Yeah, I don't think there's been a response to it yet - not that I've seen. And I guess, you know, it puts a cloud on it. The special relationship was given a boost by the birth of Meghan's and Prince Harry's baby. And that was seen as sort of a good omen ahead of this visit, unfortunately, now is being, obviously, overshadowed by what Donald Trump has said. That may be a prelude to what he may say about other people here.

And I think the concern is that Donald Trump will use this and kind of abuse the invitation. He'll be given all the kind of welcome that he can expect in a royal visit. But is he going to return the favor, or is he going to bring up these tricky diplomatic issues, which are kind of flies in the ointment in the relationship as it currently stands?

So, Dominic, what I'm hearing from you is that there's a great deal of apprehension from the actual government that invited him. So is anything likely to come out of this trip that might be beneficial to the United Kingdom?

Well, if you talk to diplomats that - and their answer is that these state visits are hugely important. But in the background, there's a lot of sort of diplomatic nitty-gritty going on. There's a lot of business deals being made. And the hope is that this continues to cement that relationship, which we're told is greater than the sort of personal relationship currently in the heart of it.

turn 1 : 'Flies ion the ointment" is not literal. It just refers to something that makes a situation trickier; here it strains the relations between the two countries.

How does the turn "flies in the ointment" relate to the relationship between the two countries?

Answer: Issues


The tragedy in Burma is it's just hard for us to comprehend. It is true that the current projections are that the numbers will rise significantly. I've heard numbers as high as 50,000 people being killed. So it's something that just automatically pulls at the heartstrings.

And you know, Farai, scientists have discovered that human beings are actually wired to be altruistic, so it's a part of our DNA. It's natural for us to want to give. We see a crisis, we want to give. And so I think it's really important to acknowledge that, and to really encourage people to give. It can. The giving, overwhelming giving for a major public emergency like this can have a negative impact on other parts of the world. We've seen it in the past.

For example, when the tsunami hit Asia, several years ago, where a quarter of a million people lost their lives, you saw relief and development organizations flooded with donations. OxFam UK, at a certain point, actually had to refuse donations because they no longer had the capacity to actually program funds. So what I would actually advocate for those that are really interested in making contributions, is to give responsibly. To really look at those organizations that you are interested in making a contribution to, and making your donation in flexible kinds of ways. . .

So, for general support as opposed to necessarily for one thing.

turn 0 : The tragedy in Burma is something that is difficult for us to fully understand emotionally.

What is something that pulls at the heartstrings?

Answer: Tragedy


Yeah.

You look ahead, and what do you see?Just life is going to be a kind of process of trying to figure out how to live on very reduced circumstances.

Yeah. And my grandparents raised me, and they did live through the Depression. And I've kind of gone back more and more to how they coped. I remember my grandmother telling me how they had to eat the kids' pet chickens for dinner.

Cutting back to two meals a day, that's two things, dire circumstances and also an enormous amount of self discipline.

turn 1 : Life is going to be a challenge due to reduced circumstances.

How would you describe the circumstances mentioned in the turn?

Answer: Challenging


We're going to begin this hour following two developing stories. Odessa, Texas, police officials say at least five people were killed and 21 others injured in a shooting spree. Three law enforcement officers were shot. And a person believed responsible was also shot and killed. We are going to continue to follow that story and provide updates as details are confirmed.

But now we're going to turn to the Bahamas, where they are bracing for Hurricane Dorian. The Category 4 storm is gaining strength and approaching Category 5 status. It's expected to make landfall on the northwestern part of the islands tomorrow, and some short-term models predict as much as 64 inches of rain could could fall over the Northern Bahamas once the storm stalls. Joining us from the Bahamas is Rick Lohr. He is the general manager of the Abaco Beach Resort. That's in Marsh Harbour on the island of Abaco, which is in the path of the storm.

Mr.  Lohr, thanks so much for joining us.

My pleasure.

Could you just tell us what the weather is like right now?

turn 1 : The hurricane in the Bahamas is a developing story.

Answer: Hurricane-Dorian


I think one of the reasons, Tony, that we're seeing so of many of these come to light has, really, nothing to do with the fact that people are being - that this is happening more often so much as it is the fact that people are just paying attention to it more. You know, you watch the news and somebody says, oh, there's a stolen car ring. Now, all of a sudden, everybody's watching for people breaking into cars. Well, people break into cars every day. But when you hear about it on the news, people start paying attention.

There have always been Ponzi schemes. This is not new. This has been going on forever. It has been happening to investors. It'll continue to go on, but we're just aware of because the Madoff scandal was so large and so visible.

You know, it's funny. I was listening to your description of the Ponzi scheme - as our time is running out - and I couldn't help but think that there must be somebody listening to your description who is saying, wow, the stimulus package, that sounds like a Ponzi scheme to me.

The government covering its own losses by printing more money back, which covers losses in which it prints more money. Hey, you know, you could make that - I'm not going to make that argument, but somebody might.

turn 0 : News coverage can cause people to pay more attention to things that were happening anyway.

What is one reason why people are paying more attention to things now, according to PersonA in turn 0?

Answer: News.


Oprah can pass the mantle anytime and still be a billionaire.

Definitely.

And an entrepreneur, multimedia business owner. Nonetheless, if you are that good at something, it's got to sting a little bit, doesn't it?

See, I don't think it does. I think that Oprah is at a point in her career and in her life where she's done what she wants to do. I think that that's why she felt comfortable coming out for Obama, because I think she understood that that might affect her ratings. I think, she felt like, you know what?This - I've succeeded far beyond anybody's expectations, so now I can take a stand and take the hit, if there is one to come. So, I think she's fine with it. I think she is looking forward to her next, you know, sort of you know, plateau, on, like, where she goes from here.

turn 0 : Oprah can retire or step down from her current position or role as a successful entrepreneur and multimedia business owner, and still maintain her status as a billionaire.

Which word describes the status of Oprah's wealth if she decides to retire or step down from her current position as an entrepreneur and multimedia business owner?

Answer: Billionaire


So, you know, is this going to be a situation where states line up basically to sue this lender, and what difference would that make in how this is unfolding?

I think it's going to play out in a number of a ways. Countrywide is - obviously they were the largest non-bank mortgage lender in the country. They were - just sold a few weeks ago to Bank of America for what amount - to pennies on a dollar but many many. Countrywide is by far - was by far the largest player in the subprime crisis in terms of a single mortgage lender. But they weren't the only one. The thing is that Countrywide has become a symbol for how bad this gotten many communities.

And I think if you see a challenge like the one here in Ohio or the one here in Florida proceed with favorable results, you will probably see many other states - especially those where minorities or women or the working class, working poor were hit hard by subprime mortgages - are going to start lining up, and attorneys general are going to be filing suit against Countrywide and many other countries like - companies like Countrywide.

Well, Keith, thanks again.

turn 2 : suggests that other states will start to take legal action against Countrywide and other similar companies

Which company may face legal action from other states according to the implied meaning in the dialogue?

Answer: Countrywide


We propose three national sales tax holiday periods in 2009. They would be 10-day periods, including two weekends, and they would occur in March, July, and October. During that time period, the federal government would reimburse the states for any sales tax holiday revenue lost because of these holiday periods.

And do you have a sense of how much money this plan could save consumers?

We estimated approximately $175 for the average family.

And as you mentioned, the way that this would work is that the federal government would reimburse states for any losses that they might incur without the taxes during these periods. But could that work?Where's the federal government going to get that money from when they're already handing out to so many other industries?

turn 2 : to have a sense of something means do you understand something

How did PersonB inquire about the potential savings for consumers in response to PersonA's proposal?

Answer: Ask


It sounded great. It's actually pretty good.

Isn't it?

Oh, I kind of shocked myself here.

That's Brad Leone of Bon Appetit. You can watch his show "It's Alive: Goin' Places. "Look for it on Apple TV or wherever you stream your shows.

turn 2 :  In this context, "shocked myself" is not meant literally, but figuratively. It is meant to imply that the speaker was pleasantly surprised by their own work.

What was the PersonA's reaction to their own work?

Answer: Pleasantly


So crack down on the doctors, but make sure there's a support system ready for their patients.

Absolutely. And the thing is - and this is so beautiful - is that when you get to watch lives change. For myself, you know, I used to get up every single morning thinking, you know, where am I going to get my pills?And that occupied my entire day. Now, keep in mind, I was a practicing physician. So I had some other things to do. And that's what people who are, you know, who are addicted are facing every single day.

And now, you know, providing them with quality help and watching them change their lives is one of the most fun things that I've ever been involved with. We need to make that opportunity more widespread. We need to decrease the stigma around stepping out and ask for help. And also, Sacha, we need to make evidence-based treatment available without the stigma that goes along with it.

That's Dr.  Steven Loyd. He's based in Nashville, Tenn. Thanks for talking with us.

turn 2 : "And now, you know, providing them with quality help and watching them change their lives is one of the most fun things that I've ever been involved with... we need to make evidence-based treatment available without the stigma that goes along with it."  The implied meaning of this turn is that providing quality help to people struggling with addiction and witnessing their transformations is incredibly rewarding. The speaker believes that access to evidence-based treatment should be expanded, and the stigma surrounding seeking help for addiction should be reduced.

What is the PersonA's opinion on the availability of evidence-based treatment for addiction?

Answer: Expanded


Prime Minister Boris Johnson asked the queen to suspend Parliament - a very British coup, as many of his critics say, or a way to force Parliament to work out Brexit three years-plus after voters voted for him.

Or perhaps a device to get Parliament out of the way and allow Boris and the Brexiteers to finally leave the EU even without a deal. And the EU has said it is done negotiating. So this fall, Britain may leave the European Union and do it in the most disruptive and unpredictable way imaginable. So for the residents of Britain, this is rather like watching a hurricane bear down on them, feeling helpless to stop it and unable to escape.

The romance between the president and Fox News seemed to have everything going for it. What happened?

(Laughter) It does seem to have cooled. Weeks ago, the president started complaining about the opinion polls he saw on Fox News. They were showing his approval rating as low as most of the other media and academic polls. So he called that fake news.

turn 3 : The person thinks that the good feelings have lessened a bit.

How would you describe the person's perception of the current state of the romance between the president and Fox news?

Answer: Lessened


I'm Tony Cox, and this is NEWS AND NOTES. On today's Africa update, is Somalia the forgotten crisis?Plus, Spain indicts 40 Rwandan military officers for genocide. And HIV positive men get arrested in Egypt. For more, we've got Bill Fletcher. He is a Senior Scholar with the Institute for Policy Studies and former president of TransAfrica Forum. Bill, nice to talk to you again.

I'm glad to be back.

Let's start with Somalia. United Nations Agency UNICEF says the lives of up to 15,000 children are at risk in Somalia unless emergency aid arrives in the next few weeks. It also says children in Somalia are more at risk than children anywhere else in the world. Now since fighting in the capital Mogadishu began nearly six months ago, thousands have fled the city and are living in refugee camps. They are facing starvation and disease. Question number one: Why does Somalia have such a pressing humanitarian crisis right now?

Well, as you know, Somalia has been in a state of almost constant turmoil since 1991 when Siad Barre was overthrown and a clan-based civil war unfolded. And the Somali state, there was no government. It basically collapsed and had been non existent basically until the union of Islamic Courts - an Islamist group - took over power years ago.

turn 3 :  "Somalia has been in a state of almost constant turmoil" is a figurative expression, as "state of turmoil" is a metaphorical way of describing the ongoing conflict and instability in Somalia. "Collapsed and had been non-existent" is also figurative language, as the country still existed physically but lacked a functioning government.

What is the metaphorical expression used to describe the ongoing conflict and instability in Somalia?

Answer: turmoil


Dina, if this is ISIS, which it seems to be, this seems a real departure for a group - a large-scale terrorist attack against an international target. They've never done that before.

Right, I mean, when ISIS first began to rise, one of the things that counterterrorism officials were really worried about was that ISIS and al-Qaida would begin to compete for the world's attention and they would do that with spectacular attacks against the West. For months, U. S.  counterterrorism officials have said that al-Qaida was the biggest threat against the United States. I think that changed last night. Everyone I was talking to was convinced that the sophistication of the attacks that Eleanor was talking about - suicide belts, explosions, simultaneous targets - and the similarity to Mumbai clearly pointed to an al-Qaida-linked group. They didn't think ISIS had the organizational ability to pull off something like this. And now it seems they clearly do. And President Obama said yesterday that the ISIS threat was contained. This makes it seem that perhaps it isn't.

And I guess we should remind ourselves, just a few days ago ISIS was also linked to the downing of a Russian airliner near Sharm el-Sheikh.

Exactly. I mean, officials said they're 99. 9 percent sure that ISIS managed to put a bomb on that plane. U. S.  officials haven't been allowed to analyze the forensic evidence on the ground there. But they did have a satellite image of the plane that suggested, from the photograph of the image, a military-grade explosive brought it down. So again, that suggests things have really changed here.

Do you know where the investigation goes from here?

turn 0 : "a real departure" - this phrase means that something is different from what is expected or what has been done before, rather than referring to a physical departure or leaving.

How does "a real departure" differ from a physical departure?

Answer: Meaning


And based on your experience, Ms.  Rosenberg, how much do France and the U. K.  and Germany want to be different than U. S.  policy in this regard?

Right now is the period of true testing of exactly that question. How independent do they want their foreign policy to be, given that there's a long-standing, close relationship between trans-Atlantic security partners and significant collaboration and interconnectivity in the economic sphere?So on the one hand, Europe wants to adhere to its own principles on foreign policy and economic relations, which lead it to diverge from the United States in the matter of this Iran deal. On the other hand, that may mean risking quite a lot.

Elizabeth Rosenberg of the Center for a New American Security, thanks so much for being with us.

Thank you.

turn 1 : Europe is facing a difficult choice between adhering to its own principles and risking significant consequences or aligning with the US on the matter of the Iran deal.

What is the dilemma faced by Europe regarding the Iran deal?

Answer: Dilemma


Yeah, yeah. yeah.

So. . .

You know, you had - your career - I mean, you've done a lot of things - you've been a model; you've been a teacher, as we said - but getting your record career going was a little bumpy.

Very bumpy. And I was a musician first. I did all the other stuff to try to fund my music career, and yeah, it took a long time. It took about seven years to get my deal off the ground for a variety of reasons. The music industry is in flux. I mean, we'd have deals on the table; they'd fall through. And in that time, we just kind of kept moving forward, which you have to do. So. . .

turn 3 : Even though they faced many obstacles in their music career, they persevered and continued to move forward.

What did they do despite the obstacles they faced in their music career?

Answer: B


So, maybe they're taking a loss on the turkey, but the consumer comes in and buys cranberries, buys potatoes, buys a turkey baster, all of these other things.

Prices for avocados drop right before the Super Bowl, too, when a lot of guacamole gets made. But Valentine's Day bucks that price drop trend. Roses are popular for that holiday, and it turns out that roses are fussier than turkeys, which, after all, can be frozen. In economist-speak, roses are supply inelastic.

They all have to be harvested within a very short period of time. They have to be packed and sorted and shipped around the country.

But turkeys can be thrown into a freezer months ahead of time. So, if you're already thinking about what to get for a special someone next February 14th, here's an idea in economic verse. . .

turn 3 : (4) where the phrase "here's an idea in economic verse" implies that the following suggestion will be presented in a poetic or creative way, even though the literal meaning of the phrase refers to a specific type of writing.

How does the phrase "here's an idea in economic verse" add creativity to the suggestion?

Answer: creativity


Mm-hmm. This is SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR, talking with Jennifer Linder. You say it's UVA and UVB, make sure you have that in the sun - both - protection from both kinds of ultraviolet.

That is correct. It's actually probably the most important thing for people to remember because you want to have broad-spectrum covered. The reason is you can think of the UVB rays as being the burning rays, and you can think of the UVA rays as being the aging rays, and that's because the UVB rays go into the epidermis, which is where the nucleus is for the keratinocytes, the ones that when the DNA is changed, actually it turns into skin cancer, versus the UVA rays are longer wavelengths. And they actually go - capable of going into the deeper dermis, which is where the collagen is. And when you break down collagen, that's how you age, and probably about 80 to 90 percent of aging is actually a result of sun exposure.

What about the SPF factor?Does SPF 30 protect you twice as much as, say, SPF 15 and half as much as 60?

Great question. So it's - actually the way that the studies are done it's a little bit confusing because an SPF of 15 protects you from 93 percent of UVB rays, and it's only UVBs that SPF actually tells you about. Now, an SPF of 30 is going to protect you from 97 percent of those UVB rays. And when you get up to 50, you're only protecting yourself from 98 percent. So you can notice it's partial percentage points differences. . .

turn 2 : SPF is not directly proportional to the level of protection.

Which factor is not directly proportional to the level of protection?

Answer: SPF


"The Burning Girl" is the latest novel from Claire Messud, author of "The Emperor's Children" and other acclaimed novels. She's also taught creative writing and special programs at many colleges and joins us from New York. Thanks so much for being with us.

Thanks, Scott, for having me.

(Laughter) You know, I think it's an almost ineffable experience. And maybe that's why I wanted to try to write about it. When you're a kid, and someone is your best friend, you almost don't need words. It's almost like puppies in a - frolicking in a garden or something. You don't articulate stuff. You just live it. And one of the things I fear that happens is you get - move into adolescence is a sort of self-consciousness and self-awareness that makes that unthinking intimacy less possible.

turn 2 :  (3) What's the special intensity of being BFFs as youngsters?

How does the speaker describe the relationship between best friends in childhood?

Answer: Ineffable


Well, her name is Vivian Schiller, as you said. She's currently at thenewyorktimes. com. She runs that website. From my standpoint, it seems like a very impressive pick.

In her career, she's not only led the New York Times, she led Discovery Times Channel on cable, which was a joint venture. It did not play out, but it was very well thought of in terms of the journalism it did, and it sort of allowed the Times to experiment with operation in this multimedia world.

And before that, she was senior vice president, actually, at CNN, where she oversaw their long-form broadcasting, particularly the documentary work. Somebody who's a business manager, clearly, and yet very much steeped in the world of journalism and in the world of new journalism.

And it is a very quickly changing world, isn't it?First of all, there is a lot less money out there now than there was a year ago, right?With advertising falling. . .

turn 1 : Vivian Schiller's experience in multimedia journalism makes her a great pick.

What is one of Vivian Schiller's strengths?

Answer: Multimedia


This is Day to Day from NPR News. I'm Alex Cohen. Today, federal marshals continued their search for a 38-year-old man from Indiana. They believe Marcus Schrenker faked a distress call while flying his single engine plane over Alabama shortly before he parachuted out of it. The plane later crashed in a swamp 200 miles away in Florida.

Schrenker is an investment manager, and it appears he was in some financial difficulty. With more now, we're joined by business reporter Jeff Swiatek, who joins us from the newsroom of the Indianapolis Star. Jeff, welcome to the program. And could you tell us why federal marshals are assuming this distress call was fake?

Well, I guess all the evidence seems to point that way. His distress call mentioned an imploded windscreen on his airplane. When they scrambled some military jets to check out the plane, the windshield was still intact, and the wreckage on the ground also indicates the windshield is intact.

So Schrenker parachutes out of this plane. Do they know where he went after that?

turn 2 : Schrenker's distress call was fabricated and he left the plane intentionally

Answer: Distress


I'll say.

Dissection, anger, back and forth, denunciation by both major party presidential campaigns. Do you think that this cover crossed the line of propriety?

Of propriety?Perhaps. But what it - I think it did so for an urgent and good cause, which is to blow this stupid calumny about Obama away, once and for all. It travels as the subtext through all this polite conversation. I just saw some NBC report that was quoting a Newsweek poll saying 50 percent of Americans believe that Obama is or was a Muslim, or was signed - sworn in on the Koran to the Senate seat, and so on. It's madness. And I - it seems to me that showing the fevered image directly will be a possible way of looking at and dissipating that image.

I think as a result it's a fairly brave thing to do, in which the New Yorker's fulfilling its function at its best, which is to make people think and talk. And the New Yorker helped that discussion happen. And it's one of the times where I feel, hats off, New Yorker!They got it right, you know. This is not something that goes away by saying, but it's not seemly to discuss this.

But there are some people who are always going to read this un-ironically and say, well, yeah, he is a Muslim despite, you know.

turn 1 : The cover of the New Yorker magazine may have gone too far in terms of propriety but it served a good purpose in debunking the false claim that Obama is a Muslim.

How did the New Yorker's cover serve a good purpose?

Answer: Debunking


So, we just heard Bill say, essentially, yes, this is a huge incident, but it doesn't compare with some of the other social issues. Do you think that there's two much focus on this?

No, I don't think that at all. I don't think it's an either or type of equation. Because in essence it's not that the outrage against this diminishes the outrage against rape or HIV or AIDS or any of those other things.

In fact, I would say that there, these things you know, rather than those the reaction against, to those things, being disparate, in essence what people are reacting to is a culture and, in essence, a series of events that have at their root a basic disrespect for black life, especially black female life.

So, you can't really separate something like rape, the AIDS crisis which disproportionately affects women, and this type of incident where the targets were, you know, poor black women. At their root is essentially the fact that they are continuing to be so devalued.

turn 3 : It implies that issue of rape and AIDS are interconnected and cannot be viewed in isolation from one another.

Which incidents are viewed as having a basic disrespect for black female life?

Answer: Stimulus


I'm not sure. I think, certainly, if the other leading candidate in the Democratic primary, Hillary Clinton, had won, she would also be generating a lot of interest. I think it's, at the end of a two-term presidency, you always get an upsurge anyway. But I think you're right. There's no doubt about it. These are historic elections. And for the same reasons that the American public have gotten so engaged in them, probably some of the same reasons are affecting foreign publics.

You know, there have been a lot of memorable phrases that have come out during this election. Maverick is one word that we've heard a lot, and what about lipstick on a pig?How do you explain that phrase, which seems particularly American, or lipstick on a pitbull?

What is fascinating is that, both those terms that you brought up, I know of cases where people here that work with me with journalists on a day to day basis have been asked to help. One was working with German press and the term Maverick and how could they, you know, where does that come from and so on. And we actually have a researcher that works here and can go back and find, you know, the roots of these different phrases. Even - I speak Spanish pretty well, and even lipstick on a pig, I wouldn't even try.

So, I don't know how they go about trying to kind of - I think they go through a longer two-paragraph explanation.

turn 1 : The phrases 'Maverick' and 'lipstick on a pig' are peculiar American expressions that non-Americans may not understand.

What are the two American expressions that non-Americans may not understand?

Answer: Maverick,Lipstick


. . . Battles. Yes. It was bloody, but it was also joyous because we're - all three of us - just super fans of Nancy Hale's.

I mean, people always ask fiction writers - as you would know better than anyone - how much of your writing, how much of your protagonist is you. And writers always say, it's fiction. You know, I made it all up. But you write that with Hale, it's - it actually really matters to know what her life story was when you're reading these stories.

You know, every story that a fiction writer writes has something of them in them. And I had to go through her story and sort of understand where they came from in her life. She wrote so close to the bone to her own life in many ways, and you can see herself in her characters in these stories - in a lot of them.

All right. So let's get to some of the stuff she writes about because she writes about things that are uncomfortable to discuss today in 2019 - must have been incredibly edgy at the time she was writing some of these. She writes about mothers feeling ambivalent about their children. She writes about how oppressive marriage can be. She writes beautifully about female desire. I actually wanted to let you read a little bit from one of her stories, titled "Midsummer. "

turn 2 : She wrote very close to what happened in her own life.

What did the protagonist of Hale's stories mirror?

Answer: Herself


So, John, if Lehman's problems spread to other banks, who's next?

Well, a first concern would be Washington Mutual. It's a big mortgage lender. It's under some severe stress right now. Its stock is down today. You have to look at other banks and investment houses with problem loans on their books, like Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley, Citibank won't be immune. You know, all these banks are interconnected now, with lots of shared debts and investments that are losing value. This crisis has pretty much changed the business model for big banks, who used to earn profits by investing in loans and mortgages that had been repackaged to essentially spread the risk to everybody.

Many of those investments have now gone south, and the banks are going to have to come up with a new system for raising the capital to lend to borrowers. The thing to watch for now is how the rating agencies, like Standard & Poor's and Fitch, put a value on these banks' futures. As the ratings on banks go down, it becomes more expensive for the banks to borrow the money that they need to cover the bad loans because investors lose confidence, and they want a higher return to fork over their money. And it's that lack of confidence that the government and the industry are fighting in this credit crunch.

Thanks, John. That's John Dimsdale of public radio's daily business show, Marketplace.

turn 2 : The rating agencies play an important role in the banks' ability to borrow money.

Answer: Rating.


No. There's no sort of smoking gun theory about that. So our philosophy is anytime you can get your hands on some antimatter, you should take a really careful look. And the best way to do that is with atomic physics techniques to look at the spectrum of antihydrogen. What kind of light does it like to absorb and emit?Is that the same color of light that hydrogen absorbs and emits?

So also in the meantime, we've built a new machine we call ALPHA-2, which is improved and upgraded, that will allow us to actually shine laser light on trapped antihydrogen. So when we come back online in 2014, we have a brand-new machine. We'll have some lasers to shine on it, and it's a really very exciting time for us.

Can you keep it trapped for longer than 16 minutes?

You know, it's not really worth looking because it's long enough. We showed with the microwave experiment that that was long enough. I have to tell you, it's an incredibly boring experiment to do. You know, you trap your antihydrogen. You wait for 16 minutes and you release it. You know, go have a coffee or something while you're - it just doesn't tell you anything more that we really need to know right now.

turn 1 : The development of ALPHA-2 is a significant improvement

Which machine was built and upgraded for shining laser light on trapped antihydrogen?

Answer: ALPHA-2


The real problem is not Donald Trump - seven and a half years of Barack Obama and his agenda. Clear thinking people - and I'm talking about people who are in the middle, not people that are really burrowed in and would never, ever be a Democrat or never ever be a Republican - are looking at it and they're saying, is my life better?Is our country stronger?Do we have a strong standing in the world?Is this economy recovering?Is it a dynamic and robust economy?

Because we know without a dynamic and robust economy, all the other talk is just talk. We've got to have people back to work. We've got to have people looking forward to getting up in the morning and going to work. We got to have people that feel that America really is the leader of the world.

And I just am saying to my Republican friends, look, I get it. I understand that there's certain things that he's said that really you can't ever look that way, but take a look. We're still months away from the election.

Mr.  Kelly, if you were advising Donald Trump - and, you know, he might hear this - is there some magic sentence that he could come up with that would - that would help heal things over?

turn 2 : (3) Implied meaning: Mr. Kelly is suggesting to his Republican friends to give Donald Trump a chance and to wait and see what happens before making a judgement.

Which person is Mr. Kelly suggesting his Republican friends to give a chance?

Answer: DonaldTrump


You know, it hurts them both because many of the voters just don't understand how this can be happening. They know the president wants it. They know the Senate majority wants it or says it wants it. But the Senate just can't muster even half its votes to do it, and they can't bring all the Republicans to bear on it. So something is not right. Either the mojo of the president isn't working or the mechanism of the Senate is not working, and to some degree, both are true.

Is there any reason why Democrats now might want to sign on to any kind of bipartisan health care effort when their own plan has been saved?

Yes, absolutely. The Democrats need to go forward with some kind of bipartisan solution because there are many real problems with the execution and the administration of Obamacare. Now, Patty Murray, the senator from Washington state, has been working with Tennessee's Lamar Alexander in the Senate. And he's a Republican. He's the chairman of one of the committees that's relevant here.

And, of course, a lot of the Democrats are aware of these shortfalls. And there are counties with only one insurance company and counties where it's not clear there are going to be any insurance companies. And some of that's been overblown, but there are real problems. And, of course, any bill, any large program, any law needs to be revisited and amended, and the parties need to get together to do that.

turn 1 : The implied meaning of this turn is that Democrats might not be interested in a bipartisan effort since their own plan has been successful.

What is the reason Democrats might want to sign on to a bipartisan health care effort?

Answer: Incentive


You've been working, as we mentioned, on the Voyager mission since its genesis. What has kept you with this program all that time?

Voyager - well, Voyager is science. Science is about discovering things, about understanding what's around - what our neighborhood is like, what the universe is like. So as a scientist, this has been a wonderful journey because, especially during the encounters with the giant planets, every day there were a flood of discoveries. Next day - more discoveries. So as a scientist, this has been an incredibly wonderful mission to have been on. And even today at great distances, Voyager is still doing things no spacecraft has done before and still presenting us with puzzles that we are trying to sort through.

They are still on a voyage. Where are they now?

Well, this was a mission - we had a four-year mission to Jupiter and Saturn. We had two spacecrafts so that we would have a high probability of at least one succeeding on its four-year journey to Saturn and, of course, both have succeeded and exceeded by a great amount.

turn 2 : "They are still on a voyage." - actual meaning: Voyager spacecrafts are still traveling through space, exploring and sending back data.

Which spacecraft is still exploring and sending back data?

Answer: Voyager


Good morning.

Good morning.

Thank you for having me.

Do you still feel a wall wouldn't be effective?

Absolutely. No. I mean, again - and I've said this before - a wall is definitely not going to be statistically significant. And the current existing wall, in fact, has had many issues. In reference to breaching the wall, I know some of the reports out had, existing walls have been breached thousands of times. And again, going back to the price tag that is going to cost the American taxpayer - it's just an incredible amount of money that's just going to be wasted.

turn 4 : A wall is not a good solution for border security and would waste taxpayers' money.

How did PersonA describe the effectiveness of a wall for border security?

Answer: Good


Yeah, a little bit. But, you know, he's not read em(ph) and freak brothers.

That would be a whole different story. That would say something different about his personality, I think.

Something a little more disturbing, I would say.

Yeah.

turn 0 : "read em" could imply reading the comic book series "The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers", but it's possible that the speaker means something else depending on the context of the conversation.

Answer: Freak-Brothers


No. And this is just a temporary fix. We're now about to put in some type of permanent action to help them further.

Boy, you know, I know it went viral and there are a lot of people to thank, but I can't get over the fact that it began with you. And there are just so many of us who say, oh, that's terrible. Someone should do something. You decided to make yourself that someone.

Yeah. I mean, there was a lot of people pulling up, dropping off food, blankets, and that's fine. Well, below zero, the food was getting cold as soon as someone set it out there.

Yeah. Well, sounds like you've changed their lives and they've changed yours.

turn 2 : It is being implied that setting out the food was a temporary fix.

How was the food getting affected in the below zero weather?

Answer: Cold


Well, I think - you know, I think there's always a push and pull between the White House and the State Department. But this was a little bit different because I certainly had not seen situations in which State - because it was being so very gutted and because we didn't have many senior officials - was getting left out of so much that was being attempted.

Have you seen a shift within the State Department since Mike Pompeo has come onboard?Obviously, Rex Tillerson oversaw a reduction of staff. We saw 60 percent of high-level, career State Department diplomats leave the service, you among them. Has that trend reversed itself under Mike Pompeo?

There are very encouraging signs in terms of Secretary Pompeo's attention to management issues, lifting hiring freezes, trying to move forward. Those are relatively narrow in scope of what he's trying to do right now. And I think in terms of policy changes, it's impossible to tell whether those will make a difference in terms of either retention of people or attraction of new people, et cetera. So my view right now is, you know, sort of we'll see. But it is always better for the State Department to have in place a secretary who has the president's ear and has a good relationship with him. So in that respect, I think most State Department officials are pleased. But it's early days yet.

That was Roberta Jacobson, the former U. S.  ambassador to Mexico. We'll be taking WEEKEND EDITION to Mexico this coming week, where we'll get the view from our neighbor to the south ahead of their pivotal elections. That's a week from today.

turn 0 : The state department was loosing a great many employees.

Which former U.S. ambassador to Mexico discussed the State Department's loss of employees in the dialogue?

Answer: RobertaJacobson


Thank you.

So boys are broken. What did you mean by that?

I want to clarify that I am not an expert in gender studies. I'm not an expert really in anything, other than maybe '80s music. And so my thoughts are reflective on my experiences and the experiences of people around me and my observations after living 46 years as a dude. What do I mean by boys are broken?I think it means that there is something going on with American men that is giving them the permission and space to commit violence. And one of the main things we focus on correctly is guns and mental health, but I think deeper than that is a problem, a crisis in masculinity.

You wrote in this that the last 50 years redefined womanhood. Women were taught that they can be anything. No commensurate movement for men, who are still generally locked to the same rigid, outdated model of masculinity. And it's killing us. When you say that there's this rigid masculinity, what do you mean by that - that men aren't able to express themselves?

Partially, yeah. I also think that masculinity doesn't have a language in the way that femininity has come to have a language. We understand that femininity can be much more broadly encompassing than masculinity now. When you think of a strong woman, that doesn't rob her of any of her femininity. But when you think of a fragile man, that has the effect culturally, I think, of neutering that guy. And so much of masculinity is rooted in sexuality.

turn 4 : Masculinity doesn't have a language and is much more rooted in sexuality compared to femininity.

Answer: sexuality


How embarrassing. How. . .

I love how you mention the head rag because it's like. . .

Exactly.

In my family, it was like - it's a disgrace to the race when you leave the house with your head rag.

turn 1 : The head rag is associated with negative stereotypes.

What is the negative association with the head rag?

Answer: Stereotypes


Julie, you've been covering this area for a long time. What strikes you about this moment?I mean, is this as significant as it looks?

It's hard to tell. As I said, the AMA's been kind of everywhere on abortion issues. It looks like they're maybe coming out - finding this to be such a threat to the doctor-patient relationship that they're willing to take a leading role. It remains to be seen exactly where they will go from here.

That's Julie Rovner, chief Washington correspondent for Kaiser Health News.

Thanks for coming in.

turn 1 : The AMA has been inconsistent on abortion issues and it's uncertain where they stand now.

What has the AMPersonA's stance been on abortion issues?

Answer: Uncertain


Controversies erupted around a condolence call made by President Trump to a grieving widow whose husband died in armed service to the United States. The president called Myeshia Johnson, widow of the late Sergeant La David Johnson who was one of four soldiers killed in an ambush this month in an operation in Niger. His body was found nearly a mile from the scene of the fight. And Sergeant Johnson is being laid to rest today. The call of the president to a widow seems to be remembered differently by everyone involved. We're joined now by Seth Moulton. He's a retired Marine Corps officer and a Democrat who represents northeast Massachusetts in Congress. Mr.  Moulton, thanks so much for being with us.

It's good to be here.

Representative Frederica Wilson of Florida said that the president upset a soldier's widow when he told her he knew what he signed up for. If I can follow this, she's been criticized by both the president and his chief of staff, General John Kelly - also a Gold Star father - for politicizing the issue, in their judgment. General Kelly said that phrase was one he suggested to the president because it had been said of Robert Kelly, the general's son, when he died.

Is it possible that everyone is just misunderstanding each other at a stressful time?

turn 2 :  The phrase "he knew what he signed up for" is being interpreted and remembered differently by different individuals involved in the situation. The actual meaning of the phrase may vary depending on the context and the perspective of the people involved.

How is the phrase "he knew what he signed up for" being remembered?

Answer: Differently


The state has also promised that they will do spot checks after the storm to make sure that facilities that have gotten generators have those generators up and running. We've been told that the state has stockpiled additional generators in case some of those generators fail so that they have backups. And we're told that the Department of Health is also helping with that, too - the State Department of Health.

That was Miami Herald reporter Elizabeth Koh joining us from WFSU in Tallahassee, Fla.

Elizabeth, thanks so much for joining us, and thanks for your reporting.

Thank you very much.

turn 2 : joining us implies being part of an activity and not being to mix up

What is the implication of joining us in turn 2?

Answer: Participation


Why?You know, if you've screw it up, what?You, like, lost 99 cents or $5?I mean, that's money. I'm not saying that that's not important, but God, when I use the cooking - when I lived in New York, it's like, if I screwed up, it was $30 down the drain.

Many of Christiane's recipes come from her own imagination. Others are adaptations from culinary classics like the "Joy of Cooking" and "The Moosewood Cookbook. "She says she realizes the low-budget nature of her book may not be appetizing to all palates. The 99-cent price tag does have a bit of a stigma.

I feel the same way sometimes. I'm a snob. I'll admit it. And so, you know, sometimes if I cook it, I'm like, oh, I'm pulling the ham out of the can. I don't know.

And maybe it's the ham, maybe it's not.

turn 2 : Using canned ham is not ideal or high quality.

Which ingredient may not be high quality according to the statement?

Answer: Cooking


Were you surprised by these numbers?

Yeah, these numbers are pretty high, and it is surprising, and I think that on one hand they're sort of real because we've seen this change over the last two decades as the rates have slowly gone up, and on the other hand they're inflated a little bit, probably because of the way they were obtained.

These are - the CDC did a study, which is like polling data. They - it's called the National Representative randomized Cross-sectional Survey. And it's - this particular trial supposedly was done with land line and cell phone telephone surveys of all households who have children.

There was a similar study just published a couple weeks ago that was on autism, which showed the rate of autism was two percent of the population, which is also very high and was discussed just in the same way. But these are epidemiological survey data, and they're worth something. We have other data to show that the numbers are indeed going up.

Answer: High


And you can do that just out of a gut feeling, or experience or cracking the file?Or how does that work?

Well, it uses statistics. You know, it's kind of a little bit like the whole money ball argument that we hear about baseball. But it goes through the file, and it looks, and it kind of sees that - you could say the noise in the image is not right, and often it's a little too random. It's almost a little bit too perfect, you might say.

And then the statistics comes out, and it says oh, well, you know, it gives you a number, and the number is over a threshold, and you say oh, that's an alarm bell, and I'll look at it.

It must be an interesting history to this whole steganography idea.

turn 1 : In turn 2, A is using the metaphor of "money ball" to refer to the use of statistics to determine if an image is a false one

Which sport is referenced in PersonA's explanation in turn 1?

Answer: Baseball


Sure. Well, before she becomes a pirate, she tries shoplifting. And when Gwen is shoplifting, she imagines herself as named Octavia. She imagines herself to much more glamorous persons, so there's a little bit in this book that's here.

(Reading) She remembered what it was called - shoplifting - and pictured lifting the whole place, the aisles tilting and tumbling their baubles and trinkety treasures into her pockets. Pink razors for her burnt leg and then a keychain she thought Naomi would like. And when she realized she could steal for other people, it was an avalanche, a chew bone for Toby the II, more stuff for Naomi, a stuffed bear and a tiny license plate that said Naomi. Three flasks of perfume, curvy and shapey like internal organs in her pockets, and she was done with Mother's Day for ages.

Her father liked the electronic things, which were behind locked cabinets. But she grabbed a slick stereo magazine and managed to slip into one of her boots. It would be a way to warm him for taking the bus by herself. By now she was thirsty and rounded a corner to open a fridge and grab an iced tea in a bottle that felt so good in her hands. It was One Universe Green Tea, which the label said was good for the immune system and for Octavia's skin. No one had stopped her. No one had spoken to her. It was smooth sailing. All for one and one for all.

So is there a straight line from that to piracy or just adolescence?

turn 1 :  "the aisles tilting and tumbling their baubles and trinkety treasures into her pockets" - actual meaning: the author uses figurative language to describe her stealing items from the aisles, not that the aisles actually tilt and tumble into her pockets.

What is the author describing as tumbling into the protagonist's pockets?

Answer: Items


Thank you. Great to be with you this morning.

Why do Republicans - who seem to believe gun laws would not reduce homicides because murders will still break the law to get guns - now seem to feel anyone's going to be deterred by a bump stock law?

Well, Scott, I think - well, we were all just horrified by the events of Las Vegas - I mean, so many killed and wounded. And you know, so of course our thoughts are with all of them and their families. But I think most of us are not only shocked by the event but shocked by the fact that somebody was able to convert, functionally, a lawful, legal firearm - or firearms into an illegal firearms, as far as I'm concerned.

I mean, automatic weapons in the United States have been banned for a very long time, as they should be. The fact that somebody can take a bump stock or some other type of device and functionally convert a semiautomatic into a fully automatic is more than concerning. And many of us believe that that must be outlawed. And. . .

turn 1 : iteral meaning is different from its actual meaning. The actual meaning is asking for an explanation of why Republicans now feel a bump stock law is needed, while the literal meaning is asking why they seem to think gun laws wouldn't reduce homicides.

What is the actual reason behind the Republicans' support for a bump stock law?

Answer: Convert


Absolutely. I played hockey starting when I was 3, 4 years old, loved to go see the Canucks here in my hometown and, you know, certainly not only saw a lot of fights but kind of internalized the message that they were inherently good and valuable to the game of hockey.

And what happened that changed your view of the fighting?

So I went to a junior hockey game here in Vancouver. And it was just a regular night out with the boys, Friday night, drinking some beers, sat down in my seventh row seat. And it was one of those games where the gloves beat the puck to the ice. So there's a fight before the game even starts. And the crowd rises up around me. There's this guttural thunder. You hear it. And usually I would have been right there kind of cheering it along or not really paying it much mind.

But for some reason in that moment, I really zoned in on the two players' faces, and in that moment realized they're just children, and had to ask myself in that moment, what are we doing?We're 10,000 adults in a big room cheering for two kids to pulverize each other's faces. And I looked at the program, indeed - 16 and 17 years old. I've never been able to look at fighting the same since. But it would be a lie to say that there aren't a lot of people who are hockey fans who sincerely love this practice and this tradition.

turn 0 : The person believed that fighting was good and valuable for hockey and normal.

Which sport did the person play starting when they were 3 or 4 years old?

Answer: good


And I went and bought bread. I made a really good salsa and started selling tortas at a bus stop. Of course, everybody thought I was nuts. And my friends used to make a lot of fun of me - you know, no girl is going to like you because you sell food on the street. And I'd say, no, you're totally wrong. I said, I'm an entrepreneur (laughter). I have my own business.

Now he's executive chef and partner in the James Beard-nominated Taqueria del Sol, a counter-service chain in Georgia and Tennessee. In the kitchen of one of the Atlanta restaurants, he shows me how to make his turnip greens. It starts with a little butter and oil.

We're going to build the sauce for greens. And you want to saute your garlic, a few onions, your pepper. In this case, we use the chile de arbol.

The chile de arbol pepper brings some heat. It sautes with the onion and garlic until the peppers start to release their oils.

turn 0 : People should pursue their dreams and not let negative opinions stop them from achieving success.

What did PersonA's friends think of his idea to sell tortas at a bus stop?

Answer: Ridiculous


How does it manifest?

Well, it's strange. But I think I can see it in the eyes of people when they approach me. And a lot of mothers who have lost their children do approach me, and I can see it. I can feel it even before they reach me. And it's like it's a secret society that nobody wants to be a part of, but we offer one another comfort because we know the pain that we still feel.

So more conversations like this, more personal revelations, more scrutiny, more campaigning, having to defend your husband's record, the anxiety of a potential loss after giving so much - are you really ready to do this again (laughter)?

I am ready. I am ready. I wouldn't have done it. . .

turn 1 : Mothers who have lost their children recognize and approach each other for comfort.

Which group of people does PersonA mention recognizing each other for comfort?

Answer: Mothers


Does this raise the hopes that, you know, you might be finding more exoplanets that are more like Earth because there seemed to be a little period going through here with astronomers that they were saying it may be a little more difficult than we expected, or there may not be as many in that sweet spot as expected?

Yeah, I think the arc of discovery is showing us that there's actually a lot more than anyone would have hoped. And finding them this close and this soon and this easily, as we improve our techniques, is telling us that virtually every star has planets, and a lot of systems probably have planets similar to the kind we're seeing here.

And so yeah, that greatly raises the ante in terms of the likelihood that there are similar Earths out there around stars. There's more planets in the sky now than there are stars.

A couple of questions: Does a planet have to be like, quote-unquote, "like Earth" for it to be habitable?

turn 2 : It's likely there are similar Earths out there

Which astronomical discovery raises the ante for the likelihood of similar planets to Earth?

Answer: Discovery


Hi, Deb.

Hi there.

So you arrived in the country just after this massacre. Why did the Chinese government allow foreign journalists in?

We were so surprised about how easy it was. And it was no secret about who we were. When we arrived, the luggage carousel was filled with television cameras. And, you know, I was no China expert, but I had plenty of experience with autocratic governments. I was covering the Middle East at the time, so I'd been in Iraq. And I'd been in Syria. And I knew how these governments operate, so I figured that the Chinese authorities wanted to show that things were back to normal. And they wanted Western journalists to deliver that message. But when we got there, there was nothing that was back to normal.

Explain. What did you see?What was the atmosphere like?

turn 3 : "covering the Middle East" implies assigned to the Middle East for journalistic duties.

How was PersonA's work assignment in the region?

Answer: Middle


I'm Farai Chideya, and this is News and Notes. Illinois Senator Barack Obama declared he was running for president back in February of 2007. Back then, he was the dark horse, long-shot candidate. Some people looked at him, and talked only about race. Other voters and pundits seem to try to avoid the topic.

Now, the economy is in meltdown, and much of the political debate has turned to mortgages and finance. But race is still there say the polls, and author and commentator Tim Wise says so as well. Wise is an anti-racism activist whose latest book is called "Speaking Treason Fluently: Anti-Racist Reflections From an Angry White Male. "Welcome to News and Notes.

Thanks.

So, your latest essay is called, "This Is Your Nation on White Privilege. "

turn 0 : dark horse, long shot implies that he was not expected to win

Which term describes Obama's chances of winning the presidency?

Answer: Unlikely


Well, he's a remarkable individual. He has transformed Indian politics. He has led his party from a very low level in parliament to an enormous majority. He has a party that is the largest single party in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament. He is seen as a transformative figure. He's also seen as a divisive figure because of his past, but he has promised - and some of the early indications are - that he's not allowing that extreme element within his party a powerful say in government.

You have come out with a study at the Atlantic Council that demonstrates some of the economic costs of the arms race, which includes not just the cost of the arms and the cost of maintaining the vast military structures, but the deficits that have been created - lost opportunities for tourism and other industries. Try and sketch that out for us, if you could.

Yes, the current trade is only $2 billion. Economics 101 dictates that you trade with your neighbors. It makes no sense for them to have trade with distant countries. But, if they were to go back to the level of trade that they had at the time of independence in 1947, you could have between $40 and $100 billion worth of trade between the two countries. And more important - if they open their borders to each other, you would have tourism trade. You would have religious tourism from both sides and you would have trade with Central Asia through Afghanistan.

And if India is going to become the major power that it wants to be in the region and on the global stage, it will need every ounce of energy.

turn 3 : "it will need every ounce of energy" - The literal meaning is that India will need every unit of energy. The actual meaning is that India will need to put in a lot of effort to become a major power in the region and on the global stage.

How would you describe India's effort to become a major power in the region and on the global stage?

Answer: Effort


That's even better than the Dwight Clark catch in the - with San Francisco 49ers.

Yeah. Yeah. Oh, yeah. Absolutely. I mean, you know, last year you had, you know, (unintelligible) catching, you had the miracle catch you know by a throw. . .

By David Tyree. But that was kind of a weird that was - the helmet catch, you're talking about.

The helmet catch (laughing). But this was just - I mean, it was perfect, Tony. It was perfect form, the toes and - had it been a millisecond higher, he wouldn't have been able to get anything down. I just think that from Roswell Berger's(ph) throw and hosing the ball, the extra tenth of a second, it - right now that's the most perfect ending play in Super Bowl history.

turn 0 : The catch was great, but this moment was even better.

Which catch was compared to the Dwight Clark catch?

Answer: Miracle


I would never have imagined an Ebola epidemic going at this pace because all the prior epidemics - some 20 outbreaks since 1976 - have occurred in isolated, rural areas and been primarily a handful of family members co-infected coming into a medical facility, and then the medical facility itself became the amplifier of the infection.

But this one has broken all the rules. So for the first time, we really see classic, urban, person-to-person spread in Monrovia, in Freetown and in Conakry. It has also crossed borders. So we have three countries with three different sets of policies and skills levels. And it also hit countries that had been through two of the most brutal civil wars in modern history, civil wars that pitted clan against clan, village against the village so that as this began to unfold, it unfolded in an atmosphere of deeply embedded distrust to give us the worst Ebola epidemic in history.

Laurie, what about those people that think that this might be tragic, but it's on the other side of the world, got nothing to do with us?

I don't think there's many serious voices saying that sort of thing anymore. This week, when the Security Council convened and voted on a resolution related to the Ebola epidemic, it was cosigned by 130 other nations making it the most strongly-supported resolution in the history of the United Nations. One key element of that resolution is declaring that Ebola now represents a national security threat for every nation on Earth.

turn 1 : In (2), the speaker is responding to the idea that the Ebola epidemic is not relevant to people who are not directly affected by it. The speaker notes that the epidemic has spread to multiple countries with different policies and levels of expertise, and that the affected countries have a history of deep-seated distrust and conflict. The implied meaning is that the Ebola epidemic is a global issue that affects everyone, not just those who are directly impacted.

How does the speaker in (2) respond to the idea that the Ebola epidemic is not relevant to people who are not directly affected by it? (Answer: Impossible to answer with one word without viewing the statement)

Answer: Global


So for a couple years now, Topps has had an app - say it ain't so - for baseball card-collecting and trading cards. These are virtual cards, not the cardboard ones that come with a stick of gum. I mean, it's called a Bunt, and you've tried it out. Tell us what you think.

Oh, it does - I should point out the packs do come with a stick of gum. It's just a virtual stick of gum.

Don't try to chew that gum.

No, that's what I was (laughter) - the whole thing is basically just an exercise in using your imagination, if you're old enough that you need to imagine for this stuff. If you're 13 to 25, which is, like - 80 percent of the Bunt users are - then I don't imagine there's anything weird about a piece of virtual gum showing up on your phone, exploding and then turning into baseball cards.

Well, it's been around for a while. I mean, can Topps call Bunt a success?

turn 4 : "can Topps call Bunt a success?" has a figurative meaning. It is asking whether the app has been successful in terms of popularity and user engagement, rather than whether it literally has the legal right to be called a "success".

What is the figurative meaning of the question "can Topps call Bunt a success?"

Answer: Popularity


Aw. We mentioned that you worked for President George W.  Bush, who advised John McCain. In your circle of friends, people there at the Hoover Institution - without violating any any confidences - your friends and colleagues - is your opinion widely held or are people who ordinarily would support the Republican candidate talking about voting for Hillary Clinton?

I think this is a real time of crisis for Republicans. It's hard for many of my friends to think about supporting Donald Trump. And it's very hard for many of my friends to think about supporting Hillary Clinton. In fact, I would have indulged the luxury of writing in one of my terrific nephews for president if I hadn't seen that the polls during the British referendum were off by 12 points. And my concern that (inaudible) be accurate, and everybody's vote's actually going to count this election.

Kori Schake is a research fellow at the Hoover Institution. She joined us by Skype. Thanks very much.

You're welcome.

turn 0 : People who usually would vote for the Republican candidate are considering voting for Hillary Clinton instead.

Which political candidate are some of PersonA's friends considering voting for instead of the Republican candidate?

Answer: Hillary-Clinton


Yeah.

The Land O' Lakes butter box - there's a Native American on that. And an informal poll of people taken around here suggests a lot of people don't even see her.

Well, she's in your refrigerator. And God knows what she's doing at night. I never look closely at it myself. I do buy that brand. And when you look at it closely, what you see is she's kneeling. And she's holding the box that she's in. And so it recedes into infinity. In other words, you know, in that box, you see her again and again and again. So it's this amazing combination of American identity, a generic Indian with really brilliant graphic design that, you know, you don't really notice. But I really do think she's up to something at night in the refrigerator.

(Laughter) I'll check. Is it offensive?

turn 1 : Some people do not notice the Native American on the Land O' Lakes butter box.

How is the Native American depicted on the Land O' Lakes butter box?

Answer: Kneeling


There are several photographs of Wolfert in the book wearing an apron. What's written on the apron is - keep calm and follow the recipe. Now, she is known for being able to remember recipes in great detail and tasting something and knowing what's in it. You make the recipes in the book very detailed with very clear instructions and accurate measurements - more detailed than her books were, as I recall. Why'd you do that?

Her cookbooks assume a high degree of cooking experience. Her biggest audience were professional chefs. And she basically wrote her books for them. I wanted to let anybody cook these. Obviously, couscous is one of the most difficult recipes in the book. We chose most of her most accessible recipes so that you could discover the wonderful flavors of pomegranate molasses or sumac. Or - we wanted everyone to be able to enjoy the incredible layered and truly unforgettable flavors of the best Paula Wolfert recipes.

Well, let's get back to our country and this weekend. This is the Thanksgiving holiday. So I'm going to ask you for a recommendation for a post-Thanksgiving antidote.

Absolutely. The cracked green olive relish, which is from southeastern Turkey, is a terrific palate cleanser. And it uses wonderful fall foods like pomegranate seeds. And you just want to be careful making it because you'll never want to stop making it. It's so good.

turn 2 : An antidote is a cure for all disease which is funny that an antidote can make the fatigue from eating Thanksgiving disappear.

What is the Thanksgiving dish recommended by "A" for post-Thanksgiving fatigue?

Answer: Cracked


One morning in early December, 23-year-old Andrew Black of Vermont bought a gun. And a few hours later, he used that gun to kill himself. We first spoke to Andrew's mother, Alyssa Black, shortly after her son's death. She was calling for Vermont to pass legislation requiring a cooling-off period between when a person can walk into a gun store and walk out with a firearm.

A bill requiring a 24-hour waiting period moved to the top of the Vermont Senate's agenda earlier this year. It passed in both houses. And then last week, it was vetoed by Governor Phil Scott. Alyssa Black joins me now.

Welcome to WEEKEND EDITION.

Thank you for having me again.

Vermont would have been one of a handful of states to mandate time between buying a firearm and actually receiving the firearm. What was your reaction to Governor Scott's veto?

turn 0 : The cooling off means to wait until a person calms down if they are upset.

How did Alyssa Black suggest to prevent impulsive gun purchases in Vermont?

Answer: Waiting


What's a fuel hedge?Explain that.

A fuel hedge is basically a financial contract that you buy in the commodity market where you essentially pre-buying fuel. So Southwest CEO, Gary Kelly, back in 2003, as the U. S.  was preparing to go to war in Iraq, just decided that the war in the Middle East wasn't probably good for oil prices, and he went out and bought a lot of oil ahead of time. Pre-bought it, and that has paid off in billions of dollars of profits for the airline.

And this continues from 2003?Do they continue to buy fuel ahead?Because the price of oil over the last year, I mean, it keeps going up and up. At some point you would think they would say we're not going to buy anymore.

You know it's fascinating because a lot of people thought Southwest hedges would fade out. They did make that big bet when prices were in the 30's, but they kept buying and they have continued to buy. They have most of their oil bought for this year at about 57 dollars a barrel. If you don't have hedges, you're right now paying about 120 something dollars a barrel. And they've bought fuel all the way out to 2012 as of today.

turn 1 : Southwest CEO pre-bought fuel in anticipation of a potential increase in oil prices due to the US going to war in Iraq, which resulted in billions of dollars of profits for the airline

How did Southwest CEO's pre-buying of fuel benefit the airline?

Answer: Profits


Hi.

What did the administration do first?

Right. OK. So it started last week. The Trump administration added Huawei to a short list that American companies cannot buy from or sell to. The ban affects very big players and also some pretty small ones. Take small mobile carriers - OK?- not your Verizons and T-Mobiles but, say, your rural carrier. They buy Huawei equipment because it's cheap. Now they'll have to change suppliers.

On the big end, let's take Google. Google and Huawei have licensing agreements. That's to put apps like Gmail, Maps and YouTube on Huawei phones. So now with the new ban, for any future phones, new licensing agreements are not allowed. The Google apps can't be included. So that'll curtail Google's presence in Europe, where Huawei phones are sold.

turn 3 : This implies a technological war between America and Huawei which is a Chinese Phone manufacturer.

Which company was added to a short list by the Trump administration that American companies cannot buy from or sell to?

Answer: Huawei


Whichever direction the U. S.  is going, it's clearly not great news for the Europeans, who Iran is very close to their borders. It's just next door in the Middle East. And we've seen what happens in the Middle East doesn't tend to stay there and has direct consequences for the Europeans. So the Europeans have been trying to urge, sadly, unsuccessfully so far, for the U. S.  side to show a bit more pragmatism and realism about what it's expecting from Iran.

At the same time, you have said that Iran knows all the, quote, "red buttons. "Can you talk about what that means and how that can contribute to escalation?

Iran has essentially been living as a neighbor to the United States, if you think about it, for 20 years. Why?Since the invasion of Afghanistan and the invasion of Iraq, which are two big, bordering countries to Iran. . .

Where there is an American troop presence.

turn 0 : The situation with the US and Iran is concerning for Europeans

Which neighboring countries to Iran were invaded by the United States?

Answer: Afghanistan,Iraq


(Reading from diary) Woke up not feeling well. I spent the entire day online on WebMD. I can say with a hundred percent certainty that I have pleurisy, tuberculosis, brainstem cancer or an enlarged prostate. I found a great cure for whatever ails you - a coffee enema. The only negative - I could never go back to Starbucks.

I can't read this. Joan Rivers' new book is called "Diary of a Mad Diva. "She joins us from New York. Thanks so much.

Oh, it makes me so happy when you laugh.

Well, it's funny. I have to ask you, do you have as much plastic surgery as you say you do or is it kind of like Dean Martin and his drinking?

turn 3 : (4) B's question about plastic surgery implies that B thinks the person being asked has had a lot of plastic surgery and may not be truthful about it, even though the literal meaning of the question is simply asking about the extent of the person's plastic surgery.

What does PersonB's question imply about the person being asked?

Answer: plastic-surgery


Duane, why don't you describe to us some of the work that you did with actual cases when you were at the California Department of Justice?I mean, what was your job, literally and physically?

Literally, I went to the scene of the crime. I was often the one who collected all the evidence. I also did photography of the crime scene. I did not do fingerprints. There was usually a technician who did that. Back at the laboratory, I would take all that evidence that I collected and inventoried, and I would begin a systematic investigation of that.

As an example, one case in the middle of my career was a triple homicide, and it was a great case from the physical-evidence standpoint. There was bullets. There was blood. There was saliva on cigarette butts. There was hair. There was soil. And I got to basically do it all. And what was really interesting is I presented all these evidence to the jury, laid out a scenario for the crime.

And during the time I was testifying, the defendant called his girlfriend and confessed the crime to her, and then threatened her with death if she ever talked. Well, five minutes later, she called the DA and told the DA about the confession. And she came in to testify at that point, and what she testified to was basically what I had testified to from the physical-evidence standpoint.

turn 1 : The turn "Literally, I went to the scene of the crime" is meant to be taken at face value as a statement about the speaker physically going to the location where a crime was committed. There is no figurative or non-literal meaning to this turn.

What did the defendant do during the time when the witness was testifying?

Answer: Girlfriend


Yeah.

That's toe master Terry Lee speaking with us from the Sourdough Saloon in Dawson City, Yukon. Terry, good luck. Thanks so much.

Thank you very much.

turn 0 : (1) B: Well, the call has gone out to our NPR listeners, who are either going to be repulsed or intrigued by what you're talking about here, Terry Lee.

What are the potential reactions of NPR listeners to Terry Lee's topic?

Answer: Repulsed,intrigued


Thank you.

Why do you think more teens are identifying as transgender or gender nonconforming?

Well, I think there's been a long history of advocacy and fighting for that visibility. And there's more media attention and celebrities coming out. That has increased visibility. And with more schools having more GSAs and clubs, it gives youth a chance to feel like they can talk about their gender exploration and live more like their authentic self.

To what extent do you see this study as a reflection of teens feeling more comfortable in diverse gender identities versus teens sort of experimenting with their identities and how they describe themselves?

turn 3 : B is asking A to distinguish between teens who experiment with gender identities and those who genuinely feel comfortable identifying outside of traditional gender roles.

How does PersonB want PersonA to differentiate between the two types of teens in terms of gender identity?

Answer: Differentiate


Exactly, exactly.

How often does this happen?This is quite rare, is it not?

Yeah, we haven't had an annular eclipse in the United States since 1994, and this is part of what's called a sero-cycle(ph) that repeats itself every 18 years, 11 days and six hours - but who's counting that?But it repeats itself very precisely, and so we'll have another eclipse just like this 18 years, 11 days and six hours from now.

And in a couple of weeks, there's going to be another big sky show, right?The Transit of Venus. Tell us about that.

turn 1 : This is a rare event that happens every 18 years

Which cycle repeats itself every 18 years and 11 days?

Answer: Sero-cycle


I don't want to give away how your story seems to resolve itself toward the end, but I think a lot of people would ask you why do you even talk to your mother now?Why do you care what she thinks?

Oh, my God. I love my mother to death, and I'm a writer and I'm a black, American writer, and I would not be a writer, a reader or teacher had my mother not loved me enough to instill a practice at an early age. And this book, in some way, is like her investment coming full circle. She really believes that reading and writing can save us. And I don't know if that's true, but I know I'm a writer. I know I'm an American reader, and I wanted to use my words to try to talk to her and try to tell her that we can be better. We can be better if we give ourselves a chance to walk honestly together. And that's what I tried to do with this book.

Kiese Laymon - his book, "Heavy: An American Memoir" - thanks so much for being with us.

Thank you so much for having me.

turn 3 : having me implies hosting me and having someone as a guest

How would you describe Kiese Laymon's relationship with his mother based on the dialogue?

Answer: Love


Tell us a little bit about Steve Elkins.

Well, he's a filmmaker. He's an amazing person. He's one of these - he's a true adventurer. I guess he's sort of a kid who never grew up. I'm kind of like that too. I mean, I never stopped dreaming about finding lost cities and being the first one in Egyptian tombs and that sort of thing. And he's sort of like that. And he had fallen in love 20 years ago with this whole White City legend and had been trying to find a way into this valley where this JPL Scientist has been seeing something for 20 years.

And he organized an expedition. It was washed out by Hurricane Mitch. And then he heard about LIDAR, and he said, wow, this is the way to find stuff in the jungle. Instead of sliding on the ground, let's fly over this valley and see if there's anything in there. So he called me up and he said, hey, do you want to be part of this expedition?

And you, of course, agreed and ran down to Central America and ended up as, well, I guess, extra cargo in the back of a very rickety old plane.

turn 1 : He is the sort of person that still acts like a kid even though he is an adult.

What characteristic does Steve Elkins possess?

Answer: Adventurer


We were with addicts on the street as they were having encounters with law enforcement. We were in treatment centers with people trying to kick the addiction. There's this one phenomenal picture of five inmates. They're all pregnant and being let in to get their methadone and things like that. We were in in drug courts, where people were being dealt with by the criminal justice system.

I think one of the reasons that it's gotten so much attention is because of the spareness with which we report it. We just report anecdote after anecdote after anecdote after anecdote over seven days. And anybody who reads it cannot come away without understanding how deep and how pernicious and how totally involving of our society this epidemic is.

Are there things that happen in Cincinnati every day that people walk past that you wanted to use this opportunity to share with?

Well, yes, I mean, in the sense that we wanted people to understand that this is going on all around them. Heroin is not a demographic or racial or any socioeconomic status - however you want to put it - drug. Its terrible reach is universal.

turn 2 : The drug epidemic is pervasive and affects people from all walks of life.

What is the reach of heroin according to the speaker?

Answer: universal


Thank you.

So what originally did the Consumer Product Safety Commission say was wrong with this stroller?

They were concerned about the front wheel of the stroller. It's a three-wheeled stroller, and they were concerned with the wheel falling off suddenly. It's attached to the stroller with a quick release, the same thing that attaches the wheels on bicycles. And so parents would be out running, jogging with their strollers, their kid in the middle. And the wheel would spontaneously fall off.

So the agency spent months investigating. And in 2017, they decided that Britax should recall the stroller, that it wasn't safe. And they even sued to try and force the company to recall the stroller. Tell us why that didn't happen.

turn 0 : "Thank you" is a polite expression of gratitude. Its meaning is literal and straightforward.

How did PersonA express their gratitude?

Answer: Thank


Economics and public policy analysis, oddly enough.

What happens if you get sick?

Well, there's kind of the rub. That's the risk that you're taking, in that if something catastrophic or something major were happen, you know, I become a burden to the society around me because I wouldn't be able to afford it. At the same time, in some ways, I've already been a burden to society because, you know, I went to a state school in North Carolina. So my education was heavily subsidized by the taxpayers in that state.

So I have a responsibility now to produce more - whether it's economically or culturally - than I did before I earned those degrees. So I've got to weigh: Is the risk that I pose to society, if I get sick and I'm not insured, greater than the benefit that could happen if that $740 next year helps me jumpstart my career. And right now, I don't think that risk is greater than the potential benefit.

turn 4 : The literal meaning of "Boy, you were an economics major, weren't you?" is asking whether or not the person studied economics as a major. However, the implied meaning is that the speaker is making a sarcastic comment about the person's discussion on weighing the risks and benefits of getting sick without insurance. The speaker is implying that the person's economic background is influencing their decision-making process.

What is the implied meaning of PersonB's statement in turn 4?

Answer: sarcastic


Yeah. But you keep going and you keep going with the help of your friends and your family and something like songwriting, your art. It gives you purpose and meaning in life.

There must be moments there you say, well, let's hang it up?

You know, as we talked - as you mentioned grief as a companion, without putting it in a tidy box, grief also is a guide. And I think it helps you relearn how you are in the world. And, you know, that's just how you use the things that you have, at least that's how I have.

An organizing principle, in a way.

turn 1 : B has found purpose and meaning in life despite grief.

Which feeling has helped PersonB relearn how they are in the world?

Answer: Hair


Yeah, and you love short stories, too. I love short stories, I appreciate that about you. You seem to be - enjoy writing short stories.

Yeah, they're tough as hell, and, you know, as a sort of a practice, people in the publishing world discourage them. They're like oh, don't do it. But I can't help but root for the underdog. As a form, you know, the short stories and the linked short story collections is an underdog, and people don't think of it as serious. So I don't mind wading in there. It feels like a really good battle.

Do you see yourself sort of at some point - you haven't really played that much with the novel form, but, you know, a lot of different writers are experimenting with the novel form, you know, Zadie Smith just did with her book, new book "NW. "Do you see yourself playing with that form?

Well, sure. I mean, again it's probably the arrogance, you know, the narcissistic arrogance of an artist, but I feel that so far I've written one book, one novel, and it's a very strange - at a formulistic level, I think it's - it took a lot of risks. Now will I keep doing that?Hard to say. It's like sort of saying will I continue to be X, Y or Z. You hope so. You hope so, but you never know.

turn 1 : Short stories are an underdog and not taken seriously

Which form does the publishing world discourage as a sort of practice?

Answer: Short-stories


Absolutely. And I think, honestly, it would drive more people away from some of these systems except that, in a couple of these cities, a lot of the folks who ride the subway - that really is the only option. If you're in New York or even in parts of downtown Boston or parts of downtown Chicago, switching over to driving is extremely expensive.

And it also gets in the way of what's an important but also largely overlooked role of public transit in the United States, which is that it's an important social service. Particularly once you get outside of the New York cities and Bostons of the world, transit riders are disproportionately low-income. And this is a way that we move around people who can't afford the typical way of moving around for an American, which is owning a private automobile.

Yeah. Any one or two things you'd like to recommend, professor?

If we look to some other countries, you know - and London is a good example. London has been - has really been dramatically working to upgrade its own system, which is as old - actually, older than New York's. One thing London did that I think, ultimately, a lot of American cities are going to have to at least wrestle with is that they started charging drivers for the congestion they cause.

turn 0 : They  are implying cities need better public transit

What is the reason for London's upgrade of its transit system?

Answer: old


The stakes are high and many citizens have concerns about voter intimidation and fraud. For more we've got Violet Gonda. She is a Zimbabwean journalist with SW Radio Africa, an independent station which broadcasts from London into Zimbabwe. She is currently on a night fellowship at Stamford University. Violet, welcome.

Hi, Farai, and thank you for having me on the program.

Let's back up a little bit into the history of Zimbabwe. In 1980 it became one of the last African nations to shed its colonial government, and when Robert Mugabe came to power he was among other things open to white farmers and other whites staying in Zimbabwe. Over the years he redistributed the land and a lot of people see the current economic collapse as a result of this land ownership change. But what other factors played into Zimbabwe going from where it was in 1980 to where it is today?

When Mugabe authorized the violent takeover of land, he basically directly affected millions of people. And then also the other issue were Mugabe's economic policies. For example, a bloated or rather large government means that not only did the economy suffer when he took over the farms but we also had a government that was living far, far, far beyond, you know, its means. Also the economic policies churned out by the regime were not in the best interest of the majority of the people but the best interest of the ruling party.

turn 1 : having me implies hosting someone or engaging with someone and not referring to owning someone

Which verb describes the action PersonA is referring to when using the phrase "took over"?

Answer: Economy


Well, they do. But what people don't always realize about the Affordable Care Act is it's not just a discrete program in and of itself. It changed other government programs, too, and that includes Medicare.

What was the biggest change for Medicare?

Well, the one that's gotten the most attention is the change to prescription drug coverage. You may have heard about something called the doughnut hole. That's where Medicare would get you a discount on prescriptions but only up to a point. After that, you had to pay full price for drugs until you shelled out around 1,300 bucks. Then Medicaid would help you out again.

Now, some people never really reached that point because when they had to pay full price, they just started skipping some of their prescription meds. So the Affordable Care Act has been phasing out this gap. It saved people on Medicare more than $23 billion. But this program could go away with the repeal of the law.

That could go away, and we should say, once again, that we don't know yet what any replacement will look like. What have you heard among the ideas being proposed that might affect older Americans?

Well, a few members of Congress, Republicans, have circulated their own proposals for replacing the Affordable Care Act. And one thing that comes up in some of them, including in House Speaker Paul Ryan's plan, is a major change to Medicaid. Now, that's known as the program that provides health care for the poor. But it's also the program that pays for long-term care for a lot of older people. In fact, Medicaid pays the bills for most nursing home residents.

turn 3 : "It saved people on Medicare more than $23 billion." This turn is not meant to be taken literally, as "saving" here means that the Affordable Care Act reduced the amount of money that people on Medicare had to pay for prescription drugs, rather than physically saving money.

Which term describes the meaning of "saving" in turn 3?

Answer: Reduction


So, do think we will see these two again?Do you think Lisicki will get another chance?

Well, I think she will. I think she'll have other chances, and it was very, very sweet of Marion Bartoli to say that during the trophy presentation, that she had no doubt that Sabine Lisicki would be back. But once again, the one thing we know about sports is we don't know anything; is that you have no idea who's going to be back, and if you think that next year is your year, you just don't know. And, obviously, with the competition being what it is, let's - you think Serena Williams is sitting at home right now thinking, oh, well, I won't be back. Of course she'll be back. Maria Sharapova will be back. Victoria Azarenka will be back. There are a lot of great young players. Sloan Stephens, the American, will be a huge contender for championships to come.

So, that's the reason why so many professional athletes will tell you, when you're on stage, when it's your moment, you've got to take it because you don't know when that moment's coming again, if it ever does.

Now, the big moment has come for Andy Murray and, of course, the hopes of all Britain are riding on him. He plays Novak Djokovic. What do you think's going to happen?

turn 2 :  The actual meaning of this turn is that professional athletes should take advantage of the opportunities they have and make the most of them, because they may not get the same opportunity again.

How should professional athletes approach their opportunities?

Answer: Seize


You've lived with HIV your entire conscious life - I mean, as I understand it, that you contracted HIV through blood transfusion when you were an infant in the early 1980s. So do you sense a change in how HIV has been viewed by the broader public and not just by the medical community?I mean, do you remember - I mean, I don't know that most of us kind of as kids think about becoming an organ donor, right?

(Laughter).

But do you remember feeling that the world of possibility has changed for you?

I do think in some places in America things definitely have changed with the science. In places, for example, where I live in the Deep South, there are a lot of long-held stigmatizing beliefs that people still have. And one of the reasons I did decide to go public as a resident of Atlanta was to really push people's perceptions into the 21st century because I couldn't think of any better way to show people that, you know, this isn't the 1980s anymore. You can live a long and healthy life living with HIV. People like me don't bring death, we can actually bring life.

turn 3 : I couldn't think of any better way to show people that, you know, this isn't the 1980s anymore. You can live a long and healthy life living with HIV. People like me don't bring death, we can actually bring life.  The actual meaning of this turn goes beyond its literal meaning. While A is stating that HIV is no longer a death sentence and that people with HIV can live long, healthy lives, the turn also communicates A's desire to challenge stigmatizing beliefs about HIV and to educate people on the reality of living with HIV. The phrase "People like me don't bring death, we can actually bring life" is a powerful statement that challenges the notion that people with HIV are a danger to society.

What is PersonA's motivation for going public as a resident of Atlanta?

Answer: Behavioral


It's hell seeing 6, 7 years old burying their own dead. Nobody's going to give them questions when they're beginning to ask questions. Simple questions - why are we here?Where's my mommy?That's when you get to know, like, these are children sometimes when the terrible things happen.

So on the one hand, they're killing people and on the other hand they're still children.

>>JAL They are still children, but, you know, they've been - they've grown really fast in terms of - to be trained to be killing machines because - the only thing is children don't know you die once. And also - AK is also a terrible gun that has been invented because young people can carry the gun - 8 years old can fire an AK47 that's as good as a 20-year-old.

How did you get out of that?

turn 2 : Children are being trained to be killing machines, and a gun was invented that is easy for young people to use, leading to more violence.

What kind of gun is being referred to in the statement?

Answer: AK47


Well, the president really is his own brand. And that's kind of a double-edged sword - right?- for Democrats. You know, there's an opportunity for them to legislate with the president. At the same time, there has been, you know, voter research that has shown that voters don't necessarily view President Trump as a dyed-in-the-wool Republican.

He's really his sort of own brand. And so the question is whether voters are going to want to punish Republicans, you know, for what they may see as the president's inability to perform, if that, in fact, turns out to be the case. Hopefully, there's going to be some legislative victories coming here in the next few months, particularly on taxes.

But, yeah, the president's going to zig, and he's going to zag. And in the meantime, I think the Republicans are going to have to do their best to try to muscle through an agenda. And the big one coming up for them is going to be this debate over taxes.

When you say muscle through an agenda, the implication is they've got to twist arms in their own party?

turn 3 : (4) is that the Republicans must use pressure tactics to pass their agenda, rather than just relying on persuasion alone.

What is the implication of the term "muscle through" used by PersonA in the dialogue?

Answer: Tactics


After he infected you?

Yeah, yeah.

So, let me get this straight. He infected you. You went back to him, and then he didn't want to be associated with you because other people knew about you?

Right. And he was scared his own status would be revealed. They would, you know, he was scared people would think, oh, she got it from him, and things like that.

What was it that you think made you go back to him when many other people would say I'm so angry I want to smack this guy up the head, or worse?

turn 0 : THERE WAS QUARREL BETWEEN TWO AND ONE GOT INFECTED BY OTHER

How was the person in the dialogue infected?

Answer: infected


It came as a bigger surprise over the last three to six months when our young scientist Robert Rohde was able to adopt really excellent statistical methods and push the record back to 1753. With such a long record, we could then separate out the signatures of solar variability, of volcanic eruptions, of El Nino and so on. And actually, to my surprise, the clear signature that really matched the rise in the data was human carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. It just matched so much better than anything else. I was just stunned.

You know, you wrote in your book, even, page 75: The evidence shows that global warming is real, and the recent analysis of our team indicates that most of it is due to humans.

(Technical difficulties). . .  And then we had these new results. I was much more cautious in the version of the book that was sent around for pre-review, and then we managed to get the new results in the new book.

You know, you've been criticized on both sides of the aisle, as they say now. I think some scientists are saying: Why did you publish - why didn't you publish it in legitimate, peer-reviewed journals first?

turn 2 :  "we managed to get the new results in the new book" - this implies that the results were obtained with some difficulty or effort, whereas the literal meaning would suggest that they were simply included in the new book.

What did PersonA say about the process of obtaining the new results?

Answer: Cautious