type: caselaw

jurisdiction: US

text:
This is an action of assumpsit upon the common counts brought by the appellee against the appellant, in the Superior Court of Baltimore City, to recover for work done and materials furnished, in remodeling and repairing a building known as No. 225 S. Broadway, Baltimore City, and owned by the appellant.
 The work was to be done and the materials were to be furnished by the appellee, as contractors, in accordance with plans and specifications, set out in a written contract between the parties, of the form known as "The Uniform Contract of the American Institute of Architects."
 Article 9 of the contract between the parties provides, that it is hereby mutually agreed between the parties hereto, that the sum to be paid by the owner to the contractor for said work and materials shall be $4,512.00, subject to additions and deduction as hereinbefore provided, and that such sum shall be paid by the owner to the contractor in current funds, and only upon certificates of the architect as follows: *Page 649
 Seventy-five per cent. during erection, twenty-five per cent. after completion. This seventy-five per cent. is to be drawn in the amount of $500.00 at a time. Final payment shall be made within ten days after the completion of the work included in this contract and all payments shall be due when certificates for the same are issued.
 The building was to be completed in all its details under the contract, to the entire satisfaction of the owner and architect with some exceptions specified in the contract, and the work was to be done under the direction of the architect, and his decision as to the true construction and meaning of the drawings and specifications should be final and conclusive.
 The work proceeded upon the building, until the 4th of January, 1911, when a dispute arose between the parties, upon a demand by the appellee for further payments on account of the contract. The demand was refused by the appellant upon the ground that she had paid more than seventy-five per cent. of the contract price and that she was entitled to retain the residue twenty-five per cent. under the contract, until after completion of the building.
 The plaintiff testified, thereupon, as he was embarrassed financially, he was unable to proceed with the completion of the work and he then stopped work and placed the matter in the hands of his attorney, for suit, and that the work under the contract was not completed when he stopped it and turned the matter over to his lawyer.
 The credit payments made by the defendant and admitted by the bill of particulars filed in the case, on account of the contract, aggregated the sum of $3,162.98. There were two additional payments by way of orders, one for $305, and one for $118.00 drawn by the plaintiff on the defendant, which were accepted and paid by her.
 The plaintiff further testified that he had stopped work on the building on or about January 4, 1911, because he had no money to go ahead with the work, and the defendant refused to make any further advances, she claiming *Page 650
 that there was nothing due him at that time, she having advanced more than seventy-five per cent. in accordance with the contract.
 That his employees continued the work on the building under the specifications, but not under him, but worked as employees of the defendant and were paid by the defendant; that he had nothing to do with the work after that time, and he approved the following orders for the wages for the men, in order to save the men any trouble and not in recognition of them as his employees.
 Order dated January 18, 1911, and signed by the plaintiff, directing the defendant to pay the sum of $97.67 to the men for wages for week ending Friday, January 13, 1911, and charged the same to account of 225 South Broadway.
 Order dated January 19, 1911, and signed by the plaintiff, directing the defendant to pay the sum of $85.54, to the men for wages for labor on 225 S. Broadway, for week ending January 20, 1911, and charge same as payment on account of work 225 South Broadway.
 Order dated February 2, 1911, and signed by the plaintiff, directing the defendant to pay the sum of $87.98 to the workmen for services in and about premises 225 South Broadway, and charge same to account of William F. Bevan Company.
 Order on the defendant, to pay Edward C. Taylor ten dollars for work done on said building.
 Making the total amount, paid by the defendant, $3.779.19.
 The plaintiff also testified that Order No. 1, to Lauer and Harper Co. for six hundred and twenty-five dollars; Order No. 2, to Keighley Metal Ceiling Co., for one hundred and eighteen dollars, and Order No. 3, to Chase Co., for $305, were drawn by him on the defendant, but "he understood they were to be paid by the defendant out of the reserve 25 per cent. and was expected not to mature before the 4th *Page 651
 of January, 1911." But it is admitted that the $625 was actually paid by the defendant before he discontinued the work, and the defendant credited thereby.
 The evidence upon the part of the defendant tended to prove that the plaintiff was paid in such sums as he demanded up to the time when she refused to make any further advances and he refused to do any further work under the contract. That at that time she would not make any further payments because she had already paid more than seventy-five per cent. of the contract price, and by the terms of the contract she was not to pay any more until ten days after completion of work. That when the plaintiff stopped work in the early part of January, 1911, the men continued to work on the building and were paid by the defendant on written orders, approved and signed by the plaintiff. That the plaintiff abandoned the work before completion and that the work to be done under the contract was not as yet completed, and that she had expended $470 on account thereof over and above the amount required to be paid.
 Upon the facts as thus stated, the plaintiff recovered judgment against the defendant in the Court below for the sum of $679.08/100, and it is this judgment we are now asked on the defendant's appeal to review.
 At the trial of the case the defendant reserved three exceptions — two relate to the rulings of the Court upon the evidence, and the third to the action of the Court in refusing to grant the defendant's first, second and fourth prayers, and to the Court's own instruction given to the jury.
 The defendant's third prayer was granted, and by this prayer the jury were told that under the pleadings in this case there is no evidence legally sufficent to show the seventy-five per cent. of the contract price as mentioned in the contract offered in evidence was not paid at the time the plaintiff discontinued the work, under the contract, if they so find. *Page 652
 The Court's instruction was as follows: The Court instructs the jury that if they believe from the evidence that the plaintiff agreed to make alterations and improvements upon the premises of the defendant for the sum of $4,512.00 under the written contract offered in evidence; and that the plaintiff did considerable work under said contract, but was not able to finish the same on account of financial embarrassment, then the plaintiff is entitled to recover in this action $4,512.00, the contract price of said work, less the sum of $3,779.19, the admitted credit payment, and less such additional sum as the jury may find it would have reasonably cost the defendant to complete the work in accordance with the contract, and less such damage if any as the jury may believe the defendant may have sustained by reason of any delay in the work, due to the fault of the plaintiff, if the jury believe there was any delay due to the fault of the plaintiff.
 It is difficult to perceive upon what theory the Court's instruction was granted in this case.
 The suit was in general assumpsit on the common counts only, and the work was to be done and the materials were to be furnished according to a special written contract between the parties.
 The general rule of law is well settled as stated by this Court in a number of cases that where there is a special contract the recovery, if any, must be by a suit upon the contract and not a suit based upon a quantum meruit, and where there has been a breach the party guilty thereof can not abandon his contract and elect to stand upon the common counts.
 In Denmead v. Coburn, 15 Md. 44, the Court said: "There is no special count in the declaration on the contract. If any recovery be had it must be because the work was fully performed and accepted by the parties for whom it was done, or that the contract was abandoned by the parties to it, or that by some act of the party sought to be charged the fulfillment of the contract was prevented." Gill v. Vogler, *Page 653 52 Md. 663; Meyer v. Frenkil, 113 Md. 36; Pope v. King,108 Md. 45; Townes v. Cheney, 114 Md. 362; Turner v. Eagan,116 Md. 35; 81 A. 877.
 The undisputed evidence in the case at bar shows that when the plaintiff stopped the work the contract was not fully performed; the work had not been accepted by the defendant. The contract was not abandoned by the consent of the parties and its performance was not prevented by any act of the defendant.
 The plaintiff testified that on January 4th, 1911, he made demand on the defendant for further sums of money on account of the contract. But the defendant refused to advance any more money, as she claimed that she had already paid him more money than was due under the contract; then, as he was embarrassed financially, he was unable to proceed with the completion of the work, and he then stopped work and placed the matter in the hands of his attorney.
 In Meyer v. Frenkil, 113 Md. 45, it was held, where there is a subsisting special contract which has not been performed by the plaintiff or where its performance has not been waived or prevented by the defendant, the plaintiff cannot recover on the common counts in assumpsit for its part performance. Dougherty
 v. Gring, 89 Md. 544; Jenkins v. Long, 8 Md. 143.
 The contract price for the work to be performed was the sum of $4,512 and it is admitted that the payments made by the defendant aggregate the sum of $3,779.19. As the defendant had paid or secured to be paid more than the seventy-five per cent. of the contract price at the time of the discontinuance of the work, by the plaintiff, she had a clear right to stand on the contract and retain the twenty-five per cent. until the work was completed under and according to the express terms of the contract.
 There is no evidence legally sufficient to support the contention relied upon by the appellee to establish any breach of the contract by the appellant, nor to show a waiver of *Page 654
 the breach committted by the plaintiff, in abandoning the work and refusing to complete it, according to the terms of the written contract.
 We are of opinion, that the instruction given at the instance of the Court was clearly erroneous and that the prayers offered by the defendant directing a verdict in her favor under the pleadings and evidence in the case, should have been granted. The defendant's rejected prayers will be set out in the report of the case by the reporter.
 As these views cover all the material questions presented on the appeal, the rulings of the Court upon the evidence become unimportant, and will not be considered.
 For the error in rejecting the defendant's prayers, and in giving the Court's instruction, the judgment will be reversed, and as there can be no recovery a new trial will not be awarded.
 Judgment reversed, without awarding a a new trial, costs to bepaid by the appellee. *Page 655


type: wikipedia

text:
Saeima ir Latvijas Republikas parlaments. Saskaņā ar Satversmes 5. pantu "Saeima sastāv no simts tautas priekšstāvjiem" jeb deputātiem.
 Saeimas darbību regulē Satversme un Saeimas kārtības rullis.
 Satversme nosaka, ka Saeimu ievēl vienlīdzīgās, tiešās, aizklātās, brīvās un proporcionālās vēlēšanās, piešķirot vietas partijām, kuras iegūst vismaz 5% balsu. Vēlēšanas notiek reizi četros gados, oktobra pirmajā sestdienā. Tiesības vēlēt ir pilntiesīgiem Latvijas pilsoņiem, kuri vēlēšanu dienā ir sasnieguši astoņpadsmit gadu vecumu. Saeimā var ievēlēt jebkuru pilntiesīgu Latvijas pilsoni, kurš vēlēšanu pirmajā dienā ir vecāks par divdesmit vienu gadu. Saeimas locekļa pilnvaras iegūst Saeimā ievēlēta persona, Saeimas sēdē dodot šādu svinīgu solījumu:
 Saeimas darbību vada Saeimas Prezidijs, ko savu pilnvaru laika sākumā ievēlē Saeima. Prezidijs sastāv no pieciem deputātiem — Saeimas priekšsēdētāja, viņa diviem biedriem, sekretāra un sekretāra biedra. 14. Saeimas priekšsēdētājs ir Edvards Smiltēns.
 Tāpat Saeima ievēlē komisijas.
 Ne mazāk kā pieci vienas politiskās partijas vai viena nosaukuma deputātu kandidātu saraksta deputāti var izveidot frakciju. Ja kāds deputāts izstājas no frakcijas, viņš nezaudē deputāta mandātu un turpmāk tiek uzskatīts par pie frakcijām nepiederošu deputātu. Atsevišķas frakcijas var apvienoties politiskajos blokos, kuros var iesaistīties arī pie frakcijām nepiederoši deputāti.
 Lai noskaidrotu un saskaņotu frakciju un politisko bloku darbību un taktiku Saeimā un komisijās, kā arī izlemtu lietas, ko neregulē Saeimas kārtības rullis, tiek izveidota Frakciju padome. Tās sastāvā ietilpst Saeimas Prezidijs un pa vienam deputātam no katras frakcijas un katra deputātu bloka. Savukārt ne mazāk kā trīs deputāti var izveidot deputātu grupu sadarbībai ar citu valstu parlamentiem vai citu ar deputāta darbību saistītu interešu apmierināšanai.
 Saeimas darbs ir organizēts sesijās. Gadā ir trīs kārtējās sesijas: rudens, ziemas un pavasara sesija, bet kārtējo sesiju starplaikā var sasaukt ārkārtas sesiju. Saeimas kārtējās sēdes parasti notiek reizi nedēļā — ceturtdienās. Saeimas sēdes un atbildes uz deputātu jautājumiem tiešraidē pārraida Latvijas Radio, un tās var vērot arī Saeimas interneta mājaslapā. Saeimas kārtības rullī ir noteikts, ka ar ne mazāk kā 2/3 klātesošo deputātu balsu vairākumu Saeima var nolemt noturēt arī aizklātu Saeimas sēdi, bet tas līdz šim vēl nekad nav noticis.
 Saeimas darba valoda ir latviešu valoda.
 Saeimā kopumā ir aptuveni 400 darbinieku. Saeimas Kancelejas struktūrvienības, Juridiskais birojs, Sabiedrisko attiecību birojs un Starpparlamentu attiecību birojs nodrošina deputātu darbību, rūpējas par Saeimas sēžu dokumentāro un tehnisko nodrošinājumu, kā arī veic citus ar Saeimas funkcijām saistītus darbus. Iegūt uzziņas un konsultācijas par Saeimas darbu un iespēju apmeklēt Saeimas namu ekskursijā, kā arī iesniegt iesniegumus var Saeimas Apmeklētāju un informācijas centrā.
 Saeimas funkcijas
 Likumdošana
 Saeimai ir vairākas funkcijas, bet tās galvenais uzdevums ir pieņemt likumus. Saeimai likumu projektus var iesniegt Valsts prezidents, Ministru kabinets, Saeimas komisijas, ne mazāk kā pieci Saeimas deputāti un ne mazāk kā 1/10 vēlētāju. Saeimai ir tiesības arī grozīt Satversmi. Aktīvākās un plašākās diskusijas par likumiem notiek tieši Saeimas komisijās, kas sagatavo izskatīšanai lietas, kuras tiek apspriestas Saeimas sēdēs.
 Valsts budžeta pieņemšana
 Saeima katru gadu pirms saimnieciskā gada sākšanās lemj par valsts izdevumu un ienākumu budžetu. Budžeta projektu Saeimai iesniedz valdība, un balsojums par valsts budžetu ir faktiski arī balsojums par uzticību valdībai, jo, noraidot valdības iesniegto budžeta projektu, tai tiek izteikta neuzticība. Par valsts budžetu un ar to saistītajiem jautājumiem parasti Saeimas sēdēs ir visgarākās debates.
 Kontroles funkcija
 Saeima veic valdības ikdienas darba parlamentāro kontroli, un valdība kopumā un katrs ministrs atsevišķi ir politiski atbildīgi Saeimas priekšā.
 Ministru prezidents reizi gadā Saeimas sēdē ziņo par Ministru kabineta paveikto un iecerēto darbību. Tāpat arī tiesībsargs reizi gadā ziņo Saeimas sēdē par Tiesībsarga biroja darbu.
 Saeimā tiek rīkotas arī atbildēm uz deputātu jautājumiem veltītas sēdes, kurās parasti Saeimas opozīcijas deputāti uzdod jautājumus Ministru prezidentam, Ministru kabineta locekļiem vai Latvijas Bankas prezidentam par šo amatpersonu kompetencē esošajām lietām.
 Ja Saeimas deputāti nav apmierināti ar kādas nozares darbu, valdībai var tikt iesniegts pieprasījums. Saeimai atbalstot šo pieprasījumu, var tikt pieņemts arī lēmums par neuzticības izteikšanu attiecīgajam Ministru kabineta loceklim vai valdībai kopumā. Arī Saeimas komisijām ir tiesības pieprasīt savam darbam vajadzīgās ziņas un paskaidrojumus no atsevišķiem ministriem un viņiem padotām iestādēm, kā arī no pašvaldības iestādēm un attiecīgās amatpersonas uzaicināt uz komisijas sēdēm paskaidrojumu sniegšanai.
 Savukārt Saeimas parlamentārās izmeklēšanas komisijām, pieaicinot lietpratējus, ir tiesības izdarīt revīzijas valdības, pašvaldību un privātajās iestādēs un uzņēmumos, ja šīs privātās iestādes un uzņēmumi tieši vai netieši saņem valsts pabalstus, kredītus vai pasūtījumus vai piedalās valsts vai pašvaldību īpašuma privatizācijā. Tāpat parlamentārās izmeklēšanas komisijai ir tiesības atbilstoši Saeimas noteiktajam uzdevumam izsaukt un nopratināt arī privātpersonas.
 Amatpersonu apstiprināšana
 Saeima ievēlē ļoti daudzas mūsu valsts amatpersonas. Atklāti balsojot, ar ne mazāk kā 51 Saeimas deputāta balsu vairākumu Saeima ievēlē Latvijas Valsts prezidentu.
 Lai valdība stātos pie savu pienākumu pildīšanas, tai nepieciešama Saeimas uzticība. Valdības vadītāja kandidātu izvēlas Valsts prezidents. Saeima balso par uzticību sastādītajai valdībai pēc tam, kad topošais Ministru prezidents ziņo Saeimai par savas valdības iecerēto darbību. Ja Saeima izteic neuzticību Ministru prezidentam, tad jāatkāpjas visam Ministru kabinetam, bet, ja neuzticība tiek izteikta atsevišķam ministram, tad jāatkāpjas ir tikai šim ministram.
 Saeima ievēlē, apstiprina, ieceļ, atbrīvo vai atlaiž no amata arī citas valsts amatpersonas, piemēram, ģenerālprokuroru, Korupcijas novēršanas un apkarošanas biroja priekšnieku, Latvijas Bankas prezidentu, Nacionālo radio un televīzijas padomi, Satversmes aizsardzības biroja direktoru, tiesnešus, tiesībsargu, valsts kontrolieri un citas amatpersonas.
 Starptautisku līgumu apstiprināšana
 Saskaņā ar Satversmes 68. pantu visiem starptautiskajiem līgumiem, kuri regulē likumdošanas ceļā izšķiramus jautājumus, nepieciešama Saeimas apstiprināšana.
 Starptautiskā sadarbība
 Līdztekus darbam Saeimas sēdēs, komisijās un frakcijās deputāti tiekas arī ar citu valstu amatpersonām un delegācijām. Saeima ir starptautisko parlamentāro organizāciju dalībniece, kā arī aktīvi sadarbojas ar citu valstu parlamentiem.
 Saeimas Prezidijs
 Saeimas darbību vada Saeimas Prezidijs, kuru Saeima ievēlē savu pilnvaru laika sākumā. Saeimas Prezidija sastāvā ir pieci deputāti — Saeimas priekšsēdētājs, divi viņa biedri, Saeimas sekretārs un viņa biedrs.
 Prezidiju parasti ievēlē pirmajā jaunievēlētās Saeimas sēdē. Kandidatūras Prezidija locekļu amatiem deputāti iesniedz rakstveidā, un par katram amatam izvirzītajiem kandidātiem Saeima balso vienlaikus aizklātā balsošanā ar vēlēšanu zīmēm. Kandidāts par ievēlētu uzskatāms tad, ja tas ieguvis visvairāk balsu, turklāt balsu skaits nedrīkst būt mazāks par klātesošo deputātu absolūto balsu vairākumu.
 Prezidija locekļi parasti tiek ievēlēti no lielākajām Saeimā pārstāvētajām partijām, bet par Saeimas priekšsēdētāju var kļūt arī deputāts no partijas, kas nav ieguvusi visvairāk balsu Saeimas vēlēšanās.
 Saeimas Prezidijs nosaka Saeimas iekšējo kārtību un darba gaitu Saeimā, dod atzinumus un virza tālāk saņemtās lietas visos Saeimas kārtības rullī paredzētajos gadījumos, sastāda Saeimas sēžu darba kārtību un lemj par komandējumiem. Tāpat Prezidijs pieņem darbā un atlaiž no darba Saeimas struktūrvienību vadītājus un veic citas organizatoriskās funkcijas.
 Prezidija sēdes parasti notiek divas reizes nedēļā — pirmdienās un ceturtdienās, un tās sasauc Saeimas priekšsēdētājs vai viņa prombūtnes laikā — viens no Saeimas priekšsēdētāja biedriem. Prezidija sēdes parasti notiek Saeimas namā, tomēr Prezidiju var sasaukt arī jebkurā citā laikā un vietā.
 Lai saskaņotu frakciju un politisko bloku darbību Saeimā un izlemtu lietas, kuras neregulē Saeimas kārtības rullis, tiek izveidota Frakciju padome. Tās sastāvā ir Saeimas Prezidijs un pa vienam deputātam no katras frakcijas un politiskā bloka. Frakciju padomes atzinumiem ir tikai ieteikuma raksturs.
 Saeimas priekšsēdētājs
 Saeimas Prezidiju vada Saeimas priekšsēdētājs. Saeimas priekšsēdētājs reprezentē Saeimu, vada Saeimas sēdes, gādā par kārtību Saeimas sēžu laikā un raugās, lai sēde notiktu atbilstoši Saeimas kārtības rullim. Tāpat Saeimas priekšsēdētājs vada Saeimas Prezidija sēdes un atbildēm uz deputātu jautājumiem veltītās sēdes, kurās parasti Saeimas opozīcijas deputāti uzdod jautājumus Ministru prezidentam, Ministru kabineta locekļiem vai Latvijas Bankas prezidentam par šo amatpersonu kompetencē esošajām lietām.
 Saeimas sēdes parasti notiek reizi nedēļā — ceturtdienās Saeimas namā. Savukārt divas reizes gadā notiek Saeimas svinīgās sēdes, kurās Saeimas priekšsēdētājs saka svinīgu uzrunu: 4. maijā — Saeimas svinīgā sēde, kas veltīta Latvijas Republikas Satversmes sapulces sasaukšanas gadadienai un Latvijas Republikas Neatkarības atjaunošanas deklarācijas pasludināšanas gadadienai, bet 18. novembrī — Saeimas svinīgā sēde par godu Latvijas Republikas proklamēšanas gadadienai.
 Latvijas Republikas Satversmē noteiktajos gadījumos Saeimas priekšsēdētājs uz laiku pilda Valsts prezidenta pienākumus. Tas notiek tad, ja Valsts prezidents atrodas ārpus valsts robežas, atsakās no amata, tiek atsaukts, nomirst vai citu apstākļu dēļ nevar pildīt savu amatu.
 Pēc amata Saeimas priekšsēdētājs ir Nacionālās drošības padomes loceklis. Padome saskaņo augstāko valsts institūciju un amatpersonu īstenotu vienotu valsts politiku nacionālās drošības jomā.
 Saeimas priekšsēdētājs vienlaikus pēc amata ir arī 1991. gada barikāžu dalībnieka piemiņas zīmes valdes priekšsēdētājs. 1991. gada barikāžu dalībnieka piemiņas zīmi piešķir barikāžu dalībniekiem par tā gada janvārī un augustā parādīto drošsirdību, pašaizliedzību un iniciatīvu, par ieguldījumu organizatoriskajā un apgādes darbā, kā arī tām personām, kuras morāli un materiāli atbalstīja barikāžu dalībniekus.
 Saeimas priekšsēdētājs, pildot sava amata pienākumus, daudz laika velta diplomātisko attiecību veidošanai, gan tiekoties ar citu valstu augstākajām amatpersonām, delegācijām un ārvalstu vēstniekiem, gan arī apmeklējot citas valstis oficiālās vai darba vizītēs. Tostarp reizi gadā Saeimas priekšsēdētājs uz tikšanos ar Saeimas deputātiem aicina diplomātiskā korpusa pārstāvjus — Latvijā akreditētos ārvalstu vēstniekus un goda konsulus, bet Latvijas Republikas ārvalstu pārstāvniecību vadītāju ikgadējā sanāksmē Saeimas priekšsēdētājs un deputāti tiekas ar Latvijas diplomātiem — mūsu valsts vēstniekiem.
 Nozīmīgs Saeimas priekšsēdētāja amata pienākums ir arī darbs ar dokumentiem, dažādu institūciju un iedzīvotāju iesniegumiem un vēstulēm.
 Saeimas priekšsēdētāja darbību nodrošina Saeimas priekšsēdētāja birojs.
 Līdztekus sava amata pienākumiem Saeimas priekšsēdētājs pilda arī deputāta pienākumus un piedalās vairāku Saeimas komisiju un apakškomisiju darbā.
 Saeimas priekšsēdētāja darba telpās, uz automašīnas vai cita transportlīdzekļa, ar kuru pārvietojas Saeimas priekšsēdētājs, parasti ir balts karogs ar taisno krustu valsts karoga krāsu samēros, kam augšējā labajā laukumā ir valsts lielais ģerbonis.
 Saeimā ir vairākas tradīcijas, kuras iedibinājuši tieši Saeimas priekšsēdētāji. Viena no tradīcijām ir Saeimas pavasara koku stādīšanas talka, kas ir simboliska dāvana Latvijai un saistīta ar mūsu valstij nozīmīgu datumu — 4. maiju, kad tiek svinēta Latvijas Republikas Neatkarības deklarācijas pasludināšanas diena. Ik gadu janvārī Saeimas priekšsēdētājs aicina Saeimas deputātus, barikāžu dalībniekus, žurnālistus un iedzīvotājus Saeimas nama pagalmā aizdegt ugunskuru par piemiņu 1991. gada barikādēm. Tāpat pirms Ziemassvētkiem Saeimas namā Saeimas priekšsēdētājs kopā ar bērniem rīko Ziemassvētku ieskaņas pasākumus.
 Ir iedibināts arī Saeimas Prezidija Atzinības raksts, ar ko apbalvo personas par sasniegumiem parlamenta noteikto valsts attīstības virzienu īstenošanā.
 Saeimas priekšsēdētāja biedrs
 Saeimas priekšsēdētāja biedrs Saeimas priekšsēdētāja prombūtnes laikā pilda viņa pienākumus pēc savstarpējas vienošanās. Tāpat Saeimas priekšsēdētājs un viņa biedri sadala savā starpā kārtējos darbus, tostarp Saeimas sēžu, Prezidija sēžu un atbildēm uz deputātu jautājumiem veltīto sēžu vadīšanu, kā arī tikšanos ar citu valstu amatpersonām.
 Saeimas sekretārs un sekretāra biedrs
 Saeimas sekretārs un viņa biedrs nodrošina Saeimas sēžu protokolēšanu; ja nepieciešams, Saeimas sēdē nolasa dokumentus, pārbauda stenogrammas un pārzina Saeimas Kancelejas darbu.
 Saeimas vēsture
 Pirmais parlaments - Satversmes sapulce (1920—1922)
 Satversmes sapulces vēlēšanas notika 1920. gada 17.-18. aprīlī, kurās piedalījās 84,9% no reģistrētajiem vēlētājiem. Bija izvirzīti 57 kandidātu saraksti, deputātu vietas ieguva 16 partiju un grupu pārstāvji. Satversmes sapulce pieņēma Latvijas Satversmi un Saeimas vēlēšanu likumu, saskaņā ar kuriem tika rīkotas 1. Saeimas vēlēšanas. Satversmes sapulces prezidents bija Jānis Čakste.
 1. Saeima (1922—1925)
 Satversmes sapulces iesākto darbu turpināja Saeima. Saskaņā ar Satversmi, Saeimu ievēlēja vispārīgās, vienlīdzīgās, tiešās, aizklātās un proporcionālās vēlēšanās uz trīs gadiem. Esošās Saeimas mandāts beidzas, kad nākamā Saeima sanāk uz savu pirmo sēdi.
 1. Saeimas vēlēšanas norisinājās 1922. gada 7. un 8. oktobrī. Tajās piedalījās 82,2% (800 840) balsstiesīgo. Pieteikti tika 88 kandidātu saraksti, no kuriem ievēlēja 46.
 1. Saeima noturēja 214 plenārsēdes, kurās izskatīja 343 likumprojektus. Pirmais Saeimas priekšsēdētājs bija Frīdrihs Vesmanis, ko 1925. gada 20. martā nomainīja Pauls Kalniņš.
 2. Saeima (1925—1928)
 2. Saeimas vēlēšanas notika 1925. gada 3. un 4. oktobrī. Tajās piedalījās 74,9% (838 800) no visiem balsstiesīgajiem iedzīvotājiem. Tika iesniegts 141 kandidātu saraksts, no kuriem 48 ieguva mandātus. No simts ievēlētājiem deputātiem 84 bija latvieši, 55 deputātiem bija augstākā izglītība, 30 — vidējā un 15 — zemāka izglītība. 2. Saeimas priekšsēdētājs bija dr. Pauls Kalniņš.
 3. Saeima (1928—1931)
 3. Saeimas vēlēšanas notika 1928. gada 6. un 7. oktobrī. Tajās piedalījās 79,3% (937 968) no visiem balsstiesīgajiem iedzīvotājiem. Tika iesniegti 120 kandidātu saraksti, no kuriem 54 ieguva mandātus. Sākot ar šīm vēlēšanām, katra saraksta iesniedzējam bija jāiemaksā 1000 latu drošības nauda, kuru atmaksāja saraksta iesniedzējam, ja no saraksta vismaz vienā apgabalā ievēlēja kaut vienu deputātu.
 No simts ievēlētajiem deputātiem 80 bija latvieši, 54 deputātiem bija augstākā, 28 — vidējā, 4 — augstākā vai vidējā militārā izglītība un 14 — zemāka izglītība. Statistika par deputātiem atspoguļo tikai vēlēšanu rezultātus.
 Frakciju skaits mainījās, pirmajā sesijā darbojās 28 frakcijas. 3. Saeimā bija 20 pastāvīgās komisijas. Notika 223 sēdes, kurās apsprieda 344 likumprojektus. 3. Saeimas priekšsēdētājs bija dr. Pauls Kalniņš.
 4. Saeima (1931—1934)
 4. Saeimas vēlēšanas notika 1931. gada 3. un 4. oktobrī. Tajās piedalījās 80,0% (974 822) no visiem balsstiesīgajiem iedzīvotājiem. Tika iesniegti 103 kandidātu saraksti, no kuriem 57 ieguva mandātus.
 No simts ievēlētajiem deputātiem 1 bija sieviete, 83 latvieši, 43 deputātiem bija augstākā, 39 — vidējā, 12 — tautskolas, 3 — militārā, 1 deputātam — lauksaimniecības skolas, 1 — arodskolas izglītība un 1 — pašizglītība. Statistika par deputātiem atspoguļo tikai vēlēšanu rezultātus.
 Frakciju skaits mainījās, pirmajā sesijā darbojās 25 frakcijas. 4. Saeimā bija 18 pastāvīgās komisijas. Notika 185 sēdes, kurās apsprieda 312 likumprojektus. 4. Saeimas priekšsēdētājs bija dr. Pauls Kalniņš.
 Pēc 1934. gada 15. maija valsts apvērsuma 4. Saeimas darbība tika pārtraukta un Saeimas funkcijas uzņēmās Ministru kabinets.
 Tautas Saeima (1940)
 Pēc padomju okupācijas 1940. gada 14. un 15. jūlijā tika rīkotas t.s. Tautas Saeimas vēlēšanas, kurās iedzīvotājiem bija jābalso tikai par vienu sarakstu — Darba tautas bloku. Uz pirmo sēdi šī Saeima sanāca 1940. gada 21. jūlijā. Tad tika pasludināta Latvijas Padomju Sociālistiskā Republika un izteikta prasība iesniegt lūgumu uzņemt PSRS. No valsts tiesību viedokļa Tautas Saeimas 21. jūlija lēmumam nebija juridiska spēka no tās pieņemšanas brīža, jo tika pārkāpta Latvijas Satversme.
 Saskaņā ar 1940. gada 25. augustā pieņemto Latvijas PSR Konstitūciju, tās augstākais valsts varas orgāns bija Latvijas PSR Augstākā Padome.
 Latvijas Republikas Augstākā padome (1990—1993)
 1990. gada 18. martā notika Latvijas Republikas Augstākās padomes vēlēšanas, kurās pirmo reizi okupācijas periodā tika pieļauta vairāku politisko kustību kandidātu balotēšanās. Šajās vēlēšanās piedalījās 81,25% (1 593 019) no visiem balsstiesīgajiem iedzīvotājiem.
 Tika ievēlēts 201 deputāts. No tiem 10 bija sievietes, 139 latvieši, 185 deputātiem bija augstākā, 5 — nepabeigta augstākā un 11 — vidējā izglītība. Statistika par deputātiem atspoguļo tikai vēlēšanu rezultātus.
 Augstākajā padomē bija 16 pastāvīgās komisijas. Notika 389 sēdes, kurās pieņēma 404 likumus, to skaitā — Konstitucionālo likumu par cilvēka un pilsoņa tiesībām un pienākumiem, atjaunoja 1937. gada Civillikumu, izstrādāja likumus, kas aizsāka privatizācijas procesu.
 Augstākā padome noteica valsts varas de facto atjaunošanai pārejas periodu, kas beidzās ar Latvijas Republikas Saeimas sasaukšanu.
 Augstākās padomes priekšsēdētājs bija Anatolijs Gorbunovs.
 5. Saeima (1993—1995)
 5. Saeimas vēlēšanas notika 1993. gada 5. un 6. jūnijā. To juridiskais pamats — 1992. gada 20. oktobrī pieņemtais likums “Par 5. Saeimas vēlēšanām”, kas būtībā ir nedaudz grozīts un papildināts 1922. gada Likums par Saeimas vēlēšanām. Vēlēšanās piedalījās 1 118 316 vēlētāji jeb 89,9% balsstiesīgo Latvijas pilsoņu, tajā skaitā ārvalstīs nobalsoja 18 413 pilsoņi. Tika pieņemti 23 kandidātu saraksti, no kuriem mandātus ieguva 8, jo pārējie nepārsniedza noteikto 4% vēlēšanu barjeru. Katram saraksta iesniedzējam bija jāiemaksā drošības nauda 50 minimālo mēnešalgu apmērā, kuru atmaksāja saraksta iesniedzējam, ja no saraksta vismaz vienā apgabalā ievēlēja kaut vienu deputātu.
 No simts ievēlētajiem deputātiem 15 bija sievietes, 88 latvieši, 91 deputātam bija augstākā, 4 — nepabeigta augstākā un 5 — vidējā izglītība. Statistika par deputātiem atspoguļo tikai vēlēšanu rezultātus.
 5. Saeimā darbojās 15 pastāvīgās komisijas, kā arī vairākas apakškomisijas un izmeklēšanas komisijas. Pēc ievēlēšanas bija 8 frakcijas, 1994. gada pavasarī, sašķeļoties frakcijai “Saskaņa Latvijai — atdzimšana tautsaimniecībai”, izveidojās vēl viena frakcija.
 Notika 137 sēdes, kurās izskatīja 839 likumprojektus. Šī Saeima atjaunoja Satversmi, 1925. gada likumu "Par Ministru kabineta iekārtu", pieņēma Pilsonības likumu, Korupcijas novēršanas likumu, veica pašvaldību reformu, noslēdza līgumu par Krievijas Federācijas Bruņoto spēku pilnīgu izvešanu.
 5. Saeimas priekšsēdētājs bija Anatolijs Gorbunovs.
 6. Saeima (1995—1998)
 6. Saeimas vēlēšanas notika 1995. gada 30. septembrī un 1. oktobrī. Vēlēšanās piedalījās 955 392 vēlētāji jeb 71,9% balsstiesīgo Latvijas pilsoņu, tajā skaitā ārvalstīs nobalsoja 12 501 pilsonis. Tika pieņemti 19 kandidātu saraksti, no kuriem mandātus ieguva 9, jo pārējie nepārsniedza noteikto 5% vēlēšanu barjeru. Katram saraksta iesniedzējam bija jāiemaksā 1000 latu drošības nauda, kuru atmaksāja saraksta iesniedzējam, ja no saraksta vismaz vienā apgabalā ievēlēja kaut vienu deputātu.
 No simts ievēlētajiem deputātiem 8 bija sievietes, 90 deputātiem bija augstākā, 1 deputātam — nepabeigta augstākā —, 6 deputātiem — vidējā speciālā un 3 — vidējā izglītība. Statistika par deputātiem atspoguļo tikai vēlēšanu rezultātus.
 6. Saeimā bija 16 pastāvīgās komisijas, kā arī vairākas apakškomisijas un izmeklēšanas komisijas. Pēc ievēlēšanas izveidojās 9 frakcijas, taču darbības laikā, deputātiem izstājoties un pievienojoties citām frakcijām, to skaits nemitīgi mainījās.
 1995. gada decembrī beidza pastāvēt deputātu bloks “Sociālistiskā partija — Līdztiesība”, bet 1996. gada novembrī tas atkal izveidoja frakciju, kas darbojās līdz 1997. gada maijam. 1996. gada jūlijā beidza pastāvēt Tautas saskaņas partijas frakcija, taču 1997. gada septembrī tā atkal atjaunoja darbu.
 Latvijas Vienības partijas frakcija pastāvēja no ievēlēšanas brīža līdz 1997. gada februārim. 1996. gada jūlijā deputāti, kuri atstāja frakciju “Latvijai”, izveidoja jaunu frakciju “Tautai un taisnībai”, kas darbojās līdz 1997. gada februārim. 1997. gada jūnijā, apvienojoties partijām “Tēvzemei un Brīvībai” un LNNK, tika izveidota frakcija ar tādu pašu nosaukumu. Pirms tam LNNK veidoja kopīgu frakciju ar Latvijas Zaļo partiju. Pēc LNNK aiziešanas 1997. gada jūnijā tika izveidota Latvijas Nacionālās reformu partijas un Latvijas Zaļās partijas frakcija. Latvijas Zemnieku savienības, Kristīgi demokrātiskās savienības un Latgales Demokrātiskās partijas frakcija pastāvēja līdz 1997. gada novembrim, pēc tam izveidojās LZS, KDS frakcija. No 1997. gada septembra līdz 1998. gada janvārim pastāvēja tautas kopas "Brīvība" frakcija, 1998. gada 28. jūlijā izveidoja Darba partijas, Kristīgi demokrātiskās savienības, Latvijas Zaļās partijas apvienības frakciju, kas pastāvēja līdz 6. Saeimas darbības beigām.
 Saeimas darbības laikā pieauga deputātu skaits Demokrātiskās partijas Saimnieks frakcijā, samazinājās — frakcijās “Latvijas ceļš” un “Latvijai”, izveidojās liels pie frakcijām nepiederošo deputātu skaits, brīžiem pārsniedzot divdesmit.
 Notika 197 sēdes, kurās izskatīja 1335 likumprojektus. 6. Saeima izdarīja būtiskus grozījumus Satversmē: vēlēšanām iepriekšējo divu dienu vietā noteica tikai vienu dienu; Saeimas darbības laiks, sākot no 7. Saeimas, pagarināja līdz četriem gadiem; Satversmei pievienoja nodaļu par cilvēka pamattiesībām; pieņēma Civilprocesa likumu.
 Sākumā 6. Saeimas priekšsēdētāja bija dr. Ilga Kreituse, bet no 1996. gada 26. septembra par priekšsēdētāju kļuva Alfreds Čepānis.
 7. Saeima (1998—2002)
 7. Saeimas vēlēšanas, saskaņā ar grozījumiem Satversmē, pirmoreiz Latvijas valsts vēsturē notika vienā dienā - 1998. gada 3. oktobrī. Vēlēšanās piedalījās 944 667 vēlētāji jeb 71,9% visu balsstiesīgo Latvijas pilsoņu, tajā skaitā ārvalstīs nobalsoja 10 080 pilsoņu. Tika pieņemts 21 kandidātu saraksts, no kuriem mandātus ieguva 6, jo pārējie nepārsniedza noteikto 5% vēlēšanu barjeru. Katram saraksta iesniedzējam bija jāiemaksā 1000 latu drošības nauda, kuru tam atmaksāja saraksta iesniedzējam, ja no saraksta vismaz vienā apgabalā ievēlēja kaut vienu deputātu.
 No simts ievēlētajiem deputātiem 17 bija sievietes, 94 bija latvieši, 94 deputātiem bija augstākā, 4 - vidējā speciālā un 2 - vidējā izglītība. Statistika par deputātiem atspoguļo tikai vēlēšanu rezultātus.
 7. Saeimā bija 16 pastāvīgās komisijas, 14 apakškomisijas un 5 izmeklēšanas komisijas. Pēc Saeimas ievēlēšanas izveidojās 6 frakcijas. 2001. gada janvārī 5 no Jaunās partijas izstājušies deputāti Jaunās partijas frakcijas vietā izveidoja Jauno frakciju, un tā pastāvēja līdz 2002. gada martam. Latvijas Sociāldemokrātu apvienības (LSA) frakcija 1999. gada maijā tika nosaukta par Latvijas Sociāldemokrātiskās strādnieku partijas (LSDSP) frakciju. Savukārt 2002. gada janvārī no LSDSP frakcijas izstājušies deputāti izveidoja Sociāldemokrātu savienības frakciju. 2002. gada janvārī tika izveidota arī politisko organizāciju apvienības "Par cilvēka tiesībām vienotā Latvijā" frakcija.
 7. Saeimā salīdzinājumā ar iepriekšējo Saeimu, bija maz pie frakcijām nepiederošo deputātu: sākumā — 1, 2002. gada janvārī — 3, 2002. gada martā — 7, bet Saeimas darba beigās — 8 deputāti.
 7. Saeimas laikā izskatīti 1442 likumprojekti, pieņemti 917 likumi. Nozīmīgākie no tiem ir grozījumi Satversmē, Valsts pārvaldes iekārtas likums, Elektronisko dokumentu likums, Komerclikums, grozījumi Administratīvā procesa likumā un grozījumi Kriminālprocesa kodeksā.
 7. Saeimas priekšsēdētājs bija Jānis Straume.
 8. Saeima (2002—2006)
 8. Saeimas vēlēšanas notika 2002. gada 5. oktobrī. Vēlēšanās piedalījās 997 754 (71,51%) vēlētāji, no tiem ārvalstīs nobalsoja 7490 vēlētāju. Tika pieteikti 20 deputātu kandidātu saraksti, no kuriem 5 procentu barjeru pārvarēja un mandātus ieguva 6 partijas un partiju apvienības.
 No simts ievēlētajiem deputātiem 18 bija sievietes, 79 — latvieši, 14 — krievi, 1 polis, 1 ebrejs, 1 karēlis, 4 nebija uzrādījuši savu nacionālo piederību. 93 deputātiem ir augstākā, 4 — vidējā speciālā, 3 — vidējā izglītība. Statistika par deputātiem atspoguļo tikai vēlēšanu rezultātus. 8. Saeimā bija 17 pastāvīgās komisijas, 13 apakškomisijas un 1 izmeklēšanas komisija. Pēc Saeimas ievēlēšanas izveidoja 6 frakcijas. 8. Saeimas laikā nemainījās deputātu skaits Tautas partijas un Zaļo un zemnieku savienības frakcijās. Latvijas Pirmās partijas frakcijas deputātu skaits palielinājās, bet frakcijas “Jaunais laiks” deputātu skaits nedaudz samazinājās.
 2003. gada 19. februārī 17 deputāti, kas bija izstājušies no politisko organizāciju apvienības “Par cilvēktiesībām vienotā Latvijā”, izveidoja Tautas saskaņas partijas frakciju. Tās locekļu skaits pakāpeniski samazinājās, un kopš 2005. gada 27. oktobra to sauca par Saskaņas Centra frakciju.
 2003. gada 13. jūnijā darbību izbeidza politisko organizāciju apvienības “Par cilvēktiesībām vienotā Latvijā” frakcija, bet 29. augustā tā mainītā sastāvā savu darbību atjaunoja. 2003. gada 12. jūnijā 5 deputāti izveidoja Latvijas sociālistiskās partijas frakciju.
 8. Saeimā, tāpat kā 7. Saeimā, bija maz pie frakcijām nepiederošo deputātu. To skaits svārstījās no sešiem līdz vienam deputātam, īsu brīdi — no 2003. gada 1. septembra līdz 2004. gada 9. februārim — nebija neviena pie frakcijām nepiederoša deputāta.
 8. Saeimas laikā iesniegti 1934 likumprojekti, pieņemti 1272 likumi. Nozīmīgākie no tiem ir Biedrību un nodibinājumu likums, Valsts un pašvaldības īpašuma privatizācijas un privatizācijas sertifikātu izmantošanas pabeigšanas likums, Kriminālprocesa likums. Saistībā ar iestāšanos Eiropas Savienībā notika likumu un atsevišķu likumu normu saskaņošana ar Eiropas Savienības tiesību aktiem.
 8. Saeimas priekšsēdētāja bija Ingrīda Ūdre.
 9. Saeima (2006—2010)
 9. Saeimas vēlēšanas notika 2006. gada 7. oktobrī. Vēlēšanās piedalījās 908 979 (60,98%) vēlētāji, no tiem ārvalstīs nobalsoja 7580 vēlētāju. Tika reģistrēti 19 deputātu kandidātu saraksti, no kuriem 5 procentu barjeru pārvarēja un mandātus ieguva 7 partijas un partiju apvienības.
 No simts ievēlētajiem deputātiem 19 bija sievietes, 78 — latvieši, 15 — krievi, 1 ebrejs, 1 karēlis, 1 vācietis, 4 nebija uzrādījuši savu nacionālo piederību. 95 deputātiem bija augstākā izglītība un 5 — vidējā izglītība. Statistika par deputātiem atspoguļo tikai vēlēšanu rezultātus.
 9. Saeimā bija 16 pastāvīgās komisijas un 8 frakcijas.
 Sākumā 9. Saeimas priekšsēdētājs bija Indulis Emsis, bet no 2007. gada 24. septembra par priekšsēdētāju kļuva Gundars Daudze.
 10. Saeima (2010—2011)
 10. Saeimas vēlēšanas notika 2010. gada 2. oktobrī. Vēlēšanās piedalījās 967 162 vēlētāju. Vēlētāju līdzdalība bija 63,12 procenti. Vēlēšanās ārvalstīs piedalījās 30,46 procenti no ārvalstīs reģistrēto pilsoņu skaita. Reģistrēti tika 13 deputātu kandidātu saraksti, no kuriem 5 procentu barjeru pārvarēja un mandātus ieguva 5 partijas un partiju apvienības.
 10. Saeimas priekšsēdētāja bija Solvita Āboltiņa, Saeimas priekšsēdētājas biedri bija Gundars Daudze un Andrejs Klementjevs, Saeimas sekretārs bija Kārlis Šadurskis, Saeimas sekretāra biedrs bija Dzintars Rasnačs.
 10. Saeimā bija 16 pastāvīgās komisijas un 10 apakškomisijas.
 10. Saeimā bija 5 frakcijas - politisko partiju apvienības „Vienotība” frakcija – 33 deputāti, politisko partiju apvienības „Saskaņas Centrs” frakcija – 29 deputāti, Zaļo un Zemnieku savienības frakcija – 22 deputāti, nacionālās apvienības „Visu Latvijai! – Tēvzemei un Brīvībai/LNNK” frakcija - 8 deputāti, partiju apvienības „Par Labu Latviju” frakcija - 8 deputāti.
 2011. gada 28. maijā Valsts prezidents Valdis Zatlers ierosināja tautas nobalsošanu par Saeimas atlaišanu. Tautas nobalsošana notika 2011. gada 23. jūlijā un pēc tās rezultātiem 10. Saeima tika atlaista.
 11. Saeima (2011—2014)
 11. Saeimas vēlēšanas notika 2011. gada 17. septembrī. Vēlēšanās piedalījās 902 569 vēlētāju, kas sastādīja 60,55% no kopējā balsstiesīgo skaita. Reģistrēti tika 13 deputātu kandidātu saraksti, no kuriem 5% barjeru pārvarēja un mandātus ieguva 5 partijas un partiju apvienības.
 11. Saeimas priekšsēdētāja bija Solvita Āboltiņa, Saeimas priekšsēdētājas biedri bija Inese Lībiņa-Egnere un Andrejs Klementjevs, Saeimas sekretārs bija Dzintars Rasnačs, Saeimas sekretāra biedrs bija Jānis Vucāns.
 11. Saeimā bija 5 frakcijas: "Saskaņas Centrs" (30 deputāti), "Vienotība" (20 deputāti), "Reformu partija" (14 deputāti), "Nacionālā apvienība "Visu Latvijai!"—"Tēvzemei un Brīvībai/LNNK"" (13 deputāti), "Zaļo un Zemnieku savienība" (13 deputāti).
 12. Saeima (2014 — 2018)
 12. Saeimas vēlēšanas notika 2014. gada 4. oktobrī. Vēlēšanās piedalījās 913 211 vēlētāju. Par derīgām atzina 890 407 vēlētāju zīmes. Reģistrēti tika 13 deputātu kandidātu saraksti, no kuriem 5% barjeru pārvarēja un mandātus ieguva 6 partijas un partiju apvienības.
 12. Saeimas priekšsēdētāja bija Ināra Mūrniece, Saeimas priekšsēdētājas biedri bija Gundars Daudze un Inese Lībiņa-Egnere, Saeimas sekretārs bija Andrejs Klementjevs, Saeimas sekretāra biedrs bija Gunārs Kūtris.
 12. Saeimā bija 6 frakcijas: "SASKAŅA" (24 deputāti), "VIENOTĪBA" (23 deputāti), Zaļo un Zemnieku savienība (21 deputāts), Nacionālā apvienība "Visu Latvijai!"-"Tēvzemei un Brīvībai/LNNK" (17 deputāti), Latvijas Reģionu apvienība (8 deputāti) un "No sirds Latvijai" (7 deputāti).
 13. Saeima (2018 — 2022)
 13. Saeimas vēlēšanas notika 2018. gada 6. oktobrī. Vēlēšanās piedalījās 845 196 vēlētāju, kas bija 54,6% no kopējā balsstiesīgo skaita. Reģistrēti tika 16 deputātu kandidātu saraksti, no kuriem 5% barjeru pārvarēja un mandātus ieguva 7 partijas un partiju apvienības.
 13. Saeimas priekšsēdētāja bija Ināra Mūrniece, Saeimas priekšsēdētājas biedres — Dagmāra Beitnere-Le Galla un Inese Lībiņa-Egnere, Saeimas sekretārs bija Andrejs Klementjevs, Saeimas sekretāra biedre bija Marija Golubeva.
 13. Saeimai uzsākot darbu, izveidojās 7 frakcijas: "SASKAŅA" (22 deputāti), Jaunā konservatīvā partija (16 deputāti), KPV LV (15 deputāti) "Attīstībai/Par!" (13 deputāti), Nacionālā apvienība "Visu Latvijai!"-"Tēvzemei un Brīvībai/LNNK" (13 deputāti), Zaļo un Zemnieku savienība (11 deputāti), "VIENOTĪBA" (8 deputāti).
 14. Saeima (2022 — pašlaik)
 14. Saeimas vēlēšanas notika 2022. gada 1. oktobrī. Vēlēšanās piedalījās 916 594 vēlētāju, kas bija 59,43% no kopējā balsstiesīgo skaita. Reģistrēti tika 19 deputātu kandidātu saraksti, no kuriem 5% barjeru pārvarēja un mandātus ieguva 7 partijas un partiju apvienības.
 Nosaukums
 Saeima ir Latvijas Republikas parlamenta nosaukums kopš 1922. gada. Latviešu valodas etimoloģijas vārdnīcā teikts, ka vārds „Saeima” nozīmē „sapulce” un ir atvasināts no darbības vārda „iet”. Jura Alunāna darinātais jaunvārds „saims” sākotnēji nozīmējis „valsts padome, zemes padome”, bet vēlāk tas ticis lietots formā „saeima” ar nozīmes paplašinājumu „sanāksme, sapulce, apspriede”.
 Saeimas nams
 Latvijas Republikas parlamenta galvenā ēka atrodas Rīgā, Jēkaba ielā 11, un tiek saukta par Saeimas namu. Tajā notiek Saeimas sēdes. Iepretim Saeimas namam — Jēkaba ielā 10/12, Jēkaba ielā 16 un Torņa ielā 3/5 — atrodas vēl trīs ēkas, kas tiek izmantotas Saeimas komisiju un frakciju darbam. Neviena no šīm ēkām nav speciāli būvēta parlamenta vajadzībām, bet tikai laika gaitā tās piemērotas Saeimas darbībai.
 Interesanti fakti
 Latvijas tauta 1920. gada 17. un 18. aprīlī ievēlēja Satversmes sapulci, kura izstrādāja valsts iekārtas pamatlikumu jeb Satversmi un turpināja neatkarīgas valsts likumdošanas darbu — pieņēma agrārreformas likumu, Saeimas vēlēšanu likumu un citus likumus.
 Latvijas parlamenta vēsturē ilggadējākais Saeimas priekšsēdētājs ir Pauls Kalniņš, kas šo amatu ieņēma 1. Saeimā (nepilnu laiku), 2. Saeimā, 3. Saeimā un 4. Saeimā, kopumā deviņus gadus — no 1925. gada 20. marta līdz 1934. gada 15. maijam.
 Saeimas garākā sēde — 2008. gada 11. decembra sēde — ilga 19 stundas un 36 minūtes — līdz nākamās dienas rītam pulksten 4.36. Tad sēdē tika izsludināts pārtraukums līdz 2008. gada 18. decembrim, un pēc nedēļas sēde turpinājās vēl 8 stundas un 40 minūtes. Tātad minētās sēdes kopējais garums bija 28 stundas un 16 minūtes.
 Saeimas sēdes laikā ar āmura piesitienu Saeimas sēdes vadītājs norāda, ka visas debates par sēdē izskatāmo jautājumu ir izbeigtas.
 Prezidijs Saeimas sēdēs var dot iespēju runāt arī ārvalstu un starptautisko organizāciju amatpersonām. Piemēram, deputātus uzrunājis Itālijas prezidents Karlo Adzeljo Čampi, NATO ģenerālsekretārs Jāps de Hops Shefers, Gruzijas parlamenta priekšsēdētājs Dāvids Bakradze un ASV kongresmenis Džons Šimkus.
 Publikai Saeimas sēdes laikā ir aizliegts izteikt piekrišanu vai nepiekrišanu vai citādi traucēt sēdes kārtību. Šādā gadījumā sēdes vadītājs var izraidīt no Sēžu zāles atsevišķas personas vai pat visu publiku.
 Skatīt arī
 Likumdošanas vara Latvijā
 Tautas padome
 Satversmes sapulce
 Vidzemes bruņniecības nams
 Saeimas vēlētas amatpersonas
 Atsauces
 Ārējās saites
 Saeimas oficiālā mājaslapa
 Saeimas Flickr konts
 Saeimas vēlēšanu rezultāti kopš 1993. gada
 Saeimas kārtības rullis
 Konstitucionālās tiesības
 Latvijas valsts iestādes


type: legislation

jurisdiction: EU

text:
N°. C 180/6 Jornal Oficial das Comunidades Europeias 18.7.86
 Artigo 2? montantes, a fim, nomeadamente, de ter em conta a ex-
 periência adquirida e a alteração do custo das inspecções
 A taxa referida no n? 1, primeiro travessão, do artigo 1? e dos controlos sanitários na Comunidade.
 da Directiva 85/73/CEE é cobrada no matadouro, à ex-
 pensa da pessoa para a qual o abate é efectuado. Artigo 5o.
 Artigo 3o. Os Estados-membros porão em vigor as disposições le-
 gislativas, regulamentares e administrativas necessárias
 A taxa a tomar como base para a conversão em moeda para dar cumprimento à presente directiva, o mais tardar
 nacional dos montantes em ECUs previstos na presente em 31 de Dezembro de 1986. Desse facto informarão
 directiva é a publicada anualmente no Jornal Oficial das imediatamente a Comissão.
 Comunidades Europeias, série C, no primeiro dia útil do
 mês de Setembro. Todavia, a Grécia beneficia de um prazo suplementar
 com termo em 1 de Janeiro de 1988 para dar cumpri-
 Artigo 4° mento à presente directiva.
 Antes de 1 de Janeiro de 1990, a Comissão procederá a Artigo 6°
 um reexame dos montantes referidos no artigo 1? e apre-
 sentará ao Conselho um relatório acompanhado, se for Os Estados-membros são destinatários da presente direc-
 caso disso, das adequadas propostas de alteração dos tiva.
 Proposta de regulamento (CEE) do Conselho que altera o Regulamento (CEE) n? 2262/84 que
 prevê medidas especiais no sector do azeite
 COM(86) 357final
 (Apresentada pela Comissão ao Conselho em 4 de Julho de 1986)
 (86/C 180/06)
 O CONSELHO DAS COMUNIDADES EUROPEIAS, despesas efectivas do serviço são imputáveis ao orça-
 mento geral das Comunidades Europeias até determina-
 Tendo em conta o Tratado que institui a Comunidade dos montantes máximos;
 Económica Europeia e, nomeadamente, o seu artigo 43*?,
 Tendo em conta o parecer da Comissão, Considerando que, devido a diferentes razões comunica-
 das pela Itália e pela Grécia, não foi possível aos serviços
 Tendo em conta o parecer do Parlamento Europeu, nesses Estados-membros realizar na campanha de 1984/
 /1985; os controlos e as outras actividades que lhes fo-
 ram atribuídos; que a campanha de 1985/1986 é, efecti-
 Considerando que, nos termos do n? 1 do artigo 1? do
 vamente, a campanha durante a qual os serviços começa-
 Regulamento (CEE) n? 2262/84 do Conselho, com a rão a funcionar; que, na campanha de 1984/1985, não
 redacção que lhe foi dada pelo Regulamento (CEE) foram efectuados pagamentos decorrentes do exercício
 n° 3788/85 do Conselho ('), cada Estado-membro que dessas funções, com excepção de algumas despesas resul-
 produza mais do que uma quantidade mínima de azeite tantes da criação dos serviços; que, em consequência, o
 criará um serviço específico encarregado de determina- período durante o qual as despesas efectivas dos serviços
 dos controlos e outras actividades no âmbito do regime são imputáveis ao orçamento geral das Comunidades
 de ajudas à produção de azeite; Europeias deve ser prolongado por mais um ano; que os
 montantes totais referidos no n? 5, primeiro parágrafo,
 Considerando que, nos termos do n? 5 do artigo 1? do do artigo 1? do Regulamento (CEE) n° 2262/84 devem
 mesmo regulamento, com a redacção que lhe foi dada permanecer inalterados;
 pelo Regulamento (CEE) n° 3788/85 do Conselho (2),
 durante um período de três anos a partir de 1 de No-
 vembro de 1984, no caso de Itália e da Grécia, e de 1 de
 Março de 1986 a 31 de Outubro de 1987, no caso de Considerando que o período referido no n? 5, segundo
 Espanha e de Portugal, determinadas percentagens das parágrafo, do artigo 1? do. Regulamento (CEE)
 n? 2262/84 deve ser prolongado, no caso de Espanha e
 de Portugal, até 31 de Outubro de 1988, que é necessá-
 (') J O n? L 208 de 3. 8. 1984, p. 11. rio prever uma participação financeira da Comunidade
 O J O n? L 367 de 31. 12. 1985, p. 1. durante esse período,
 ---pagebreak--- 18.7.86 Jornal Oficial das Comunidades Europeias N? C 1 8 0 / 7
 ADOPTOU O PRESENTE REGULAMENTO: «No caso de Espanha e de Portugal, serão cobertos
 100 % das despesas efectivas do serviço durante o pe-
 Artigo Io. ríodo compreendido entre 1 de Março de 1986 e 31
 de Outubro de 1988, até ao limite de uma soma glo-
 O n? 5 do artigo \°. do Regulamento (CEE) n° 2262/84 é bal de 9,3 milhões de ECUs para Espanha e de
 alterado do seguinte modo: 4,7 milhões de ECUs para Portugal».
 1. O primeiro parágrafo passa a ter a seguinte redacção: 3. O quarto parágrafo passa a ter a seguinte redacção:
 «O Conselho, deliberando por maioria qualificada,
 «Durante um período de 4 anos a partir de 1 de No- sob proposta da Comissão, adoptará antes de 1 de Ja-
 vembro de 1984, as despesas efectivas de serviço são
 neiro de 1988 o método de financiamento das despe-
 imputáveis ao orçamento geral das Comunidades Eu-
 sas em causa a partir da campanha de 1988/1989.
 ropeias, à razão de:
 — 100 % para os três primeiros anos, até ao limite Artigo 2o.
 de uma soma global de 14 milhões de ECUs para
 o serviço constituído em Itália e de 7 milhões de O presente regulamento entra em vigor na data da sua
 ECUs para o serviço constituído na Grécia, publicação no Jornal Oficial das Comunidades Europeias.
 — 50 % para o quarto ano.» O presente regulamento é obrigatório em todos os seus
 elementos e directamente aplicável em todos os Estados-
 2. O segundo parágrafo passa a ter a seguinte redacção: -membros.


text:
(1571) Cesco – planetoida z grupy pasa głównego asteroid okrążająca Słońce w ciągu 5 lat i 217 dni w średniej odległości 3,15 au. Została odkryta 20 marca 1950 roku w obserwatorium w La Plata przez Miguela Itzigsohna. Nazwa planetoidy pochodzi od braci Reynaldo Cesco i Carlosa Cesco, argentyńskich astronomów. Przed nadaniem nazwy planetoida nosiła oznaczenie tymczasowe (1571) 1950 FJ.
 Zobacz też
 lista planetoid 1001–2000
 lista ponumerowanych planetoid
 Bibliografia
 Linki zewnętrzne
 Planetoidy pasa głównego
 Nazwane planetoidy
 Obiekty astronomiczne odkryte w 1950


type: contracts

text:
 30.6.2010
 EN
 Official Journal of the European Union
 L 164/46
 Only the original UN/ECE texts have legal effect under international public law. The status and date of entry into force of this Regulation should be checked in the latest version of the UN/ECE status document TRANS/WP.29/343, available at:
 http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/wp29wgs/wp29gen/wp29fdocstts.html
 Regulation No 87 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UN/ECE) — Uniform provisions concerning the approval of daytime running lamps for power-driven vehicles
 Incorporating all valid text up to:
 Supplement 14 to the original version of the Regulation — Date of entry into force: 24 October 2009
 Correction 1 to Revision 2 — Date of entry into force: 11 November 2009
 CONTENTS
 REGULATION
 1.
 Scope
 2.
 Definitions
 3.
 Application for approval
 4.
 Markings
 5.
 Approval
 6.
 General specifications
 7.
 Intensity of light
 8.
 Apparent surface
 9.
 Colour of light
 10.
 Test procedure
 11.
 Heat resistance test
 12.
 Modifications of a type of daytime running lamp and extension of approval
 13.
 Conformity of production
 15.
 Production definitely discontinued
 14.
 Penalties for non-conformity of production
 16.
 Names and addresses of Technical Services responsible for conducting approval tests, and of Administrative Departments
 ANNEXES
 Annex 1 —
 Communication concerning the approval or refusal or extension or withdrawal of approval or production definitely discontinued of a type of daytime running lamp, pursuant to Regulation No 87
 Annex 2 —
 Example of arrangement of the approval mark
 Annex 3 —
 Photometric measurements
 Annex 4 —
 Minimum requirements for conformity of production control procedures
 Annex 5 —
 Minimum requirements for sampling by an inspector
 Annex 6 —
 Minimum angles required for light distribution in space
 1. SCOPE
 This Regulation applies to daytime running lamps for vehicles of category L, M, N and T (1).
 2. DEFINITIONS
 For the purpose of this Regulation:
 2.1.
 ‘Daytime running lamp’ means a lamp facing in a forward direction used to make the vehicle more easily visible when driving during daytime;
 2.2.
 The definitions given in Regulation No 48 and its series of amendments in force at the time of application for type approval shall apply to this Regulation;
 2.3.
 ‘Daytime running lamps of different types’ means lamps which differ in such essential respects as:
 (a)
 the trade name or mark;
 (b)
 the characteristics of the optical system, (levels of intensity, light distribution angles, category of filament lamp, light source module, etc.);
 A change of the colour of the filament lamp or the colour of any filter does not constitute a change of type.
 2.4.
 References made in this Regulation to standard (étalon) filament lamp(s) and to Regulation No 37 shall refer to Regulation No 37 and its series of amendments in force at the time of application for type approval.
 3. APPLICATION FOR APPROVAL
 3.1. The application for approval shall be transmitted by the holder of the trade name or mark or his duly accredited representative.
 At the choice of the applicant, it will specify that the device may be installed on the vehicle with different inclinations of the reference axis in respect to the vehicle reference planes and to the ground or rotate around its reference axis; these different conditions of installation shall be indicated in the communication form.
 3.2. For each type of daytime running lamp, the application shall be accompanied by:
 3.2.1.
 drawings (three copies) in sufficient detail to permit identification of the type of the daytime running lamp and showing geometrically the position(s) in which the daytime running lamp may be mounted on the vehicle, the axis of observation to be taken as the axis of reference in the tests (horizontal angle H = 0o, vertical angle V = 0o) and the point to be taken as the centre of reference in the said tests; and the illuminating surface,
 3.2.2.
 a brief technical description stating, in particular, with the exception of lamps with non-replaceable light sources:
 (a)
 the category or categories of filament lamp(s) prescribed; this filament lamp category shall be one of those contained in Regulation No 37 and its series of amendments in force at the time of application for type approval; and/or
 (b)
 the light source module specific identification code.
 3.2.3.
 two lamps.
 4. MARKINGS
 Daytime running lamps submitted for approval shall,
 4.1. bear on the lens the trade name or mark of the applicant; this marking must be clearly legible and be indelible,
 4.2. with the exception of lamps with non-replaceable light sources, bear a clearly legible and indelible marking indicating:
 (a)
 the category or categories of filament lamp(s) prescribed; and/or
 (b)
 the light source module specific identification code.
 4.3. in the case of lamps with an electronic light source control gear and/or non-replaceable light sources and/or light source module(s), bear the marking of the rated voltage or range of voltage and rated maximum wattage.
 4.4. provide adequate space for the approval mark and for the additional symbols prescribed in paragraph 5.2 below; the said space shall be shown in the drawings referred to in paragraph 3.2.1 above.
 4.5. In the case of lamps with light source module(s), the light source module(s) shall bear:
 4.5.1.
 the trade name or mark of the applicant; this marking must be clearly legible and indelible;
 4.5.2.
 the specific identification code of the module; this marking must be clearly legible and indelible. This specific identification code shall comprise the starting letters ‘MD’ for ‘MODULE’ followed by the approval marking without the circle as prescribed in paragraph 5.2.1.1 below and, in the case several non identical light source modules are used, followed by additional symbols or characters; this specific identification code shall be shown in the drawings mentioned in paragraph 3.2.1 above.
 The approval marking does not have to be the same as the one on the lamp in which the module is used, but both markings shall be from the same applicant.
 4.5.3.
 the marking of the rated voltage and rated wattage.
 4.6. Lamps operating at voltages other than the nominal rated voltages of 6 V, 12 V or 24 V respectively, by the application of an electronic light source control gear being not part of the lamp, must also bear a marking denoting the rated secondary design voltage.
 4.7. An electronic light source control gear being part of the lamp but not included into the lamp body shall bear the name of the manufacturer and its identification number.
 5. APPROVAL
 5.1. General
 5.1.1. If the two lamps which are submitted in pursuance of paragraph 3.2.3 above satisfy the requirements to this Regulation, approval shall be granted.
 5.1.2. Where grouped, combined or reciprocally incorporated lamps have been found to comply with the requirements of several Regulations annexed to the 1958 Agreement, a single international approval mark may be applied provided that such lamps are not grouped, combined or reciprocally incorporated with a lamp or lamps not satisfying any one of these Regulations.
 5.1.3. An approval number shall be assigned to each type approved. Its first two digits (at present 00 for the Regulation in its original form) shall indicate the series of amendments incorporating the most recent major technical amendments made to the Regulation at the time of issue of the approval. The same Contracting Party shall not assign this number to another type of lamp covered by this Regulation.
 5.1.4. Notice of approval or of extension or refusal or withdrawal of approval or production definitely discontinued of a type of lamp pursuant to this Regulation shall be communicated to the Parties to the Agreement which apply this Regulation, by means of a form conforming to the model in Annex 1 to this Regulation.
 5.1.5. Every lamp conforming to a type approved under this Regulation shall bear, in the space referred to in paragraphs 4.4 above, an approval mark as described in paragraphs 5.2 and 5.3 below.
 5.1.6. The mark and symbols mentioned in paragraph 5.2 shall be indelible and clearly legible even when the lamp is mounted on the vehicle.
 5.2. Composition of the approval mark
 The approval mark shall consist of:
 5.2.1.
 an international approval marking, comprising:
 5.2.1.1.
 a circle surrounding the letter ‘E’ followed by the distinguishing number of the country which has granted the approval (2),
 5.2.1.2.
 an approval number,
 5.2.2.
 the additional symbol ‘RL’.
 5.2.3.
 The two digits of the approval number which indicate the series of amendments in force at the time of issue of the approval, may be marked close to the above additional symbols.
 5.3. Arrangement of the approval mark
 5.3.1. Independent lamps
 Annex 2, Figure 1, to this Regulation gives an example of arrangement of the approval mark with the above-mentioned additional symbols.
 5.3.2. Grouped, combined or reciprocally incorporated lamps
 5.3.2.1. Where grouped, combined or reciprocally incorporated lamps have been found to comply with the requirements of several Regulations, a single international approval mark may be affixed, consisting of a circle surrounding the letter ‘E’ followed by the distinguishing number of the country which has granted the approval, and an approval number. This approval mark may be located anywhere on the grouped, combined or reciprocally incorporated lamps, provided that:
 5.3.2.1.1.
 it is visible after their installation;
 5.3.2.1.2.
 no part of the grouped, combined or reciprocally incorporated lamps that transmits light can be removed without at the same time removing the approval mark.
 5.3.2.2. The identification symbol for each lamp appropriate to each Regulation under which approval has been granted, together with the corresponding series of amendments incorporating the most recent major technical amendments to the Regulation at the time of issue of the approval and, if necessary, the required arrow shall be marked:
 5.3.2.2.1.
 either on the appropriate illuminating surface,
 5.3.2.2.2.
 or in a group, in such a way that each of the grouped, combined or reciprocally incorporated lamps may be clearly identified.
 5.3.2.3. The size of the components of a single approval mark shall not be less than the minimum size required for the smallest of the individual marks by the Regulation under which approval has been granted.
 5.3.2.4. An approval number shall be assigned to each type approved. The same Contracting Party may not assign the same number to another type of grouped, combined or reciprocally incorporated lamps covered by this Regulation.
 5.3.2.5. Annex 2, Figure 2, to this Regulation gives examples of arrangements of approval marks for grouped, combined or reciprocally incorporated lamps with all the above-mentioned additional symbols.
 5.3.3. Lamps reciprocally incorporated with other lamps, of which the lens may also be used for other types of devices
 The provisions laid down in paragraph 5.3.2 above are applicable.
 5.3.3.1. In addition, where the same lens is used, the latter may bear the different approval marks relating to the different types of headlamps or units of lamps, provided that the main body of the device, even if it cannot be separated from the lens, also comprises the space described in paragraph 4.4 above and bears the approval marks of the actual functions.
 If different types of devices comprise the same main body, the latter may bear the different approval marks.
 5.3.3.2. Annex 2, Figure 3, to this Regulation gives examples of arrangements of approval marks relating to the above case.
 6. GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
 6.1. Each lamp shall conform to the specifications set forth in the paragraphs below.
 6.2. Daytime running lamps shall be so designed and constructed that in normal use, despite the vibration to which they may then be subjected, they continue to function satisfactorily and retain the characteristics prescribed by this Regulation.
 6.3. In the case of light source modules, it shall be checked that:
 6.3.1.
 The design of the light source module(s) shall be such as:
 (a)
 that each light source module can only be fitted in no other position than the designated and correct one and can only be removed with the use of tool(s);
 (b)
 if there are more than one light source module used in the housing for a device, light source modules having different characteristics can not be interchanged within the same lamp housing.
 6.3.2.
 The light source module(s) shall be tamperproof.
 6.4. Light source module
 6.4.1. The design of the light source module(s) shall be such that even in darkness the light source module(s) can be fitted in no other position, but the correct one.
 6.4.2. The light source module(s) shall be tamperproof.
 6.5. In the case of replaceable filament lamp(s):
 6.5.1.
 Any category or categories of filament lamp(s) approved according to Regulation No 37 may be used, provided that no restriction on the use is made in Regulation No 37 and its series of amendments in force at the time of application for type approval.
 6.5.2.
 The design of the device shall be such that the filament lamp can be fixed in no other position but the correct one.
 6.5.3.
 The filament lamp holder shall conform to the characteristics given in IEC Publication 60061. The holder data sheet relevant to the category of filament lamp used, applies.
 7. INTENSITY OF LIGHT
 7.1. The luminous intensity of the light emitted by each lamp shall not be less than 400 cd in the axis of reference.
 7.2. Outside the reference axis and within the angular fields defined in the arrangement diagram in Annex 6 to this Regulation, the intensity of the light emitted by each lamp must:
 7.2.1.
 In each direction corresponding to the points in the table of standard light distribution reproduced in Annex 3 to this Regulation, be not less than the minimum specified in paragraph 7.1 above, multiplied by the percentage specified in the said table of the direction in question, and
 7.2.2.
 not exceed 1 200 cd in any direction the lamp is visible.
 7.3. Moreover, throughout the field defined in the diagram in Annex 6, the intensity of the light emitted must not be less than 1,0 cd.
 7.4. In the case of a lamp containing more than one light source the lamp shall comply with the minimum intensity required when any one light source has failed and when all light sources are illuminated the maximum intensity shall not be exceeded.
 A group of light sources, wired so that the failure of any one of them causes all of them to stop emitting light, shall be considered to be one light source.
 8. APPARENT SURFACE
 The area of the apparent surface in the direction of the axis of reference of the lamp shall be not less than 25 cm2 and not more than 200 cm2.
 9. COLOUR OF LIGHT
 The colour of the light shall be white. It shall be measured under the conditions as prescribed in paragraph 10 below.
 10. TEST PROCEDURE
 10.1. All measurements, photometric and colorimetric, shall be made with a colourless standard filament lamp of the category prescribed for the device, the supply voltage being so regulated as to produce the reference luminous flux required for that category of lamp, when not supplied by an electronic light source control gear.
 10.2. In the case of a system that uses an electronic light source control gear being part of the lamp (3), all measurements, photometric and colorimetric, shall be made applying at the input terminals of the lamp a voltage of 6,75 V, 13,5 V or 28,0 V respectively.
 10.3. In the case of a system that uses an electronic light source control gear not being part of the lamp the voltage declared by the manufacturer shall be applied to the input terminals of the lamp. The test laboratory shall require from the manufacturer the light source control gear needed to supply the light source and the applicable functions. The voltage to be applied to the lamp shall be noted in the communication form in Annex 1 of this Regulation.
 10.4. For any lamp except those equipped with filament lamps, the luminous intensities, measured after one minute and after 30 minutes of operation, shall comply with the minimum and maximum requirements. The luminous intensity distribution after one minute of operation can be calculated from the luminous intensity distribution after 30 minutes of operation by applying at each test point the ratio of luminous intensities measured at HV after one minute and after 30 minutes of operation.
 10.5. The limits of the apparent surface in the direction of the reference axis of a light-signalling device shall be determined.
 11. HEAT RESISTANCE TEST
 11.1. The lamp must be subjected to a one-hour test of continuous operation following a warm-up period of 20 minutes. The ambient temperature shall be 23 °C ± 5°. The filament lamp used shall be a filament lamp of the category specified for the lamp, and shall be supplied with a current at a voltage such that it gives the specified average power at the corresponding test voltage. However, for lamps equipped with non-replaceable light sources (filament lamps and other), the test shall be made with the light sources present in the lamp, in accordance with paragraph 10.2 of this Regulation.
 11.2. Where only the maximum power is specified, the test shall be carried out by regulating the voltage to obtain a power equal to 90 per cent of the specified power. The specified average or maximum power referred to above shall in all cases be chosen from the voltage range of 6, 12 or 24 V at which it reaches the highest value; for lamps equipped with non-replaceable light sources (filament lamps and other) the test conditions set in paragraph 10.2 of this Regulation shall be applied.
 11.3. After the lamp has been stabilised at the ambient temperature, no distortion, deformation, cracking or colour modification shall be perceptible. In case of doubt the intensity of light according to paragraph 7 above shall be measured. At that measurement the values shall reach at least 90 per cent of the values obtained before the heat resistance test on the same device.
 12. MODIFICATIONS OF A TYPE OF DAYTIME RUNNING LAMP AND EXTENSION OF APPROVAL
 12.1. Every modification of the type of lamp shall be notified to the Administrative Departments which approved the type of lamp. The department may then either:
 12.1.1.
 Consider that the modifications made are unlikely to have an appreciable adverse effect and that in any case the lamp still complies with the requirements; or
 12.1.2.
 Require a further test report from the technical service responsible for conducting the tests.
 12.2. Confirmation or refusal of approval, specifying the alterations shall be communicated by the procedure specified in paragraph 5.1.4 above to the Parties to the Agreement applying this Regulation.
 12.3. The Competent Authority issuing the extension of approval shall assign a series number for such an extension and inform thereof the other Parties to the Agreement applying this Regulation by means of a communication form conforming to the model in Annex 1 to this Regulation.
 13. CONFORMITY OF PRODUCTION
 The conformity of production procedures shall comply with those set out in the Agreement, Appendix 2 (E/ECE/324-E/ECE/TRANS/505/Rev.2), with the following requirements:
 13.1.
 Lamps approved under this Regulation shall be so manufactured as to conform to the type approved by meeting the requirements set forth in paragraphs 6, 7, 8 and 9 above.
 13.2.
 The minimum requirements for conformity of production control procedures set forth in Annex 4 to this Regulation shall be complied with.
 13.3.
 The minimum requirements for sampling by an inspector set forth in Annex 5 to this Regulation shall be complied with.
 13.4.
 The authority which has granted type approval may at any time verify the conformity control methods applied in each production facility. The normal frequency of these verifications shall be once every two years.
 14. PENALTIES FOR NON-CONFORMITY OF PRODUCTION
 14.1. The approval granted in respect of a type of daytime running lamp pursuant to this Regulation may be withdrawn if the requirements are not complied with or if a daytime running lamp bearing the approval mark does not conform to the type approved.
 14.2. If a Party to the Agreement applying this Regulation withdraws an approval it has previously granted, it shall forthwith so notify the other Contracting Parties applying this Regulation by means of a communication form conforming to the model in Annex 1 to this Regulation.
 15. PRODUCTION DEFINITELY DISCONTINUED
 If the holder of the approval completely ceases to manufacture a type of daytime running lamp approved in accordance with this Regulation, he shall so inform the authority which granted the approval. Upon receiving the relevant communication, that authority shall inform thereof the other Parties to the Agreement applying this Regulation by means of a communication form conforming to the model in Annex 1 to this Regulation.
 16. NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF TECHNICAL SERVICES RESPONSIBLE FOR CONDUCTING APPROVAL TESTS AND OF ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENTS
 The Parties to the Agreement applying this Regulation shall communicate to the United Nations Secretariat the names and addresses of the Technical Services responsible for conducting approval tests and of the Administrative Departments which grant approval and to which forms certifying approval or extension or refusal or withdrawal of approval, or production definitely discontinued, issued in other countries, are to be sent.
 (1) As defined in Annex 7 to the Consolidated Resolution on the Construction of Vehicles (R.E.3), (document TRANS/WP.29/78/Rev.1/Amend.2 as last amended by Amend.4).
 (2) 1 for Germany, 2 for France, 3 for Italy, 4 for the Netherlands, 5 for Sweden, 6 for Belgium, 7 for Hungary, 8 for the Czech Republic, 9 for Spain, 10 for Serbia, 11 for the United Kingdom, 12 for Austria, 13 for Luxembourg, 14 for Switzerland, 15 (vacant), 16 for Norway, 17 for Finland, 18 for Denmark, 19 for Romania, 20 for Poland, 21 for Portugal, 22 for the Russian Federation, 23 for Greece, 24 for Ireland, 25 for Croatia, 26 for Slovenia, 27 for Slovakia, 28 for Belarus, 29 for Estonia, 30 (vacant), 31 for Bosnia and Herzegovina, 32 for Latvia, 33 (vacant), 34 for Bulgaria, 35 (vacant), 36 for Lithuania, 37 for Turkey, 38 (vacant), 39 for Azerbaijan, 40 for the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, 41 (vacant), 42 for the European Community (Approvals are granted by its Member States using their respective ECE symbol), 43 for Japan, 44 (vacant), 45 for Australia, 46 for Ukraine, 47 for South Africa, 48 for New Zealand, 49 for Cyprus, 50 for Malta, 51 for the Republic of Korea, 52 for Malaysia, 53 for Thailand, 54 and 55 (vacant), 56 for Montenegro, 57 (vacant) and 58 for Tunisia. Subsequent numbers shall be assigned to other countries in the chronological order in which they ratify or accede to the Agreement Concerning the Adoption of Uniform Technical Prescriptions for Wheeled Vehicles, Equipment and Parts which can be Fitted and/or be Used on Wheeled Vehicles and the Conditions for Reciprocal Recognition of Approvals Granted on the Basis of these Prescriptions, and the numbers thus assigned shall be communicated by the Secretary-General of the United Nations to the Contracting Parties to the Agreement.
 (3) For the purpose of this Regulation, ‘being part of the lamp’ means to be physically included in the lamp body or to be external, separated or not, from the lamp body but supplied by the lamp manufacturer as part of the lamp system.
 ANNEX 1
 COMMUNICATION
 (Maximum format: A4 (210 × 297 mm))
 ANNEX 2
 EXAMPLE OF ARRANGEMENT OF THE APPROVAL MARK
 Figure 1
 Examples of possible markings for grouped lamps situated at the front of the vehicle
 Figure 2
 The vertical and horizontal lines schematise the shape of the lighting device. These are not part of the approval mark.
 Lamp reciprocally incorporated with a headlamp
 Figure 3
 The main body of the headlamp shall bear the only valid approval number, for instance:
 ANNEX 3
 PHOTOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS
 1. When photometric measurements are taken, stray reflections shall be avoided by appropriate masking.
 2. In the event that the results of measurements are challenged, measurements shall be taken in such way as to meet the following requirements:
 2.1.
 the distance of measurement shall be such that the law of the inverse of the square of the distance is applicable:
 2.2.
 the measuring equipment shall be such that the angle subtended by the receiver from the reference centre of the light is between 10′ and 1°:
 2.3.
 the intensity requirement for a particular direction of observation shall be satisfied if the required intensity is obtained in a direction deviating by not more than one-quarter of a degree from the direction of observation.
 3. In the case where the daytime running lamp may be installed on the vehicle in more than one or in a field of different positions the photometric measurements shall be repeated for each position or for the extreme positions in the field of the reference axis specified by the manufacturer.
 4. Photometric measurement of lamps
 The photometric performance shall be checked:
 4.1.
 For non-replaceable light sources (filament lamps or other):
 with the light sources present in the lamp, in accordance with paragraph 10 of this Regulation.
 4.2.
 For replaceable filament lamps:
 when equipped with filament lamps at 6,75 V, 13,5 V or 28,0 V the luminous intensity values produced shall be corrected. The correction factor is the ratio between the reference luminous flux and the mean value of the luminous flux found at the voltage applied (6,75 V, 13,5 V or 28,0 V). The actual luminous fluxes of each filament lamp used shall not deviate more than ± 5 per cent from the mean value. Alternatively a standard filament lamp may be used in turn, in each of the individual positions, operated at its reference flux, the individual measurements in each position being added together.
 4.3.
 For any daytime running lamp except those equipped with filament lamp(s), the luminous intensities, measured after one minute and after 30 minutes of operation, shall comply with the minimum and maximum requirements. The luminous intensity distribution after one minute of operation can be calculated from the luminous intensity distribution after 30 minutes of operation by applying at each test point the ratio of luminous intensities measured at HV after one minute and after 30 minutes of operation.
 5. Table of standard light distribution
 5.1.
 The direction H = 0° and V = 0° corresponds to the reference axis. (On the vehicle, it is horizontal, parallel to the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle and oriented in the required direction of visibility). It passes through the centre of reference. The values shown in the table give, for the various directions of measurement, the minimum intensities as a percentage of the minimum required in the axis for each lamp (in the direction H = 0° and V = 0°).
 5.2.
 Within the field of light distribution of paragraph 3 above schematically shown as a grid, the light pattern should be substantially uniform, i.e. in so far as the light intensity in each direction of a part of the field formed by the grid lines shall meet at least the lowest minimum value being shown on the grid lines surrounding the questioned direction as a percentage.
 Figure 4
 Light source modules
 MD E3 17325
 The light source module bearing the identification code shown above has been approved together with a lamp approved in Italy (E3) under approval number 17325.
 ANNEX 4
 Minimum requirements for conformity of production control procedures
 1. GENERAL
 1.1.
 The conformity requirements shall be considered satisfied from a mechanical and geometric standpoint, if the differences do not exceed inevitable manufacturing deviations within the requirements of this Regulation.
 1.2.
 With respect to photometric performances, the conformity of mass-produced lamps shall not be contested if, when testing photometric performances of any lamp chosen at random and equipped with a standard filament lamp, or when the lamps are equipped with non-replaceable light sources (filament lamps or other), and when all measurements are made at 6,75 V, 13,5 V or 28,0 V respectively:
 1.2.1.
 no measured value deviates unfavourably by more than 20 per cent from the values prescribed in this Regulation.
 1.2.2.
 If, in the case of a lamp equipped with a replaceable light source and if results of the test described above do not meet the requirements, tests on lamps shall be repeated using another standard filament lamp.
 1.3.
 The chromaticity coordinates shall be complied with when the lamp is equipped with a standard filament lamp, or for lamps equipped with non-replaceable light sources (filament lamps or other), when the colorimetric characteristics are verified with the light source present in the lamp.
 2. MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR VERIFICATION OF CONFORMITY BY THE MANUFACTURER
 For each type of lamp the holder of the approval mark shall carry out at least the following tests, at appropriate intervals. The tests shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of this Regulation.
 If any sampling shows non-conformity with regard to the type of test concerned, further samples shall be taken and tested. The manufacturer shall take steps to ensure the conformity of the production concerned.
 2.1. Nature of tests
 Tests of conformity in this Regulation shall cover the photometric and colorimetric characteristics.
 2.2. Methods used in tests
 2.2.1.
 Tests shall generally be carried out in accordance with the methods set out in this Regulation.
 2.2.2.
 In any test of conformity carried out by the manufacturer, equivalent methods may be used with the consent of the Competent Authority responsible for approval tests. The manufacturer is responsible for proving that the applied methods are equivalent to those laid down in this Regulation.
 2.2.3.
 The application of paragraphs 2.2.1 and 2.2.2 requires regular calibration of test apparatus and its correlation with measurements made by a Competent Authority.
 2.2.4.
 In all cases the reference methods shall be those of this Regulation, particularly for the purpose of administrative verification and sampling.
 2.3. Nature of sampling
 Samples of lamps shall be selected at random from the production of a uniform batch. A uniform batch means a set of lamps of the same type, defined according to the production methods of the manufacturer.
 The assessment shall in general cover series production from individual factories. However, a manufacturer may group together records concerning the same type from several factories, provided these operate under the same quality system and quality management.
 2.4. Measured and recorded photometric characteristics
 The sampled lamp shall be subjected to photometric measurements for the minimum values at the points listed in Annex 3 and the required chromaticity coordinates.
 2.5. Criteria governing acceptability
 The manufacturer is responsible for carrying out a statistical study of the test results and for defining, in agreement with the Competent Authority, criteria governing the acceptability of his products in order to meet the specifications laid down for verification of conformity of products in paragraph 13.1 of this Regulation.
 The criteria governing the acceptability shall be such that, with a confidence level of 95 per cent, the minimum probability of passing a spot check in accordance with Annex 5 (first sampling) would be 0,95.
 ANNEX 5
 MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR SAMPLING BY AN INSPECTOR
 1. GENERAL
 1.1. The conformity requirements shall be considered satisfied from a mechanical and a geometric standpoint, in accordance with the requirements of this Regulation, if any, if the differences do not exceed inevitable manufacturing deviations.
 1.2. With respect to photometric performance, the conformity of mass-produced lamps shall not be contested if, when testing photometric performances of any lamp chosen at random and equipped with a standard filament lamp, or when the lamps are equipped with non-replaceable light sources (filament lamps or other), and when all measurements are made at 6,75 V, 13,5 V or 28,0 V respectively:
 1.2.1.
 no measured value deviates unfavourably by more than 20 per cent from the values prescribed in this Regulation.
 1.2.2.
 If, in the case of a lamp equipped with a replaceable light source and if results of the test described above do not meet the requirements, tests on lamps shall be repeated using another standard filament lamp.
 1.2.3.
 Lamps with apparent defects are disregarded.
 1.3. The chromaticity coordinates shall be complied with when the lamp is equipped with a standard filament lamp, or for lamps equipped with non-replaceable light sources (filament lamps or other), when the colorimetric characteristics are verified with the light source present in the lamp.
 2. FIRST SAMPLING
 In the first sampling four lamps are selected at random. The first sample of two is marked A, the second sample of two is marked B.
 2.1. The conformity is not contested
 2.1.1.
 Following the sampling procedure shown in Figure 1 of this annex the conformity of mass-produced lamps shall not be contested if the deviation of the measured values of the lamps in the unfavourable directions are:
 2.1.1.1.
 sample A
 A1:
 one lamp
 0 per cent
 one lamp not more than
 20 per cent
 A2:
 both lamps more than
 0 per cent
 but not more than
 20 per cent
 go to sample B
 2.1.1.2.
 sample B
 B1:
 both lamps
 0 per cent
 2.1.2.
 or, if the conditions of paragraph 1.2.2 for sample A are fulfilled.
 2.2. The conformity is contested
 2.2.1.
 Following the sampling procedure shown in Figure 1 of this annex the conformity of mass-produced lamps shall be contested and the manufacturer requested to make his production meet the requirements (alignment) if the deviations of the measured values of the lamps are:
 2.2.1.1.
 sample A
 A3:
 one lamp not more than
 20 per cent
 one lamp more than
 20 per cent
 but not more than
 30 per cent
 2.2.1.2.
 sample B
 B2:
 in the case of A2
 one lamp more than
 0 per cent
 but not more than
 20 per cent
 one lamp not more than
 20 per cent
 B3:
 in the case of A2
 one lamp
 0 per cent
 one lamp more than
 20 per cent
 but not more than
 30 per cent
 2.2.2.
 or, if the conditions of paragraph 1.2.2 for sample A are not fulfilled.
 2.3. Approval withdrawn
 Conformity shall be contested and paragraph 14 applied if, following the sampling procedure in Figure 1 of this annex, the deviations of the measured values of the lamps are:
 2.3.1.
 sample A
 A4:
 one lamp not more than
 20 per cent
 one lamp more than
 30 per cent
 A5:
 both lamps more than
 20 per cent
 2.3.2.
 sample B
 B4:
 in the case of A2
 one lamp more than
 0 per cent
 but not more than
 20 per cent
 one lamp more than
 20 per cent
 B5:
 in the case of A2
 both lamps more than
 20 per cent
 B6:
 in the case of A2
 one lamp
 0 per cent
 one lamp more than
 30 per cent
 2.3.3.
 or, if the conditions of paragraph 1.2.2 for samples A and B are not fulfilled.
 3. REPEATED SAMPLING
 In the cases of A3, B2, B3 a repeated sampling, third sample C of two lamps and fourth sample D of two lamps, selected from stock manufactured after alignment, is necessary within two months' time after the notification.
 3.1. The conformity is not contested
 3.1.1.
 Following the sampling procedure shown in Figure 1 of this annex the conformity of mass-produced lamps shall not be contested if the deviations of the measured values of the lamps are:
 3.1.1.1.
 sample C
 C1:
 one lamp
 0 per cent
 one lamp not more than
 20 per cent
 C2:
 both lamps more than
 0 per cent
 but not more than
 20 per cent
 go to sample D
 3.1.1.2.
 sample D
 D1:
 in the case of C2
 both lamps
 0 per cent
 3.1.2.
 or, if the conditions of paragraph 1.2.2 for sample C are fulfilled.
 3.2. The conformity is contested
 3.2.1.
 Following the sampling procedure shown in Figure 1 of this annex the conformity of mass-produced lamps shall be contested and the manufacturer requested to make his production meet the requirements (alignment) if the deviations of the measured values of the lamps are:
 3.2.1.1.
 sample D
 D2:
 in the case of C2
 one lamp more than
 0 per cent
 but not more than
 20 per cent
 one lamp not more than
 20 per cent
 3.2.1.2.
 or, if the conditions of paragraph 1.2.2 for sample C are not fulfilled.
 3.3. Approval withdrawn
 Conformity shall be contested and paragraph 14 applied if, following the sampling procedure in Figure 1 of this annex, the deviations of the measured values of the lamps are:
 3.3.1.
 sample C
 C3:
 one lamp not more than
 20 per cent
 one lamp more than
 20 per cent
 C4:
 both lamps more than
 20 per cent
 3.3.2.
 sample D
 D3:
 in the case of C2
 one lamp 0 or more than
 0 per cent
 one lamp more than
 20 per cent
 3.3.3.
 or, if the conditions of paragraph 1.2.2 for samples C and D are not fulfilled.
 Figure 1
 ANNEX 6
 MINIMUM ANGLES REQUIRED FOR LIGHT DISTRIBUTION IN SPACE
 In all cases, the minimum vertical angles of light distribution in space are 10° above and 5° below the horizontal for DRL devices included in the Regulation.
 Minimum horizontal angles of light distribution in space: