How quickly would we see a border closing impact the U. S.  auto industry?

Well, really, we would start to see manufacturing facilities impacted almost immediately. Most of the industry follows a just-in-time inventory strategy, which means that the parts that are needed for the vehicle are shipped to the plant as they are needed and on a continual basis. They don't maintain inventory levels at the assembly plant. So we would see a number of factories start to shut down almost immediately because they wouldn't have inventory available to keep going.

Is it possible for you to paint a picture of this for us using a specific car part, for example?

You know, there's a couple interesting ones. One, wire harnesses - these are the wires that are - that go into a vehicle. There's probably miles of these copper wires in a vehicle, very labor-intensive to put these wire harnesses together. The vast majority are made in Mexico that are used in U. S.  manufacturing. And so that's something that would be very important for a vehicle because it goes on early in the process.

turn 1 : A's response has an implied meaning that is different from its literal meaning. While A's response appears to answer B's question about the impact of a border closing on the U.S. auto industry, it also suggests that the industry's reliance on just-in-time inventory strategy makes it vulnerable to supply chain disruptions. This implies that the auto industry needs to have a continuous flow of parts to maintain production, and any disruption to this flow could lead to plant shutdowns.

What inventory strategy does the U.S. auto industry follow?

Answer: Strategy


Oh, by all means. I mean, the family in particular has been just, I mean, courageous. I've been at this 50 years now, and sometimes families withdraw, and we understand that. But this family has been a model of participation in all of the rallies, the demonstrations that we've had, and some of the members will be arrested. Therefore, they have sent a message across the city, indeed across the nation, rallying young people because Sean was about 22, 23, rallying young people to this cause.

Now, you and Reverend Sharpton's National Action Network were involved in protests around the shooting death of Amadou Diallo. Civil disobedience played a big role in those protests. What do you think those protests taught you, or what did you learn from them?

Well, you know, we've been doing this across the years. There's nothing new about a civil disobedience. But having 1,200 people arrested in a daily civil disobedience venture is phenomenal. It made an impact upon the police department itself and upon the politics in New York. Giuliani was the mayor at that time.

We hope that we will have a residential law. That is to say that policemen should live where they work. So that would mean you kill where you live. And I suspect that if you're going to kill where you live, you'll be more inclined not to kill, and we hope that there would be an independent civilian complaint review board that would review the behavior of the police.

turn 0 : The family in question has shown exceptional bravery and commitment to activism.

Answer: Bravery


Can I say [expletive]?

Nope. You sure can't. So we're going to call them useless. Giertz lives on a houseboat in Sweden and has found fame through posting videos of her useless robots online.

The first one that I did with a robot arm is called the Breakfast Machine. And it's basically a robot arm that I programmed to pour cereal and milk into a bowl and then feed it to me with a spoon. But all it does is, like, pour the cereal everywhere.

It throws the packet on the floor and it pours milk everywhere, including over me. And it doesn't actually manage to feed me anything. But it does hand me an empty spoon, so it succeeded in that part at least.

turn 3 : (4) The robot arm did not actually succeed in feeding the person, despite handing them an empty spoon. The actual meaning is that the robot arm is not very useful or effective.

How did the robot arm fail to feed the person?

Answer: Pour


Now, in New York state alone, that's 98 delegates at stake tomorrow for whoever wins by just one vote. That's a big pass to the delegates to get all in one place. And in some other states, if you win in every congressional district, you can take home the lion's share of the delegates from that state.

So, because the Republican rules do wait the winner more heavily and give extra bonus delegates for just winning, whether you win by one vote or whether you win over 50 percent in some cases, that's a big opportunity for John McCain as the national frontrunner to run up a big delegate total tomorrow and really put this out of reach.

All right. Finally, Mike Huckabee. He has a strong following among social conservatives at this point. He's kind of considered and also ran. Is that really accurate?What influence does he have in the race either, you know, in terms of winning or in terms of endorsing?

Well, first, his dream, of course tomorrow, would be to win big in several states in the south, maybe break through in Georgia, Alabama, his own state of Arkansas, Oklahoma possibly. He's competitive in West Virginia, where having conventions, maybe even Tennessee. If he could do that, he could stay in the race as a kind of regional candidate and power broker. Otherwise, the main thing he's doing is he's probably taking votes away from Mitt Romney, which is why Mitt Romney keeps trying to say, shoo, to Mike Huckabee in the game, out of the race if he possibly can.

turn 2 : In turn (3), the speaker asks about Mike Huckabee's influence in the race, both in terms of winning and endorsing. The literal meaning of the turn is a straightforward question. However, the implied meaning is that Mike Huckabee's influence in the race may extend beyond winning or endorsing, as he could potentially serve as a regional candidate and power broker if he performs well in certain states. This suggests that Huckabee's role in the race may be more complex and multifaceted than what the question implies.

Which candidate could potentially serve as a regional candidate and power broker?

Answer: MikeHuckabee.


Yeah. Everyone agrees that our prescription drug costs are too high - both right and left - you know, Democrat, Republican. It's one of the few points of information, points of fact that everyone agrees on. The problem is everyone disagrees on how best to tackle that. And there are a lot of forces that are resisting any change at all.

The bipartisan solution which Senator Klobuchar and Senator John McCain have proposed is allowing prescription drug imports from other countries, so we allow for a global competition in the sense of, you know, if everyone else is getting a better deal than us, why can't we buy our prescription drugs from there the same way we buy our, you know, refrigerators and cars?

Elisabeth Rosenthal, editor-in-chief of Kaiser Health News and author of "An American Sickness: How Health Care Became Big Business And How You Can Take It Back. "Thanks so much for being with us.

Thanks for having me.

turn 0 : A implies that while both political parties agrees that prescription drug costs are too high, they cannot find a common ground on how to address the issue.

How do both political parties feel about the high cost of prescription drugs?

Answer: Agrees


Are they willing to let people die over that principle?

Oh, no. No, you don't - but to who - and that's such an interesting - I love that you got right to the college dorm part of the argument, you know - are you going to let people die?No one's going to let people die. You know, there's talk about - oh, my gosh, the Trump budget cuts Meals on Wheels. Meals on Wheels gets 3 percent of its funding, approximately, from government sources. Ninety-seven percent is people want to take care of their neighbors.

I. . .

People are not going to let their neighbors die.

turn 1 : A: "Oh, no. No, you don't - but to who - and that's such an interesting - I love that you got right to the college dorm part of the argument, you know" - Here, A is not directly responding to B's question about whether people are willing to let others die over a principle. Instead, A seems to be expressing surprise or disagreement with something else that B said or implied. The literal meaning of A's words does not match their actual meaning, which is more like "I don't agree with what you just said, but it's interesting that you brought up that aspect of the argument."

Which aspect of the argument did PersonB bring up that PersonA found interesting?

Answer: college


(Laughter).

. . . And who he, Mr.  Trump, says are helping to rig the election with biased media coverage in any case?

Yeah. Well, yeah. I guess that - I guess we are definitely - us corrupt journalists are definitely the ones who are in the danger zone here. But the real problem here is - let's presume - and all the polls are pointing in this direction - Hillary Clinton wins. You know, we could be having. . .

But - which we don't presume when we cover the news.

turn 1 : example of a rhetorical question, which is used to make a point rather than to actually seek an answer.

How is the rhetorical question used in the dialogue?

Answer: Rhetorical


Well, responses have ranged from one person who said Biden was a great pick to another who said Obama made a terrible decision. But it's interesting, Joe Biden was the top choice of our unscientific online poll. We asked who Obama should pick as his VP, and 40 percent of all respondents chose him. So despite how people feel about Biden, I think a lot of people assumed that Obama would pick him. And Hillary Clinton interestingly was the second choice.

Really?As we get close - well, not closer to the convention, we are at the convention now - have you noticed an increase in the online traffic?Because I know people have really been paying attention. But now that we're here, are they really into it?

They are really into it. And everyone has an opinion. And everyone wants to make their opinion known. And that's just what they're doing.

Now, what are some of the things that we're going to be looking forward to, that our bloggers can look forward to on our website this week as part of our convention coverage?

Well, through npr. org, we have complete convention schedule so people know when to set their TiVos. We also have profiles of all the key Democratic players and we're also going to pose photo feeds from the convention floor. This morning, Michelle Obama was getting ready to make her speech and she was testing out the mics. And so we have some photos of that.

turn 2 : Online traffic and opinions are high during the convention.

Which aspect of the convention is generating a lot of interest online?

Answer: Online


There were some in the immediate crowd, Scott, who were smiling. But the president chose to make his tour of the damage in a rather affluent area where the damage was not so severe. Elsewhere on the island, these remarks seemed surreal. Plus, there was his rather cavalier comment about Puerto Rico's debt crisis, which is quite severe and which he dismissed and said, well, that's gone. That's gone. That's gone. Well, the next day, the president's budget director had to walk that back and say we shouldn't take that word for word. And all of this gave the impression that the president wasn't taking Puerto Rico as seriously as he did the hurricane disasters in Texas and Florida.

Did he leave a different impression the next day in Las Vegas?

You know, he did, and very much so. Whether it was recompense or whether the Vegas shooting just got to him on another level, one of his most authentic moments, really, of apparent empathy since he took office.

We're getting a tweet from president - from President Trump. Or we're not getting it. But he's tweeted, I called Chuck Schumer yesterday to see if the Dems would do a great health care bill. Obamacare is badly broken, big premiums. Who knows?

turn 2 : The president's attitude towards Puerto Rico and their debt crisis was dismissive and uncaring.

How would you describe the president's attitude towards Puerto Rico's debt crisis?

Answer: Not


It's interesting, these papers that you brought with you, or sent to us, about how - these are the tricks that people use, and they can actually test out whether they work or not.

Yeah. These are things that a lot of good cooks probably know, whether they realized they know them or not. But exactly what these things are are a little fuzzy because everybody's a little different. There are some scientists in England and there are other groups, especially in the Netherlands, that have been running tests for years, and they tend to sound kind of bizarre. They'll prepare some food. They'll give it to different people to eat. And later, the people will realize that something else was changing while they were eating it, something in the atmosphere.

Mm-hmm. And they - in one test, they gave people some ice cream that tasted like bacon?

Yeah. This is - Charles Spence is the main scientist. He's at the University of Oxford. He teamed up with one of the famous chefs in England, and they made something which sounds really crazy, bacon and egg ice cream, which I'm told is really pretty good, tastes like bacon and eggs. And they served bacon and egg ice cream to a bunch of people. And they had them do some sort of rating about how bacony does it taste, or how eggy does it taste?And they would play sounds. And whenever they would play the sound of frying bacon, you know, that crackling sound, people would consistently say that the thing tasted a lot more bacony to them. . .

turn 3 : The sound of frying bacon makes the ice cream taste more like bacon to people

How does the sound of frying bacon affect the taste of the ice cream?

Answer: Bacony


And yet we see, at this particular moment in time, isolationism on the rise. We see it in Brexit. We see it here in the United States. Does that make the fight against genocide more difficult?

Oh, I think it absolutely does. There's been a lot of progress in the last 25 years, including the creation of their doctrine that's called Responsibility to Protect, which says that the United Nations has a responsibility to protect the people of a country when their own states fail to do so. What happens if that multilateralism falls apart is that we start to question those powers that do intervene. You start to question their motives in those instances where multilateralism falters.

That's David Simon, director of Yale's Genocide Studies Program. Thank you very much.

Thank you, Lulu.

turn 2 : The actual meaning was differ from the original meaning that is the right answer

How was the meaning of turn 2 described?

Answer: different


Yeah. So Texas Governor Greg Abbott, in a press conference, announced the number of casualties in today's shooting here in El Paso. That number is 20 total casualties with 26 others injured. Authorities say the victims range in all age groups. The governor called this one of the deadliest days in Texas.

And what more do we know about the person who was taken into custody?

You know, from the authorities, we don't know much more beyond this was a white 20-year-old - 21-year-old male who was apprehended without incident by the El Paso police at an intersection just behind the Walmart. The state police is taking the lead on this investigation. But at today's press conference, the El Paso police chief say that they believe that this incident may be connected to a hate crime.

And why did they say that?

turn 2 : to be connected to something in this context means something happened because of something else

How was the incident in El Paso described by the governor?

Answer: Deadliest


We got a few letters about the interview you did with Rick Warren this week. Celine Welch(ph) in Fort Worth, Texas, wrote into say she was a fan of the show, but not of the interview you did with the influential pastor.

Celine wrote, you began by asking him about rumors that McCain may have heard the first part of the show. Regardless of what he said, there was no way for Warren to know what was happening with McCain while Warren was on stage. What you should have asked was, why did you tell the audience at the beginning of the forum that McCain was in a cone of silence when in fact he was in a motorcade on the way to the church. That's something Warren needs to account for.

Then Thomas Tenhave(ph) in Philidelphia, Pennsylvania, had a different take on the interview. But he still thought we missed some topics. Farai Chideya did an excellent job interviewing Rick Warren, however, as with most of the media, it rarely hones in on misstatements. Ms.  Chideya failed to ask Mr.  Warren why social justice concerns were such a low priority, that they weren't raised because he ran out of time. Really?Once again, social justice takes a back seat to abortion, foreign affairs, and gay marriage. So much for Mr.  Warren's attempts to separate himself from the Christian right.

This month we're doing a series on addiction. Listener Anise Rice(ph) wrote in to say. . .

turn 1 : The interviewer should have asked about the misleading information provided by Mr. Warren about McCain's whereabouts.

How did Celine Welch feel about the interview with Rick Warren?

Answer: Disappointed


Are Jews in Germany already hiding external markers of religion?

Yes, they have for quite some time. Jews in Germany who wear yarmulkes often wear baseball caps to hide their yarmulkes because there is a feeling of unease. There aren't incidents all the time. And yet, one doesn't want to court that sort of danger. That said, of course, there's a great wish that this doesn't have to be, that one can wear a yarmulke openly. And here on the streets of Berlin, generally, it is no problem. But no one wants to be the person where it is a problem.

Right.

And even - it's not just wearing kippahs. It's also speaking Hebrew, it's wearing Magen David Jewish star necklaces. Any outward sign can be a problem.

turn 1 : Jews in Germany are hiding their religious symbols due to safety concerns

How are Jews in Germany reacting to safety concerns regarding their religious symbols?

Answer: hiding


It's my pleasure, Scott. Thank you for having me.

Is the ACLU a fig leaf for Nazis?

No, sir. We are the premier defenders of freedom of speech and racial justice and the rights of all people in the U. S.  For almost a hundred years, our mission has been to defend the rights of everyone, even people we hate. And ultimately, this is about making sure the government never has the authority or the ability to censor speech because it finds it loathsome or disgusting. There are ways for government to regulate speech. It's got to be neutral. There are time, place, manner restrictions that are perfectly appropriate and legitimate. And yet, it can never be because we don't like what folks say.

What about when the marchers are armed, though?Doesn't that make a difference to public safety?

turn 1 : The prevalence of sexual harassment allegations could lead to substantial change in the composition of Congress and the Senate over the next two election cycles.

Which topic is the statement in turn 1 NOT related to?

Answer: ACLU


Alan Dershowitz is a fine legal scholar. He's welcome on this show any time. But in any event, one had to make note of that. Way before Steven Spielberg and "Jaws," did - what's still called the Chappaquiddick incident in which a young woman, Mary Jo Kopechne, died when she was in the back of a car driven by Senator Edward Kennedy, went off the bridge at Chappaquiddick. Did that bring the worst kind of attention to the vineyard?

I think that that was when people first started to think about - see, the vineyard entered the world stage because of Chappaquiddick. And this kind of remote island that was a secret in many ways became not a secret. It was about three or four years later, I think, in '73, that Spielberg decided he wanted to film "Jaws. "And the vineyard came up as a setting because it was so authentic, although that word's kind of annoying these days. But it was so authentically weather-beaten and New England-y (ph).

And Spielberg had looked at some places on the West Coast, but a lot of the beaches there in the background might have a high rise. They were developed in some ways. This was an extremely undeveloped part of the world. It's tried to remain undeveloped, though now it seems as if almost every house there has a swimming pool. A friend of mine once said, and I quoted this, that "pretty soon, the island will be a donut. "

Pretty soon the island will be a donut.

In other words, there'll be land surrounded by a hole filled with water.

turn 2 : "It's tried to remain undeveloped" - The island itself does not have the capacity to try to remain undeveloped. This is a personification of the island that means the people living on the island have tried to prevent it from being developed.

Which figure of speech is used in turn 2?

Answer: Personification


Yes, particularly when we were starting out science at the beginning of - I think what you would call middle school, about age 12. This, of course, was the mid-1950s. And in Britain at that time, girls were only expected to get married and keep house. So instead of getting a chance to go the science laboratory, we got directed to the domestic science room to learn cookery and needlework.

And how did you fight your way into the science classes?

My protestations weren't heard. But when I told my parents that first evening, they were extremely angry. And I think the headmaster's telephone got a little hot.

(Laughter) And then you went to university. And I also read that, you know, you would get cat-called and that it was not a very friendly environment for women.

turn 3 : Cat called means to have mean loudly say sexual things to you in front of others.

Which term describes the act of saying mean sexual things in front of others?

Answer: Catcalling


Yeah. To learn street - Glasgow street language.

They must have - well, a few particular words must have stuck to their vocabulary.

They spring to mind immediately, don't they?

Our guest is Billy Connolly. You're listening to TALK OF THE NATION, from NPR News. And there is a lot of material, it would seem to me, that would go over better in Scotland than it would here. How do you have to change to adapt to audiences?

turn 0 : Learning Glasgow street language involves learning specific words.

Which type of language is being discussed in the dialogue?

Answer: Glasgow


Prime Minister Boris Johnson asked the queen to suspend Parliament - a very British coup, as many of his critics say, or a way to force Parliament to work out Brexit three years-plus after voters voted for him.

Or perhaps a device to get Parliament out of the way and allow Boris and the Brexiteers to finally leave the EU even without a deal. And the EU has said it is done negotiating. So this fall, Britain may leave the European Union and do it in the most disruptive and unpredictable way imaginable. So for the residents of Britain, this is rather like watching a hurricane bear down on them, feeling helpless to stop it and unable to escape.

The romance between the president and Fox News seemed to have everything going for it. What happened?

(Laughter) It does seem to have cooled. Weeks ago, the president started complaining about the opinion polls he saw on Fox News. They were showing his approval rating as low as most of the other media and academic polls. So he called that fake news.

turn 1 : It's like watching something awful approach people and not be able to stop it.

What is the feeling of the residents of Britain towards the possible outcome of Brexit?

Answer: Awful


So the very beginning of it sounded a lot like rap to me.

Yeah. It is about the rhythm of the lyrics, rhythm of the words.

You have been living away from your home in Iran now, for a number of years. So how has life in exile been for you?

Actually, I - from the first days, I just could use this world for myself, world of exile. Here in the U. S. , I got mostly concentration on my work. I got my - silent; I got respect. I got - many things. Definitely, I miss my mom, I miss my family, I miss my friends. But not the concept of Iran - it's dead for me.

turn 1 : The music in the beginning sounded like rap to me, which is a form of music that has a strong focus on rhythm and poetic lyrics.

What genre of music did the beginning of the song sound like to B?

Answer: Rap


I'm Farai Chideya and this is News & Notes. The roots of jazz reach down on to the Mississippi Delta and the West Coast of Africa. Now, the many sounds that make up modern jazz can be heard virtually anywhere in the world. The Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz keeps the music alive and nurtures the next generation of jazz musicians. And this weekend, the institute is honoring B. B. King, plus, holding the finals of its annual performance competition. Joining us now is Monk Institute President Tom Carter.

Hi. It's a pleasure to be here.

Yeah. Yeah. You're right here in the studio. So we've been hearing a little bit of the great B. B. King, who I've had the pleasure of watching play. And you're honoring him in Los Angeles this weekend at a concert called 'The Blues and Jazz, Two American Classics. 'Tell me a little bit more about how got things structured.

Absolutely. It's going to be an incredible weekend. We have saxophone competition which we'll be talking about. But as a part of the competition, we also have a major tribute concert each year and this year, it's dedicated to B. B. King and to the blues. The blues have had a huge influence on jazz, and we established last year an education program in Mississippi Delta called 'The Blues and Jazz, Two American Classics,' which is the theme of this weekend. And there, we worked with young kids and really introduced them, originally in the Mississippi Delta to their great roots and heritage and the life of B. B. King, who is from Indianola.

turn 1 : to watch someone play means to watch them perform

What musician is being honored at the concert in Los Angeles this weekend?

Answer: BBking


No, I think this will be about fact. That's why I added a number of authors and historians to this commission. When these monuments were erected, they were to celebrate but also, I think, to intimidate individuals, as well. They were there to continue to convey what I think is, you know, alternative facts and history. At the end of the day, these individuals defended a time and a purpose that would probably have me and my ancestors in bondage. And that should not go untold.

Some, though, would say this is a cop-out. New Orleans has torn down a number of its Confederate monuments. The city of Charlottesville, Va. , voted to sell its statue of Robert E.  Lee. Why not remove these statues?

Well, first I will say that our monuments commission will obviously listen to all sides. They'll listen to those who think that we may be trying to rewrite history. We're going to listen to people who think that we should remove the monuments. My charge to the commission is to tell the whole truth. For some, this was the third rail in Richmond politics - that you can never touch Monument Avenue. And I think that right now this is an opportunity for us and a responsibility for us to write the next new chapter for the city of Richmond.

Levar Stoney, the Democratic mayor of Richmond, Va.  We've been checking in with him throughout his first year in office. And we will be doing so as the year rolls on. Thank you so much for joining us.

Thank you, Lulu.

turn 0 : The monuments were meant to intimidate and convey alternative facts and history.

Answer: Celebrate


Mountain guerilla killings in Central Africa have reached an all-time high.

Current fighting among the Congolese military and rebels has caused park rangers and other locals to flee the area, ultimately leaving one of the world's most endangered animals seemingly unprotected. These killings reached deep into the economy, the local community and the environment.

For more, we are joined now by Craig Sholley. He is a senior director at the African Wildlife Foundation and former director of Rwanda's Mountain Gorilla Project. Craig, nice to have you on the show.

Very nice to be here, Tony. Thank you.

turn 1 :  "leaving one of the world's most endangered animals seemingly unprotected" is a turn whose actual meaning is different from its literal meaning. The phrase "seemingly unprotected" suggests that there may be some protection for the animal, but it is not clear or uncertain. The literal meaning would be that there is absolutely no protection for the animal.

What is the implied meaning of the phrase "seemingly unprotected"?

Answer: Uncertainty


And yeah. Like I said, the video can be used for good. And that's why I think the premise of body camera footage is good. But where problems emerge is when government officials and police officials push back against making that footage public because that's the whole reason. The reason is to bring transparency to police interactions. And if government officials push against that, it goes against the entire premise.

One of the very interesting points that you make in your book is that the federal government has investigated alternatives to lethal force and improving police-community relations for decades. I mean, you highlight a report that was commissioned by President Johnson, President Lyndon Johnson in 1967 in response to the Watts riots. And you said that it proposes really not so much an emphasis on technology but an emphasis on relationships, on communication and teaching police officers how to communicate better with the public, how to - it's more of like a - I don't know what word to use. Would you say humanistic approach?And. . .

Absolutely. That's a great word for it.

And that you say that there's - these kinds of - these techniques have never really been implemented because they were deemed to be too expensive. But you also point out that technology is expensive. The police departments spend a huge amount on these technologies that you say don't work. So what - my question to you is, why do you think these techniques have not gotten more traction?

turn 2 : The actual implicit meaning of the turn "absolutely" is agreement and affirmation.

Which word indicates agreement and affirmation in the dialogue?

Answer: Absolutely


Mr.  DAVID M.  KENNEDY (Director, Center for Crime Prevention and Control): Hello.

So what's this "stop snitching" culture about?

Race.

What do you mean by that?That's a very blunt answer.

turn 2 : The 'stop snitching' culture is related to the issue of race.

Which issue is the 'stop snitching' culture related to?

Answer: Race


Are there any good reasons to use this?

There is a separate group here working on storing data in DNA. It turns out that DNA is really robust for long-term storage, whereas, you know, hard drives may die after a few years. You can conceivably store data in DNA for hundreds or thousands of years. And as long as life continues to be based on DNA, we'll always have a reason to read and write DNA. So it's sort of a technology that won't go obsolete.

So, I mean, we underscored the aspect of some kind of mischief or outright miscreants. But I wonder, you know, a few years from now, instead of having hard drives or storage systems, will people just carry around that information in themselves, in their DNA?

I'm not sure that people will carry around that information within them. But I do believe people will start using DNA for sort of long-term storage. So accessing data from DNA and putting data into DNA is a pretty slow process. And so you'll want to, you know, archive photos in there and things like that. But you won't want to use it for your day-to-day tasks, at least not for the foreseeable future.

turn 2 :  Implied meaning: Will people use DNA to store data instead of hard drives in the future?

How long can data be stored in DNPersonA according to PersonA's response?

Answer: Thousands


What a coincidence. Serendipity.

Absolutely. So this is a very festive lab and we asked if they would look into this and they did, several times over, for us. And so we have the results on Video Pick of the Week is originals of our sample size of one - we should be clear - experiment into this.

Right. And you found that if you out enough - spike your eggnog enough, should we. . .

Well, yes. So you can go to our website for the recipe. But after - the key to this, and actually, we'll have - let's have Vince Fischetti, sort of, give us a little background.

turn 2 : They're implying that if you spike your eggnog enough, you'll get drunk.

Which drink do they mention in the dialogue?

Answer: Eggnog


So when he came home, how was he different in how he treated you, related to you, related to family life?

He's totally different. For one, Michael is very quiet. And since he returned, he's even distant, and it's causing a lot of problems in our marriage. And it's just - this war have caused a lot of stress on the wives and the families, they have to deal with these soldiers when they return.

What do you try to do with or for Michael to help him adjust?

I try everything in the world, and it seem like it don't help. Because he have a wall built up, and for one, we don't have enough help here. We only have one clinic that we can go to for counseling and therapy. And it's like two-hour drive away from where we live, so that's a major problem, too.

turn 1 : "He's even distant" - The actual meaning of this turn is different from its literal meaning. It implies that Michael is emotionally distant or uninvolved in their relationship, not physically distant.

What is causing problems in PersonA's marriage?

Answer: B


The attitude of the West and of Russia towards a crisis like Ukraine is diametrically different. The West is trying to establish the legality of any established border. For Russia, Ukraine is part of the Russian patrimony. A Russian state was created around Kiev about 1,200 years ago. Ukraine itself has been part of Russia for 500 years, and I would say most Russians consider it of Russian patrimony. The ideal solution would be to have a Ukraine like Finland or Austria that can be a bridge between these two rather than an outpost.

Mr.  Kissinger, every time we interview you, we hear from people who object, who say they have no interest in your opinion because of your role during the war in Vietnam, especially the bombing of Cambodia and Laos. How do you answer that?

They should study what is going on. I think we would find, if you study the conduct of guerilla-type wars, that the Obama Administration has hit more targets on a broader scale than the Nixon Administration ever did.

Is there not, though, a difference between a drone attack and carpet bombing?

turn 1 : Please expand upon your thoughts and discuss what your experience has been to-date with the availability of dementia-related information.

How would you describe the turn given in the statement?

Answer: Diametrically


I think so. I think its a challenge that, you know, Uganda is the third largest refugee-hosting country in the world now, but I think most people dont realize that. When we think about refugees, we often think about the Syria crisis, which is the world's largest. We think about people who are crossing the Mediterranean. But we're not thinking about the now almost a million people who've crossed this land border into Uganda but have also fled from South Sudan into Kenya and Ethiopia and even into Sudan.

We're also in a situation where the administration has sent very limited aid budgets to Congress. And fortunately because the commitment that Congress continues to show, they've actually rejected those steep cuts to humanitarian aid and provided strong funding - robust funding for humanitarian assistance. But we need to see that funding really get out of the bank accounts in D. C.  and get out to the ground, where it's needed.

Has Uganda been been so welcoming?The international community has thought there's relatively little reason to get involved.

turn 0 : Is this situation just overshadowed by other refugee and humanitarian crises in the world?  Implicated meaning: Is this situation being overlooked or given less attention compared to other refugee and humanitarian crises in the world?

Which country is the third largest refugee-hosting country in the world?

Answer: Uganda


Yeah. I think a big local newspaper, you know, was kind of like the big local sports team. There's always been hostility toward the big, local paper but I think there was a certain amount of pride in it. And this is our paper. We are a big-time city. I think the Herald spoke more for the community and reflected the community better than any other institution down here could. And now there is no institution to replace that, unless, you know, you talk about sports team or something like that. And I think that's true of many, many cities now.

We talk so much about newspapers. Is journalism going to survive?Has that become DIY?Is this an opportunity for novelists to step in?

You know, novelists have been trying to step in for hundreds of years. And I think the same forces that are sort of working against newspapers probably are also working, to some extent, against books. I just, I don't know. It just feels like everything happens so fast now and everybody, you know, goes on to the next subject so quickly now. Books seem a little archaic, except as entertainment and, you know, as an escape from policy and that sort of thing.

Dave Barry. His new novel, "Insane City. "Speaking with us, of course, from Miami. Dave, thanks so much for being with us.

turn 0 : In turn (1), the speaker implies that the big local newspaper was a point of pride and reflection for the community, despite the hostility towards it.

What did the big local newspaper represent for the community, according to the speaker in turn (0)?

Answer: Pride


To tell you the truth. On my part it was such a rarity that even I had not thought about the unassisted part of the play. I realized at the time that it was a triple play. You know, it was all three outs, but had never really thought about the unassisted part because it was such a rarity that no one ever really talked about them.

Ron, was that moment it for you in your baseball career?Is that - what could be better than that?

Well, there were some real good things that happened to me in my career. I had a fairly long career. I played in the major leagues for almost 15 years so - but I was "Rookie of the Year" in 1960 and that was. . .

That's pretty good.

turn 1 : (2) Implied meaning: Was that the highlight of your baseball career?

How long did PersonA play in the major leagues?

Answer: 15


Hi, David.

So we have heard so many different messages, I mean, from President Trump in terms of removing U. S.  forces, keeping U. S.  forces there, claims of victory, backing off claims of victory. What exactly is the situation right now?

Well, the U. S. -backed coalition does appear to be in the final stages of the actual combat. But what exactly the victory entails, what it achieves, how final it proves to be, those are all still open questions. Over the weekend, the Syrian Democratic Forces, the SDF - they're the ones actually in there trying to seize this last bit of ISIS control - said it would be over in a matter of days. There could still be some intense fighting, though, between now and then.

SDF commanders say some of those airstrikes that have been pounding the ground were targeting vehicle bombs left by ISIS. There was a Twitter post from an SDF spokesman. He said three car bombs were taken out. And there's - he also said it's going to be over soon, this battle. There's estimates hundreds of ISIS fighters are left. They're not going anywhere without a fight. But it sounds like a victory over those fighters is being portrayed as more a question of when rather than if.

turn 1 : Although the literal meaning of this turn is simply asking for a description of the current situation, the implied meaning behind it is that the speaker is expressing frustration or confusion about the conflicting messages they have heard from President Trump regarding the removal or retention of U.S. forces in Syria. It could be interpreted as a way of questioning the credibility of the information that has been provided so far and seeking clarification or a more definitive answer.

How is the speaker feeling about the information provided by President Trump?

Answer: Confusion


Thank you. How are you?

I'm pretty good. Thank you. You must be stuck like glue on this, but, you know, you've played in three World Cups, including one of the wins for the U. S.  team in 1999. How would you describe what it's like to be out there on that field in that final game?

It's exhilarating, to be honest with you. And it's really interesting for me to watch on TV because on the game days, I feel similar to how I used to feel when I played just because I really still feel a kinship and a connection to the current team, even though it's been many years since I played. But I feel we're all connected and inspired by each other.

Well, what are your thoughts on this current team?

turn 1 : The person must be watching every moment and every detail of the games.

How attentive is the person to the games?

Answer: Every


You know, thousands of people around the world are facing these situations now. I mean, these people who left lots of countries to go overseas and connect with ISIS or fight for ISIS or marry people involved with these extremist organizations, they're coming back. Do you have advice for your officials in other parts of the country, or perhaps even the world, about how we should start thinking about this as a society?

Well, I think first and foremost that it has to be a focus area, and, A and B, that it has to be very well-funded. We can't think of this as an issue of the day, and then a 24-hour news cycle passes, and it's not the topic that's hot in the media attention at the moment. Every time that we stop or we don't continue to move forward when a catastrophic event occurs, then we're going to be in a situation where asking the same questions - what are we doing?Why aren't we doing more?What should be done?

That's Kevin Lowry. He is the former chief probation officer for the U. S.  District Court in Minnesota. Mr.  Lowry, thank you so very much for talking to us.

You're welcome. And thank you.

turn 1 : The issue of people joining ISIS should be a continuous and well-funded focus, not just a temporary concern when a catastrophic event occurs.

Which issue should be a continuous and well-funded focus?

Answer: Joining


So who is this father we're talking about?

Well, his name is Bashirul Shikder, and he's an American dad who is from Florida - lives in Florida. And four years ago, his two children - one of them was just an infant less than a year old - were kidnapped by their mother and taken to Syria, where she came to join ISIS. He's been trying to get his kids back since then. And then last month, he received the awful news that his wife had been killed in an explosion. His kids are injured with burns to their faces. So he came to Iraq. We followed him there, you know, next door to Syria where he was lobbying U. S.  officials to try to help, trying to locate these children who are somewhere in Syria.

Now it's been confirmed by - well, now multiple sources tell us - but I should say that it's not yet fully confirmed - that these two children and a half sister they now have are actually alive and still in Baghouz. Of course, the offensive on Baghouz has just started again, so this is really every parent's nightmare. What he is hearing is that the kids are there; they're being bombarded. But they're with a family who doesn't want to leave.

Wow. So this father might be watching U. S. -backed forces basically try to take out territory where his children might be still holed up somewhere.

turn 1 : The turn "He's been trying to get his kids back since then" is an example of a figurative language, as the father is not physically trying to retrieve his children but rather taking legal and diplomatic actions to locate and bring them back.

How is the father trying to retrieve his children?

Answer: Legally


Well, we've got quite a few people that have moved in with other family members. Some houses that have only been destroyed partially - some are completely to the ground. We've still got some living in hotels. We've got some that are living in tents and vehicles. We found out yesterday from our school district that quite a few schoolkids are homeless. You know, 67 percent of the property here has been damaged in some way - or more.

So people have got stress trying to do a normal life during the day and have a normal job and then end up having to deal with the insurance companies and dealing with your mortgage companies and dealing with the assistance programs that you're trying to get help from that just takes repetitive, repetitive visits with to get things done. And it's not their fault. It's just the bureaucracy that's involved in everything doing nowadays.

Yeah. So they have to make repeated visits and work for a living all at the same time.

Yes, sir. It takes a mental strain on you. In my case, we sleep on a mattress in the back part of my living room 'cause the other half of my house doesn't have electricity and has got - you know, leaks like a sieve. And that's not a normal life.

turn 3 :  (4) implies that the speaker is facing a difficult living situation.

Answer: Difficult


Yeah. It was over in an hour or something, right?Yeah.

Exactly.

The emperor Augustus almost cracked up on your watch.

Yeah. That was - the Vatican exhibit was coming into the Met, some Leonardos, really fine, fine pieces of art. The Augustus was one big crate. And as the truck was coming down the ramp, you could see the truck driver was going too fast. And the top of the crate hit the concrete support beam in the garage, and all you heard was a crunching of wood. And my heart almost stopped.

turn 3 : Their heart did not almost stop but they did fell very close to panic when they heard the sound.

Answer: Stopped


The American Medical Association has largely stayed on the sidelines of political fights over the past 30 years or so. But a North Dakota law set to go into effect next month is spurring the doctor's group to get involved now. The law will require doctors in North Dakota to tell patients that medically induced abortions can be reversed. Now, there's no scientific evidence to support that claim, and the AMA is taking the state to court over it and another existing abortion law. Julie Rovner covers health policy at Kaiser Health News. She joins us now.

Welcome back to the program, Julie.

Thanks for having me.

We just described one of these laws. What's the other one, and why is the AMA concerned about it?

turn 0 : The AMA is getting involved in politics due to North Dakota law on medically induced abortions.

What is the reason for the AMPersonA's involvement in politics?

Answer: Involvement


Yeah. Well, a big one can come from any number of faults here in Southern California. So if you looked at a map of Southern California and wanted to imagine all the faults, just throw a pile of spaghetti down on it, and all those little strands would be faults all over the place. These - this set of faults is inland from the San Andreas.

And so there was a less-than-1% chance that we would've had an above-7. 0 magnitude earthquake yesterday following the 6. 4 on Thursday, and that happened. As of today, there is a less-than-2% chance that we could see another magnitude 7 today, but we're going to have to see how that shakes out.

The San Andreas is not directly impacted by these faults, as far as we know. But there are a whole lot of faults in that area that might've taken a strain of some of these smaller faults that - when they released all their energy, because that strain doesn't just go away. It has to go somewhere else. And some of the other faults in the area took it on.

And how much do we know at this moment in time, this early in the day, about what the damage is up there?

turn 0 : Pile of spaghetti implies the fault lines on the map

Which food item can be used to represent the fault lines in Southern California?

Answer: Treasury


Yeah. Everyone agrees that our prescription drug costs are too high - both right and left - you know, Democrat, Republican. It's one of the few points of information, points of fact that everyone agrees on. The problem is everyone disagrees on how best to tackle that. And there are a lot of forces that are resisting any change at all.

The bipartisan solution which Senator Klobuchar and Senator John McCain have proposed is allowing prescription drug imports from other countries, so we allow for a global competition in the sense of, you know, if everyone else is getting a better deal than us, why can't we buy our prescription drugs from there the same way we buy our, you know, refrigerators and cars?

Elisabeth Rosenthal, editor-in-chief of Kaiser Health News and author of "An American Sickness: How Health Care Became Big Business And How You Can Take It Back. "Thanks so much for being with us.

Thanks for having me.

turn 1 : Everyone is aware that the issue of high prescription drug costs needs to be addressed, but there are opposing views on how to do so.

How do people feel about the need to address high prescription drug costs?

Answer: Aware


So I think that the Barack Obama, of course, then has a political legitimacy that neither of those gentlemen had because he's a United States senator elected to represent a district and serve a quarter of people. And yet, he's a charismatic figure as well, creating a sense of movement among the millions who now acclaim him as the best thing that happened to American politics since Jack Kennedy.

So Barack Obama has claimed the unique space within the context of American political destiny and has joined the charismatic authority that attends black messianic figures who become leaders in black America, as well as the quest for political legitimacy that transcends black communities. Because he's not just representing black people; he's representing white people and Latino people, and Asian people. He's representing Americans. And so he's taking it to yet another level in pioneering an even different path than the one blazed by Martin Luther King Jr.  or Jessie Jackson and, to a certain degree, Al Sharpton.

Well, Michael Eric Dyson, thank you.

Thank you very kindly, Farai.

turn 1 :  "joined the charismatic authority that attends black messianic figures who become leaders in black America" - This implies that Barack Obama has become a leader who inspires and motivates people, particularly in the black community, based on his charisma and personal qualities, rather than just his political credentials.

How has Barack Obama become a leader in black America?

Answer: Leader


As I don't have to tell you, because you helped negotiate the Paris Agreement, the United States pulled out more than a couple of years ago.

Well, actually, the United States can legally not pull out until November of next year. We, of course, certainly expect them to do so.

Be that as it may, what can be accomplished - how much does U. S.  withdrawal hurt?

Well, you know, the fact is that what you call a U. S.  withdrawal I call a national government withdrawal. I call it a White House withdrawal. It does not represent 100% of the U. S.  economy. Sixty percent of the U. S.  economy represented by many corporations, by many states and certainly by many financial institutions continue to decarbonize because they understand it is for their own good. It is for the strength of their economy and for commercial profitability in the case of corporations. The fact is that if the United States, as a central government, wants to leave the climate agreement and not continue the policies and the incentives for decarbonization, they're shooting themselves in the foot because other countries such as China, certainly, and perhaps even India are taking advantage of that vacuum and moving in.

turn 0 : The United States stopped abiding by the terms of the agreement.

What agreement did the United States stop abiding by?

Answer: Paris


Sure. Well, before she becomes a pirate, she tries shoplifting. And when Gwen is shoplifting, she imagines herself as named Octavia. She imagines herself to much more glamorous persons, so there's a little bit in this book that's here.

(Reading) She remembered what it was called - shoplifting - and pictured lifting the whole place, the aisles tilting and tumbling their baubles and trinkety treasures into her pockets. Pink razors for her burnt leg and then a keychain she thought Naomi would like. And when she realized she could steal for other people, it was an avalanche, a chew bone for Toby the II, more stuff for Naomi, a stuffed bear and a tiny license plate that said Naomi. Three flasks of perfume, curvy and shapey like internal organs in her pockets, and she was done with Mother's Day for ages.

Her father liked the electronic things, which were behind locked cabinets. But she grabbed a slick stereo magazine and managed to slip into one of her boots. It would be a way to warm him for taking the bus by herself. By now she was thirsty and rounded a corner to open a fridge and grab an iced tea in a bottle that felt so good in her hands. It was One Universe Green Tea, which the label said was good for the immune system and for Octavia's skin. No one had stopped her. No one had spoken to her. It was smooth sailing. All for one and one for all.

So is there a straight line from that to piracy or just adolescence?

turn 3 : "straight line from that to piracy" - actual meaning: the author uses figurative language to question whether her shoplifting is a direct cause of her becoming a pirate, not that there is a literal straight line linking the two.

How does the author use figurative language to question the connection between shoplifting and piracy?

Answer: Figurative


If you dig into this latest employment report, the unemployment rate for those with a college degree is roughly half of the national average. But a new report by the nonprofit Center for College Affordability and Productivity says that roughly half of those college graduates who have jobs are now working jobs that don't require a college degree. People with Ph. D. s. are driving taxis and waiting on tables. They are earning much less than expected, and certainly bargained for when they began to rack up college debts. Dr.  Richard Vedder co-authored the study. He's also a distinguished professor of economics at Ohio University and joins us from member station WOUB in Athens, Ohio. Dr.  Vedder, thanks so much for being with us.

Glad to be with you, Scott.

Help us understand what this means.

Well, it means there's a lot of people that are going to college, I suspect most of them with expectations that upon graduation they will make a pretty good living and live sort of an upper middle-class American life. But instead, a lot of them are getting jobs upon graduation working as bartenders, taxi drivers - a million of them are retail sales clerks, 115,000 of them are janitors. They're getting jobs that I'm fairly certain are less than what they're expected when they began the college experience.

turn 3 : Implied meaning: The speaker's use of sarcasm or irony suggests that they hold a different opinion or belief than what they are expressing explicitly.

Which turn in the dialogue suggests the PersonA's use of sarcasm or irony?

Answer: Turn3


This was during the Gilded Age, and this - you know, the original 1-percenters in this country. They wanted - especially Western Pennsylvania - I mean, steel moved this country. Steel helped build this country in the industrial age. And that steel was in Western Pennsylvania and throughout Pennsylvania - and the titans of steel and of coal and railroads. And they wanted a club that their compatriots had out West. And so they created the South Fork Hunt and Fish Club. And they wanted to be able to go out boating and fishing. And so they're in the Conemaugh Valley. They dammed up a river, created an earthen dam. But it was not well prepared. And the people were concerned about it. And they said this dam could fail. And if this dam fails, it would be catastrophic.

There was a lot of rain, wasn't there?

I mean, we talk about rain of biblical proportions. I mean, it was more than a foot of rain. But the problem was in the engineering of the dam. There was no way to - on a methodical basis - to be able to release water. The water just kept coming over the spillway and eroding the face of the dam, which was holding in all the rock and stone. And that gave way. Within 40 minutes, 20 million tons of water was emptied and heading down the Conemaugh Valley at about 40 to 50 miles per hour.

And as the water threatened to burst through - of course, in those days, no radio, no TV, no Twitter.

turn 2 : they mention detailed miles and tons of water

What were the measurements mentioned in turn 2?

Answer: miles,tons


And how did this start?

Well, about 20 years ago, we were thinking about doing a literary magazine because at the time there weren't too many journals out there for new writers. There weren't many literary journals at all during that time. And so we stumbled upon an idea that we had started with one of our friends from college where he had given me a first line to start a story. And then I would write the story. And then I would send it to him. And I'd give him a first line. And he would start a story. And he would send that back to me. And we did that. And so we decided that we'd open that up to the rest of the world.

How many stories do you typically get?

We run between 300 and 450 submissions in issue.

turn 2 : 3) is the same as its literal meaning, which is asking for information about the number of stories typically received by the literary magazine.

How many submissions are featured in an issue of the literary magazine?

Answer: 300


And the question has to be raised. With his support - outspoken support - for Vladimir Putin, for Kim Jong Un, for President Duterte - forgive me - the president of the Philippines - not working well today - does the president send the message that dictators can do as they please?

The president - let's be frank - came to power promising to disrupt official Washington and the way things have been done, including in terms of our relationships with just about every other country. And that is a promise on which the president has delivered. And his base voters are delighted with it, even if it gives pause to members of Congress and people in the media and other observers.

Ron Elving, thanks so much.

Thank you, Scott.

turn 1 : The president's disruptive foreign policy is popular among his base but concerning to others.

What is the response of the president's base to his disruptive foreign policy?

Answer: Delighted


So you had the U. K.  negotiating bilateral agreements with, like, Australia and Canada and India, right?And then I read you also had Germany forming its own bloc with members, countries that it had relationships with. And the U. S.  did something similar.

That's right. The origins of the British trading bloc really go back to World War I. And a lot of the considerations are of a military nature, a geostrategic nature. They were bottlenecked in some supplies, especially for the military, and that's why the British government was thinking more about how to secure its supplies. And that happened on the German side as well. Germany was preparing for war. They were gearing up for war, so they needed to make sure they had the right supplies, especially for the military.

Now, you write that if similar patterns play out today, we could see a, quote, "reorientation of world trade around China- and U. S. -centric trade blocs. "How likely do you think that is?

Well, it depends on the politics. The White House wants to have a more bilateral approach where the U. S.  deals with one individual country, as opposed to a group. And China now wants to create a system of its own. So that does include establishing a sphere of influence in Asia. And each of them will want to build up their own realm where they have the power in the region.

What do you think is at stake here?If this approach continues, what are your main concerns?

turn 3 : The US and China both want to establish their own spheres of influence in the region.

What is the main goal of the US and China in the region?

Answer: Influence


That's it. It's a very interesting technology. It shoots this - 125,000 laser pulses a second down at the rainforest canopy. Now - and then it measures the reflections. Now, 99 percent of what's reflected comes off leaves. But here and there, there are tiny gaps in the canopy where a laser beam can reach the ground, bounce off and go back up to the plane. And then with massive software processing, they're able to remove all the reflections from leaves, leaving only the ground.

And it's just incredible to see these scientists at work. I mean, you see this impenetrable rainforest canopy. And then with a press of a button, it disappears and you see everything on the ground. It's absolutely amazing.

Well, it's a little more complicated than that. They have to then process the signals that they receive back from the ground. As you say, most of them come back from leaves. And I think, what, they handed you the disc and you flew it out and gave it to the computer guy.

Well, that's right. And in fact, it is very complicated. The LIDAR machine has inside it a highly classified thing called an IMU, an Inertial Measurement Unit that was developed for the military for use in guided missiles. And in order to get an export permit for the plane, the State Department required that the plane be guarded by armed soldiers at all times when it was on the ground because this is a very highly classified piece of equipment. Because it's important to locate the plane in the air in three dimensions as it's flying to within an accuracy of about a centimeter. I mean, that's incredible.

turn 0 : The LIDAR machine is a highly classified technology.

Answer: LIDAR


You really take us through every single phase of a relationship.

I went through every single phase in the writing of this thing, so. . .

Yeah.

Yeah. Yeah. I went through a breakup with a longtime, like, best friend. And it was, for the first time in my adult years, really in a place where I didn't have anyone to text after the show to be like, it went great or, like, I tripped. But, like, it was a strange sort of loneliness. And I wanted the songs to show that because I felt like I was going to feel less lonely by sharing in a way.

turn 3 : The author wrote songs to show that sharing can help with loneliness.

What was the reason behind the author writing songs?

Answer: loneliness


You see, I'm psychic. I'm psychic today.

It's Joe.

I sense that it's Joe.

"Hey, man, I love Penn and Teller for years. You guys are awesome. I love sleight-of-hand magic and was interested in starting to learn some. Would you have any recommendations where to start?"I bet you get asked that question a lot.

turn 2 : In turn (3), the speaker says "I sense that it's Joe." The literal meaning is that the speaker believes they have psychic abilities and can sense the identity of a person without being told. However, the implied meaning could be that the speaker recognizes Joe's voice, appearance, or behavior and is using their intuition to make an educated guess about who it is. The implied meaning suggests that the speaker is not actually psychic, but is using their observational skills to make a prediction.

What is the PersonA's implied ability in turn 3?

Answer: Intuition


Absolutely. They may, you know, be with someone, or as they play cards with other decks of playing cards, people talk, you know?We all - we all kind of fill that space. And so hopefully maybe some information that they've heard could prove valuable in cases as we work towards resolution.

How many cold cases do you have there on the books in Colorado?

>>SIMKINS Here in Colorado we have nearly 1,600 cases total. And when we identify a cold case, we are calling any unresolved homicide that is more than three years from the commission of crime a cold case. We're also including any long-term missing person cases and any unidentified remains.

There are only 52 cards in a deck of cards. So how do you decide which case makes the deck?

turn 0 : "as they play cards with other decks of playing cards, people talk" - this is a metaphorical expression, suggesting that people communicate and exchange information in various ways, just like card players do.

How do people exchange information according to the metaphor used in turn 0?

Answer: In-various-ways


Is there any recourse here whatsoever, and is there any way to see from here on out how companies are actually using this bailout money, to be very clear about where and who it's going to?

Well, if your question goes beyond executive compensation to how the money is being used, yeah, we have a special inspector general that is overseeing it. We also have the General Accounting Office doing some review. We do have a problem with the General Accounting Office; can it get bank records so we know what they're using their money for?No, we need to clarify that in the law. You know, the oversight is meant to be strong through the special inspector-general. As a practical matter, will it be?We're going to have to wait a month or two to find out.

Charles Grassley is the Republican senator from Iowa. Thank you very much.

Thank you.

turn 0 : Companies are misusing bailout money and need to be held accountable and punished for doing so.

Which senator is mentioned in the dialogue?

Answer: Grassley


Thank you so much for having me.

And why'd you want to do that?

It really all started with her five-year portraits. I'd been searching everywhere for a new creative inspiration. And no matter where I looked, so many of the ideas for the how-tos of how to dress your little girl - dress like a Disney princess. And don't get me wrong - I love Disney princesses. But, you know, they're just characters, a writer's tale of a princess. And it really got me thinking about the real women for our girls to look up to.

Were you hoping that your daughter would ask questions like, well, who is this Amelia Earhart?

turn 3 : ALL FATHERS WANT THEIR DAUGHTER TO BE LIKE DISNEY PRINCESSES BUT ITS JUST A CHARACTER NOT A REAL ONE

How did the speaker feel about the ideas for how to dress little girls?

Answer: Frustrated


Rubber-faced American was OK but, like, not all NPR executives are clowns.

That's true.

Exactly. So, what's happening, Murray?

turn 1 : ) We all think we're being so original, right? (Implied meaning: We all think we're really creative and original, don't we?)

Answer: Originality


Ground-based solar is only good when the sun is shining. And this applies to wind energy, too. It's only good when the wind is blowing. You have to have fossil fuel generators, standing by to pick up the load when the wind stops blowing, or the sun stops shining. So that has to be figured into the economics of wind- and ground-based solar. And, of course, you don't have either of those problems with a solar power satellite.

What would my electricity bill look like if I were getting solar power beamed down from satellites?What would it cost me?

That is hard to come by, but the best estimates we have, it's somewhere between eight to 20 cents a kilowatt hour.

Well 20 cents a kilowatt hour would be very expensive electricity.

turn 3 : "very expensive electricity" - This turn has a figurative meaning, as the term "expensive" is relative and varies depending on the person's perspective and circumstances. The actual cost of electricity may not be considered high by some people, while others may view it as unaffordable.

How would someone's perception affect the cost of electricity?

Answer: Perception


Well, tomorrow, it's going to be a lot of pomp and circumstance. There'll be a wreath-laying at Westminster Abbey. There'll be a state dinner in the evening with the Queen at Buckingham Palace tomorrow, a meeting with Prime Minister May. Of course, she's a lame duck, so we're not expecting a lot there on the policy front. The big thing tomorrow is going to be street protests.

And what are we expecting there?

Huge numbers. There are going to be buses coming in from around England. The streets are going to be jammed. Londoners, of course, very progressive - this is a cosmopolitan city. And they tend to really dislike this president. His anti-immigration policies, his things that he said about women - it just really rubs Londoners the wrong way.

We'll be seeing a lot of things that - a lot of signs, clever signs, which is what British protesters are known for. And we'll also see Tuesday morning the Trump baby blimp make a reappearance. This is the blimp of Trump in a diaper and crying and looking - he's in the form of a baby. Very popular, and I'm sure we'll see lots of people out there when that goes aloft in Parliament Square.

turn 0 : There will be a lot of formal events but street protests will be the highlight.

How will Londoners react to the President's policies and statements?

Answer: Dislike


Yeah - no - no, Martians here.

OK.  You've - is it fair - you've gone into Michael Cohen's background extensively. Is it fair to call him a fixer?

You know, I think that he handled a lot of matters for Donald Trump before he was - before he became the president that were difficult and sensitive issues. Michael's role at the Trump Organization was not really that of a lawyer. One Trump Organization - senior Trump Organization official pointed out that when the legal department at the company had a meeting, Michael was not included. He was not part of the legal department. He didn't really practice law there.

In fact, when the government was arguing with Mr.  Cohen's lawyers over issues of whether or not material seized by the government in a search warrant were privileged, the government indicated that an examination of his emails - they previously had a search warrant for his emails that had been secret until it was revealed in the course of that litigation. But that an examination of his emails indicated both that he conducted little to no legal work for President Trump or for The Trump Organization. And it also pointed out that he never emailed with Mr.  Trump. But I think Mr.  Trump is not a big - not a big emailer.

turn 2 : Michael Cohen's role at the Trump Organization was not that of a lawyer.

How would you describe Michael Cohen's position at the Trump Organization?

Answer: Not


And now to another story we'll hear more about this week. It starts with a number - $90 billion. That's about how much Uber is expected to be worth when it goes public - that despite the fact the company has never actually turned a profit. It's made plenty of money but never more than it spends. Its move to go public and consolidate power comes at a time when Americans are questioning the power of Silicon Valley and leading politicians are calling for the breakup of tech giants. New York Times opinion columnist Farhad Manjoo recently called the Uber IPO a moral stain on Silicon Valley. He admitted his once-bright-eyed take on the startup has dimmed dramatically. He's here to talk with us about why. And he joins us from Mountain View, Calif. Welcome.

Hi. Good to be here.

You say you used to be a naive baby tech pundit who bought into the Uber hype, fanboy of sorts. These are your words. But this past week in your column, you lamented, what's become of Uber?What exactly are you lamenting?

Yeah, I mean, I once thought that Uber could be a win for everyone. You know, we used to - in cities, we used to sort of have these taxi cartels which limited supply and didn't really offer a great service. And Uber seemed like a better version of the taxi. And it also kind of offered these environmental promises. We'd have, you know, people using cars more efficiently. Like, Uber promised that it could get us - you know, more people in cars, get fewer cars on the road.

turn 2 : The speaker used to believe Uber was a positive disruptor in the transportation industry, but now feels differently due to issues with the company's business practices and impact on society.

Which disruptor did the speaker believe was positive initially?

Answer: Uber


And it's most importantly for us, combined with great food, great food and dining experiences. And as more of our culture gets into more of the artsy and fine wine and fine dining experiences, wine is more of a part of that for all cultures.

Do you ever find people saying to you, OK, it's great that you do this, but your world is so on another planet. And what you do is so ridiculously specialized, I can't even talk to you because I don't know what you're talking about?

Definitely find less and less that. I think everybody in our - the mystique of wine and the exclusivity of wine, those barriers have been broken down, to a large degree, and people are less and less afraid to try wine and to have fun with it themselves.

They ask questions about some of the technical aspects of it. We're very fortunate as a family, and the other members of the African-American Association of Vintners are also from various backgrounds, and they get the same kind of questions that we do. . .

turn 1 : People feel intimidated by the specialized wine culture.

What barriers have been broken down regarding wine culture?

Answer: Barriers


Thanks for being with us, Scott. The president, of course, was in Paris this week. He was president Macron's guest for Bastille Day. There'd been some attention in this country which would affix President Macron as somehow a different figure than President Trump. The two of them seemed to get on very well. There seemed genuine rapport.

That's right. I think if this improves relations, it certainly improved body language when it comes to President Trump in Europe. You know, there were so many images at the G-20 of Trump just looking isolated, big policy announcements put out by every country except the United States. So I think Macron sensed an opening here. He saw that Trump needs a friend, an ally, a wingman - whatever you want to call it - in Europe.

And Trump has a long track record of responding when people show him respect and welcome him. There's certainly nothing more welcoming than a big parade being put on, so this seemed to work. They seemed to get along. The question is, does this get Trump to shift on any of the key policy differences?Starting with climate change, where they could not be any further apart.

turn 3 : There was a phrase in the press conference where he said, well, maybe there will be something with the Paris accords, right?" Implicated meaning: During the press conference, Trump made a vague statement suggesting that there could potentially be some reconsideration or change regarding the Paris accords, although it remains uncertain or unclear.

What did Trump say about the Paris accords during the press conference?

Answer: Paris


After Army Private First Class Brian Orolin returned from Afghanistan in 2011, his wife, Donna, could tell something wasn't quite right. He became paranoid. He suffered constant headaches and would isolate himself in his bedroom with the lights dimmed. And then on November 19, Brian left his wife and two children in Spring, Texas. He has been missing ever since.

At StoryCorps, Donna Orolin remembered the day he returned from Afghanistan.

He was literally the last person off the plane, and he was just so excited to see his daughters. I dressed the girls up and put little bows in their hair with his unit on them. And I put a sign out front that said welcome home, Specialist Orolin. He just couldn't wait to be dad - husband again, but then, things were different.

We used to hold hands all the time before he left. When he came back, he didn't like to be touched, so I had to remind myself to not rub his back, not sneak up behind him and give him hugs. And pretty much his sense of purpose was gone. He would say that he was just going to go away somewhere some day and disappear, and we'd never find him.

turn 2 : implies Donna was trying to make Brian feel special by dressing the girls up and making a sign, but Brian was still not the same;

How did Donna try to make Brian feel special upon his return from Afghanistan?

Answer: Dress


Hurricane Dorian, now a Category 4 storm, is stalled over the northern Bahamas. It's moving at just 1 mile an hour as it pulls away and begins a turn to the north toward the southeastern United States. Storm surges, estimated at 15 to 20 feet, are crashing onto Grand Bahama Island. Over the weekend, Dorian left thousands of people on Abaco Island to the east without roofs, transportation and communications. Lindsay Thompson is with the Bahamas National Emergency Management Agency. She did not have any immediate information on casualties.

Preliminary information indicates that there is extensive flooding. Of course, there will be infrastructural damage when you have that level of a storm - a hurricane - historic, as well - passing through an island, which is relatively flat, as well. There's a lot of sand dunes. And so there is a concern for us with excessive flooding.

What about injuries?

Well, we haven't had any reports of injuries. Not that there aren't any, but we just don't have any reports of injuries as yet, if there are any.

Well, how much were the islands able to prepare for Hurricane Dorian?I mean, to stock up on adequate supplies, to make sure people got to shelters safely. Do you think there was enough time in advance?

turn 2 : The speaker implies that there may be injuries, but they haven't been reported yet.

Which piece of information does speaker PersonA confirm in response to speaker PersonB's question about injuries?

Answer: No


It's been an exciting year for developments in space. Just earlier this week, SpaceX successfully landed a 15-story tall section of one of their rockets back on Earth. And joining me to discuss what's been going on off our planet during 2015 is NPR science correspondent Geoff Brumfiel. So explain exactly what happened that a part of the rocket returned.

In some sense, this was just another rocket launch for SpaceX. You know, they sent 11 communication satellites into orbit. What really makes this special is what happened to the big first stage of the rocket. Now, normally this would just fall back to Earth. But this time, SpaceX flipped it around and then flew it back to near the launch site and actually landed it. They fired the engines a second time and it sort of floated down onto the pad. It was pretty spectacular to watch.

The space pad looks big when you're looking at it on the Earth. But from space, it must be a tiny dot.

Yeah, I mean SpaceX describes it as trying to shoot a pencil over the Empire State Building, have it turn around and land in a shoebox vertically. That's how hard this is.

turn 0 : The use of the word "exciting" suggests that the developments in space during 2015 were particularly noteworthy or significant.

How does SpaceX describe the difficulty of landing a rocket vertically?

Answer: Impossible


The banks can bring in their junky securities and swap them for cash or treasury bills. And that, on top of interest rate cuts, Bernanke thought would be enough to keep the financial system working until it healed itself. The strategy at the Fed was known as the finger in the dike strategy, keep the water out and eventually things will recover.

But obviously, you know things didn't work out like that. And in the spring, we had the great Bear Stearns crisis, and the Fed was forced to intervene to prevent them going bankrupt. Then, we had another few months where it seemed like things had stabilized, but this thing's like a disease. It goes away for a while, and then, you know, it comes back in a more virulent form.

In September, after the collapse of Lehman Brothers, you know, all hell broke out, basically. And since then, we've had a sort of slow motion collapse of the financial system.

Now, this entire crisis has really tarnished Alan Greenspan's legacy, and he even admitted that his basic economic philosophy is now changed. What about Ben Bernanke?Does he deserve the same criticism?

turn 1 : The financial crisis is recurring and becoming more severe each time it comes back.

Which crisis is becoming more severe each time it comes back?

Answer: Financial


This is WEEKEND EDITION from NPR News. I'm Melissa Block. This week, Republican front-runner Donald Trump warned that there would be riots if Republican leaders reject him as the nominee, even if he's ahead in the delegate count. He was talking about the possibility of a contested convention. If Trump fails to get to the magic number of 1,237 delegates, things are going to get complicated - Byzantine even. And if you are an unbound or unpledged delegate - that is a delegate who can vote for whomever you want - you're probably about to get a lot of phone calls. Matt Micheli is one of those unpledged delegates. He's also chairman of the Wyoming Republican Party. And he joins us now from Casper. Welcome to the program.

Thank you, Melissa.

What does it mean to be - for you to be an unbound delegate?You're essentially a free agent, right, when you go to the convention.

That's right. We still represent the state of Wyoming and we - the results of what the Wyoming people want, I think, is what we will all try to do. But there's no law or no limits on who we can vote for at National Convention. We are free agents.

turn 2 : The turn (3) implies that being an unbound delegate gives a certain level of flexibility and freedom to vote for someone other than the candidate that the state's population has chosen. Although they will try to represent the state's desires, there is no law limiting their vote.

How much flexibility do unbound delegates have when it comes to voting?

Answer: flexibility


It's a really exciting time for us, Ira, to - it's only five years in, and it's been a tremendous success story for the company. Handsets really have taken off. We're at a point now where almost half of all handsets in the world made are smartphones with some type of touch capability.

And then I'm sure you know of tablet computers, are very exciting, have grown quite magnificently in the last few years. And the market is starting to think about expanding touch interfaces with the different devices. If you think about your laptop computer, for example, or monitors or tabletops, even the front of a refrigerator, there's a lot more applications out there, we feel.

We feel that touch and the interface of touch is only going to grow.

Do you have to design and engineer the glass specifically to be touched as a utility?

turn 0 : The company has had great success with smartphones and touch-capable devices.

Which devices have taken off due to the success of the company mentioned in turn 0?

Answer: Handsets


Say that you're 80. . .
OK.
What's Sommore going to be like?
I would probably be like Peg Bundy.

turn 0 : Being 80 implies being in old age and not constituting a total of 80 in quantity

Which word implies that being 80 refers to old age instead of a quantity of 80?

Answer: Implies


So Iran, I think, is going to respond to what it sees as its advantage. If the Trump administration were prepared to say we're going to remove a good part of the sanctions on Iran if you will sit down at the table, I think Iran would probably take that very seriously. The Trump administration, because of its opposition to the nuclear deal, created a crisis that really wasn't necessary.

And it could get worse. There is a real chance of misperception and misunderstanding that leads to military conflict. And I think this is something that nobody wants.

That's Gary Sick. He's a senior research scholar at Columbia University's Middle East Institute. Mr.  Sick, thank you so much for talking to us.

It was a pleasure.

turn 0 : If the Trump administration offers to remove some of the sanctions on Iran, Iran would be willing to negotiate.

What is Iran's possible response to the offer mentioned in turn 0?

Answer: Iran


We're talking with Joan Vennochi, the columnist for the Boston Globe, about a piece she wrote on the opinion page there today. It's called "Did the police let their guard down?"You can find a link to it at our website. Go to npr. org. Click on TALK OF THE NATION. And this is TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News.

And as you said earlier, it is impossible to secure the 26. 2 miles of the event, the huge crowds, like, 28,000 runners that gather to start the race, the crowds at the finished line, everything along the route. But Boston is not alone. Every city in town across the country has a big event. Do you think after Boston, police everywhere are going to have to look into their security?

Well, that seemed to be the feeling of people who know more about terrorism and security issues than I do, that again priority shift with time, there is a complacency that comes over certainly smaller towns and cities. I think New York City and L. A. , you know, places like that probably think about more than we thought about it here. It just seemed like something that could never happen. And until it does, you just think of it as something fairly remote, even though Boston certainly had a very direct connection to 9/11 since the planes left from here.

But, yeah, I mean, I think it makes - it's going to make the experts, again, think about the tradeoffs. Again, you can' protect against everything. But is there a way you want to rejigger what happens at the finish line?

turn 0 : She wrote an article asking if the police were not doing their jobs as well as they should have.

How did Joan Vennochi's article criticize the police?

Answer: Letdown


Yes. The big topic, of course, is what he'll say about the president's unfounded claims that Barack Obama wiretapped his phones. He has also accused British intelligence of wiretapping his phones on behalf of Barack Obama. There's been no evidence produced for those claims. The British have pushed back against them strongly. People on the Hill say they have not seen any evidence of this, and Comey will be asked about that first and foremost.

OK.  And over at the Senate, the first hearings for President Trump's nomination for the Supreme Court - what kind of reception is he going to get?

Well, that's going to be the big event of the week. Neil Gorsuch, who has been nominated by Donald Trump, is going to be asked a lot of questions about his views on executive power, about Donald Trump's comments disparaging judges and the entire court system. This is one of Donald Trump's most important early initiatives. The Republicans have 52 votes in the Senate. They say if they have to change the rules so they won't need 60 to confirm him, they will do that. So it's going to be very, very hard for the Democrats to stop him. But this is just the first of many, many judicial vacancies that Donald Trump will have the opportunity to fill because of the age of judges on the bench right now and the number of vacancies.

And something else we're looking at, obviously, is what's happening on Thursday - a much anticipated vote in the House. They're voting on the repeal-and-replace legislation for Obamacare. Does Speaker Ryan have the votes?

turn 3 : B: "Does Speaker Ryan have the votes?" - This question is not asking whether Speaker Ryan possesses physical votes but rather whether he has enough support from fellow lawmakers to pass the legislation.

What is PersonB asking about Speaker Ryan's support for the Obamacare repeal-and-replace legislation?

Answer: Support


It's a lot. . .

. . . Yes.

It's a lot of money to most people around the country.

And congressman, you know, if - let me understand this, are you calling for the outright abolition of the program?

turn 3 : The speaker is seeking clarification and confirmation about the previous speaker's stance on a particular program, which is not specified in this turn. The use of the word "outright" suggests that there may have been a previous discussion about the program and its potential reform or elimination.

Which word suggests that there may have been a previous discussion about the program and its potential reform or elimination in turn 3?

Answer: Outright


I will walk down the red carpet, yes, yes.

Oh, man, that's exciting, huh?Tell us what it was like when you found out, and tell us you found that you had been nominated for Grammy Award, your first.

Well, it's a pretty funny story, because since I'm an indie artist and this is my first foray into the industry, let alone this part of it, I wasn't really expecting anything and I didn't even know when the Grammys were being announced. That's how far off I was. And I was sitting at home in my jammies, actually, watching "Top Chef. "I might have been watching even watching it on TV, I don't know, but the phone rang and it was my producer, who also co-writes my songs with me. And he said, um, I think you've been nominated for Grammy. I was like, shut up.

I was, like - I didn't even know I've been submitted. Like, nobody told me that I had been submitted. I just wasn't even thinking about it. So, it was really crazy. It took a couple of hours, actually, for me to believe him. Like, I actually hung up on him.

turn 0 : I will walk down the red carpet implies that the person is a VIP

Answer: VIP


And, of course, in "Hamlet" there's that famous play within a play, which, in my version, was a book within a book. And in this book, in "Romeo And/Or Juliet," there's actually two books within a book. When Juliet is taking that sleeping potion, she's out of the play for 42 hours. And while she's knocked out, she has a dream, which is "A Midsummer Night's Dream. "And you can play through that as Juliet in her subconscious.

And when Romeo's banished to Mantua, he's also kicked out of the narrative for a while. And he can visit the library and read a book called "Fair Is Foul And/Or Foul Is Fair" which is obviously "Macbeth" done in this format. So I tried to cram all the Shakespeare I could into this because I'm not sure there's that many other plays that would lend themselves so easily to this format.

It has to be a play with which people are generally familiar, too.

Well, that's the fun of it, right, because you know what these characters are supposed to be like. And when you kind of push them off the rails a little bit, there's a sense of breaking the rules that's a lot of fun, I think. It's fun to write (laughter).

turn 2 : In turn 3, "It has to be a play with which people are generally familiar, too" implies that the play must be well-known in order to be easily understood and appreciated by the audience.

What does the play have to be in order to be easily understood and appreciated by the audience?

Answer: Well-known


So there's a relationship between the velocity of the coffee and the slope that you can generate there. And although the physics are very different in the ocean, you'll establish the same relationship between a pressure gradient or that difference in height and speed of the current. So if the gulfstream slows down, the slope at a sea surface is going to decrease, and water will rise at the coastline.

And what is this due to?

The slowing of the current?Yeah, that's the big question right now. And there's a lot of debate about what will drive those kinds of changes in the climate. Obviously, temperature, you know, it all starts with wind, so how do you - yeah, what could affect the wind field?But it really comes back to the distribution of temperature in the atmosphere and. . .

Global warming?

turn 3 : "Global warming?" - This is a question that implies a possible explanation for the changes discussed in the conversation, but it does not necessarily mean that global warming is the only cause or that it is the direct cause of the changes being discussed.

Which question from PersonB implies a possible explanation for the changes discussed but does not necessarily mean that it is the only cause or the direct cause?

Answer: Global


Well, we've been calling the local hospitals. We've been following social media, posting missing persons ads. I think my cousin and I are going to be trying to head up there in about a week if we haven't found him and post missing persons on our car and just sort of drive around the areas up there in hopes that maybe we'll get some word.

What's he look like?What should we know about him?

He's a private man. He's lived in Paradise for over 40 years. He's very friendly. He's kind. Long hair, full beard. I guess he's about 5'10". Thin, maybe 160 to 170 - I would guess somewhere around there.

Yeah. And how are your parents doing?

turn 3 : he must be a stranger and this situation some one is missing

Which situation in the conversation involves a missing person?

Answer: HIV


Look, next season the NBA's going to have to wait around for the Harrison twins - aren't they?- from the University of Kentucky?They announced they're coming back. What's going on - they want to stay in school?What'll they learn there?

(Laughter) Some actually do. It's ironic, isn't it, for Kentucky head coach John Calipari to - the man who's mastered the one-and-done phenomenon. He's so used to recruiting top high school players, grooming them for a year and then saying goodbye. But along with the Harrisons, four other key players from the team that lost the title game just this month, players who could have left, decided not to.

And in the meantime, Calipari has recruited another bunch of amazing high schoolers. So not only is Kentucky already the absolute preseason favorite for next year, it'll be a real challenge for Coach Cal to find enough playing time for his surplus of amazing talent.

And Tom, we lost Earl Morrall this week, maybe the greatest sub of all time, wasn't he?

turn 3 : "I'm not mad" might imply that the speaker is indeed upset, but they don't want to express it openly. It could also imply that the speaker is trying to downplay their emotions and wants the listener to know that they should not be worried or feel responsible for the speaker's emotional state.

How might the speaker be feeling despite saying "I'm not mad"?

Answer: Upset


Well, you're right. In the temporary workforce, for example, which is only something between 2 and 3 million of the employment, so that's a smaller portion, but temporary worker employment's down about 20 percent. When you look at total employment, it's down about 2 percent. So one of the things that temporary workers or contract workers or self-employed workers offer employers is flexibility.

So when there's a slowdown, when there is less project work, when there's less money available for financing, new projects, mergers and acquisitions, those kinds of things, the flexible workers generally take a harder hit than usual, and there's plenty of evidence to support that. You know, one measure of unemployment, which is called U-6, which would - includes people that are underemployed or are working temporary or part time because they can't find other work, that's up to like 13. 5 percent.

And we see that the average hourly - the average work week, at 33. 3 hours, is at a historic low. So, you're right, there's no question the flexible workers are taking it harder.

We haven't talked about pay, and in the few moments that we have left, let's talk about that. In terms of the temporary workforce, is the pay on par with those who are working permanently?Is it below?Is it, in some cases, higher?

turn 1 : "Harder hit" doesn't refer to a literal, physical hit, it just means they suffer the consequences more than they usually do.

Answer: Consequences


And Gina Perra(ph) in San Mateo, California sent us this. "I'm a 52-year-old white person, and this is one of my favorite shows. So if you think that this show has, quote, limited appeal, think again. Please cancel something else. "

And finally, Joe Bennett in Dallas, Texas chimed in with this. "I'm very disappointed that of all the shows that could be canceled, News & Notes was. It's the only one that is specifically addressing the concerns of African-Americans. As an American with African heritage, I think it is very important to have my issues addressed on the air waves. I'm sure that you will say that the other shows address these issues. However, I disagree in the format in which they do. More often than not, it is addressed not from the African-American perspective. "

And that's it for letters. Thank you so much for your letters and love this week. Please keep your thoughts coming over the next few months.

To write to us, just log on to npr. org and click on Contact Us. When you get there, you'll see lots of shows to choose from. Make sure you pick News & Notes when you write to us, and keep writing to us. We're here with you for three more months.

turn 1 : when Joe Bennett says "I'm sure that you will say that the other shows address these issues. However, I disagree in the format in which they do," he implies that the other shows may address issues that affect African Americans, but not in a way that is satisfactory or effective.

What does Joe Bennett think about the way other shows address issues affecting African Americans?

Answer: Ineffective