magicians out there. What is the trick that proved most difficult for you to master?And if you want to share its secret, what was its secret?Our number is 800-989-8255. Our email address is talk@npr. org. And you can join the conversation on our website. Go to npr. org, and click on TALK OF THE NATION. Teller joins us from NPR member station KNPR in Las Vegas. Teller, thanks very much for joining us.

Happy to be here.

So psychologists talk about the artistic intuition that magicians have, this innate ability honed over time, a lot, a lot of time to grab a person's attention and control it and manipulate it. Are they right about that?Are psychologists on to something in this assessment of what you magicians are really up to?

turn 0 : "Once you've seen the props. Once you've seen the art, you buy the person." - This turn is using figurative language. It means that when someone puts on a convincing performance, it can be easy to believe in them even if they are not trustworthy.

turn 0 : Most people don't have enough money to pay for school.

turn 0 : "Magic is illusion, and it's make-believe." In this turn, the speaker is using the term "make-believe" to refer to the nature of magic. The literal meaning of "make-believe" is pretending or imagining something that is not real. However, in the context of magic, it implies the creation of illusions and the suspension of disbelief.

turn 0 : Working with wine doesn't necessarily require formal education.

turn 0 : The amount set aside for wages is insufficient.


Happy to be here.

turn 1 :  "What is the trick that proved most difficult for you to master?" Here, the word "trick" is used to refer to a specific magic performance or illusion. The literal meaning of "trick" is a cunning or deceitful act, but in the context of magicians, it represents a skillful and entertaining performance.

turn 1 : his magic implies he performed so skilfully and amazingly

turn 1 : Most people don't have enough money to pay for school.

turn 1 : The education system is not working properly and is causing a lot of stress for students.

turn 1 : Working with wine doesn't necessarily require formal education.


Happy to be here.

turn 3 : They are asking if the person watches over other's actions and controls them.

turn 3 :  Implies a personal question about the speaker's past, not just a factual question about whether or not they considered becoming a priest.

turn 3 :  "Grab a person's attention and control it and manipulate it." The speaker uses the terms "grab," "control," and "manipulate" to describe the actions of magicians. In this context, they mean captivating and directing someone's attention through skillful techniques, rather than forcibly or negatively manipulating them.

turn 3 : Kids and old people are funny because they speak truthfully and without agenda

turn 3 : The content of the book is humorous and not meant to be taken seriously.


Yeah. Let me ask, I would think, Sana, that - you've already mentioned that you were surprised that a number of these people were not angry or did not harbor bitterness about having been born to parents who were slaves. But what else was it about them, if there was a thread that seemed to tie them together?

Their parents raised them with hope, the idea that I want your life to be better than mine. And though things aren't the way we were promised, right, with emancipation. Things aren't the way they were promised, that one day they will be, and you'll be ready for it.

You also described them in the book as having immigrant-like expectations. Explain what you meant.

There was this genuine commitment to want to believe in the future, which is phenomenal to think about. There was this belief that everything that happened to me is over. The worst is behind after the Civil War, and I am going to go out and seek a new life in freedom, right?So everything, all of my hopes and dreams, I am going to give that back to the country. There was a genuine commitment to reinvest in the building of what was to be a new America.

Was it a patriotism?

turn 2 : There are no turns in the given conversation that have a meaning different from their literal meanings. All the turns convey their literal meanings without any implied or figurative language.

turn 2 : "But it also handles all cases of abuse and the disciplining of perpetrators of abuse, et cetera." - The literal meaning of this turn is that the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith deals with cases of abuse and disciplining of perpetrators of abuse. However, the actual meaning is that the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith deals with cases of sexual abuse within the Catholic Church, which is a highly sensitive and controversial topic.

turn 2 : The Vatican is beginning to take action to change the church

turn 2 : The Conditional. As we noted in chapter 1, there are sentences of a natural language, like English, that are not atomic sentences. Our examples included.

turn 2 : Implies that religion is an important factor in the speaker's life, not just a literal question about religion.


Was it a patriotism?

turn 3 : There are no turns in the given conversation that have a meaning different from their literal meanings. All the turns convey their literal meanings without any implied or figurative language.

turn 3 : "Immediate fallout would be Jeb Bush's problem. He needed a revival, and he wound up looking worse than he had in the first two debates and out on the stump as well. The memorable punches in these debates tend to be counter punches. And Bush went after his one-time protege, Marco Rubio, and Rubio came back smart, fast, tough and got a highlight moment out of it, just one of several for Rubio, by the way."  Here, the speaker is discussing the consequences or negative outcomes for Jeb Bush after the debate. The implied meaning is that Jeb Bush's performance in the debate was disappointing or damaging for his campaign. The speaker highlights that memorable moments in debates usually involve counter-attacks or responses, and in this case, Jeb Bush targeted Marco Rubio, but Rubio responded effectively and gained a notable moment. The implied meaning goes beyond a literal description of the events and emphasizes the impact on Jeb Bush's candidacy.

turn 3 : The Conditional. As we noted in chapter 1, there are sentences of a natural language, like English, that are not atomic sentences. Our examples included.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of turn (4) is that there are several reasons why Ted Cruz wasn't able to capture the evangelical vote, and one of those reasons is that churchgoing evangelicals were less likely to support Donald Trump than those who just nominally affiliate themselves with evangelical Christianity.

turn 3 :  This turn actually means that the speaker is more concerned with the alternative (Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, or Bernie Sanders) than with a "Never Trump" attitude, and that it is important for the country and party to come together despite any reservations about Trump.


So him and two of his friends were watching Anwar al-Awlaki videos online. And they decided they were going to go join primarily the Taliban. And they traveled to Pakistan. When they got there, they met a number of different connectors and ended up with - actually, with al-Qaida. And al-Qaida realized the benefit of these three Americans that were there. And they sent them back to commit an attack here.

There seems to be real agreement between prosecutors and the judge that Zazi is a changed man. What happened?

Yeah, so when Zazi got picked up in the fall of 2009, he immediately started cooperating. And from then on, for the last 10 years or so, he's cooperated against a number of high-profile trials in the U. S.  - the third in command in al-Qaida, another American and a British operative. He cooperated with law enforcement over 100 times, did interviews there. They described his cooperation as extraordinary, some of the best they've seen in terrorism trials.

Do we know why?

turn 1 :  implies that Ionel Talpazan was able to find success and make something of himself, and in a way, he was able to "escape" his struggles and reach his dreams

turn 1 : "Thank you" is a polite expression of gratitude. Its meaning is literal and straightforward.

turn 1 : Zazi did not change physically but changed his personality.

turn 1 : Expressing gratitude for the invitation and glad to be here.

turn 1 : Literal meaning: A is thanking Scott for something. Actual meaning: The actual meaning is the same as the literal meaning.


Yeah, I think what Ron said about the end of the day he wants to see all the candidates treated equally. His wish will not be fulfilled is my prediction. As far as I can see, this election is election where Obama is getting all of the scrutiny. Now, when you said media bias, I don't want you to think that this means he's getting all the scrutiny and that scrutiny is positive. He's getting positive scrutiny, he's getting negative scrutiny, and he's getting scrutiny about trivial things that are not normally newsworthy. But my prediction is that the end of the day this is going to be an election where it's going to be about Barack Obama, is he qualified for the job?If he turns out to be, he'll get elected, and if he turns not to be, then McCain will be elected.

All right. Andrew, thank so much.

Great to talk to you, Farai.

Media analyst Andrew Tyndall. He's the publisher of tyndallreport. com, which has been analyzing the network's nightly news coverage for 20 years. And we want to know what you think about the media's coverage of the presidential candidates. Go to our blog at nprnewsandviews. org.

turn 1 : The turn whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning is (4): "A: Thank you."  The literal meaning of "Thank you" is an expression of gratitude or appreciation. However, in this context, it is likely used as a polite way to end the conversation or acknowledge the host's farewell. In other words, it implies that the speaker is ready to end the conversation and move on.

turn 1 : The speaker is asking the listener for their opinion about the article, and how it was received by the public.+++

turn 1 : "All right.Andrew, thank so much." - The actual meaning is different from the literal meaning. The intended meaning is a truncated expression of thanks, rather than a complete sentence.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be expressing a subtle hint or suggestion, rather than stating something directly.

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be hinting at something indirectly and expects the listener to understand the intended message.


He's had some injuries for most of the last two or three years. He's had a bad shoulder, he has to wrap his elbow a lot, but no injury has caused him to miss a game since September 2001, since he took over the Patriots' quarterback job.

So, is there any suspicion that the injury he sustained yesterday was a result of an unfair hit?

I think some people in the Patriots thought it was, but you know, most of the people I talked to, including a future Hall of Fame safety, John Lynch, who used to play for the Patriots and is a very good friend of Tom Brady's, said there's no way it was a dirty hit. Things happen too quickly on the football field for some guy to say, I'm going to, in a calculating way, aim for Tom Brady's knee and try to put him out for the year. First of all, I think that's vastly overrated. That might have happened in 1968, but it doesn't happen in 2008, because there's too much respect among players to try to intentionally hurt another guy.

So, who is possibly going to fill these gigantic shoes?

turn 2 : The speaker feels guilty about watching football because of the permanent damage it causes to players' health

turn 2 :  Implied meaning: There is a fear of the spread of Zika, malaria, cholera, and other diseases due to the lack of access to aid.

turn 2 : The literal meaning of this turn is to state that the speaker is of mixed racial and/or ethnic heritage. However, the actual meaning is to downplay the significance of the speaker's racial and ethnic identity.

turn 2 : Football players today have too much respect for each other to intentionally hurt another player, despite injuries occurring on the field.

turn 2 : Implies that religion is an important factor in the speaker's life, not just a literal question about religion.


Of course that's what somebody would say that. It's oozing with privilege, right?When we look at women's issues, women's rights, this is a scope in which a man should not have any say on. And I think that it's so asinine for people to - men in particular - to think, like, this is a personal issue. This is something that is true in the world. It's - it can only happen to women. Men will never have to face pregnancy ever. And the people who are going to talk about policies and these protections are going to be men.

Is it true that all the people who negotiate these contracts at Nike are men?

They're all men that are - within house at Nike have been and are all men. It's an old boys club. The culture at Nike is - that's - it remains to be an old boys club. And this is the time for it to be exposed. You know, the time is now.

That was Olympian and former USA champion Alysia Montano. Alysia Montano, thank you so much for talking to us.

turn 0 : the war on women meaning that the government is trying to tell a woman what she can and cannot do with her body.

turn 0 : They don't mean literally wall to wall but that everyone was for it.

turn 0 : Men should not have a say in women's issues and rights

turn 0 : A opposes a wall due to its inefficiency and cost

turn 0 : It means border security... But we are calling for much more intense border security.  Implication: A is clarifying that "border security" does not only mean building a wall, but also includes other measures, such as physical barriers in certain areas and intensified security measures overall.


That's why things spin, hurricanes and. . .

Yeah. . .

. . . spin in one direction.

. . . why everything spins. And it has to do with the fact that the Earth is rotating. So it's a physics problem.

So tell us, describe. . .

turn 0 : Turn 1: "spin" is used as a general term to describe rotational movement, whereas its literal meaning is to rotate rapidly and smoothly around a central axis.

turn 0 : None of the words in turn (1) have a different meaning from their literal meanings.

turn 0 : "he just finds it inconceivable it didn't." - The actual meaning of this turn is figurative, expressing Bannon's belief that it is highly likely that Trump Jr. introduced the Russians to Trump, rather than literally being unable to imagine the possibility of it not happening.

turn 0 : Steve Bannon is responsible for giving Michael Wolff access to the White House, which is hard to ignore.

turn 0 : When the speaker references the Trump administration policies, they are implying that the policies may not be informed by scientific evidence or research, and that the march is a protest against that.


Yeah. . .

. . . spin in one direction.

So tell us, describe. . .

turn 3 :  "What's the reason for that?" is a literal question that means what is the motive or purpose behind the actions described in the previous turns, and its actual meaning is the same as its literal meaning.

turn 3 : This implies that B is aware that there are some other people who are trying to join hands and support the nominee.

turn 3 : Asking why the candidate is outstanding, not just inquiring about the story

turn 3 : Turn 4: "it's a physics problem" is used figuratively to mean that the reason for everything spinning is related to the laws of physics, whereas its literal meaning is that it's a problem related to the field of physics.

turn 3 : The actual meaning of (4) is that B is expressing appreciation for the invitation, and that he will bring something as a gift when he visits.


Obviously there's some niche that the starfish occupy. Should we be worried if - what we might do to the ecosystem if we get rid of these starfish?

You know, I think it would only be in the dreams of a few people that they might possibly be able to get rid of all of them. What they're trying to do is cut back on the numbers. So they're going to remove as many as they can, but you're still going to have some out there.

And these sea stars are out there on a lot of reefs in the Pacific in low numbers. You can see little trails of white, dead corals that they've left behind as they've gone along feeding, and that will continue to happen. They're not going to get rid of every last one of them.

But the increase in numbers, I mean, you're talking about going onto reefs and having hundreds to thousands times as many starfish on a reef as you normally would see, and that's a big difference.

turn 3 : The significant increase in the number of starfish is a cause for concern

turn 3 : Runoff may be contributing to the increase in starfish population.

turn 3 : (2) Implied meaning: Get enough votes to pass the legislation, no matter the number of votes required.

turn 3 : The actual meaning of the turn in (3) is that if the Senate only performs a ritual of asking hard questions without any intention to actually vet the judges, then declining to do that ritual is an important signal.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker might be implying a hidden agenda or ulterior motive behind their words, actions, or decisions, without making it explicit.


So the first thing you need to do is call your fund and see, you know, are you going to be covered, are you going to buy into the pool?I have to say, in all my years - and I've been doing this for a ridiculously long amount of time - I was extraordinarily surprised by the collapse of money funds. If you - right now, they are being backed by the government, and I think that's as good as you can get. If you're - again, if you're terrified, you're going to want to go to Treasury bills or you're going to want to go to your local bank

All right, John, hold on for a minute. We're going to take a quick break and we're going to come back and continue this conversation, and we're going to ask you to answer some questions from some listeners on News & Notes. We'll be right back.

This is News & Notes, I'm Tony Cox. We're back with USA Today's investment columnist, John Waggoner.

John, you've been explaining to us how the ripple effects of Wall Street are hitting the average American, and now we have some questions for you from a few of our listeners. You ready?

turn 0 : a lot of stuff means there is a massive amount

turn 0 : Pool is not a literal term, it just means a collection of money.

turn 0 : There are many potential candidates for the Senate seat

turn 0 : And how do they breach the differences between the House and Senate bills, when the promises some Republican Senate leaders made to get the votes of, say, Susan Collins of Maine and Jeff Flake of Arizona

turn 0 :  (4) - This turn implies that A will support McConnell if he succeeds in passing the tax plan, and that the Republicans still have a chance to win.


Yeah. I mean, there was a lot of people pulling up, dropping off food, blankets, and that's fine. Well, below zero, the food was getting cold as soon as someone set it out there.

Yeah. Well, sounds like you've changed their lives and they've changed yours.

Absolutely. They've definitely changed mine because you don't know until you're either in it or next to it. In these past days (ph) I've been next to it. It's freezing outside. You know, some of them are disabled. We've got children here. We got pregnant women here. No. Let them stay where they're at. We'll bring it to them.

You're very impressive, Candice Payne. I'm so glad we could speak with you.

turn 0 : to pull up somewhere means to drive to a particular place

turn 0 : to move in direction in this context means to change something

turn 0 : The implied meaning of the speaker's response to the question of overturning the Affordable Care Act is that they don't only want to do away with it, but also to replace it with something better.

turn 0 : "Obamacare" The actual meaning of this turn is not different from its literal meaning. It refers to the Affordable Care Act, which was signed into law by President Barack Obama in 2010.

turn 0 : Implies that the speaker would like to see further reforms beyond what is suggested by Speaker Ryan.


Bernard Tomic, yes, who really didn't show up. He put the white flag up midway through the second set. It was a very interesting week, considering that you also had Kim Clijsters retiring as well. But Roddick is the interesting here because of where American tennis has gone. Between 1968 and 2002, American men have just dominated tennis. We were winning a major tournament 33 percent of the time - a third of all majors went to Americans - Jimmy Connors, John McEnroe, Pete Sampras, Andre Agassi, you name it. And since 2003, we've won just one, and it was Andy Roddick back in 2003 at the U. S.  Open.

And so the state of the game has really declined in terms of this country winning major, major championships. And so he was the last one. And the big question's going to be now is who is going to take his mantle. He was a great, great player, and not good enough though in the age of Roger Federer. He was not close enough to the McEnroe-Connors standard and not good enough to compete with Roger Federer and Rafa Nadal, but represented the United States very, very well.

Wonder, too, how sports broadcasters will get through a major tournament without cutting to shots of Brooklyn Decker cheering on her husband.

Whatever will we do?

turn 2 : "This is a fascinating piece of history and just to put this into some perspective, another Hasselblad camera that's sort of the direct lineage of this camera - that was said to have flown to the moon - sold earlier this year for nearly a million dollars." - Actual meaning

turn 2 :  "cutting to shots of Brooklyn Decker" - This is a metaphorical expression that means switching to footage of Brooklyn Decker. It does not literally refer to cutting anything.

turn 2 : Implies that the speaker would like to see further reforms beyond what is suggested by Speaker Ryan.

turn 2 :  (4) - This turn implies that A will support McConnell if he succeeds in passing the tax plan, and that the Republicans still have a chance to win.

turn 2 : (4) Implied meaning: Does Mr. Trump have the support to win the Republican nomination, or is it uncertain?


Why does the American Civil Liberties Union defend the rights of Nazis?Membership and donations have boomed since the 2016 election, as the ACLU has taken on a number of high-profile cases challenging Trump administration policies on immigration, deportation and voter suppression. But some supporters of the organization have questioned the ACLU's defense of the free-speech rights of hate groups, especially following their defense of white nationalist rally at Emancipation Park in Charlottesville a couple of weeks ago, when Heather Heyer was killed. A board member of the ACLU's Virginia affiliate resigned, tweeting - what's legal and what's right are sometimes different. I won't be a fig leaf for Nazis.

We're joined now by the national executive director of the ACLU, Anthony Romero. Mr.  Romero, thanks so much for being with us.

It's my pleasure, Scott. Thank you for having me.

Is the ACLU a fig leaf for Nazis?

turn 2 : having me implies hosting someone or engaging with someone and not referring to owning someone

turn 2 : Despite the relief of averted war, people are still afraid of the war on terror and the potential for civilian casualties.

turn 2 : A is concerned about the possibility of violent conflict with no other options.

turn 2 : There is a dangerous situation happening that requires people to seek shelter and take precautions.


Is the ACLU a fig leaf for Nazis?

turn 3 : The literal meaning of (4) is asking what North Korea wants to achieve with nuclear weapons. The implicated meaning is questioning why North Korea wants nuclear weapons in the first place.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of "Is the ACLU a fig leaf for Nazis?" is to ask if the ACLU is providing cover or protection for Nazis. However, the implied meaning is to ask if the ACLU is endorsing the actions of Nazi groups.

turn 3 : They are just acknowledging the person's answer

turn 3 : The speaker is acknowledging and agreeing with the previous speaker's statement, but does not provide any additional information or opinion. The meaning of this turn depends on the context of the conversation.

turn 3 : (3) implies gratitude and appreciation, (3) implies that the conversation is coming to an end


Yes, I do. I think General Kelly is right. I think a lot of America is out of touch with those of us who have served and the sacrifices that we've made or seen our colleagues make. And that's a divide that we ought to bridge. But you don't do that by politicizing an incident like this. You do it by taking responsibility for your actions. If you're the president, you say I don't think I said that, if that's what he believes. But if I offended the widow in any way, then I apologize.

Congressman, I - a bit off the central topic we've been talking about - did you know U. S.  forces were operating in Niger?

As a member of the armed services committee, I am aware of it but only very peripherally. This is not something that we have talked about or has been briefed to us extensively at all.

So you think there's more to be known about this mission and about U. S.  operations in that area of the world?

turn 0 : He says it's incumbent on the press and on the media not to make it easy for celebrities to have these terribly serious transgressions alleged and be able to skate by on their charm, on their fame, on their accomplishments outside the arena of these allegations."  Implicated meaning: The speaker is emphasizing the responsibility of the press and media to hold celebrities accountable for their serious wrongdoings, rather than allowing them to escape scrutiny based on their charisma, reputation, or achievements unrelated to the allegations.

turn 0 : "But you don't do that by politicizing an incident like this. You do it by taking responsibility for your actions." Implicated meaning: A person should take personal accountability for their actions instead of exploiting a situation for political gain.

turn 0 : "It's very scary, obviously, because the airstrikes come at any time." - The literal meaning is that the airstrikes are unpredictable and can happen at any moment, causing fear and uncertainty among the people. The actual meaning may also convey a sense of desperation or helplessness in the face of the ongoing conflict.

turn 0 : The presence of Patriot missiles on the border will deter the Syrian air force from bombing cities close to the border.

turn 0 : It does not make logical sense to attack people are trying to help get a dieses from spreading.


turn 2 : So, let's start with what exactly they are. Implicated meaning: Initiating a conversation or discussion on a specific topic.

turn 2 : None of the turns have implied meanings that are different from their literal meanings. They all convey their literal meanings without any hidden or implied messages.

turn 2 : There are no turns in the given conversation that have a meaning different from their literal meanings. All the turns convey their literal meanings without any implied or figurative language.

turn 2 : "As a member of the armed services committee, I am aware of it but only very peripherally. This is not something that we have talked about or has been briefed to us extensively at all." Implicated meaning: The speaker has limited knowledge about the specific topic mentioned, despite being a member of the committee responsible for it.

turn 2 : There will be significant concerns in the region moving forward.


turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker may be suggesting that there are some hidden or unknown factors that could influence the situation being discussed.

turn 3 : So you think there's more to be known about this mission and about U.S. operations in that area of the world?" Implicated meaning: The speaker believes that there is additional information or details that have not been disclosed regarding the mentioned mission and broader U.S. operations in that region.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of turn (4) is that B is interrupting A to introduce the radio program they are both on, "SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR," and to announce their names. However, the implied meaning is that B is politely interrupting A to take over as the host of the radio program.

turn 3 : The literal meaning of B's statement is that the radio program "Marketplace" will be airing soon. The implied meaning could be that B is transitioning to a different topic or segment of the radio program, or that the program has come to an end.

turn 3 : Actual meaning: B is bringing the conversation to an end because of time constraints, but expressing interest in having A return in the future. Literal meaning: B is stating that A will be invited back and that Michael Graham is the podcast editor for The Weekly Standard.


Hey.

Hey, Farai.

So, what are we talking about?

Well, it's a service that HuffingtonPost. com is offering. It's called Fundraece 2008. All you do is enter a street address and the site provides the names, addresses and occupations of the people who live in that area and the candidates they've backed and how much they've given them. And you can search by a person's name or by a company for instance if you want to see how political support breaks down in a place like Halliburton or Google or Bank of America. And it seems like an invasion of privacy. But all this campaign information is public and it's all on the Web. And we have a link to that site on our blog.

Wow, sounds like you can have a neighbor-to-neighbor fight. You don't even have to put the sign out in front…

Exactly.

turn 3 : The audience of the website is willing to help out with the campaign.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker's tone or choice of words may suggest that they have reservations or doubts about a particular topic or decision.

turn 3 : The website provides personal and political information about people based on their address, which may be an invasion of privacy.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker might be implying a hidden agenda or ulterior motive behind their words, actions, or decisions, without making it explicit.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker is hinting at an underlying issue or concern that they are not comfortable discussing directly.


I want to mention that Mark Bryant of the Gun Violence Archive is remaining with us for this hour to offer context if we need him. And so, Congressman, you unveiled a detailed plan to address gun violence as part of your presidential campaign. You had a chance to talk about some of these issues in the debate that you participated in. Tell us about, if you would, just, like, what's your signature idea here?And tell us why you think that's so important.

You know, the signature principle is we don't have to live this way. And so many of my constituents have been calling and texting and saying that they're afraid to go to public places. They're afraid to take their kids shopping with them - that they're mindful of that now and in ways that they've never been before. And, you know, one of the ways that we could reduce that fear would be to ban and buy back the 15 million assault weapons in America.

You know, many folks have called for an assault weapon ban on future manufacturing and sales, but I don't think that would go far enough. I think we need to get every single weapon of war off the streets. And it's not something - this is not an original idea. You know, Australia did it in the '90s and New Zealand is underway doing it now after their mosque shooting.

Well, advocates of expansive gun rights would argue that the United States is different, and that the right to own a gun is both - is a constitutional right. What do you say about that?

turn 0 : "remaining with us" means staying or continuing to be present

turn 0 : "a real departure" - this phrase means that something is different from what is expected or what has been done before, rather than referring to a physical departure or leaving.

turn 0 : The American Medical Association's membership demographics are changing.

turn 0 : Having Medicaid is helpful, but we still struggle financially.

turn 0 : touches every part of the health care system implies relates and concerns the health care system


turn 1 : allowed it to happen" and "set up illegal accounts" - These phrases suggest that Deutsche Bank was complicit in facilitating illegal activity.

turn 1 : Despite medical advancement, limited treatment options force us to use outdated and toxic drugs.

turn 1 : Health care workers are at risk of getting infected.

turn 1 : Everyone is aware that the issue of high prescription drug costs needs to be addressed, but there are opposing views on how to do so.

turn 1 : "ban and buy back" means prohibiting and repurchasing


What does it mean to put your hat in someone's ring?Does it mean that you are, for example, trying to lead your constituents that you're trying to lead other people, who are a part of the Congressional Black Caucus or part of Congress?What exactly does you putting your chips on the table mean?

For the past 20-something years, I have been putting out a sample ballot. And if people don't get it at the time that they think they should, my office is inundated with calls. You know, through the media, through your sample ballot operation, I let people know what's on my mind. And I try and let them know why I'm doing what I'm doing and then they make their decision.

Congresswoman, I've had a chance to come to your offices in South Los Angeles and you have a multi-racial coalition of staffers - black, white, Asian…

That's right.

turn 0 : to carry something out means to do something

turn 0 : "Putting your hat in someone's ring" is a figurative expression that means expressing interest in joining or supporting someone's cause or campaign. The literal meaning of putting a hat in a ring does not convey this sense.

turn 0 : The turns (2) and (4) are both expressions of laughter, which implies that the speaker is amused by the story being told, rather than the literal meaning of making a noise.

turn 0 : the literal meaning is that the other person laughs in response to something that was said.

turn 0 : The literal meaning suggests that Todd taught A not to scream and not to pay the employees. However, the actual meaning is that A learned from Todd's mistakes and did not engage in those behaviors.


That's right.

turn 0 : (1) has an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning. The literal meaning is that the speaker is asking if there is any sign of improvement in the situation being discussed, but the implied meaning is that the situation is bad and the speaker is hoping for some positive news or indication that things will get better.

turn 0 :  In turn (4), the speaker describes the birds "flying" in the wind tunnel with the wind blowing in their faces, which is not a literal description of flight but rather an approximation of the experience.

turn 0 : In turn (1), the speaker is asking for clarification on the meaning of the phrase "put your hat in someone's ring." The literal meaning of the turn is that the speaker is asking for a definition of the phrase. However, the implied meaning of the turn is that the speaker is curious about the context in which the phrase is used and wants to understand the implications and nuances of its usage. The turn implies that the speaker is interested in the social and political dynamics that underlie the phrase and wants to gain a deeper understanding of its meaning beyond a simple definition.

turn 0 : The turn whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning is turn (3).  In turn (3), the speaker says "food just doesn't seem to taste right on an airplane." The literal meaning of this statement is that the food does not taste good when eaten on an airplane.

turn 0 : In turn (3), the literal meaning of "young children don't do quite as well with lower oxygen levels as older" suggests that younger children may struggle with the lower oxygen levels on a plane more than older children. However, the actual meaning is that younger children may not tolerate lower oxygen levels as well as older children or adults, but millions of children do fly safely without problems.


That's right.

turn 1 : Not all parties weigh in on ballot design

turn 1 : The literal meaning of "putting out a sample ballot" is distributing a document that contains a list of candidates or initiatives. However, in this context, it means actively campaigning for specific candidates or positions by providing guidance on who to vote for.

turn 1 : Speaking, reading, and singing to young children is important for their growth and development

turn 1 : Children need attention, guidance, and someone to listen to them, despite their environment.

turn 1 : Moving your body more than usual can help buffer long-term damage caused by stress.