But what he did is he went out and explained the policy to the public and rationalized it, basically provided the sort of intellectual underpinnings for Greenspan's policies in two important areas. One, that they shouldn't target speculative bubbles, so that justified not doing anything about the housing market. And two, arguing that there was what they referred to as a global savings glut, which justified a big spending binge in the United States.

The argument was that China doesn't spend enough. The rest of Asia doesn't spend enough. If the world economy is not going to go into recession, it's up to the American consumer to keep demand up. So we shouldn't worry too much if American saving rates is zero and America's on a spending binge.

In retrospect, both of those arguments, you know, seem to be if not completely wrong, certainly very questionable given where they got us. And Bernanke, you know, played an important role in coming up with them. So sure, he's partly responsible for the Greenspan policies. But not totally, as I say. Greenspan was the senior policy maker.

Now in retrospect, it was just a few months ago, but still it seems like a long time ago. A lot of people are saying that the decision that Bernanke and Paulson made to let Lehman Brothers fail was really key because that really led to the credit markets freezing up. And so, why did Bernanke, why did he decide to let Lehman go under?

turn 3 : The decision to let Lehman Brothers fail was a key factor in the credit market freeze

How was the credit market affected by the decision to let Lehman Brothers fail?

Answer: Freeze


Well, the highlight of the tour was going inside the number four reactor, where they're in the process of removing spent and unused fuel rods. And they were trying to show me and trying to show the public, first of all, that they've reinforced the whole structure against any further earthquakes or tsunamis, that they are safely removing the fuel rods that are in there, and that they are trying to block contaminated water from flowing from the mountains through the plant and into the Pacific.

Did you see the other reactors?

The crucial ones I could not go into, and reactors one through three suffered partial meltdowns. And as a result, there is so much radiation in there that they cannot send people in there to look. They have to use robots and remote cameras to try to find out what's going on. But they still don't know exactly how bad the damage is from those partial meltdowns. They're not going to start dealing with that part of the thing until 2020, and the whole process of shutting down the plant could take 30 or 40 years, by TEPCO's estimates.

And what problems have they been having just recently even in the clean-up?

turn 1 : This turn implies that the speaker is asking for more information about the tour.

Which number reactor did PersonA go inside during the tour?

Answer: Four


You know, we don't do a lot of cookbooks on this show. Hugh Acheson's latest cookbook fits right in. It doesn't show much cooking. The chef is shown reading in a lawn chair, taking a hot bath, even playing the cello - at least holding the bow over one.

It's a book about what you can cook - if that's quite the word - while you do something else, even for hours. "The Chef And The Slow Cooker" is by Hugh Acheson, the acclaimed Canadian Southern chef who owns big-name restaurants in Georgia and is a judge on "Top Chef. "He joins us from WABE in Atlanta.

Chef, thanks so much for being with us.

It's great to be here, Scott.

turn 3 : It's great to be here, Scott. Implicated meaning: The speaker is expressing enthusiasm and gratitude for being present in the current situation or location, likely in a broadcast or interview setting. The statement is not solely focused on the physical act of being in the specific place mentioned.

Which emotion does the speaker convey in turn 3?

Answer: Enthusiasm


So you have companies like Altria, a tobacco giant, that sent four representatives right in the middle of this decision-making process. Altria, several years later, went on to buy a 35% stake in the company Juul, which was the most popular e-cigarette among teens. So you certainly see representation from the tobacco companies showing up at the Office of Management and Budget during this time frame.

Can I just clarify that, 'cause I think many people might find it curious that the tobacco companies were involved here because I think a lot of people have the impression that e-cigarettes are an alternative to tobacco products?I mean, the whole point was to get people to stop using tobacco products. That's not true?

Very interesting point that you make. And that's a question that many federal officials are trying to get to the bottom of right now. Even in Congress, Senator Durbin is on top of this issue. You've seen companies like Juul arguing that they are an alternative to tobacco, that they're even a safe alternative to tobacco. But, of course, giant tobacco companies have a large stake in the company. So a lot of people are wondering the same thing you're wondering - how can that be?

So when you approached former Obama administration officials to ask them what happened there, what did they say?

turn 0 : Altria is an extremely large tobacco company that sent representatives.

What company sent representatives, according to turn 0?

Answer: Altria


(Soundbite of song "St.  James Infirmary"):

(Singing) I've been down to St.  James infirmary And saw my baby lying there. He was stretched out on a long white pillow. So sweet. So cold. So fair.

Let him go, let him go. God bless him. Wherever he may be. He can look this whole wide world over. And never find a sweet girl like me.

You have done so many different types of music. You have done the Monkeys, you know. What's coming up next for you?I don't know if you've already started work on another album or thought about it, but what direction do you think you're heading in next?

turn 1 : The speaker is singing about a dead person at a funeral

What was the color of the pillow the PersonA's baby was lying on at St. James infirmary?

Answer: White


Well, you know, this is having a lot of different effects. So you know, some of the students have been expelled. Their admissions have been revoked. Some of the coaches have been fired. They face charges - athletic coaches who were involved in misrepresenting people as being recruits. And of course the legal cases are going to continue to unfold.

But I'm also interested in how it's unfolding in the broader culture at large. You know, whether you look at things like - we had a big debate last year about Harvard and affirmative action. And these conversations about things like legacy admissions are really bringing us to a broader conversation about, what do these elite colleges really offer?You know, the fact that they have nonprofit status - are they really serving the public, or are they just acting in a way that's really inflating their own bottom line and their own brands?

And so I think there's a broader conversation about, are there better ways to have admissions?And can we define excellence in education some other way other than, you know, something that's really expensive and only lets in about 5 percent of people who get to apply?

And for all that conversation, just in our last 30 seconds or so, do you see signs of systemic change coming?

turn 2 : The underlying implications are that elite colleges are more concerned about their own bottom line and reputation than actually providing access to higher education for all.

How can the behavior of elite colleges be described according to turn 2?

Answer: Profit


So we shall see.

But I have learned a new phrase - brass-necked. Our own brass-necked Melissa Block is covering the World Cup.

(Laughter) I'm not sure if that's a compliment, Steve. But thanks.

I don't know. If it means tough, if it means on top of things, it is you, Melissa. Own it.

turn 1 : Melissa Block is brave or daring. (referring to the phrase 'brass-necked')

Which word describes Melissa Block according to the new phrase mentioned by B?

Answer: Brave


Yeah, it did. And when I left, I was so angry at them because I didn't understand. And it wasn't until many years later for me to be able to see where they're coming from.

(Singing) Times have really, really changed, changed.

It feels like the song "Rebel" is a little bit about you, too.

Yeah.

turn 1 : The times have changed a lot in society and it is noticeable.

What song does PersonB mention that they think is related to A?

Answer: Rebel


Jay Austin and Lauren Geoghegan were both 29. For years, they worked desk jobs in Washington, D. C.  - Lauren at the admissions office at Georgetown University, Jay at the Department of Housing and Urban Development. In their travel blog, they wrote that they wanted to live life on simpler, more deliberate terms and see the globe in an inexpensive, sustainable and gratifying way. They wanted to bike it. Back in 2015, Jay Austin showed an NPR reporter around his house as part of a feature on the tiny house movement.

That's the parlor over there, seating for about seven or so, two couches.

All 143 square feet of it. Jay Austin believed in tiny homes.

I think it's really been great to have kind of not a very complex, not a very expensive space but to have the ability to have easy access to nature. If I am feeling like I have cabin fever, I open my front door.

turn 1 : The parlor is small despite seating for seven.

Answer: Tiny-homes


(Singing) Saw my father in a dream last night. He was smiling and saying you're going to be all right. And this morning I stared back at myself, feeling as empty as I've ever felt. But I keep on rolling, and I hope I've learned more of what's right than what's wrong. It's ashes and roses and time that burns when you're chasing what's already gone. Ashes and roses and hearts that break. I tried so hard to be strong. But maybe my worst but not my first mistake. Chasing what's already gone. Mm-hmm. Hey, hey, hey, hey, hey, hey. Chasing what's already gone.

Thank you.

Mary Chasing - Mary Chapin Carpenter, "Chasing What's Already Gone. "She is good on guitar but she is not that good. She had some help from John Jennings, who's also with us here in the studio.

And I have to - that line, saw my father in a dream last night, smiling and saying, you're going to be all right. It seems like that must have been one of those events, his death, that you think you have to write about and you sit there and think, oh, God, what am I going to say?

turn 0 : The speaker is reflecting on their mistakes and hoping to learn from them.

How was the speaker feeling in the morning?

Answer: Empty


Right. You have this really shocking statistic in your article where you say that personal consumption amounts to 70 percent of the American economy.

Yeah, that's right. Basically, we are the engine of our own economy. And for far too long apparently, we've just been swiping our Visa cards willy nilly and pumping up this economy. The worry is that when we stop doing that, which is what's happening, our economy is going to sag.

So you went out to see if it was sagging. You went to the Mall of America. What did you find?

The most ambitious mall in the United States, the mall that is doing the most to put you in the fugue state that allows you to spend. They're up against it at the Mall of America. What I found was a lot of people who weren't shopping all that much and a lot of people that were counting their pennies in a way that they never had before.

turn 1 : Personal consumption is the key driver of the American economy, and if people stop consuming, the economy will suffer.

What is the main concern about the American economy if people stop consuming?

Answer: decline


And what's your percentage normally?

Normally, it's around 65 to 70 percent in practice.

It's a little easier when nobody is guarding.

Yeah, a little bit.

turn 2 : It is easier to do something when there are no obstacles (guards) around.

Which turn suggests that there are no obstacles to something being done?

Answer: Turn-2


How did it change me to lose a parent?
Yeah.
Do you have both your parents?
Nope.

turn 0 : Losing a parent can have a profound impact on someone's life.

Answer: Profoundly


As a matter of fact, I thought about conducting 10 years before I even started to practice it or to study it. But the interesting thing is that I didn't want to do it with just one community. I wanted to bring a lot of communities together. So of course it incubated in the jazz community and the free-music community, but I realized that if non-improvisers wanted to do this, I could incorporate all of them into an ensemble.

What do you think about jazz, some would say, it's lost a lot of its base African-American audience, but it started out with roots in the black experience. Do you think conduction relates to that continuation of the black experience?

Well certainly. I think - well, how can I phrase this?What I'd like to see is that more of the institutions that are dealing with black study, black-American music, get hip to everything that's not on the radio rather than what is on the radio. I don't know, this could be elaborated on for the next two hours.

turn 3 :  "We're going to have to catch up with you then, Butch."  The literal meaning is that the speaker will need to catch up with Butch at a later time. The implied meaning is that the speaker is acknowledging Butch's expertise or knowledge in the topic being discussed and may need to learn more from them in the future.

How did the speaker respond to Butch's statement?

Answer: Acknowledging


It's necessary because of the drop in consumption.

When the government is spending over $150 billion on a stimulus bill like this, will that have a long run effect on how every person gets a check has to pay out their taxes in the future, has to deal with the realities of how much service the federal government can give in the future?I mean, will there be a sort of back-end re-tax for people who might get a cut in the short run?

I wouldn't put it that way. The problem is in the short run will people be much worse off and will they be able to recover from that?Because during a recession it's not unusual for families to lose two or three percent of their income. So the issue is do you want to lose that two or three percent because in the future you don't want to get a tiny tax increase to balance the budget.

So I think you have to think about what's the potential loss in income, which can be huge if we have a severe recession, or even a mild recession like the one we had in 2001.

turn 2 : "put it that way" - This phrase is an idiom that means to express something in a different or less direct way. In this context, it implies that A disagrees with the way B phrased his question and wants to clarify the issue.

Answer: Put


Really, the link is, you know, if you strip away the neuroses, maybe. You know what I'm saying?I spend all day being other people - literally transforming. You know, for a book to function, it's not - I can tell the difference between realities. But it has to be a functioning reality. The character has to be real. And I imagine that's exactly what happens for a spy who was, you know, in deep cover.

I just think, yes, I wouldn't make it for a second if I had to do it in front of another person. So if you take the privacy of the room away, maybe that's the link. It's about inhabiting other realities in a convincing - beyond convincing. It has to be more than that. It has to be real for the person.

Nathan Englander, his book "Dinner At The Center Of The Earth. "Thanks so much for being with us.

Oh, truly, thank you.

turn 0 : In turn 1, the speaker is implying that they have an understanding of what it is like to be a spy, as they spend their day transforming into other people, and they must make their character and reality believable.

How does the speaker describe their job?

Answer: Acting


Do the findings differ according to what you majored in or, you know, engineering versus philosophy?

It did. For example, if you look at in the middle of the career of someone, say, 15 years out after graduation, the typical earnings of an engineer is pretty close to $100,000 a year. The same is true of my field of economics. But if you were to go to teaching or social work, the figure is more likely $50,000 a year.

Dr.  Vedder, without getting you into trouble, you're a professor of economics. Does this lead you to ever tell your students you're wasting your money here?

Well, you've asked a delicate question, Scott, but I am at the age where I am tenured and semi-retired, so I guess I can say anything I want. I've tried to be honest with my students and I tell my students that there are risks in anything one does in life and any kind of investment one makes in life. And colleges are subject to the same kind of risks that investing in, say, stocks and bonds. Part of the risk, of course, is that 45 percent of those who enter college don't graduate within six years. And students who think they can major in social work then go get a fancy job and then live in an upper middle-class suburb are perhaps living a life that's devoid of much reality these days. And so I point this out to them. I don't tell them don't go to college, but I tell them there are risks associated with it and be cautious about piling up a lot of debt.

turn 1 : The findings are likely to vary depending on what field of study you have chosen, such as engineering or philosophy.

What is the typical earning of an engineer 15 years out after graduation?

Answer: $100,000.


We don't know what, if anything, he has told the investigators thus far. But we do know, as we suggested earlier, a lot of the questions. For example, where did the guns come from?Where did the explosives come from?And where did the money for those things come from?

Well, first of all, if he is coming in and out of consciousness - which is what we understand is going on right now, in the hospital room - they really can't question him. He has to be sort of sitting up and reasonably aware of what's going on. Now, this had happened in the Abdulmutallab case, in 2009. That's the young man from Nigeria who was on Flight 253, going over Detroit, and he was wearing an underwear bomb.

And for the first 50 minutes - five, zero minutes - that he was in custody, they questioned him without Mirandizing him because they wanted to know if this is part of a broader plot. But then they Mirandized him. . .

Were there other bombs on other planes?Yes.

turn 2 : 1. B implies that they know more than what they have revealed about the investigation so far. 2. A implies that there was a delay in Mirandizing the suspect in the Abdulmutallab case because they wanted to gather more information.  B implies that there were other bombs on other planes.

What was the reason for delaying Mirandizing the suspect in the Abdulmutallab case?

Answer: Plot


Last night, Portland, playing in front of its raucus, loyal crowd missed all four of its long-range jump shots in overtime after hitting a bunch earlier in the game. Pressure?Well, pressure can tighten muscles and can wreak havoc on long-range shooting.

And I - look, I'll just say I, you know, I traveled with the Chicago Bulls a few years ago while writing a book. A lot of those guys prefer to play on the roads 'cause they said they didn't have to worry about arranging tickets for their third-grader's teacher - you know?- or driving their Land Rover through rush-hour traffic from the suburbs to get to the game. They can isolate and concentrate on the road.

Absolutely.

Look, next season the NBA's going to have to wait around for the Harrison twins - aren't they?- from the University of Kentucky?They announced they're coming back. What's going on - they want to stay in school?What'll they learn there?

turn 1 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of a particular intonation or emphasis on certain words may suggest that they are being sarcastic or insincere, even if their words appear to be genuine.

Which word in the dialogue may suggest that the speaker is being insincere or sarcastic?

Answer: None


Absolutely. This is probably one of the most consequential elections in Israel in the last 10 years, since Netanyahu has been in power.

Daniel, thanks so much.

You're welcome.

That's NPR's Daniel Estrin.

What is the name of the person being thanked by PersonB in turn 1 of the dialogue?

Answer: Daniel


Now let's turn to West Africa. For more than a decade, Liberia has been struggling to recover from civil war. It has a female head of state now, and it also has big supporters in the U. S.  One of them is Bob Johnson, who founded and later sold Black Entertainment Television. Now he's building a four-star beachfront resort near Liberia's capital, Monrovia. Bob Johnson recently told me why he decided to invest millions of dollars in Liberia's economy.

It's part of a commitment I made to President Johnson Sirleaf and the people of Liberia, to help Liberia recover from some 13, 14 years of civil war. And it came about as a result of my participation, as well as President Sirleaf's participation in President Clinton's global initiative that he hosts every year in New York. And the charter is, do something, small or large, but do something. And so my something is to help Liberia.

What are we talking about in terms of the kind of money it takes to make this happen?

We are putting in approximately 12 to 13 million dollars in the construction of this hotel and the opening of the hotel, which is scheduled for March of '09. It'll be an 86-room hotel, as I said, situated on the beach, great facility for everybody from government officials and expats who want to go back and visit Liberia, as well as business people who are looking to do business in post-conflict Liberia.

So, do you expect to get a tourist crowd eventually?

turn 1 : Bob Johnson is fulfilling his commitment to Liberia by investing in its economy

What commitment is Bob Johnson fulfilling in Liberia?

Answer: Investment


European companies and the European Union recognize that the dominance of the dollar in international trading gives the United States very considerable power. And I believe that the Iran episode is going to be a turning point. It will show Russia, China, India, the European Union the value of building up alternative mechanisms for concluding international trade that do not use the dollar in any shape or form.

So I think the United States is set maybe to use their excessive power on this occasion but, over the long term, to lose power. And I think that's right. It should be my country that decides what is lawful trade with any other country not the United States. And the United States' use of its dominance in international trading is totally intolerable when it seeks to place U. S.  law above the law of my country as to what my businessmen can do.

That's Sir Richard Dalton, former British diplomat now president of the British Iranian Chamber of Commerce. Thank you for speaking with ALL THINGS CONSIDERED.

Thank you.

turn 1 : US law should not be above the law of other countries in international trade.

What is the key principle mentioned by PersonA in regards to the United States' dominance in international trading?

Answer: above


When we say kids, how old are these kids?

We saw kids as young as 10 stealing cars. And the kids we spoke to that were older talked about getting involved around that age, around 10 or 11.

So once they get these cars, what do they do with them?

Well, so that's where the fact that they're juveniles really comes into play. When adults steal cars, it's often about, you know, sending them off to another continent or chopping them up for parts, making money.

When kids steal cars, they keep them on the streets. They're using them as toys. They're seeing how fast they can go - 160 miles per hour on the highway. They're driving the wrong way. They're chasing other friends in other stolen cars. In at least one case, we saw stolen cars used in a drive-by shooting.

turn 1 : The speaker is implying that kids are getting involved in stealing cars at a very young age.

What is the youngest age at which kids are getting involved in stealing cars?

Answer: 10


Well, what he was accused of doing amid a custody battle with his wife, Mia Farrow, was of abusing his young daughter, Dylan, taking her into the attic and sexually molesting her. This had played out because of - there was a scandal that had happened just weeks, months before where Mia Farrow had discovered that Woody Allen had taken nude pictures of her daughter with her former husband, Andre Previn, Soon-Yi.

To whom Mr.  Allen's now married, yeah.

To whom Mr.  Allen has now been married for many years. And that tore the family apart. And so it was this sort of twin scandal, a Greek tragedy if you will, that played out at that time and has had these repercussions ever since.

How did The Hollywood Reporter - the features editor, Stephen Galloway, handle that part of the story?

turn 2 : A 'twin scandal' in this case doesn't speak of any genetic relationship, but two tightly connected situations, as twins are tightly connected familially.

How does PersonA describe the scandal involving Woody Allen and his daughter?

Answer: Greek


Yeah. It's very strange. We are being admonished to go everywhere and spend. And we're also told that spending is what got us into this ditch in the first place. And further, that once we're done spending and get out of the ditch, we really need to stop spending so much and start saving.

So it gets even more confusing because there's going to be some magical moment at which we are to stop shopping and start saving.

Seems like we're in that magical moment, but it's not magical.

(Laughing) No, it's not magical. But I think we're still at the moment where we're supposed to be at spending. And of course, that's not happening.

turn 0 : The advice we receive about spending and saving is contradictory.

Answer: Advice


There is a level of acceptance for some. So one young woman I met joined the all-women's force after being brutalized by her husband, who was part of ISIS. On the other hand, the women who were foreigners and even the real hardcore last holdouts in the fight against ISIS who are in this town of Baghuz, which had basically an apocalyptic end. They ran out of food. They ran out of water.

And what you see now from the women who were part of that is that all of the crimes of ISIS - you know, enslaving girls, raping women, beheading people on the streets, the hangings - that was not enough really to make them lose confidence in the head of ISIS. But the fact that children whose families belong to ISIS starved to death while leaders had food, that is what's making people very disappointed, very disillusioned, especially the women I've talked to.

Are there people who still support the caliphate despite all that they went through?

Absolutely there are. And in fact, one woman from Egypt I met has four daughters. She was talking about how all they want is to go home, to go back to Egypt, to go back to the parks, to go see relatives. And she said to me, you know, I don't believe in Baghdadi. But I still believe in the caliphate.

turn 1 : ISIS crimes did not make some women lose confidence

Which group of women were disappointed with ISIS for letting the children starve to death?

Answer: Women


The Negro National League's last innings came in 1940s, after Jackie Robinson headed for the big leagues. Kadir Nelson's new book, "We Are the Ship" captures black-American baseball at the top of its game. Kadir is an award-winning children's book illustrator. He's collaborated with Will Smith, Spike Lee and Debbie Allen. For "We Are the Ship," he did all of the writing and all of the artwork, and his rich, detailed paintings show Negro-league superstars as if they're posing for the camera or deep in a game of hard ball.

Kadir Nelson joins me now. How are you?

I'm great. Thanks for having me.

So you have done playful children's books. You've illustrated books for young people about historic figures. Tell me about Buck O'Neil.

turn 1 : joins me now implies to be a part of program or activity and not referring to get attached together

What does "joins" imply in the context of Kadir Nelson's appearance on the program?

Answer: Involvement


We are. . .

We are - yeah.

Oh, a little bit, I guess, you know?

turn 2 :  "There's something - does that bother you or that we're experimenting on ourselves?" The literal meaning is that the speaker is asking a direct question about whether the listener is bothered by the fact that they are experimenting on themselves. However, the actual meaning could be interpreted as the speaker expressing their own concerns or doubts about the experimentation.

How did the PersonA's question in turn 2 convey their own emotions about the experimentation?

Answer: Concerns


We tried for about two and half years. And I had this fear that with every step we took, we would learn something that it would confirm my fear that I couldn't have a baby.

Tell me about that moment when you first saw your daughter Hazel for the first time. I mean, how did that feel?

Oh, my gosh. It was - it was incredible. I mean, first of all, I was in labor for 24 hours.

turn 1 :  "She struggled with anxiety, but eventually she got pregnant through IVF."  Implicated meaning: The woman experienced anxiety related to her difficulties in conceiving a child, but was eventually able to become pregnant through in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Answer: IVF


Well, the - there in every single state, and the data changes state by state, but in every single state, there is a huge disproportionality between the number of particularly African-Americans, but also Latino youths, who wind up in high-level facilities, as opposed to Caucasians youth who wind up in high-level facilities.

And by high level you mean the higher security, more. . .

I mean, higher - yes, more intensive, more secure facilities. Ironically, or maybe not so ironically, when you look at high - facilities that have a high-level of treatment, you'll see disproportionally white youth in the high-level of treatment facilities. But from the very first day, when we start with arrests, which I'm sure you're very familiar with, but moving on through the system, there is continuous and increased disproportionality.

That doesn't even deal with the real disproportionality in the system, between families that have assets, and the families that have fewer assets. So, youth in the juvenile justice system are primarily African-Americans and Latinos that are almost entirely low-income youth.

turn 3 : The juvenile justice system disproportionately affects low-income African-American and Latino youths.

Which groups of youths are primarily affected by the juvenile justice system?

Answer: African-American,Latino


One of the roles that he may well play is kind of smoothing out the relations between President-elect Obama and his secretary of state to be, Hillary Clinton. The two were once rivals. Can you give an example of how he might go about in mediating, making sure that everything runs smoothly?

Well, I don't think you're going to have to ask that. Senator Hillary Clinton is a real pro. She's a great American. And she will know and understand her role. I just have no qualms about their needing any mediation whatsoever, and I don't think Jim Jones or anyone else will have to do it.

Can you give an example, politics aside, business aside, maybe of a time that you two shared together that just gave you a sense of what he was like?

We made a trip, as I recall, to the Balkans a good number of years ago when he was a one star general, and just sitting with and listening to him tell about the intricacies of situations there. He has a good handle on the problems that that faces.

turn 0 : Despite their past rivalry, Jim Jones may be needed to help smooth relations between Obama and Clinton

How might Jim Jones be involved in the relationship between Obama and Clinton?

Answer: Mediating


I have been late. Now I'm right on time. And I make mistakes, but at least they're mine. I'd sign my life away on a dotted line Just to get the love I deserve. . .

That's News & Notes. Glad you could join us. Nicole Childers, Christabel Nsiah-Buadi and Geoffrey Bennett produced the show. Sasa Woodruff is the editor. Sonata Lee Narcisse directs. The technical director is Sherene Strausberg. Marcia Caldwell and Shawn Corey Campbell are our drive engineers. The News & Notes staff includes Roy Hurst, Geoffrey Gardner, Devin Robins, Zachary Slobig, Joanne Griffith, Drew Tewkesbury, Allison Samuels and Jim Wallace. To listen to the show or subscribe to the podcast, visit our Web site, nprnewsandnotes. org. To join the conversation or sign up for the newsletter, visit our blog at nprnewsandviews. org. News & Notes was created by NPR News and the African-American Public Radio Consortium. On Monday, short on cash these days?Well, what if your neighborhood got together and started printing its own money?It's already happening. We'll look at the spread of customized community currency.

(Singing) Growing up too fast. I have the best friends you could ever have, But I don't know what I got 'til it's gone. . .

Because I lose every single game I play 'Cause I'm a slave to my distractions. I climb a mountain for every mess I make, But can't get no satisfaction.

turn 0 : A is not actually talking about being late or making mistakes, but rather about deserving love.

What does PersonA want to sign on a dotted line for?

Answer: Love


Some folks get a little bit cranky about having to work on the holiday. It's a day that, you know, most of us spend with our family and friends. How do you feel about working on a day that most people get off?

Folks that work in NASA have a common bond of a real passion for the space program. So, we wouldn't be here if we didn't have that. And obviously, we'd like to be with our families, but if we can't be there, then the next best place to be is working on a space mission.

So, you know, we've been doing a space station for 10 years straight, and there's been someone here every year for every holiday. And beyond holidays even, you know, one of the crew members on board is having their wedding anniversary just yesterday, and tomorrow's one of the birthdays of one of the flight directors working the flight.

So, we all kind of take care and bond together and take care of each other. And we're having a Thanksgiving dinner here that management's all bringing in for the flight controllers that are working, and we try to shift people out so that, you know, there's three shifts so that people do get some time at home.

turn 0 : cranky refers they're unwell or weak and not related to a shaft

What is the alternative meaning of "cranky" that is mentioned in the dialogue?

Answer: Unwell


Oh, it smells delicious.
Vegetal.
It's totally vegetal.
(Laughter).

turn 1 : Don't just paraphase the words! Find the implicated meaning! We don't want answers like: to be silent means stay quiet and not making noise, bad answer!  Please read the examples above carefully!      (1)	B:	Oh, it smells delicious. (2)	A:	Vegetal. (3)	B:	It's totally vegetal. (4)	A:	(Laughter).  Please choose the turns whose actual meanings are different from their literal meanings.   (1)  (2)  (3)  (4)

Answer: Delicious


Again, I was a founding chairman. I feel an obligation, and I think, in times like these, we do need the arts to really lift our spirits.

Can you give an example maybe of how a piece of art might fill that goal?A lot of people - just to play devil's advocate - might say, people are losing their homes to foreclosure. What is a piece of art going to do?What would you say?

Well, I think, if one goes to a performance, whether it's a theater, symphony, or museum and sees an exhibition, it lets your mind get away from the economic trauma we're all living in. It lifts our spirits.

Is there a particular piece of art - you have so many in your collection - but is there one you can think of now where you look at and you might see hope in what otherwise might look like a dour time to some?

turn 2 : Art helps people escape from the harsh reality of life.

How does art provide relief during difficult times?

Answer: Escape


We had testimony submitted to us this morning in writing by Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, who engineered - according to the government and himself - the attacks of 9/11. And he was questioned about the role of Salim Hamdan, and I'll just read you one paragraph from what he answered.

The question was, did Salim Hamdan ever have any role in planning, or carry out, any activities that you either directed or were involved in?, as he was the director of operations. He didn't play any role. He was not a soldier. He was a driver. His nature was primitive. He was a Bedouin one person and far from civilized. He was not fit to plan or execute. But he is fit to change truck tires, to change oil filters, wash and clean cars, and passing cargo and pickup trucks. He could tighten bolts and could select the best maintenance shop.

This is Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, saying this about Hamdan?

That's right. We also had testimony from Waleed bin Attash, and as I understand it, he was responsible, or has boasted his responsibility, for the attack on the USS Cole. And he says Salim Hamdan's activities were distinctively clear, as he was seen driving the cars going and coming every day. His responsibilities were those related to driving, such as mechanical and maintenance and repairs. He was not involved in planning any attacks against the United States.

turn 1 : In turn (2), Khalid Sheikh Mohammed's statement about Salim Hamdan's "nature" being "primitive" and him being "far from civilized" is not meant to be taken literally. It is a derogatory and prejudiced statement that reflects the speaker's biased view of Hamdan's cultural and ethnic background.

What was Khalid Sheikh Mohammed's opinion of Salim Hamdan's capabilities?

Answer: Capabilities


Absolutely, absolutely.

. . . To provide even more confidential information, yeah.

Also, importantly, this list - the clearance-holders' foreign national contacts. That is the foreigners you are in close and continuing contact with. If I were China, I'd be looking for any Chinese national who pops up in those forms for exploitation. This is counterespionage-101 kind of stuff.

There are widespread reports that China is behind all this.

turn 3 :  is that B is implying that China is likely to be responsible for the events in question.

Which country is suggested to be responsible for the events in question by B?

Answer: China


You know, when my father died, I promised him I would try to write this book for him really. And then I quickly realized that I was writing it for the little girl who was angry, you know - I call her the girl in the red cardigan. I have a picture of her, and she's biting her tongue (laughter) all the time, you know - and also to try to trace the ways in which that experience had a long tail, if you like.

I have a section of the book called Aftermath. And my father became an addicted roulette player after he left the Brethren, and that put an enormous strain on the family. My parents divorced. My father ended up in prison when I was 16. He was very, very chaotic. I understand that now, you know. He was impossible, infuriating and wonderful. In the year that I was studying "Macbeth" for my O-levels, he decided I had to see every single production of "Macbeth" that year. So we saw 13 productions.

Oh, wow.

And in most car journeys, he'd be playing me music and reciting poetry. So it was really extraordinary being a daughter of such a man.

Rebecca, I mentioned earlier how I grew up in a very religious family. I don't go to church that much anymore. Actually, I don't go at all. So I'm wondering, for you, where is your faith now?Do you still have it?

turn 0 : "the little girl who was angry" is a metaphorical expression that refers to the author's inner child or past self who was frustrated and upset due to her father's death.

Which metaphorical expression refers to the author's inner child or past self?

Answer: metaphor


It was an amazing list. This started around 1910. There was a long list of books, and, at the start, they were things that sound pretty ordinary now, the things you mentioned, titles of things like "Tom Swift and His Airship," "Tom Swift and His Wireless Message. "My favorite is "Tom Swift and His Photo Telephone. "If you read "Tom Swift and His Photo Telephone," which is written in 1914, it sounds like you're hearing the description of Skype or Google Hangout.

The boy inventor invented this in 1914 fictionally, but the details are surprisingly similar.

Are people still reading those books, the Tom Swift books?

That's a good question. There were two big series. The first series started in 1910, went up to about 1940. They updated it in the 1950s and '60s with things like "Tom Swift and His Rocket Ship," "Tom Swift and His Giant Robot" and on and on. Those petered out. And they started up a few later, but the later ones just got off into sort of fantasy.

turn 0 : The fictional Tom Swift books written in 1910s predicted modern technology.

What details were similar in "Tom Swift and His Photo Telephone" to modern technology?

Answer: Telephone


Everyone has to be themself. In West Virginia, you can't just transform yourself. You can't be something you're not. You know, West Virginia, we'll shake your hand, look in your eye. We'll see your soul. We know if you're fooling us or not. Forget about having a D or an R by your name. They're thinking, oh, now, just because you're Republican, you're going to win. People in West Virginia still vote for the person. So they still know I'm still Joe. I've been Joe from day one. I was born Joe. And I'll die Joe.

One of the things that we've seen, specifically in red states where Democrats have done well, is that they haven't spoken about the president. They've distance themselves from discussing President Trump. I mean, your state is a state that Trump won by more than 65 percent. I mean, will you be discussing the president?

Let me say this - in 2012, Mitt Romney beat Barack Obama by 35 percentage points in West Virginia. I won by over 20 percent. That's a 55, 60-percent swing. So, people in West Virginia will pick the person.

So no discussing the president?

turn 0 : They see a person's personality and the deepest part of their character.

How do people in West Virginia perceive others?

Answer: Personality


What can Americans learn from 18 years of war?That's what the U. S.  has faced since the 9/11 attacks in 2001. James Mattis was in position to learn. The Marine veteran served in Afghanistan and Iraq and was defense secretary under President Trump until he resigned. Mattis has a memoir - "Call Sign Chaos. "He avoids direct criticism of the president. When we spoke yesterday, we asked if the president thinks long term, and Mattis said only that people around him do. The general describes his own detailed planning. Before leading a force into Iraq in 2003, he read thousands of years of history of Alexander the Great and others who invaded that region before him.

What could a multi-thousand-year-old battle teach you that would be relevant in the 21st century?

Well, there's enduring aspects of leadership, and plus geography doesn't change. And so when you read about the challenges they faced, it gets you thinking about your own. I knew we were going to be operating very deep inside the Middle East, and I had to decide what was the right manner in which I wanted the troops to go in. So I used words from antiquity. From a Roman general, I used no better friend, no worse enemy. We were going in to liberate the Iraqi people from Saddam. We were not going in to dominate them. I didn't want triumphalism. I wanted to go in with a sense of first do no harm.

So you read thousands of pages and then tried to boil it down to a few phrases, or in some cases even a word, that you could pass on to thousands of people.

turn 2 : The roman general he used was not someone he knew, but they were helpful in good and bad ways.

How did Mattis describe the Roman general he used?

Answer: helpful


Oh, this is - this is about the rarest of the rare thing you could see. This is when Venus crosses in front of the sun. We had this happen in June 2004, but we're going to have a repeat here June 5, 2012. And we need to urge everybody to go see this thing because we are not going to live to see the next one. The next time this'll happen will be the year 2117.

Now, it's not quite as dramatic as a solar eclipse or anything like that, it's a little subtle, and may I do my sting impression?Is that OK?

Go ahead.

turn 3 : A: (Singing) There'll be a little black spot on the sun that day.  The actual meaning of this turn is different from its literal meaning. It is a reference to a song by The Police, and is being used metaphorically to describe the transit of Venus, which will appear as a small black dot moving across the face of the sun.

How does turn 3 relate to the transit of Venus?

Answer: Transit


The likelihood that the law was going to get struck down was one of the factors that contributed to the council's decision to repeal it. But there were also many groups that came together to push for the repeal.

Mr.  Muchmore, I'm told you also have a laundromat in your bar.

I do have a small laundromat in the back. It's a New Orleans thing. I grew up in New Orleans, and there a lot of the bars have laundries so that while you're doing your laundry, you can have a beer or a coffee and get to know your neighbors.

How are you going to celebrate?

turn 2 : (3) The speaker has a small laundromat located in the back of the bar, which is a common feature in bars in New Orleans. This allows patrons to do their laundry while enjoying a beer or coffee and getting to know their neighbors.

How is the laundromat described in the bar?

Answer: Small


It's going great. I understand that spanking and Michelle Obama's fashion stuffed our inbox this week, right?

That's right. The discussions we've had about whether the First Lady should have worn clothing by black designers for her husband's inauguration is still creating a lot of traffic. Aljory Stallings(ph) wrote us this on our Web site, I am completely irritated on this trivial commentary on this issue. I wonder if the black designers who were complaining about this realize that by doing that, they are cutting off their noses to spite their faces.

Flora Gayle(ph) chimed in with this, I think she needs to get some credit for almost always wearing American designers. I am not black, but I do work in fashion. I think before we start judging this, we should look at how many black students are going to fashion school. I wish there were more.

And Dianne Truckenberg(ph) wrote in to say, I am concerned with the concept drawing lines for black versus white, for fill in whatever topic. Insistence on basing decisions on whether or not something or someone is of a certain race will certainly bring back racial tension.

turn 1 : The discussion is still happening between a great many people. The black designers are only hurting themselves by complaining about what she wore.

Which group of people are cutting off their noses to spite their faces?

Answer: Designers


And how do you do that?

Well, on the behavioral side, that means helping them go from being in this setting to open air and open - eventually open water. We would take them through a very careful process of getting used to the transport units, getting used to being on a crane and in a truck and then in a tank on the dock. Eventually, they might even take drives around Baltimore to get used to the idea that they're going to be mobile since they've have not done that before.

The other aspect is the physiological adaptation, and that's a very complex and laborious process. Every - all living organisms have a microbiome associated with them. That's all the microorganisms that live around us and on us - bacteria, fungus, spores, larvae, et cetera. Dolphins do too and, in fact, in seawater, it's quite present. And the water that they live in now, which is man-made saltwater, it's fairly sterile. And of course, the ocean is not sterile.

So we will go through a long process, once we've selected a site, that will begin to integrate that water into the water they live in here so that eventually, when they leave here, they will be in water that almost completely matches the water that they'll be moving to.

I gather, Mr.  Racanelli, you've known dolphins, worked with them in a sense, since you were a teenager.

turn 1 : The process of helping dolphins adjust to open air and water involves not only helping them cope with changes in their environment, but also teaching them how to be mobile and transport themselves.

What is one aspect of the process of helping dolphins adjust to open air and water?

Answer: Behavioral


Hello, Ira, nice to talk to you.

Why do they call you the Indiana Jones of. . .

Well because I've gone out around the world, you know, doing different archaeological investigations, which have turned up some pretty unusual fermented beverages (unintelligible).

Like what?

turn 2 : this entire line is more joking, unusual fermented beverages just means they went around the world and found different alcoholic beverages depending on the country and culture.

Answer: Investigations


Well, I think what I heard - and I heard it over the three days - is that the president is not going to let up pressure on Japan, on Prime Minister Abe on trade. Despite the close personal relationship, despite all the pageantry of this visit, it was just at the surface that the president was getting a little irritated with the arguments that Japan has been making on trade.

I think that this is not going to bode well for how this is going to end up. Mr.  Abe doesn't have a lot of latitude to give the president what he wants. But I think they're trying very hard to keep it from bursting the seams, so to speak, on the overall political strategic relationship.

What about on North Korea?As Anthony alluded to there, President Trump contradicted not only his host, the prime minister, but his own national security adviser, John Bolton, on the significance of these recent missile launches from North Korea and whether they violate U. N.  Security Council resolutions. How significant a disagreement is that between Tokyo and Washington?

I think that will be a disappointment for Prime Minister Abe for a couple of reasons. You know, again, President Trump said he was not personally concerned about the tests, still trying to lay out what I think he thinks is the base for a bargain with Kim Jong Un, and that is an economic development strategy by North Koreans that will then mitigate the military challenge.

turn 2 : President Trump disagrees with both his own national security adviser and Prime Minister Abe on the significance of North Korea's recent missile launches, which could strain the relationship between Tokyo and Washington.

What could potentially strain the relationship between Tokyo and Washington?

Answer: Missile


A young upstart reporter at a national news network, a political newcomer fresh from Hollywood, his opponent - a female senator firmly rooted in the establishment, a ratings-obsessed media mogul - does any of this sound familiar to you yet?Amazingly, Alisyn Camerota, a veteran news anchor and host of CNN's morning show "New Day," started writing her new novel years ago. And now the book "Amanda Wakes Up" seems like a crystal ball. Alisyn Camerota joins me from our studios in New York. Welcome to the program.

Thank you, Lulu. Great to be with you.

So are you psychic?(Laughter).

Well, there were many times, many times in the writing of this that my agent editor and I thought I was. But I think, what it turns out, is that there are some perennial favorite themes in politics and in presidential races. And I hit on them because you can predict with some certainty what will come back around.

turn 2 : "psychic" - This word is used figuratively to describe someone who can predict future events or has a sixth sense. It does not mean that Alisyn Camerota actually has psychic abilities.

What word is used figuratively to describe someone who can predict future events or has a sixth sense?

Answer: Psychic


They asked me to consider that, you know, almost without exception, these are young people in federal facilities who are separated from their families. They're in a strange place. They're dealing with stress and uncertainty every day. They fled poverty. They fled possibly violence in their home countries. And so they desperately need the semblance of a daily routine.

And analogously, if you look at studies done in hospital settings with chronically ill children, when they have access to play, they do better. They heal faster. They have lower levels of stress. And similarly, after natural disasters like Hurricane Harvey, Hurricane Katrina, there started to be interest in the therapeutic benefits of play access.

A very simple thing that Dr.  Cantor told me is that when your brain is being bombarded with stress hormones every day, you actually need to move your body even more than usual so you can get oxygen to your brain. And this oxygenation - it helps buffer potentially long-term damage.

Just in our last 30 seconds, what does the law say here?Could there be legal challenges?

turn 0 : Separated young people in federal facilities desperately need a daily routine.

How do separated young people in federal facilities benefit from a daily routine?

Answer: B


Thank you.

Why don't we start with a song?

Happily.

(Singing) There's a big white house on a leafy street on a summer's day in 1963. Station wagons parked in the drive with dents in the fender and wood on the side. There's kids and dogs and Instamatic cubes squinting hard in the sun. Not just yet, but one day, too, they'll be chasing what's already gone.

(Singing) You grow up tall and you grow up tough, trying to never admit not feeling good enough, until you find your passion and you find your way. Just trying to make it unscathed through every day. And it seems to happen nearly overnight. Life shows you who you've become. When there's no more mystery in the fading light, you're just chasing what's already gone. Like the line that spells the far horizon, moving with you as fast as you can run. Half your life, you pay it no attention. The rest you can't stop wondering what you should have done instead of chasing what's already gone.

turn 3 : Memories of the past can be bittersweet and chasing them can be a futile effort.

Answer: Chasing


You bet.

OK. The rope broke in my hands.

The rope broke in my hands. I'm writing that down right now.

That's good to know I could be of some use. Dave LaBounty of "The First Line. "Thanks so much for being with us.

turn 3 : The implied meaning of this turn is that Dave LaBounty is grateful for being given the opportunity to be on the show

What is Dave LaBounty's emotional response to being on "The First Line"?

Answer: Grateful


I started the business as a hobby. I needed a break from the logical legal work that I was doing every day, and I decided as a creative outlet I'd like to start making spa products as a gift. I contacted a store in Canada, and they sent me some raw ingredients, taught me how to mix some things. I took them in to work, and people really liked them.

People often think of, say, Carol's Daughter, you know, and the spa-product industry being a woman's thing. But I also remember going down to cover Hurricane Katrina and there was a doctor, Dr.  Friedman, who - he and his sons would make soaps and things like that. What spoke to you about this business?Why did you want to do it?

I was looking for a sense of wellness, and I've always tried to take good care of myself. So, one of the things I would do is, I work very hard, but I also take good care of myself in a healthy way. So, one of the ways I do that is by going to spas. I've always been a fan of the product, and I was a great consumer of the product. So, in building my business, I knew exactly what I expected, as a high-end consumer, of the market.

Some people say, OK, spa items, beauty items, those are all things that people will cut in tough times. What have you seen in terms of the past year or so of your business?

turn 0 : Starting the spa business was a way to escape from monotonous work.

How did the idea of starting a spa business come to A?

Answer: Hobby


I was making decisions in my life that went against everything that I was raised to believe. And. . .

Like what?What kind of decisions?

Specifically religion - the religion that I was raised in. And I was disagreeing with it heavily. It was my whole world and everything that I was taught.

Did they understand?Even though it was painful, did they understand why you had to make that decision to break away?

turn 2 : "Whole world" is an exagerraiton, most likely. It means that religion was a huge force in her younger life.

Which aspect of her life was heavily influenced by religion according to turn 2?

Answer: Specifically


And prior to that, they'd had him ahead by double digits again. So, there is a rhythm within each of these polls where it goes up and down a little bit, and if you want something to rely on, you need to look at the range within each poll.

So, why is that people reacting to the news each day, or to ads, or to stuff they see on the Internet?What is it?

Well, I could think they're reacting to something, I just like - we like to think the stock market is responding to some kind of real news or conditions. But it's not all that clear that it's all that rational, and the same is true of the political polls as well.

So, given that up and down in each individual poll, you have to think a lot of it has to do with the internal processes of poll taking, and then poll analysis. They weigh the polls, they look at whether or not their sample of the public really matches the demographic mix of the public, and then they weigh of responses of people to try to match that statistical model.

turn 3 :  Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples.

Answer: Polls


Governor, thank you so much for talking with us.

Oh, you bet.

And we are sorry for the loss. . .

Yeah.

. . . Of this important figure in your life and the lives of many other people. You've referred to Judge Keith as a mentor and even more than a mentor. Tell us a little bit, if you would, about how you came to clerk for him and why he meant so much to you.

turn 4 : It implies that the Governor was once a Clerk for Judge Keith who had probably stood by him before and during the reelection which he lost.

Which position did the Governor hold before his loss?

Answer: Incorporating


Well, the room did. Supposedly, the reporter from the New York Times, who had been hanging out in the back and sort of lightly paying attention, came tearing up the aisle and said, do it again. . .

. . . which he did.

How did the Polaroid change taking pictures?

Well, it was a huge revolution, at the time. And people immediately started to play with it. You know, it was a craze from the very beginning. The first camera went on sale in - the year after that demonstration, in 1948. It was rolled out in November. And they sent in a big lot and they said, well, it's the day after Thanksgiving; these should carry you through until Christmas. And they were gone before the store closed that day. So it took off immediately. You know, fine artists began to embrace Polaroid, right from the beginning. One of the first enthusiasts, who saw one of those early demonstrations in the late '40s, was Ansel Adams. And Adams immediately signed on as consultant to Polaroid. And he stayed in that role until the end of his life.

turn 1 : (2) The implied meaning of "which he did" is that the person repeated the demonstration.

Which action did the person perform again?

Answer: Demonstration


Even though the Jews lived with the Poles for 1,000 years. And today, the history of the Jews and the Jewish experience is not really considered Polish experience.

I'd like to talk about the new Polish law which prohibits using the phrase Polish death camps. What does that mean for you as a guide and as a historian?

I think this is not really the biggest concern that we have regarding this law. There are many organizations. There are many institutions. There are many wonderful people who've been trying to fight against using this expression Polish death camps. The point is, however, that this - and this is what we are really concerned about - that this new law will possibly suppress genuine research and also open discussion about the truth and whether we are allowed to talk about our dark past openly.

What is the truth?What is the truth that you study and that you have talked about?

turn 0 : The Jewish experience is not considered Polish experience

How is the Jewish experience perceived in Poland?

Answer: B


That's right. There are a few things in particular that stood out in the early excerpts. I haven't had the chance to get my hands on the book yet. But a couple of things in particular. One is that Bannon talks about that infamous Trump Tower meeting in June of 2016 that featured Donald Trump Jr. , Jared Kushner, Paul Manafort and the meeting that they had with the Russian lawyer, who was offering dirt on Hillary Clinton. Bannon describes the meeting as treasonous, as unpatriotic. And he says that those three should've called the FBI immediately. A second thing is that he also says that there's no way - there's no way that Trump Jr.  didn't walk the Russians up one floor to the 26th floor of Trump Tower and introduce them to Trump himself.

We should explain that's his - he doesn't know that happened, but he just finds it inconceivable it didn't.

He doesn't offer any proof. He wasn't in the campaign at the time. But this would be important if true because Trump has denied any knowledge of the Russian overtures, any knowledge of Russian outreach. And it would - this would obviously contradict that. The last thing is that Bannon says that the investigation is going to focus on money laundering. There are indications that Mueller's team may indeed be looking at that. So a lot to digest there.

NPR's Ryan Lucas, thanks so much.

turn 0 : "Bannon describes the meeting as treasonous, as unpatriotic." - The actual meaning of this turn is figurative and implies that Bannon believes the meeting was disloyal and against the country's interests, rather than literally being an act of treason.

Answer: Disloyal


The billionaire financier Jeffrey Epstein has been taken into federal custody related to sex trafficking. According to The Daily Beast, who first reported this story, Epstein was arrested yesterday and will appear in court tomorrow to be charged in connection with sex trafficking minors. This comes more than a decade after accusations first surfaced that Epstein had paid dozens of young girls for sex. But he avoided federal criminal charges and significant prison time in a plea deal that continues to draw criticism for its lenient terms. For more on this, we called Pervaiz Shallwani, one of the Daily Beast reporters who broke this story. And he's with us now.

Thank you so much for being with us.

Thank you for having me.

And I'm just going to start by saying that the details may be disturbing to some listeners because this does involve accusations about the treatment of young girls. So, having said that, Pervaiz, as briefly as you can, what are the allegations that first surfaced against Epstein in 2007 and 2008?

turn 2 : He was happy to attend the talk show

How did PersonA feel about being on the talk show?

Answer: Happy


Yeah. If you've ever heard stories about people who win the lotto, their lives are in inalterably changed by that. It's a hard thing to imagine. And for NPR and The Salvation Army, these huge gifts - and it's important to point out that The Salvation Army got close to 10 times more than NPR did - it was challenging.

How do you continue to reach out to donors when you've received this windfall?In the case of NPR, how do you explain, in this complex matrix that we've got of member stations in the network, how the money will get dispersed?In the case of The Salvation Army, Joan asked for recreation centers to be built all around the country. But The Salvation Army really wasn't equipped to do that. It had done it once in San Diego, where Joan lived, but it wasn't something that was in their wheelhouse, so to speak.

So yeah, it's a terrible burden. It's a wonderful one, but it was complicated for both organizations.

How fair or accurate is the idea that Joan Kroc gave away Ray Kroc's money to a lot of places and causes of which he would not have approved?

turn 3 : dispersed terrible burden How fair or accurate is the idea

Which word describes the idea of Joan Kroc giving away Ray Kroc's money?

Answer: terrible


Now, Mr.  Trump often points out that the school, at least on the website, had an overwhelmingly favorable rating from former students. But the plaintiffs say that it wasn't like that at all.

Really, that's exactly what they say. They argue that the whole point to this school was to keep selling students increasingly expensive seminars. First, there was a free introductory course where students were told they could make tens of thousands of dollars in just a couple of months using Trump's investment techniques.

But to learn those, they had to sign up for another seminar that cost about 1,500 bucks. And at that seminar, they were sold another course that cost as much as $35,000. They claim that students were encouraged to go into credit-card debt and even cash out their 401(k)s to pay for these top-level courses.

The settlement was reached. Well, one of these suits was about to go to trial on Monday, wasn't it?

Yeah, it was, though attorneys for Trump wanted it delayed because he was too busy with the transition. But, clearly, his schedule wasn't going to get any easier once he became president. So the judge in the case was urging both sides to settle.

turn 1 : “First, there was a free introductory course where students were told they could make tens of thousands of dollars in just a couple of months using Trump's investment techniques.” - Implied meaning: The students were misled into believing that they could make a lot of money quickly by using Trump's investment techniques.

How were the students convinced to sign up for the expensive seminar?

Answer: misled


This is WEEKEND EDITION from NPR News. I'm Linda Wertheimer sitting in for Scott Simon.

The Silk Road, the centuries-old trade route that the West traditionally associates with Marco Polo, is believed to have brought silk and pasta from China all the way to Italy. Of course, it didn't happen quite like that. History always depends upon the teller of the story. And we have a new version from Jen Lin-Liu. She's an American food writer who lives and works in China.

She's written a book called "On the Noodle Road," and she joins us now from our bureau in Beijing. Welcome to the program.

Thank you, Linda.

Which author does Linda Wertheimer introduce in the dialogue?

Answer: JenLin-Liu


But it was this idea of, well, that's what America is. And it was a very prescribed, very male, very white identity. And it linked up with, you know, I think a very chauvinistic idea about what we do with our military. I think this is all intertwined.

What do you mean about what we do with our military?

Well, in the sense that there is this very shoot-first-and-ask-questions later attitude about when we go out in the world. So I think when we take our values into the world throughout when this happens, throughout the 20th century, I think that there's a lot of good to be said about the intentions on a basic level. You know, we are going to go help people. But oftentimes the idea that the answer is military force, I think that that comes out of a lot of the same idea that this identity of the military as a very masculine, a very - you know, very prescribed idea.

As you follow the news as a journalist over the past many years, which events make you think of this story of the Rough Riders?Which events have resonance?

turn 2 : The military is associated with masculinity and force as a solution.

How is the military characterized in the conversation?

Answer: Prescribed


Absolutely. In fact, there is. It's very simple. If you go to the grocery store and you buy some blue food coloring, you can take it home. And I caution you to be very careful. It will stain the rug in your house, as I am. . .

Yeah.

. . . living proof of.

I hate it when that happens, you know.

turn 3 :  B: "I hate it when that happens, you know." The literal meaning suggests that the person simply dislikes it when something similar happens. However, the actual meaning could be that the person is using the phrase "when that happens" in a broader context, expressing frustration or annoyance with situations that lead to unwanted consequences or accidents in general.

Which phrase does PersonB use to express frustration or annoyance with situations that lead to unwanted consequences or accidents?

Answer: When-that-happens


The bank says that, you know, it had nothing to do with who the Saudi Committee chose to give money to. And they said that they vetted all of the organizations and individuals against these international lists of designated terrorists and that there were no red flags.

How does it happen that a U. S.  court even has jurisdiction in this?

This is the first case under the Anti-Terrorism Act. And the reason it's being tried here is because again it's a federal - it's a U. S.  federal law. And many of the payments that we're talking about were processed through the New York-based operations of Arab Bank. So in order to clear payments, some of these transactions are routed through branches in the U. S.  And so that's where you get jurisdiction.

Jessica, are there implications for the banking industry in this case?

turn 2 : Implied meaning: The speaker is making a subtle suggestion or insinuation that others may pick up on, but without being too direct or forceful.

Which turn in the dialogue implies a subtle suggestion or insinuation?

Answer: 2


Aw. We mentioned that you worked for President George W.  Bush, who advised John McCain. In your circle of friends, people there at the Hoover Institution - without violating any any confidences - your friends and colleagues - is your opinion widely held or are people who ordinarily would support the Republican candidate talking about voting for Hillary Clinton?

I think this is a real time of crisis for Republicans. It's hard for many of my friends to think about supporting Donald Trump. And it's very hard for many of my friends to think about supporting Hillary Clinton. In fact, I would have indulged the luxury of writing in one of my terrific nephews for president if I hadn't seen that the polls during the British referendum were off by 12 points. And my concern that (inaudible) be accurate, and everybody's vote's actually going to count this election.

Kori Schake is a research fellow at the Hoover Institution. She joined us by Skype. Thanks very much.

You're welcome.

turn 3 : "You're welcome." This turn is an example of conventionalized language, where the speaker uses a set phrase to respond to the expression of gratitude. The literal meaning of "you're welcome" is an invitation for the other person to come in, but in this context, it's used to acknowledge and accept thanks.

How is "you're welcome" used in this context?

Answer: Accept


When we had a transfer of presidencies in this country, when Barack Obama came in four years ago and George W.  Bush got aboard the helicopter and left town, well, George W.  Bush has pretty vanished from the American political leadership. He wrote a book, did pretty well with that. I gather he gives some speeches, but he plays no great part in the American political system. Bill Clinton has been playing a little bit more in this election.

But in the meantime, Mr.  Hu Jintao on his way out - really, on the way out?He will be a member of the Standing Committee. He's not going to be president. He's not going to be chairman of the party anymore, but?

He still may have a pretty strong role in the military. There's also the former president of China, who I covered back in the '90s, named Jiang Zemin who's from Shanghai. He has been front and center at the Party Congress. He's been out and about. He's in his mid-80s. He's playing role in terms of lining up who's going to take over. There's a lot of horse trading, but it's very, very opaque. And the average Chinese person really doesn't have any sense of where it's heading.

So you're getting this new generation of younger leaders, but the gerontocracy, the old leaders, behind the scenes, they're still playing a role.

turn 3 : Although there is a new generation of younger leaders, the older leaders still play a role behind the scenes.

What is still happening despite the emergence of younger leaders?

Answer: role


Back-and-forth, funny lines, that sort of thing. So it was quite clear what that was. And also accompanying that were three videotapes, one of which was of Governor Bush doing a Tim Russert-style interview in his shorts. I watched that for a few seconds, and I realized I shouldn't be having these materials. And so right after that, I called up our campaign manager, and I said, we've got some problems here. I've gotten stolen materials. And my lawyer came not long after that, and we decided that we needed to turn those materials over to the FBI.

Not just the FBI, also the press, right?You guys sought sort of transparency in this.

Yeah, well, we issued a very noble-sounding press release recusing myself from that. But we didn't disclose any of the materials. That actually - they left my office at about 1 o'clock. The FBI came over to interview me, oddly, that day, and I had found myself in an odd position of explaining to the agents why this was a crime. They were unfamiliar with it. And they didn't realize that these debate materials were probably some of the most valuable things in the United States at the time. And eventually Louis Freeh became the agent of record. He was the FBI director.

I want to follow up on that point because while you acted out of an abundance of caution, President Trump was considerably more nonchalant, let's say, about the idea of receiving dirt on an opponent. Were you surprised when you heard his comments?

turn 2 : The FBI agents were unaware that the debate materials were valuable

How were the FBI agents unfamiliar with the debate materials?

Answer: Unfamiliar


At dusk tonight - the Belmont stakes, and an engaging chestnut named California Chrome has a chance to be the first horse to win the Triple Crown - a sweep of all three of the major thoroughbred races since 1978. We're honored now to be joined by Laura Hillenbrand. She's a horse rider by trade, of course she's author of the perpetual best-selling "Seabiscuit. "Laura, thanks so much for being with us.

I'm so happy to be here Scott.

What is there about the Belmont stakes that frustrates so many great four-legged athletes who've already won two big races?

They call it the test of their champion for a reason. It is a tricky race. It's run around the biggest track in the country so strategy is different. You have to move a different place. It's a race that requires a lot of the jockey.

The thing that makes it the hardest in terms of sweeping the whole Triple Crown is the horse that gets there with a chance to win it as California Chrome has. They've already competed in the Derby and the Preakness, which are two incredibly difficult races. And now, in the span of five weeks, they have to try the third one. And it's the hardest one of all, the longest one of all. It's really asking a huge amount of them. And that's why, in my whole racing fan life, I have never seen a horse sweep the Triple Crown. I've seen 12 horses go to the Belmont with a chance to win it, and all of them have failed.

California Chrome is called the people's horse, kind of like Seabiscuit.

turn 0 : a chance to be the first horse to win the Triple Crown" - This implies that California Chrome has the opportunity to achieve a rare and prestigious feat by winning all three major thoroughbred races, rather than simply having a possibility of winning.

How is California Chrome's opportunity described to win the Triple Crown?

Answer: Rare


We're talking about 2. 8 million people. Has the rise of temporary workers figured into, at least, the statistical improvement of the U. S.  economy for some people?

It has. Overall, about one seventh of the total job growth has been in the temp sector. The temp sector is growing nine times faster than the overall private sector as a whole. And the 2. 9 million workers represents a record number, both in the number of temp workers and in the percentage of the economy that they make up.

You know in "Harvest Of Shame," Edward R.  Murrow very famously said, the people we're showing you in this documentary have picked your Thanksgiving bounty with their bare hands, and this is how they live. What should we look at in our everyday lives that might remind us of how we're dependent on temp workers to get by?

It's very similar in how the goods change by the season. If you look at Valentine's Day, they pack our chocolates. If you look at Memorial Day, the barbecue grills are packed by temp workers. At Christmas, all the clothing and toys and gifts we get - the same things we saw in "Harvest Of Shame," how workers get hired, how much they're paid, how they're transported to work is exactly the same thing that's happening here. The only difference is now that instead of picking things we're packing things.

turn 2 :  The implied meaning of this turn is to reflect on our reliance on temporary workers in our day-to-day lives, rather than its literal meaning of asking what we can look at to remind us of the plight of temporary workers.

How does the temp sector compare to the overall private sector in terms of growth?

Answer: One-seventh


Now, when we look at this, what they're doing, there was a - you know, in some ways perhaps a minor incident, but a telling one where the British publication, the Telegraph, reported online that the G8 leaders enjoyed a six course lunch followed by an eight course dinner. African leaders were not invited and of course they're talking about the global hunger situation. There was a lot of static about that. Do you think that, that was symbolic in any way or just, you know, big time world business as usual?

Well, Farai now you're going to draw the cynical side out of me. This was an incredibly stupid, careless move, by the G8 leaders where they basically seemed to have thought off camera they could do whatever they wanted to. And they demonstrated, for all to see, the contempt actually that they have towards the rest of the world.

That they basically - they see themselves, as in effect, the rulers of this planet. So, when they're on camera there'll be the tears, there'll be the concern. Off camera you saw this hideous example of consumption.

What do you think the G8 leaders should be doing in terms of an Africa agenda?I'm going to get to a couple of specific things, specific national issues of Zimbabwe and Nigeria in a second.

turn 1 : G8 leaders are contemptuous of the rest of the world and think of themselves as the rulers of the planet.

Which group of leaders demonstrated contempt towards the world according to the statement?

Answer: G8


Both the trains slowed. I was standing there with my bag over my shoulder, ready to jump. It was windy. It was cold. It was kind of getting dark. And so they finally lined up the cars correctly, and I was told to run across the loose rocks and jump on to the other train.

The conductor on the other train pulled me on to that car. Once I was onboard, another conductor came through the car, and she said to me, don't get up when we get to Milwaukee. What I heard from her was don't get up, or I will kill you. I did not move the rest of the trip.

So I get to Saint Paul. I'm looking for my brother. He's late. So he gets there, and I ask him, why were you late?And he says, well, I checked the train schedule, and it said it was running behind. Oh, that was because of me.

A travel nightmare with a happy ending from Anne Fleury in Milwaukee. Send us your stories, please. Go to weekendeditionsaturday@npr. org. Click on contact. Put Travel Nightmare at the top of your message.

turn 3 : .The situation was potentially dangerous and uncomfortable, with the darkness and cold adding to the tension.

Answer: Warning


This Thanksgiving week, we've been offering a little respite from all the glum financial news. We have been checking in with people who are doing all right despite the bleak economy. This day after the big turkey feast, we hear from an industry almost guaranteed a boom in business. We're talking about plumbing. Kevin Shaw runs Kevin Shaw Plumbing here in southern California. Welcome to the program.

Glad to be with you.

So I have heard that the day after Thanksgiving, plumbing companies can do as much as 50 percent more in business. Why is that?What is going on the day after?

We see a big increase in the number of people that call us with a plugged-up kitchen sink or maybe the toilet has plugged up. Those are the two big plumbing calls that we'll get today.

turn 0 : big turkey feast refers to celebration dying

Which holiday is being referred to in turn 0?

Answer: Feast


Good morning.

Good morning.

So your reaction to this meeting - the president seems to rely on his own brand of personal politics to get things moving.

Absolutely. And Kim Jong Un knows this. That's why he's been trying very hard to separate President Trump from his advisers because he thinks there is a deal to be had by just directly dealing with the president. There are a couple noteworthy things that came out of this meeting. I noticed that Trump - President Trump saying that speed is not the object here because he's looking for a comprehensive deal. And then he hinted that sanctions could be lifted during the working-level negotiations.

This is a departure from the Trump administration's previous stance that sanctions would be lifted only after denuclearization. So I think the bottom line is President Trump is looking for a deal. And potentially, now that working-level negotiations are going to resume, there is a deal to be had.

turn 2 : It's not literally a "brand" the president has; here it is referring to his own style and approach.

How is the president's "brand" being referred to in turn 2?

Answer: Style


Unidentified Children's Choir: (Singing) They don't teach us the ABCs We play on the hard concrete All we got is life on the streets All we got is life on the streets

(Singing) Rock, you know my era B-boy seasoning, salt-n-pepa Grown and sexy, come with the extra Crushed up linen, fly like Cessna…

Mr.  K'NAAN: I have so many different influences and inspirations and I feel like there's never a reason to disguise those influences. I think "ABC's" is just like a classic K'naan song in the sense that it gives you the conflict of, should I dance or should I think, you know.

Does suffering make for more realistic rap lyrics and provide more credibility the more you suffer?

turn 0 : All they have is the way of life that takes place outside of buildings.

Which element of the children's life is described in the song they are singing?

Answer: Crowding


Oh anywhere in the blood stream would be fine. The only question would be is it better if it's just floating, as you say, or would it be better to put in a very tiny micro drug-coated stent and keep it somewhere, you know, like in the wrist or someplace that's accessible. So that is another - which one of those paths is better is still not clear.

Are there any dangers associated, that we know of, of putting a sensor like that in our body?

Well, multiple centers are doing it, and there's already, you know, models being done in animal studies, and there doesn't appear to be any danger, and it goes even beyond heart attack. You could pick up antibodies before diabetes is struck in auto-immune diabetes or cancer cells. So there's a lot of things that it has potential for if we can get these nano chips to last a long time, powered by the blood, the movement of the blood, so there's no other power need, which is also a big advance.

For people with heart disease, do you have a sense of how much is sort of genetics, the stuff you're born with, and how much are environmental effects?

turn 1 : B is expressing concern about the safety implications of putting a sensor in the body, and is seeking more information on the subject from A

What is PersonB's main concern regarding putting a sensor in the body?

Answer: Safety


That is correct. This is a safe, sound and solid pick. And, you know, that's pretty much evidence that this was a decision made by the head and not by the heart - and maybe not entirely by Donald Trump's head alone because he likes to say he's most comfortable with decisions he makes on gut feelings.

And he's been very interested in a couple of other prospects that he feels a lot of affinity with. Newt Gingrich, as you know, Chris Christie have been very much in the running. Those are both much better known names. And they might not add much to Trump's political assets, but they would certainly be dynamic personalities on stage with him.

So the Pence choice was widely reported on Thursday and then sort of denied on Thursday night and then announced on Friday, after all, by tweet. What's going on with that?

Well, you know, it's been reported by CNN and NBC that Trump himself was undecided on this issue as late as Thursday night. Campaign chairman Paul Manafort has refused to say when the choice was really made, only to say that it was made by Donald Trump before he sent out that tweet on Friday morning.

turn 2 : Implied meaning: Although there may be variations in how people interpret it, the speaker is fairly confident that a significant number of individuals will understand that there is an underlying or implicit message conveyed through this turn. The meaning might not be immediately apparent and could require additional context, but the speaker believes that most people will recognize that there is a subtext or insinuation.

What is the PersonA's level of confidence regarding the understanding of the underlying message in turn 2?

Answer: Confidence


Wow.

. . . Actually the night he died. So he was a very well-respected young person by our staff, by our students and our community. And, you know, it was a very shame that that did happen.

I'm so impressed. I gather the youngsters themselves in your school came up with the idea of electing them king and queen. I got to tell you. . .

Yeah, you know, you think about social media as something that's bad sometimes. Well, they - her friends and his friends kind of started a little social media thing and the adults weren't even totally aware. And they wanted to - they wanted to have them be king and queen. Now, it wasn't, you know, the whole school. It wasn't everybody. It was a very tight group of kids that really. . .

turn 2 : I'm so impressed. I gather the youngsters themselves in your school came up with the idea of electing them king and queen. I got to tell you... Implicated Meaning: B is expressing admiration and surprise. The phrase "I'm so impressed" indicates that B finds the idea of the youngsters coming up with the idea of electing a king and queen to be impressive. B's use of "I gather" suggests that this information was not explicitly stated but was deduced or inferred by B. It implies that B is intrigued or fascinated by the youngsters' initiative.

How did PersonB react to the idea of electing a king and queen?

Answer: Impressed


Being an African-American police officer is one of the most difficult things that you'll do because there are African-American police officers all around this country and in this city who I talk to on a daily bases that, even before recent history, believe that there were issues between police officers and young black men. And one of the things that I think creates the problem - I've heard the word utilized a lot in describing the relationship - is that African-American men and particularly young men - say late teens to early-to-mid-30s - are - the word used is demonized.

And there are black officers that you talk to on a daily basis who will tell you that it's tough. I see this, and I still have to be accepted. I still have to be a part of the police culture, living in two worlds.

But I'll say that if you're a black police officer in America, there are some difficulties simply because you know that your race and gender has been on the receiving end of some very serious and questionable uses of force, whether they be deadly or just plain force used to make an arrest. So it is seen as something that - a burden that we carry as African-American men who also work in police profession.

Lieutenant Thomas Glover is president of the Black Police Association of Greater Dallas. Lieutenant Glover, thank you very much.

turn 0 : (1) Turn A: The implied meaning is that being an African-American police officer is particularly challenging because of the negative perceptions and biases that exist towards young black men, and that this can create tension and difficulties in relationships between police officers and the communities they serve.

How are young black men often described in relation to police officers, according to the dialogue?

Answer: demonized


(Laughter).

Did that work for you?

Yeah. I mean, because it's similar to what the TV show does. They tease some things. Some things get a few seconds. Some things are the main themes. And I felt that they really focused on two main lines here. I think, for me, they were the two main themes of this one. One is that downstairs, it turns out that the royals come with their own servants. And their own servants are very snooty. They're snootier than the king and queen. . . .

Yeah.

. . . As it turns out. And upstairs, the Dowager countess, Maggie Smith - no one else - is dealing with succession issues and who's going to run things in the future. And that also becomes an interesting plot. So those are the two main ones for me. But there's all kinds of other ones that are kind of peeking in around the edges.

I didn't think Maggie Smith could shine any more than she does in the television series, but she really did.

turn 2 : The servants and royals believe that they are better than everyone else.

Answer: Crowding


And Border Patrol agents are making a lot of trips to the hospital with sick children up and down the Southwest border - nearly 70 kids a day since December, they say. But immigration officials say it's just hard to keep up with the sheer numbers here. It's putting a huge strain on resources, and they're asking Congress for billions of additional dollars to deal with it.

In the meantime, what more have you learned in your reporting about the death of Carlos Hernandez Vasquez?

Well, a couple of things. One thing that really stands out is that Carlos Hernandez Vasquez died in a Border Patrol station. The previous migrant children who died were taken to the hospital first; Hernandez Vasquez was not even though immigration authorities clearly knew that he was sick. He was diagnosed with the flu by a nurse practitioner.

On the same day, Customs and Border Protection moved him to a different Border Patrol station where they could separate him from the other migrants to stop the spread of the flu. Even Health and Human Services officials were concerned about how ill he was. This is the agency that's responsible for long-term care of unaccompanied children. And HHS decided that Hernandez Vasquez could not be flown to a shelter in Florida because of his illness. So in retrospect, critics say it's hard to see why they did not take him to the hospital.

turn 0 : The situation of sick children at the border is worse than immigration officials claim

Which Border Patrol station did Carlos Hernandez Vasquez die in?

Answer: Border


Hello, Ira, nice to talk to you.

Why do they call you the Indiana Jones of. . .

Well because I've gone out around the world, you know, doing different archaeological investigations, which have turned up some pretty unusual fermented beverages (unintelligible).

Like what?

turn 2 : this entire line is more joking, unusual fermented beverages just means they went around the world and found different alcoholic beverages depending on the country and culture.

Which investigations did PersonA do around the world?

Answer: Archaeological


When she decided it was not in the national interest to grant security clearances for these 25 individuals, her supervisor overruled her and never provided any rationale for his decisions. In the past, when she was overruled on rare occasion, they would - supervisor would point out the mitigating circumstances and would work with her to assess the risk. Her former supervisor Carl Kline wouldn't speak to her, in fact would direct her not to get involved in these disputed security adjudications.

There has been reporting that President Trump got personally involved in order to grant security clearances for his son-in-law and others. Do you have any awareness of that?

My client would have no direct awareness of that. It was at a much higher level than she was operating at.

turn 3 :  "What led your client Tricia Newbold to conclude that the problems she was seeing in her office could not be addressed within the executive branch that she works for but instead needed to be addressed by Congress?"  The phrase "addressed by Congress" is figurative, as it means that the issues raised by Tricia Newbold needed to be dealt with by the legislative branch of government, rather than just the executive branch where she worked.

Which branch of government did Tricia Newbold believe needed to address the problems she was seeing in her office? (Answer: Congress)

Answer: Congress


Well, I think one of my roles - at least the way I pretty much defined my life and work for 35 years in the academy and was quite lucky in serendipitous ways began teaching at Yale at the time of the moment that's now considered, I guess, the revolutionary moment at Yale with the Black Panthers and Bobby Seale and Erica Huggins and others.

So, I always saw a kind of resistive undercurrent in the university even at its Ivy League level. And I've tried to identify myself in the academy with that resistive undercurrent. And I've tried to maintain an integrity of my public appearances and what I write that never refuses to look at the fact that racism, in my estimation, is more rampant in the United States and globally than ever before.

One can say is the glass half-full or half-empty. I think that's mere casuistry. It seems to me that the glass is empty for the majority of Americans now, not just black Americans, and it's not near any liquid refreshments source that I know of, the foreclosures, the economics of the present time, the war.

It seems to me that Henry Louis Gates Jr.  and Cornel West made a deliberate turn at a certain point in their career and decided, in the case of Mr.  Gates for example, that he was not going to do another profoundly brilliant book in his…

Well, professor, I'm sorry, we have to wrap this up. There's a lot there, but thank you so much, Professor Baker.

turn 3 : The speaker believes that Gates and West intentionally shifted their focus away from producing groundbreaking works in their field.

What is the specific career field that Gates and West intentionally shifted their focus away from producing groundbreaking works in, according to the speaker in turn 3?

Answer: Field


Absolutely not - no deal. You know, Congress recognized, when the Environmental Protection Agency was established in 1970, that California was the first to set their own car standards, even before we had a federal agency dealing with air pollution. And they have allowed California, for the last 50 years, to set emission standards that are more stringent than the federal government. So California has been the laboratory of innovation when it comes to reducing emissions from cars.

Is the auto industry essentially telling the Trump White House it's going to be - it's going to create market instability for us to have to manufacture according to U. S.  national standards and California national standards?

That's one of the issues. But it's more than that. Because if the Trump administration moves forward rolling back the standards, California and 18 other states that reflect more than 50% or 60% of the car sales in the country will challenge that decision in courts. And it will take three to four years. . .

Oh.

turn 0 : So California has been where innovation has been occuring and tested.

What state has been the laboratory of innovation when it comes to reducing emissions from cars?

Answer: B


Rod Blagojevich appealed for his sentence to be reduced last year. A judge refused, saying his long sentence is deserved, but Blagojevich's lawyer attached letters from a hundred other prisoners who spoke of his kindness and spirit. He was at the top level, wrote a man who identified himself as a convicted drug dealer, and now he is in prison with so many true felons and he accepts that as fate with his head held high, no ego, no arrogance and, most importantly, with humble humility.

A portrait of Rod Blagojevich in ornate, official hallways could remind governors who follow why citizens can be cynical about politicians. It might remind politicians not to think that getting elected endows them with honesty, wisdom or character. And, yes, it might give a disgraced politician a little recognition for finding a way to make his life useful to others.

The King. You're listening to NPR News.

turn 2 : (Singing) The warden threw a party in the county jail. The prison band was there, and they began to wail. The band was jumpin' and the joint began to swing.  Implicated meaning: The warden organizing a party in the county jail and having the prison band perform creates an atmosphere of excitement and enjoyment, turning the otherwise somber and restrictive environment of a jail into a lively and energetic place.

Which environment was transformed by the warden organizing a party in the county jail?

Answer: Jail