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Η τζαζ είναι ένα μουσικό είδος που αποτέλεσε εξέλιξη της λαϊκής αμερικανικής μουσικής κατά τον 19ο αιώνα, με αφρικανικές καταβολές. Περιλαμβάνει αρκετά μουσικά είδη που στηρίχτηκαν σε ένα κοινό σκεπτικό κατασκευής, τον μερικό ή και ολικό αυτοσχεδιασμό. Γνώρισε σημαντική ανάπτυξη και διεθνή αναγνωρισιμότητα κατά τη δεκαετία του 1920.
 Ορισμός
 Αν και υπάρχει μεγάλη δυσκολία να οριστεί η Τζαζ στο σύνολό της, ένας ορισμός που διευκρινίζει εν μέρει το περιεχόμενό της είναι ότι πρόκειται για μία μουσική στην οποία ο μουσικός εκτελεί μελωδικές παραλλαγές πάνω σε μία δεδομένη αρμονική βάση και αυτό σε διάλογο με τον ρυθμικό παλμό.
 Βέβαια, από το δεύτερο μισό του 20ού αιώνα και μετά, όταν η αβάν γκαρντ της τζαζ απέρριψε το προκαθορισμένο αρμονικό πρότυπο, ο ορισμός αυτός δεν θεωρείται επαρκής για όλα τα είδη της Τζαζ.
 Ένας σημαντικός συνθέτης και πιανίστας της Τζαζ, ο Τελόνιους Μονκ (Thelonious Monk, 1917-1982) είχε πει:
 "Η Τζαζ είναι Ελευθερία".
 Και πράγματι, ο αυξημένος βαθμός αυτοσχεδιασμού που περικλείει το είδος αυτό σε κάθε συστατικό της μουσικής (Μελωδία, Αρμονία, Ρυθμό) μας επιβεβαιώνει το βασικό αυτό πλαίσιο της μουσικής Τζαζ. Εάν στα παραπάνω χαρακτηριστικά προσθέσουμε ότι, αντικειμενικός στόχος κάθε μουσικού της Τζαζ είναι να απελευθερώσει τις μουσικές ιδέες που έχει στο μυαλό του και να τις παίξει στο μουσικό του όργανο ή να τις τραγουδήσει, τότε η έκφραση αυτή του Τελόνιους Μονκ γίνεται ακόμη πιο συγκεκριμένη.
 Ο μουσικός της τζαζ, ασκείται επίπονα σε γνωστά συστατικά στοιχεία της μουσικής, κοινά για κάθε μουσικό είδος όπως οι Κλίμακες, οι Συγχορδίες, η Μελωδία, ο Ρυθμός, η Αρμονία, ώστε να είναι σε θέση, οι μελωδίες που ακούει με το μυαλό του να κατευθύνουν τα δάχτυλά του, σε μια πραγματικά προσωπική έκφραση, σε ένα διάλογο με τον εαυτό του, τους μουσικούς που τον συνοδεύουν και με το κοινό.
 Ετυμολογία
 Η ετυμολογία της λέξης τζαζ παραμένει ανεξιχνίαστη παρόλο που κατά καιρούς επικράτησαν διάφορες γνώμες. Σύμφωνα με μια εκδοχή, η τζαζ πήρε το όνομά της από τον χορευτή Τζάζμπο Μπράουν ενώ μια άλλη υποστηρίζει πως η ονομασία τζαζ προέρχεται από τη συντόμευση του ονόματος κάποιου μουσικού Τσάρλς (Charles, chas, jass, jazz) ή Τζάσπερ.
 Λέγεται, επίσης, ότι η λέξη τζαζ σχηματίστηκε από το γαλλικό ρήμα jaser (οι λευκοί της Νέας Ορλεάνης μιλούσαν τότε γαλλικά) που σημαίνει φλυαρώ, επειδή η φλυαρία υπονοεί τον αυτοσχεδιασμό..
 Χαρακτηριστικά γνωρίσματα
 Μπορούμε να συνοψίσουμε κάποια βασικά χαρακτηριστικά γνωρίσματα του τζαζ είδους, τα οποία αν και δεν ορίζουν απόλυτα την τζαζ, βοηθούν σημαντικά στην αναγνώριση της:
 Η τζαζ παρουσιάζει ιδιομορφίες σε σχέση με την Ευρωπαϊκή μουσική, καθώς δεν χρησιμοποιεί μόνο τις βασικές κλίμακες της Ευρωπαϊκής μουσικής δηλ. μείζονες και ελάσσονες (σύστημα που αντικατέστησε τον 17ο αιώνα τους Εκκλησιαστικούς Τρόπους της Δυτικής Εκκλησιαστικής Μουσικής), αλλά και πολλές άλλες κλίμακες με προέλευση από την Αφρική και αλλού, που χρησιμοποιούνται σε μίξη με τις ευρωπαϊκές αρμονίες. Συχνά οι μουσικοί της Τζαζ, τη στιγμή του αυτοσχεδιασμού, σκέφτονται και επιλέγουν νότες με βάση τις κλίμακες που αποδίδουν καλύτερα το αρμονικό πλαίσιο μιας συγχορδίας. Έτσι, καθώς οι συγχορδίες που χρησιμοποιούνται στην τζαζ είναι συχνά έντονα διάφωνες (7ης, 9ης, 11ης, 13ης, αυξημένες, ελαττωμένες, κλπ.), πολλές από τις κλίμακες περιέχουν επίσης διάφωνες νότες σε διάφορα σημεία της κλίμακας ώστε να αποδίδουν καλύτερα το αρμονικό υπόβαθρο της συνοδείας.
 Η τζαζ στηρίζεται βαθύτατα σε ένα ακόμη αφρικανικό στοιχείο, το ρυθμό, ο οποίος αποτελεί θεμελιώδες συστατικό της καθώς οργανώνει τη μουσική. Οι ρυθμοί της τζαζ μουσικής είναι περισσότερο σύνθετοι και με συνεχείς παραλλαγές που εναλλάσσονται, συνήθως δύο ή τεσσάρων τετάρτων.
 Στη τζαζ μουσική, ο ήχος των μουσικών οργάνων αλλά και η φωνή, χρησιμοποιούνται με έναν ξεχωριστό τρόπο. Το ιδιαίτερο "χρώμα" του τζαζ ήχου, οφείλεται σε μεγάλο βαθμό στην ανορθόδοξη τεχνική παιξίματος από τους πρώτους και αυτοδίδακτους μουσικούς της. Κύριο χαρακτηριστικό της τζαζ είναι πως τα όργανα χρησιμοποιούνται σαν ανθρώπινες φωνές.
 Η τζαζ έχει διαμορφώσει ειδικές μουσικές φόρμες και ένα ιδιαίτερο ρεπερτόριο. Οι δύο βασικές φόρμες που χρησιμοποιεί είναι το μπλουζ (ένα κύριο θέμα, κατά κανόνα δώδεκα μέτρων) και η μπαλάντα (τυποποιημένο είδος συνήθως 32 μέτρων).
 Κυρίαρχο στοιχείο της τζαζ είναι ακόμη οι ίδιοι οι οργανοπαίκτες και οι προσωπικοί αυτοσχεδιασμοί τους πάνω στο κυρίως μουσικό θέμα. Η σύνθεση στην τζαζ είναι κατά κανόνα απλή για ενορχήστρωση και διάφορες παραλλαγές στα πλαίσια του ατομικού ή ομαδικού αυτοσχεδιασμού.
 Ιστορία της τζαζ
 Η τζαζ εμφανίστηκε ως αναγνωρίσιμο και ξεχωριστό μουσικό είδος περίπου το 1900. Πριν από αυτή τη χρονιά εκτείνεται η προϊστορία της, το χρονικό διάστημα δηλαδή κατά το οποίο συγχωνεύτηκαν όλα τα μουσικά αλλά και κοινωνικά συστατικά της. Για την περίοδο αυτή δεν υπάρχουν πολύ σημαντικές μαρτυρίες.
 Θεωρείται δεδομένο πως οι καταβολές της τζαζ μουσικής είναι αφρικανικές. Οι έγχρωμοι σκλάβοι, οι οποίοι, προερχόμενοι κατά κύριο λόγο από τη Δυτική Αφρική, μεταφέρθηκαν στο Νότο των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών, μετέφεραν μέρος των παραδόσεων τους, μεταξύ των οποίων κυρίως λατρευτικά έθιμα αλλά και μουσικά αφρικανικά χαρακτηριστικά, όπως η ρυθμική πολυπλοκότητα και οι αφηρημένες μουσικές κλίμακες. Μεταφέρθηκαν ακόμη ορισμένα είδη τραγουδιού, καθώς και μουσικές φόρμες όπως η πολυφωνία και ο αυτοσχεδιασμός.
 Στην Αμερική εκείνης της εποχής, καθαρές μορφές αφρικάνικης μουσικής συναντάμε ως επί το πλείστον στην τελετουργική ή θρησκευτική μουσική και στα λαϊκά τραγούδια όπως τα αποκαλούμενα χόλερς. Από αρκετά νωρίς ωστόσο, η μαύρη μουσική έρχεται σε μίξη με "λευκά" στοιχεία και η γέννηση της τζαζ αποτέλεσε τελικά προϊόν αυτής της πρόσμιξης. Στην πραγματικότητα, η τζαζ γεννήθηκε στο σταυροδρόμι της ισπανικής, της γαλλικής και της αγγλοσαξονικής πολιτισμικής παράδοσης. Όλα αυτά τα μουσικά ιδιώματα αναμείχθηκαν και η μαύρη λαϊκή μουσική εξελίχθηκε μέσα σε πολύ σύντομο χρονικό διάστημα, με την ανάπτυξη παράλληλα του μπλουζ τραγουδιού αλλά και την εξέλιξη των περισσότερων θρησκευτικών σπιρίτσουαλς (spirituals).
 Στο τέλος του 19ου αιώνα, όλες οι διαφορετικές προσμίξεις φαίνεται πως έφτασαν στο σημείο της δημιουργίας του πρώτου αναγνωρίσιμου τζαζ είδους, του ράγκταϊμ (ragtime). Το ράγκταϊμ ήταν κυρίως μουσική με συνοδεία πιάνου και με χαρακτηριστικό συγκοπτόμενο ρυθμό. Περίπου στα 1900, το ράγκταϊμ αφομοιώθηκε από ένα άλλο μουσικό είδος, το Τιν Παν Άλι. Αυτή η διαδικασία συνεχίστηκε σε όλη τη μετέπειτα εξέλιξη της τζαζ, δηλαδή κάποιο πρωτογενές στιλ τζαζ να ενσωματώνεται στην βιομηχανία της ελαφριάς μουσικής.
 Γενέτειρα της τζαζ μουσικής θεωρείται συνήθως η Νέα Ορλεάνη. Αν και οι διάφορες προσμίξεις των ευρωπαϊκών και αφρικανικών στοιχείων γέννησαν διαφορετικές μουσικές φόρμες σε πολλά σημεία της αμερικανικής ηπείρου, η Νέα Ορλεάνη διεκδικεί περισσότερο από κάθε άλλη πόλη τον τίτλο αυτό, κυρίως διότι εκεί η τζαζ ορχήστρα αποτέλεσε μαζικό φαινόμενο, γεγονός που αποτυπώνεται και στην ύπαρξη τουλάχιστον τριάντα ορχηστρών στις αρχές του 1900. Επιπλέον αποτέλεσε τον τόπο γέννησης και δράσης πολλών τζαζ μουσικών, ήδη από το 1870. Η Νέα Ορλεάνη αποτελούσε παράλληλα την μοναδική μεγαλούπολη του αμερικανικού Νότου, αστικό κέντρο, εξαγωγικό λιμάνι αλλά και πρωτεύουσα των φυτειών του Δέλτα του Μισσισιπή. Υποστηρίζεται ακόμη πως το μουσικό είδος που αναπτύχθηκε στη Νέα Ορλεάνη ήταν το πρώτο που έλαβε την ονομασία τζαζ (jazz, νωρίτερα συναντάται και ο όρος jass).
 Η ανάπτυξη της τζαζ μουσικής στο δεύτερο μισό του 19ου αιώνα δεν υπήρξε τυχαία ή ανεξάρτητη, καθώς σε αυτή τη χρονική περίοδο σημειώθηκαν πολλές επαναστάσεις στις λαϊκές τέχνες. Ενδεικτικά μπορούμε να αναφέρουμε το αγγλικό μιούζικ χολ που φθάνει στο απόγειο του το 1880, το γαλλικό καμπαρέ καθώς και το ανδαλουσιανό φλαμένκο, που έκανε την εμφάνιση του περίπου το 1870 στην Ισπανία.
 Εξάπλωση
 Η διάδοση της τζαζ μουσικής στηρίχθηκε σε μεγάλο βαθμό στη μετανάστευση ή τις περιοδείες πολλών έγχρωμων και μη μουσικών. Οι μουσικοί της Νέας Ορλεάνης είχαν αρχίσει να περιοδεύουν σε ολόκληρη την Αμερική από πολύ νωρίς και σε κάθε τόπο αποτελούσαν ερέθισμα για τους ντόπιους μουσικούς, γεγονός που βοήθησε σημαντικά στην ανάπτυξη και εξέλιξη της τζαζ.
 Η ανακάλυψη του γραμμοφώνου συντέλεσε επίσης αποφασιστικά στην εξάπλωση του νέου μουσικού είδους. Ο πρώτος τζαζ δίσκος ηχογραφήθηκε το 1917 από την ορχήστρα Original Dixieland Jass Band. Οι δίσκοι της "λευκής" αυτής ορχήστρας προκάλεσαν αίσθηση -- αν και κατατάσσονται από πολλούς σε ένα είδος "νόθας" τζαζ, εμπλουτισμένης με εμπορικά μουσικά στοιχεία -- και λειτούργησαν ως το ορόσημο της λεγόμενης "εποχής της τζαζ". Παράλληλα, η μεγάλη αύξηση του έγχρωμου πληθυσμού στις αμερικανικές μεγαλουπόλεις είχε ως αποτέλεσμα την εμφάνιση του αποκαλούμενου race record, δηλαδή του δίσκου γραμμοφώνου που προοριζόταν αποκλειστικά για το "μαύρο" κοινό, στον οποίο οφείλεται η βασική ακουστική πληροφόρηση για την πρώιμη τζαζ. Χάρη στην αξιοσημείωτη ανάπτυξη αυτής της ειδικής αγοράς, πολλοί μαύροι καλλιτέχνες είχαν τη δυνατότητα να ηχογραφήσουν αν και η τζαζ δεν περιορίστηκε στις ειδικές αυτές σειρές.
 Η εμφάνιση του ραδιοφώνου στις αρχές της δεκαετίας του 1920 είχε επίσης συμβολή στη διάδοση της τζαζ. Ο πρώτος ραδιοφωνικός σταθμός στην Αμερική ξεκίνησε να εκπέμπει το 1922 στο Πίτσμπουργκ. Στη δεκαετία του 1920 η τζαζ είχε πλέον διαμορφωθεί σε πανεθνικό αμερικανικό μουσικό ιδίωμα, ενώ στα τέλη της κάνουν την εμφάνισή τους και ευρωπαϊκά μουσικά συγκροτήματα.
 Αυτοσχεδιασμός στη τζαζ
 Ορισμός
 Ο αυτοσχεδιασμός με έναν απλό τρόπο, ορίζεται ως η μη προσχεδιασμένη δημιουργία. Η ανάγκη του ανθρώπου για αυτοσχεδιασμό, είναι σίγουρα συνυφασμένη με την ανάγκη για έκφραση και την έμφυτη δημιουργικότητά του. Σε όλες τις εποχές συναντάμε τον αυτοσχεδιασμό σε ποικίλες εκδηλώσεις, από την κατασκευή ενός τραγουδιού μέχρι και την δημιουργία μιας τεχνικής κατασκευής.
 Αν και πολλοί πιστεύουν πως ο μουσικός αυτοσχεδιασμός είναι ιδίωμα της παραδοσιακής μουσικής διαφόρων χωρών και από τις σημερινές μουσικές κυρίως της τζαζ, στην πραγματικότητα και στην εποχή ακόμη της φορμαρισμένης "κλασικής" μουσικής, η ανάγκη για αυτοσχεδιασμό υπήρξε και εκδηλωνόταν. Η "Κατέντσα" ενός Κοντσέρτου για παράδειγμα, το σημείο δηλ. όπου ο μουσικός σε μια παύση της ορχήστρας, αναλάμβανε να παίξει ένα δύσκολο και εντυπωσιακό μέρος επιδεικνύοντας ταυτόχρονα τις δεξιοτεχνικές ικανότητές του, ήταν εξ ολοκλήρου αυτοσχεδιασμένη. Σήμερα βέβαια κάτι τέτοιο δεν συμβαίνει, αφού οι κατέντσες είναι από πριν γραμμένες και απομνημονευμένες. Επίσης η "Φαντασία", η μουσική αυτή μορφή που ξεκινά από τον 16ο αιώνα, έχει καθαρά χαρακτήρα αυτοσχεδιαστικό ενώ σπουδαίοι συνθέτες και εκτελεστές όπως οι Μπαχ, Μότσαρτ, Μπετόβεν, Λιστ και άλλοι, ήταν και μεγάλοι δεξιοτέχνες του αυτοσχεδιασμού.
 Βεβαίως, για να μπορέσει σε όλες αυτές τις περιπτώσεις ο αυτοσχεδιασμός να αναχθεί σε τέχνη είναι απαραίτητο να υπάρξει ένα σύστημα άσκησης των αυτοσχεδιαστικών ικανοτήτων.
 Η προσέγγιση του τζαζ αυτοσχεδιασμού
 Καταρχάς κάθε επιπέδου μουσικός είναι ικανός για αυτοσχεδιασμό με αποτελέσματα βέβαια ανάλογα του επιπέδου σπουδών και εξάσκησής του. Αυτή η βεβαιότητα είναι και το πρώτο βήμα προσέγγισης στον τζαζ αυτοσχεδιασμό, καθώς συχνά, η ομορφιά και δεξιοτεχνία των εκτελέσεων από τους μεγάλους δημιουργούς της τζαζ, δημιουργεί την αίσθηση ότι πρόκειται για κάτι απρόσιτο σε κάποιον που δεν έχει αυτό το «χάρισμα». Στην πραγματικότητα, το μυστικό που κρύβεται πίσω από όλους τους σημαντικούς μουσικούς που έμειναν στην ιστορία, είναι εκτός από το ταλέντο, η πολύ σκληρή και επίπονη δουλειά επάνω στο μουσικό τους όργανο.
 Ο μεγάλος σαξοφωνίστας της Bebop , Τσάρλι Πάρκερ (Charlie Parker 1920-1954) γνωστός και ως Bird, είχε πει ότι πριν αποφασίσει να εμφανιστεί στο ευρύ κοινό, μελετούσε καθημερινά 11 έως 15 ώρες επί 4 ολόκληρα χρόνια. Εάν λοιπόν η μελέτη είναι κάτι απαραίτητο για μουσικούς αυτού του μεγέθους, πόσο μάλλον ισχύει το ίδιο για τον κάθε επίδοξο μουσικό της τζαζ.
 Οι προϋποθέσεις
 Τρία απαραίτητα στοιχεία χρειάζονται σε κάθε μουσικό που επιθυμεί να προσεγγίσει τον τζαζ αυτοσχεδιασμό.
 Επιθυμία και επιμονή
 Καθώς η διαρκής εξάσκηση στα διάφορα αντικείμενα, η επιμονή στη διόρθωση των λαθών και η κούραση μπορεί να αποτελέσουν αιτίες για εγκατάλειψη της προσπάθειας.
 Ακούσματα τζαζ μουσικής από ηχογραφήσεις ή και ζωντανές εμφανίσεις
 Η τζαζ μουσική από τότε που ξεκίνησε, περιέχει στοιχεία που είναι δύσκολο να καταγραφούν με τη μουσική σημειογραφία στο χαρτί.
 Η έκφραση, οι χρωματισμοί, οι τονισμοί, ο τρόπος που ξεκινά και τελειώνει ένα αυτοσχεδιαστικό μέρος, είναι πράγματα που πολύ λίγο αποτυπώνονται στη σημειογραφία της τζαζ και περισσότερο αποτελούν στοιχεία που ο μουσικός μαθαίνει μέσα από την ακουστική επαφή του με τη μουσική αυτή.
 Η τζαζ μουσική από τη φύση της δεν μπορεί να αντιμετωπιστεί με την πλήρη καταγραφή της όπως ένα έργο της "Κλασικής" μουσικής, αφού έτσι θα πάψει να είναι αυτοσχεδιαστική και θα χάσει την ελευθερία προσαρμογής της, στην προσωπικότητα του εκτελεστή. Άλλωστε, εκατοντάδες διάσημα κομμάτια της τζαζ, έχουν παιχτεί από τον κάθε μουσικό σύμφωνα με την μουσική προσωπικότητά του και τη διάθεση της στιγμής.
 Μέθοδο μελέτης
 Το "τί" θα μελετήσει και το "πώς" θα μελετήσει ο μουσικός, είναι ένα σπουδαίο κεφάλαιο στον δρόμο για την επίτευξη του στόχου που είναι ο δημιουργικός αυτοσχεδιασμός.
 Ένας προγραμματισμός είναι απαραίτητος και θα γίνει ανάλογα με το διαθέσιμο για μελέτη χρόνο.
 Τα αντικείμενα είναι πολλά και ο χρόνος θα πρέπει να μοιραστεί ανάλογα, δίνοντας έμφαση στα σημεία που ο μουσικός υστερεί περισσότερο.
 Τα δομικά στοιχεία του τζαζ Αυτοσχεδιασμού
 Κάθε μουσικός που γνωρίζει την βασική μουσική θεωρία (διαστήματα, κλίμακες, συγχορδίες) και γνωρίζει τα στοιχειώδη στο μουσικό του όργανο, έχει την δυνατότητα να αυτοσχεδιάσει με τα αντίστοιχα, βεβαίως, της τεχνικής του αποτελέσματα. Για να καταφέρει κάτι τέτοιο, σε κάποιο είδος μουσικής που ενδιαφέρεται να αυτοσχεδιάσει, θα πρέπει να γνωρίσει τα βασικά δομικά στοιχεία που αποτελούν τη μουσική του ενδιαφέροντός του. Το ίδιο συμβαίνει είτε πρόκειται για ένα αυτοσχεδιασμένο ταξίμι [<τουρκ. taksim] ως προανάκρουσμα σε κάποιο παραδοσιακό ή λαϊκό τραγούδι, είτε για έναν αυτοσχεδιασμό στη Τζαζ.
 Τρόποι/κλίμακες και βαθμίδες
 Οι πιο βασικές συγχορδίες της Τζαζ αρμονίας βρίσκονται μέσα στην Μείζονα κλίμακα. Η εικόνα παρουσιάζει συνοπτικά την "Φυσική" κλίμακα του ΝΤΟ και όλους τους "τρόπους"/κλίμακες που σχηματίζονται όταν επιλέξουμε για βάση τους, τη μία μετά την άλλη, τις νότες που αποτελούν την κλίμακα αυτή.
 Η τετράφωνη συγχορδία ως βάση για την Τζαζ αρμονία
 Όπως για την ευρωπαϊκή κλασική αρμονία, βάση αποτελεί η τρίφωνη Συγχορδία, για την αρμονία της Τζαζ, βάση αποτελεί η τετράφωνη συγχορδία, δηλ. μία ομάδα από 4 νότες ευρισκόμενες σε απόσταση διαστήματος 3ης, και που ακούγονται ταυτόχρονα.
 Στην λογική του Τζαζ αυτοσχεδιασμού, κάθε τρόπος/κλίμακα αντιστοιχεί και σε μία συγχορδία την οποία μπορεί να περιγράψει μελωδικά/αυτοσχεδιαστικά. Αν δηλ. ξεκινώντας από τον τρόπο Ι που είναι ο "Ιωνικός" θελήσω να βρω ποια είναι η 4φωνη συγχορδία που αντιστοιχεί σε αυτόν, δεν έχω παρά να χτίσω τη συγχορδία κατά διαστήματα 3ης, επιλέγοντας κατά συνέπεια:
 τη νότα της 1ης βαθμίδας που είναι η νότα ΝΤΟ
 τη νότα της 3ης βαθμίδας που είναι η νότα ΜΙ
 τη νότα της 5ης βαθμίδας που είναι η νότα ΣΟΛ
 και τη νότα της 7ης βαθμίδας που είναι η νότα ΣΙ
 Κατά τον τρόπο αυτό, δημιουργώ την 4φωνη συγχορδία που αντιστοιχεί στον τρόπο και που στο συγκεκριμένο παράδειγμα είναι η συγχορδία:
 ΝΤΟ-ΜΙ-ΣΟΛ-ΣΙ, μια συγχορδία "Ντο μεγάλης 7ης" που στην γλώσσα της Τζαζ συμβολίζεται ως C Δ (το γράμμα C είναι το αντίστοιχο με το ελληνικό Ντο).
 Η φόρμα II-V-I
 Βιβλιογραφία
 Έρικ Τζ. Χόμπσμπομ, Η Σκηνή της Τζαζ, μετάφραση: Τάκης Τσήρος, Αθήνα: Εξάντας, 1993.
 Marshall W. Stearns, The Story of Jazz, London-Oxford-New York: Oxford University Press, 1956.
 Εξωτερικοί σύνδεσμοι
 Αμερικανικό Μουσείο της Τζαζ
 Ιστορία της πρώιμης τζαζ
 Smithsonian Jazz
 Montofoli Jazz Festival
 Μουσικά είδη
 Τζαζ μουσική


type: other

text:
subject:(Gyvenimo kokyb po kr ties v io operacojos) – OATD
 You searched for subject:(Gyvenimo kokyb po kr ties v io operacojos). Showing records 1 – 30 of 4916 total matches.
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 1. Protopopova, Asta. Moterų po krūties onkoplastinės bei radikalios modifikuotos mastektomijos gyvenimo kokybės įvertinimas.
 Protopopova, Asta. “Moterų po krūties onkoplastinės bei radikalios modifikuotos mastektomijos gyvenimo kokybės įvertinimas.” 2008. Masters Thesis, Kaunas University of Medicine. Accessed October 21, 2019. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080617_160143-35226 ;.
 Protopopova, Asta. “Moterų po krūties onkoplastinės bei radikalios modifikuotos mastektomijos gyvenimo kokybės įvertinimas.” 2008. Web. 21 Oct 2019.
 Protopopova, Asta. Moterų po krūties onkoplastinės bei radikalios modifikuotos mastektomijos gyvenimo kokybės įvertinimas. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Kaunas University of Medicine; 2008. [cited 2019 Oct 21]. Available from: http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080617_160143-35226 ;.
 2. Kagu, Abubakar Bukar. Globalisation of plea bargaining and its emergence in Nigeria : a critical analysis of practice, problems, and priorities in criminal justice reform.
 Subjects/Keywords: KR Africa
 Kagu, Abubakar Bukar. “Globalisation of plea bargaining and its emergence in Nigeria : a critical analysis of practice, problems, and priorities in criminal justice reform.” 2017. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Sussex. Accessed October 21, 2019. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/66512/ ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.703565.
 Kagu, Abubakar Bukar. “Globalisation of plea bargaining and its emergence in Nigeria : a critical analysis of practice, problems, and priorities in criminal justice reform.” 2017. Web. 21 Oct 2019.
 Kagu AB. Globalisation of plea bargaining and its emergence in Nigeria : a critical analysis of practice, problems, and priorities in criminal justice reform. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Sussex; 2017. [cited 2019 Oct 21]. Available from: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/66512/ ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.703565.
 3. -5889-417X. Studying and improving POSIX asynchronous IO implemented in GLIBC.
 -5889-417X. (2018). Studying and improving POSIX asynchronous IO implemented in GLIBC . (Masters Thesis). University of Texas – Austin. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2152/64120
 -5889-417X. “Studying and improving POSIX asynchronous IO implemented in GLIBC.” 2018. Masters Thesis, University of Texas – Austin. Accessed October 21, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/64120.
 -5889-417X. “Studying and improving POSIX asynchronous IO implemented in GLIBC.” 2018. Web. 21 Oct 2019.
 -5889-417X. Studying and improving POSIX asynchronous IO implemented in GLIBC. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Texas – Austin; 2018. [cited 2019 Oct 21]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2152/64120.
 -5889-417X. Studying and improving POSIX asynchronous IO implemented in GLIBC. [Masters Thesis]. University of Texas – Austin; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2152/64120
 4. Grigonienė, Renata. Pacientų sergančių lėtiniu venų nepakankamumu operacinio gydymo įtaka gyvenimo kokybei.
 Grigonienė, Renata. “Pacientų sergančių lėtiniu venų nepakankamumu operacinio gydymo įtaka gyvenimo kokybei.” 2014. Masters Thesis, Vilnius University. Accessed October 21, 2019. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20140626_192423-62299 ;.
 Grigonienė, Renata. “Pacientų sergančių lėtiniu venų nepakankamumu operacinio gydymo įtaka gyvenimo kokybei.” 2014. Web. 21 Oct 2019.
 Grigonienė, Renata. Pacientų sergančių lėtiniu venų nepakankamumu operacinio gydymo įtaka gyvenimo kokybei. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Vilnius University; 2014. [cited 2019 Oct 21]. Available from: http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20140626_192423-62299 ;.
 5. Buginytė, Alma. Sutrikusios psichikos asmenų subjektyviosios ir objektyviosios gyvenimo kokybės kintamųjų sąsajos.
 URL: http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20140623_183844-14722 ;
 Sutrikusios psichikos asmenų subjektyviosios ir objektyviosios gyvenimo kokybės kintamųjų sąsajos SANTRAUKA Šio darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti, kaip susijusi asmenų, turinčių psichikos sutrikimų, objektyvi gyvenimo kokybė... (more)
 Sutrikusios psichikos asmenų subjektyviosios ir objektyviosios gyvenimo kokybės kintamųjų sąsajos SANTRAUKA Šio darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti, kaip susijusi asmenų, turinčių psichikos sutrikimų, objektyvi gyvenimo kokybė su subjektyviu pasirinktų gyvenimo kokybės rodiklių vertinimu. Pirmoje darbo dalyje supažindinama su pagrindiniais psichikos sutrikimais, ligomis ir mokslinėje literatūroje vartojamais terminais, taip pat šių sutrikimų sukeliamomis psichologinėmis ir socialinėmis pasekmėmis. Pateikiamas gyvenimo kokybės apibūdinimas, pagrindiniai objektyvios gyvenimo kokybės rodikliai, analizuojama įvairių aplinkos ir psichologinių veiksnių bei sveikatos įtaka asmenų, turinčių psichikos sutrikimų, subjektyviam gyvenimo kokybės vertinimui. Antroje darbo dalyje pateikti atlikto tyrimo duomenys. Respublikinėje Vilniaus psichiatrijos ligoninėje buvo atlikta anketinė apklausa, kurioje tirti 95 suaugę žmonės, turintys psichikos sutrikimų ir tyrimo metu gydęsi šioje ligoninėje. Tyrimo metu buvo nustatyta, kad dauguma respondentų psichikos liga serga seniai ir dažnai gydosi ligoninėje, tačiau savo sveikatą dažniausiai vertina gerai. Tiriamieji dažniausiai nedirba dėl ligos ir gyvena iš pensijų bei socialinių išmokų. Dirbantys yra samdomi darbininkai ar specialistai. Beveik visi respondentai gyvena savo ar šeimos narių būste. Savo gyvenimo sąlygomis tiriamieji patenkinti iš dalies arba patenkinti. Respondentų bendravimas apsiriboja artimaisiais, laisvalaikį jie leidžia su šeima, vyksta... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
 Correlations Between Variables of Subjective and Objective Quality of life of Persons with Mental Impairments SUMMARY Aim of the work: to reveal the association between the objective quality of life and its subjective estimation by patients with mental disorders according to some indicators of quality of life specific to mental disorder. The first part of the work reviews the main disorders and their psychological and social consequences, the definition and indicators of quality of life and its objective estimation, the influence of social, psychological factors and patient’s condition on the subjective estimation of quality of life. The second part contains questionnaire data collected from 95 adult patients during their stay at the hospital. The respondents estimated their own health mostly as good, although the majority of them were long term patients with frequent readmissions, jobless due to their condition, and living on disablement allowances and social support. Some had irregular jobs or were engaged in some craft. Most of them resided with their relatives and estimated their living conditions as partially or rather satisfactory. The respondents’ social communication was limited to their nearest relatives and everyday needs. A few were regularly involved in community activities. Most patients were satisfied with their social communication, however participation in community activities did not respond to their expectations. Most people with mental disorders believed... [to full text]
 Subjects/Keywords: Objektyvi gyvenimo kokybė
 Buginytė, Alma. (2014). Sutrikusios psichikos asmenų subjektyviosios ir objektyviosios gyvenimo kokybės kintamųjų sąsajos . (Masters Thesis). Vilnius University. Retrieved from http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20140623_183844-14722 ;
 Buginytė, Alma. “Sutrikusios psichikos asmenų subjektyviosios ir objektyviosios gyvenimo kokybės kintamųjų sąsajos.” 2014. Masters Thesis, Vilnius University. Accessed October 21, 2019. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20140623_183844-14722 ;.
 Buginytė, Alma. “Sutrikusios psichikos asmenų subjektyviosios ir objektyviosios gyvenimo kokybės kintamųjų sąsajos.” 2014. Web. 21 Oct 2019.
 Buginytė, Alma. Sutrikusios psichikos asmenų subjektyviosios ir objektyviosios gyvenimo kokybės kintamųjų sąsajos. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Vilnius University; 2014. [cited 2019 Oct 21]. Available from: http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20140623_183844-14722 ;.
 Buginytė, Alma. Sutrikusios psichikos asmenų subjektyviosios ir objektyviosios gyvenimo kokybės kintamųjų sąsajos. [Masters Thesis]. Vilnius University; 2014. Available from: http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20140623_183844-14722 ;
 6. Procházka, Petr. Využití palivových článků v trakčních pohonech .
 Procházka, Petr. “Využití palivových článků v trakčních pohonech .” 2010. Thesis, Brno University of Technology. Accessed October 21, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11012/646.
 Procházka, Petr. “Využití palivových článků v trakčních pohonech .” 2010. Web. 21 Oct 2019.
 Procházka P. Využití palivových článků v trakčních pohonech . [Internet] [Thesis]. Brno University of Technology; 2010. [cited 2019 Oct 21]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11012/646.
 7. Knicely, Joshua. Magnetic Anomalies on Io and Their Relationship to the Spatial Distribution of Volcanic Centers.
 Knicely, Joshua. “Magnetic Anomalies on Io and Their Relationship to the Spatial Distribution of Volcanic Centers.” 2015. Thesis, Texas A&M University. Accessed October 21, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/155183.
 Knicely, Joshua. “Magnetic Anomalies on Io and Their Relationship to the Spatial Distribution of Volcanic Centers.” 2015. Web. 21 Oct 2019.
 Knicely J. Magnetic Anomalies on Io and Their Relationship to the Spatial Distribution of Volcanic Centers. [Internet] [Thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2015. [cited 2019 Oct 21]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/155183.
 8. Tan, Keng Meng. Getting to the table : explaining the incidence of mediation in the insurgencies of Indonesia ; Explaining the incidence of mediation in the insurgencies of Indonesia .
 Tan, Keng Meng. “Getting to the table : explaining the incidence of mediation in the insurgencies of Indonesia ; Explaining the incidence of mediation in the insurgencies of Indonesia .” 2014. Thesis, MIT. Accessed October 21, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/95549.
 Tan, Keng Meng. “Getting to the table : explaining the incidence of mediation in the insurgencies of Indonesia ; Explaining the incidence of mediation in the insurgencies of Indonesia .” 2014. Web. 21 Oct 2019.
 Tan KM. Getting to the table : explaining the incidence of mediation in the insurgencies of Indonesia ; Explaining the incidence of mediation in the insurgencies of Indonesia . [Internet] [Thesis]. MIT; 2014. [cited 2019 Oct 21]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/95549.
 9. Dancer, Helen Elizabeth. 'Shamba ni langu' (the shamba is mine) : a socio-legal study of women's claims to land in Arusha, Tanzania.
 Subjects/Keywords: K7200 Property; KR Africa; KTT Tanzania
 Dancer, Helen Elizabeth. “'Shamba ni langu' (the shamba is mine) : a socio-legal study of women's claims to land in Arusha, Tanzania.” 2012. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Sussex. Accessed October 21, 2019. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/43402/ ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.566800.
 Dancer, Helen Elizabeth. “'Shamba ni langu' (the shamba is mine) : a socio-legal study of women's claims to land in Arusha, Tanzania.” 2012. Web. 21 Oct 2019.
 Dancer HE. 'Shamba ni langu' (the shamba is mine) : a socio-legal study of women's claims to land in Arusha, Tanzania. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Sussex; 2012. [cited 2019 Oct 21]. Available from: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/43402/ ; https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.566800.
 10. Min, Kyuam. Analysis of traditional Korean space and its application to a contemporary problem : a crematorium .
 Degree: M. Arch, Architecture, 1991, MIT
 URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68730
 ► This is more of an experimental design thesis rather than a theoretical research-oriented thesis on the history of Korean Architecture. Ultimately, a design of a... (more)
 ▼ This is more of an experimental design thesis rather than a theoretical research-oriented thesis on the history of Korean Architecture. Ultimately, a design of a concrete building, a crematorium, will be the final product of this thesis and will serve as a vehicle with which to experiment with my ideas in the design process. There is a strong driving force in this thesis: the aspiration to interpret the architecture of my ancestors with a fresh eye - in light of spatial organization. Thus, it was a necessary first step to visit a few historical buildings to experience the spaces themselves, following with an analysis of the plan afterwards. Throughout my own study, some assumptions were drawn as design guid~lines for the design of a crematorium. The critical issue of this design thesis centers on the evolution of 'Non-diagrammatic Space' from 'Diagrammatic Space' in the history of Korean architecture. Designing a building has been thought a complex process which relates political, economical, and social factors at the same time. But, though we know this intuitively, a design methodologist recently proved that most designs are generated not by listing all constraints but by starting with a 'prime generator'. In this context. the diagrammatic Korean temples are good illustrations of the 'Prime Generator'. But my main concern lies in ideas that cannot be easily explained by the notion of prime generator in the non-diagrammatic temples, which were the outgrowth of deep contemplation and a process of trial and error through hundreds of years. Advisors/Committee Members: Thomas Chastain (advisor).
 Subjects/Keywords: a-kr –; Architecture.
 Min, K. (1991). Analysis of traditional Korean space and its application to a contemporary problem : a crematorium . (Masters Thesis). MIT. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68730
 Min, Kyuam. “Analysis of traditional Korean space and its application to a contemporary problem : a crematorium .” 1991. Masters Thesis, MIT. Accessed October 21, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68730.
 Min, Kyuam. “Analysis of traditional Korean space and its application to a contemporary problem : a crematorium .” 1991. Web. 21 Oct 2019.
 Min K. Analysis of traditional Korean space and its application to a contemporary problem : a crematorium . [Internet] [Masters thesis]. MIT; 1991. [cited 2019 Oct 21]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68730.
 Min K. Analysis of traditional Korean space and its application to a contemporary problem : a crematorium . [Masters Thesis]. MIT; 1991. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68730
 11. Park, Gene S. (Gene Sungjin). Transformation of the courtyard house – low-rise high density urban housing in Korea ; Low-rise high density urban housing in Korea .
 Degree: M. Arch, Architecture, 1987, MIT
 URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/76405
 ► The idea of low-rise high-density urban housing is based on two fundamental objectives: 1) To provide higher density by intensifying land use as urban growth... (more)
 ▼ The idea of low-rise high-density urban housing is based on two fundamental objectives: 1) To provide higher density by intensifying land use as urban growth escalates at an unprecedented rate. 2) To reconsider the essential qualities of house - a house with a garden, light and air. Modern high-rise apartments provide greater density and improved living conditions in terms of proper sanitation, electricity, and open space. But it lacks individuality and promotes a high degree of anonymity leading to limited social contact between neighbors. It dissociates the house from the ground and creates ambiguous open space between buildings. Single-family detached houses provides individuality and open space but detachment is not only meaningless but highly inefficient in terms of land use The courtyard house provides an alternative solution by combining advantages of individual house and high density housing. Its introverted nature allow dense clustering while maintaining a private open space. The design takes this traditionally horizontal aggregation of dwellings one step further to increase its potential density. It proposes a vertical courtyard house while maintaining access to light and air, visual and acoustical privacy, efficiency of construction, and a revitalization of street life and open space. Advisors/Committee Members: John R. Myer (advisor).
 Park, G. S. (. S. (1987). Transformation of the courtyard house – low-rise high density urban housing in Korea ; Low-rise high density urban housing in Korea . (Masters Thesis). MIT. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/76405
 Park, Gene S (Gene Sungjin). “Transformation of the courtyard house – low-rise high density urban housing in Korea ; Low-rise high density urban housing in Korea .” 1987. Masters Thesis, MIT. Accessed October 21, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/76405.
 Park, Gene S (Gene Sungjin). “Transformation of the courtyard house – low-rise high density urban housing in Korea ; Low-rise high density urban housing in Korea .” 1987. Web. 21 Oct 2019.
 Park GS(S. Transformation of the courtyard house – low-rise high density urban housing in Korea ; Low-rise high density urban housing in Korea . [Internet] [Masters thesis]. MIT; 1987. [cited 2019 Oct 21]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/76405.
 Park GS(S. Transformation of the courtyard house – low-rise high density urban housing in Korea ; Low-rise high density urban housing in Korea . [Masters Thesis]. MIT; 1987. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/76405
 12. Park, Jun Mo. Newspapers and the Internet: friends or foes? : evidence of concentration of choice in Korea .
 Degree: M.B.A., 2010, MIT
 URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59126
 ► Does the expansion of the Internet provide opportunities for newspapers to attract more readers, or does it threaten their sustainability by cannibalizing subscription revenue from... (more)
 ▼ Does the expansion of the Internet provide opportunities for newspapers to attract more readers, or does it threaten their sustainability by cannibalizing subscription revenue from print circulation? To examine these competing hypotheses, I analyzed a unique data set of the monthly number of clicks on the homepages of the Web sites of four economic newspapers in Korea between 2001 and 2009. Using a unique quasi-experimental observation of the Korean media industry, I illustrated the differential impact of the Internet on leading newspapers and their followers. By attracting people to a common "playground" and providing inference information-namely information on others' decisions-the Internet has a significant impact on consumer choice of information products, reinforcing informational cascades through the inference effect. My findings reveal that since the advent of the Internet, customer preference has consistently been dominated by market leaders, strengthening the brand image of the leaders. This phenomenon will, over time, widen the gap between leading newspaper groups and laggards, providing new opportunities for market leaders only. Thus, my findings point to significant marketing strategies based on consumer choice. Advisors/Committee Members: Juanjuan Zhang (advisor).
 Subjects/Keywords: a-kr –; Sloan School of Management.
 Park, J. M. (2010). Newspapers and the Internet: friends or foes? : evidence of concentration of choice in Korea . (Masters Thesis). MIT. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59126
 Park, Jun Mo. “Newspapers and the Internet: friends or foes? : evidence of concentration of choice in Korea .” 2010. Masters Thesis, MIT. Accessed October 21, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59126.
 Park, Jun Mo. “Newspapers and the Internet: friends or foes? : evidence of concentration of choice in Korea .” 2010. Web. 21 Oct 2019.
 Park JM. Newspapers and the Internet: friends or foes? : evidence of concentration of choice in Korea . [Internet] [Masters thesis]. MIT; 2010. [cited 2019 Oct 21]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59126.
 Park JM. Newspapers and the Internet: friends or foes? : evidence of concentration of choice in Korea . [Masters Thesis]. MIT; 2010. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59126
 13. Verbiejūtė, Inga. Psichologinis prisitaikymas sergant osteoartritu.
 URL: http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20140623_165956-94923 ;
 Osteoartritas – labai paplitusi sąnarių liga, kurios vienas pagrindinių simptomų – lėtinis skausmas. Psichologinis prisitaikymas prie šios ligos gali būti apibrėžiamas per gyvenimo kokybės sampratą.... (more)
 Osteoartritas – labai paplitusi sąnarių liga, kurios vienas pagrindinių simptomų – lėtinis skausmas. Psichologinis prisitaikymas prie šios ligos gali būti apibrėžiamas per gyvenimo kokybės sampratą. Kadangi gyvenimo kokybės gerinimas yra svarbus gydymo uždavinys, svarbu išsiaiškinti, kokie veiksniai susiję su sergančiųjų osteoartritu gyvenimo kokybe. Šio darbo tikslas buvo nustatyti osteoartritu sergančių pacientų gyvenimo kokybę ir išanalizuoti jos ryšius su patiriamo skausmo charakteristikomis bei skausmo įveikos būdais. Buvo apklausti 43 asmenys, sergantys osteoartritu, besigydantys ambulatorinėse sveikatos priežiūros įstaigose ir reabilitacijos centruose. Gyvenimo kokybės įvertinimui naudotas gyvenimo kokybės klausimynas SF-36 (Medical Outcomes Study Short Form -36). Skausmo intensyvumui matuoti naudota vizualinio atitikmens skalė (VAS), skausmo kokybei – Sąnarių skausmo klausimynas, ir skausmo įveikai – Įveikos strategijų klausimynas (Coping Strategies Questionaire – CSQ). Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad sergantys osteoartritu asmenys patiria vidutinio stiprumo skausmą (VAS – 57,33), jį apibūdina kaip varginantį, neleidžiantį užmigti, maudžiantį, geliantį. Gyvenimo kokybė žemesnė, nei sveikų žmonių ir panaši, kaip sergančių kitomis reumatinėmis ligomis (reumatoidiniu artritu ir sistemine raudonąja vilklige). Žemiausiai įvertintos gyvenimo kokybės sritys – veiklos apribojimas dėl fizinių problemų, skausmas ir bendras sveikatos vertinimas. Didesnis skausmo intensyvumas susijęs... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
 Osteoarthritis is a very common joint disease. Main symptom of osteoarthritis is chronic pain. Psychological adaptation to this disease can be defined in terms of life quality. Development of quality of life is an essential task in treatment process, that is why it is important to find out what factors are related to the life quality of patients with osteoarthritis. The aim of this research was to estimate life quality of patients with osteoarthritis and analyze how it relates to characteristics of pain and methods patients engage in order to cope with it. 43 patients suffering from osteoarthritis took part in this research. Participants were from various health centres and sanatoriums [čia tipo taip reabilitacija vadinama.. bet gal galima rehabilitation centres, manau..]. To measure life quality, Medical Outcomes Study Short Form – 36 was used. In order to find out the intensity of pain Visual Analog Scales (VAS) were used. The quality of pain was measured with Joint Pain Questionnaire and in order to find out how patients cope with pain we used Coping Strategies Questionaire CSQ. Research shows that patients with osteoarthritis experience medium level of pain (VAS – 57,33) and they assess it as pesky, keeping out from sleep, nagging, stinging. Life quality is lower than of healthy people and similar to life quality of patients suffering from other rheumatoidic diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus). Fields of life quality whitch got lowest ratings were – decreased... [to full text]
 Subjects/Keywords: Osteoartritas; Gyvenimo kokybė; Skausmo įveika
 Verbiejūtė, Inga. (2014). Psichologinis prisitaikymas sergant osteoartritu . (Masters Thesis). Vilnius University. Retrieved from http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20140623_165956-94923 ;
 Verbiejūtė, Inga. “Psichologinis prisitaikymas sergant osteoartritu.” 2014. Masters Thesis, Vilnius University. Accessed October 21, 2019. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20140623_165956-94923 ;.
 Verbiejūtė, Inga. “Psichologinis prisitaikymas sergant osteoartritu.” 2014. Web. 21 Oct 2019.
 Verbiejūtė, Inga. Psichologinis prisitaikymas sergant osteoartritu. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Vilnius University; 2014. [cited 2019 Oct 21]. Available from: http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20140623_165956-94923 ;.
 Verbiejūtė, Inga. Psichologinis prisitaikymas sergant osteoartritu. [Masters Thesis]. Vilnius University; 2014. Available from: http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20140623_165956-94923 ;
 14. Nomeikienė, Violeta. Gyvenimo kokybės įvertinimas po laparoskopinių ir atvirųjų prakiurusios dvylikapirštės žarnos opos užsiuvimo operacijų.
 URL: http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20110709_151618-63647 ;
 DARBO TIKSLAS Įvertinti ir palyginti pacientų gyvenimo kokybę po laparoskopinių ir atvirųjų dvylikapirštės žarnos opos užsiuvimo operacijų. TYRIMO OBJEKTAS IR METODAI Buvo tiriami 1996 –... (more)
 DARBO TIKSLAS Įvertinti ir palyginti pacientų gyvenimo kokybę po laparoskopinių ir atvirųjų dvylikapirštės žarnos opos užsiuvimo operacijų. TYRIMO OBJEKTAS IR METODAI Buvo tiriami 1996 – 2004 metais Vilniaus greitosios pagalbos universitetinėje ligoninėje operuoti pacientai dėl prakiurusios dvylikapirštės žarnos opos. Ištyrėme 12 pacientų, kuriems buvo atlikta laparoskopinė opos užsiuvimo operacija ir 13 pacientų, kurie buvo operuoti atviru būdu. Gyvenimo kokybė buvo tiriama naudojant adaptuotą PSO – 100 klausimyną. Statistinė duomenų analizė buvo atlikta panaudojant SPSS 12.0.1 programinį paketą. REZULTATAI Laparoskopiškai operuotų pacientų grupėje 50,0% respondentų savo gyvenimo kokybę įvertino vidutiniškai, o 33,3% - gerai. Įvertinus gyvenimo kokybę atviru būdu operuotų pacientų grupėje buvo nustatyta, kad 53,8% tirtųjų asmenų ją įvertino vidutiniškai, o 38,5% įvertino gerai. IŠVADOS Abiejų tirtųjų grupių gyvenimo kokybė statistiškai reikšmingai nesiskyrė ir buvo įvertinta dažniausiai vidutiniškai .
 AIM OF STUDY To evaluate and compare quality of life in patient‘s after duadenal perforated ulcer laparoscopic and open surgery repair. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS 25 patients participated in study. The study was carried on 12 patients who had duadenal perforated ulcer laparoscopic and 13 open surgery repair managed in Vilnius University Emergency hospital between 1996 and 2004. Quality of life was assessed using WHOQOL–100 Questionnaire. Statistical data analysis performed using SPSS 12.0.1 analystical software. RESULTS In group with laparoscopically managed perforated ulcer 50,0 % of respondents assessed their quality of life as neither poor nor good, and 33,3 % as good. In group of open surgery managed perforated ulcer 53,8 % of respondents assessed their quality of life as neither poor nor good, and 38,5 % as good. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that quality of life in both groups was statistically equal and in most cases assessed as neither poor nor good.
 Advisors/Committee Members: Lunevičius, Raimundas (Master's thesis supervisor).
 Subjects/Keywords: Gyvenimo kokybė; Dvylikapirštės žarnos opa
 Nomeikienė, Violeta. (2011). Gyvenimo kokybės įvertinimas po laparoskopinių ir atvirųjų prakiurusios dvylikapirštės žarnos opos užsiuvimo operacijų . (Masters Thesis). Vilnius University. Retrieved from http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20110709_151618-63647 ;
 Nomeikienė, Violeta. “Gyvenimo kokybės įvertinimas po laparoskopinių ir atvirųjų prakiurusios dvylikapirštės žarnos opos užsiuvimo operacijų.” 2011. Masters Thesis, Vilnius University. Accessed October 21, 2019. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20110709_151618-63647 ;.
 Nomeikienė, Violeta. “Gyvenimo kokybės įvertinimas po laparoskopinių ir atvirųjų prakiurusios dvylikapirštės žarnos opos užsiuvimo operacijų.” 2011. Web. 21 Oct 2019.
 Nomeikienė, Violeta. Gyvenimo kokybės įvertinimas po laparoskopinių ir atvirųjų prakiurusios dvylikapirštės žarnos opos užsiuvimo operacijų. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Vilnius University; 2011. [cited 2019 Oct 21]. Available from: http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20110709_151618-63647 ;.
 Nomeikienė, Violeta. Gyvenimo kokybės įvertinimas po laparoskopinių ir atvirųjų prakiurusios dvylikapirštės žarnos opos užsiuvimo operacijų. [Masters Thesis]. Vilnius University; 2011. Available from: http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20110709_151618-63647 ;
 15. Dabravolskytė, Laura. Vaikų, sergančių maisto alergija, gyvenimo kokybė jų motinų vertinimu.
 URL: http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20110709_152345-26025 ;
 Darbo tikslas: Įvertinti vaikų, sergančių maisto alergija, gyvenimo kokybę. Metodika: 2008 m. lapkričio-2009 m. vasario mėnesiais specialiai šiam tyrimui parengta anketa (remiantis tarptautinio projekto „EuroPrevall“... (more)
 Darbo tikslas: Įvertinti vaikų, sergančių maisto alergija, gyvenimo kokybę. Metodika: 2008 m. lapkričio-2009 m. vasario mėnesiais specialiai šiam tyrimui parengta anketa (remiantis tarptautinio projekto „EuroPrevall“ klausimynu) interviu metodu patogios atrankos būdu apklausta 150 motinų, gulėjusių Vilniaus universitetinės Antakalnio ligoninės, Respublikinio alergologijos centro stacionare su vaikais, sergančiais maisto alergija, taip pat sanatorijoje „Pušyno kelias“ su alergiškais maistui vaikais gulinčias motinas. Tyrimo tikslui ir uždaviniams pasiekti naudotas paplitimo epidemiologinis tyrimas, panaudojant anketinės apklausos rezultatus. Statistinė duomenų analizė atlikta naudojantis statistiniu paketu SPSS 14.0 bei Microsoft Excel programa. Maisto alergijų paplitimas išreiškiamas procentais, įverčio tikslumui įvertinti apskaičiuotas pasikliautinasis intervalas (PI) 95%. Statistinių ryšių tarp požymių stiprumas vertintas susijusių požymių chi kvadrato kriterijumi: laisvės laipsnių skaičius bei statistinis patikimumas (p). Išvados laikytos statistiškai reikšmingomis, kai p<0,05. Rezultatai: Daugiausia- 33,3% motinų, kurių vaikai serga maisto alergija, savo sveikatą vertino kaip pakankamai gerą, puikiai ją įvertino 4,0% ir 7,3%- blogai. Daugiausia 32,7% respondenčių vaiko sveikatą vertino nelabai gerai, tik 1,3% teigė, kad jų vaiko sveikata puiki ir 0,7% kad labai bloga. Motinos, buvo linkusios geriau vertinti savo sveikatą, nei alergija sergančio vaiko. Motinų subjektyvus... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
 Research aim: To asses the life quality of children allergic to food Methods: A questionnaire, based on international project EuroPrevall, was prepared for the investigation in 2008-2009 ( November-February). Applying a convenience sampling, 150 mothers were interviewed in Vilnius Antakalnio Hospital ( The National Centre of Allergology) in line with mothers nursing their children allergic to food in “Pušyno kelias“ sanatorium. To achieve aims and objectives an epidemiologic study was carried out.The latter could be illustrated by the questionnaire data. Statistical analysis of data was performed by using SPSS 14.0 as well as Microsoft Excel programme. The frequency of food allergy is indicated by percentage, reliability coefficient is ( PI) 95% .A chi-square test for goodness of fit of an observed distribution to a theoretical one, and of independence of two criteria of classification of qualitative data. A statistically significant evidence is considered to be p<0.05 Results: The majority of respondents claimed that their ( mothers‘)health was quite good. This can be shown by 33,3% . A small proportion ( 4%) of those interviewed claimed that their health is good. Although 7.3% pointed out that their health was poor. Added to this a significant number of mothers declared that their children‘s health was poor which can be illustrated by 32.7%, whereas only 1.3% of respondents think that their children‘s health is not so good and very poor 0.7% respectively. Better health is... [to full text]
 Subjects/Keywords: Vaikai; Maisto alergija; Gyvenimo kokybė
 Dabravolskytė, Laura. (2011). Vaikų, sergančių maisto alergija, gyvenimo kokybė jų motinų vertinimu . (Masters Thesis). Vilnius University. Retrieved from http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20110709_152345-26025 ;
 Dabravolskytė, Laura. “Vaikų, sergančių maisto alergija, gyvenimo kokybė jų motinų vertinimu.” 2011. Masters Thesis, Vilnius University. Accessed October 21, 2019. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20110709_152345-26025 ;.
 Dabravolskytė, Laura. “Vaikų, sergančių maisto alergija, gyvenimo kokybė jų motinų vertinimu.” 2011. Web. 21 Oct 2019.
 Dabravolskytė, Laura. Vaikų, sergančių maisto alergija, gyvenimo kokybė jų motinų vertinimu. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Vilnius University; 2011. [cited 2019 Oct 21]. Available from: http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20110709_152345-26025 ;.
 Dabravolskytė, Laura. Vaikų, sergančių maisto alergija, gyvenimo kokybė jų motinų vertinimu. [Masters Thesis]. Vilnius University; 2011. Available from: http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20110709_152345-26025 ;
 16. Kibarova, Žana. Pacientų, po kepenų persodinimo operacijos, gyvenimo kokybės pokyčiai.
 URL: http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20140626_192758-12870 ;
 Tyrimo tikslas - Išanalizuoti pacientų, po kepenų persodinimo operacijos, gyvenimo kokybės pokyčius. Tyrimo uždaviniai: Ištirti, kaip pacientai, po kepenų persodinimo operacijos, vertina savo fizinę sveikatą.... (more)
 Tyrimo tikslas - Išanalizuoti pacientų, po kepenų persodinimo operacijos, gyvenimo kokybės pokyčius. Tyrimo uždaviniai: Ištirti, kaip pacientai, po kepenų persodinimo operacijos, vertina savo fizinę sveikatą. Ištirti pacientų, po kepenų persodinimo operacijos, psichinę ir socialinę sveikatą. Išanalizuoti pacientų, po kepenų persodinimo operacijos, problemas. Aprašyti pacientų patirtį po kepenų persodinimo operacijos. Tyrimo populiacija: VUL Santariškių klinikų 8 pacientai po kepenų persodinimo operacijos. Tyrimo metodai: Tyrimui buvo pasirinktas kokybinis tyrimo metodas. Tyrimo tikslui ir uždaviniams įgyvendinti, buvo pasirinktas tyrimo instrumentas – pusiau struktūrizuotas giluminis interviu. Duomenys analizuoti taikant kokybinę turinio (interviu atsakymų) (ang. content) analizę. Darbo rezultatai ir išvados: Šis tyrimas parodė, kad pacientai prieš kepenų persodinimo operaciją gyvenimo kokybę vertino blogiau beveik visose (išskyrus tarpusavio santykius šeimoje) srityse. Gyvenimo kokybė žymiai pagerėja, ir pokyčiai stebimi jau per pirmus tris mėnesius po operacijos. Pagerėjimas daugiausiai stebimas fizinės sveikatos srityje. Nustatyta, kad prieš operaciją blogėjo gyvenimo kokybės vertinimas, ypatingai fizinės sveikatos srityje: pacientus vargino įvairūs klinikiniai ligos simptomai, sumažėjęs fizinis aktyvumas, blogiau vertinama bendra sveikata. Galima teigti, kad ilgėjant ligos trukmei blogėjo sergančiųjų fizinė sveikata, ir gyvenimo kokybė. Vertinant pokytį po operacijos –... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
 The aim of the research work was to investigate the life quality changes in patients after liver transplantation. Research goals: To examine how patients evaluate their own physical state. To study the patients’ mental and social health after liver transplantation. To describe the patients’ experience after liver transplantation. Patients and methods: The study was a review of 8 patients after liver transplantation (Vilnius University Hospital, Santariskiu Clinics). A quantitative research method has been used for this study. To achieve the objectives and goals of this study, in-depth follow-up interviews have been used. Content analysis has been used for data processing. Results: The study has shown that the patients before liver transplantation evaluated their quality of life as negative in all areas except for interpersonal family relations. The life quality rises dramatically, with observable changes already during a three month period after surgery. It is especially noticeable in physical state. A fall in life quality evaluation is shown before surgery, particularly the physical state: the patients experienced different clinical symptoms, decrease in physical activity, worse assessment of a general state. It is possible to claim, that the longer the illness was, the worse the patients‘quality of life and the physical states were. There were no signs of symptoms after surgery. Although, patients have to keep certain restrictions in their everyday life in order to keep... [to full text]
 Subjects/Keywords: Gyvenimo kokybė; Gyvenimo kokybės pokyčiai; Kepenų transplantacija; Kokybinis tyrimo metodas
 Kibarova, Žana. (2014). Pacientų, po kepenų persodinimo operacijos, gyvenimo kokybės pokyčiai . (Masters Thesis). Vilnius University. Retrieved from http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20140626_192758-12870 ;
 Kibarova, Žana. “Pacientų, po kepenų persodinimo operacijos, gyvenimo kokybės pokyčiai.” 2014. Masters Thesis, Vilnius University. Accessed October 21, 2019. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20140626_192758-12870 ;.
 Kibarova, Žana. “Pacientų, po kepenų persodinimo operacijos, gyvenimo kokybės pokyčiai.” 2014. Web. 21 Oct 2019.
 Kibarova, Žana. Pacientų, po kepenų persodinimo operacijos, gyvenimo kokybės pokyčiai. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Vilnius University; 2014. [cited 2019 Oct 21]. Available from: http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20140626_192758-12870 ;.
 Kibarova, Žana. Pacientų, po kepenų persodinimo operacijos, gyvenimo kokybės pokyčiai. [Masters Thesis]. Vilnius University; 2014. Available from: http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20140626_192758-12870 ;
 17. Smejkal, Vít. Konstrukce a návrh transformátorů .
 Smejkal, Vít. “Konstrukce a návrh transformátorů .” 2011. Thesis, Brno University of Technology. Accessed October 21, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11012/6639.
 Smejkal, Vít. “Konstrukce a návrh transformátorů .” 2011. Web. 21 Oct 2019.
 Smejkal V. Konstrukce a návrh transformátorů . [Internet] [Thesis]. Brno University of Technology; 2011. [cited 2019 Oct 21]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11012/6639.
 18. Beck, H. Greeley. Development of a test method for assessing water repellency and derived physical stability of preservative systems for railroad ties.
 Beck, H Greeley. “Development of a test method for assessing water repellency and derived physical stability of preservative systems for railroad ties.” 2014. Masters Thesis, Oregon State University. Accessed October 21, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/53328.
 Beck, H Greeley. “Development of a test method for assessing water repellency and derived physical stability of preservative systems for railroad ties.” 2014. Web. 21 Oct 2019.
 Beck HG. Development of a test method for assessing water repellency and derived physical stability of preservative systems for railroad ties. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Oregon State University; 2014. [cited 2019 Oct 21]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/53328.
 19. Posluszny, Ryan D. Applications of Prestressed AFRP Bars in Concrete Railroad Ties.
 URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/158931
 ► Since the 1970’s concrete railroad ties have become more and more prominent in the railroad industry. Their improved durability and increased safety over traditional timber... (more)
 ▼ Since the 1970’s concrete railroad ties have become more and more prominent in the railroad industry. Their improved durability and increased safety over traditional timber ties has paved the way for new and more efficient concrete ties to be developed. Prestressing with steel strands was a key design aspect in providing the strength the ties needed to overcome the tonnage seen in heavy haul lines spread across the United States and the world. A major flaw seen with these concrete ties is deterioration due to environment or fatigue loading under the connected rail. This deterioration can lead to a change in gauge of the track structure which can then cause derailment of trains. A second issue found in concrete ties that was not found in timber is the electrical conductivity. Timber is a highly insulating material while concrete possesses insulating and conductive properties based on the amount of moisture present. This is an issue because track structures use the steel rails to carry electrical signals to detect the presence of a train within a signaled block. During construction, the steel strands may come into contact with the embedded steel shoulders on both sides of the tie, therefore creating a direct circuit that needs to be insulated from the steel rails. Aramid fiber-reinforced polymer bars have shown promise, as an electrical non-conductive material, to fix the problem of false signaling due to electrical shorts. AFRP is a composite material made of Kevlar fibers bound in a polymer resin. This material has a tensile strength of approximately 200 ksi and has been investigated for use as a replacement for steel in such structures as concrete bridge girders and decks. The objective of this research is to design and test new concrete railroad ties utilizing AFRP as the prestressing material. Four of these ties were constructed and tested for strength following the guidelines provided by the American Railroad Engineering and Maintenance-of-way Association (AREMA). Bending tests at the rail seat section and center section of the tie were performed to prove strength adequacy, and electrical resistivity tests were performed to prove insulation from the current in the rails. The AFRP ties showed to have over twice the electrical resistance of their steel counterparts with 2.42 MΩ of resistance compared to 1.11 MΩ. The strength comparison proved inconclusive, for although the ties did not fail, they did not meet AREMA cracking requirements for strength. A major factor that was seen was in the method of testing AREMA provides, through improved testing procedures, AFRP shows to be very promising as a full replacement of steel as prestressing reinforcement for concrete railroad ties. Advisors/Committee Members: Hurlebaus, Stefan (advisor), Mander, John (committee member), Fry, Gary (committee member), Muliana, Anastasia (committee member).
 Subjects/Keywords: AFRP; Concrete Railroad Ties
 Posluszny, R. D. (2016). Applications of Prestressed AFRP Bars in Concrete Railroad Ties . (Masters Thesis). Texas A&M University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/158931
 Posluszny, Ryan D. “Applications of Prestressed AFRP Bars in Concrete Railroad Ties.” 2016. Masters Thesis, Texas A&M University. Accessed October 21, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/158931.
 Posluszny, Ryan D. “Applications of Prestressed AFRP Bars in Concrete Railroad Ties.” 2016. Web. 21 Oct 2019.
 Posluszny RD. Applications of Prestressed AFRP Bars in Concrete Railroad Ties. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2016. [cited 2019 Oct 21]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/158931.
 Posluszny RD. Applications of Prestressed AFRP Bars in Concrete Railroad Ties. [Masters Thesis]. Texas A&M University; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/158931
 20. Bílek, Vlastimil. Alkalicky aktivované systémy .
 URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11012/67539
 ► Tato disertační práce se zabývá zejména možnostmi omezování smrštění alkalicky aktivované strusky (AAS), což by spolu s využitím studovaných technologických kalů mohlo umožnit širší praktické... (more)
 ▼ Tato disertační práce se zabývá zejména možnostmi omezování smrštění alkalicky aktivované strusky (AAS), což by spolu s využitím studovaných technologických kalů mohlo umožnit širší praktické uplatnění tohoto perspektivního materiálu. Krom vlivu na rozměrové změny AAS byl studován vliv různých faktorů také na její zpracovatelnost, dobu tuhnutí a mechanické vlastnosti. Získané výsledky byly podloženy instrumentálními technikami, jako jsou izotermická kalorimetrie, rtuťová intruzní porozimetrie, skenovací elektronová mikroskopie a rentgenová difrakce. Dosažené výsledky ukazují, že lze smrštění vysycháním AAS a související tvorbu trhlin snížit kombinací zvýšení dávky vodního skla a sníženého vodního součinitele (w/b), částečnou náhradou strusky úletovým popílkem z vysokoteplotního spalování nebo by-passovými cementářskými odprašky a použitím organických přísad, u nichž byl pozorován velmi významný vliv na hydrataci AAS. Na základě získaných poznatků byly navrženy a s ohledem na smrštění, mechanické vlastnosti a cenu optimalizovány betonové záměsi, u nichž byl aktivátor zcela nahrazen technologickými kaly po výrobě vodního skla. Vybrané betony pak byly zkoušeny také v poloprovozních podmínkách.; This doctoral thesis is focused on the possibilities of alkali-activated slag (AAS) shrinkage reduction, which would together with the use of waste sludge from waterglass production contribute to wider practical utilization of this interesting material. Besides the influence on AAS dimensional changes also effect of various factors on workability, setting time and mechanical properties was investigated. Obtained results were supported by the application of instrumental techniques like izotermal calorimetry, mercury intrusion porosimetry, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results show the possibilities of reduction of AAS drying shrinkage related to its cracking tendency through the combination of increased dose of waterglass and reduced water to slag ratio (w/b), partial replacement of slag by pulverized fly ash or cement by-pass dust and application of organic admixtures, where significant effect on AAS hydration was observed. On the basis of the obtained results concrete mixtures, where the whole activator was replaced by the waste sludge form waterglass production, were designed and optimized in terms of shrinkage, mechanical properties and price. Selected concretes were also tested in semi-operating conditions. Advisors/Committee Members: Ptáček, Petr (advisor).
 Subjects/Keywords: Alkalicky aktivovaná struska; technologické kaly po výrobě vodního skla; úletový popílek; by-passové cementářské odprašky; chemická přísada; smrštění; pevnost v tlaku; hydratace; Alkali-actvated slag; waste sludge form waterglass production; fly ash; cement by-pass dust; chemical admixture; shrinkage; compressive strength; hydration
 Bílek, V. (2017). Alkalicky aktivované systémy . (Thesis). Brno University of Technology. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11012/67539
 Bílek, Vlastimil. “Alkalicky aktivované systémy .” 2017. Thesis, Brno University of Technology. Accessed October 21, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11012/67539.
 Bílek, Vlastimil. “Alkalicky aktivované systémy .” 2017. Web. 21 Oct 2019.
 Bílek V. Alkalicky aktivované systémy . [Internet] [Thesis]. Brno University of Technology; 2017. [cited 2019 Oct 21]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11012/67539.
 Bílek V. Alkalicky aktivované systémy . [Thesis]. Brno University of Technology; 2017. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11012/67539
 21. Drevený, Lukáš. Transport náboje po řetězci DNA .
 URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11012/39017
 ► V této bakalářské práci byl studován transport náboje (CT) po řetězci DNA spektroskopickou metodou stacionární fluorescence s využitím fluorescenčního analogu adeninu - 2-aminopurinu (Ap), jako... (more)
 ▼ V této bakalářské práci byl studován transport náboje (CT) po řetězci DNA spektroskopickou metodou stacionární fluorescence s využitím fluorescenčního analogu adeninu - 2-aminopurinu (Ap), jako fluroescenční značky. Byl studován vliv změny struktury v duplexu DNA:DNA nebo DNA:RNA a vliv přítomnosti Hg(II) v dvoušroubovici DNA:DNA obsahující mutaci tymin-tymin, na účinnost CT po řetězci DNA. V experimentální části byla z excitačních spekter sledována míra zavedení Ap do řetězce deoxyribonukleové kyseliny (DNA), z integrálů emisních spekter byl vypočten faktor zhášení fluorescence. Bylo zjištěno, že Ap se lépe váže do bází v řetězeci DNA:RNA, který není tak rigidní jako řetězec DNA:DNA a tak může být lépe přijat mezi ostatní báze; dále bylo zjištěno, že fotoindukovaný přenos náboje (PET) po řetezci DNA prudce klesá po překročení teploty odpovídající teplotě tání řetezce, při které se řetezec rozplétá;přítomnost Hg(II) v řetězci DNA:DNA přenos náboje negatívně neovlivňuje, právě naopak, řetězec s mutací T-T je po začlenění Hg(II) stabilnější a teplota tání se posouvá k vyšším teplotám. V této práci bylo prokázáno že fotoindukovaný přenos náboje je velice citlivý proces a může být použit pro detekci i velmi malých změn ve struktuře nukleových kyselin.; In this bachelor thesis were investigated charge transport (CT) through a duplexes of DNA by stationary fluorescence spectroscopy, with a fluorescent analogue of adenine - 2-aminopurine (Ap), as fluorescent probe. The aim of study was an influence of changes in the structure of duplexes DNA:DNA or DNA:RNA and effect of the presence of Hg(II) in double-stranded DNA:DNA containing a mutation thymine-thymine in the chain, in the efficiency of charge transfer along the DNA strand. Firstly, in the experimental part was investigated a efficiency of incorporation of Ap into the DNA strand from an excitation spectra and secondly, from the integrals of the emission spectras the quenched factor was calculated. It was found that the Ap can be better incorporated into the chain of DNA:RNA, which is not as rigid as a string of DNA:DNA and thus may be better accepted by the nearby bases in the chain; furthermore, it was found that the photo-induced charge transfer (PET) through the DNA strand sharply drops after exceeding a temperature corresponding with melting point of DNA chain, at which the string of DNA is unraveling. It was also found that the presence of Hg(II) in the chain of DNA:DNA does not adversely affect a charge transfer, but on the contrary, the string is after integration of Hg(II) into the chain more stable and the melting point is shifted to higher temperatures. In this thesis it was proved that photoinduced charge transfer is very sensitive process and could be used for detection of even tiny changes in the structure of nucleic acids. Advisors/Committee Members: Vala, Martin (advisor).
 Subjects/Keywords: Přenos náboje po řetězci DNA a RNA; Fotoindukovaný přenos náboje; stacionární fluorescence; 2-aminopurin; detekce mutací v DNA.; Charge transfer in a DNA and RNA; Photoinduced electron transfer; stationary fluorescence; 2-aminopurine; detection of mismatches in DNA.
 Drevený, L. (2015). Transport náboje po řetězci DNA . (Thesis). Brno University of Technology. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11012/39017
 Drevený, Lukáš. “Transport náboje po řetězci DNA .” 2015. Thesis, Brno University of Technology. Accessed October 21, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11012/39017.
 Drevený, Lukáš. “Transport náboje po řetězci DNA .” 2015. Web. 21 Oct 2019.
 Drevený L. Transport náboje po řetězci DNA . [Internet] [Thesis]. Brno University of Technology; 2015. [cited 2019 Oct 21]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11012/39017.
 Drevený L. Transport náboje po řetězci DNA . [Thesis]. Brno University of Technology; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11012/39017
 22. Zapletal, Jan. Využití českých a evropských informačních dopravních systémů při přepravě nebezpečných věcí po silnici .
 URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11012/32447
 ► Téma mé diplomové práce se nazývá využití českých a evropských dopravních systémů při přepravě nebezpečných věcí po silnici. Práce je rozdělena na dvě části. V... (more)
 ▼ Téma mé diplomové práce se nazývá využití českých a evropských dopravních systémů při přepravě nebezpečných věcí po silnici. Práce je rozdělena na dvě části. V první části se zaměříme na důležitost platné legislativy v České republice a Evropské unii, která se zabývá přepravou nebezpečných věcí po silnici. Probereme rizika havárií a možné ekologické dopady na životní prostředí a srovnáme dopravní nehodovost mezi ČR a státy EU v rámci režimu ADR. Uvedeme rizika související s přepravou nebezpečných věcí po silnici. Závěr první části bude patřit důležitým prvkům pro bezpečnou přepravu nebezpečných látek. V druhé části provedeme podrobnou analýzu současného stavu informačních dopravních systémů v České republice a Evropské unii. Provedeme analýzu, vlastní návrhy na zlepšení efektivity těchto systémů a využití v České republice. Závěr bude patřit vlastnímu návrhu dopravního informačního systému.; The topic of my thesis is an application of Czech and European transport systems for shipping dangerous articles by road transport. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first one is pointed to importance of effective legislation in the Czech Republic and the European Union, which is dedicated to shipping the dangerous articles by road transport. Also it regards to risks of accidents and possible ecologic impacts to an environment. This part compares the amount of traffic accidents in the Czech Republic and states of the EU in a frame of ADR. It shows the risks related to shipping the dangerous articles by road transport. The closing part belongs to important elements of safe transportation of dangerous matters. The second part of the thesis analyses current state of shipping information systems in the Czech Republic and in the European Union. There is the analysis, the suggestions for improvement of the systems ́ efficiency and its application in the Czech Republic. The closing part belongs to my own project of shipping information system. Advisors/Committee Members: Adamec, Vladimír (advisor).
 Subjects/Keywords: Přeprava nebezpečných věcí po silnici; legislativa v České republice a Evropské unii; rizika havárií; životní prostředí; riziko; analýza; systém.; Road transport of dangerous articles; legislation in the Czech Republic and in the European Union; risks of accidents; environment; risk; analysis; system.
 Zapletal, J. (2014). Využití českých a evropských informačních dopravních systémů při přepravě nebezpečných věcí po silnici . (Thesis). Brno University of Technology. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11012/32447
 Zapletal, Jan. “Využití českých a evropských informačních dopravních systémů při přepravě nebezpečných věcí po silnici .” 2014. Thesis, Brno University of Technology. Accessed October 21, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11012/32447.
 Zapletal, Jan. “Využití českých a evropských informačních dopravních systémů při přepravě nebezpečných věcí po silnici .” 2014. Web. 21 Oct 2019.
 Zapletal J. Využití českých a evropských informačních dopravních systémů při přepravě nebezpečných věcí po silnici . [Internet] [Thesis]. Brno University of Technology; 2014. [cited 2019 Oct 21]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11012/32447.
 Zapletal J. Využití českých a evropských informačních dopravních systémů při přepravě nebezpečných věcí po silnici . [Thesis]. Brno University of Technology; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11012/32447
 23. Kolenc Levar, Polonca. ANALIZA POTREB IN DOSTOPNOSTI DO BANČNIH VIROV FINANCIRANJA MAJHNIH PODJETIJ V SLOVENIJI.
 Kolenc Levar, Polonca. “ANALIZA POTREB IN DOSTOPNOSTI DO BANČNIH VIROV FINANCIRANJA MAJHNIH PODJETIJ V SLOVENIJI.” 2016. Masters Thesis, Univerza v Mariboru. Accessed October 21, 2019. https://dk.um.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=58675 ; https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?id=91138&dn= ; https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/12415772?lang=sl.
 Kolenc Levar, Polonca. “ANALIZA POTREB IN DOSTOPNOSTI DO BANČNIH VIROV FINANCIRANJA MAJHNIH PODJETIJ V SLOVENIJI.” 2016. Web. 21 Oct 2019.
 Kolenc Levar P. ANALIZA POTREB IN DOSTOPNOSTI DO BANČNIH VIROV FINANCIRANJA MAJHNIH PODJETIJ V SLOVENIJI. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Univerza v Mariboru; 2016. [cited 2019 Oct 21]. Available from: https://dk.um.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=58675 ; https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?id=91138&dn= ; https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/12415772?lang=sl.
 24. Žmavc, Nataša. Bralna uspešnost pred in po vstopu v izobraževalno ustanovo.
 URL: https://dk.um.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=68624 ; https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?id=119800&dn= ; https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/23441928?lang=sl
 Cilj magistrske naloge je ugotoviti, ali se je izgovarjava po vstopu v izobraževalno ustanovo poboljšala ali poslabšala. V raziskovalno nalogo smo vključili posnetke 30 slovenskih... (more)
 Cilj magistrske naloge je ugotoviti, ali se je izgovarjava po vstopu v izobraževalno ustanovo poboljšala ali poslabšala. V raziskovalno nalogo smo vključili posnetke 30 slovenskih študentov angleškega jezika, ki so imeli na začetku semestra predavanja iz fonetike in fonologije, katera so ključnega pomena za magistrsko nalogo. Posnetke smo večkrat pregledali, analizirali in prišli do spoznanja, da imajo študenti v nekaterih aspektih še vedno težave pri izgovarjavi različnih zvokov. Te smo nato razdelili na poglavja in jih podrobno predstavili (rezultati pred vstopom in po vstopu v izobraževalno ustanovo). Analiza je pokazala, da imajo študenti še vedno težave pri izgovarjavi zvokov, ki niso značilni za slovenski zvočni sistem, vendar so ključnega pomena za angleški zvočni sistem ter posledično za angleško izgovarjavo. V nekaterih pogledih so študenti pokazali napredek, vendar ne v tolikšni meri, ki bi bila za študente angleškega jezika sprejemljiva.
 Aim of the master’s thesis is to ascertain, if the pronunciation after entering an educational institution has improved or has changed for the worse. 60 audio recordings of 30 Slovene students of the English language have been included into this research. The students had at the beginning of the semester lessons on phonetics and phonology which are crucial for the master’s thesis. The audio recordings have been listened to several times. After the analysis has taken part, the conclusion has been made that the students still have problems at articulating sounds that are unfamiliar for the Slovene sound system, but are crucial for the English sound system and consequently for the English pronunciation. In some aspects the students have shown improvement, but still not in a way that would be acceptable for the students of the English language.
 Subjects/Keywords: angleška izgovarjava; angleški zvočni sistem; slovenski zvočni sistem; fonetika; fonologija; posnetki pred in po vstopu v izobraževalno ustanovo; English pronunciation; English sound system; Slovene sound system; phonetics; phonology; audio recordings before and after entering an educational institution; info:eu-repo/classification/udc/811.111'34(043.2)
 Žmavc, N. (2017). Bralna uspešnost pred in po vstopu v izobraževalno ustanovo . (Masters Thesis). Univerza v Mariboru. Retrieved from https://dk.um.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=68624 ; https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?id=119800&dn= ; https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/23441928?lang=sl
 Žmavc, Nataša. “Bralna uspešnost pred in po vstopu v izobraževalno ustanovo.” 2017. Masters Thesis, Univerza v Mariboru. Accessed October 21, 2019. https://dk.um.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=68624 ; https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?id=119800&dn= ; https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/23441928?lang=sl.
 Žmavc, Nataša. “Bralna uspešnost pred in po vstopu v izobraževalno ustanovo.” 2017. Web. 21 Oct 2019.
 Žmavc N. Bralna uspešnost pred in po vstopu v izobraževalno ustanovo. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Univerza v Mariboru; 2017. [cited 2019 Oct 21]. Available from: https://dk.um.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=68624 ; https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?id=119800&dn= ; https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/23441928?lang=sl.
 Žmavc N. Bralna uspešnost pred in po vstopu v izobraževalno ustanovo. [Masters Thesis]. Univerza v Mariboru; 2017. Available from: https://dk.um.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=68624 ; https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?id=119800&dn= ; https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/23441928?lang=sl
 25. Štrucl, Jure. Obravnava zaprtega stanja igle med posameznimi vbrizgi v dizelskem injektorju.
 URL: https://dk.um.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=42965 ; https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?id=60505&dn= ; https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/17627670?lang=sl
 Magistrska naloga obravnava numerično metodo, s katero je mogoče popisati tokovne razmere v sodobnem dizelskem injektorju tako v času posameznih vbrizgov kot tudi v času... (more)
 Magistrska naloga obravnava numerično metodo, s katero je mogoče popisati tokovne razmere v sodobnem dizelskem injektorju tako v času posameznih vbrizgov kot tudi v času med njimi, kadar se smatra, da je tok tekočine popolnoma prekinjen. Metoda je namenjena natančni analizi tokovnih razmer v dizelskem injektorju, ki jih je eksperimentalno nemogoče obravnavati v takšnem obsegu, saj so dizelski injektorji, zlasti izstopna izvrtina na njih, ki je ključni del obravnave, dimenzijsko izredno majhni in skoraj nedostopni za merilno opremo. Vbrizg goriva je pri sodobnih motorjih razdeljen v več pod-vbrizgov. Lahko je sestavljen iz pred-vbrizga, glavnega vbrizga in po-vbrizga. Med posameznimi pod-vbrizgi je tok tekočine z injektorsko iglo večkrat ustavljen. Ravno ta prekinitev je bila v predhodnih simulacijah zanemarjena in vsako stopnjo vbrizga je bilo mogoče računati le ločeno kot posamezno simulacijo. Metoda, predstavljena v magistrski nalogi, omogoča preračun več pod-vbrizgov v eni sami simulaciji in pri tem ne zanemarja obdobja, ko je tok tekočine prekinjen. Metodologija je bila razvita v komercialnem CFD programu AVL FIRE.
 The Master’s Thesis deals with the numerical method which can describe flow field conditions of a modern diesel injector at the time of injection and also at the time in between injections when the flow is supposed to be fully blocked by a closed needle. The method is intended for detailed analysis of flow field conditions in a diesel injector, which is experimentally impossible to such extent. Diesel injector dimensions and particularly the spray hole, which is the key part of the nozzle, is dimensionally small and virtually inaccessible with measurement equipment. In modern engines fuel injection is split in sub-injection events. It may consist of pre-injection, main-injection and post-injection. During the entire duration of injection the flow is blocked several times by the needle. Sequence of several sub-injection events could not be treated in the past, as the closed needle position could not be handled. Closed needle period has been neglected in previous simulations and each part of injection has been calculated separately as a stand-alone simulation for open needle condition only. With the method presented here, it is possible to calculate several sub-injection events in one single simulation, also including the period between sub-injections when the fluid flow is blocked. The methodology has been developed using the commercial CFD program AVL FIRE.
 Advisors/Committee Members: Škerget, Leopold.
 Subjects/Keywords: dizelski injektor; vbrizg goriva; pred-vbrizg; po-vbrizg; glavni vbrizg; zaprto stanje igle; pretok v šobi; diesel injector; fuel injection; pre-injection; main-injection; post-injection; closed needle; injector flow; info:eu-repo/classification/udc/[519.6:532.5]621.43.038(043.2)
 Štrucl, J. (2013). Obravnava zaprtega stanja igle med posameznimi vbrizgi v dizelskem injektorju . (Masters Thesis). Univerza v Mariboru. Retrieved from https://dk.um.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=42965 ; https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?id=60505&dn= ; https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/17627670?lang=sl
 Štrucl, Jure. “Obravnava zaprtega stanja igle med posameznimi vbrizgi v dizelskem injektorju.” 2013. Masters Thesis, Univerza v Mariboru. Accessed October 21, 2019. https://dk.um.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=42965 ; https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?id=60505&dn= ; https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/17627670?lang=sl.
 Štrucl, Jure. “Obravnava zaprtega stanja igle med posameznimi vbrizgi v dizelskem injektorju.” 2013. Web. 21 Oct 2019.
 Štrucl J. Obravnava zaprtega stanja igle med posameznimi vbrizgi v dizelskem injektorju. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Univerza v Mariboru; 2013. [cited 2019 Oct 21]. Available from: https://dk.um.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=42965 ; https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?id=60505&dn= ; https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/17627670?lang=sl.
 Štrucl J. Obravnava zaprtega stanja igle med posameznimi vbrizgi v dizelskem injektorju. [Masters Thesis]. Univerza v Mariboru; 2013. Available from: https://dk.um.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=42965 ; https://dk.um.si/Dokument.php?id=60505&dn= ; https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/17627670?lang=sl
 26. Deng, Hao. ANALYSIS OF CHEMISTRY MODELS FOR DSMC SIMULATIONS OF THE ATMOSPHERE OF IO.
 Deng, Hao. “ANALYSIS OF CHEMISTRY MODELS FOR DSMC SIMULATIONS OF THE ATMOSPHERE OF IO.” 2011. Masters Thesis, Penn State University. Accessed October 21, 2019. https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/11507.
 Deng, Hao. “ANALYSIS OF CHEMISTRY MODELS FOR DSMC SIMULATIONS OF THE ATMOSPHERE OF IO.” 2011. Web. 21 Oct 2019.
 Deng H. ANALYSIS OF CHEMISTRY MODELS FOR DSMC SIMULATIONS OF THE ATMOSPHERE OF IO. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Penn State University; 2011. [cited 2019 Oct 21]. Available from: https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/11507.
 27. Hasoloan, Jonathan Todo. Defining transit oriented development (TOD) potential along the commuter line stations in Jakarta ; Defining TOD potential along the commuter line stations in Jakarta .
 Hasoloan, Jonathan Todo. “Defining transit oriented development (TOD) potential along the commuter line stations in Jakarta ; Defining TOD potential along the commuter line stations in Jakarta .” 2018. Thesis, MIT. Accessed October 21, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118253.
 Hasoloan, Jonathan Todo. “Defining transit oriented development (TOD) potential along the commuter line stations in Jakarta ; Defining TOD potential along the commuter line stations in Jakarta .” 2018. Web. 21 Oct 2019.
 Hasoloan JT. Defining transit oriented development (TOD) potential along the commuter line stations in Jakarta ; Defining TOD potential along the commuter line stations in Jakarta . [Internet] [Thesis]. MIT; 2018. [cited 2019 Oct 21]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118253.
 28. Hanan, Stephanus. Toward more integrated planning in Jakarta : the case of Rasuna Said Avenue ; Towards more integrated planning in Jakarta : the case of Rasuna Said Avenue .
 Hanan, Stephanus. “Toward more integrated planning in Jakarta : the case of Rasuna Said Avenue ; Towards more integrated planning in Jakarta : the case of Rasuna Said Avenue .” 1994. Masters Thesis, MIT. Accessed October 21, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66762.
 Hanan, Stephanus. “Toward more integrated planning in Jakarta : the case of Rasuna Said Avenue ; Towards more integrated planning in Jakarta : the case of Rasuna Said Avenue .” 1994. Web. 21 Oct 2019.
 Hanan S. Toward more integrated planning in Jakarta : the case of Rasuna Said Avenue ; Towards more integrated planning in Jakarta : the case of Rasuna Said Avenue . [Internet] [Masters thesis]. MIT; 1994. [cited 2019 Oct 21]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66762.
 29. Ribli, Johanes, 1971-. Greater Jakarta – real estate market outlook .
 Ribli, Johanes, 1971-. “Greater Jakarta – real estate market outlook .” 1997. Masters Thesis, MIT. Accessed October 21, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69391.
 Ribli, Johanes, 1971-. “Greater Jakarta – real estate market outlook .” 1997. Web. 21 Oct 2019.
 Ribli, Johanes 1. Greater Jakarta – real estate market outlook . [Internet] [Masters thesis]. MIT; 1997. [cited 2019 Oct 21]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69391.
 30. Erlingborn, Jesper. Verifying the I/O System for the new Aircraft Simulator at Saab.
 Erlingborn, Jesper. “Verifying the I/O System for the new Aircraft Simulator at Saab.” 2015. Thesis, Linköping University. Accessed October 21, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-123486.
 Erlingborn, Jesper. “Verifying the I/O System for the new Aircraft Simulator at Saab.” 2015. Web. 21 Oct 2019.
 Erlingborn J. Verifying the I/O System for the new Aircraft Simulator at Saab. [Internet] [Thesis]. Linköping University; 2015. [cited 2019 Oct 21]. Available from: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-123486.


type: legislation

jurisdiction: EU

text:
 18.6.2021
 PL
 Dziennik Urzędowy Unii Europejskiej
 L 216/135
 ROZPORZĄDZENIE WYKONAWCZE KOMISJI (UE) 2021/981
 z dnia 17 czerwca 2021 r.
 dotyczące odnowienia zezwolenia na stosowanie preparatu endo-1,4-beta-ksylanazy wytwarzanej przez Aspergillus niger CBS 109.713 i endo-1,4-beta-glukanazy wytwarzanej przez Aspergillus niger DSM 18404 jako dodatku paszowego dla gatunków drobiu, ptaków ozdobnych i prosiąt odsadzonych od maciory (posiadacz zezwolenia: BASF SE) oraz uchylające rozporządzenie (WE) nr 271/2009 i rozporządzenie wykonawcze (UE) nr 1068/2011
 (Tekst mający znaczenie dla EOG)
 KOMISJA EUROPEJSKA,
 uwzględniając Traktat o funkcjonowaniu Unii Europejskiej,
 uwzględniając rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1831/2003 Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady z dnia 22 września 2003 r. w sprawie dodatków stosowanych w żywieniu zwierząt (1), w szczególności jego art. 9 ust. 2,
 a także mając na uwadze, co następuje:
 (1)
 W rozporządzeniu (WE) nr 1831/2003 przewidziano udzielanie zezwoleń na stosowanie dodatków w żywieniu zwierząt oraz określono sposób uzasadniania i procedury udzielania oraz odnawiania takich zezwoleń.
 (2)
 Rozporządzeniem Komisji (WE) nr 271/2009 (2) zezwolono na stosowanie przez 10 lat preparatu endo-1,4-beta-ksylanazy wytwarzanej przez Aspergillus niger CBS 109.713 i endo-1,4-beta-glukanazy wytwarzanej przez Aspergillus niger DSM 18404 jako dodatku paszowego dla prosiąt odsadzonych od maciory, kurcząt rzeźnych, kur niosek, indyków rzeźnych i kaczek rzeźnych, a rozporządzeniem wykonawczym Komisji (UE) nr 1068/2011 (3) – dla kurcząt odchowywanych na nioski, indyków do celów hodowlanych, indyków odchowywanych do celów hodowlanych, innych podrzędnych gatunków ptaków (innych niż kaczki rzeźne) oraz ptaków ozdobnych.
 (3)
 Zgodnie z art. 14 ust. 1 rozporządzenia (WE) nr 1831/2003 złożono wniosek o odnowienie zezwolenia na stosowanie przedmiotowego preparatu jako dodatku paszowego dla gatunków drobiu, ptaków ozdobnych i prosiąt odsadzonych od maciory w kategorii „dodatki zootechniczne”. Do wniosku dołączone zostały dane szczegółowe oraz dokumenty wymagane na mocy art. 14 ust. 2 rozporządzenia (WE) nr 1831/2003.
 (4)
 W opinii z dnia 18 listopada 2020 r. (4) Europejski Urząd ds. Bezpieczeństwa Żywności („Urząd”) uznał, że wnioskodawca dostarczył dane wykazujące, że przedmiotowy preparat spełnia warunki zezwolenia w proponowanych warunkach stosowania. Urząd potwierdził swoje wcześniejsze wnioski, że przedmiotowy preparat nie ma szkodliwych skutków dla zdrowia zwierząt, zdrowia konsumentów ani środowiska. Urząd stwierdził również, że dodatek ten należy traktować jako substancję, która może działać uczulająco na skórę i drogi oddechowe. W związku z tym Komisja uważa, że należy zastosować odpowiednie środki ochronne, aby zapobiec szkodliwym skutkom dla zdrowia ludzi, w szczególności w odniesieniu do użytkowników dodatku. Urząd zweryfikował także sprawozdanie dotyczące metody analizy dodatku paszowego w paszy, przedłożone przez laboratorium referencyjne ustanowione rozporządzeniem (WE) nr 1831/2003.
 (5)
 Ocena przedmiotowego preparatu dowodzi, że warunki udzielenia zezwolenia przewidziane w art. 5 rozporządzenia (WE) nr 1831/2003 są spełnione. W związku z tym należy odnowić zezwolenie na stosowanie tego dodatku, jak określono w załączniku do niniejszego rozporządzenia.
 (6)
 W związku z odnowieniem zezwolenia na stosowanie przedmiotowego preparatu jako dodatku paszowego należy uchylić rozporządzenie (WE) nr 271/2009 i rozporządzenie wykonawcze (UE) nr 1068/2011.
 (7)
 Ponieważ względy bezpieczeństwa nie wymagają natychmiastowego zastosowania zmian w warunkach zezwolenia na stosowanie przedmiotowego preparatu, należy przewidzieć okres przejściowy, aby umożliwić zainteresowanym stronom przygotowanie się do spełnienia nowych wymogów wynikających z odnowienia zezwolenia.
 (8)
 Środki przewidziane w niniejszym rozporządzeniu są zgodne z opinią Stałego Komitetu ds. Roślin, Zwierząt, Żywności i Pasz,
 PRZYJMUJE NINIEJSZE ROZPORZĄDZENIE:
 Artykuł 1
 Zezwolenie na stosowanie preparatu endo-1,4-beta-ksylanazy wytwarzanej przez Aspergillus niger CBS 109.713 i endo-1,4-beta-glukanazy wytwarzanej przez Aspergillus niger DSM 18404 określonego w załączniku, należącego do kategorii „dodatki zootechniczne” i do grupy funkcjonalnej „substancje polepszające strawność”, odnawia się zgodnie z warunkami określonymi w załączniku.
 Artykuł 2
 1. Preparat endo-1,4-beta-ksylanazy wytwarzanej przez Aspergillus niger CBS 109.713 i endo-1,4-beta-glukanazy wytwarzanej przez Aspergillus niger DSM 18404 oraz premiksy zawierające ten preparat, wyprodukowane i opatrzone etykietami przed dniem 8 stycznia 2022 r. zgodnie z przepisami obowiązującymi przed dniem 8 lipca 2021 r., mogą być nadal wprowadzane do obrotu i stosowane aż do wyczerpania zapasów.
 2. Materiały paszowe i mieszanki paszowe zawierające preparat, o którym mowa w ust. 1, wyprodukowane i opatrzone etykietami przed dniem 8 lipca 2022 r. zgodnie z przepisami obowiązującymi przed dniem 8 lipca 2021 r., mogą być nadal wprowadzane do obrotu i stosowane aż do wyczerpania zapasów, jeżeli są przeznaczone dla zwierząt, od których lub z których pozyskuje się żywność.
 3. Materiały paszowe i mieszanki paszowe zawierające preparat, o którym mowa w ust. 1, wyprodukowane i opatrzone etykietami przed dniem 8 lipca 2023 r. zgodnie z przepisami obowiązującymi przed dniem 8 lipca 2021 r. mogą być nadal wprowadzane do obrotu i stosowane aż do wyczerpania zapasów, jeżeli są przeznaczone dla zwierząt, od których ani z których nie pozyskuje się żywności.
 Artykuł 3
 Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 271/2009 i rozporządzenie wykonawcze (UE) nr 1068/2011 tracą moc.
 Artykuł 4
 Niniejsze rozporządzenie wchodzi w życie dwudziestego dnia po jego opublikowaniu w Dzienniku Urzędowym Unii Europejskiej.
 Niniejsze rozporządzenie wiąże w całości i jest bezpośrednio stosowane we wszystkich państwach członkowskich.
 Sporządzono w Brukseli dnia 17 czerwca 2021 r.
 W imieniu Komisji
 Ursula VON DER LEYEN
 Przewodnicząca
 (1) Dz.U. L 268 z 18.10.2003, s. 29.
 (2) Rozporządzenie Komisji (WE) nr 271/2009 z dnia 2 kwietnia 2009 r. dotyczące zezwolenia na stosowanie preparatu endo-1,4-beta-ksylanazy i endo-1,4-beta-glukanazy jako dodatku paszowego dla prosiąt odsadzonych od maciory, kurcząt rzeźnych, kur niosek, indyków rzeźnych i kaczek rzeźnych (posiadacz zezwolenia: BASF SE) (Dz.U. L 91 z 3.4.2009, s. 5).
 (3) Rozporządzenie wykonawcze Komisji (UE) nr 1068/2011 z dnia 21 października 2011 r. dotyczące zezwolenia na stosowanie preparatu enzymatycznego endo-1,4-beta-ksylanazy wytwarzanej przez Aspergillus niger (CBS 109.713) i endo-1,4-beta-glukanazy wytwarzanej przez Aspergillus niger (DSM 18404), jako dodatku paszowego dla kurcząt odchowywanych na nioski, indyków do celów hodowlanych, indyków odchowywanych do celów hodowlanych, innych podrzędnych gatunków ptaków (innych niż kaczki rzeźne) oraz ptaków ozdobnych (posiadacz zezwolenia: BASF SE) (Dz.U. L 277 z 22.10.2011, s. 11).
 (4) Dziennik EFSA 2020; 18(12):6331.
 ZAŁĄCZNIK
 Numer identyfikacyjny dodatku
 Nazwa posiadacza zezwolenia
 Dodatek
 Skład, wzór chemiczny, opis, metoda analityczna
 Gatunek lub kategoria zwierzęcia
 Maksymalny wiek
 Minimalna zawartość
 Maksymalna zawartość
 Pozostałe przepisy
 Data ważności zezwolenia
 Jednostki aktywności/kg mieszanki paszowej pełnoporcjowej o wilgotności 12 %
 Kategoria: dodatki zootechniczne. Grupa funkcjonalna: substancje polepszające strawność
 4a7
 BASF SE
 Endo-1,4-beta-ksylanaza (EC 3.2.1.8) i endo-1,4-beta-glukanaza (EC 3.2.1.4)
 Skład dodatku
 Preparat endo-1,4-beta-ksylanazy (EC 3.2.1.8) wytwarzanej przez Aspergillus niger CBS 109.713 i endo-1,4-beta-glukanazy (EC 3.2.1.4) wytwarzanej przez Aspergillus niger DSM 18404 o minimalnej aktywności: 5 600 TXU (1) oraz2 500 TGU (2)/g w postaci stałej lub płynnej
 --------------
 Charakterystyka substancji czynnej
 Endo-1,4-beta-ksylanaza (EC 3.2.1.8) wytwarzana przez Aspergillus niger CBS 109.713 i endo-1,4-beta-glukanaza (EC 3.2.1.4) wytwarzana przez Aspergillus niger DSM 18404
 -------------
 Metoda analityczna
 (3)
 Do oznaczania ilościowego endo-1,4-beta-ksylanazy w dodatku paszowym, premiksach, materiałach paszowych i mieszankach paszowych:
 metoda wiskozymetryczna oparta na spadku lepkości spowodowanym przez działanie endo-1,4-beta-ksylanazy na substrat zawierający ksylan (arabinoksylan pszenicy) przy pH = 3,5 i w temperaturze 55 °C.
 Do oznaczania ilościowego endo-1,4-beta-glukanazy w dodatku paszowym, premiksach, materiałach paszowych i mieszankach paszowych:
 metoda wiskozymetryczna oparta na spadku lepkości spowodowanym przez działanie endo-1,4-beta-glukanazy na substrat zawierający glukan (beta-glukan jęczmienia) przy pH = 3,5 i w temperaturze 40 °C.
 Kurczęta rzeźne i odchowywane na kury nioski
 Kury nioski Wszystkie podrzędne gatunki drobiu rzeźnego i nieśnego
 Ptaki ozdobne
 -
 280 TXU 125 TGU
 -
 1.
 W informacjach na temat stosowania dodatku i premiksu należy wskazać warunki przechowywania oraz stabilność przy obróbce cieplnej.
 2.
 Podmioty działające na rynku pasz ustanawiają procedury postępowania i środki organizacyjne dla użytkowników dodatku i premiksów, tak aby ograniczyć ewentualne zagrożenia wynikające z ich stosowania. Jeżeli takich zagrożeń nie można wyeliminować ani maksymalnie ograniczyć za pomocą tych procedur i środków, dodatek i premiksy należy stosować przy użyciu środków ochrony indywidualnej, w tym środków ochrony skóry i dróg oddechowych.
 8 lipca 2031 r.
 Indyki Prosięta odsadzone od maciory
 560 TXU 250 TGU
 (1) Jeden TXU definiuje się jako ilość enzymu, która uwalnia 5 μmol cukrów redukujących (odpowiedników ksylozy) z arabinoksylanu pszenicy w ciągu minuty przy pH = 3,5 i w temperaturze 55 °C.
 (2) Jeden TGU definiuje się jako ilość enzymu, która uwalnia 1 μmol cukrów redukujących (odpowiedników glukozy) z beta-glukanu jęczmienia w ciągu minuty przy pH = 3,5 i w temperaturze 40 °C.
 (3) Szczegóły dotyczące metod analitycznych można uzyskać pod następującym adresem laboratorium referencyjnego: https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/eurl/feed-additives/evaluation-reports.