type: contracts

jurisdiction: EU

text:
 Avis juridique important
 |
 22001D0111(05)
 Decisione del Comitato misto SEE n. 90/2000, del 27 ottobre 2000, che modifica l'allegato XI (servizi di telecomunicazione) dell'accordo SEE
 Gazzetta ufficiale n. L 007 del 11/01/2001 pag. 0011 - 0012
 Decisione del Comitato misto SEEn. 90/2000del 27 ottobre 2000che modifica l'allegato XI (servizi di telecomunicazione) dell'accordo SEEIL COMITATO MISTO SEE,visto l'accordo sullo Spazio economico europeo, modificato dal protocollo che adegua l'accordo sullo Spazio economico europeo, in appresso denominato "l'accordo", in particolare l'articolo 98,considerando quanto segue:(1) L'allegato XI dell'accordo è stato modificato dalla decisione n. 67/2000 del Comitato misto SEE del 2 agosto 2000(1).(2) Occorre integrare nell'accordo la decisione n. 1215/2000/CE del Parlamento europeo e del Consiglio, del 16 maggio 2000, che proroga la validità della decisione n. 710/97/CE su un approccio coordinato di autorizzazione nel settore dei servizi di comunicazioni personali via satellite nella Comunità(2),DECIDE:Articolo 1Al punto 5ca (decisione n. 710/97/CE del Parlamento europeo e del Consiglio) dell'allegato XI dell'accordo, prima degli adattamenti, viene aggiunto quanto segue:", modificata da:- 32000 D 1215: Decisione n. 1215/2000/CE del Parlamento europeo e del Consiglio, del 16 maggio 2000 (GU L 139 del 10.6.2000, pag. 1)".Articolo 2I testi della decisione n. 1215/2000/CE nelle lingue islandese e norvegese, da pubblicare nel supplemento SEE della Gazzetta ufficiale delle Comunità europee, fanno fede.Articolo 3La presente decisione entra in vigore il 28 ottobre 2000, a condizione che al Comitato misto SEE siano pervenute tutte le notifiche previste dall'articolo 103, paragrafo 1, dell'accordo(3).Articolo 4La presente decisione è pubblicata nella sezione SEE e nel supplemento SEE della Gazzetta ufficiale delle Comunità europee.Fatto a Bruxelles, il 27 ottobre 2000.Per il Comitato misto SEEIl PresidenteG. S. Gunnarsson(1) GU L 250 del 5.10.2000, pag. 50.(2) GU L 139 del 10.6.2000, pag. 1.(3) Non è stata comunicata la sussistenza di obblighi costituzionali.


type: caselaw

text:
 29.5.2004
 SL
 Uradni list Evropske unije
 C 146/3
 Predlog za predhodno odločanje, ki so ga s sklepom z dne 2. aprila 2004 predložili VAT and Duties Tribunals, London Tribunal Centre, v zadevi Abbey National plc (in Inscape Investments Ltd kot drugotožeča stranka) proti Commissioners of Customs and Excise.
 (Zadeva C-169/04)
 (2004/C 146/04)
 Predlog za sprejem predhodne odločbe so Sodišču Evropskih skupnosti predložili VAT and Duties Tribunals, London Tribunal Centre, s sklepom z dne 2. aprila 2004, ki ga je Sodno tajništvo prejelo dne 5. aprila 2004, v zadevi Abbey National plc (in Inscape Investments Ltd kot drugotožeča stranka) in Commissioners of Customs and Excise glede naslednjih vprašanj:
 1.
 Ali oprostitev za „upravljanje posebnih investicijskih skladov, ki jo določijo države članice“ po členu 13B (d) (6) Šeste direktive o DDV (1), pomeni da so države članice pristojne določiti dejavnosti, ki pomenijo „upravljanje“ posebnih investicijskih skladov, in so pristojne tudi določiti posebne investicijske sklade, ki lahko imajo koristi od te oprostitve?
 2.
 Če je odgovor na vprašanje 1 negativen in je treba dati besedi „upravljanje“ iz člena 13B (d) (6) Šeste direktive o DDV samostojen pomen v pravu Skupnosti in v luči Direktive Sveta 85/611/EGS o usklajevanju zakonov in drugih predpisov o kolektivnih naložbenih podjemih za vlaganja v prenosljive vrednostne papirje, vključno z njenimi spremembami, („Direktiva KNPVP“) (2) ali so provizije depozitarja oziroma skrbnika za storitve, ki jih opravljata na podlagi členov 7 in 14 Direktive KNPVP, nacionalnih predpisov in zadevnih pravil za sklade, oproščene storitve „upravljanja posebnih investicijskih skladov“ po členu 13B (d) (6) Šeste direktive o DDV?
 3.
 In ponovno, če je odgovor na vprašanje 1 negativen in je treba dati besedi „upravljanje“ iz člena 13B (d) (6) Šeste direktive o DDV samostojen pomen v pravu Skupnosti, ali se oprostitev za „upravljanje posebnih investicijskih skladov“ po členu 13B (d) (6) Šeste direktive o DDV uporablja za storitve, ki jih opravljajo poslovodje tretjih v zvezi z vodenjem in upravljanjem skladov?
 (1) Šesta direktiva Sveta 77/388/EGS z dne 17. maja 1977 o usklajevanju zakonodaje držav članic o prometnih davkih – Skupni sistem davka na dodano vrednost: enotna osnova za odmero (UL L 145, 13.06.1977, str. 1) [ni na voljo v Slovenščini].
 (2) z dne 20. decembra 1985 (UL L 375, 31.12.1985, str. 3) [ni na voljo v Slovenščini].


type: wikipedia

text:
Ekvádor (staršie názvy pozri nižšie), dlhý názov Ekvádorská republika, je štát v Južnej Amerike. Ekvádor leží na severozápade Južnej Ameriky. Jeho západné pobrežie v dĺžke viac než 2200 kilometrov obmýva Tichý oceán. Ekvádor hraničí s Kolumbiou a s Peru. Jeho súčasťou je aj známe súostrovie Galapágy, nachádzajúce sa asi 1 000 km západne od pobrežia.
 Názov
 Slovenské podoby krátkeho tvaru názvu tohto štátu sú resp. boli:
 Ekvádor: Toto je v súčasnosti normovaný a záväzný slovenský názov . Prvýkrát bol štandardizovaný na úrovni geografickej štandardizácie (a aj sa na mapách začal používať) v roku 1974 a na úrovni jazykových slovníkov v roku 1991 (i keď sa v jednom dvojjazyčnom slovníku SAV vyskytuje už v roku 1979 ). Vyskytoval sa ale v literatúre už krátko pred rokom 1974 a ojedinele aj v dávnejšej minulosti.
 Ecuádor: Tento tvar uvádzali jazykové slovníky (ako predpísaný tvar) od konca 60. rokov 20. storočia do 80. rokov 20. storočia a používal sa aj predtým v období po druhej svetovej vojne. Od roku 1974 bol v rozpore s vyššie uvedeným geografmi štandardizovaným názvom Ekvádor.
 Ecuador: Tento tvar sa používal od 19. storočia do 60. rokov 20. storočia.
 Ekuador: Tento tvar sa používal od 19. storočia zhruba do 40. rokov 20. storočia.
 Ekvador: Tento tvar sa ojedinele vyskytuje v 2. polovici 20. storočia.
 Dejiny
 Vyspelé domorodé kultúry prosperovali v Ekvádore dávno predtým, ako bola táto oblasť dobytá Inkami v 15. storočí. Sobášom sa oblasť Quita stala súčasťou Inkskej ríše. Atahualpa, jeden zo synov inkského vládcu, sa narodil v Quite. Ale nezdedil ríšsku korunu, pretože vládca mal ďalšieho syna Huascara, narodeného v Cuscu, hlavnom meste Inkskej ríše. Preto bola ríša rozdelená na dve: Atahualpa dostal sever s hlavným mestom Quito a Huascar zdedil juh s hlavným mestom Cusco. V roku 1531 dobyvatelia pod velením F. Pizarra prenikli do Inkskej ríše vďaka občianskej vojne v tejto ríši. Atahualpa sa chcel spojiť so Španielmi, poraziť Huascara a vládnuť nad zjednotenou Inkskou ríšou. Španieli sa usadili v pevnosti Cajamarca, zajali Atahualpu a a držali ho vo väzení kvôli výkupnému. Aby si zabezpečil prepustenie, dal Atahualpa naplniť sálu po okraj zlatom. Počas svojho väzenia dal Atahualpa zavraždiť svojho nevlastného brata Huascara v Cuzcu. Nato Španieli ovládli Inkskú ríšu. Napriek obkľúčeniu a početnej prevahe obliehateľov, Španieli popravili Atahualpu. Aby unikli z obkľúčenia v pevnosti, vypálili Španieli zo všetkých kanónov a prelomili línie rozzúrených Inkov. V nasledujúcich rokoch sa španielski kolonisti stali novou elitou sústreďujúcou svoje sily v Peru.
 Domorodé obyvateľstvo bolo zdecimované v prvých desaťročiach španielskej vlády chorobami v čase, keď boli pôvodní obyvatelia nútení k práci nazývanej "encomienda" pre španielskych zemepánov. V roku 1563 sa Quito stalo sídlom kráľovskej "audiencie" (administratívnej oblasti) Španielska a súčasťou Španielskeho vicekráľovstva Peru so sídlom v Lime.
 Po skoro 300 rokoch španielskej kolonizácie bolo Quito mestom s cca. 10 000 obyvateľmi a až v roku 1822 sa Ekvádor spojil s Republikou Veľká Kolumbia Simona Bolívara, a v roku 1830 sa stal hlavným mestom nezávislej republiky Ekvádor.
 Celé 19. storočie bolo poznamenané nestabilitou s rýchlou výmenou vládcov. Konzervatívec Gabriel Garcia Moreno zjednotil krajinu v rokoch 1860 s podporou rímskokatolíckej cirkvi. Koncom roka 1800 dopyt po kakau previazal hospodárstvo na vývoz tejto komodity a viedol k migrácii z náhorných plošín do poľnohospodárskej oblasti na pobreží.
 Pobrežná liberálna revolúcia v roku 1895 pod vedením Eloy Alfaro obmedzila moc duchovenstva a toto liberálne krídlo si udržalo moc až do vojenského prevratu v roku 1925. Roky 1930 a 1940 boli poznamenané populistickými politikmi, ako napríklad päťnásobným prezidentom menom José María Velasco Ibarra.
 Nadvláda nad oblasťou Amazonu viedla k dlhotrvajúcim sporom medzi Ekvádorom a Peru. V roku 1941, v čase rýchlo narastajúceho napätia medzi dvoma krajinami, vypukla vojna. Peru tvrdilo, že ekvádorská armáda inváziou obsadila oblasť nárokovanú štátom Peru, kým Ekvádor tvrdil, že inváziu použilo Peru. V júli 1941 bola mobilizovaná armáda. Peru malo v zbrani 11 681 mužov a čelilo zle zásobovaným a slabo vyzbrojeným ekvádorským silám v počte 5 300 vojakov, z ktorých len o niečo viac ako 1 300 bolo umiestnených v južných provinciách. Boje prepukli 5. júla 1941, keď peruánske sily prekročili na viacerých miestach rieku Zarumilla, testujúc silu a umiestnenie ekvádorských pohraničných jednotiek. Nakoniec 23 júla 1941 Peruánci spustili hlavnú inváziu, prekročili rieku Zarumilla a postúpili do ekvádorskej provincie El Oro. V priebehu vojny Peru získalo kontrolu nad celým sporným územím, okupovalo ekvádorskú provinciu El Oro a niektoré časti provincie Loja, približne 6% krajiny, žiadajúc ekvádorskú vládu, aby sa vzdala svojich územných nárokov. Peruánske námorníctvo blokovalo prístav Guayaquil znemožňujúc tak zásobovanie ekvádorských jednotiek. Po niekoľkých týždňoch bojov a pod tlakom USA a mnohých latinsko-amerických krajín boli boje zastavené. Ekvádor a Peru dospeli k dohode formalizovanej v Protokole z Ria , podpísanej 29. januára 1942. Následkom víťazstva Peru získalo sporné územie. Nasledovali ešte dve vojny.
 Recesia a ľudové nepokoje viedli k návratu politikov a zásahu domácej armády v 60. rokoch 20. storočia, zatiaľ čo zahraničné firmy ťažili zdroje ropy v ekvádorskej Amazonii. V roku 1972 bolo ukončené vybudovanie Andského ropovodu, ktorý dodával ropu z východu na pobrežie, čím sa z Ekvádora stal druhý najväčší ťažič ropy v Južnej Amerike. V tom istom roku junta zvrhla vládu a zostala pri moci až do roku 1979, keď bolo zavedených viacero demokratických ústavných opatrení. V roku 1982 vláda čelila hospodárskej kríze, charakterizovanej vysokou infláciou, deficitom rozpočtu, padajúcou menou, rastúcou dlhovou službou a nekonkurencieschopným priemyslom, čo viedlo k chronickej nestabilite vlády.
 Veľa rokov zlého vedenia štátu, ktoré sa začali zneužívaním štátneho dlhu v 70. rokoch 20. storočia počas vojenského režimu, zanechalo krajinu v podstate v stave bezvládia. V polovici 90. rokov bola vláda Ekvádora charakterizovaná slabou výkonnou mocou, ktorá sa snažila zaliečať vládnucej triede, zastúpenej v zákonodarnom zbore a súdnictve. Poslední 3 demokraticky zvolení prezidenti nedokázali dovládnuť do konca svojho volebného obdobia.
 Medzi najpodstatnejšie faktory demokratickej nestability patrí prejavovanie sa domorodého obyvateľstva v úlohe aktívneho účastníka. Obyvateľstvo bolo vedené zlyhaním vlády splniť sľuby týkajúce sa pozemkovej reformy, zníženia nezamestnanosti a historického vykorisťovania statkárskou elitou. Ich hnutie, spolu s pokračujúcim destabilizačným úsilím tak elity ako aj ľavicových hnutí viedlo k zhoršeniu postavenia výkonnej moci. Verejná správa a iné odvetvia vlády poskytujú prezidentovi iba veľmi málo politického kapitálu, s ktorým môže pracovať tak, ako sa to stalo v apríli 2005, keď ekvádorský kongres odvolal prezidenta menom Lucia Gutiérrez. Viceprezident Alfredo Palacio prebral jeho miesto a očakávalo sa, že zostane pri moci až do ďalších riadnych volieb.
 Politika
 Politika v Ekvádore sa uplatňuje v rámci prezidentského systému zastupujúceho demokratickú republiku, kde prezident Ekvádora je hlavou štátu, existuje aj predseda vlády a pluralitný systém strán. Výkonnú moc predstavuje vláda. Legislatívna moc je zverená tak vláde, ako aj Národnému kongresu Ekvádoru. Súdnictvo je nezávislé od výkonnej moci a zákonodarného zboru.
 Ekvádor často kladie dôraz na multilaterálny prístup k medzinárodným otázkam. Ekvádor je členom OSN (a väčšiny jej špecializovaných agentúr) a členom mnohých regionálnych zoskupení, vrátane Skupiny z Ria, Latinskoamerický ekonomický systém, Latinsko-americkej energetickej organizácie, Latinsko-amerického integračného združenia a Andského paktu.
 Ekvádor udržuje úzke vzťahy s USA. V roku 2006 porušenie zmluvy zo strany Occidental, pobočky severoamerickej ropnej spoločnosti, spôsobilo napätie vo vzťahoch USA a Ekvádora. Ekvádorská vláda vyhlásila zmluvu s ropným obrom za neplatnú, čo bolo potom hlavným dôvodom prieťahov v rokovaniach o slobodnom obchode (Free Trade Agreement) medzi oboma krajinami. Zmluva Atpdea čoskoro vyprší, čo znamená, že obchod s USA značne poklesne, a núti Ekvádor, aby sa poobzeral po iných medzinárodných trhoch.
 Geografia
 Ekvádor má tri hlavné zemepisné oblasti, plus jednu ostrovnú v Tichom oceáne.
 Costa („pobrežie“) pozostáva z nízkopoloženého pobrežného pásu ležiaceho na západe krajiny. Ide o pobrežie Pacifiku.
 Sierra („vrchy“) pozostávajú z vysokohorského vertikálneho pásu prebiehajúceho stredom krajiny. Topografia je výsledkom Andského horotvorného procesu.
 Oriente („východ“) pozostáva z oblasti amazonského dažďového pralesa vo východnej často krajiny, predstavujúcej čosi menej ako polovicu plochy celej krajiny, hoci tam žije menej ako 5 % obyvateľstva.
 Región insular („ostrovný región“) sú oblasť pozostávajúca zo súostrovia Galapágy, asi 1000 km západne od pevniny v Tichom oceáne.
 Hlavným mestom Ekvádora je Quito; nachádza sa v provincii Pichincha v horskej časti krajiny. Najväčším mestom je Guayaquil, ležiace v provincii Guayas na pobreží. Cotopaxi, ležiace na juh od Quito, je susediaca provincia toho istého mena. Sopka Cotopaxi sa často mylne považuje za najvyššiu aktívnu sopku sveta, hoci viacero končiarov v severnom Čile a južnom Peru je vyšších a aktívnejších (prinajmenšom v súčasnosti).
 Provincie
 Ekvádor je rozdelený na 24 provincií, každá so svojím správnym strediskom. Správne strediská sú uvádzané v zátvorkách.
 Hospodárstvo
 Ekvádor má významné zdroje ropy a bohaté poľnohospodárske oblasti. Keďže krajina vyváža hlavne výrobky ako olej, banány, a krevety, fluktuácie cien na svetovom trhu môžu mať podstatný dopad na domáce hospodárstvo. Priemysel je v prevažnej miere zameraný na služby pre domáci trh. Zhoršujúca sa hospodárska výkonnosť v rokoch 1997-98 vyústila do vážnej hospodárskej a finančnej krízy v roku 1999. Kríze predchádzal celý rad vonkajších otrasov, vrátane klimatického fenoménu El Niño v roku 1997, prudký prepad cien ropy v rokoch 1997-98 a nestabilita medzinárodných trhov v rokoch 1997-98. Tieto faktory opisujú neudržateľnú zmes politiky ekvádorskej vlády, zmes veľkých fiškálnych deficitov a expanzívnej peňažnej politiky a následné 7,3% pokles HDP, medziročnú infláciu 52,2 % a 65% znehodnotenie meny v roku 1999, čo viedlo k bezprecedentnému kolapsu splácania zahraničných dlhov v uvedenom roku.
 Dňa 9. januára 2000 administratíva prezidenta Jamila Mahuada oznámila svoj úmysel prijať americký dolár ako oficiálnu menu Ekvádora, aby sa vyrovnala s pokračujúcou hospodárskou krízou. Prijatie dolára, namiesto naviazania miestnej meny na dolár, znamená, že výhody razobného pripadnú hospodárstvu USA. Následné protesty viedli k odstráneniu Mahuada z úradu a vymenovaniu viceprezidenta Gustava Noboa za prezidenta.
 Vláda prezidenta Noboa potvrdila záväzok zaviesť USD ako ústredný krok stratégie hospodárskej obnovy. Vláda takisto začala rokovania s Medzinárodným menovým fondom (MMF), vrcholiace dohodnutím 12-mesačného stand-by úveru. Dodatočné politické iniciatívy pozostávajú zo snáh o zníženie vládneho fiškálneho deficitu, zavedenie štrukturálnych reforiem na posilnenie bankového systému a získanie prístupu k trhu súkromného kapitálu. Posilnené vysokými cenami ropy zažilo ekvádorské hospodárstvo mierne ozdravenie v roku 2000, s nárastom HDP predstavujúcim 1,9%. Ale 70 % obyvateľstva žije pod hranicou chudoby, čo je viac ako dvojnásobok miery vykazovanej pred 5 rokmi. Inflácia v roku 2000 zostala vysoká - na 96,1% -, ale miera inflácie trvalo klesá. Mesačná inflácia vo februári 2001 dosahovala 2,9%.
 Obyvateľstvo
 Obyvateľstvo Ekvádora je etnicky značne zmiešané. Najväčšiu etnickú skupinu predstavujú mestici, miešanci potomkov španielskych kolonistov a domorodých Američanov, ktorí dosahujú viac ako 65 % obyvateľstva. Domorodí Američania sú druhou najpočetnejšou skupinou a tvoria približne štvrtinu obyvateľstva - okolo 25 %. Bieli sú hlavne španielski kreoli, prvotne španielskeho pôvodu a tvoria 7 %. Malá černošská menšina — vrátane mulatov a zambov, hlavne v oblasti Esmeraldas — predstavuje zvyšok.
 Tropický lesný región východne od Vrchov zostáva stále riedko osídlený a predstavuje iba asi 3% obyvateľstva.
 Napriek tomu, že ústava požaduje aby sa 30 % HDP venovalo na vzdelávanie, vláda oznámila cieľ iba 11 % rozpočtu. Odhaduje sa, že výdavky hrubého domáceho produktu (HDP) dosiahnu 4% v roku 2003. UNICEF uvádza gramotnosť 90 %, ale poznamenáva, že táto miera stagnuje už vyše 10 rokov. UNESCO udáva, že iba 87 % učiteľov základných škôl a 72 % stredoškolských učiteľov má príslušné vzdelanie. Systém verejného vzdelávania je bezplatný a školská dochádzka je povinná od veku 5 do veku 14 rokov. Ale ministerstvo školstva uvádza, že len 10 % päťročných má skutočne prístup k dennému vzdelávaniu, a že len 66 % mladistvých ukončí šiesty rok školy. Vo vidieckych oblastiach len 10% mladistvých navštevuje strednú školu. Štatistika ministerstva uvádza strednú školskú dochádzku 6,7 roka. Ekvádor má 61 univerzít, veľa z nich v súčasnosti poskytuje vyššie vzdelanie, ale iba 18 % fakúlt verejných univerzít má možnosť poskytovať vyššie vzdelanie. 300 vyšších inštitútov ponúka 2 až 3 ročné odborné alebo technické vzdelávanie. Zákon o reforme vysokého školstva poveril dohľadom nad týmito slabo regulovanými inštitútmi CONESUP.
 Vierovyznanie
 Približne 68% Ekvádorcov je rímskokatolíckeho vyznania. Veľká časť obyvateľstva vieru praktizuje a navštevuje omše pravidelne. Vo vidieckych oblastiach Ekvádora sú domorodá viera a kresťanstvo sú niekedy synkretické.
 Ako v každej inej latinskoamerickej krajine, zaznamenal protestantizmus masívny rast, špeciálne v chudobných vidieckych oblastiach. Iné zoskupenia, ako napríklad Svedkovia Jehovovi a Mormoni, takisto zvyšujú počty členov.
 Existuje malá moslimská menšina čítajúca niekoľko tisíc osôb. Židovská komunita má iba o niečo viac ako 1 000 členov, hlavne nemeckého a talianskeho pôvodu.
 Kultúra
 Prevládajúca kultúra v Ekvádore je definovaná ekvádorskou väčšinou mesticov a ich predkami, je zmesou európskej a juhoamerickej kultúry s určitými africkými prvkami zdedenými po zotročených predkoch. Ekvádorské domorodé komunity sú zväčša viac čo menej integrované do týchto mainstreamových kultúr, a to najmä vzdialenejšie domorodé komunity Amazonskej kotliny.
 Šport
 Najľudovejším športom v Ekvádore je tak ako vo väčšine juhoamerických krajín futbal. Niekoľko najznámejších tímov : Barcelona S.C. a F.C. Emelec z Guayaquilu, Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito a El Nacional (ekvádorské ozbrojené sily) z Quita, Olmedo z Riobamby a Deportivo Cuenca z Cuency.
 Futbal je obzvlášť populárny pre masovú účasť. Prejavuje sa značný záujem o tenis v strednej a vyššej vrstve ekvádorskej spoločnosti a niekoľkí ekvádorskí profesionálni hráči dosiahli medzinárodného ohlasu, vrátane mien ako Francisco Segura či Andrés Gómez a v 90. rokoch Nicolás Lapentti. Basketbal má taktiež veľkú popularitu, pretože medzi ekvádorské špeciality patrí Ecuavolley, variácia volejbalu pre troch hráčov. Býčie zápasy sa praktizujú na profesionálnej úrovni iba v Quite, počas výročných slávností na pamiatku založenia mesta Španielmi, hoci nekrvavá forma tohto športu, nazývaná rodeos montubios, sa praktizuje v mnohých vidieckych oblastiach počas miestnych slávností.
 Kuchyňa
 Kuchyňa je v Ekvádore veľmi rôznorodá; mení sa s nadmorskou výškou spolu s podmienkami pre poľnohospodárstvo. Cuy (pečené morča domáce) je populárne v horských oblastiach. Existuje celá paleta čerstvého ovocia, najmä v nižších polohách. Morské plody sú populárne na pobreží, predovšetkým corvina a garnáty. Aj krevety sú veľmi populárne a čerstvé. Strava ponúkaná na uliciach v Ekvádore sú zemiaky s opekanou bravčovinou. Fanesca je jedlo známe v Ekvádore, je to šošovicová polievka so sušenou treskou, mliekom a početnými druhmi fazule, napr. zelenou fazuľou, lima fazuľou a chochos.
 Slováci, ktorí tu pôsobili
 Martin Križan (* 1912† 1990) rímskokatolícky kňaz, salezián, jazykovedec, misionár (misionárom v Ekvádore bol 37 rokov).
 Ján Šutka (* 1930† 2014) rímskokatolícky kňaz, salezián, misionár (misionárom v Ekvádore bol 54 rokov).
 Zdroje
 Iné projekty
 Externé odkazy
 Ekvádor
 Členovia OSN
 Štáty v Južnej Amerike


type: other

text:
« Pabalsuokim dvigubai geriau!?
 Dar kartą apie Sodros reformą: kokia ji turi būti »
 Parašė Remigijus Šimašius 2010-02-09 18:09
 komentarai (496) | “Krikščionybė ir ekonominė laisvė”
 Plėtojant temą galima paminėti protestantizmo (ypatingai Kalvino) idėjas. Pagrindiniai Kalvino mokymo postulatai: darbas, laisvė, racionalus laiko panaudojimas (galbūt todėl Šveicarija ir išgarsėjo savo laikrodžiais :D). Galima sakyti, jog būtent su protestantizmu plito ir kapitalistinės, laisvos rinkos idėjos, kurias perėmė puritonai ir puikiai pritaikė Šiaurės Amerikoje.
 Nors ir neesu nei katalikų socialinių mokslų, nei laisvosios rinkos ekspertu, ir net neabejoju, kad Kęstutis Kėvalas ir Remigijus Šimašius šiuos klausimus išmano geriau už mane, vis tik norisi pakomentuoti.
 “Dažnai atrodo, kad religija ir laisvė - toli viena nuo kitos. Juo labiau Romos katalikų bažnyčia ir laisvosios rinkos tvarka bei ekonominio liberalizmo idėja.” Atrodo, kad ir popiežiams taip neatrodo. Leonas XIII, Pijus XI, Jonas XXIII, Paulius VI ir Jonas Paulius II, visi pastarieji popiežiai kalbėjo, kad “nevaldoma” laisva rinka negali užtikrinti gerovės, kad būtina kištis ir reguliuoti algas, kad vakarai išnaudoja skurdžias šalis o privalo jas remti, kad katalikai turėtų skatinti valdžią tai daryti, kad reikia kurti darbuotojus ginančias profesines sąjungas. Na, džiugu tai, kad vis tik tai sakydami nepamiršo aiškiai pasmerkti socialistų, ir užtikrinti, kad privati nuosavybė turi būti gerbiama. Tačiau, jei neklystu, kalbant apie nuosavybę, katalikų socialinis mokslas skelbia, kad nors ji ir turi būti tvarkoma privačiai, nes vienas šeimininkas tvarkosi geriau, tačiau jos vaisiais turi būti dalinamasi su visais, negalima kaupti daugiau, nei reikalauja poreikiai - juk godumas nuodėmė. Ypač smerktinas dalykas - skolinti ir gauti palūkanas.
 “Pavyzdžiui, austrų ekonominė mokykla, kuri ekonomikos mokslą nuosekliai remia metodologinio individualizmo ir subjektyvios vertės pagrindais, yra kilusi iš viduramžių vienuolynų ir vėlyvųjų scholastų mokymų.”
 Įdomu būtų paskaičiuoti, kiek tie patys vienuolynai pagimdė komunitarinių teorijų. Keletas Ispanijos scholastų - dar ne visą krikščionybė. Vien ko vertas, tiesa, gerokai naujesnis, katalikiškas socialinis judėjimas Lotynų Amerikoje - “išsilaisvinimo teologija”.
 “Pakankamai pagrįsta yra netgi teigti, kad Vakarų civilizacija, su savo atvirumu, laisvės idealais, tradicijos ir liberalizmo derinimu remiasi krikščionybe.”
 Tikriausiai ne krikščionybe pačia savaime, o tuo, ką gero ji sugebėjo pasiimti ir inkorporuoti iš jau prieš ją buvusios graikiškos ir romėniškos minties tradicijos. O turint galvoje jos kuklią pradžią - gi “geroji naujiena” nėra išsami teorija, ir nepretenduoja tokia būti, ilgainiui teko pasiimti labai daug. Juk ir tie minimi laisvai rinkai nusipelnę Salamankos scholastai - Aristotelio “anūkai” =]
 Savo abejones išdėstęs vis tik noriu prisidėti prie sveikinimų gerbiamam ponui Kėvalui. Tikrai džiugu, kai lietuviai gauna tokius apdovanojimus.
 Stebėtinų ir netikėtų sąsajų tarp viduramžių jėzuitų vienuolių propaguojamos verslo etikos ir klasikinio liberalizmo idėjų yra pastebėjęs ir F. A. von Hayek’as bei L. von Mises’as.
 O kad dabartiniai bažnyčios tarnai bei popiežius dažnai pasiduoda socializmo idėjų įtakai - jokia naujiena. Tai nekart pastebėta. Nieko nuostabaus - juk jie žmonės kaip ir kiti.
 Gal nesupratau p. Gedimino bei paties įrašo autoriaus:
 prielaida (supaprastinta): vieni krikščionys pasisakė už laisvą ekonomiką, kiti pasisakė už socializmą (tiesa, už socializmą pasisako žymiai daugiau; o ir pats Jėzus pasisakė už socializmą!)
 išvada: krikščionybė yra už laisvą ekonomiką; nekreipkite dėmesio į pasisakančius už socializmą, “jie irgi žmonės” (turite galvoj Jėzus irgi?..)
 Nematau kaip iš prielaidos seka išvada (nors į tai šiuo įrašu panašu pretenduojama)? Beja, priešingą išvadą dalinai suprasčiau.
 “išvada: krikščionybė yra už laisvą ekonomiką; nekreipkite dėmesio į pasisakančius už socializmą, “jie irgi žmonės” (turite galvoj Jėzus irgi?..)”
 Tai kad čia standartinė krikščioniška pozicija ir kitais klausimais - mol tikėkite, kad krikščioniškas dievas yra ultimate gėris beigi tobulų moralės normų šaltinis ir tiesiog nekreipkite dėmesio į tai, kad biblijoje dievas explicitly toleruoja vergiją, liepia žudyti nepaklusnius vaikus, kitatikius, ateistus, neskaisčias merginas, burnojančius prieš dievą, dirbančius sekmadieniais, šiaip smalsius, nuodėmingųjų vaikus bei begalę kitų niekuo dėtų žmonių.
 Perskaicius si irasa, komentarus po juo ir kiek pamascius mano isvada tokia: zmogaus religija ir jo politines paziuros neturi nieko bendra. Krikscionis gali but ir radikalus komunistas, ir radikalus laisvarinkininkas, ir nuosaikus independentas. Lygiai taip pat visku kuo gali but netikintis ar bet kokio kito tikejimo zmogus.
 “Pritempinet”, kad laisve yra kone gimus is religijos man atrodo apskritai keistas uzsiemimas. Laisve yra geras daiktas ir prasom jos nesisavint. Ir neklijuot jai religiniu etikeciu. Beje, mane sudomino, kac cia buvo pamineta Europa kaip ypatingos laisves kulturos ir pagarbos laisvei lopsys. Bet juk mes amziais kruvas koloniju aplink pasauli sau vergaut vertem, kruvas civilizaciju ir zmoniu uzjuriuose isnaikinom, galu gale ir ta pati darem ir su savo kaimynais, taip pat ir religiniais motyvais prisidengdami, ypac isismarkavom praeitam amziuj per abu pasaulinius karus. Nematau priezasciu, kodel kazkas turetu noret i mus lygiuotis.
 Bet labai dziaugiuos musu kunigo pasiekimu ivertinimu. Nuosirdus sveikinimai! Ir dekui, kad praneset cia naujiena.
 Aišku, žmogaus išpažįstama religija ir jo politinės pažiūros - skirtingi dalykai. Ir Jėzus nepasisakė ir negalėjo pasisakyti už socializmą - tokios sąvokos atsirado gerokai vėliau, tik XIX am. O krikščionys, nepriklausomai nuo rango bažnytinėje hierarchijoje, gali būti įvairiausių ideologijų pasekėjai. Todėl ir nepriimtinas kai kurių bažnyčios tarnų politikavimas bažnyčiose, ar viešas agitavimas kokios nors ideologijos ar politinės grupuotės naudai. Nieko stebėtina, kad yra pastebėtos kai kurių istorinių etinių doktrinų sąsajos su šiuolaikinėmis ideologijomis. Ir Šventajame Rašte rastume nemažai jų, susijusių ir su socalizmu, ir su kapitalizmu. Kad visose visuomenėse daugiau pritariančių socialistinėms idėjoms irgi visai natūralus reiškinys - verslumas, iniciatyvumas, sugebėjimas prisiimti atsakomybę už savo veiksmus yra drąsios mažumos prerogatyva. Tokia jau žmogaus prigimtis, kurią tobulinant ir tampama geresniu.
 2010-02-14 15:42
 Prisipažinsiu, man šis komentaras pasirodė pritemptas prie progos. Dėl krikščionybės gal ir sutikčiau, tačiau tai, kad katalikybė yra pati konservatyviausia krikščionybės dalis, turbūt mažai kas abejotų. Ką vien celibatas reiškia (kur čia laisvė?). Teko bendrauti su vienu estu - gal žymiausių šioje šalyje aktų tapytoju. Jis nuoširdžiai juokdamasis prisiminė savo nuotykį, kai mėgino “gyvai” tapyti aktą: “Žiniasklaidoje tai buvo aprašoma kaip skandalas, nepadorumo pavyzdys, tačiau pats mačiau, kaip pro vos pravertas duris mano darbą stebėjo smalsios akys, gal net to straipsnio autoriaus?..” Kartais netgi mes panašius dalykus pavadiname davatkizmu.
 Panašių tabu katalikybėje, deja, apstu, ir tai nieko bendra neturi su laisvu pasirinkimu, laisva valia. Nors gal klystu...
 P.S. Užmiršau parašyti, kad tas garsusis aktas (gal kas prisimena ir tą publikaciją) buvo tapomas Vilniuje.
 Atsiprašiau, kad rašiau ne apie šią temą, bet aš niekur negaliu surasti jūsų elektronino pašto adreso, ne čia (http://www.lrvk.lt/lt/vyriausybe/apie-vyriausybe/ministrai/remigijus-simasius/), ne čia (http://www.tm.lt/struktura/kontaktineinfozm/151). Net keista. Aš irgi norėčiau atsiprašyti dėl to kad rašyti lietuviškai nelabai sėkasi man. Aš ne lietuvis, aš amerikietas. O mano klausimas būtų toks: kodėl aš su mano žmona jaučiamės kaip nusikaltėliai kai einame į teismą? O mūsų nusižengimas? Tik kad mes nusipirkome namą ir turime nepilnamečių vaikų. Net nereikia akcentuoti, kad žmonės (isškyrius vieno) kuri ten dirba nemandagu ir nepaslaugu, nors seniai nebuvau matęs tokių nemandagų ir nepaslaugų valstybės tarnautojų. Bet kodėl taip sunku gauti informaciją apie pro formą prašymą/dokumentą (įkeisti nekilnojamo turtą)? „Mes nesuteikome teisinės pagalbos.“ O juk mes nesame nusikaltėliai. Teismas turi padėti žmonėms ir saugoti jiems nuo nusikaltėlių. „Samdyti advokatą.“ Atsiprašiau, bet man sunku patikėti, kad reikia samdyti advokatą (o įsivaizduoju, kad brangiai teks mokėti), kad toks reikaliukas būtų sutvarkyta. Ypač sunku kai jau sumokėjome didžiulus pinigus notarams (apie LTL 2000), nes reikėjo kitus dokomentus sutvarkyti. Gerai. Tokia sistema. Bet kodėl egzistuoja sistemą, kuri verčia žmones jausti kad jie kažką blogai daro (ar bent baudžia žmonėms—financinė prasmė), kai kaip tik norime gėrinti šeimos padėtį? Siūlyčiau kad netūrėtų būti taip, o galėtų būti kitaip—kad valstybės tarnautojai (o kažkodėl jie pamiršo arba nesupranta, kad jų atlyginimas - is mokeščių aš moku valstybei) galėtų suteikti be minimalią informaciją apie sią procedurą ir kad jie (net ir teisme) galėtų mandagai elgtis su paprastais dorais piliečiais (ir ne tik piliečiais).
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Киселото мляко е млечнокисел продукт, който се получава в резултат на протичането на млечнокисела ферментация в млякото. В широк мащаб то се произвежда в балканските страни, а също и в други страни по света поради добрите му вкусови, диетични и лечебни качества. Два са основните микроорганизми, които участват в процеса на ферментацията на кисело мляко – Lactobacillus bulgaricus и Streptococcus thermophilus. Те се намират в симбиотична връзка и този съюз между двете бактерии е ползотворен за тяхното оцеляване и ефикасност само когато са заедно. Не е възможна ферментация при наличие на само една от бактериите. Всяка една от двете бактерии има своята роля в процеса на ферментацията. Процесът на ферментация приключва по естествен път, чрез охлаждане. При няколкодневен престой на топло (извън хладилник) ферментацията продължава, млякото вкисва, вкусът става неприятно кисел.
 История
 Липсват точни данни за произхода на киселото мляко. Една от теориите за неговото възникване се свързва с траките. Древна Тракия разполагала с плодотворна почва, богата растителност и добри пасища. Всичко това допринесло да се развие цветущо овцевъдство. И поради това основното домашно животно на траките била овцата. Траките забелязали, че прокисналото мляко се запазва по-продължително от прясното. Чрез прибавяне на прокиснало мляко в прясно сварено получили продукт известен като квасено мляко или „прокиш“.
 Предполага се, че киселото мляко води началото си от млечнокиселата напитка „кумис“, която прабългарите приготвяли от кобилешко мляко. След като се заселили на Балканския полуостров и възприели отглеждането на овце, започнали да правят „кумис“ и от овче мляко. Прабългарите произвеждали и кисело мляко под името „катък“, като подквасвали прясно овче мляко с „размивка“ от сирене. Този продукт обикновено се приготвял в края на лятото, когато млякото е с по-високо съдържание на сухо вещество. Уйгурите, живеещи в областта Синджан в Северозападен Китай, наричат киселото мляко „кътхък“. Те го приготвят както от кобилешко, така и от овче мляко. Този факт, който може лесно да бъде проверен, заедно с теорията за първоначалните местообиталища на прабългарите, навежда към теорията за прабългарския произход на киселото мляко.
 Нито една от тези теории не е доказана напълно.
 Чингиз хан (1206 – 1227) използвал киселото мляко за храна в армията и като средство за консервиране на месото. Млякото било запазвано в овчи стомаси. Под действието на наличната микрофлора, в млякото протичала млечнокисела ферментация, в резултат на което се получавало киселото мляко. След като го изгребвали, напълвали стомасите отново с прясно мляко, а останалото кисело мляко служело за закваска.
 В Западна Европа киселото мляко става известно благодарение на френския крал Франсоа I. Кралят страдал от тежка и нелечима диария. Той помолил за помощ своя съюзник османския султан Сюлейман Великолепни. Той му изпраща лекар, който успява да го изцери с диета от кисело мляко. В знак на благодарност френският крал разпространил информацията из Европа за храната, която успяла да го излекува.
 В началото на XX век в най-известния за това време институт „Пастьор“ в Париж постъпил на работа големият руски биолог Иля Мечников (1845 – 1916). Той допуснал, че стареенето на човека е болест като всяка друга. Мечников приема, че белтъчните вещества в дебелите черва загниват, при което се получават токсични амини, вредни за човека. Те се абсорбират от организма и предизвикват промени в тъканите на артериалните стени. В резултат настъпват старчески изменения при хората, които водят към прекомерно ранна смърт. Мечников смята, че вредното действие на тези микроорганизми би могло да се намали чрез подходящи лактобацили.
 Мечников отдава големия брой столетници в България на редовното консумиране на кисело мляко. Така тъй пръв поставя строга научна основа за хранителните, диетичните и лечебните свойства на киселото мляко и обръща вниманието на световната общественост към него.
 Убеден в превъзходните качества на киселото мляко като хранителен продукт, през последните 10 години от живота си Мечников редовно консумира кисело мляко.
 Пръв проучил микрофлората на кисело мляко Стамен Григоров (1878 – 1945), студент по медицина в Женева. През 1905 г. той я описал като състояща се от една пръчковидна и една кълбовидна млечнокисела бактерия. През 1907 г. пръчковидната бактерия е наречена Lactobacillus bulgaricus. През 1917 г. Orla Jensen доказва, че при производството на кисело мляко освен Lactobacillus bulgaricus участват и коки (кълбовидни микроорганизми) наречени Streptococcus thermophilus.
 Микрофлора
 Микрофлората на кисело мляко е съставена от Lactobacillus bulgaricus и Streptococcus thermophilus.
 Lactobacillus bulgaricus се отнася към хомоферментативните лактобацили. Бактерийните клетки са пръчковидни, с широчина под 2 μm. Расте при 45 °C, дори и при 50 – 53 °C. Не расте при 15 °C. Оптималната температура за растеж е 40 – 43 °C. Всяко изменение в състава на средата и температурата на култивиране предизвиква промени в морфологичните и физиологичните особености на вида.
 Другият компонент на микрофлората в киселото мляко е Streptococcus thermophilus. Бактерийните клетки са сферични или овални с диаметър 0,7 – 0,9 μm. Разположени са по двойки, в къси и дълги верижки. Оптималната му температура за растеж е между 40 и 45 °C. Расте и при 50 °C, но не и при 53 °C. Не расте под 20 °C.
 Произхода на двете бактерии е от растенията. Смята се, че вследствие на контакта на животните с растенията по време на паша, бактериите полепвали по вимето на животното и при доене те попадали в прясното мляко. Така станало възможно образуването на киселото мляко.
 Под действието на Lactobacillus bulgaricus и Streptococcus thermophilus в киселото мляко настъпват промени в млечната захар, в белтъчните вещества и в млечната мазнина, и се формират неговият вкус и аромат.
 Състав, хранителни, диетични и лечебни свойства
 По време на млечнокиселата ферментация микрофлората на киселото мляко предизвиква дълбоки промени в състава на млякото. Получените метаболити оказват благотворно влияние и редица здравословни ефекти върху организма на индивида.
 Състав
 Химичният състав на киселото мляко и промените, които са настъпили под действието на млечнокиселите бактерии, определят хранителната стойност на продукта. По състав киселото мляко наподобява прясното, от което се получава, но в много отношения се различава от него. Химичният състав на отделните видове кисело мляко се определя от вида на прясното мляко, от породата на животните, от храненето, от прилаганата технология и други.
 Хранителна стойност
 Хранителната стойност се определя от съдържанието на хранителни вещества и от възможността тези съставки да се използват от организма. Киселото мляко има по-висока хранителна стойност от прясното мляко. Причина за това са настъпилите промени под действието на Lactobacillus bulgaricus и Streptococcus thermophilus. Съдържанието на млечната захар в киселото мляко се понижава с 20 – 30%. Останалото количество млечна захар служи като източник на енергия 4,1 kcal. Киселото мляко е богат източник на калций за задоволяване нуждите на човека. Калцият поддържа възбудимостта на сърдечния мускул. Има изключително голямо значение за правилното функциониране на нервната система. Стимулира действието на жлезите с вътрешна секреция и ускорява съсирването на кръвта. Киселото мляко е незаменим източник на калций за хората, които страдат от лактозна непоносимост, както и за жените на средна възраст, които страдат често от деформация на костите поради недостиг на калций.
 Потискащи и антитуморни свойства
 Lactobacillus bulgaricus и Streptococcus thermophilus не само повишават хранителната и биологичната стойност на киселото мляко, но му придават и лечебни свойства. Киселото мляко съдържа вещества, които потискат развитието на редица патогенни и непатогенни микроорганизми. Установено е, че микрофлората на киселото мляко синтезира антибиотични и антимикробни вещества, които действат потискащо върху микроорганизмите от чревния тракт, особено на гнилостните микроорганизми. Киселото мляко е мощно биологично средство за борба срещу някои хранителни отравяния. Киселото мляко притежава и антитуморно действие, тонизира организма.
 Диетични и лечебни свойства
 Все повече нараства интересът по отношение на връзката между храната, съдържанието на холестерол в кръвта и сърдечносъдовите заболявания. Храни, които понижават високото съдържание на холестерол в серума на кръвта, са изключително желани. Редовното приемане на кисело мляко намалява значително холестерола в серума на кръвта. Обикновено съдържанието на холестерол значително се понижава в продължение на 7 дни от началото на приемане на киселото мляко. Киселото мляко е ценна добавка в храната на диабетиците, която трябва да бъде с намалено съдържание на мазнина, за да се осигури по-добро понасяне на въглехидратите. Това налага киселото мляко за диабетици да се приготвя от обезмаслено мляко.
 При приемането на антибиотици през устата биологичното равновесие в червата се разстройва. В резултат настъпват тежки заболявания на храносмилателната система. Системното приемане на кисело мляко се отразява изключително благоприятно върху възстановяването на биологичното равновесие на чревната микрофлора. Редовното му консумиране спомага за създаването и поддържането на неспецифични имунологични реакции в организма на човека. Това е от особено значение при приемането на стерилни храни, което се свързва с появата на някои вирусни заболявания, особено на хепатит. Като цяло киселото мляко има имуностимулиращ ефект. То е ефикасно средство против диариите, запека и други стомашно-чревни болести. Помага за главоболието и е особено известно за премахването на махмурлука. И благодарение на всичките си тези лечебни свойства българското кисело мляко допринася за по-бавното стареене на организма.
 Като храна за кърмачета
 Благотворното въздействие на киселото мляко върху развитието на детския организъм се дължи на по-лесното смилане на киселото мляко и по-лесното му понасяне, по-доброто използване на белтъка, калция и желязото и заради неговите лечебни и тонизиращи свойства.
 Използване на киселото мляко при животновъдството
 Българското кисело мляко е много ефикасно средство при лекуването на телата от стомашно-чревни разстройства и болести при животните. Прибавянето на кисело мляко в храната на животните значително подобрява тяхната имунна система, здравословното им състояние и съответно подобрява качеството на месото и продуктите, които се получават от тях, и се повишава техния прираст.
 Кое кисело мляко отговаря на описанието „българско“ според националния стандарт
 Българското кисело мляко и щамовете от Lactobacillus bulgaricus са продукти, патентовани в Патентното ведомство на Република България. Производството му се осъществява по БДС 12:2010 Българско кисело мляко. Общи изисквания.
 Този национален стандарт се отнася за кисело мляко, произведено от краве, овче, биволско, козе мляко или смесено мляко чрез заквасване със симбиотични култури на Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus и Streptococcus thermophilus, изолирани в България и неподлагани на генетична модификация, предназначено за консумация.
 БДС 12:2010 заменя и отменя БДС 12:1982. Още по-стар стандарт е БДС 12:1972, който е действал от 1.1.1971 до 1.1.1982, когато бива заменен от БДС 12:1982.
 Вижте също
 Айрян
 Таратор
 Музей на киселото мляко и проф. Стамен Григоров в с. Студен извор
 Национален стандарт за българско кисело мляко
 Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus
 Литература и източници
 „Българското кисело мляко – здраве и дълголетие“, Проф. д-р б. н. Христо Чомаков, Изд. „Земиздат“, София 1987 г.
 Ц. Захариев, Е. Динчева, „Ветеринарно-санитарна експертиза на хранителните продукти от животински произход“, том II, стр.116 – 120
 Външни препратки
 Луи XI и киселото мляко
 Млечни продукти
 Десерти
 Българска кухня
 Турска кухня


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 Důležité právní upozornění
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 21998D1008(09)
 Úřední věstník L 272 , 08/10/1998 S. 0013 - 0013
 Rozhodnutí Smíšeného výboru EHPč. 9/98ze dne 6. března 1998,kterým se mění příloha II (Technické předpisy, normy, zkoušení a certifikace) Dohody o EHPSMÍŠENÝ VÝBOR EHP,s ohledem na Dohodu o Evropském hospodářském prostoru ve znění Protokolu o úpravě Dohody o Evropském hospodářském prostoru (dále jen "Dohoda"), a zejména s ohledem na článek 98 této dohody,vzhledem k tomu, že příloha II Dohody byla změněna rozhodnutím Smíšeného výboru EHP č. 92/97 [1];vzhledem k tomu, že směrnice Komise 97/10/ES ze dne 26. února 1997, kterou se potřetí přizpůsobuje technickému pokroku příloha I směrnice 76/769/EHS o sbližování právních a správních předpisů členských států týkajících se omezení uvádění na trh a používání některých nebezpečných látek a přípravků (karcinogeny, mutageny a látky toxické pro reprodukci) [2], by měla být začleněna do Dohody,ROZHODL TAKTO:Článek 1V bodě 4 (směrnice Rady 76/769/ES) kapitoly XV přílohy II Dohody se doplňuje nová odrážka, která zní:"— 397 L 0010: směrnice Komise 97/10/ES ze dne 26. února 1997 (Úř. věst. L 68, 8.3.1997, s. 24)."Článek 2Znění směrnice 97/10/ES v islandském a norském jazyce, která tvoří přílohu odpovídajících jazykových verzí tohoto rozhodnutí, jsou platná.Článek 3Toto rozhodnutí vstupuje v platnost dnem 7. března 1998 za předpokladu, že Smíšenému výboru EHP jsou učiněna veškerá oznámení podle čl. 103 odst. 1 Dohody.Článek 4Toto rozhodnutí bude zveřejněno v oddíle EHP a v dodatku EHP Úředního věstníku Evropských společenství.V Bruselu dne 6. března 1998.Za Smíšený výbor EHPpředsedaF. Barbaso[1] Úř. věst. L 193, 9.7.1998, s. 48.[2] Úř. věst. L 68, 8.3.1997, s. 24.--------------------------------------------------


text:
Douce Audrina : l'enfant sans passé est un téléfilm américain réalisé en 2016 par Mike Rohl. Il s'agit de l'adaptation cinématographique du roman de la romancière américaine Virginia C. Andrews intitulé Ma douce Audrina (My Sweet Audrina).
 Synopsis
 Audrina grandit sans jamais sortir de la maison familiale. Elle porte le même prénom que sa sœur, assassinée dans les bois à l'âge de 9 ans. Hantée par des cauchemars, elle va progressivement découvrir la vérité qui entoure la mort de sa grande sœur.
 Distribution
 Distribution
 India Eisley : (VF : Léopoldine Serre) Audrina Adare
 William Moseley : Arden Lowe
 James Tupper : Damian Jonathan Adare
 Tess Atkins : Vera
 Kirsten Robek : Lucietta Adare
 Jennifer Copping : Ellsbeth
 Kacey Rohl : Vera 15 ans
 Farryn VanHumbeck : Audrina 12 ans
 Matthew Kevin Anderson : Lamar Rensdale
 Seth Isaac Johnson : Arden 15 ans
 Imogen Tear : Audrina 9 ans
 Hannah Cheramy : Vera 11 ans
 Cory Gruter-Andrew : Arden 11 ans
 Références
 Téléfilm américain des années 2010


text:
Diallo M'Bodji Sène (nascida em 1952) é uma engenheira de estatística do Mali e a única mulher nomeada Ministra Delegada no Mali. Ela foi presidente do Conselho de Administração do Conselho Regulador de Telecomunicações no Mali.
 Antecedentes e carreira
 Sène nasceu em Bamako, Mali. Estudou Engenharia Estatística no CESD em França (1974) e no CEDOR na Roménia (1978). Ela obteve diplomas especiais em Programação de Computadores na Cepia de Versailles em 1986 e no IAI Libreville em 1989. De 1975 a 1991, ela trabalhou na Direcção Nacional de Estatística e Informática antes de ser nomeada para o quadro administrativo sénior como Assessora Técnica no Ministério do Planeamento e Cooperação Internacional, primeiro de 1991-1992 e 1997-2000. De 1993 a 1997, tornou-se Economista Nacional do Projecto PNUD Natcap. Ela foi transferida para o Ministério para a Promoção da Mulher, da Criança e da Família como Assessora Técnica 2000-2001 e tornou-se Chefe de Gabinete do ministério em 2002. No mesmo ano, foi nomeada Ministra Delegada do Emprego e Promoção Profissional até 2 de maio de 2004, quando foi confirmada Ministra do mesmo ministério, de onde foi transferida para o Ministério da Promoção da Mulher, Criança e Família em 2005.
 Pessoas vivas
 Nascidos em 1952
 Políticos do Mali


type: legislation

text:
 20.4.2017
 NL
 Publicatieblad van de Europese Unie
 L 104/1
 UITVOERINGSVERORDENING (EU) 2017/702 VAN DE COMMISSIE
 van 4 april 2017
 tot inschrijving van een naam in het register van beschermde oorsprongsbenamingen en beschermde geografische aanduidingen (Marche (BGA))
 DE EUROPESE COMMISSIE,
 Gezien het Verdrag betreffende de werking van de Europese Unie,
 Gezien Verordening (EU) nr. 1151/2012 van het Europees Parlement en de Raad van 21 november 2012 inzake kwaliteitsregelingen voor landbouwproducten en levensmiddelen (1), en met name artikel 52, lid 2,
 Overwegende hetgeen volgt:
 (1)
 Overeenkomstig artikel 50, lid 2, onder a), van Verordening (EU) nr. 1151/2012 is de aanvraag van Italië tot registratie van de naam „Marche” bekendgemaakt in het Publicatieblad van de Europese Unie
 (2).
 (2)
 Aangezien bij de Commissie geen bezwaren zijn ingediend overeenkomstig artikel 51 van Verordening (EU) nr. 1151/2012, moet de naam „Marche” worden ingeschreven in het register van beschermde oorsprongsbenamingen en beschermde geografische aanduidingen,
 HEEFT DE VOLGENDE VERORDENING VASTGESTELD:
 Artikel 1
 De naam „Marche” (BGA) wordt ingeschreven in het register van beschermde oorsprongsbenamingen en beschermde geografische aanduidingen.
 Met de in de eerste alinea vermelde naam wordt een product aangeduid van categorie 1.5 (Oliën en vetten (boter, margarine, spijsolie enz.)) als opgenomen in bijlage XI bij Uitvoeringsverordening (EU) nr. 668/2014 van de Commissie (3).
 Artikel 2
 Deze verordening treedt in werking op de twintigste dag na die van de bekendmaking ervan in het Publicatieblad van de Europese Unie.
 Deze verordening is verbindend in al haar onderdelen en is rechtstreeks toepasselijk in elke lidstaat.
 Gedaan te Brussel, 4 april 2017.
 Voor de Commissie,
 namens de voorzitter,
 Phil HOGAN
 Lid van de Commissie
 (1) PB L 343 van 14.12.2012, blz. 1.
 (2) PB C 474 van 17.12.2016, blz. 6.
 (3) Uitvoeringsverordening (EU) nr. 668/2014 van de Commissie van 13 juni 2014 houdende uitvoeringsbepalingen van Verordening (EU) nr. 1151/2012 van het Europees Parlement en de Raad inzake kwaliteitsregelingen voor landbouwproducten en levensmiddelen (PB L 179 van 19.6.2014, blz. 36).