No, so Wim van Egmond is an artist, and he was trained as an artist. He was a painter at first, and he was really into painting from these scientific illustrations, biological illustrations from hundreds of years ago. And he said, well, you know, I could just do this myself. So he purchased his first microscope about 20 years ago and since then has been kind of perfecting the technique.

But when he started, you know, he was also working with film, like Roman Vishniac. And, you know, when he had to look up what he was looking at, these organisms, he was looking in reference books, things that are just unthinkable these days, of course you would just Google.

So he said that, you know, progress has gotten much faster because now you can just look and see your result immediately. You don't have to develop your film, and - you know, and so he's gotten - it sounds like he's gotten - he's sort of refined his techniques much more quickly in the days of the digital camera.

turn 3 : Now I know you like to limit the size of your video pick to like three or four minutes." Literal meaning: The speaker has learned that the person being addressed prefers videos that are three or four minutes long. Actual meaning: The speaker is likely to be suggesting that the person being addressed limit their video pick to a short length of time, possibly due to some constraint such as the attention span of the intended audience.

Which number turn refers to the PersonA's suggestion about the length of a video pick?

Answer: 3


The smart way for communities to deal with the issue like that is to hearken back to what we were talking about with Jennifer Hudson. Make sure your community is a community. Make sure you know your neighbors and what is going on. Make sure you are making a conscious effort to deal with the distance and the attenuation that we have in our communities based on our mobility and technology. So if you know who's there, whose children are where, what's going on and if you have that sense of community, that is the quickest and best way to make sure your community can stay safe.

Judge Toler, great to talk to you. Thank you.

Good to talk to you.

Judge Lynn Toler is the star of TV's "Divorce Court. "She is also the author of "My Mother's Rules: A Practical Guide To Becoming an Emotional Genius" and she joined us from the studios of KJZZ in Tempe, Arizona.

turn 0 : to hearken back means to think back, or to think about what happened previously

Answer: Think


When I listen to you talk, I feel like the worst possible - the most hurtful insult someone could ever fling at you is, you're not authentic.

And she falls to the ground, and she curls into a ball. And. . .

What is it about authenticity that if it were lacking, it's mortally wounding for you?

Yeah. I mean, if you're telling someone they're not authentic, then what are you saying?I guess you could say the opposite of authenticity is - I don't want to just say fake because there's another word.

turn 0 : Being called 'not authentic' is a severe insult

What is the insult that is considered severe for A?

Answer: Authenticity


Well, myelin is a very complex membrane made by a cell called an oligodendrocyte, and the oligodendrocyte puts out processes that wrap around nerve axons. And the real thing that myelin does is it facilitates the electrical conduction down those nerve axons. And being a complex membrane, there are multiple lipid and protein components within that membrane that end up being attacked by our immune system in this disease.

Mm-hmm. So what you have done, at least in these early tests of nine people, seeing that it doesn't really hurt the people, is that you trick the body in a way into saying all those antigens that we normally attack, those are part of us. Let's not attack them.

That's correct. Yeah. This study (unintelligible) many years of work at our laboratory trying to develop efficient ways to induce what immunologists call tolerance, which would be only inactivating the immune cells that are carrying out the autoimmune disease - in this case multiple sclerosis - without down-regulating responses to bacterial antigens, viral antigens, et cetera, that we really depend upon to keep us healthy.

Most of the current therapies that are used in multiple sclerosis are in one way or another collectively called immunosuppressive therapies that act in one way or another to try to suppress the immune response to dampen the autoimmune disease, but in the consequence of use over a long term make people more susceptible to everyday infections and to higher rates of cancer.

turn 1 : "Let's not attack them" isn't literal. It just means the body won't attack the antigens. The body doesn't literally say "let's not."

Which word in the dialogue explains what myelin facilitates?

Answer: Conducting


They open doors at about seven in the morning. The stores aren't open until 11 on Sundays. So there's just hours and hours of people just walking through the mall.

David Segal is a writer for the New York Times. His latest article is called "Our Love Affair with Malls Is on the Rocks. "David, thank you.

You're very welcome.

Stay with us. It's free, from Day to Day on NPR News.

turn 0 : The mall opens early and people walk around for hours before stores open.

Answer: Seven


You know, so there is going to be several things in which we can benefit as a society.

I have about a minute left, and I'll get an idea of that cost. Let's say you have a $100,000 home. What - how much would it cost you to sink into it to do those things structurally that you're asking to do?

I think I would put in there about $5,000, which would give you hurricane ties, more anchor bolts, larger washers and metal ties between the wall plates and the studs. I would use more nails, six-inch (unintelligible), six inches on spacings, ring shank nails, and I think you have a fighting chance after that. Then you look at putting in a storm shelter, and you protect life safety, as well.

It doesn't sound like a whole lot to do. Thank you, thank you, Dr.  Prevatt, very much for your time today.

I really appreciate it, and you have a great day.

turn 1 : "Sink into it" is figurative. It means spend money on stuff for the house.

Which phrase is used figuratively to refer to spending money on the house?

Answer: Sink-into-it


And Kellie, I hear a child behind you. May I ask, are you in a clinic?

Yeah. So I'm inside the health clinic at the refugee settlement.

OK. So you have a clinic set up to deal with Ebola cases. You also have, as you say, thousands of Congolese crossing the border every couple of weeks into the settlement where you are. What is the level of worry that you might get more cases?

People are very worried. I think until the outbreak stops in DRC, then the chances that new cases arrive in Uganda is very high.

turn 1 : The speaker is in the health clinic at the refugee settlement.

Answer: Clinic


Oh, absolutely, absolutely. And I think that before Manny was traded, you say that C. C. was the hands-on favorite, but man, I think the impact that Manny has made on what was a moribund Dodgers team is sensational. I think if the voting was held right now and was fair, I think Manny Ramirez would be the MVP of the National League. What he's done there is incredible.

But it's not going to happen, is it?

Well, if there's justice in the world, and as you and I know there is justice in the world, I think it could happen. I mean, look at what he's done. I mean, he's made - he's helped them make shambles out of that race just because of him. C. C. 's done an excellent job, but Milwaukee is fading. Los Angeles is just becoming strong, and then there's the whole irony of Manny hooking up with his former archrival Joe Torre. And just the idea of these two guys grinding an axe against their former teams, which used to be archrivals, I just think the drama is just too - it's just too delicious. That's why I really think it should be Manny.

All right, let's end this with this connection. Since you've talked about Manny, then you talked about Joe Torre, formerly of the New York Yankees, now let's talk about Yankees stadium, which closes it's doors, last game ever in Yankee Stadium this Sunday. I know that you live close to the ballpark. Are you sad, Mr.  New Yorker?

turn 2 : The speaker believes that Manny Ramirez deserves to be the MVP of the National League due to his impact on the Dodgers team and the irony of him working with Joe Torre. The speaker also believes that justice should prevail and Manny should win, despite the possibility of it not happening. The speaker is enthusiastic about the drama and excitement of the situation.

Which team is fading according to PersonA's opinion?

Answer: Milwaukee


Well, first of all, you know, with the nurses, every hour, every day are stories about the suffering of patients. And every social problem presents in the hospital. And even with the new mandate of the ACA, which has some positives, obviously, what we're finding is that the quality is decreasing. The premiums are increasing. Patients are cutting their pills in half. The out-of-pocket costs are enormous.

I mean, our health shouldn't be a commodity. And that's what's happened. And so fighting for a single-payer system has become a bedrock issue in this campaign. It's always been a bedrock issue for the nurses nationally. And when we joined with the campaign, Bernie Sanders amplified all of the issues of the nurses.

Hillary Clinton, who served the Obama administration and quotes the president a lot on the stump, says that it's just not practical to expect - in the political landscape today to expect the U. S.  Congress to approve a single-payer health care system. And she wants to expand the Affordable Care Act. That's. . .

Hillary Clinton. . .

turn 3 : The implied meaning of (4) is that Hillary Clinton does not support a single-payer health care system.

What is Hillary Clinton's stance on a single-payer health care system?

Answer: Not


What were some of the challenging parts of school?What did you find the hardest?

Reading, studying my lessons. You know, because I had to read more, you know, and because, you know, as you get older, your short-term memory sort of fails you once in a while. So to make sure that you got the material where you could reproduce it, you had to study a little harder and do a little more research.

So tell me what graduation day was like?

Oh, the best day of my life, I guess. Life doesn't get any better. Life doesn't get any better. With my family there, all my friends cheering me on, I felt like I was 16 years old. What a day. What a day. I was happy. Everybody was pleased. They gave me a good ovation. I really enjoyed it. I really did. I cannot explain to you in words my feelings.

turn 0 : None of the turns in this conversation have implied meanings different from their literal meanings.

What was challenging for PersonA during school?

Answer: Reading


Absolutely. And I think, honestly, it would drive more people away from some of these systems except that, in a couple of these cities, a lot of the folks who ride the subway - that really is the only option. If you're in New York or even in parts of downtown Boston or parts of downtown Chicago, switching over to driving is extremely expensive.

And it also gets in the way of what's an important but also largely overlooked role of public transit in the United States, which is that it's an important social service. Particularly once you get outside of the New York cities and Bostons of the world, transit riders are disproportionately low-income. And this is a way that we move around people who can't afford the typical way of moving around for an American, which is owning a private automobile.

Yeah. Any one or two things you'd like to recommend, professor?

If we look to some other countries, you know - and London is a good example. London has been - has really been dramatically working to upgrade its own system, which is as old - actually, older than New York's. One thing London did that I think, ultimately, a lot of American cities are going to have to at least wrestle with is that they started charging drivers for the congestion they cause.

turn 0 : They  are implying cities need better public transit

Which role of public transit in the United States is largely overlooked?

Answer: service


Yes. In Los Angeles, we made a commitment a number of years ago to only purchase any new buses into our fleet that would operate on alternative fuels. And what we have today is the largest compressed natural gas bus fleet in the country. And that's doing a lot to help improve our air quality here.

What's the difference between compressed natural gas and regular gasoline in terms of, you know, how it affects the environment?

Well compressed natural gas is a much cleaner fuel.

You know, let's just take a look at Los Angeles' demographics. You have people from incredibly wealthy to incredibly poor. You have immigrants, native-born people who've come here from other parts of the U. S. , people, of course, who were born here. How do you think L. A. 's demographics affect the need for public transportation?

turn 1 : Compressed natural gas is a cleaner fuel option compared to regular gasoline.

What type of fuel is cleaner than regular gasoline?

Answer: compressed


Unfortunately, under the rule, no.

Robert Strassburger, vice president for vehicle safety at the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers.

The sound to be emitted really has to be instantly recognizable as a motor vehicle in operation.

Mr.  Strassburger worked with the National Federation of the Blind to develop the rules. At first, he says, he told them, but we've worked for 30 years to make cars quiet.

turn 0 : A's response implies that the rule does not allow for the requested action.

Answer: No


As a parent, or as a wife, or both?

Well, I mean, how can I answer that?I spend a lot of time at home, especially now that I have kids, so, I'm mostly confronting these situations that involve white people making assumptions about me and my children. But, you know, when we go into Boston, both with my kids and with my husband when he was, you know, my boyfriend, or my fiance, or whatever, and we were living in the city, yes, I think, you know, we certainly got our fair share of double takes and then some. And not very subtle, either, by blacks which I also find just as disconcerting, if not more so.

You mention towards the end of your article that you are hopeful, but not necessarily convinced, that everything is moving in the right direction racially. Why do you think that?

Well, I really just don't know. You know, I am very hopeful because I think that, you know, my biggest fear as a parent is that my kids will somehow feel squeezed between these two identities, and feel forced to choose one. And there are many stories of, you know, friends and acquaintances of mine who are biracial who go through these stages of, you know, rejecting their black parent or feeling embarrassed by their black parent. And then reading "Malcolm X" freshman year in college and then rejecting their white parent. I mean, it's a very common thing, or it's not uncommon, at least.

turn 3 : The speaker is concerned about their biracial children feeling pressure to choose between their racial identities.

Which identity is the speaker concerned about their biracial children feeling pressure to choose between?

Answer: Identities


Who works her curves fabulously.

She does.

Who actually has designed a big girl bra for Ashley Stewart, she got divorced from Lyzel who, of the song "Lyzel in E Flat", which is one of my favorites. But she's announced she's getting hitched again. Who's the lucky man?

A drummer in her band, like called Little John, but is not Little John. That Little John is. . .

turn 1 : The person being referred to has accomplished many things and is currently engaged.

Which achievement of the person being referred to is mentioned in the dialogue?

Answer: Designing


Sometimes economics are turned on their head. Now, for years, Britain has had controversial austerity measures in place. Olivier Blanchard, the International Monetary Fund's chief economist, likened them to playing with fire. This past week, the IMF published its World Economic Forecast and concluded the fastest-growing economy of any rich country in the world is Britain's. Britain's Chancellor of the Exchequer, George Osborne, led the U. K. 's austerity measures.

He didn't tell the IMF meeting in Washington, D. C.  this week, I told you so, but he did say that the government's plan succeeded despite warnings from some. We're joined by Simon Johnson. He's a former IMF chief economist. Thanks so much for being with us.

My pleasure.

Did the IMF get it wrong?What do you make of these figures?

turn 0 : turned on their head implies that something unexpected happened

How did Britain's economy perform according to the IMF's World Economic Forecast?

Answer: Fastest-growing


My pleasure.

So take us back to 2001 when the Enron scandal broke. What had the company hidden, and how did it come to light?

The company has hidden the fact that it was making up most of its earnings, and rather than having solid profits as it reported, it was actually losing money. And the way this came to light was that some people with the Wall Street Journal had trouble understanding what the company was doing - started raising questions about it. And then the Securities and Exchange Commission, which I suspect reads the Wall Street Journal very closely, began looking into it, and then the whole thing just sort of blew off and exploded.

There are a few names that we remember from this case. Give me an example of a couple of the folks who - a lot of folks said that the hubris was amazing, not, you know, when people were finally identified. So who were some of the key players in this?

turn 1 : He is asking for a historical recap, not literal time travel

Which year was mentioned in the dialogue as the time when the Enron scandal broke?

Answer: 2001


That's a great question. Things are definitely improving in the eurozone. It is unfortunately too early to say that they're out of the woods or even completely out of their recession.

I gather that most of the growth appears to be centered in Germany and to a lesser degree France. And is this then just a case of work with the best economies to begin with getting a little bit better?

Well, Germany has been the better of the European economies, since they're getting a little bit better. France has struggled. Portugal had some good numbers last quarter. That's encouraging. But you're right, we are still deeply worried about other places, such as Italy, Spain and, of course, Greece.

Well, that brings up the question because unemployment still continues to be perniciously high in Spain and Greece. Does this improvement somehow filter through to them?

Well, it certainly will - should if it continues, but you need faster growth rates than this. The hope is that this is the beginning of a faster recovery. But the way the European economy is, roughly speaking, you need more than 1 percent per year annualized growth rate in order to reduce unemployment. Unemployment's very high. We want to be seeing on an annualized basis 2 percent, perhaps even 3 percent in this recovery phase in order to feel that they've really turned the corner.

You need greater growth to be able to spur greater hiring and to lower the unemployment.

turn 1 : The situation in the eurozone is improving, but it is still not out of the woods yet.

What is the current state of the eurozone?

Answer: Improving


We did. We - what we did with the mice was we gave them antibiotics to deplete their sinus microbiome, and then we had them sniff, basically, the corynebacterium species. And, in that context, we saw all the hallmarks of sinus infection, lots of mucin hypersecretion from the host.

And when we did the same and added the lactobacillus species, we didn't see any hallmarks of pathogenesis or infection. And, in fact, when we did another group of mice where we took out their native microbiome, we instilled the protective species along with this pathogen that we've identified. Again, we saw no signs of infections suggesting that the lactobacillus species protected the surface of the sinus and evaded infection by the corynebacterium species.

Now, you know what all these public radio listeners are going to want to know, now. Right?

We'll have to ask it. Where do you get the stuff to snort up your own lactobacillus sake, you know?I want some of that stuff with my health food store.

turn 0 : The mice were intentionally infected to study the effect of bacteria, rather than catching an actual sinus infection.

How were the mice treated before they were exposed to corynebacterium species?

Answer: antibiotics


We're hoping that this research kind of paves the way to looking at novel high-speed adhesives. So how do you grab things - difficult things - very, very quickly?And so, like, if you were to grab something that's dusty, like a brick, or furry, duct tape's not going to be able to stick to either of those things. You know, you're going to have to use something like claws or grabbing mechanisms. But we think that with this new type of thick, viscous fluid coating a very soft substrate, that it will be able to grab oddly textured things very quickly. So in my mind, I'm dreaming of a - like, a frog tongue attached to a drone, and the drone can fly around and pick up packages really quickly and fly away.

Do you mind me asking - after a day in the lab - I'm just guessing- do you just want to go home and fast?I mean, it must be difficult to eat anything.

(Laughter) There are times that - especially in the beginning - where I had the smell of frog in my nose for at least an hour, and I couldn't eat anything. But by the end of the study, I'd been - you know, I was eating frog legs every week - part of the study.

Oh, no. Seriously?

turn 3 : (4) implies disbelief or shock at A's response in the previous turn.

What was PersonB's reaction to PersonA's response in turn 2?

Answer: Disbelief


That is correct. I was a young editor. And Fleming was a charming man. I liked him enormously. I liked him better than I liked his books actually. He had my first novel and was very, very kind to me about that. Ayn Rand was another case all together. She and I really didn't get along. But she was a tough cookie.

Among the many question this novel keeps raising is it invites the reader to try to figure out what are we really?And it's asking what's the position of the novel, the story, not even just the novel as a forum, but the story.

What I've learned doing this kind of work is that fiction is the most conservative of the arts. If you think historically what has happened in music or among the poets - Whitman in the 19th century just destroying romantic poetry and building a whole kind of new thing. The ideas carried along by the artists who keep changing, keep looking for more, or for something truer, something greater. But generally speaking, the insistence on storytelling of a realistic nature has predominated and continued in the old ways. So, what I'm guided by - perhaps it's futile - is Ezra Pound's injunction. When he was talking to the poets, he said make it new, make it new. And that's what must have been provoking me when this book came along.

Well, E. L.  Doctorow. His new novel, "Andrew's Brain. "Thanks so much for being with us.

turn 2 : , the phrase "make it new" is not suggesting that the reader should literally create something new, but rather that they should explore new ideas and concepts.

Which phrase from Ezra Pound is discussed in turn 2?

Answer: Make-it-new


Something happened that I am deeply superstitious about, which is that I was editing the sort of final, final draft of the novel to send out before publishers, and it was night time. And suddenly my vision went white, and I had this incredible pain in my face. And it turned out what had happened was that lightning had hit the barn we were staying in, and it had gone through all of the electrical boxes. And it went up through my computer and through my headphones that were plugged in, into the side of my face. And that was not great, but it did save the document 'cause I think I grounded the electricity. Anyway. . .

(Laughter).

Well, all of this to say that I'm very, very superstitious about this, and I believe that the lightning gave me good luck with the book.

Yeah (laughter).

turn 1 : The turns (2) and (4) are both expressions of laughter, which implies that the speaker is amused by the story being told, rather than the literal meaning of making a noise.

Answer: Amused


Joined by David Albright, he's president of the Institute for Science and International Security, speaking with us from Germany. Mr.  Albright, thanks so much for being with us.

Glad to be here.

We're a weekly show, so let let's go back a few days. Before North Korea said it would fire test missiles near Guam, before President Trump said the U. S.  is locked and loaded or vowed fire and fury, there was the news that North Korean had figured out how to put a nuclear bomb on a missile. Now, that's despite talks under the Bush administration or the 1994 deal with the Clinton administration. What's to be done?

Well, I think one is that I think there's time. I mean, the goal, I think, of everybody is to get negotiations going that can lead to denuclearization. People don't want North Korea to have nuclear weapons. It's just too dangerous, and it could cause further proliferation in the region and just constantly create instability that could lead to the use of nuclear weapons. So I think the goal is clear. How to get there is very difficult. And the Washington Post story kind of created a shock that somehow we don't have the time, that we're already in the bull's-eye of North Korea's nuclear weapons. As we sit in Seattle or. . .

turn 2 : Before North Korea said it would fire test missiles near Guam, before President Trump said the U.S. is locked and loaded or vowed fire and fury, there was the news that North Korean had figured out how to put a nuclear bomb on a missile."  In this turn, the literal meaning is that North Korea made an announcement about firing test missiles near Guam and President Trump made statements about being prepared for conflict. However, the implicated meaning is that there were significant events and developments regarding North Korea's nuclear capabilities that preceded these recent announcements.

How did North Korea's nuclear capabilities develop before the recent announcements?

Answer: Developed


You know, you've been criticized on both sides of the aisle, as they say now. I think some scientists are saying: Why did you publish - why didn't you publish it in legitimate, peer-reviewed journals first?

Oh, we're following the - I mean, we're following the tradition of science, which is that you distribute this widely to your peers before you publish it. Jim Hansen does the same thing. He puts his papers online. This is a tradition in the field.

Peer review means you present results in a public forum, you distribute pre-prints. Most of my important papers were widely distributed to other scientists far before they appeared. It's the best kind of peer review.

And you challenge anyone to come up with a better explanation.

turn 2 : "It's the best kind of peer review." - The actual meaning is that the speaker believes that distributing pre-prints and receiving feedback from other scientists is a valuable form of peer review, even though it is not the traditional peer review process of submitting a paper to a peer-reviewed journal.

How does the speaker feel about distributing pre-prints as a form of peer review?

Answer: Valuable


They have to do this because if they don't do this, they end up rolling back into the dung pad. And there's a lot of beetles there, all competing for this very valuable resource, and it's very likely that they get their dung ball stolen after quite a fight often. So they must get away from the dung pad in a straight line. That's the quickest and the most efficient way of leaving the dung pad, and so it's critically important for them that they do this. And so the stripe of light in the sky helps them to do this. They can actually orient with respect to it and orient in straight line away.

So what happens when it's a cloudy night and they can't see the sky?They just don't go out that night?

No, they do but they roll in circles. So it's actually a very dangerous night indeed for dung beetles.

But thankfully, in South Africa where we were working, cloudy nights are not all that common.

turn 1 : He is implying that the beetles will be blind at night.

What happens to the beetles on cloudy nights?

Answer: Roll


He had a very utopian view of how computers would change work, but he had also a kind of warning. He had a very utopian view of how computers would change work, but he had also a kind of warning.

That's computer scientist Eugene Fiume of Simon Fraser University. That's computer scientist Eugene Fiume of Simon Fraser University. Fiume says that despite his concern about the need for rapid re-education, Asimov was an optimist in his predictions. Fiume says that despite his concern about the need for rapid re-education, Asimov was an optimist in his predictions.

What he predicted was that computers themselves would allow people to become researchers and scientists and artists - this idea of replacing that low-level intellectual work and allowing people to improve themselves by looking at higher level intellectual work. What he predicted was that computers themselves would allow people to become researchers and scientists and artists - this idea of replacing that low-level intellectual work and allowing people to improve themselves by looking at higher level intellectual work.

It's hard to say how many laid-off factory workers have moved on to pick up paintbrushes, but Fiume says that Asimov's 1983 essay envisions how, left to their own devices. . . It's hard to say how many laid-off factory workers have moved on to pick up paintbrushes, but Fiume says that Asimov's 1983 essay envisions how, left to their own devices. . .

turn 2 : Computers can replace low-level intellectual work and allow for self-improvement.

How can computers facilitate self-improvement?

Answer: Replace


Right. We're all talking about the wrong thing anyway. Most gun deaths are caused by the guns that people aren't trying to ban right now. You know, we're focused again on assault rifles. They don't kill that many people. In the spectacular shootings, we see the use of so-called assault rifles. But it's - handguns are responsible for most of the gun-related suicides. And that's half the - half the gun deaths in this country. And in the low-level street violence that you see in many cities, it's mainly a handgun issue. So we're not even talking about the things that are causing most of the deaths. But in the media climate in which we exist, these spectacular events get all of the attention. And the shootings on the streets of Chicago - one dead, two dead at a time - they don't get any attention. But that's the - that's the - that's the real center of the gun problem in this country.

Do you think the shootings we saw in San Bernardino do represent something different in - forgive me - the mass-shooting scenario. . .

Right.

Something different than what we've seen, and for that matter - obviously it's speculated at this point - but people who might not have been directed by any kind of authority overseas but inspired by something like that?

turn 1 : Turn (2) implies a question, implying that the speaker is asking if the shootings in San Bernardino represent something different than what we've seen in other mass shootings, and if they could be potentially inspired by something like a foreign authority-directed attack.

How does turn (2) relate to the discussion on the causes of most gun deaths in the country?

Answer: Handguns


Peter Beinart has written an article for The Atlantic in which he says that the hard attitudes of secular people might be harsher than those of religious groups. He joined us from New York City yesterday afternoon. Mr.  Beinart, thanks so much for being with us. Thank you. We often tie secularism to young people and to tolerance. Is that misguided?

It can be misguided. To be clear, I'm not talking about secularism per se in the sense that a lot of people I'm talking about do believe in God. But there's that percentage who regularly attend church or another religious institution has declined a lot. And what you see is that conservatives who don't regularly attend church may be more supportive of gay marriage and drug legalization than those who do regularly attend church.

But there's some evidence that they're actually more anti-immigrant and perhaps more racially resentful. And we know that it's - Donald Trump did best among conservatives who don't regularly attend church. In fact, I think that shift is part of the reason that he won the Republican nomination.

Well, there are people both liberals and conservatives who for years have resisted being put - well, here I just called them liberals or conservatives - resisted pigeonholes, saying, look, you know, just because I believe in abortion rights doesn't mean I believe something about an economic issue or vice versa.

turn 3 :  The implied meaning of this question is that people often associate certain ideologies with specific beliefs. However, this turn suggests that people should not be pigeonholed into a certain belief system based on one issue.

Which ideologies do people often associate with specific beliefs?

Answer: Liberal,Conservative


This seems to be something that President Trump does a lot. He doubles down on controversial comments.

And digs in. When someone tells him he's wrong, he especially digs in.

Yeah. Let's turn to trade now. There are reports that this administration is close to a new round of tariffs on Chinese goods, while they are still opening a new round of talks with Beijing. So what is going on?How should we read this?

Well, there might be something of a disconnect between the president and others in his administration. Others in his administration want to resolve what has been an escalating and ongoing trade dispute with China. What's being discussed here are $200 billion in tariffs on Chinese products. It isn't official yet, but according to many reports, it is coming. The question is whether these tariffs are a means to an end, the idea that you would be tightening the screws on China to get them to change their behavior and that then these tariffs would be dropped, or whether it's an end in itself.

turn 1 : "Digs in" is not literal. It is a metaphor implying that he, like soldiers in a trench, will not back easily away from his position.

How does the metaphor in turn 1 describe President Trump's behavior?

Answer: Damage


So we have detected neutrinos, and we have modeled them in such a way to convince us that they are not the dark matter. However, there are lab experiments going on looking for possible dark matter annihilation products. Now what does that mean?That means that - remember, we're in the dark about dark matter. We don't know what the real theory behind it is.

One possibility of the many, many possibilities that are - literally there is, you know, dozens of papers published on this every month about what could dark matter be. One of the possibilities is that dark matter decays somehow to some kind of regular, standard-model particle, and if it does do that, then we may be able to catch those decay products.

So for example, one possibility is we could detect neutrinos that were leftover after dark matter annihilated or decayed. And the way we would know those neutrinos are from dark matter and not from the sun is that they would be coming up from the center of the Earth. So they'd be coming from the wrong direction. And so there's experiments right now underway to try to catch these putative products of dark matter decay in the lab, and thus far, they have not really been successful.

So it's easier to look out into the galaxies and do it - experiment that way.

turn 0 : This phrase does not mean that the speaker is physically in a dark place or lacks light. It figuratively means that there is a lack of understanding or knowledge about dark matter.

How does the speaker describe the understanding of dark matter?

Answer: lack


That's correct. Yes, well, the last thing we've heard it was just outside of Port Fourchon, which is at the lower end of LaFourche Parish. So the winds have been picking up a bit and that's what we're getting ready for here. So far, however, we are putting stuff up on the web and we haven't stopped all night.

I hear people on the radio behind you, you must be at a sort of emergency control headquarters or something?

No, no, not us; we're just communicating with our reporters. We have reporters out in different parts of the parish, and we're trying to keep in touch with them as we can, and get what information they're getting as travel with the authorities.

What are you going to do when your internet connection goes down?

turn 1 : The speaker assumes that the background noise suggests an emergency control headquarters

Which assumption is made by the speaker regarding the background noise?

Answer: Assumption


Well, what happened on Tuesday was very interesting. During the day on Tuesday, there was a very small protest. They were in the middle of central Baghdad in Tahrir Square. They were very quickly dispersed by the Iraqi security forces, but then a call went out on social media from people's individual accounts to say, let's go back to the square at 3 o'clock. And the numbers surprised everybody. There were thousands of people in the square who reacted to that, and they all had one real message to the government. That was to end corruption and provide jobs and opportunity.

The government were completely surprised by this, and they sent in the Iraqi army and the police with very heavy-handed tactics. They used live fire. They used tear gas. They used rubber-coated steel bullets. Now, there were a number of deaths that day, and then the protests spread to other parts of the country.

So whatever had happened, it struck a chord with very young people. Now, the median age of the protesters, as far as I can work out, is about 20 years old. These are people who don't remember Saddam Hussein, who, you know, barely remember the U. S. -led occupation of Iraq. What they do remember is the last 10 years and the opportunities that have not been given to them.

And as you have been moving around the streets, reporting, trying to talk to them, what specifically do they tell you that they want?

turn 2 : It affected the young people's emotions when they saw what happened.

Which emotions were affected by what happened according to the statement?

Answer: Young


Well, this obviously has been a really long time in coming for the victims of the crimes in Guatemala, and for their country, as well. I think the victims who had an opportunity to testify in the trial proceedings would say that justice ultimately was not denied, as a result of this really historic outcome, that I don't think anybody expected to happen.

Why?

Well, there has been a really remarkable wave of prosecutions for former political leaders who, in days of yore, would have enjoyed a comfortable retirement and not faced any threat of prosecution. And against that history, in Latin America in particular, many former leaders and other senior officials have faced trial in the last 20 years or so. And it's been a notable phenomenon, and has provided inspiration for countries in other regions of the world, as well.

But Guatemala was the really striking holdout from this pattern. And so while one after another country was able to confront its past, not only through historical confrontations, through truth commissions and other means, but also in court. While that was happening in the region broadly, Guatemala was really almost a poster case for enduring impunity. And there were numerous efforts made over many, many years, led by Guatemalans themselves, but with a lot of support from the international community in many different ways. And despite all these efforts, Guatemala was unable, until recently, to bring past leaders to justice.

turn 0 : Justice has been delayed for the victims of crimes in Guatemala.

How was justice ultimately served for the victims of crimes in Guatemala?

Answer: Not


Yeah, indeed. Tell us about the damage from the storm. And were people prepared?

You know, people had evacuated low-lying coastal areas that are prone to flooding and that were in danger of a storm surge that would come from a hurricane like this. So people were prepared. But it looks like the main issue is going to be flooding. Here in downtown Mobile, some streets are underwater. South of here in some neighborhoods, there were some high-water rescues overnight - people who lived along waterways stranded in their homes where there are floodwaters.

And as you mentioned earlier, like, something - like, more, than 100,000 people out of power. And this is over a wide area - Mississippi, Alabama and then the Florida Panhandle, as well. So now it's time to sort of see what the damage is and what's next. And this storm is still moving. So there are going to be impacts felt for the rest of the day.

Just briefly - we have about 30 seconds left - are there enough resources to cope with all these disasters?It's been such an intense hurricane season.

turn 1 : People were evacuated to avoid the storm surge

Which areas were evacuated during the storm?

Answer: Coastal


High bar, yeah. So the federal indictment is supposed to be unsealed today. What are you going to be looking for as someone who's been following this case against R.  Kelly for a long time?

Well, I'll be looking for a couple of things - one, looking to see if there are new alleged victims in here. You know, the case that's in state court, there are four alleged victims in there. Many of them were already known. They had either already come forward or - yeah, have already come forward and told their stories of alleged abuse at the hands of R.  Kelly.

I'll also be looking to see when the alleged crimes happened. You know, all of the alleged crimes in state court happened 10 years ago or more. Those kinds of cases are really hard to prove, you know, when they're that old. I'll be interested to see if any of these happened more recently, if there are any allegations that he's done anything in the last decade.

WBEZ reporter Patrick Smith in Chicago for us this morning. Thank you.

turn 1 : There might be more alleged victims in the federal indictment

Which aspect of the federal indictment is PersonA interested in discovering?

Answer: alleged


And then we figured out how to pull aluminum out of its oxides, and now we use it everywhere. And platinum group metals are no different. They're very useful in electronics, microprocessors, medical devices, you name it, catalytic converters, renewable energy. And I would love to see a day - whenever that may be - when the platinum group metals are 100 times cheaper than they are now.

I'm reminded of a "Twilight Zone" adventure where they learned how to make gold and it was worthless. That's another story, but take us through the steps for your plan stage. Where do we go from here, and what are the steps?

Well, it's a three-phase plan. First of all, we have a technology road map that we've developed that lists every bit and every piece of technology that we need in order to go and extract resources from asteroids. We have some of that technology today and others we need to develop. And so we're slowly but surely piecing together, pulling together all the different pieces of technology that we need to have. Number two, we're going to do asteroid prospecting. And so this means that, first, we're going to develop a series of Arkyd 100 spacecraft to go into low Earth orbit and study the nearest asteroids and make sure that we've found, you know, lots of the other interesting ones that are not yet found and look closer at the ones that we do know of.

And number three?

turn 1 : In (2), the speaker mentions a "Twilight Zone" adventure where they learned how to make gold and it was worthless. The literal meaning is that they learned how to make gold, but the implied meaning is that sometimes things that we think are valuable may not be worth much in reality. This is different from the literal meaning of the words spoken.

How does the speaker in (0) feel about the cost of platinum group metals?

Answer: Cheaper


Hi, Alex.

So, Barack Obama doesn't actually take office for about two more months. So is it fair to call Mumbai a test for him?

Well, obviously the tremendous economic crisis the country's going through is something that threatens to derail Obama's train before it leaves the station in terms of his inauguration on January 20th. But Alex, when you think about the terrorist attack in Mumbai, what you have is a situation where this has been identified by the American public as a potential point of weakness. The Bush administration has also said that when it comes to vulnerability, there's a pattern with terrorists identifying moments of political transition as prime for attacks. So in so many ways, this is a test for the president-elect, and what we've seen so far is the president-elect being quite aware of it. He had a briefing from Secretary of State Rice on Thanksgiving Day over the phone on the situation. They have established a team of people from the Obama transition team to interact with the State Department operation center. So right now, Barack Obama, I think, is finding himself having to be a quick study, but a quick study with so much on the line - literally the safety of the world.

And Juan, what is the protocol here for how a president-elect handles a situation like this while there is still a current president in office?

turn 1 : Obama is being tested to see if he is capable of successfully managing a crisis.

Answer: Awareness


Thank you.

In general, these hearings, the questioning has been chopped up into five-minute increments back and forth between Democrats and Republicans. Do you think this works, especially for something where we know that there are two very distinct narratives and a great deal of polarization?

I think it can be very productive given the fact that they are planning for it. They are rehearsing. They're having mock sessions - at least the Democrats are, Republicans may be doing something similar - because the five-minute increments are highly disruptive. A trend of questioning tends to peter out at - given five-minute switch from the Republicans to the Democrats and vice versa. So I'm looking for a rather smooth hearing on this one.

Do you think by rehearsing what the Democrats are trying to do is sort of develop a line of questioning and try and get a coherent narrative in place?

Well, the first part of this hearing, I actually testified back in June, and I know that the Democrats at least are preparing for these sort of things in a very conscientious way. And I learned it because they said, listen; when you're out there, we are going to ask you questions about A, B, C, D and E.  And they said they would have graphics for that. I didn't watch the hearings after I testified, but I did see the graphics when they were asking me about them. And that's really a process of building a record as well of what is very important to understand in this event.

turn 1 : It is not chopped but divided bluntly into increments.

Answer: Five-minute


So when we think of plays like "Romeo And Juliet," quite often they mention - well, in particular "Romeo And Juliet" - it mentions nightingales and particularly larks. And indeed would make the sound of a lark. So found - in any other context you could just say, oh, it's a (unintelligible). But found in this context, there's a possibility that it was used, as you say, as a special effect during performance.

Oh, my word. What else have you found that'd we'd enjoy hearing about?

We're just starting to find things that may have been used by actors or the audience - things like clay pipes or hair combs and the old coin.

What will become of the Curtain when you're done?

turn 0 : "And indeed would make the sound of a lark" - Here, the phrase "make the sound of a lark" is not meant to be taken literally, but rather as a metaphor for the sound that the actor would produce, perhaps through singing or whistling, to create the impression of a lark.

What bird's sound was potentially used as a special effect during the performance?

Answer: Lark


Well, this technology is fantastic. Basically, if you're about to rear-end someone, this technology will first warn you. And if you don't act, it will hit the brakes for you. And the data show that it could reduce rear-end crashes by 40 percent or more.

Now, I said it will be standard by 2022, but if I buy a new car today, am I likely to have this feature?

Honestly, it's 50-50. If we look at 2019 model year data, about half of the automakers sell vehicles where the technology comes standard. Toyota, for example, and Honda have been making a lot of this technology standard on their vehicles. With the others, you may have to pay thousands of dollars to get that technology.

Is there something troubling about offering a safety feature that can save lives that costs thousands of dollars extra?

turn 0 : "hit the brakes for you" - This phrase does not imply that the technology physically hits the brakes for the driver, but rather automatically applies the brakes to prevent a collision.

What does the phrase "hit the brakes for you" actually mean?

Answer: Automatically


He is. But he also made a point when he put out a statement saying they would look at this is that he's still a very strong supporter of the Second Amendment, so I wouldn't expect a big fundamental change here. I think what he's saying is if they can present - and he's directed Republican chairmen to work with Democrats - if they can come up with something that can pass with overwhelming support in the Senate, he would be willing to bring it to the floor. But, again, he's not promising an outcome. He's just promising a debate.

So that's the Republicans. But briefly, Sue, the Democrats are really talking about this, not just as a gun debate but also as a hate crime, right?

Right. It wasn't just about guns. It was about race, and they have noted that there's things that they could look for this fall in spending bills to beef up how the government spends its resources to combat white supremacy. And that might be a different kind of debate we hear this fall.

All right. That's NPR's congressional correspondent Sue Davis. Thank you so much.

turn 1 : Democrate are really taking about race and resources to combat white supremacy.

Which specific topic are the Democrats discussing in addition to gun control?

Answer: White


If I had any confidence that another state would follow suit, I would agree with you. But we have watched as, really, only two states in the nation have done truly independent congressional redistricting. Neither of them are what I would call red states. And one of them is California, the state with the largest number of congressional seats in the country. And even though California moved forward with their independent redistricting, not one Republican state followed suit. So if what we're trying to do is have more Republicans in Congress, then I would say, yes, we back Governor Hogan's plan and just change it in Maryland.

But this sounds a little bit like a playground argument. Well, if they're not going to do it, I'm not going to do it, either, regardless of what may be right.

Well, that's what my bill solves. It allows for two states to do it simultaneously. And hopefully, that then moves a process forward that other states can then join.

Is there buy-in from Virginia?

turn 2 : The speaker's bill allows for more states to follow suit in independent congressional redistricting.

How does the PersonA's bill aim to encourage more states to adopt independent congressional redistricting?

Answer: Join


The White House appears to have been caught off guard by the book. There seemed to have been no unified strategy in some ways. I mean, they sort of just let the president take the ball and run with it.

Yeah. Well, look. This book - this is a question that I have - and I've been unable to get an answer from the White House since Wednesday - which is, how many people in the White House cooperated with this book?How many comms staff were in interviews - these interviews that Mike Wolff supposedly had - walking into the White House, roaming around, in his words?

They say he never met with the president in the Oval Office. Michael Wolff says he does. There's a lot of confusion about how much access and how much participation the White House had with this book. So they shouldn't be caught off guard, I think, based on the level of access that Wolff appears to have. And they haven't been quite forthright about what level that is.

I talked to somebody who was interviewed who said there was a comms person, somebody in the West Wing in the White House - there was a comms person in that interview with him. How many other interviews were like that?And I think that that - we should keep that in mind when we hear sort of these calls that this is this is tabloid trash, that nobody in the White House knew what was happening or that this was all Steve Bannon.

turn 0 : The White House had no clear plan for the book and let the president handle it alone.

Which department at the White House appeared to have contributed to the interviews in Michael Wolff's book?

Answer: Comms


Yeah. Marianne really is a kind of civilian commander, (laughter) in all ways, of this group, isn't she?

Yeah. In the preface of the book, we see the resisters originally coming together and starting to think of conspiring. And in the context of that, Marianne offers to be the commander of widows and orphans, should it come to that. And it's sort of an offer she makes somewhat in jest. It doesn't feel real at that time - that it could get to that level. But then in the end, her own words come back to haunt her. And that's what inspires her to bring the other two together and to keep searching for others, as well.

I want to be careful with historical analogies because Nazi Germany is the precedent that people - it seems of all political stripes - cite as the nightmare we want to avoid. But what about readers who see parallels between the 1930s Germany in your book and in history and anything we're living through today.

I think, for me, what I felt was really relevant when I was writing this book was the question of - what did ordinary Germans, the people whose lives sort of touched very peripherally on the darkness experienced during that time - and how did they let this happen?How did they either not see it or blind themselves to it?

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of a certain word or phrase may have a hidden connotation or subtext that is meant to convey a particular idea or message, such as irony or euphemism.

What is the subtext of the word or phrase used by the speaker in turn 3?

Answer: Irony


And so it seemed to be really impervious to this kind of judicial reckoning. And the fact that it's happened is, of course, all the more remarkable, because of the obstacles that had to be overcome to reach this day.

It's interesting: The current president of Guatemala served under General Rios Montt all those years ago, and he says he accepts this verdict, and will carry out the measures ordered by the tribunal in terms of apologies, but he also said there was no genocide.

Well, he was a general during the period of Rios Montt's rule, and given his own background, it was expected that he would put up more resistance than he has to this trial. And as you said, he has said he respects the ruling of the court, but he has said it's not a genocide. It is a very powerful verdict. It's - genocide has been described repeatedly as the crime of crimes, and it's very difficult to prove in a court of law. And that's one of the other reasons why this verdict was widely seen as a landmark.

So, you know, his reticence is notable. I hope that he continues to maintain the position that he will respect the rule of law in this case, as the proceedings go forward.

turn 1 : The current president of Guatemala acknowledges the verdict but denies genocide

Which crime has been repeatedly described as the crime of crimes?

Answer: Genocide


But Joan Warren, another reader, saw it this way. She wrote: I think it's incumbent upon voters to rise above this kind of distraction. The responses from both campaigns, reaction from our readers, and the photo from his trip to Africa that we're talking about is on the front page of our blog right now. So people can go and check it out.

So we also covered the president's trip to the continent of Africa. What's been the response on the blog?

Well, you know, all sorts of video and photos of President Bush dancing and making nice with the locals in Africa are all over the Web. On our blog we talk specifically about what his Africa legacy would be. The blogger D. J. Black Adam wrote on our site: Dare I say his record will be better than that of our first so-called black president, Bill Clinton?However, his administration has done nothing regarding Darfur. Overall grade: F+ in contrast to Bill Clinton's F.  So some tough words there.

What else is getting traffic on the blog?

turn 0 : Joan Warren believes voters should not be distracted by the controversy surrounding the photo from Bush's trip to Africa.

How did Joan Warren feel about the controversy surrounding the photo from Bush's trip to Africa?

Answer: Damage


Yeah. So yesterday afternoon about 2 p. m. , I had actually one of our local news reporters at our paper come into my office. And he said, Anne, you have to Google Michigan chalking tires and tell me what you think. So it was a quick conversation and a phone call to our police chief to say, how do we make sure that we're compliant with it?The DDA, like many throughout the state, monitors all the parking throughout the downtown. So we currently hire a parking ambassador to monitor those spaces and make sure that people either park correctly or aren't parking over time.

And she was using the chalk method, I understand.

So yeah. What she usually does is, when she marks a car in, she marks the tire with a piece of chalk. And then she also takes down the license plate number and the time that the car checked into that lot or parking space.

Your parking ambassador who writes the tickets is a staff of one. How does this ruling affect her?

turn 1 : "And she was using the chalk method, I understand" and (3) "So yeah. What she usually does is, when she marks a car in, she marks the tire with a piece of chalk" are the turns whose actual meanings are different from their literal meanings. In these turns, "the chalk method" and "marks the tire with a piece of chalk" are both idiomatic expressions that refer to the practice of using chalk to mark a parked car's tire for parking enforcement purposes.

What is the idiomatic expression used to refer to the practice of using chalk to mark a parked car's tire for parking enforcement purposes?

Answer: Chalk


Largely because the Algerian move to split the groups had failed. One of the groups they thought they'd fought off decided to join al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb, moving south and trying to occupy the rest of Mali. And that forced the French to intervene earlier than they intended, and they forced the Algerians to attempt, in some way, to help in this process by allowing French over flights over Algeria.

And tell us about the Algerian government's interest here. This government has been - this is a country that's been very quiet compared to its neighbors who have been roiled since the Arab Spring.

Well, Algeria, partly because of the civil war in the 1990s, was able to avoid the worst outcomes of the Arab Spring, in the sense that the regime was able to continue there. And Algeria, too, feels that it should be the dominant power inside the region. It's, therefore, tempted to avoid, allowing other states to intervene in Mali, which is along its southern border. And it's also trying to create a defense force of 25,000 men to try to counter the activities of Islamist groups along its borders. But that really has failed.

And beyond that, too, the Algerians are extremely ambivalent about the French presence there, but they've come to realize that they can't deal with the problem without the French participating too. So all in all, the Algerian government is extremely frustrated, very irritated, embarrassed and now feels that it's got to accept something, which in the past it would never have dreamt of accepting.

turn 3 : The Algerian government reluctantly accepts French help in dealing with the problem in Mali

What does the Algerian government accept in dealing with the problem in Mali?

Answer: French


Ground-based solar is only good when the sun is shining. And this applies to wind energy, too. It's only good when the wind is blowing. You have to have fossil fuel generators, standing by to pick up the load when the wind stops blowing, or the sun stops shining. So that has to be figured into the economics of wind- and ground-based solar. And, of course, you don't have either of those problems with a solar power satellite.

What would my electricity bill look like if I were getting solar power beamed down from satellites?What would it cost me?

That is hard to come by, but the best estimates we have, it's somewhere between eight to 20 cents a kilowatt hour.

Well 20 cents a kilowatt hour would be very expensive electricity.

turn 3 : "very expensive electricity" - This turn has a figurative meaning, as the term "expensive" is relative and varies depending on the person's perspective and circumstances. The actual cost of electricity may not be considered high by some people, while others may view it as unaffordable.

What is the figurative meaning of "very expensive electricity" in turn 3?

Answer: Figurative


Its impact has been on all aspects of Iranians' lives. They have problems in buying their usual daily foods. Prices have soared three or four times. They have problems in buying medication. If we want to talk about, for example, in the medical field, most of the drugs are now founding with much higher prices. Some of them cannot be found easily. So it affects their health.

What are you seeing?What does that look like firsthand?

Yeah. For example, in our field, physicians have to prescribe drugs that might be less effective, that might have more side effects. And they are affordable by the people in operations, in surgeries. We have shortage of devices. People must stay longer waiting for their operation, and it affects their health.

You mentioned some equipment. Can you give an example of that?

turn 2 : Lack of medical resources and delayed operations have negative effects on patients' health.

Which patients are affected by lack of medical resources and delayed operations?

Answer: Patients


So crack down on the doctors, but make sure there's a support system ready for their patients.

Absolutely. And the thing is - and this is so beautiful - is that when you get to watch lives change. For myself, you know, I used to get up every single morning thinking, you know, where am I going to get my pills?And that occupied my entire day. Now, keep in mind, I was a practicing physician. So I had some other things to do. And that's what people who are, you know, who are addicted are facing every single day.

And now, you know, providing them with quality help and watching them change their lives is one of the most fun things that I've ever been involved with. We need to make that opportunity more widespread. We need to decrease the stigma around stepping out and ask for help. And also, Sacha, we need to make evidence-based treatment available without the stigma that goes along with it.

turn 3 : "That's Dr. Steven Loyd. He's based in Nashville, Tenn. Thanks for talking with us."  The literal meaning of this turn is simply an introduction to Dr. Steven Loyd. The implied meaning is that the interview has ended and the interviewer is thanking Dr. Loyd for his time and participation.

What is the name of the doctor being introduced in turn 3?

Answer: Steven


What about William Thompson, Jr. ?Originally of Brooklyn, now of Manhattan. He actually won the Democratic nomination four years ago and ran an unexpectedly close race.

Oh, absolutely. And interestingly enough, he's been part of the New York political establishment for a very long time. You hear people refer to him as Billy, because he's William Thompson, Jr.  His father was prominent in politics, generally well-liked in very much a known quantity.

Bill de Blasio of Brooklyn, the public advocate.

An interesting man - I guess you could still call him a young man. I was about to call him a young man. I've known him since we were both running around in sneakers. But he was an aide to David Dinkins. He was the campaign manager for Hillary Clinton when she ran for Senate here in New York and served a couple of terms in the New York City Council. So, he's been in and around this stuff for decades and now he thinks it's his time to go for the big chair.

turn 3 : Turn not provided. Please provide a turn for me to analyze.

How long has Bill de Blasio been involved in New York politics?

Answer: Decades


Indeed. And on that note, let's get to some of what are listeners had to say, shall we?So Kyle Smith(ph) writes, "As a person of color and a news junkie, I've really come to depend on this show to offer more of a rounded view on current events. The show is truly a lifeline for me during a day that is color-deprived. "And Sharon Oshalle(ph), just to give some indication of the kind of listeners we have, says, "I'm a white, 40-year-old woman, and News & Notes is the only window I have into the perspective that it offers. In my white suburban world, all I get of black perspective are MTV and the Philadelphia City News. It's refreshing to tune in to News & Notes and see other sides of the culture. Isn't that what public radio is all about?Giving voice to different types of people so we can all appreciate each other. "And as you said, you know, some kudos for you, too. Aaron Coleman(ph)= says this, "I absolutely love me some Farai Chideya. Somebody find her a venue. Journalists of her caliber need voice because ears are starving. "

That's beautiful.

Yeah. And we also have some response from listeners who want to know what they can do to help. Monica McClendon(ph) asks, "Can you guys move to a less costly area?The South has all kinds of options. "So I don't know about starting the day with a biscuit and some sweet tea, but…

Mmm, not a bad option.

turn 0 : on that note means speaking of which, or they are moving the discussion forward with a topic that was mentioned.

How does the phrase "on that note" contribute to the flow of the conversation?

Answer: Transition


So he did leave some wiggle room because he said that there are all kinds of good reasons for the government to want to include the citizenship question on the census. But the reason that the government actually gave was a pretext; it was a fake reason. And so this leaves open the possibility of coming back and saying, from the government, here's our new reason. Is this good enough for you, Chief Justice Roberts?And since he's the controlling vote, what he thinks on that question is likely going to be determinative.

But can they come back if, essentially, they were rejected because their previous reasoning was seen as disingenuous?

Well - so I think that, legally, there is a way to make an argument that the opinion the court issued last month did not completely close the door. But it's still going to have to convince a number of judges that it is a good enough reason and not yet another pretext.

There's also been talk about the president circumventing all of this by issuing an executive order. Is that realistic?Is that legally viable?

turn 2 : An argument can still be made to convince judges that the new reason is not pretext

How can judges be convinced of the new reason's validity?

Answer: Argument


Yeah, yeah. Hopefully, you know?So whereas in America, you know, you sort of smoothed the edges and you've just put, you know, you've put makeup on. That's what you've done. We're still in the very, you know, you still see all of our imperfections. Whereas in America you try to put a lot of makeup, but the imperfections are still there. And I find that that's the most interesting thing for me.

The changes that we've seen in South Africa over those 17 years are little short of phenomenal.

Yes. It's been amazing. It was a bloodless revolution, you know, because the difference has been - in America, black people have been fighting for their freedom and for their identity and so on, but as a minority. In South Africa, you had a white majority rule, ruling over — I mean, this is Africa. This is the home of black. It was the black factory. So I mean this is, you know, it was a very different story and never before has there been a bloodless revolution in Africa.

Is there much of a tradition of comedy in South Africa, particularly tweaking the powers that be?You don't think of John Vorster. . .

turn 2 : The speaker is contrasting the peaceful transition to democracy in South Africa with the ongoing struggles of black people in America to achieve equality. Implicated meaning: The speaker is highlighting the unique historical context of South Africa's transition to democracy and the significance of the peaceful transition.

Which country had a bloodless revolution according to the speaker?

Answer: South


For political directive, sure.

Yeah. Yeah.

It's not Abraham Lincoln and his team of rivals.

They're like instruction manuals for how to run the government.

turn 3 : Political directives are similar to instruction manuals for running the government.

What are political directives similar to?

Answer: Instruction


Yeah. That is right because he has been uploading a number of videos on YouTube. He was calling, basically, for the killing off of nonbelievers.

You talk about wanting the authorities to take action against Zaharan. But did you get any sense in recent years that he was attracting followers or that you saw men being drawn to radical groups?

At the time, you know, we thought that Zaharan was a loner and that, you know, he had no major following as such, except a few people in his hometown. But in 2018, December, we realized that there were basically a bunch of youths going around and damaging Buddhist statues. And we found out that Zaharan has been their mentor.

So this was in one particular village. You're saying that back in December of 2018, there were some young people who defaced some Buddhist statues.

turn 0 : "calling for the killing off of nonbelievers" - This phrase does not literally mean that the person is calling for the killing of nonbelievers, but rather it suggests that the person is promoting violent extremist ideologies and possibly inciting violence against nonbelievers.

What was Zaharan doing that suggests he was promoting violent extremist ideologies?

Answer: Promoting


Well, what keeps you up at night?What do you worry about?

Well, I'm worried that this process is getting chaotic. Two and a half years ago, Great Britain had a referendum, decided to leave the European Union. But it did not decide what kind of future relationship it wanted with the 27 member states.

And because this was all about free trade, you have to know that half of the trade of Great Britain is with the other 27 EU member states, and the other half is with other countries in the world, foremost among them, the U. S.  and China. We're one year and four months into the negotiation process. And here, finally, is the proposal of Great Britain - what future relations should be. That's a bit late in the process. This particular proposal should have been there on day one.

Now, at the moment, there are 3 million EU citizens living in Great Britain, and about 1. 2 million British live in EU countries. Their rights are undefined, so it's not clear what they can do. And as you get closer to the deadline, these people are really worried. And by the way, there are industries in which there are quite a few foreigners, so if you take them out all at once, you may also have a problem keeping it going.

In the Netherlands, we know we have 30,000 businesses, mostly small and medium enterprises, that export only to EU countries, Great Britain included. That means that they've never seen a Customs and Excise control officer. They will have to get used to go through Customs and Excise.

turn 2 : Great Britain's proposal for future relations with the EU came late in the negotiation process

How timely was Great Britain's proposal for future relations with the EU?

Answer: Late


Tell me about it.

I was teaching in a program called Community Studies, which was an interdisciplinary program, work-study program. You'd go to school for a while, and then you'd go out and work, and then you'd come back and write about it. And there was a woman enrolled in one of my classes who had four kids, and a husband in San Quentin. Her third husband, by whom she had no kids. This was in the 1980s, when San Quentin was experimenting with conjugal visits. She'd say, Mr.  Young, I won't be in class because it's conjugal visiting day at the 'Q'. And so I finally ask her about it. And her body language was of two kinds. She was smiling and obviously joyous when she talked about how it was to go see her husband once a month.

And then her body language changed and she got very severe, and she sat up in her seat across from my desk, and she said, and when I get back to my - to Santa Cruz, and I'm trying to do my schoolwork and take care of my kids, do my job, he can't mess with me because he's locked up in the joint. And this kind of thing. So she had obviously solved her problems. She had her man, but you know, she didn't have to put up with him all the time. But the subtext of it is about our society's policy of just warehousing people, so it's a matter of priorities.

In your work as not just a poet but as a teacher, what's your mission?

turn 1 : The woman in the program had to balance schoolwork, work, and taking care of her kids while also visiting her husband in prison

Answer: Community-Studies


. . . You are from this area - born in D. C. , raised in Maryland and Virginia - the DMV, as we like to say. So what's it like to be back home now that you're blowing up like this?Can you go to, like, the CVS if you want to without being recognized?

Yeah. I definitely can go to the CVS. You know, sometimes people recognize me, sometimes they don't. But it's a beautiful feeling, and I just can't wait to move back eventually.

How did you start singing or how did you realize you could sing?

I don't know. I just was always singing. I didn't know if it was good or not, but my grandma, she told me that I sounded like an angel. And that maybe - perhaps that kept me going. I mean, I always wanted a solo at the church, and they didn't ever give it to me. But eventually they did, and I froze. But then I killed it. And I just feel like that kind of just followed me all throughout my life.

turn 0 : The phrase "blowing up like this" does not literally mean that the speaker is exploding, but rather that they are becoming popular and gaining fame

How does the phrase "blowing up like this" describe the PersonA's situation?

Answer: Fame


Debates can matter. They may not decide the race. Lots of social scientists have told us over and over that they don't. And there's polling evidence that their impact is perhaps limited and temporary. But in the popular imagination, including those of a lot of us journalists, the debates are a dramatic moment. They're a dramatic high point in the campaign. And they come just at the time when people are starting to really pay attention.

And in fact, in some states, even starting to vote.

That is correct. They - a number of states have begun their voting as of the Friday of this past week.

Yeah. Both sides right now claim, oh, you know, we just hope to hold our own. We think the other side is such a better debater.

turn 3 : In turn (4), the actual meaning is that both sides are downplaying their chances of success in the debate, even though they may privately believe that they will perform better than the other side. The implied meaning is that both sides are likely overestimating their own abilities and underestimating their opponent's abilities, and that the outcome of the debate may be more uncertain than either side is willing to admit.

How are both sides approaching the outcome of the debate?

Answer: Downplaying


Well, we fought three wars in the 20th century in Europe - we had World War I, we had World War II and we had the Cold War - because we believed that a stable united Europe was our best partner to deal with the challenges in the world. If that was true in the 20th century, it's even more true in the 21st century when it is the only partners we can find militarily, economically and politically around the world that we can count on. They're not doing enough, but they're doing more than anybody else.

If your board were to go under, were to collapse, where nationalism would ignite the kinds of dangers we saw in the 1920s, in the 1930s, we, the United States, would suffer in the same way that we did in the 1920s and 1930s.

Ivo Daalder is president of the Chicago Council on Global Affairs, former U. S.  ambassador to NATO. Thanks so much.

It's my pleasure.

turn 3 :  The speaker is politely acknowledging and expressing their pleasure at being part of the conversation, while also implying that they are open to further discussion.

How did the speaker respond to being part of the conversation?

Answer: Pleasure


Yeah.

And, you know, that's OK.  We don't have to approve of every facet of an artist's life to find their work interesting or significant, but the context does change.

What does that mean for us as viewers?Does it mean that we should stop watching these movies?

Everybody has to make their own choice in that regard. But for me, I look at these things in a purely selfish way, like as a viewer, which is how much extra dramatic information is getting in the way of my enjoying this work. And am I really thinking about the work when I watch it?Or am I thinking about the person who made it and disliking them or just being upset about them in some way?And if the answer's the latter, I probably don't want to watch that anymore.

I want to look at Louis C. K. , in particular. You know, his comedy, actually, was often celebrated because it seemed to address men and their foibles. What did you think of his comedy?And what do you think now?

turn 1 :  "the context does change" - The literal meaning of this turn is the statement itself, indicating that the context of an artist's life affects how their work is perceived. The actual meaning is that the context of an artist's life should be taken into account when evaluating their work, even if it does not necessarily diminish its value.

How does the context affect the perception of an artist's work?

Answer: Perception


He went to his local bar and he didn't sit on the sidelines there. He took center stage and actually played a kind of Balkan fiddle called a gusle. And everyone stood around and clapped and applauded him. And he was sitting under a portrait of Radovan Karodzic, this man who was the hero for most of the people in the bar. And not one of them spotted the resemblance.

He lived across the stairwell in his block of flats from a woman who worked with Interpol. And her - every time she went into work, she logged on to her computer and saw the world's most wanted, including Osama bin Laden and Radovan Karodzic. And the penny never dropped. It was like a long-running performance that only came to an end really when his brother made a vital slip.

He made a phone call, right?What happened?

He made a phone call. And he used a SIM card that he shouldn't have used. It was one that was on the files of the people chasing Karodzic.

To put you on the spot a bit, does a sentence like this that comes 21 years after the Srebrenica massacre serve as a deterrent to alleged war crimes being committed today, let's say in Syria and/or Iraq?

turn 3 : Karodzic's brother's use of the SIM card was the final piece of evidence needed to identify him.

What was the crucial piece of evidence in identifying Karodzic?

Answer: SIM


They're placing a lot of their hopes on the Chevy Volt, the electric car that's due out at the end of 2010. What do you think about that, and do you think that that's enough to help the company?

In reading through the General Motors restructuring plan, they talk about it as if it's the next Ford Model T.  I think the language that they use is a fundamental reinvention of the American automobile industry. And, you know, I hope it is, but you have to be skeptical about anything coming out that will fundamentally reinvent the industry, at least at this stage. It's too mature an industry right now.

Is there anything that GM can say when they go before Congress tomorrow and Friday?Is there anything that they should do, do you think, that could save it?

Their objective in going to Congress is not to save the industry. Their objective in going to Congress is to get money from Congress. And if you read through these documents, they are - especially the General Motors document, it is full of really shameless Americanizing, patriotic propaganda. It's geared to getting the money, and that's their objective. And I believe they will come away from Washington with money.

turn 3 : patriotic propaganda implies that General Motors is using pro American speech to get taxpayer funds for their own purposes

How is General Motors using language to appeal to Congress?

Answer: Americanizing


I'm well. I'm going to read a bit from the editorial. You're answering attacks on Maryland Representative Elijah Cummings and on his district, which includes Baltimore. And you wrote, (reading) it's not hard to see what's going on here. The congressman has been a thorn in this president's side, and Mr.  Trump sees attacking African American members of Congress as good politics, as it both warms the cockles of the white supremacists who love him and causes so many of the thoughtful people who don't to scream.

So it seems that you think this is all very much premeditated, and it's not just, as some have said, the president responding to Fox News.

Yes. Well, I think it clearly is - both things are going on at the same time. I think Fox News gives him the ammunition he needed, and he gave it probably about, you know, two seconds of thought to find an opportunity to slam Representative Cummings who, of course, has been critical of his border policy, and so he took it. And so 750,000 people woke up in the 7th District yesterday being told that they were the worst place in the country by the president of the United States.

When you first read those tweets, what was your thought?

turn 3 : When you read the social media post, what did you think?

Which district was Representative Elijah Cummings attacked for in the social media post?

Answer: 7th


. . . I think, who was - who was poisoned by, we think, we believe, some of his former colleagues. Yes. I think it was partly inspired by that. But it was partly, I think, inspired by the fact that Russia and particularly the Russian intelligence services seemed to be getting more aggressive. And now I'm an outsider, you have to remember, so I have no inside knowledge. But we read that there are just as many Russian intelligence officers in London, in the West in general, as there were during the Cold War. And you have to ask yourself what they're all doing. And that's one of the things I do ask myself when I'm writing fiction.

We have to crack open the story of this week. U. S.  security services this week say they're convinced that it was Russian hackers working for the government who hacked into the files of the Democratic National Committee. And they leaked material to have some palpable effect on the elections. Does that strike you as plausible?

It's plausible. But then there are many people who could have hacked into those files, not only the Russian intelligence service. So you have to remember that, you know, there are many people with that capacity and many reasons for leaking. I very much doubt that it's all as straightforward as it might appear.

I've read that you were the first official from British intelligence to meet with the KGB after the change.

turn 3 : The implication of this turn is that the speaker was one of the first British intelligence officers to meet with the KGB after the fall of the Soviet Union.

What was the organization that the speaker met with after the fall of the Soviet Union?

Answer: KGB


And how much room would you need to store all the information in the world?

So we - I did a quick calculation the other day on the back of an envelope for that one, and I think you could do all the information in the world in one and a half cubic meters. So it would sort of go in the back of your station wagon, I guess.

Wow, I'd be careful about where I was driving if I had. . .

It would be really heavy. It would be bound to the suspension.

turn 0 : how much room means how much space is there

Which measurement does PersonA provide for storing all the information in the world?

Answer: cubicmeters


In the book, you describe what could be seen as a very mundane moment. Stax's owner, Jim Stewart, seated at a small desk in a small office. And across from him at the same desk is a man named Al Bell. I'd like you to read just a little bit for us.

(Reading) Jim was white. Al was black. Jim owns Stax Records. Al was joining the staff to promote the records - get them played, get them sold. It was 1965 in Memphis, Tennessee, the heart of the American South. Throughout this wide region, race mixing was nothing short of an assault on the social realm. Inside Stax Records, whites and blacks had worked side by side for half a decade. People who couldn't publicly dine together were making beautiful music that the public - black and white - loved to hear.

There was a core group that became kind of a house band.

Booker T and the MGs.

turn 1 : The second turn implies that Jim and Al working together at the same desk was an act of defiance against the racial norms of the time.

How was race mixing viewed in the American South during the time period mentioned in the dialogue?

Answer: assault


So I shaved my head kind of as a social experiment, you know?And sure enough, no more hey, baby, you know?But suddenly I was public enemy No. 1. People thought I was a skinhead or some kind of punk that was going to break something or steal something.

People were visibly intimidated - which, again, here's a girl moving through the world, craving eye contact, craving human connection, even fleeting connection, passersby, you know?And so the fact that people no longer even would look me in the eye was - it really weighed on me, and it started to accumulate in my chest. Even people who are politely nervous just eventually enraged me.

(Singing) I am not an angry girl, but it seems like I've got everyone fooled. Every time I say something they find hard to hear, they chalk it up to my anger and never to their own fear.

You had - as you talked about in the book, you were struggling with this idea of how to make art and how to sell your art or even if you should.

turn 2 : Others attribute the speaker's opinions to anger rather than listening to them

What did people attribute the PersonA's opinions to?

Answer: Anger


There were some in the immediate crowd, Scott, who were smiling. But the president chose to make his tour of the damage in a rather affluent area where the damage was not so severe. Elsewhere on the island, these remarks seemed surreal. Plus, there was his rather cavalier comment about Puerto Rico's debt crisis, which is quite severe and which he dismissed and said, well, that's gone. That's gone. That's gone. Well, the next day, the president's budget director had to walk that back and say we shouldn't take that word for word. And all of this gave the impression that the president wasn't taking Puerto Rico as seriously as he did the hurricane disasters in Texas and Florida.

Did he leave a different impression the next day in Las Vegas?

You know, he did, and very much so. Whether it was recompense or whether the Vegas shooting just got to him on another level, one of his most authentic moments, really, of apparent empathy since he took office.

We're getting a tweet from president - from President Trump. Or we're not getting it. But he's tweeted, I called Chuck Schumer yesterday to see if the Dems would do a great health care bill. Obamacare is badly broken, big premiums. Who knows?

turn 2 : The president's attitude towards Puerto Rico and their debt crisis was dismissive and uncaring.

What was the president's attitude towards Puerto Rico's debt crisis?

Answer: Dismissing


You know, Salvini's popularity soared to almost 40%, thanks to his anti-immigrant policy. He wanted to take advantage of that to become the next government leader. But yesterday he received a stinging rebuke from Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte, who accused him of institutional recklessness that can lead to political uncertainty and financial instability. And one opposition leader accused Salvini of creating a climate of hatred that's led to a sharp rise in racist attacks against people of color.

OK. So tell us a little bit more about Salvini 'cause this guy is clearly freaking out the European Union in many ways.

Absolutely. You know, after his nationalist League Party formed this very unlikely alliance with the anti-establishment Five Stars Movement, which is the biggest party in parliament, Salvini quickly took over the government agenda. Five Stars went along with his tough anti-immigrant measures. They even approved his parliamentary immunity when Salvini was investigated for holding migrants hostage while not allowing them to disembark at an Italian port. And Five Stars never complained about Salvini's savage criticism of the European Union and its regulations, which he describes as a ball and chain on Italy's foot.

Italy's one of the EU's largest economies. Like some other populist-led countries, Salvini pushed his government to challenge the whole idea of European integration. And, you know, Salvini has also raised alarms with his language, which critics say echoes that of the fascist dictator Benito Mussolini.

Wow.

turn 0 : soared in this context means to go up, or increase significantly.

What did Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte accuse Salvini of?

Answer: Recklessness


You know, it can be a little dangerous at times. A lot of times you're setting your ladder in the ice and you're looking for a dry spot to put the ladder. And sometimes you use a van and you try to back the van up or at least get the tire up against the ladder so that you don't have any chance of that ladder skipping out on you. And, you know, in the elements, you get a little hasty sometimes 'cause you're in a hurry. And that's where, you know, you've still got to take your time. At its coldest is when you're at your busiest. I've been out 12, 13, 14-hour days before. You learn to dress for it.

How do you dress for a 14-hour day in let's say 25-degree temperatures?

Well, it can be tricky because there's times you're coming into a warm building, and you're way overdressed, and you begin to sweat. And if you start to sweat, it can be really bad when you go back out in the elements 'cause now you're really cold so you need to bring some dry socks. Usually, I'll wear some thermals. I'll wear multiple layers, and I'll take layers off, put layers back on.

What about this method for keeping your hands warm?(Blows on hands).

turn 1 : The literal meaning of (2) is asking for advice on what to wear in cold temperatures. The implied meaning is to show a genuine interest in understanding the best way to dress for such weather.

Which turn in the dialogue implies that PersonB is not just asking for advice on what to wear but is genuinely interested in the topic?

Answer: 2


Yeah, he loved it. He totally loved it, because he's not musical. He doesn't play an instrument. So, you know, I think when he's writing, it's a basic, almost like a poetry kind of - he's just writing with a little beat in his head. But when he hears a song of his completely flushed out with melody and instrumentation, it really bowls him over.

MR.  DAN AUERBACH: (Singing) How you were?In my sleep. (Unintelligible) never keep. . .

A number of songs that you've done as half of half of the Black Keys have wound up in films and in TV shows and even video games. The tune "Strange Times" appeared on the radio station in Grand Theft Auto IV. How do you feel about your music winding up in these places?

I think it's cool. I mean, you know, they don't play music much on the radio anymore, you know, not major radio. Getting our music out there anyway possible, it's the way to go, and video games are pretty huge, although I can't really play video games. I don't know. The modern video games kind of - they're too three dimensional. Have you ever played the. . .

turn 0 : When he hears a song of his completed with music and song he gets really excited and impressed.

Answer: Music


Well, first of all, you have to question your decision as to whether or not you're at the end of the road. You're in the road if somebody's hitting on you, no doubt about it, you're at the end of the road. But you have to really question, am I at the end of the road?Or am I just at the beginning of a road where I need help. You need to go to a marriage counselor to make sure that decision needs to be made.

In this current economic situation where houses have lost value, I mean, it's unique in that sense, sometimes, and that's usually the biggest asset that anybody has, that has, and there's been a study done on it recently, compelled people who would otherwise divorce to stay together. So once you have, made a decision that economically, it is not feasible, you have to make it emotionally reasonable, and you have to do something to address the emotional issues that you have because you simply cannot get out.

If you just had one sentence of advice for someone who really does think that they've reached the end of the road, but the other person in the relationship says no, we haven't. What would you say to that person?

Go to a marriage counselor. Go to a third party and work it because you don't know where it went wrong, probably.

turn 2 : Same "road" metaphor is repeated. End of the road means the marriage needs to end.

How does PersonA suggest addressing emotional issues in a marriage?

Answer: Counselor


And there was hell to pay. And there was hell to pay, first weeks, then months, then years, then decades. This story did not go away. And, you know, an assassin was hired to go to Tuskegee to kill Booker T.  Washington. He was pursued wherever he went. Theodore Roosevelt was criticized in ways that presidents were not criticized. There were vulgar cartoons of Mrs.  Roosevelt that had never been done before. This was all new territory.

Obviously, the president was criticized but it did not prevent his re-election a couple of years later.

No, it didn't. But there were some interesting spinning sessions that went on among Republicans. One, was to turn the dinner into lunch because it seems that lunch would be a less objectionable meal, and. . .

. . . so the story went that, no, you know, Booker T.  Washington didn't go to the dining room at the White House. He was sitting in the office, and they got hungry and they ordered a tray. And by the time they were finished, there was barely a sandwich on it. And that seemed to make the meal a little more palatable in the South. But - and this persisted for decades actually until finally in the '30s, a journalist asked Mrs.  Roosevelt, was it lunch or was it dinner?And she checked her calendar and she said, it was most definitely dinner.

turn 0 : "And there was hell to pay" - this is an idiomatic expression meaning that there were severe consequences or punishment for something that happened. It does not literally mean that there was a payment made to the devil or hell.

Which expression in turn 0 means severe consequences or punishment for something that happened?

Answer: hell


You're a breast cancer survivor. Your husband passed away. One of your other children was in a serious accident, and yet when you deal with the Imus ordeal, you say I've never felt so powerless in my life. Why did that touch you so much?

You know, Farai, one of the things that maybe people didn't know is that here I had a team of 10 players, and five of those young ladies were freshmen. Less than a year before that, they were sitting on bleachers at a high school graduation. Some of them that came to me had braces on their teeth. They had dreams and aspirations of becoming doctors and psychologists and musicians and all the like.

And here while they had done something that they should be commended for because throughout the year, the year had been a tremendous struggle. They had been pushed to the brink, and yet somehow they survived. And beyond surviving, here they were standing before a national audience and being honored as one of the top two teams in this nation.

And I was so proud of them because I could remember seeing some of them cry or think that they couldn't and then to see their faces on television or USA Today and, you know, this is what it's all about - for us as leaders and as parents and as people that care about our young people - to take them to places that they don't think that they can go, have them accomplish those things, and then with that level of security and confidence, they can take on the world.

turn 2 : As a leader and parent, it is important to help young people achieve their dreams and goals

Which group of individuals does the speaker believe should take young people to places they don't think they can go?

Answer: Nation