type: legislation

jurisdiction: EU

text:
ARCHIVES HISTORIQUES
 DE LA COMMISSION
 COLLECTION RELIEE DES
 DOCUMENTS "COM"
 COM (87) 444
 Vol. 1987/0230
 ---pagebreak--- Disclaimer
 Conformément au règlement (CEE, Euratom) n° 354/83 du Conseil du 1er février 1983 concernant
 l'ouverture au public des archives historiques de la Communauté économique européenne et de
 la Communauté européenne de l'énergie atomique (JO L 43 du 15.2.1983, p. 1) modifié en dernier
 lieu par le règlement (UE) 2015/496 du Conseil du 17 mars 2015 (JO L79 du 25. 3.2015, p. 1), ce
 dossier est ouvert au public. Le cas échéant, les documents classifiés présents dans ce dossier
 ont été déclassifiés conformément à l'article 5 dudit règlement ou sont considérés déclassifiés
 conformément aux articles 26(3) et 59(2) de la décision (UE, Euratom) 2015/444 de la
 Commission du 13 mars 2015 concernant les règles de sécurité aux fins de la protection des
 informations classifiées de l'Union européenne.
 In accordance with Council Regulation (EEC, Euratom) No 354/83 of 1 February 1983 concerning
 the opening to the public of the historical archives of the European Economic Community and the
 European Atomic Energy Community (OJ L 43, 15.2.1983, p. 1), as last amended by Council
 Regulation (EU) 2015/496 of 17 March 2015 (OJ L 79, 27.3.2015, p. 1), this file is open to the
 public. Where necessary, classified documents in this file have been declassified in conformity
 with Article 5 of the aforementioned regulation or are considered declassified in conformity with
 Articles (26.3) and 59(2) of the Commission Decision (EU, Euratom) 2015/444 of 13 March 2015
 on the security rules for protecting EU classified information.
 In Übereinstimmung mit der Verordnung (EWG, Euratom) Nr. 354/83 des Rates vom 1. Februar
 1983 über die Freigabe der historischen Archive der Europäischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft und
 der Europäischen Atomgemeinschaft (ABI. L 43 vom 15.2.1983, S. 1), zuletzt geändert durch die
 Verordnung (EU) Nr. 2015/496 vom 17. März 2015 (ABI. L 79 vom 25.3.2015, S. 1), ist dieser Akt
 der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich. Soweit erforderlich, wurden die Verschlusssachen in diesem Akt in
 Übereinstimmung mit Artikel 5 der genannten Verordnung freigegeben; beziehungsweise werden
 sie auf Grundlage von Artikel 26(3) und 59(2) der Entscheidung der Kommission (EU, Euratom)
 2015/444 vom 13. März 2015 über die Sicherheitsvorschriften für den Schutz von EU-
 Verschlusssachen als herabgestuft angesehen.
 ---pagebreak--- COMISSÃO DAS COMUNIDADES EUROPEIAS
 VERSÃO REVISÃO COM(87 ) 444 final / 2
 ESTE DOCUMENTO ANULA E SUBSTITUI
 Bruxelas , 19 de Outubro de 1987
 0 DOCUMENTO C0MC87 ) 444 final .
 DIZ RESPEITO A TODAS AS VERSÕES .
 Proposta de
 REGULAMENTO ( CEE ) DO CONSELHO
 que adopta um programa de investigação e desenvolvimento
 para a Comunidade Económica Europeia no domínio
 da Metrologia Aplicada e da Análise Química
 ( 1988-1992 )
 ( Serviço Comunitário de Referência - BCR )
 ( Apresentada pela Comissão )
 -_ /
 J.
 C0M(87 ) 444 final / 2
 ---pagebreak--- 2
 INTRODUCTION
 1 . For about 10 years the Community has , through the OCR programme , provided
 the laboratories of the Member States with a means of carrying out
 collaborative measurement studies in the fields of metrology ( physical
 measurements ) and chemical analyses . The objective has been to improve the
 methods of measurements , their accuracy and , thereby , their harmony throughout
 the Community .
 To understand the role of the programme , it is important to remember that
 common written standards are essential to achieve harmonization but not
 sufficient by themselves to avoid discrepancies . Even when applying a
 standardized method , laboratories can still find very different results .
 For that reason , almost fifty percent of all projects which were undertaken in
 the programme are related to existing written standards or Community
 Directives . Experts who have to apply them have realized that these norms or
 Directives would have little harmonization effect in the absence of suitable
 means by which the laboratories could verify that their methods of analyses or
 measurement have been correctly applied .
 The SCR programme does' not produce any written standard ; it provides the
 technical support f'or the correct implementation of methods of measurements .
 It is necessary to ensure that it is technically possible for laboratories to
 obtain acceptable results . It is typically the task of the Community to
 encourage and support collaboration between Member States to improve common
 methods and to develop common means of calibration and verification of the ■
 methods of measurements . - –
 2 . Activities of the programme- in the . field of metrology tan be illustrated by
 the following examples .
 A project was undertaken following disputes over measurement results
 concerning double-glazed windows , which had led to import restrictions between
 Member States . An intercomparison involving about fifteen laboratories showed
 that , if conditions of measurements were better specified than they are at
 present in written standards , laboratories would obtain good agreement .
 Also in the field of metrology , a project on the flow measurements in
 pipelines for natural gas detected a systematic error of 0.2% in the results
 of one of the Member States and so put an end to difficult disputes over the
 quantities of gas exported .
 Two projects can illustrate the work in the field of chemical analysis :
 - the determination of lead and cadmium in blood , as required to monitor -
 workers exposed to hostile industrial environments , has been the subject of
 several successive intercomparisons which enventually led to the certification
 of samples winch are now" used as reference material by many laboratories in
 the Community .
 ---pagebreak--- 3
 - the determination of aflatoxin P11 in milk , a dangerous toxin which is
 subject to regulation imposing severe restrictions on the maximum content .
 Here also , the intercomparisons were followed by the certification of
 reference materials which are now used by laboratories to verify their
 methods .
 3 . The present IBCR programme terminates on 31st December , 1987 and the
 Commission proposes to the Council to approve the new programme which includes
 the requirements which are considerably increased as a result of the goals of
 Community policies and mainly those regarding the completion of the Internal
 Market .
 The present 3CR programme
 4 . The main feature of the BCR programme is that of bringing together
 laboratories of the Member States to improve measurements for which there are
 difficulties or disagreements . This collaboration implies exchange of results
 and experience between the participants . The transfer of know-how is the
 essence of the functioning of BCR programme .
 In general , therefore , projects are carried out by several laboratories .
 Before the start of a project , the detailed definition of the work is
 discussed with experts of possibly all Member States . The members of the CGC
 are normally informed before the meetings and ipvfted to suggest appropriate
 experts . In case of an intercomparison , the measurement programme to be ~
 carried out by each participant is defined and discussed at the meeting .
 The projects are then submitted for opinion to the CGC . At the end of each
 project , the results are discussed with all participants , in order to discover
 the causes of possible discrepancies .
 If necessary , a second intercomparison is organized to verify that adequate
 agreement can be reached . Sometimes several intercomparisons are needed ,
 mainly in the field of chemical analyses .. * -
 In some rare projects , the actual work involves only one laboratory in its
 initial phase . In such cases , the project includes special- action to transfer
 the results : workshops , secondment of specialist^, intercomparisons .
 The results of the present programme are reviewed, in Appendix 3 .
 5 . The BCR programme has been evaluated by a group of independent experts
 during the second half of 1936 . Their report states that the work of the
 Commission has been of 'a consistent high quality' and that 'the BCiT
 programme has established a solid international reputation' .
 6 . Definition of the new programme
 As the BCR programme must provide a technical support to harmonization within
 the Community , in particular , that which is necessary for the completion of
 the Internal Market , the Commission has chosen to follow the requirements of
 the l.'hite Paper,. The implementation of the Community pcHcy on the environment
 and health also requires considerable improvements in chemical analysisr
 Finally it is recommended that the current work in the field of applied
 metrology ( e.g. dimensional , electrical , optical measurements ) continue . The
 effect of t ho programme in this respect is to ensure that calibrations
 furnished by the Motional metrology laboratories are equivalent throughout the
 Community . This is considered vital to the development of a perfectly coherent
 basic infrastructure .
 ---pagebreak--- 4
 7 . The Commission has therefore selectee' 5 priority areas for the proposed DCR
 programme :
 - analyses related to foodstuffs and agricultural produce
 - analyses related to the environment
 - analyses related to health
 - the analysis of metals
 - physical measurements for trade and industry ( i.e. applied metrology )
 8 . For each priority area the Commission has consulted industry , government
 laboratories and its own services in order to restrict the themes to those of
 the highest priority .
 The statement of the programme , given in Annex I , contributes to the proposed
 workplan , it being understood that it is necessary to retain sufficient
 flexibility to take into account changes in circumstances which may arise
 during the course of the programme . The exercise of such, flexibility will be
 in strict collaboration with the CGC .
 ---pagebreak--- 5
 Programme implémentation
 9 . The proposed programme will be implemented in 3 types of activities :
 - intercomparisons
 - the development of means of calibration ( transfer standards or etalons and
 reference materials ) which are necessary for laboratories to verify their
 performance and maintain agreement with the results of others
 - the development of new methods of measurements .
 In addition , the Commission will offer scholarships for doctorate and
 post-doctorate work in the content of the programme defined in Annex I. The
 Commission will also give special attention to supporting the secondment of
 scientific personnel , particularly from Spain , Portugal and Greece , in order
 to accelerate the training of specialists .
 10 . Projects will be selected according to the following criteria :
 - technical objective , this having to correspond to one of the priority themes
 of the programme
 - economic importance or their importance with respect to the environnement or
 health care
 - the number of countries interested
 Financial? support to projects ~
 11 . For projects involving a succession of intercomparisons , the Community
 will cover the costs necessary for the collaboration ( meetings , samples ,
 evaluation of results , etc ), the costs of the measurements being borne by the
 participants .
 For projects which include a substantial amount of research and development ,
 the financial contribution of the Commission could be upto 50% of the cost of
 the work . . . * .
 Projects or parts of projects which are pure services ( e.g. the development of
 appropriate samples for analysis ) will be financed 100 % by the Community .
 Dissémination of results
 1 ?-. The dissemination of results will be made along the following lines
 In the field of metrology , the results and consequences of intercomparisons
 are automatically disseminated through the participating laboratories which
 _are responsible for providing calibrations to all users in their respective
 countries . However , as the laboratories who have participated in such
 intcrcomparisons had considerable benefit , there is now a need to provide a
 similar service to the new Member States . Limited intcrcomparisons will be
 supported for then, as necessary , on subjects previously covered by the
 programme . More generally , for Member States which c'o not have the possibility
 of participating in intercompari sons , the programme will provide support for
 the secondment of personnel in laboratories of the-Corimurii ty for periods of up
 to Three months .
 In the field of analytical chemistry , the benefits are not transferred to the
 ust?rs through a central national laboratory . Therefore , projects often include
 the preparation of reference materials to allow dissemination of the results
 to other laboratories . Samples of reference materials can be used by any
 laboratory to verify its methods ant! improve them in order to become
 ---pagebreak--- 6
 compatible with those of other laboratories . The report , which is disseminated
 with the sample , gives an account of all the work done by those who have
 participated in the project and the recommendations that were drawn from the
 collaboration .
 The Commission shares the opinion of the evaluation panel for centralised
 information on reference materials . The Commission had already provided •
 financial support to the creation of a data bank , which will be managed by a
 national organisation and will be accessible to users throughout the world .
 Already in 1973 , the BCR programme , in collaboration with the JRC , produced
 the first guide to reference materials then available in the world .
 Collaboration with the JRC
 13 . The JRC has provided , in the past , indispensable support to BCR for the
 conditioning of reference materials and the storage and the distribution of
 samples to customers . The C8NM has a long experience in the preparation of
 special samples of nuclear materials ; this experience could be of benefit for
 the execution of the BCR programme .
 From 1988 onwards , the contribution of the JRC will be increased and will be
 financied by an amount of about 3 mioECU by the BCR programme for the period
 1988-1992 .
 Moreover , the JRC will continue to have the possibility to participate with
 other laboratories in BCR intercomparisons . –
 The Commission has taken note of the comments of the evaluation panel on the
 administration of the reference materials and will look into the possibility
 of a further streamlining of the administrative procedure .
 International collaboration
 14. It is proposed to extend participation in the BCR programme to the EFTA
 countries, which are already cooperating with the Community in many relevant
 organisations and , in particular , through CEN / CENELEC . T|jis participation
 should take the form of a participation as full members with an appropriate
 financial input .
 15 for several years , the European metrology institutes have been meeting irr
 the context of the 17 member West European Metrology Club ( WEMC ) with the aim
 of exchanging information and improving coordination of national activities ,
 where necessary and possible . It is now under -discussion to give the WEMC a
 more formal organisational form under the name of EUROMET . The Commission
 supports this initiative which can improve the exchange of information and
 ccordination of national activities .
 Estimated budgetary requirement
 16 . The objectives of technical harmonization that the Community has set for
 the achievement of the Internal Market- call for a corresponding effort in the
 field of measurements and chemical analysis . The Commission reviewed the main
 problems to be faced and , far from presenting an exhaustive programme , it has
 limited it to the themes with the highest priority .
 The number of intercomparisons to undertake is more than double of what could
 be achieved in the present programme . A similar effort is necessary for
 applied metrology . The details of the estimated costs are given in Annex 2
 and result in a total budget of 59.2 MioECU . This includes the expenditure for
 a staff of 32 ( including one official for dissemination of information ).
 ---pagebreak--- 7
 The present programme had a budget of 25 HioECU and a staff of 16 .
 The work needed for repeated intercomparisons in the field of Chemical
 Analyses cost little money but require more personnel than in other
 programmes . The Commission should keep the indispensable role of honest broker
 to stimulate and develop collaboration and mutual confidence between national
 laboratories .
 Evaluation
 17 . After the third year the programme will be evaluated by an indipendent
 group of experts . The cost of this evaluation will be approximately 80.000
 icu .
 Conclusion
 18 . It is asked that the Council approve the present proposal before the 31 -■
 December 1987 to avoid discontinuity in the activities of the 3CR programme .
 ---pagebreak--- 8
 APPENDIX 1
 THE CONTENT OF THE PROGRAMME
 In addition to the internal consultations within the Commission Services ,
 fifteen meetings of experts from industry , research institutes and government
 services were organized to review each one of the areas to be covered and
 select the priority themes . The programme has been defined in great detail .
 While the Commission will make full use of this extensive preparation to
 conduct the programme during the next five years , a sufficient degree of
 flexibility must be maintained to allow new and urgent topics to be dealt with
 as they occur and to review periodically the priority themes in collaboration
 with the CGC .
 1 . ANALYSES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE
 Agriculture employs 10 million people in the Community . About
 three-quarters of agricultural produce , worth some 200.000 Mio ECU , is
 consumed by the food processing industry which employs about 3 million
 ~ people, i.e. 7 % of the total employment in industry . The- turnover of
 agrofood industry in the Community is about 300.000 Mio ECU .
 Because of the economic importance of this sector and the sensitivity of
 the consumer to all quality aspects , it is not surprising that a large
 effort is planned in the White Paper in particular in the following fields .
 Veterinary and phytosanitary controls
 quality of milk and meat , hormone growth promoters ,
 antibiotics and other residues , animal feedstuffs ,
 pesticides in animal feedstuff , in fruit and vegetables ,
 shellfish
 Processed food
 additives , preservatives and flavourings
 nutritional properties ( labelling )
 infant formulae and dietetic food
 fruit juices
 bacterial contaminations ( microbiology )
 Work on all these subjects is included in the BCR programme because
 ~ experience shows considerable differences between results of various
 laboratories . Variations by factors of 10 or 100 have been observed ;
 these are of course unacceptable for the correct implementation of
 harmonized regulations .
 The details of the work to be undertaken were discussed with the General
 Directorates concerned and with experts from the Member States and
 industry .
 ---pagebreak--- 9
 2 • ANALYSES_REL AIED_IO_IHE_ENVI RONMENJ
 The monitoring of the environment poses acute analytical problems' of
 great concern for the Member States , the national laboratories and
 industry .
 Analytical methods must detect minute traces of toxic metals or of
 dangerous organic compounds ( dioxins , pesticides , etc .) where the
 results of laboratories are known to differ by as much as a factor of
 100 .
 The major priorities are :
 - determination of pollutants in fresh water and the analyses of
 bacterial contamination ;
 - determination of pollutants in seawater , in living marine organisms
 ( plants , fish );
 - analysis required for monitoring damage caused by acid rain to
 forests ; _
 - improvement of. methods for the_determination of the most dangerous^,
 organic compounds such as : carcinogens , dioxins *
 polychlorobi phenyls ;
 - analysis related to the exposure of workers to dangerous industrial
 atmospheres ;
 ~ - tests related to the Directive on Chemicals, in particular
 mutagenicity test . ~ _
 – «
 3 . ANALYSES_RELATED_TO_HEALTH -
 Member States have recognized during the past few years that -the
 quality of medical analysis was not satisfactory and that this had led
 to considerable wastage of time and money ( through the need to repeat
 measurements ), and was even a threat to the health of patients . Several
 Member States . have created systems .of periodic circulation of samples
 that . all laboratories must analyse . These Quality Control Schemes had
 a very favourable effect on analytical quality ( blood , serum ), but they
 are limited to a small number of parameters such as glucose , urea ,
 cholesterol , sodium, potassium , calcium , etc _
 Many other parameters are not covered partly because of the lack of
 reference data . In routine work , these parameters are determined by
 commercial diagnostic kits or automatic equipment . The results
 essentially depend of the supplier of the kit or of the equipment . It
 iswidely accepted that there is an urgent need to improve the
 situation through intensive collaboration and to establish reference
 materials that would be recognized throughout the' Communi ty-* ‘They
 would , for the first time make it possibly for industry to produce
 diagnostic products based on a common reference point . The usefulness
 of reference materials in this field is illustrated by two examples in
 Appendix 3 ( thromboplast ins , cortisol ). *
 ---pagebreak--- 10
 Consultation with the national health authorities and with industry
 resulted in the selection of the following priority themes : the
 determination of enzymes and hormones ( in human serum ), haematological
 tests ( e.g. blood coagulation ), analyses related to cardiovascular
 diseases , tumor markers and drugs in the human body .
 4 . ANALYSES OF METALS
 For many years the non-ferrous metals industry has collaborated within the
 BCR programme to solve some of its most difficult analytical problems .
 The work now planned will concern the need for reference materials in the
 field of copper , zinc and their alloys , determination of noble metals in
 various metals and ores , and the analysis of high purity metals required in
 the semiconductors industry . It also covers the new techniques of surface
 analysis which are of increasing importance for semiconductors ,
 microelectronics , catalysts and corrosion studies . The work will consist
 primarily in establishing the reference materials and calibration methods
 which are essential if agreement of the results of different laboratories
 is to be achieved .
 Particular attention will -be given to~the reference materials needed to~
 determine the thickness of dopant in semiconductors .
 5 - APPLIEO_METROLOGY
 Each Member State has , in some form , a central metrology organisation which
 provides industry and other users with the calibrations that they need . In
 order to ensure harmony of measurement in the Community , it is important
 that these institutes provide equivalent calibration . Comparisons were
 - made in the previous programmes and led to very useful collaboration and to
 improvements in - many areas . *
 In the proposed programme , the projects will continue to be developed in
 the same spirit but moving closer to direct industrial applications . The-
 work will consist for a large part in intercomparisons involving institutes
 and industry laboratories from possibly all Member States . It will also
 include where necessary the development of the measurement standards
 (" etalons ") , also known as transfer standards , which are necessary to
 " calibrate or verify measuring instruments in the work place .
 D i^mens iona l__and_mec h a rvi^c a L__ine t ro L°g^ ' "
 The most frequent measurements in manufacturing industry are those related
 to size , shape and surface finish . When automated , these measurements are
 made by sophisticated equipment which should be verified ; the measurements
 are often at the limit of present technology and it is important to pool
 efforts to arrive at harmonized solutions . Initial work was . done in the
 current programme for the so called three coordinate measuring machines .
 It consisted in comparing the performance of _ laboratories and the software^
 used oh various machines.'
 ---pagebreak--- 11
 This work has now to be extended to other types of machinery , for
 example for the verification of robots used for high precision work and
 in automated work-shops ( flexible manufacturing ).
 When measuring equipment includes computers , it is important to verify
 that the software used to evaluate the data and to calculate the final
 results is not a cause of errors . This requires appropriate testing of
 the software itself and it is useful to develop harmonized test methods
 based on broad Community collaboration .
 Température
 Temperature is a parameter of high importance for process industry .
 There is now a variety of new devices for which calibration methods
 will have to be developed , preferably in collaborative exercises .
 §iS2££l£âi_!!!Ë££2.k22Z
 The requirements identified in this field concern measurements such as
 power , resistance and capacitance at very high frequencies . In
 addition , work wil_l continue on methods of measurement for
 electromagnetic interferences especially as applied to measuring
 instruments ( legal metrology ). _ – –'
 22£Î£2i_2Ê££2i2£X
 In addition to the practical work on measurements related to lamps and
 illumination , a number of topics , such as ultra-violet , infra-red ,
 laser measurements need closer attention . This activity is connected
 to the rapid development of optics for many industrial applications .
 Flow measurements - *
 The metering of liquids and gases for sale to the public and for the •
 imposition of tax is governed by national regulations ( legal
 metrology ). This field has been covered for many years by Community
 Directives . **
 However , in recent times a large number of new meters with special
 advantages in specific applications have been developed and it becomes
 necessary to investigate their properties for metrology purposes ( e.g.
 measurement of liquified gases ).
 Besides legal aspects , the commercial importance of accurate metering
 of gas or oil is very considerable ( see section 2 ). The work planned
 consists of :
 - increasing our understanding of the behaviour of orifice plates
 widely used for metering in pipelines ;
 - studying the effect of installation condit-ions on the readings of
 different meters ;
 - studying the effect of fluid properties on the different meters .
 ---pagebreak--- 12
 Acoustics and ultrasonics
 Noise measurements have taken on considerable importance because of the
 number of regulations which have been adopted for noise abatement both
 indoors and outdoors . They are the cause of difficulties in trade
 because of differences between laboratories and between national
 standard methods . In addition , precision requirements in the
 regulations are sometimes beyond the capabilities of the best
 laboratories . It is therefore planned to improve the basic methods of
 acoustic measurements and to work on specific practical problems such
 as windows , insulation material and noise emission of various types of
 machines .
 The effort undertaken to develop the ultrasonic measurements will be
 continued with particular reference to the rapidly increasing medical
 applications .
 Measurement of material orooerties
 _ _ _ – –
 Measurement of material properties have considerable technical
 importance and are the subject of many written standards ( norms ). As
 has beerwobserved irrmany cases , these norms are not- sufficient and- –
 laboratories need transfer standards .on reference materials to verify'
 or to calibrate their instruments .
 A list of priority requirements were defined ( see Appendix ) in the
 field of small particles measurements , physical properties such as
 viscosity , thermal conductivity of insulating materials and methods of
 testing of engineering materials, to determine their mechanical
 properties ." The programme will not generate data to characterize
 particular materials but will_study in considerable depth the methods
 used to measure the properties . *
 ---pagebreak--- 13
 APPENDIX 2
 FUNDING OF THE PROGRAMME AND STAFFING NEEDS
 The funding estimates result from the discussions at the expert meetings
 that were held to prepare the programme ( cf . Section 3.2 ). For
 intercomparisons , it is known from experience that the expenditure for the
 Community vary from 80 to 150.000 ECU per collaborative project . In the
 area of metrology there will be some projects involving research and
 development which will cost up to 300.000 ECU and for which Community
 funding would be 50% .
 The amounts necessary for each area of the programme together with the
 number of A grade personnel , are given in the following table .
 Resources necessary
 A Grade personnel Mio ECU
 Analyses for food and agriculture A 5.8“
 Analyses for environment 4 5.8
 Analyses related to health 3 4.8
 Analyses for metals 2 3.0
 Applied metrology 4 18.8
 Dissémination of information 1
 Coord-ination ( Head of Division ) 1
 19 38.2
 Commission staffing needs
 The experience of the two last SCR programmes has shown that because the
 projects involve a large degree-of collaboration they also require
 considerable work from Commission personnel even when the expenditure in
 contracts is very small . The role of Commission experts is of crucial
 importance to bring laboratories together and stimulate collaboration .
 In the field of chemical analysis , intercomparisons are often repeated
 several times and one A official cannot manage more than ten such projects
 simultaneously or terminate more than 2 per year . In the field of
 metrology , intercomparisons are easier and therefore require fewer
 Commission Staff .
 The details on A staff required are shown in the table above .
 ---pagebreak--- 14
 The total staff necessary is as follows :
 A Grade 19
 Auxiliary personnel
 8 Grade 3
 C Grade 10
 Total 32
 Total funding
 Contracts 38.2 Mio ECU
 Personnel 12.5
 Administration Costs 5.5
 Services of JRC 3
 Total 59 .2 Mio ECU
 N.B. : 60% of the Administration costs are. absorbed by the expenses for
 meetings of experts and of contractors which are essential to
 implement contacts and collaboration . -
 ---pagebreak--- 15
 APPENDIX 3
 RESULTS FROM THE PREVIOUS PROGRAMME
 A total of 300 measurement projects have been undertaken by the programme
 since it began in 1973 , 115 of them being started in the last programme
 ( 1983-1987 ).
 Applied Metrology
 For metrology , the projects generally associate all the national metrology
 laboratories and allow them to improve and harmonize their methods thus
 ensuring that a common level of calibration is available to industry
 throughout the Community . Many physical quantities were dealt with such
 as electric power , high voltage , high frequence voltage and power ,
 resistance , capacitance , mass , length , force , pressure , etc .
 As the topics are selected where difficulties are known to exist , each
 project has given the possibility for at least one laboratory to discover
 weaknesses in the measurement procedure and to correct them . The projects
 also gave to the laboratories who _are less wel-t equipped , the opportunity
 to confirm the accuracy .of the calibrations that they provide toindustry
 in their respective countries .
 Important results were also obtained in projects closely related to
 practical applications where industry laboratories had participated .
 A project on the flow measurements which are made in pipelines for natural
 gas , detected a systematic error of G;2 % in the results of one of the
 Member States and thereby put an . end to severe disputes over the -
 quantities of gas. exported . Several projects in thi*s field concern the -
 different methods of flow determination and while the accuracy of Eurooean
 results increases , discrepancies appear with the American specifications
 which had been adopted up to now . Many valuable* f luids have to be metered
 accurately . For liquid petroleum gas ( LPG),,the programme gave an
 opportunity to the Member States to compare their methods of controlling
 road-side service stations : several Member States used the conclusions of
 the project to select the most reliable measurement equipment . _
 Among many subjects of dimensional metrology , surface roughness
 measurements which are of considerable industrial importance have been
 substantially improved . Discrepancies were as high as 60 % , even between
 laboratories applying standard methods . Improving the methodology reduced
 the scatter to 15 X.
 Several projects concerning double glazed windows ( noise attenuation and
 heat losses ) were undertaken , because severe disputes over measurement
 results were the cause of trade barriers . The first intercomparison
 organized on noise .attenuat ion produced results in very good agreement , _
 because thedetrails of the measurement conditions had been carefully
 prepared . It showed that when adhering to a well defined measurement
 procedure , the laboratories can avoid many difficulties . The method
 improvements will probably be incorporated into the existing standards .
 ---pagebreak--- 16
 Measurements of the luminous flux of lamps for domestic or street lighting
 were undertaken with the participation of industry , because differences
 between laboratories were initially as high as 7 % . These differences
 were reduced to 1 % in one single carefully planned intercomparison .
 Thermal conductivity measurements of insulating materials used in building
 construction , were also undertaken to solve discrepancies which arose
 because the measuring equipment described in the written standards was not
 accurate . This problem is now solved and the standard has been improved .
 For measurement of thermal conductivity of industrial refractory materials
 at high temperature , errors of up to 30 7, are common and make it
 impossible to accurately design large industrial furnaces . Work in
 progress should be able to reduce such discrepancies to only a few
 percent .
 The programme has contributed to the acceleration of the development of
 the metrology of ultrasonics . The medical applications of ultrasonic
 equipment ( e.g. diagnostics in gynaecology ) require very careful control
 of the instrument , because overexposure of the patients is dangerous . Yet
 the uncertainty in the ultrasonic power measurement can reach 30 % . With
 the- support of the BCR programme , measurements in the Community have been
 considerably improved . European laboratories are now providing
 calibrations for users throughout the world and -European industry is in a
 favourable position to demonstrate the quality of their equipment .
 Chemical Analyses
 In the field of chemical analyses , the BCR programme has responded to many
 requests related to the most difficult analyses . During the seventies , an
 enthusiastic group of university and industry laboratories , achieved
 considerable improvements in the determination of traces of oxygen ,
 nitrogen and carbon at levels of 1 ppm or below in atvariety of metals . .
 Considerable progress has also been made in the Community for the
 determination of traces of heavy elements ( lead , cadmium , etc .) in the
 environment . The need for improvement was very great . Early
 intercomparisons showed differences of a factor of 100 for contents of the
 order of 1 part per million ( ppm ). Below 1 ppm differences were even
 greater and -around 1 part per billion ( ppb ) results di f f er ing by a factor ,
 of 10,000 were observed . As a consequence of the many intercomparisons ,
 many experienced laboratories can now agree to within 10-20% on the
 results for elemental contents of 1 ppm and less . About thirty reference
 materials have been issued in this field .
 Particular mention should be made of the reference materials for the
 determination of lead and cadmium in blood , which are very important in
 the monitoring oi workers exposed to hostile industrial environments .
 Considerable effort was devoted to the field of medical analysis .
 Successful completion of some projects was delayed by the need to
 thoroughly investigate the stability and suitability of the material e.g.
 to show that , after reconstitution , lyophilisec! human serum behaves in the
 sane way as fresh serum in routine analysis . In addition methods having
 the accuracy required for certification were in general not available and
 scientific developments were required before the actual certification
 could bp achieved .
 ---pagebreak--- 17
 The BCR cortisol reference material allows resolution of the differences
 of up to 25% that had been observed in the results of the more commonly
 used methods . The most successful reference materials up to now concern
 the determination of the coagulation time of the blood of persons subject •
 to thrombosis . Most major firms producing diagnostic products or
 instruments for this type of measurement are now using the BCR reference
 materials both in the USA and in Europe . This has led to a very wide
 harmonization , the absence of which some years ago was still a cause of
 death in some cases .
 The programme has produced the basis for considerable improvements in the
 determination of dangerous organic compounds in the environment
 ( pesticides , carcinogenic polyaromatic hydrocarbons , polychlorobiphenyls ,
 dioxins ) .
 Here too differences between laboratories can reach a factor of 100 , if
 not more . The first step was to produce for calibration purposes the
 compounds of interest in a pure form when they were not commercially
 available . Some fifty reference materials of this type have now been
 prepared and are used worldwide , mainly for the analysis of water and
 automobile exhaust gases . New and improved methods are being developed in
 collaborative projects for the determination of traces of - polychlorinated
 biphenyls ( PCBs ), -polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) and pesticides .
 Reference materials will be issued within a few -years with certified
 amounts of PCB and PAH in various matrices such as fats , oils and other
 food products .
 BCR reference materials have been used in intercomparison campaigns
 organized by official bodies in several Member States e.g. determination ‘
 of- PCBs in human blood serum .
 In the area of food and agricultural products , severol projects were
 conducted in close collaboration with the responsable Commission services
 < DG VI ). While results for heavy metals ( e.g. lead and cadmium ) differed
 by factors oT ten or more , work_done in the BCR programme succeeded in
 reducing these differences to 20% ancJ led to the preparation of three
 reference materials . Similar improvements were achieved for these
 analysis in cereal products .
 Regulations impose severe restrictions on the leve-ls of the dangerous
 toxin aflatoxin which occurs in milk as a result ob fungal activity in
 certain animal feed-stuffs . The implementat ion of these regulations- was
 initially the cause of many disputes because the results from different –
 laboratories could differ by factor as high as one thousand . A BCR
 project was therefore established , bringing together about 20 major
 laboratories of the Member States . After several intercomparisons , the
 difference between the results was reduced to as little as a few per cent
 and milk-powder reference materials are now available to any laboratory
 wishing to avoid errors . Work for DG VI on the determination of a related
 toxin in animal -feed itself- is now leading to excellent results .
 Intercomparisons organized at the request of industry to investigate the
 state of the art in the analyses of fruit juices ( according to the
 Community Directive 75 / 726/ EEC ) lias been of considerable help in reducing
 disputes that had been going on for many years .
 ---pagebreak--- 18
 Reference Materials
 At the end of most projects concerned with chemical analysis or material
 properties , one or several reference materials are issued . Any user of
 such a reference material is then able to compare his own results with the
 value certified as being correct . If the difference between his results
 and the certified value is too great , he must conclude that his method
 needs to be improved . For this purpose he can consult the report which
 accompanies the reference material and gives advice on avoidance of
 errors . When the user can show that his measurements agree sufficiently
 closely with the certified value , he knows that the accuracy of his
 results cannot be challanged .
 In 1986 , the BCR programme could offer 175 different reference materials
 and the number of samples sold amounted to 4,665 . In total more than
 13,000 samples were sold during the last four years and several thousand
 copies of reports were distributed with them . The details are shown in
 the following table :
 Number of Reference Number of
 Materials available samples sold Receipts
 1983- 105' 1,466 - 80,900 ECU
 1984 126 2,866 124,550 ECU
 1985 144 3,471 105,300 ECU
 1986 175 4,665 141,000 ECU
 Receipts are returned to the budget of the programme .
 At the end of 1986 , 19 additional reference materials became-avai lable .
 The total inventory can be classified as follows :
 Biomedical 11
 Food 15
 Environment 77
 Metals and Ores 41
 Coke and Coal 9
 Fert i l i zers 6
 Physical Properties 17
 Miscellaneous 18
 Each sample is supplied with a detailed report where the user can find- all
 details on the work done and recommendations on how to inake the
 measurements .
 It is to be noted that the high quality of the BCR reference materials is
 acknowledged by the U.S. National Bureau of Standards who are recommending
 them to American users .
 Prices are calculated on the basis of the expenditure in the projects
 corresponding to the respective reference materials
 ---pagebreak--- 19
 Utilisation of the budget
 The programme 1983-1987 has a budget of 25 million ECU . The sums committed
 for each of the first four years were as follows :
 1983 3,500 Mio ECU
 1984 4,021 Mio ECU
 1985 4,668 Mio ECU
 1986 7,224 Mio ECU
 19,413 Mio ECU
 The balance to be committed in 1987 is 5,6 Mio ECU .
 ---pagebreak--- 20
 APPENDIX 4
 OPINION OF THE CGC
 The CGC S&T Standards has examined the proposal entitled " Research and
 Development Programme in the Field of Metrology & Chemical Analyses
 1988-1992 ". The CGC has noted the advances made during the present BCR
 programme in improving the competence in measurement in many fields throughout
 the Community . This has resulted in improved agreements between the services
 to customers provided by the metrological services of the Members States .
 Reference materials have been produced successfully by collaboration between
 laboratories . Sales of some 15,000 samples have been achieved which will lead
 to improved chemical analyses by a large number of laboratories in particular
 in relation to health and environment .
 In considering the management of the programme the CGC concluded that the
 means of implementation of individual projects achieved a very effective
 optimization and dissemination of benefit to Member States . The CGC is of the
 opinion however that to further improve the dissemination of the benefit of
 the programme , an increase in publicity will be necessary .
 With the acceleration towards completing the internal . market and–the inclusion
 of new~Member States the CGC believes that, there is a need for increasing -
 activity in these fields : Increased participation in this new programme will
 facilitate the extension of harmonization of measurement throughout the
 Community . The new programme contains the elements necessary to improve
 agreement in the implementation of directives and to the preparation of the
 technical infrastructure needed for the mutual recognition of test results as
 well as for the reduction of technical barriers to trade .
 The CGC thoroughly discuss_ed and agreed the proposed programme priorities
 taking into account detailed technical objectives . * It concluded that these
 are consistent with the objectives of the White Paper . Although the programme
 is defined in considerable technical detail , the CGC stresses the need to keep
 sufficient flexibility to adapt to changing situations and needs . It believes
 that the proposed programme is consistent with the need for an expenditure of
 about 50 M ECU and that any significant variation would require a revision of
 the programme and its staffing . Experience has shown that work on reference
 materials, reqdi res a high number of staff assigned to the programme .
 The CGC. reviewed the proposed programme in the light of national activities
 and the. initiative for a proposed formal collaboration of national measurement
 institutions , EUROMET , and concluded that the programme complements them .
 The CGC welcomes and encourages the proposal to include participation of EFTA
 countries in view of the common problems in harmonization of measurement in
 many fields .
 In response to the Evaluation Report on the BCR programme the CGC was pleased
 to note the increased involvement of other Commission services in the
 definition of 8CR activities and -in the use of the results . The CGC is also
 pleased to note that the Commission has agreed to provide forward working
 plans during the course of the programme to aid monitoring of the programme by
 the CGC and to provide the opportunity for incorporation of any necessary
 changes .
 ---pagebreak--- Proposta de
 REGULAMENTO ( CEE ) DO CONSELHO
 que adopta um programa de investigação e desenvolvimento
 para a Comunidade Económica Europeia no dominio
 da Metrologia Aplicada e da Análise Química
 ( 1988-1992 )
 ( Serviço Comunitário de Referência - BCR )
 0 CONSELHO DAS COMUNIDADES EUROPEIAS,
 Tendo em conta o Tratado que institui a Comunidade Económica Europeia e ,
 nomeadamente , o n2 2 do seu artigo 1302 Q ,
 Tendo em conta a proposta da Comissão , ( 1 )
 Em cooperação com o Parlamento Europeu , ( 2 )
 Tendo em conta o parecer do Comité Económico e Social , ( 3 )
 ( 1 ) J0
 ( 2 ) J0
 ( 3 ) J0
 ---pagebreak--- - 21
 Considerando que a Comunidade se fixou como objectivo a realização do mei
 cado interno em 1992 para a realização do qual tem a tarefa de eliminar as
 barreiras técnicas ao comércio, fundamentalmente por meio da harmonização
 de normas e regulamentos técnicos ;
 Considerando que o Programa-quadro de Acções Comunitárias no domínio da
 Investigação e Desenvolvimento Tecnológico , adoptado pelo Conselho para o
 período de 1987-1991 , inclui o apoio à aplicação de normas técnicas ;
 Considerando que a eliminação de barreiras técnicas suplementares requer
 que os laboratórios dos Estados-membros possuam os meios técnicos necessá¬
 rios para assegurar a aplicação uniforme de normas , regulamentos técnicos
 e di rectivas ;
 Considerando que , para atingir este objectivo , é importante que a Comunida ¬
 de dê apoio à actividade de cooperação tendo por finalidade a harmonização
 das medições e análises químicas nos Estados-membros de modo a garantir a
 concordância dos resultados de ensaios e de controlos ;
 Considerando que o trabalho sobre metrologia e análises químicas em desenvol ¬
 vimento em alguns paises da AECL pode ser vantajosamente coordenado com o
 trabalho comunitário realizado no âmbito do presente programa ;
 Considerando que o CREST emitiu o seu parecer ,
 ADOPTOU 0 PRESENTE REGULAMENTO :
 Artigo 12
 1 . Com efeitos a partir de 1 de Janeiro de 1988, é adoptado por um período
 de cinco anos um programa de investigação e desenvolvimento para a Comu¬
 nidade Económica Europeia no domínio da metrologia aplicada e da análise
 química , tal r 0 mo consta do Anexo .
 2 . 0 trabalho experimental será executado por contrato .
 Os participantes podem ser organizações industriais , institutos de in¬
 vestigação e universidades estabelecidos na Comunidade .
 ---pagebreak--- - ce -
 Artigo 22
 0 montante estimado necessário para a execução do programa ( 1988-1992 )
 eleva -se a 59.2 milhões de ECUs , incluindo despesas com um efectivo de
 32 agentes .
 Artigo 32
 A Comissão é responsável pela execução do programa e é assistida nas suas
 funções de gestão do programa pelo Comité Consultivo de Gestão e Coordenação ( CGC )
 ( Normas Cientificas e Técnicas ) criado pela Decisão 84 / 338 / EURATOM / CECA / CEE
 do Conselho ( 1 ).
 Artigo 42
 0 programa será revisto durante o terceiro ano . Os resultados da revisão
 serão comunicados ao Conselho e ao Parlamento Europeu . A revisão pode dar
 origem à apresentação , por parte da Comissão , de uma proposta de revisão
 do programa de acordo com os processos adequados .
 Artigo 52
 A Comissão fica autorizada a negociar no âmbito da execução do programa acordos
 de cooperação com Paises terceiros , nomeadamente com Estados não membros
 que tenham concluido com a Comunidade acordos-quadro de cooperação cienti -
 f i ca e técni ca .
 Artigo 62
 0 presente regulamento entra em vigor em 1 de Janeiro de 1988 .
 0 presente regulamento é obrigatório em todos os seus elementos e directa -
 mente aplicável em todos os Estados-membros .
 Feito em Bruxelas , em
 Pelo Conselho
 ( 1 ) JO n2 L 177 de 4.7.1984 , p. 25 .
 ---pagebreak--- 3
 Progr r;r d :; inv s tigaç~o o de • • envo lvir nnt o no omxnio de. fetro -
 logia Aplic - d e d . Análises Químicas
 ( Cervigo Comunit'rio de R-~fcr*nci - BCR )
 0 ob.jccíivo do progr ma. consiste om melhorar e fiabilidade d.' s ne.li -
 ses uí micas e das medições fír ic s (n trologia rp li cada ) de nodo r
 conseguir-se uma' concordância, de resultados ex todos os Est " d os-membros .
 0 projcctos serão ■ scolhidos de entre os 'oníni^s considerados de im¬
 portância primordial per a Comurid' de c. p-rtir do ponto de vir ta eco¬
 nómico , mbiental ou de s úde púMica .
 AS rre"s prioritárias serão princip : lrsv nte • s seguintes :
 - análise dos alimentos e de produtos agrícolas
 - análise do meio ambiente
 - análise biomédica
 - -análise dre metais , incluindo analise da superfície
 - medições físicas ( metrologia aplicada )
 Âs actividades incluem em especial :
 - execuç~o de programas de medição numa base de col:boraç~o ( compara¬
 ções )
 - aperfeiçoamento de mítodos de analise e de medição
 - aperfeiçoamento de instrumentos necessário *" p rs medições de grande
 precisão
 - desenvolvi - ento de rnrm-s de tr ,_ nrf ■' rênci
 - prep-Taçro e certificação de materiais de referência
 - bolsas, de estudo para. jovens cientistas em dom/ nios abrangidos pelo
 progr ma
 - intercambio de cientis.tss -.m dominios r.brr-ngidos p lo programa
 ---pagebreak--- FINANCIAL RECORD
 R & D Programme in the field of Applied Metrology and Chemical
 Analyses .
 1 . Relevant budget heading
 Chapter 73 - Item 7350 -
 2 . Legal basis
 EEC Treaty Art . 130 Q §2
 Council Regulation of
 3 . Description and justification of the programme
 This programme is one of the components of the Framework
 programme for Community Research and Development activities ,
 and is included in it under the heading Technical Standards .
 The objective of the programme is to improve measurements and
 chemical analyses in the following priority areas
 - analysis of food and agriculture products
 - analysis related to environment
 - analysis related to health
 - analysis of materials
 - applied metrology
 The programme is addressed to industrial firms , to research
 centres and to universities .
 4 . Type of expenditure
 The major part of the expenditure will be committed through
 shared cost contracts .
 The programme will also require service work under contract in
 particular , for preparation of batches of reference material
 samples , for storage and distribution of samples . It will also
 include contracts for coordination , in particular when one
 laboratory is in charge of providing samples to be studied by
 a group of participants and to collect and interpret results .
 ---pagebreak--- VII
 5 . Financial implications
 5.1 . Method of calculation
 5.1.1 . Personnel
 The staff required for the programme is 19 A, 3 B and 10 C.
 For the year 1988, the following tables include only 12 A, 1
 B and 6 C.
 5.1.2 . Administration costs
 Sixty per cent of the administration expenditure are absorbed
 by costs for meetings of participants to projects . These
 meetings are essential for the discussion of results and
 exchange of experience .
 5.1.3 . Contracts See §4
 5.2 Multiannual timetable for appropriations
 APPROPRIATIONS FOR COMMITMENT ( MioECU )
 T T' Ί 7' 7' 7 T-■ TT
 I 1988 I 1989 I 1990 I 1991 I 1992 I 1993 I 1994 II TOTAL
 I I I I I I I 1 1
 T~ I I I I I I II
 Personnel I 1.846 I 2.100 I 2.700 I 2.900 I 3.000 I I 1 1 12.546
 I I I I I I I II
 Admi ni st rat i on | . 704 I 1.200 I 1.200 I 1.200 I 1.196 I I II 5.500
 I I I I I I I II
 Contracts I 3.450 I 9.800 I 11.800 I 10.300 I 5.804 I I 1 1 41.154
 I I I I I I I 1 1
 T I 7 7' 7' 7_ __ –r - - II
 TOTAL I 6.000 I 13.100 I 15.700 I 14.400 I 10.000 I I 1 1 59.200
 I I I I I I I II
 26
 ---pagebreak--- VIII
 APPROPRIATIONS FOR PAYMENTS ( MioECU )
 T Ί" 'T T T T T TT
 1 1988 I 1989 I 1990 I 1991 I 1992 I 1993 I 1994 + 1 1 TOTAL
 1 I I I I I I II
 T I i I I I I II
 Personnel | 1 . 846 I 2.100 I 2.700 I 2.900 I 3.000 I I II 12.546
 1 I I I I I I II
 Admi ni st rat ion | . 704 I 1.200 I 1.200 I 1.200 I 1.196 I I II 5.500
 1 I I I I I I 1 1
 Contracts | . 650 I 3.200 I 6.100 I 5.900 I 5.804 I 10.000 I 9.500 II 41.154
 1 I I I I I I II
 T I ‘T T 'T' T I II
 TOTAL 1 3.200 I 6.500 I 10.000 I 10.000 I 10.000 I 10.000 I 9.500 1 1 59.200
 1 I I I I I I II
 5?
 ---pagebreak--- IX
 SHE IMPACT ASSESSMENT STATEMENT
 1 . Reasons for the programme proposed
 Many analyses or tests carried out in many fields of chemical
 analyses or technology provide inadequate results which are
 causes of disagreements between the supplier and its customers
 and more generally of difficulties in trade .
 The objective of the programme is to improve measurements in a
 certain number of priority topics . In particular , those listed
 in the White Paper on the completion of the Internal Market .
 2 . Type of industry involved
 The programme does not concern a particular type of business
 but a very large variety of industrial activities . Similarly
 it does not concern specifically large industrial companies or
 small firms , they are all concerned . In summary , what is
 involved is in particular , the quality of the products and the
 pollution that they could be produced .
 3 . Conséquences for SMEs
 The programme will produce reports showing how measurement
 problems can be solved accurately and reference materials
 which can be used by any laboratory to verify its performance .
 The advantage for SMEs could be considerable because they will
 receive at very low cost the results and know-how from the
 work of others .
 Those SMEs who will be conscious of the need to maintain high
 quality of their products and for this to have adequate
 measurements will have better competitiveness and better
 security for the employment . The programme will not generate
 jobs directly .
 The proposal will not produce any new requirements of SMEs .
 4 . Consultation of social partners
 The Communication will be submitted to the Economic and Social
 Committee for o-rinion . On previous occasions the ESC was very
 favourable to this type of action because of its positive
 effect in eliminating some trade barriers .


type: wikipedia

text:
Gregory Hammond "Greg" Olsen (Nueva York, 20 de abril de 1945) es un empresario y científico estadounidense, conocido por ser el tercer turista espacial de la historia, tras su compatriota Dennis Tito (2001) y el sudafricano Mark Shuttleworth (2002). Viajó a la Estación Espacial Internacional (ISS) con la Expedición 12 de la ISS a bordo de la Soyuz TMA-7 el 1 de octubre de 2005 y regresó a la Tierra el 11 de octubre a bordo de la Soyuz TMA-6 con la Expedición 11 de la ISS. Pasó un total de 9 días y 21 horas en el espacio, realizando experimentos astronómicos y de teledetección.
 Propietario de una empresa que desarrolla material óptico-electrónico y cámaras infrarrojas, de la que es cliente la NASA, Olsen realizó su vuelo a través de la empresa Space Adventures, que mediante un acuerdo comercial con la dirección del programa espacial ruso, lleva a turistas al espacio por un precio estimado de 20 millones de dólares, tras un programa de entrenamiento y evaluación física de los candidatos en la Ciudad de las Estrellas, lugar de entrenamiento de los cosmonautas rusos.
 Biografía
 Olsen es licenciado en Física (1966) e Ingeniería Eléctrica (1968) por la Universidad Fairleigh Dickinson de Nueva Jersey. También posee un Máster en Física (1968) por la misma universidad. En 1971 se doctoró en ciencia de los materiales por la Universidad de Virginia.
 A continuación, Olsen se trasladó a Sudáfrica y fue investigador posdoctoral en la Universidad de Port Elizabeth durante un año. En 1972 regresó a Estados Unidos y pasó los siguientes once años como investigador en los RCA Laboratories de Princeton (Nueva Jersey), donde trabajó en el campo de los sensores fotónicos y los diodos láser. En 1984 fundó junto con Vladimir Ban, director de RCA Laboratories, la empresa EPITAXX, dedicada a la fabricación de sensores de fibra óptica. Seis años después la vendieron por doce millones de dólares.
 Olsen, que tiene una docena de patentes, cofundó en 1991 Sensors Unlimited con Marshall J. Cohen, una empresa fabricante de cámaras infrarrojas de onda corta. En 2000, la vendió a Finisar Corporation por 600 millones de dólares antes de recomprarla dos años después, tras el estallido de la burbuja de las puntocom, por 6 millones de dólares. En 2005 fue revendida a Goodrich Corporation por 60 millones de dólares.
 Vuelo realizado
 Realizó un entrenamiento de 900 horas de duración en la Ciudad de las Estrellas y en el Cosmódromo de Baikonur para prepararse para un viaje de turismo en la Estación Espacial Internacional (ISS). Despegó en la cápsula espacial Soyuz TMA-7 el 1 de octubre de 2005 a las 3:54 UTC desde el Cosmódromo de Baikonur, con destino a la ISS, acompañado por el estadounidense Edward William McArthur y el ruso Valeri Tokarev. Impulsada durante nueve minutos para ser puesta en órbita, la cápsula Soyuz realizó un viaje de unos dos días para llegar a la ISS, a la que se acopló el 3 de octubre.
 El 10 de octubre, a las 18:50 UTC, volvió a la Soyuz TMA-6 para su regreso a la Tierra, previsto para el día siguiente. Le acompañaron el ruso Serguéi Krikaliov y el estadounidense John L. Phillips, residentes de la ISS desde el 17 de abril de aquel año. El módulo Soyuz se separó el 10 de octubre a las 21:49 GMT y aterrizó en las estepas de Kazajistán el 11 de octubre a las 01:09 GMT.
 Su viaje habría costado a Space Adventures unos 20 millones de dólares.
 Referencias
 Enlaces externos
 Ficha biográfica de Gregory Olsen - spacefacts.de (en inglés)
 Turistas espaciales
 Astronautas de Estados Unidos
 Empresarios de Estados Unidos
 Nacidos en Brooklyn
 Ingenieros de Estados Unidos
 Alumnado de la Universidad de Virginia


type: other

text:
Statut • Rudarsko društvo
 Na podlagi 4. in 9. člena Zakona o društvih, uradno prečiščeno besedilo (ZDru-1-UPB2) (Uradni list RS, št. 64 z dne, 12.08.2011) je zbor ustanoviteljev društva, dne 17.10.2013 sprejel sklep, da se ustanovi Rudarsko muzejsko in etnološko društvo SREČNO ZAGORJE ter potrdil naslednji statut:
 Rudarskega muzejskega in etnološkega društva SREČNO ZAGORJE
 Rudarsko muzejsko in etnološko društvo SREČNO ZAGORJE, skrajšano Društvo RMED SREČNO ZAGORJE (v nadaljevanju društvo) je samostojno prostovoljno in nepridobitno združenje fizičnih oseb, ki z ljubiteljskim delovanjem uresničujejo svoje interese na rudarskem, muzejskem in etnološkem področju proučevanja, muzejskega ohranjanja in izobraževalnega predstavljanja rudarske omike, njenih vrednot, njene premične in nepremične dediščine ter turizma. Društvo bo s svojim delovanjem prispevalo k družbenem, gospodarskem in turističnem razvoju ter s tem spodbujalo k ohranjanju rudarske kulture in dediščine v Zagorju ob Savi.
 Društvo se imenuje:
 – Ime: Rudarsko muzejsko in etnološko društvo SREČNO ZAGORJE,
 – Skrajšano ime: Društvo RMED SREČNO ZAGORJE
 – Sedež društva je v Zagorju ob Savi.
 Znak in pečat društva ter društveni prapor
 Društvo ima svoj znak in pečat. Znak društva je podoba rudarske varnostne svetilke v rovu z letnico začetka rudarjenja v Zagorju (1755) in letnico zaključka (2005). Pečat društva vsebuje znak društva in napis Rudarsko muzejsko in etnološko društvo SREČNO ZAGORJE. Pečat društva je okrogle oblike premera 3,4 cm.
 Društvo bo za svoje javno predstavljanje na prireditvah uporabljalo iz razpoložljive zgodovinske zakladnice zagorskih rudarskih praporov nekdanjega premogovnika Rudnik rjavega premoga Zagorje ustrezen prapor, saj vsi predstavljajo rudarske vrednote in čast rudarskega stanu.
 Uporabo prapora in rudarske častne čete v stanovskih slavnostnih opravah na javnih prireditvah ter ob pogrebih bo določal poseben pravilnik.
 Društvo je pravna oseba zasebnega prava. Zastopnik društva je predsednik, v njegovi odsotnosti pa podpredsednik društva.
 Društvo deluje javno.
 II. NAMEN, CILJI IN NALOGE
 Osnovni namen društva je ohranjati, raziskovati, varovati, izobraževati, predstavljati in posredovati javnosti vrednote, znanja o premični ter nepremični dediščini rudarsko industrijske omike, razvite v Zagorju v času 250-letnega delovanja najstarejšega slovenskega premogovnika, Rudnika rjavega premoga Zagorje ter skrbeti za s temi povezane krajevne, arhitektonske in etnološke posebnosti ter za njihovo urejeno umeščanje v bivalno okolje in med turistične znamenitosti naše občine.
 Cilji, ki izhajajo iz osnovnih namenov društva, opredeljenih v 6. členu so:
 – zagotavljanje pogojev za izvajanje etnoloških in turističnih programov za področje rudarske omike,
 – ohranjanje rudarsko industrijske dediščine in njenih vrednot,
 – proučevanje te dediščine za pridobitev novih spoznanj,
 – predstavljanje muzejske rudarsko industrijske dediščine javnosti,
 – organiziranje rudarsko kulturno etnološko turističnih prireditev,
 – izvajanje kulturno etnološko turističnih vzgojnih in izobraževalnih programov,
 – pomoč pri spodbujanju gospodarsko turističnega razvoja.
 A. Naloge za izvedbo zastavljenih ciljev društva so naslednje:
 – organiziranje rudarsko etnoloških in turističnih prireditev,
 – družabno povezovanje nekdanjih rudarjev in njihovih svojcev na srečanjih ob obujanju stanovskih spominov in starih običajev;
 – popis obstoječih muzealij Rudarskega muzeja Zagorje v Kisovcu ter še drugih razpoložljivih objektov premične in nepremične rudarske dediščine in njenih vrednot;
 – organizirano praznovanje rudarskih praznikov 3. Julija s prireditvijo SKOK ČEZ KOŽO in 4. Decembra ob Sveti Barbari ter sodelovanje rudarske povorke v počastitev praznika občine,
 – zbiranje še dostopnih rudarskih predmetov in izročil naše dediščine,
 – vsebinska določitev in postavitev rudarske tematske poti,
 – predstavljanje muzejske zbirke in drugih objektov rudarsko industrijske dediščine javnosti;
 – izdajanje publikacij o rudarski dediščini,
 – sodelovanje in povezovanje s podobnimi društvi in njihovimi zvezami doma in v tujini,
 – podeljevanje priznanj za dosežke na področju dejavnosti društva.
 B. Naloge društva, ki imajo značaj pridobitne dejavnosti:
 Pridobitna dejavnost društva je dopolnilna dejavnost nepridobitne dejavnosti društva v obsegu, potrebnem za uresničevanje namena in ciljev opravljanja nepridobitne dejavnosti.Dejavnosti os opredeljene v skladu s predpisi, ki urejajo standardno klasifikacijo dejavnosti in jih društvo lahko izvaja:
 – J 58.110 Izdajanje knjig
 – N 82.300 Organiziranje razstav, sejmov in srečanj;
 – R 91.020 Dejavnost muzejev
 – R 91.030 Varovanje kulturne dediščine
 – R 93.299 Druge nerazvrščene dejavnosti za prosti čas (prireditve)
 Članstvo v društvu je osebno in prostovoljno za fizične osebe.
 Če se v društvo včlani mladoletna oseba do dopolnjenega sedmega leta starosti ali oseba, ki nima poslovne sposobnosti, podpiše pristopno izjavo njen zakoniti zastopnik. Za osebo od sedmega leta do dopolnjenega 15 leta starosti mora zakoniti zastopnik pred njenim vstopom v društvo podati pisno soglasje.
 Član izstopi iz društva prostovoljno, kadar poda organom društva pisno izjavo o izstopu.
 Član se črta iz društva, če do zbora članov tekočega leta ne plača članarine za preteklo leto. O izključitvi člana iz društva odloča častno razsodišče s sklepom, zoper katerega je možen ugovor na zbor članov.
 Pravice in obveznosti članov društva so:
 – da spoštujejo statut društva,
 – da uresničujejo sklepe organov društva,
 – da sooblikujejo in uresničujejo program dela društva,
 – da častno zastopajo in uporabljajo stanovska znamenja, rudarski prapor in slavnostno opravo ter uporabljajo rudarski pozdrav SREČNO,
 – da si prizadevajo za pridobitev finančnih in materialnih sredstev za delo društva ter
 sprejmejo program dela in letno poročilo društva,
 – da volijo, so izvoljeni ter delujejo v organih društva,
 – da predlagajo in sprejmejo nagrade in priznanja društva,
 – da redno plačujejo članarino,
 – da varujejo ugled društva.
 Mladoletni člani društva do starosti 15 let so oproščeni plačevanja članarine.
 Društvo ima tudi častne člane. Naziv častnega člana se podeli članu ali nečlanu društva, ki ima posebne zasluge za razvoj in uspešno delo društva. Naziv častnega člana društva potrdi zbor članov na predlog izvršnega odbora. Če oseba, ki se ji podeli naziv častnega člana ni član društva, na zboru članov nima pravice odločanja.
 Društvo ima lahko tudi donatorje. Donatorji so lahko fizične ali pravne osebe, ki društvu materialno, moralno ali kako drugače pomagajo.
 – Zbor članov,
 – Častno razsodišče.
 Zbor članovNajvišji organ društva je zbor članov, ki ga sestavljajo vsi člani društva.
 – sprejme statut društva in druge potrebne akte ter njihove spremembe in dopolnitve,
 – voli in razrešuje organe društva,
 – voli in razrešuje predsednika, podpredsednika, tajnika in blagajnika društva,
 – sprejema program društva in letno poročilo,
 – potrjuje komisije in druga delovna telesa ter imenuje njihove predsednike na predlog izvršnega odbora,
 – odloča o prenehanju delovanja društva,
 – odloča o nakupu in prodaji nepremičnin društva,
 – odloča o višini članarine,
 – imenuje častne člane društva,
 – odloča o pritožbah zoper sklepe izvršnega odbora, nadzornega odbora in častnega
 razsodišča,
 – odloča o drugih zadevah, ki jih predlagajo organi in člani društva v skladu z namenom in cilji društva,
 – odloča o statusnem preoblikovanju društva,
 – odloča o prenosu preostanka premoženja po prenehanju delovanja društva
 – razpolaga s premoženjem večje vrednosti
 – odloča o spremembi sedeža društva.
 Posamezni predlogi za razpravo na zboru članov društva morajo biti poslani izvršnemu odboru v pisni obliki najmanj osem dni pred sklicem zbora.
 O delu zbora članov se vodi zapisnik, ki ga podpišejo predsedujoči, zapisnikar in dva overovatelja.
 Zbor članov je lahko reden ali izreden. Redni zbor članov sklicuje predsednik enkrat letno.
 Zbor članov vsaka štiri leta voli svoje organe ter predsednika društva.
 Izredni zbor članov pa se skliče po sklepu izvršnega odbora, na zahtevo nadzornega odbora ali na zahtevo petine članov društva.
 O sklicu zbora članov in o predloženem dnevnem redu morajo biti člani društva seznanjeni najmanj sedem dni pred datumom sklica.
 Zbor članov je sklepčen, če je prisotnih več kot polovica članov. Če zbor ni sklepčen, se zasedanje odloži za 15 minut. Po poteku tega časa je zbor sklepčen, če je prisotnih najmanj 10 članov. Odločitve so veljavno sprejete, če je zanje glasovala večina navzočih članov.
 Izvršni odbor je izvršni organ društva, ki opravlja organizacijska, strokovno-tehnična in administrativna dela ter vodi delo društva med dvema zboroma članov po programu in sklepih sprejetih na zboru članov. Izvršni odbor je za svoje delo odgovoren zboru članov.
 Izvršni odbor šteje osem članov. Sestavljajo ga predsednik, podpredsednik, tajnik, blagajnik, starešina rudarske čete in trije izvoljeni člani. Člane izvršnega odbora izvoli zbor članov za dobo štirih let. Član izvršnega odbora je po svoji funkciji tudi predsednik društva.
 Izvršni odbor se sestaja po potrebi, najmanj dvakrat letno. Sklicuje in vodi ga predsednik, v njegovi odsotnosti pa podpredsednik.
 Izvršni odbor je sklepčen, če je na sejah navzočih vsaj polovica članov. Veljavne sklepe sprejema z večino glasov prisotnih.
 Naloge izvršnega odbora so naslednje:
 – pripravlja predlog programa dela,
 – skrbi za uresničevanje programa dela,
 – pripravlja gradivo za zbor članov,
 – vodi evidenco članov,
 – upravlja s premoženjem društva manjše vrednosti,
 – pripravlja letno poročilo,
 – pripravi predloge za imenovanje in ukinjanje komisij društva, predlaga naloge in število njihovih članov ter predsednike komisij,
 – uresničuje druge naloge, ki izhajajo iz aktov društva in naloge, ki mu jih še dodatno naloži zbor članov
 – odloča o spremembi naslova društva.
 Predsednik društva je zakoniti zastopnik društva. Predsednika društva voli zbor članov za dobo štirih let. Če je predsednik društva odsoten ali je podal odstopno izjavo, ga nadomešča podpredsednik društva s pooblastilom predsednika.
 Predsednik je odgovoren za delovanje društva v skladu s statutom in pravnim redom Republike Slovenije. Za svoje delo je odgovoren zboru članov in izvršnemu odboru. Sklicuje seje zbora članov in izvršnega odbora ter podpisuje vse akte društva. Predsednik društva je hkrati tudi predsednik izvršnega odbora.
 Tajnik društva opravlja strokovna in administrativna dela ter skrbi za koordinacijo dela med organi društva. Zbor članov ga izvoli za dobo štirih let, kateremu za svoje delo tudi odgovarja.
 Starešina rudarske čete
 Starešina rudarske čete varuje in skrbi za pravilno uporabo rudarskega prapora, vodi delo praporščaka ter nastope rudarske čete.
 Za opravljanje strokovno finančnih in knjigovodskih del pri poslovanju društva skrbi blagajnik, ki ga zbor članov imenuje za dobo štirih let. Za svoje delo odgovarja zboru članov. Strokovno pomoč lahko blagajniku nudi ustrezni finančni servis, ki ga izbere in potrdi izvršni odbor.
 23. členKustos muzejaZa proučevanje zagorske rudarsko industrijske dediščine ter za predstavitve novih spoznanj javnosti na razstavah skrbi kustos muzeja.
 Nadzorni odbor spremlja delo izvršnega odbora in drugih organov društva ter opravlja nadzor nad finančno materialnim poslovanjem društva. Nadzorni odbor enkrat letno poroča zboru članov, kateremu je tudi odgovoren za svoje delo.
 Letno poročilo društva je veljavno sprejeto na zboru članov, če je nadzorni odbor pred sprejetjem opravil notranji nadzor nad finančnim in materialnim poslovanjem društva. Nadzorni odbor je sestavljen iz treh članov, ki jih izvoli zbor članov za dobo štirih let. Člani nadzornega odbora ne morejo biti člani izvršnega odbora, lahko pa sodelujejo na sejah izvršnega odbora, ne morejo pa odločati. Nadzorni odbor je sklepčen, če so na seji prisotni vsi trije člani. Veljavne sklepe sprejema nadzorni odbor z večino prisotnih.
 Častno razsodišče obravnava predloge za ugotavljanje odgovornosti člana, oziroma vodi disciplinske postopke v društvu. Častno razsodišče sestavljajo trije člani, katere izvoli zbor članov za dobo štirih let. Častno razsodišče za svoje delo in odločitve odgovarja zboru članov. Častno razsodišče veljavno odloča, če so prisotni vsi trije člani. Odločitev je sprejeta, če zanjo glasuje večina članov razsodišča.
 Razlogi za uvedbo disciplinskega postopka:
 – delovanje člana v nasprotju z določili statuta društva ali sklepov organov društva,
 – povzročitev materialne ali moralne škode društvu,
 – ustvarjanje nezdravih odnosov med člani društva.
 Častno razsodišče lahko izreče naslednje disciplinske ukrepe:
 – oprostitev obdolženega člana,
 – opomin članu
 – izključitev člana iz društva.
 Izvajanje disciplinskega postopka ureja društvo s posebnim pravilnikom o disciplinskem postopku.
 Častno razsodišče prouči kandidatno listo, določi skakače za vsakoletno prireditev Skoka čez kožo ter opravlja delo častnega predsedstva na tej prireditvi.
 V. PREMOŽENJE DRUŠTVA IN FINANČNO POSLOVANJE
 Premoženje društva sestavljajo denarna in druga sredstva, ki jih društvo pridobi s članarino, darili in volili, prispevki donatorjev, iz javnih sredstev, z opravljanjem dejavnosti društva in iz drugih virov, njegove premične in nepremične stvari ter materialne pravice.
 Društvo ne sme deliti svojega premoženja članom. Vsaka delitev premoženja društva med njegove člane je nična.
 Če društvo pri opravljanju svoje dejavnosti ustvari presežek prihodkov nad odhodki, ga mora porabiti za uresničevanje svojega namena ter ciljev oziroma za opravljanje nepridobitne dejavnosti.
 Društvo razpolaga s finančnimi sredstvi v skladu s programom in letnim finančnim načrtom, ki ju sprejme zbor članov.
 Finančne in materialne listine podpisujeta predsednik in blagajnik, ali v njegovi odsotnosti podpredsednik. Društvo ima poslovni račun odprt pri banki.
 Materialno in finančno poslovanje društva je javno in mora biti v skladu z načeli, ki veljajo za društva ter z veljavnimi predpisi iz tega področja. Društvo mora zagotavljati podatke v skladu z Zakonom o društvih in računovodskim standardom za društva.
 Društvo vodi poslovne knjige po sistemu dvostavnega knjigovodstva (prirejenega za svoje potrebe). Vodenje poslovnih knjig in sestava letnega poročila morata biti v skladu z računovodskim standardom za društva (SRS 33).
 Društvo mora izdelati letno poročilo, ki vsebuje bilanco stanja in izkaz poslovnega izida s pojasnili k izkazom ter poročilo o poslovanju društva za poslovno leto, ki je enako koledarskemu letu.
 Društvo, ki opravlja pridobitno dejavnost mora podatke o materialnem in finančnem poslovanju voditi in izkazovati ločeno.
 Sodilo za razvrščanje posrednih stroškov na tiste, ki se nanašajo na pridobitno dejavnost in tiste, ki se nanašajo na nepridobitno dejavnost, se upošteva razmerje med prihodki doseženimi z opravljanjem pridobitne dejavnosti in nepridobitne dejavnosti.
 Vsak član društva ima pravico vpogleda v finančno – materialno poslovanje društva.
 VI. NAČIN ZAGOTAVLJANJA JAVNOSTI DELA
 Delo društva in njegovih organov je javno. Obveščanje članov poteka preko sredstev javnega obveščanja, oglasne deske in s pravico vpogleda v zapisnike organov društva. Širša javnost se o delu društva lahko seznani preko organiziranih prireditev, okroglih miz, spletne strani, tiskovnih konferenc.Za zagotovitev javnosti dela in za točnost informacij je odgovoren predsednik
 VII. NAČIN SPREJEMANJA SPREMEMB IN DOPOLNITEV STATUTA
 Postopek za začetek sprememb in dopolnitev Statuta oziroma za sprejem novega Statuta se začne na podlagi sklepa Izvršnega odbora, ki določi obseg sprememb in vprašanja, ki jih je treba urediti.
 Za pripravo sprememb Statuta imenuje Izvršni odbor delovno skupino.Delovna skupina pripravi osnutek sprememb in ga predloži Izvršnemu odboru.Če Izvršni odbor po razpravi predloženi osnutek sprejme, ga da v javno obravnavo članom društva. Po končani javni obravnavi Izvršni odbor določi predlog sprememb in dopolnitev oziroma predlog novega Statuta in ga predloži Zboru članov v sprejem.
 VIII. NAČIN PRENEHANJA IN RAZPOLAGANJE S PREMOŽENJEM
 – po volji članov,
 – s sprejetjem sklepa o prenehanju društva na zboru članov,
 – s spojitvijo z drugimi društvi,
 – s pripojitvijo k drugemu društvu,
 – na podlagi sodne odločbe o prepovedi delovanja ali po zakonu.
 Če društvo preneha z delovanjem, daruje svoje premoženje društvu sorodne dejavnosti ali lokalni skupnosti. Proračunska sredstva se vrnejo v proračun.
 Ta statut začne veljati z dnem, ko ga sprejme ustanovni zbor članov društva. Uporabljati se začne, ko pristojni upravni organ ugotovi, da je statut v skladu z zakonom o društvih in je tako vpisan v register društev.
 Spremembe statuta se sprejemajo po enakem postopku kot je bil sprejet ta temeljni akt društva.
 V Zagorju ob Savi, dne 17.10.2013
 ANEKS K STATUTU RUDARSKEGA MUZEJSKEGA IN ETNOLOŠKEGADRUŠTVA SREČNO ZAGORJE
 V poglavju: II. NAMEN, CILJI IN NALOGE se spremeni 7. člen tako,
 (da se pod točko B. Naloge društva... v tretjem odstavku črta četrta alineja R 91.030 Varovanje kulturne dediščine).
 da se sedaj 7. člen glasi: 7. člen
 -zagotavljanje pogojev za izvajanje etnoloških in turističnih programov za področje rudarske omike,
 -ohranjanje rudarsko industrijske dediščine in njenih vrednot,
 -proučevanje te dediščine za pridobitev novih spoznanj,
 -predstavljanje muzejske rudarsko industrijske dediščine javnosti,
 -organiziranje rudarsko kulturno etnološko turističnih prireditev,
 -izvajanje kulturno etnološko turističnih vzgojnih in izobraževalnih programov,
 -pomoč pri spodbujanju gospodarsko turističnega razvoja.
 Pridobitna dejavnost društva je dopolnilna dejavnost nepridobitne dejavnosti društva v obsegu, potrebnem za uresničevanje namena in ciljev opravljanja nepridobitne dejavnosti.
 Dejavnosti so opredeljene v skladu s predpisi, ki urejajo standardno klasifikacijo dejavnosti in jih društvo lahko izvaja:
 V Zagorju ob Savi, dne 3.3.2015
 Kategorije: O društvuStatut
 ZAPISNIK USTANOVNEGA ZBORA Rudarskega muzejskega in etnološkega društva SREČNO ZAGORJE, ki je bil v ČETRTEK, 17. oktobra 2013 ob 17:00 v avli Kulturnega centra Delavski dom Zagorje ob Savi. Prisotni: Ustanovitelji: Alojz Avsec, Ivan Breg, Brinovec Franc, Borut Preberi več...
 Na zboru članov dne 15.02.2019 je bil izvoljen za člana izvršnega odbora Grošelj Marjan (namesto Omahne Simona). IZVRŠNI ODBOR: Anton Koban (PREDSEDNIK in ZASTOPNIK) Rihard Majcen (PODPREDSEDNIK) Maja Malovrh Repovž (TAJNIK) Vanja Kosi (BLAGAJNIK) Franc Brinovec Janez Preberi več...


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Draga Matković, weniger bekannt als Draga Matković-von Auerhann (* 4. November 1907 in Zagreb; † 29. Juli 2013 in Bad Reichenhall), war eine deutsche Pianistin tschechisch-serbischer Herkunft, die noch mit über hundert Jahren auf höchstem Niveau öffentlich Klavierkonzerte gab.
 Leben
 Draga Matković wurde in Kroatien geboren. Ihr Vater – der Tscheche Karl Auerhann von Hvezdobor – heiratete eine bürgerliche Serbin und nahm sich im Zusammenhang mit dieser unstandesgemäßen Verbindung das Leben; die kleine Draga wurde zur Adoption freigegeben. Ersten Klavierunterricht erhielt sie im Alter von drei Jahren von ihrer strengen Adoptivmutter, Sidonie Linke (ebenfalls Pianistin) in Aussig (Böhmen), die allerdings nicht duldete, dass das klavierbesessene schwache Kind stundenlang übte. Ihren ersten öffentlichen Auftritt gab sie mit sieben Jahren im Offizierskasino von Theresienstadt. Durch eine Sondergenehmigung der Regierung durfte die damals 15-Jährige in Prag auf der Deutschen Musikakademie ihre Weiterbildung zur Konzertpianistin beginnen und studierte bei Professor Franz Langer. Sie machte ihren Abschluss als 19-Jährige mit dem Titel Professor für Klavier. Nebenbei erhielt sie Geigenunterricht bei Margarethe Hönel-Schweyda und Gesangsunterricht bei Kammersängerin Olga Barko-Frank (Wiener Staatsoper).
 Ihre erste Konzertreise als Solistin unternahm sie nach Polen 1926. Später folgten ausgedehnte Tourneen in 16 europäische Länder u. a. mit der finnischen Sopranistin Maire Virkunnen und der deutschen Altistin Margarethe Storsberg. Draga Matković begleitete u. a. auch den berühmten Tenor Joseph Schmidt. Nach ihrer Heirat mit dem Geiger Arthur Arnold (1937 bis 1942) erfolgte der Umzug nach Teplitz-Schönau in Böhmen, wo sie große Erfolge als Kammermusikerin und mit Orchesterkonzerten feierte. Dort lernte sie auch den Komponisten und späteren Schriftsteller Karl Richard Tschon kennen, dessentwegen sie sich scheiden ließ. Während des Zweiten Weltkrieges bekam sie ein Engagement durch die Konzertdirektion Gudelius (im Auftrag des Reichspropagandaministeriums) zur künstlerischen Unterhaltung der deutschen Soldaten u. a. in Norwegen und Griechenland. Sie trat dabei auch gemeinsam mit Zarah Leander auf. Nach Kriegsbeginn wurde in Aussig ihr Dirigent verhaftet, als Draga Matković das verbotene D-Moll-Klavierkonzert des „nichtarischen“ Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy spielte. In den letzten beiden Kriegsjahren wurde ihr ein Auftrittsverbot erteilt, weil sie 1943 in Bad Teplitz-Schönau das ebenfalls indizierte B-Moll-Klavierkonzert von Tschaikowski spielen wollte. Der Dirigent Bruno Schestak (seinerzeit Gauabteilungsleiter der Abteilung Musik der NSDAP in Sachsen) verhinderte immerhin vor dem geplanten Konzert ihre Inhaftierung durch die deutschen Behörden. Im Jahr 1945, als Folge der Vertreibung aus dem Sudetenland, fand Draga Matković ihre neue Heimat in Bad Reichenhall.
 Anlässlich ihres 100. Geburtstags am 4. November 2007 in Bayerisch Gmain spielte Draga Matković u. a. die Polka de la Reine von Joachim Raff, das Impromptu op. 28 von Hugo Reinhold sowie Werke von Frédéric Chopin, Franz Liszt und Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy. Im Oktober 2008 wurde im Bayerischen Fernsehen ein aktuelles Interview und eine Kostprobe ihrer Kunst gesendet. Anfang 2009 musste sie nach dem plötzlichen Tod ihres Lebensgefährten in ein Seniorenheim nach Bayerisch Gmain umziehen. Draga Matković war angemeldet für das Guinness-Buch der Rekorde als älteste noch praktizierende Konzertpianistin. An ihrem 102. Geburtstag brillierte sie mit einer bisher unveröffentlichten ca. 1927 selbst komponierten Tarantella (siehe unter Weblinks). Am 15. September 2010 wurde der Künstlerin in Berlin von dem Zukunftsforum Langes Leben aus der Hand von Rita Süssmuth ein Preis in der Kategorie Höchstleistungen im Alter für virtuose Klavierkunst überreicht. In einem Privatkonzert am 6. Januar 2011 spielte die 103-jährige Pianistin u. a. den Konzertwalzer op. 34 Nr. 1 von Moritz Moszkowski. Auf der Preisverleihung der Reifen Leistung im Alter begeisterte sie am 13. September 2011 in München das Publikum mit ihrer Musik. Einer ihrer letzten öffentlichen Auftritte fand am 8. Juni 2012 in Traunstein mit Eigenkompositionen und Improvisationen statt. Nach kurzem Leiden starb sie am 29. Juli 2013 in Bad Reichenhall. Bei der Trauerfeier ehrten sie u. a. die 17-jährige Nachwuchs-Cellistin Felicia Hamza und deren Eltern mit einer musikalischen Darbietung.
 Werk
 Ihre musikalische Vielseitigkeit bewies sie nicht nur am Konzertflügel, sondern auch als Gelegenheits-Saxophonistin, Dirigentin und Komponistin diverser Klavierstücke und einer Operette (Goldene Sterne), deren Libretto im Verlauf der Kriegswirren verloren gegangen ist. Ihr erster Fernsehauftritt in den 1960er Jahren war im Westdeutschen Rundfunk Köln, Radioaufnahmen u. a. auch in Österreich. Sie unterrichtete als Musikpädagogin bis ins Alter von 95 Jahren hauptsächlich im Berchtesgadener Land, davon 30 Jahre lang auf der Christophorusschule am Obersalzberg.
 Ihre große Liebe galt dem Musikwerk von Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Pjotr Tschaikowski, Frédéric Chopin, Franz Liszt, Joachim Raff, Moritz Moszkowski, Edvard Grieg und allen nordischen sowie slawischen Komponisten, besonders deren Liedkompositionen, welche sie zusammen mit berühmten Sängern und Instrumentalisten darbot. Die über 105-Jährige spielte bis wenige Wochen vor ihrem Tod ein breit gefächertes Repertoire auf höchstem technischen und künstlerischen Niveau.
 Sonstiges
 Ihr Lieblingsinstrument war ein Blüthner-Flügel. Von ihren Kollegen verehrte sie am meisten Vladimir Horowitz sowie Lang Lang gleichermaßen wegen deren pianistischen Brillanz und ihres Humors auf dem Konzertpodium. Matković war unter anderem befreundet mit den Geigern Alfred Pellegrini und Váša Příhoda, sowie den Schauspielerinnen Magda Schneider (Mutter von Romy Schneider) und Olga Tschechowa. Humor, Charme und Witz, ihr reges Interesse an Tagespolitik und sozialen Fragen zeichneten Draga Matković ebenso aus wie ihr Engagement für den Tierschutz und die ehrenamtliche musikalische Betreuung sozialpsychiatrischer Patienten in Bad Reichenhall.
 Weblinks
 Draga Matković: mit 105 Jahren kein bißchen leise. domus-mea.de, 15. November 2012
 Draga Matković im Alter von 105 Jahren gestorben. domus-mea.de, 9. August 2013
 Einzelnachweise
 Musikpädagoge
 Klassischer Pianist
 Künstler (Bad Reichenhall)
 Deutscher
 Geboren 1907
 Gestorben 2013
 Hundertjähriger
 Frau


text:
Matrix (The Matrix) on yhdysvaltalainen tieteiselokuva, jonka ohjasivat ja käsikirjoittivat Wachowskin sisarukset. Elokuvan ensi-ilta oli Yhdysvalloissa 31. maaliskuuta 1999, ja sen pääosissa esiintyvät Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne, Carrie-Anne Moss ja Hugo Weaving.
 Elokuva sisältää viittauksia muun muassa Platonin luolavertaukseen. Elokuva hämmästytti katsojia ennennäkemättömillä erikoistehosteillaan. Sen tunnetuin erikoisefekti oli still-kameroilla toteutettu bullet time -hidastus. Elokuva palkittiin neljällä Oscar-palkinnolla.
 Matrix oli ensimmäinen merkittävä DVD-julkaisu, ja se nousi vuonna 2001 kaikkien aikojen myydyimmäksi DVD:ksi.
 Elokuva sai vuonna 2003 kaksi jatko-osaa, Matrix Reloaded ja Matrix Revolutions. Elokuvan maailmaan sijoittuvat myös yhdeksästä animaatiojaksosta koostuva Animatrix sekä tietokonepelit Enter the Matrix, The Matrix Online ja The Matrix: Path of Neo.
 Juoni
 Elokuvan päähenkilö on tietokoneohjelmoija Thomas A. Anderson, joka tunnetaan myös nimellä ”Neo”. Eräänä päivänä häneen ottaa yhteyttä tietokonehakkeri ”Trinity”, joka työskentelee salaperäiselle ”Morpheukselle”.
 Elokuvan alkupuolella Neo kohtaa Morpheuksen, joka kertoo hänelle karun totuuden; maailma, jota ihmiset pitävät totena, onkin epätodellinen, ”Matrixina” tunnettu eräänlainen virtuaalimaailma. Se on todellisuuden epäinhimillisten voimien luomus, ja todellisuudessa ihmiset on kytketty valtaisiin voimalaitoksiin tuottamaan sähköenergiaa julmille koneille.
 Morpheus uskoo Neon olevan salaperäinen ”Valittu”, joka tuhoaisi Matrixin, lopettaisi todellisessa maailmassa raivoavan sodan ihmisten ja koneiden välillä sekä vapauttaisi koko ihmiskunnan Matrixin vallasta.
 Elokuvan aikana Morpheus joutuu agenttien – Matrixia vartioivien tietokoneohjelmien – vangiksi ja hänet viedään pilvenpiirtäjään kuulusteluja varten. Neo ja Trinity lähtevät pelastamaan ystäväänsä ja lopulta onnistuvat tehtävässään, mutta Neo saa kimppuunsa agenttien johtajan Smithin.
 Lopulta Smith ampuu Neon, mutta Trinity tunnustaa rakastavansa Neoa. Neo herää henkiin Valittuna, tuhoaa Smithin ja palaa takaisin ystäviensä luokse.
 Tarina jatkuu kuusi kuukautta myöhemmin sijoittuvassa Matrix Reloadedissa.
 Näyttelijät
 Tuotanto
 Kuvauspaikat
 The Matrix tuotettiin yhteistyössä Warner Bros. -studioiden ja Australian Village Roadshow Picturesin kanssa, mutta lähes kaikki kohdat kuvattiin 20th Century Foxin studioilla Sydneyssä Australiassa ja myös itse kaupungissa. Tunnistettavia kohteita ei kuvattu, jotta saatiin vaikutelma tavallisesta amerikkalaisesta kaupungista. Sydney Harbour Bridge, Anzac-silta, AWA Tower, Martin Place ja Commonwealth Bank tehtiin näkymättömiksi. Metroasema-kohdat kuvattiin Chicagossa Illinoisissa, ohjaajien kotikaupungissa, ja paikkojen nimet (Adams Street Bridge, Wells and Lake, Wabash and Lake) ovat myös Chicagosta.
 Elokuvan alussa esiintyvää ulkokattoa, jota Trinity käyttää paetakseen Agentti Jonesilta, käytettiin aikaisemmin vuoden 1998 elokuvassa Dark City.
 Roolijako
 Näyttelijä Will Smithiä ehdotettiin Neon rooliin, mutta hän ei suostunut. Hän on myöhemmin sanonut, että jos hän olisi ottanut roolin, hän olisi ”sotkenut” sen. Nicolas Cage ei suostunut rooliin perhesyiden takia, ja Janet Jackson ei suostunut elokuvan rooliin, koska hän oli menossa kiertueelle. Sean Connery torjui Morpheuksen roolin (ja jatko-osissa Arkkitehdin roolin), koska hän ei ymmärtänyt käsikirjoitusta..
 Musiikki
 Elokuvan musiikin sävelsi Don Davis. Hän huomasi, että peilit esiintyvät usein elokuvassa, esimerkiksi peilikuvat sinisistä ja punaisista pillereistä Morpheuksen laseista. Davis keskittyi tähän peilikuva-teemaan musiikkia tehdessään.
 Davisin elokuvamusiikin lisäksi The Matrixin soundtrackilta löytyy myös populaarimusiikkia, esimerkiksi yhtyeet Rammstein, Rob Dougan, Rage Against the Machine, Propellerheads, The Crystal Method, Ministry, Deftones, The Prodigy, Rob Zombie, Meat Beat Manifesto, Massive Attack ja Marilyn Manson ovat mukana.
 Lähteet
 Aiheesta muualla
 Markku Soikkeli: Matrix
 Matrix
 Vuoden 1999 yhdysvaltalaiset elokuvat
 Wachowskin sisarusten ohjaamat elokuvat
 Parhaan leikkauksen Oscar-palkinnon saaneet elokuvat
 Parhaan äänityksen Oscar-palkinnon saaneet elokuvat
 Parhaiden äänitehosteiden Oscar-palkinnon saaneet elokuvat
 Parhaiden erikoistehosteiden Oscar-palkinnon saaneet elokuvat
 Seulonnan keskeiset artikkelit
 Warner Brosin elokuvat