type: contracts

jurisdiction: EU

text:
 Svarīgs juridisks paziņojums
 |
 41995A1127(02)
 Oficiālais Vēstnesis C 316 , 27/11/1995 Lpp. 0034 - 0047
 Konvencija,kas izstrādāta, ņemot vērā Līguma par Eiropas Savienību K3. pantu, par informācijas tehnoloģijas izmantošanu muitu vajadzībāmŠīs konvencijas AUGSTĀS LĪGUMSLĒDZĒJAS PUSES, Eiropas Savienības dalībvalstis,ATSAUCOTIES uz Eiropas Savienības Padomes 1995. gada 23. jūlija Aktu,ATGĀDINOT saistības Konvencijā par savstarpēju palīdzību muitas pārvalžu starpā, kas parakstīta Romā 1967. gada 7. septembrī,UZSKATOT, ka Kopienas teritorijā un pie Kopienas ārējām robežām muitas pārvaldes kopā ar citām kompetentām iestādēm atbild par to, lai tiktu novērsti, izmeklēti un pārvarēti ne tikai Kopienas noteikumu pārkāpumi, bet arī valstu noteikumu pārkāpumi, jo īpaši to likumu pārkāpumi, kas paredzēti Eiropas Kopienas dibināšanas līguma 36. un 223. pantā,UZSKATOT, ka visu veidu nelikumīgas tirdzniecības attīstība nopietni apdraud cilvēku veselību, sabiedrības morāli un drošību,PĀRLIECĪBĀ, ka ir jānostiprina sadarbība muitas pārvalžu starpā atbilstīgi noteikumiem Eiropas Padomes Konvencijā par indivīdu aizsardzību sakarā ar personas datu automātisku apstrādi, kura tika pieņemta Strasbūrā 1981. gada 28. janvārī, paredzot procedūras, kas ļaus muitas pārvaldēm darboties vienoti un apmainīties ar personas vai cita veida datiem par nelikumīgas tirdzniecības darbībām, izmantojot jaunu šāda tipa informācijas pārvaldības un pārraides tehnoloģiju,PATUROT PRĀTĀ to, ka savā ikdienas darbā muitas pārvaldēm ir jāpiemēro gan Kopienas, gan valstu noteikumi un ka tāpēc noteikti jāgādā, lai Kopienas un valstu noteikumi par savstarpēju palīdzību un administratīvo sadarbību abos sektoros pēc iespējas tiktu izstrādāti paralēli,IR VIENOJUŠĀS PAR ŠĀDIEM NOTEIKUMIEM.I NODAĻADEFINĪCIJAS1. pantsŠajā konvencijā:1) termins "valsts likumi" nozīmē kādas dalībvalsts normatīvos aktus, kuru piemērošana pilnīgi vai daļēji ir šīs dalībvalsts muitas pārvaldes kompetencē, par:- preču kustību, uz ko attiecas aizliegumi, ierobežojumi vai kontrole, jo īpaši saskaņā ar Eiropas Kopienas dibināšanas līguma 36. un 223. pantu,- par darbībām nolūkā nodot, konvertēt, noklusēt vai slēpt īpašumu vai ieņēmumus, kas tieši vai netieši gūti vai izmantoti, piekopjot nelikumīgu tirdzniecību ar narkotikām starptautiskā līmenī;2) termins "personas dati" nozīmē jebkuru informāciju par identificētu vai identificējamu indivīdu;3) termins "datu piegādātājdalībvalsts" nozīmē valsti, kurā ievada datus muitu informācijas sistēmā.II NODAĻAMUITU INFORMĀCIJAS SISTĒMAS IZVEIDE2. pants1. Dalībvalstu muitu pārvaldes izveido un uztur kopīgu automatizētu informācijas sistēmu atbilstoši muitu vajadzībām, kas šeit turpmāk saukta par "muitu informācijas sistēmu".2. Muitu informācijas sistēmas mērķis saskaņā ar šīs konvencijas noteikumiem ir palīdzēt novērst, izmeklēt un saukt pie atbildības par smagiem valstu likumu pārkāpumiem, izmantojot ātru informācijas izplatīšanu, kas ļauj kāpināt dalībvalstu muitas pārvalžu sadarbības un kontroles procedūru efektivitāti.III NODAĻAMUITU INFORMĀCIJAS SISTĒMAS DARBĪBA UN IZMANTOŠANA3. pants1. Muitu informācijas sistēmu veido centrālā datu bāze, kas ir pieejama, izmantojot termināļus katrā dalībvalstī. Tajā ietilpst vienīgi dati, tostarp arī personas dati, kas ir vajadzīgi, lai sasniegtu mērķi, kā paredzēts 2. panta 2. punktā, kuri iedalīti šādās kategorijās:i) preces;ii) transportlīdzekļi;iii) uzņēmumi;iv) personas;v) krāpšanas tendences;vi) pieejamā ekspertīze.2. Komisija nodrošina muitu informācijas sistēmas infrastruktūras tehnisko vadību saskaņā ar normām, ko paredz Padomē pieņemtie izpildes pasākumi.Komisija sniedz pārskatu par vadību komitejai, kas minēta 16. pantā.3. Komisija dara zināmu pieņemto tehniskās vadības īstenošanas kārtību iepriekš minētajai komitejai.4. pantsCiktāl tas ir vajadzīgs, lai sasniegtu sistēmas mērķi, dalībvalstis nosaka, kādi elementi iekļaujami muitu informācijas sistēmā atbilstoši katrai kategorijai 3. panta i) līdz vi) punktā. Personas datus nekādā gadījumā nedrīkst norādīt datu kategorijās, kas paredzētas 3. panta v) un vi) punktā. Sistēmā ievadītie dati nav plašāki par šādiem datiem:i) uzvārds, pirmslaulību uzvārds, priekšvārds un aizgūtais vārds;ii) dzimšanas datums un vieta;iii) nacionālā piederība;iv) dzimums;v) visas īpašās faktiskās un pastāvīgās auguma īpatnības;vi) datu iekļaušanas iemesls;vii) ierosinātā darbība;viii) brīdinājuma kods, kas norāda, ka persona jau bijusi bruņota, varmācīga vai bēguļojusi no iestādēm.Nekādā gadījumā neiekļauj personas datus, kas paredzēti 6. panta pirmajā teikumā Konvencijā par indivīdu aizsardzību sakarā ar personas datu automātisku apstrādi, kuru Eiropas Padome pieņēma 1981. gada 28. janvārī Strasbūrā, kas šeit turpmāk saukta par "1981. gada Strasbūras konvenciju".5. pants1. Datus, kas attiecināmi uz kategorijām 3. panta i) līdz iv) punktā, iekļauj muitu informācijas sistēmā vienīgi novērošanas un ziņošanas, diskrētas novērošanas vai īpašas kontroles vajadzībām.2. Ierosināto darbību vajadzībām, kuras minētas 1. punktā, personas datus, kas ietilpst 3. panta i) līdz iv) punkta kategorijās, var iekļaut muitu informācijas sistēmā vienīgi tad, ja īpaši ir pamatojums par iepriekš piekoptām nelikumīgām darbībām, ir faktiskas norādes, kas ļauj domāt, ka attiecīgā persona ir izdarījusi, izdara vai izdarīs smagus valsts likumu pārkāpumus.6. pants1. Ja tiek īstenotas 5. panta 1. punktā minētās ierosinātās darbības, šādas ziņas, pilnīgas vai daļējas, var tikt iegūtas un nosūtītas datu piegādātājdalībvalstij:i) to, ka atrasta konkrēta prece, transportlīdzeklis, uzņēmums vai persona;ii) kontroles vieta, laiks un iemesls;iii) ceļojuma maršruts un mērķis;iv) personas, kas ir kopā ar attiecīgo personu, vai personas attiecīgajā transportlīdzeklī;v) izmantotais transportlīdzeklis;vi) objekti, kas tiek transportēti;vii) apstākļi, kādos tika atklāta prece, transportlīdzeklis, uzņēmums vai persona.Gadījumā, kad šāda informācija ir iegūta, veicot diskrētu novērošanu, ir jāveic pasākumi, kas nodrošina, ka netiek apdraudēta novērošanas slepenība.2. Sakarā ar īpašo kontroli, kas minēta 5. panta 1. punktā, personas, transportlīdzekļus un objektus var pārmeklēt, ciktāl to atļauj likumi, noteikumi un procedūras dalībvalstī, kur notiek pārmeklēšana. Ja kādas dalībvalsts likumi nepieļauj īpašo kontroli, minētā dalībvalsts to automātiski pārveido novērošanā un ziņošanā.7. pants1. Tieša pieeja muitu informācijas sistēmas datiem ir vienīgi katras dalībvalsts izraudzītajām valsts iestādēm. Šīs valsts iestādes ir muitu pārvaldes, bet var būt arī citas iestādes, kas saskaņā ar attiecīgās dalībvalsts likumiem, noteikumiem un procedūrām ir kompetentas rīkoties, lai sasniegtu mērķi, kas paredzēts 2. panta 2. punktā.2. Katra dalībvalsts nosūta pārējām dalībvalstīm un komitejai, kas minēta 16. pantā, saskaņā ar 1. punktu izraudzīto kompetento iestāžu sarakstu, kam ir atļauts tieši piekļūt muitu informācijas sistēmas datiem, attiecībā uz katru iestādi norādot, kuriem datiem tai var būt pieeja un kādiem nolūkiem.3. Atkāpjoties no noteikumiem 1. un 2. punktā, dalībvalstis ar vienprātīgu nolīgumu var atļaut starptautiskām vai reģionālām organizācijām pieeju muitu informācijas sistēmai. Šāds nolīgums īstenojams kā protokols, ko pievieno šai konvencijai. Pieņemot savu lēmumu, dalībvalstis ņem vērā visus spēkā esošus divpusējus nolīgumus un atzinumus, ko sniegusi kopīgā pārraudzības iestāde, kas minēta 18. pantā, par datu aizsardzības pasākumu pietiekamību.8. pants1. Dalībvalstis var izmantot muitu informācijas sistēmas datus vienīgi tam, lai sasniegtu mērķi, kas paredzēts 2. panta 2. punktā; tomēr ar iepriekšēju atļauju un ievērojot nosacījumus, ko paredz dalībvalsts, kas attiecīgos datus ievadījusi sistēmā, tās var izmantot tos administratīviem un citiem nolūkiem. Šāds cits izmantojums saskan ar likumiem, noteikumiem un procedūrām dalībvalstī, kura vēlas tos izmantot, un atbilst 5.5. principam Eiropas Padomes Ministru komitejas 1987. gada 17. septembra Ieteikumā R (87)15.2. Neskarot šā panta 1. un 4. punktu un 7. panta 3. punktu, katrā dalībvalstī muitu informācijas sistēmas datus var izmantot tikai attiecīgās dalībvalsts izraudzītās valsts iestādes, kuras saskaņā ar likumiem, noteikumiem un procedūrām minētajā dalībvalstī ir kompetentas rīkoties, lai sasniegtu mērķus, kas paredzēti 2. panta 2. punktā.3. Katra dalībvalsts nosūta pārējām dalībvalstīm un komitejai, kas minēta 16. pantā, to iestāžu sarakstu, kuras tā ir izraudzījusi saskaņā ar 2. punktu.4. Muitu informācijas sistēmas datus, ar iepriekšēju atļauju un ievērojot nosacījumus, ko noteikusi dalībvalsts, kas šos datus ievadījusi sistēmā, var nosūtīt iestādēm, kas nav tās iestādes, kas izraudzītas saskaņā ar 2. punktu, valstīm ārpus Kopienas, starptautiskām vai reģionālām organizācijām, kas vēlas tos izmantot. Katra dalībvalsts veic īpašus pasākumus, lai nodrošinātu šo datu drošību, kad tos pārraida vai piegādā dienestiem, kas atrodas ārpus to teritorijas. Šo pasākumu aprakstu nosūta kopīgajai pārraudzības iestādei, kas minēta 18. pantā.9. pants1. Datu iekļaušanu muitu informācijas sistēmā regulē datu piegādātājdalībvalsts likumi, noteikumi un procedūras, ja vien šī konvencija neparedz stingrākus noteikumus.2. To, kā izmanto no muitu informācijas sistēmas iegūtus datus, tostarp to, kā veic kādu darbību saskaņā ar 5. pantu, kuru ierosinājusi datu piegādātājdalībvalsts, regulē likumi, noteikumi un procedūras dalībvalstī, kas izmanto šos datus, ja vien šī konvencija neparedz stingrākus noteikumus.10. pants1. Katra dalībvalsts izrauga kompetentu muitas pārvaldi, kas valstī atbild par muitu informācijas sistēmu.2. Šī pārvalde atbild par to, lai attiecīgajā dalībvalstī muitu informācijas sistēmu izmantotu pareizi, un veic pasākumus, kas ir vajadzīgi, lai nodrošinātu atbilstību šīs konvencijas noteikumiem.3. Dalībvalstis cita citai dara zināmu kompetento pārvaldi, kas paredzēta 1. punktā.IV NODAĻADATU GROZĪŠANA11. pants1. Tikai datu piegādātājdalībvalsts ir tiesīga grozīt, papildināt, labot vai dzēst datus, kurus tā ievadījusi muitu informācijas sistēmā.2. Ja datu piegādātājdalībvalsts konstatē vai uzzina, ka dati, kurus tā ievadījusi, ir faktiski kļūdaini vai ka tie ievadīti un glabāti pretēji šai konvencijai, tā pēc vajadzības tos groza, papildina, labo vai dzēš un par to brīdina pārējās dalībvalstis.3. Ja kādai no dalībvalstīm ir pierādījumi, kas liek domāt, ka dati daļēji tiešām ir kļūdaini vai tika iekļauti un tiek glabāti pretrunā šai konvencijai, cik drīz vien tas ir iespējams, tā par to brīdina datu piegādātājdalībvalsti. Pēdējā minētā valsts pārbauda attiecīgos datus un vajadzības gadījumā tūlīt labo vai dzēš konkrēto datu daļu. Datu piegādātājdalībvalsts brīdina pārējās dalībvalstis par visiem labojumiem un likvidācijām, ko tā veikusi.4. Ja, ievadot datus muitu informācijas sistēmā, kāda dalībvalsts konstatē, ka tās ziņojums satura ziņā vai attiecībā uz ierosināto darbību ir pretrunā iepriekšējam ziņojumam, tā tūlīt brīdina dalībvalsti, kas veica iepriekšējo ziņojumu. Tad abas dalībvalstis mēģina jautājumu atrisināt. Gadījumā, ja nevar panākt vienošanos, pirmo ziņojumu saglabā, bet tās jaunā ziņojuma daļas, kas nav pretrunā pirmajam ziņojumam, iekļauj sistēmā.5. Ievērojot šīs konvencijas noteikumus, gadījumā, kad kādā dalībvalstī tiesa vai cita šīs dalībvalsts kompetenta iestāde pieņem galīgo lēmumu grozīt, papildināt, labot vai dzēst datus muitu informācijas sistēmā, attiecīgās dalībvalstis abpusēji uzņemas piemērot šādu lēmumu. Gadījumā, kad šādi lēmumi, kurus pieņēmušas tiesas vai citas kompetentas iestādes dažādās dalībvalstīs, tostarp 15. panta 4. punktā paredzētie lēmumi attiecībā uz labojumu vai likvidāciju, ir pretrunīgi, dalībvalsts, kas ievadījusi konkrētos datus sistēmā, tos izdzēš.V NODAĻADATU GROZĪŠANA12. pants1. Muitu informācijas sistēmā iekļautus datus glabā tikai tik ilgi, cik tas ir vajadzīgs, lai sasniegtu mērķi, kura dēļ tie tika iekļauti. Datu piegādātājdalībvalsts vismaz reizi gadā pārbauda vajadzību tos saglabāt.2. Datu piegādātājdalībvalsts pārbaudes laikā var izlemt saglabāt šos datus līdz nākošajai pārbaudei, ja tas ir vajadzīgs, lai sasniegtu mērķus, kuru dēļ šie dati tika iekļauti sistēmā. Neskarot 15. pantu, ja lēmums saglabāt datus netiek pieņemts, tos automātiski pārvieto uz to muitu informācijas sistēmas daļu, kurai pieeja ir ierobežota saskaņā ar 4. punktu.3. Kad saskaņā ar 2. punktu ir paredzēta muitu informācijas sistēmā glabātu datu pārvietošana, par to muitu informācijas sistēma automātiski vienu mēnesi iepriekš informē datu piegādātājdalībvalsti.4. Saskaņā ar 2. punktu pārvietotus datus vienu gadu turpina glabāt muitu informācijas sistēmā, bet, neskarot 15. pantu, tie ir pieejami tikai 16. pantā minētās komitejas pārstāvim vai pārraudzības iestādēm, kas minētas 17. panta 1. punktā vai 18. panta 1. punktā. Šajā laikā tos var aplūkot vienīgi, lai pārbaudītu to precizitāti un likumību, pēc tam tie ir jāizdzēš.VI NODAĻAPERSONAS DATU AIZSARDZĪBA13. pants1. Katra dalībvalsts, kas plāno iegūt personas datus no muitu informācijas sistēmas vai tos ievadīt muitu informācijas sistēmā, ne vēlāk par brīdi, kad stājas spēkā šī konvencija, pieņem attiecīgus valsts tiesību aktus, kas nodrošina tādu personas datu aizsardzības līmeni, kas ir vismaz līdzvērtīgs tam, ko paredz 1981. gada Strasbūras konvencijas principi.2. Dalībvalsts var iegūt personas datus no muitu informācijas sistēmas vai tos tur ievadīt, kad šīs dalībvalsts teritorijā stājusies spēkā kārtība, kas paredzēta, lai aizsargātu 1. punktā minētos datus. Dalībvalsts arī iepriekš izrauga vienu vai vairākas valsts pārraudzības iestādes saskaņā ar 17. pantu.3. Lai nodrošinātu to, ka pareizi piemēro šīs konvencijas datu aizsardzības noteikumus, katrā dalībvalstī muitu informācijas sistēmu uzskata par datu krātuvi, uz ko attiecas valsts noteikumi, kas minēti 1. punktā, un visi stingrāki noteikumi šajā konvencijā.14. pants1. Ievērojot 8. panta 1. punktu, katra dalībvalsts gādā par to, lai tādu personas datu izmantojums, kas iegūti no muitu informācijas sistēmas, nolūkā, kas atšķiras no 2. panta 2. punktā paredzētā mērķa, būtu pretrunā tās likumiem, noteikumiem un procedūrām.2. Datus var pavairot vienīgi tehniskām vajadzībām ar nosacījumu, ka šāda kopija ir vajadzīga 7. pantā minēto iestāžu informācijas meklējumiem. Ievērojot 8. panta 1. punktu, personas datus, ko ievadījusi cita dalībvalsts, nevar kopēt no muitu informācijas sistēmas citā valsts datu krātuvē.15. pants1. Personu tiesības attiecībā uz personas datiem muitu informācijas sistēmā, jo īpaši to piekļuves tiesības, tiek īstenotas saskaņā ar likumiem, noteikumiem un procedūrām dalībvalstī, kur šādas tiesības izmanto.Ja attiecīgās dalībvalsts likumi, noteikumi un procedūras to paredz, 17. pantā paredzētā valsts pārraudzības iestāde lemj, vai ziņas ir jāsniedz un pēc kādas procedūras.Dalībvalsts, kas nav piegādājusi attiecīgos datus, var nosūtīt datus vienīgi tad, ja tā vispirms devusi datu piegādātājdalībvalstij iespēju pieņemt savu nostāju.2. Dalībvalsts, kam iesniegts pieteikums par pieeju personas datiem, atsaka pieeju, ja tas var kaitēt 5. panta 1. punktā minētajā ziņojumā norādītās darbības īstenošanai vai apdraudēt citu tiesības un brīvības. Pieeju atsaka vienmēr laikā, kad tiek veikta diskrēta novērošana vai novērošana un ziņošana.3. Katrā dalībvalstī jebkura persona saskaņā ar attiecīgās dalībvalsts likumiem, noteikumiem un procedūrām var uzdot, lai tiktu izlaboti vai dzēsti personas dati, kas attiecas uz to, ja šie dati ir faktiski kļūdaini vai iekļauti un tiek glabāti muitu informācijas sistēmā pretēji mērķim, kas noteikts šīs konvencijas 2. panta 2. punktā, vai noteikumiem 1981. gada Strasbūras konvencijas 5. pantā.4. Katrā dalībvalstī jebkura persona saskaņā ar attiecīgās dalībvalsts likumiem, noteikumiem un procedūrām var iesniegt prasību vai, vajadzības gadījumā, sūdzību tiesā vai iestādē, kas ir kompetenta saskaņā ar šīs dalībvalsts likumiem, noteikumiem un procedūrām, sakarā ar personas datiem, kas attiecībā uz to iekļauti muitu informācijas sistēmā, lai:i) tiktu izlaboti vai dzēsti faktiski kļūdaini personas dati;ii) lai tiktu izlaboti vai dzēsti personas dati, kas iekļauti vai tiek glabāti muitu informācijas sistēmā pretēji šai konvencijai;iii) lai iegūtu pieeju personas datiem;iv) lai iegūtu kompensāciju saskaņā ar 21. panta 2. punktu.Attiecīgās dalībvalstis uzņemas savstarpēji īstenot galīgos lēmumus, kurus pieņēmusi tiesa vai cita kompetenta iestāde saskaņā ar i), ii) un iii) apakšpunktu.5. Norāde šajā pantā un 11. panta 5. punktā uz "galīgu lēmumu" nenozīmē, ka dalībvalstij ir jāpārsūdz lēmums, ko pieņēmusi tiesa vai cita kompetenta iestāde.VII NODAĻAIESTĀŽU SISTĒMA16. pants1. Izveido komiteju, ko veido dalībvalstu muitu pārvalžu pārstāvji. Savus lēmumus attiecībā uz 2. punkta pirmā ievilkuma noteikumiem komiteja pieņem vienprātīgi, bet lēmumus attiecībā uz 2. punkta otrā ievilkuma noteikumiem – ar divu trešdaļu balsu vairākumu. Komiteja apstiprina savu reglamentu ar vienprātīgu lēmumu.2. Komiteja atbild:- par šīs konvencijas noteikumu izpildi un pareizu piemērojumu, neskarot 17. panta 1. punktā un 18. panta 1. punktā minēto iestāžu pilnvaras,- par to, lai muitu informācijas sistēma tehniski un funkcionāli darbotos pareizi. Komiteja veic visus vajadzīgos pasākumus, lai nodrošinātu 12. un 19. pantā paredzēto pasākumu pareizu piemērojumu attiecībā uz muitu informācijas sistēmu. Šā panta piemērošanas nolūkā komitejai var būt tieša pieeja muitu informācijas sistēmā ievadītajiem datiem un tiesības tos izmantot.3. Saskaņā ar Līguma par Eiropas Savienību VI sadaļu komiteja reizi gadā ziņo Padomei par to, cik efektīva ir muitu informācijas sistēma un vai tā darbojas pareizi, vajadzības gadījumā izvirzot priekšlikumus.4. Komisija piedalās komitejas darbā.VIII NODAĻAPERSONAS DATU AIZSARDZĪBAS PĀRRAUDZĪBA17. pants1. Katra dalībvalsts izrauga vienu vai vairākas valsts pārraudzības iestādes, kas atbild par personas datu aizsardzību, lai tās neatkarīgi pārraudzītu šāda tipa muitu informācijas sistēmā ievadītus datus.Pārraudzības iestādes saskaņā ar attiecīgiem savas valsts likumiem veic neatkarīgu pārraudzību un pārbaudes, lai nodrošinātu, ka muitu informācijas sistēmā glabāto datu apstrāde un izmantojums nebūtu pretrunā attiecīgās personas tiesībām. Šai nolūkā pārraudzības iestādēm ir pieeja muitu informācijas sistēmai.2. Jebkura persona no jebkuras valsts pārraudzības iestādes var prasīt, lai tā pārbaudītu muitu informācijas sistēmā ievadītus personas datus, kas attiecas uz viņu, un to, kā minētie dati tiek izmantoti. Minētās tiesības regulē likumi, noteikumi un procedūras dalībvalstī, kur veikts attiecīgais pieprasījums. Ja šos datus ievadījusi cita dalībvalsts, pārbaudi veic ciešā sadarbībā ar šīs citas dalībvalsts pārraudzības iestādi.18. pants1. Izveido kopīgu pārraudzības iestādi. To veido divi pārstāvji no katras dalībvalsts, kuri nāk no vienas vai vairākām neatkarīgām valsts pārraudzības iestādēm katrā no šīm valstīm.2. Kopīgā pārraudzības iestāde veic savu uzdevumu saskaņā ar šīs konvencijas noteikumiem un 1981. gada Strasbūras konvencijas noteikumiem, ņemot vērā Eiropas Padomes Ministru komitejas 1987. gada 17. septembra Ieteikumu R (87)15.3. Kopīgā pārraudzības iestāde ir kompetenta pārraudzīt muitu informācijas sistēmas darbību, pārbaudīt visas piemērojuma vai interpretācijas grūtības, kas var rasties sistēmas darbības laikā, izpētīt grūtības, kas var rasties sakarā ar neatkarīgo pārraudzību, ko īsteno dalībvalstu pārraudzības iestādes, vai īstenojot indivīdu sistēmpieejas tiesības, kā arī izstrādāt priekšlikumus, lai rastu kopīgus problēmu risinājumus.4. Lai kopīgā pārraudzības iestāde varētu veikt savus uzdevumus, tai ir pieeja muitu informācijas sistēmai.5. Kopīgās pārraudzības iestādes izstrādātos ziņojumus pārsūta iestādēm, kam valsts pārraudzības iestādes iesniedz savus ziņojumus.IX NODAĻAMUITU INFORMĀCIJAS SISTĒMAS DROŠĪBA19. pants1. Visus nepieciešamos administratīvos drošības pasākumus:i) attiecībā uz muitu informācijas sistēmas termināļiem savās valstīs veic dalībvalstu kompetentās iestādes;ii) attiecībā uz muitu informācijas sistēmu un termināļiem, kas atrodas tajās pašās telpās, kur atrodas sistēma un ko izmanto tehniskām vajadzībām un 3. punktā paredzētajām pārbaudēm, veic komiteja, kas minēta 16. pantā.2. Jo īpaši kompetentās iestāde un 16. pantā minētā komiteja veic pasākumus:i) lai personas bez atļaujas nevarētu piekļūt iekārtām, ko izmanto datu apstrādei;ii) lai personas bez atļaujas nevarētu lasīt, kopēt, grozīt vai likvidēt datus vai datu nesējus;iii) lai nepieļautu, ka datus ievada, iegūst, groza vai dzēš neatļauti;iv) lai personām bez atļaujas nebūtu pieejas muitu informācijas sistēmas datiem, izmantojot datu pārraides iekārtas;v) lai attiecībā uz muitu informācijas sistēmas izmantojumu garantētu, ka personām ar atļaujām būtu pieejas tiesības, kas ļauj piekļūt tikai tiem datiem, kas atbilst to kompetencei;vi) lai garantētu, ka to, kurām iestādēm var pārraidīt datus ar datu pārraides iekārtām, var pārbaudīt un konstatēt;vii) lai garantētu, ka pēc datu ievadīšanas var pārbaudīt un konstatēt, kādi dati ievadīti muitu informācijas sistēmā, kad un kas to ir veicis, kā arī pārraudzīt šo datu apskati;viii) lai novērstu to, ka laikā, kad pārraida datus vai transportē datu nesējus, var neatļauti nolasīt, nokopēt, grozīt vai dzēst datus.3. Komiteja, kas minēta 16. pantā, pārrauga muitu informācijas sistēmas datu apskatu, lai pārbaudītu, vai veiktie meklējumi bija atļauti un vai tos veikuši lietotāji ar atļaujām. Pārbauda vismaz 1 % veikto meklējumu. Šo meklējumu un šo pārbaužu pārskatu ievada sistēmā, un tas kalpo vienīgi iepriekš minētajām pārbaudēm, ko veic 16. pantā paredzētā komiteja un 17. un 18. pantā paredzētās pārraudzības iestādes, un to dzēš pēc sešiem mēnešiem.20. pantsKompetentās muitas pārvaldes, kas minētas šīs konvencijas 10. panta 1. punktā, atbild par 19. pantā paredzētajiem drošības pasākumiem attiecībā uz termināļiem, kas atrodas attiecīgās dalībvalsts teritorijā, pārbaudēm, kas paredzētas 12. panta 1. un 2. punktā, kā arī par šīs konvencijas pareizu piemērojumu, ciktāl tas ir vajadzīgs saskaņā ar attiecīgās dalībvalsts likumiem, noteikumiem un procedūrām.X NODAĻAATBILDĪBA UN PIENĀKUMI21. pants1. Katra dalībvalsts atbild par to, lai dati, ko tā ievadījusi muitu informācijas sistēmā, būtu precīzi, aktuāli un saskaņā ar likumu. Katra dalībvalsts atbild arī par to, lai būtu izpildīti 1981. gada Strasbūras konvencijas 5. panta noteikumi.2. Katra dalībvalsts saskaņā ar saviem likumiem, noteikumiem un procedūrām atbild par kaitējumu, kas nodarīts kādai personai sakarā ar muitu informācijas sistēmas izmantojumu attiecīgajā dalībvalstī.Tas pats attiecas uz gadījumiem, kad kaitējums nodarīts sakarā ar to, ka datu piegādātājdalībvalsts ievadījusi kļūdainus datus vai ievadījusi tos pretēji šai konvencijai.3. Ja dalībvalsts, pret kuru izvirzīta prasība sakarā ar kļūdainiem datiem, nav dalībvalsts, kas sniegusi šos datus, konkrētās dalībvalstis mēģina vienoties par kompensācijas summu varbūtējo proporciju, ko dalībvalsts, kas piegādājusi šos datus, atmaksā šai citai dalībvalstij. Šādi apstiprinātas summas atmaksā pēc pieprasījuma.22. pants1. Katra dalībvalsts sedz izdevumus sakarā ar muitu informācijas sistēmas darbību, kas rodas, dalībvalstīm izmantojot muitu informācijas sistēmu savās teritorijās.2. Dalībvalstis sedz pārējos izdevumus, kas radušies, īstenojot šo konvenciju, izņemot tos, kurus nevar nošķirt no muitu informācijas sistēmas darbības Kopienas muitas un lauksaimniecības noteikumu piemērošanas nolūkiem. Katras dalībvalsts iemaksas daļu nosaka saskaņā ar nacionālā kopprodukta attiecību pret dalībvalstu nacionālo kopproduktu kopsummu par gadu pirms gada, kurā radušies izdevumi.Šajā punktā "nacionālais kopprodukts" ir nacionālais kopprodukts, ko nosaka saskaņā ar Padomes 1989. gada 13. februāra Direktīvu 89/130/EEK, Euratom par to, kā saskaņojama nacionālā kopprodukta apkopošana tirgus cenās [1], vai visiem citiem Kopienas instrumentiem, kas to groza vai aizstāj.XI NODAĻAPIEMĒROJUMS UN NOBEIGUMA NOTEIKUMI23. pantsDalībvalstu iestādes tieši apmainās ar informāciju, ko sniedz saskaņā ar konvenciju.24. pants1. Šo konvenciju pieņem dalībvalstis saskaņā ar to attiecīgajām konstitucionālajām prasībām.2. Dalībvalstis informē Eiropas Savienības Padomes ģenerālsekretāru par konstitucionālo prasību izpildi šīs konvencijas pieņemšanai.3. Šī konvencija stājas spēkā deviņdesmit dienas pēc tam, kad pēdējā dalībvalsts ir iesniegusi 2. punktā norādīto paziņojumu par šīs formalitātes izpildi.25. pants1. Šai konvencijai var pievienoties jebkura valsts, kas kļuvusi par Eiropas Savienības dalībvalsti.2. Šīs konvencijas tekstam, ko sagatavojusi Eiropas Savienības Padome, ir jābūt autentiskam tās valsts valodā, kas pievienojusies.3. Pievienošanās dokumenti glabājas depozitārē.4. Šī konvencija stājas spēkā attiecībā uz jebkuru tai pievienojušos valsti deviņdesmit dienas pēc datuma, kad deponēts pievienošanās dokuments vai konvencijas spēkā stāšanās datumā, ja tā vēl nav stājusies spēkā minētā deviņdesmit dienu perioda izbeigšanās laikā.26. pants1. Eiropas Savienības Padomes ģenerālsekretārs darbojas kā šīs konvencijas depozitāre.2. Depozitāre publicē Eiropas Kopienu Oficiālajā Vēstnesī informāciju par dokumentu pieņemšanas un pievienošanās gaitu, deklarācijām un atrunām, kā arī visus citus paziņojumus attiecībā uz šo konvenciju.27. pants1. Visi dalībvalstu strīdi par šīs konvencijas interpretāciju vai piemērošanu sākotnēji ir jāizskata Padomē saskaņā ar Līguma par Eiropas Savienību VI sadaļā noteikto kārtību nolūkā panākt risinājumu.Ja sešu mēnešu laikā risinājums nav atrasts, viena no strīdā iesaistītajām pusēm šajā jautājumā var vērsties Eiropas Kopienu Tiesā.2. Sakarā ar jebkuru strīdu, kas radies starp vienu vai vairākām dalībvalstīm un Eiropas Kopienu Komisiju, par šīs konvencijas piemērojumu, ko nevar atrisināt sarunu ceļā, var vērsties Tiesā.En fe de lo cual, los plenipotenciarios abajo firmantes suscriben el presente Convenio.Til bekræftelse heraf har undertegnede befuldmægtigede underskrevet denne konvention.Zu Urkund dessen haben die unterzeichneten Bevollmächtigten ihre Unterschriften unter dieses Übereinkommen gesetzt.Σε πίστωση των ανωτέρω, οι υπογράφοντες πληρεξούσιοι έθεσαν την υπογραφή τους κάτω από την παρούσα σύμβαση.In witness whereof, the undersigned Plenipotentiaries have hereunto set their hands.En foi de quoi, les plénipotentiaires soussignés ont apposé leurs signatures au bas de la présente convention.Dá fhianú sin, chuir na Lánchumhachtaigh thíos-sínithe a lámh leis an gCoinbhinsiún seo.In fede di che, i plenipotenziari sottoscritti hanno apposto le loro firme in calce alla presente convenzione.Ten blijke waarvan de ondergetekende gevolmachtigden hun handtekening onder deze overeenkomst hebben gesteld.Em fé do que, os plenipotenciários abaixo assinados apuseram as suas assinaturas no final da presente convenção.Tämän vakuudeksi alla mainitut täysivaltaiset edustajat ovat allekirjoittaneet tämän yleissopimuksen.Til bekräftelse härav har undertecknade befullmäktigade ombud undertecknat denna konvention.Hecho en Bruselas, el veintiseis de julio de mil novecientos noventa y cinco, en un ejemplar único, en lenguas alemana, inglesa, danesa, española, finesa, francesa, griega, gaélica, italiana, neerlandesa, portuguesa y sueca, cuyos textos son igualmente auténticos y que será depositado en los archivos de la Secretaría General del Consejo de la Unión Europea.Udfærdiget i Bruxelles den seksogtyvende juli nitten hundrede og femoghalvfems, i ét eksemplar på dansk, engelsk, finsk, fransk, græsk, irsk, italiensk, nederlandsk, portugisisk, spansk, svensk og tysk, hvilke tekster alle har samme gyldighed, og deponeres i arkiverne i Generalsekretariatet for Rådet for Den Europæiske Union.Geschehen zu Brüssel am sechsundzwanzigsten Juli neunzehnhundertfünfundneunzig in einer Urschrift in dänischer, deutscher, englischer, finnischer, französischer, griechischer, irischer, italienischer, niederländischer, portugiesischer, schwedischer und spanischer Sprache, wobei jeder Wortlaut gleichermaßen verbindlich ist; die Urschrift wird im Archiv des Generalsekretariats des Rates der Europäischen Union hinterlegt.Έγινε στις Βρυξέλλες, στις είκοσι έξι Ιουλίου χίλια εννιακόσια ενενήντα πέντε, σε ένα μόνο αντίτυπο, στην αγγλική, γαλλική, γερμανική, δανική, ελληνική, ιρλανδική, ισπανική, ιταλική, ολλανδική, πορτογαλική, σουηδική και φινλανδική γλώσσα, όλα δε τα κείμενα είναι εξίσου αυθεντικά και κατατίθενται στα αρχεία της Γενικής Γραμματείας του Συμβουλίου της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης.Done at Brussels on the twenty-sixth day of July in the year one thousand nine hundred and ninety-five in a single original, in the Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Irish, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish and Swedish languages, each text being equally authentic, such original remaining deposited in the archives of the General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union.Fait à Bruxelles, le vingt-six juillet mil neuf cent quatre-vingt-quinze, en un exemplaire unique, en langues allemande, anglaise, danoise, espagnole, finnoise, française, grecque, irlandaise, italienne, néerlandaise, portugaise et suédoise, tous ces textes faisant également foi, exemplaire qui est déposé dans les archives du Secrétariat général du Conseil de l'Union européenne.Arna dhéanamh sa Bhruiséil, an séú lá is fiche de Iúil sa bhliain míle naoi gcéad nócha a cúig, i scríbhinn bhunaidh amháin sa Bhéarla, sa Danmhairgis, san Fhionlainnis, sa Fhraincis, sa Ghaeilge, sa Ghearmáinis, sa Ghréigis, san Iodáilis, san Ollainnis, sa Phortaingéilis, sa Spáinnis agus sa tSualainnis agus comhúdarás ag na téacsanna i ngach ceann de na teangacha sin; déanfar an scríbhinn bhunaidh sin a thaisceadh i gcartlann Ardrúnaíocht Chomhairle an Aontais Eorpaigh.Fatto a Bruxelles, addì ventisei luglio millenovecentonovantacinque, in unico esemplare in lingua danese, finlandese, francese, greca, inglese, irlandese, italiana, olandese, portoghese, spagnola, svedese e tedesca, i testi di ciascuna di queste lingue facenti ugualmente fede, esemplare depositato negli archivi del segretariato generale dell'Unione europea.Gedaan te Brussel, de zesentwintigste juli negentienhonderd vijfennegentig, in één exemplaar, in de Deense, de Duitse, de Engelse, de Finse, de Franse, de Griekse, de Ierse, de Italiaanse, de Nederlandse, de Portugese, de Spaanse en de Zweedse taal, zijnde alle teksten gelijkelijk authentiek, dat wordt neergelegd in het archief van het Secretariaat-generaal van de Raad van de Europese Unie.Feito em Bruxelas, em vinte e seis de Julho de mil novecentos c noventa e cinco, em exemplar único, nas línguas alemã, dinamarquesa, espanhola, finlandesa, francesa, grega, inglesa, irlandesa, italiana, neerlandesa, portuguesa e sueca, fazendo igualmente fé todos os textos, depositado nos arquivos do Secretariado-Geral do Conselho da União Europeia.Tehty Brysselissä kahdentenakymmenentenäkuudentena päivänä heinäkuuta vuonna tuhatyhdeksänsataayhdeksänkymmentäviisi yhtenä ainoana kappaleena englannin, espanjan, hollannin, iirin, italian, kreikan, portugalin, ranskan, ruotsin, saksan, suomen ja tanskan kielellä kaikkien näiden tekstien ollessa yhtä todistusvoimaiset, ja se talletetaan Euroopan unionin neuvoston pääsihteeristön arkistoon.Utfärdad i Bryssel den tjugosjätte juli nittonhundranittiofem i ett enda exemplar, på danska, engelska, finska, franska, grekiska, irländska, italienska, nederländska, portugisiska, spanska, svenska och tyska, varvid alla texter är lika giltiga, och deponerad i arkiven vid generalsekretariatet för Europeiska unionens råd.Pour le gouvernement du royaume de BelgiqueVoor de Regering van het Koninkrijk BelgiëFür die Regierung des Königreichs Belgien+++++ TIFF +++++For regeringen for Kongeriget Danmark+++++ TIFF +++++Für die Regierung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland+++++ TIFF +++++Για την κυβέρνηση της Ελληνικής Δημοκρατίας+++++ TIFF +++++Por el Gobierno del Reino de España+++++ TIFF +++++Pour le gouvernement de la République française+++++ TIFF +++++Thar ceann Rialtas na hÉireannFor the Government of Ireland+++++ TIFF +++++Per il governo della Repubblica italiana+++++ TIFF +++++Pour le gouvernement du grand-duché de Luxembourg+++++ TIFF +++++Voor de Regering van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden+++++ TIFF +++++Für die Regierung der Republik Österreich+++++ TIFF +++++Pelo Governo da República Portuguesa+++++ TIFF +++++Suomen hallituksen puolesta+++++ TIFF +++++På svenska regeringens vägnar+++++ TIFF +++++For the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland+++++ TIFF +++++[1] OV L 49, 21.2.1989., 26. lpp.--------------------------------------------------


type: wikipedia

text:
 Rhododendron traillianum er en stedsegrøn busk eller et lille træ med en stift opret vækst og hvide eller lyserøde blomster. Den hører hjemme i Kina og Tibet.
 Beskrivelse
 Barken er først lysegrøn, men inden for et år bliver den rødbrun og glat. Senere kan gamle grene og stammer få en gråbrun, afskallende bark. Knopperne er lysegrønne og spidst ægformede. Bladene er læderagtige og ovale med tydelig spids og indrullede bladrande. Oversiden er mat mørkegrøn, mens undersiden er rustbrun på grund af et pulveragtigt "indument".
 Blomstringen sker i april-maj, og blomsterne er klokkeformede og hvide (eller svagt lyserøde) med røde svælgpletter. De sidder samlet i endestillede, tætte stande. Frugterne er tørre kapsler med mange frø.
 Rodnettet er meget fint og trævlet. Planten er afhængig af mykorrhiza med én eller flere svampearter.
 Højde x bredde og årlig tilvækst: 2 x 2 m (10 x 10 cm/år).
 Hjemsted
 Arten hører hjemme i det sydvestlige Sichuan, det sydøstlige Tibet og det vestlige Yunnan, hvor den optræder som underskov sammen med flere arter af Ædelgran på sur, næringsfattig bund i 3000-4600 meters højde over havet.
 Rododendron-sorter
 Stedsegrønne
 Surbundsplanter
 Hvide blomster


text:
Maharajadhiraj Prithvi Narayan Shah (1723–1775) () was the last ruler of the Gorkha Kingdom and first monarch of the Kingdom of Nepal (also called Kingdom of Gorkha). Prithvi Narayan Shah started the unification of Nepal.
 Shah proclaimed the newly unified Kingdom of Nepal as Asal Hindustan ("Real Land of Hindus") due to North India being ruled by the Islamic Mughal rulers. He also referred to the rest of Northern India as Mughlan (Country of Mughals). Prithvi Narayan Shah is considered as the Father of the Nation in Nepal.
 Early years
 Prithvi Narayan Shah was born prematurely on 11 January 1723 as the first child of Nara Bhupal Shah and Kaushalyavati Devi in the Gorkha Palace.
 Prince Prithvi Narayan Shah's education began at age five through the appropriate ceremony. At that time, the responsibility to educate him was given to Mokchyeshwor Aryal and Bhanu Aryal, They were the Upadhyayas who worked in the palace as astrologers, where they were also known as Jyotishi or Jaisi. Even though the Gurus provided his primary education, the duty of developing his character was taken by Queen Chandra Pravawati. It is said that seeing the prince of neighboring states Tanahun, Lamjung, and Kaski indulged in excess pleasure, Chandra Pravawati kept Prithvi Narayan Shah away from pleasurable and wrong pursuits. That is why no traces of pleasurable pursuits and diversion can be found in his early life.
 From a young age, he took interest in the affairs of his father's state and soon began to take on these responsibilities. Prithvi Narayan Shah had an early dream of conquering Nuwakot, partially as his father had lost it to the Mallas of Kathmandu in an earlier war. After the death of his father in 1743 AD, Prithvi Narayan Shah ascended to the throne of Gorkha at the age of 20. As king, he valued his people and enjoyed talking to his subjects about their general concerns. This practice helped him to build a rapport with his people and helped him to understand the requirements of the citizens of Gorkha. King Shah sealed his borders and maintained a friendly diplomatic relationship with his neighbors, with the exception of the East India Company, which ignored Nepal and refused to open trade relationships at the time.
 Reign
 Before Prithvi Narayan Shah's unification movement, there were a total of 54 states in Nepal. In the South-Eastern Terai, there were three Sen states: Makawanpur, Bijayapur, and Chaudandi. In the West, from Gorkha to Gandaki Province, there were 24 states. In the province of Karnali, there were 22 states with Kalyan, Samaal, Shahi and Chand dynasties. Along with Gorkha and Mustang, Bhaktapur, Kantipur and Lalitpur made up the remaining five states. When Prithvi Narayan Shah had ascended to the throne of Gorkha in the year 3 April 1743 A.D, it was yet a small state. He then started to contemplate the methods to turn Gorkha into a huge and strong state. He went to Varanasi to gain first-hand knowledge about the neighbouring states and about India to the south. During those days, Varanasi was one of the large trade centres of India where people from different places gathered. He met with different types of people and gained valuable understandings regarding the Political and Social conditions of the Indian Sub-Continent. In Varanasi, his father-in-law Abhiman Singh, a Rajput Chief, procured for him some firearms and a quantity of ammunition.
 Nuwakot
 His first attempt at invasion of Nuwakot in 1743 CE failed and his reign began with an immediate military defeat. Conquering Nuwakot was essential for the unification, as it lay between Kathmandu and the Gorkha District, making it a vital trading route to Tibet.
 On his return to Gorkha from Varanasi, Prithvi Narayan Shah first took steps to defeat Nuwakot in the diplomatic field. He entered into friendly alliance with the chiefs of Lamjung , Tanahun and Palpa. This done, Prithvi Narayan Shah sent an army against Nuwakot from three directions. The Chief of Nuwakot knowing that Gorkha is going to attack them in near future had gone to take help from Jaya Prakash Malla, the king of Kantipur. Thus his son Jayant Rana commanded the Nuwakot army representing his father. The Nuwakot army was defeated in 1744 CE and his country passed into the hands of Prithvi Narayan Shah's Gorkhas.
 Kirtipur
 Prithvi Narayan Shah's next strategy was to conquer all the places around the Nepal valley, that is, Kathmandu and the neighboring regions, and thereby to create an economic crisis in order that the conquest of Nepal valley might become easier. He first attacked Kirtipur, a dependency of Patan and a strategic post commanding the Nepal valley, but was signally defeated (1757). He made a narrow escape from the battlefield but his minister Kalu Pande was killed. Pande's death meant a great loss to the Gorkhas and it was not until 1763 that they were in a position to resume the policy of conquest.
 In 1765, Prithvi Narayan Shah attacked Kirtipur again after two humiliating defeats. In Kirtipur, King Prithvi Narayan conquered the ancient city on his third attempt. The ferocity with which the conquerors had dealt with the natives of Kirtipur struck terror into the hearts of the neighbouring people and made the conquest easier.
 Makwanpur
 In 1763, the Gorkhas conquered Makwanpur, one of the gateways to Nepal from Bengal. The conquest of Makwanpur, however, brought Prithvi Narayan Shah in a collision with Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal. Bikram Sen, the king of Makwanpur, was then taken prisoner by Prithvi Narayan Shah. Upon this Kanak Singh, another local Chief complained to Nawab Mir Qasim and requested his intervention. "In consequence of this complaint, the Nabab himself crossed over sending Gurgin Khan before him who arrived near Makwanpur where his whole army being destroyed the Nabab returned to Patna". The expedition of Qasim was also determined by Gurgin Khan's eagerness to test the strength and skill of the troops who he had disciplined and of the artillery which he had trained. Gurgin Khan's lust for the Nepalese gold was another cause of his earnestness to lead the expedition, although the Nawab had counselled against it. Gurgin Khan lost a great number of his men and had to leave many stands of arms.
 Chaukot
 The Gorkhalis fought lor six months with the people of Dhulikhel. After thik Prithvi Narayan Shah built a fort on the top of the hill south of Chaukot and collected a large number of troops. On consulting with his followers, he was told by the kajis that small villages were easily taken, as the people fled when they heard the shouts of the assailants, but the village of Chaukot required special military skills. After this, consultation the troops blockaded Chaukot. Some of the people fled to Pyuthan by way of Basdol, and others to their places. Narasinha Rai went to Mahindra Sinha Rai and said, "We are unable to cope with the Gorkhalis with the help of fifty houses. The rest of the people have fled, and I have come to tell you. Do not delay but flee soon". Mahindra Sinha reproached him and charged him with cowardice, saying, "Do not stay for me but escape with your lives. As for myself, I will repulse the whole force of the Gorkhalis, and having earned great renown, will enjoy my possession in happiness. If I do not succeed, I shall leave my body on the field of battle and earn an abode in heaven, by the merit of which my sons and grandsons will obtain happiness." He then called together his faithful followers, who were desirous of securing happiness in the next world and encouraged them.
 On the 6th of Jestha, a severe battle was fought, which lasted from evening till 12 gharis of the night. The Gorkhalis, having lost 131 men, retreated. The battle was renewed daily for fifteen days, without the Gorkhalis making any impression. On the 6th of Jeth Sudi a hardly contested battle was fought, which lasted till 14 gharis of the night. At this time a soldier, getting behind Mahindra Sinha, killed him with a khoda and a lance and wounded Narasinha in the left shoulder with a Khukuri so that he fell senseless to the ground. Seeing this, the Chaukotiyas fled, and the village was set on fire. In this battle, the Gorkhalis lost 201 men, which, with the 131 killed on the former day, gives the total of 332 men.
 The next morning Prithvi Narayan Shah inspected the field of battle, and seeing Mahindra Sinha Rai's lifeless body pierced with wounds, he praised his bravery and sent for his family, that they being the relative of so brave a man, might have proper protection. They were brought and fed in the royal kitchen. After this, having with ease taken five villages, viz., Panauti, Banepa, Nala, Khadpu, and Sanga, Prithvi Narayan Shah returned to Nuwakot.
 Kathmandu Valley
 After this, he intended to take possession of the Kathmandu Valley. Prithvi Narayan Shah's conquest of the whole of Nepal was rendered easier by the internal dissensions among the Nepali rulers. Ranjit Malla, the chief of Bhadgaon, invoked the assistance of the Gorkha Chief due to his feud with the chiefs of Patan and Kathmandu. Prithvi Narayan Shah had previously gained over the Satbahalyas of Ranjit Malla by promising to leave them the throne and the revenue to content himself with nominal sovereignty over the country.
 Prithvi Narayan Shah took possession of Bhadgaon and next he invested in Patan in 1767. The rapid expansion of the Gorkha dominions and the growth of the Gorkha power round the Nepal valley placed Jaya Prakash Malla, the Chief of Kathmandu in a state of siege. All egress and ingress having been stopped, Kathmandu faced the danger of being starved into submission. The valley was completely cut off from the outside world and was controlled solely by Shah. Having understood that the Gorkhas cannot be defeated by his army alone, Jaya Prakash in this predicament sought military assistance from the Bengal Presidency by sending one of his messengers to Patna in order to ask for help with the East India Company. The officers in Patna of the East India Company sent the message to Bengal. The East India Company seized the opportunity and sent a warning to Prithvi Narayan Shah and decided to send an expedition to relieve Jaya Prakash.
 According to legends, when Prithvi Narayan Shah entered the durbar of Bhadgaon, he found the kings of three towns sitting together, whereat he and his companions laughed. Jaya Prakash was offended by this, and said, "O Gorkhalis, this has come to pass through the treachery of our servants, or else you would have had no cause for mirth." Prithvi Narayan Shah having conversed with Jaya Prakash Malla for a while then paid his respects to Ranjit Malla, and respectfully asked him to continue to rule as he had hitherto done, although Prithvi Narayan Shah had conquered the country. Ranjit Malla said that Prithvi Narayan Shah had obtained the sovereignty by the favor of God and that all that he now asked for was to be sent to Benaras. Shah entreated him to remain, but the recollection of the treachery of the servants was fresh in his memory and he would not be consent. Shah granted him the leave along with the expenses used for the journey. When Ranjit Malla reached the top of the Chandragiri Paa, he took a last view of Nepal, and with tears in his eyes exclaimed, " The Satbahalyas have killed my son Bir Narsinha, and have caused me this sorrow. " He then bade farewell to Taleju, Pashupatinath, and Guhyeshwari, and went to seek an asylum with Bisweswaranatha and Ganga.
 He also occupied the Kuti Pass in circa 1756 CE, halting all trade through the pass and preventing communication with Tibet.
 Kinloch expedition
 After the loss, Jaya Prakash Malla, out of sheer desperation, sent Nepali Vakeels to Mr. Golding, the Commercial Agent of the East India Company at Bettiah, to solicit their help against Prithvi Narayan Shah. The purport of the conversation between the Nepali Vakeels and Golding was communicated to Thomas Rumbold, the company's chief at Patna, on 6 April 1767. Golding had made a strong case for sending an expedition to the relief of Jaya Prakash Malla. According to him, if Malla was successfully relieved, the East India Company would earn his gratitude which would facilitate the opening of communication with China through Nepal and this would be of great consequence to the company. Malla was offering to bear all costs of the expedition.
 In the meantime, Prithvi Narayan Shah had already realized the danger of a military alliance between Malla and the East India Company. Shah then sent a letter to Rumbold requesting his protection for a visit to Patna. Rumbold then communicated Shah's request to the president of the Select Committee. The Select Committee under the persuasion of Golding decided to instead send military assistance to Jaya Prakash Malla.
 The Select Committee directed George Kinloch, who had been earlier sending on an expedition against the Raja of Tipperah, to proceed to Patna so that he might be in readiness to lead the expedition against Prithvi Narayan Shah. The considerations that weighted with the Selection Committee to decide in favour of sending military assistance to Jaya Prakash Malla can be gathered from their letters. The revival of the declining, almost dead, trade relations with Nepal and the opening up of China trade through Nepali territory were two of the prime considerations. Under instructions from the Select Committee Capt. Kinloch proceeded to Patna where he was asked to await further instructions from Mr. Rumbold. Pursuant to the committee's decision to render the military assistance, Mr Rumbold and Capt. Kinloch was busy gathering all relevant information that was likely to help the expedition to success. In the meantime, Prithvi Narayan Shah was peremptorily asked to accept the East India Company mediation to which he sent an evasive reply.
 In June 1767, The Nepali Vakeels Muktananda and Faqir Ramdoss who came to solicit East India Company help on behalf of Jaya Prakash Malla were examined by Capt. Kinloch at Patna with a view to eliciting every information of military importance. The strength of Prithvi Narayan Shah's troops, as the Vakeels said, was near about 50,000 of which again, only 20,000 were stationed in the Nepal valley and the rest was engaged in cultivation in their native places. Their arms comprised bows and arrows, swords and matchlocks. The Vakeels also made no secret of the fact that there was no time to lose, as the break of monsoon the hilly paths would become unsafe and the hill rivers unforeseeable. They also informed Capt. Kinloch how Prithvi Narayan Shah had "taken ten principal cities and possession of all his (Jaya Prakash's) country" and had kept the towns of Kathmandu, Patan, Bhadgaun, and Zeemy (sic) all closely blockaded".
 The total distance to be covered by the expeditionary force was 96 coss (384000 yards) and the journey had to be completed by eleven stages, during the last six stages of which the Nepal Rajah undertook to provide porters and provisions.
 The expedition, however, miscarried and the high hopes of the Select Committee were dashed to the ground. The reasons for the failure were set forth in a series of letter that passed between Capt. Kinloch and Mr. Rumbold, the latter, the Select Committee and the Court of Directors. The first reason mentioned the destruction of the major part of their provisions by a sudden torrent from the hills. The other reason was that no help in respect to provisions came from the Nepal Rajah and when Capt. Kinloch had reached Janakpur assurances of abundant supply were given by the men of the Rajah once the troops would reach Sindhuli where the seventh stage of the journey would have ended. But even there, the promised help didn't come. "Famine stared them in the face. Retreat under the present circumstances was out of the question and it was impossible to hold Sindhuli for long as all supplies of provisions had been cut off by the enemy (Prithvi Narayan Shah). But as Kinloch insisted the troops had to face the holy river Bagmati. The troops had built an improvised bridge and rafts but the violent torrent washed them down before any army could cross the river. Famished and falling sick in an increasingly large number, the troops had no way out but to order an immediate retreat. The retreating troops, however, were hotly pursued by the Gorkhas sent by Prithvi Narayan Shah. Capt. Kinloch then, at last, returned to the Terai and occupied the territories of Bara, Parsa and Hilwall. The miscarriage of the Kinloch expedition allowed Prithvi Narayan Shah to deal with the besieged capitals of Kathmandu, Patan, Bhadgaon, etc. By the end of the year 1768, he had succeeded in reducing all the cities that still held out. "Prithvi Narayan Shah almost walked into Kathmandu due to the Indra Jatra revelry in which the Nepali were sunk".
 Divyopadesh
 Towards the end of his life, Prithvi Narayan Shah was troubled by illness to a great extent. He had probably started to realize his end was near, which is why he decided to organize an unofficial council meeting known as bhardaari-sabha. In this sabha he decided to inform his brothers, his son and his ministers on why was he involved in the unification of Nepal and what should the appropriate policies and programs for the future be regarding Nepal. This sabha continued for the whole day for about 5/6 hours. The messages he gave in this sabha was written down by his brothers and ministers and was compiled as Divyopadesh.
 Foreign policy
 Prithvi Narayan Shah considered the state of Nepal as a ' Yam between two boulders ', referring to China on the North and the 'Emperor of Seas' to the South. He suggested that Nepal should forever maintain a good friendship with China. In regards to his policy towards the East India Company's rule, however, he suggested maintaining friendliness but also to be wary of their shrewdness. Shah opined that "The East India Company is currently occupying Hindustan forcefully...If the Hindustanis wake-up then they will come here in search of safe forts". Hence, Prithvi Narayan Shah connoted his soldiers to be prepared and build barriers and forts at appropriate locations.
 Religion
 Prithvi Narayan Shah was born into a Hindu family. After he became the master of Kathmandu proper, he began to follow his policy of exclusion and expulsion of the Europeans with all strictness. The Capuchin missionaries who were residing in Nepal for a long time and who had been successfully converting people and also gaining lands from the Malla Kings were expelled from Nepal. He called Nepal the actual 'Hindustan.' He advised the citizens of Nepal to never leave the traditional dharma of the ancestors.
 Economic policy
 Prithvi Narayan Shah strongly emphasized local production. In his Divya Upadesh, he was of the idea that if foreign traders enter Nepal then they will suck the country dry. In the same context, he suggested a boycott on wearing foreign clothes and also promotes the training of the local people to weave clothes. He believed that by doing so, the local wealth would not be allowed to reach out of the country. He encouraged the selling of Nepali herbs to foreign lands and bringing the wealth so attained back to the country. He also wanted the money to remain inside the country. He famously said, " प्रजा मोटो भए दरबार पनि बलियो रहन्छ " (If the people are capable then the palace will also remain stronger).
 Defense policy
 King Prithvi Narayan Shah established the Nepal Army in August 1762 with Shreenath, Kali Baksh (Kalibox), Barda Bahadur, and Sabuj companies. Prithvi Narayan Shah emphasized the building of forts. He considered the land of Nepal as a natural fort created by God Himself. He suggested on building one strong fort each on Shivapuri, Phulchowki, Chandragiri, Mahadevpokhari, Palung, Daapcha, and Kaahule and placing cannon in each of them in a ready state. Construction of iron doors at the bhanjyangs and the placement of cannons in each of those doors, each in the ready state was also advocated by Prithvi Narayan Shah, which, he believed would keep the country safe from spies, refugees, murderers, etc.
 Memorial
 Many structures, institutions and honors have been built in the memory of King Prithvinarayan Shah. Monuments erected in his name were renamed after the restoration of the parliament in 2063 BS and the end of the monarchy in 2065 BS. After the political changes of 2063 BS, an attempt was made to rename the highway built in the name of the king as Lok Marg.
 Prithvi Highway
 Prithvi Rajpath
 Prithvi Statue (Singh Durbar)
 Prithvi Statue (Pashupatinath temple)
 Prithvi Memorial statue, Chandragiri
 Maharaja Prithvi Narayan Shah Memorial Foundation
 Prithvi Narayan Shah's Statue, Rastra Bibhuti Park, Pokhara
 Greater Nepal: Quest for Boundaries (Documentary)
 Prithvi Narayan Campus , Pokhara
 Prithvi Museum
 Prithvi Narayan Shah Statue, Sindhuli Gadi Fort
 Death and legacy
 King Prithvi Narayaṇ Shah was ultimately able to capture small principalities and annex them into the kingdom. This expansion was crucial to ensure the continued survival of the Kingdom of Nepal as the East India Company was already expanding into the Indian subcontinent from their base in Bengal. Shah was convinced that the company would eventually conquer the regions bordering Nepal to the south and approach Nepal. He believed that if Nepal remained a collection of fifty principalities, then it would easily be defeated and conquered in the event of a war with the company or any other foreign power. Expanding his kingdom ensured that Nepal would remain an independent state and be able to negotiate with a foreign power on equal terms.
 In January 1775, at the age of 52, Prithvi Narayan Shah died at Devighat, Nuwakot on his birthday. Upon his death, his son, Pratap Singh Shah, succeeded him and his unification campaign was continued by his younger son, Bahadur Shah.
 References
 Shumsher, Purusottam (1993). Shree Tinharuko Tathya Britanta. Kathmandu: Pramod Shumsher.
 External links
 History of Nepal
 |-
 After death of pratap shah, his second son bahadur shah annexed large territory to the kingdom of Nepal.
 1723 births
 1775 deaths
 18th-century monarchs in Asia
 18th-century Nepalese people
 Gurkhas
 Hindu monarchs
 National heroes of Nepal
 Nepalese Hindus
 Nepalese monarchs
 People from Gorkha District
 People of the Nepalese unification
 Shah dynasty
 Founding monarchs
 Prithvi Narayan Shah


type: caselaw

text:
21.5.2011
 IT
 Gazzetta ufficiale dell'Unione europea
 C 152/7
 Sentenza della Corte (Quinta Sezione) 31 marzo 2011 (domanda di pronuncia pregiudiziale proposta dal Varhoven administrativen sad — Bulgaria) — Aurubis Balgaria AD/Nachalnik na Mitnitsa Stolichna, già Nachalnik na Mitnitsa Sofia
 (Causa C-546/09) (1)
 (Codice doganale - Dazi doganali - Obbligazione doganale all’importazione - Interessi di mora - Periodo di riscossione degli interessi di mora - Interessi compensativi)
 2011/C 152/12
 Lingua processuale: il bulgaro
 Giudice del rinvio
 Varhoven administrativen sad
 Parti
 Ricorrente: Aurubis Balgaria AD
 Convenuto: Nachalnik na Mitnitsa Stolichna, già Nachalnik na Mitnitsa Sofia
 Oggetto
 Domanda di pronuncia pregiudiziale — Varhoven Administrativen Sad — Interpretazione degli artt. 214, n. 3, 222, n. 1, lett. a), e 232, n. 1, lett. b), del regolamento (CEE) del Consiglio 12 ottobre 1992, n. 2913, che istituisce un codice doganale comunitario (GU L 302, pag. 1) e del regolamento (CEE) della Commissione 2 luglio 1993, n. 2454, che fissa talune disposizioni d'applicazione del regolamento (CEE) n. 2913/92 (GU L 253, pag. 1) — Applicazione da parte delle autorità nazionali di interessi di mora sull’importo dei dazi doganali complementari dovuti per il periodo che segue la contabilizzazione iniziale dei dazi doganali — Applicazione d'interessi compensativi per il periodo compreso tra la data della dichiarazione in dogana e la contabilizzazione a posteriori dell’importo dovuto — Possibilità di una maggiorazione, in occasione della contabilizzazione a posteriori dei dazi doganali, pari all’importo degli interessi di mora calcolati a partire dalla data del sorgere del debito fino a quella della successiva presa in considerazione
 Dispositivo
 1)
 L’art. 232, n. 1, lett. b), del regolamento (CEE) del Consiglio 12 ottobre 1992, n. 2913, che istituisce un codice doganale comunitario, come modificato dal regolamento (CE) del Consiglio 20 novembre 2006, n. 1791, deve essere interpretato nel senso che gli interessi di mora relativi all’importo dei dazi doganali che devono ancora essere percepiti possono essere riscossi, ai sensi di tale disposizione, solo per il periodo successivo alla scadenza del termine di pagamento di detto importo.
 2)
 In assenza di disposizioni pertinenti nel regolamento (CEE) della Commissione 2 luglio 1993, n. 2454, che fissa talune disposizioni d’applicazione del regolamento n. 2913/92, come modificato dal regolamento (CE) della Commissione 28 febbraio 2007, n. 214, l’art. 214, n. 3, del regolamento n. 2913/92, come modificato dal regolamento n. 1791/2006, deve essere interpretato nel senso che le autorità nazionali, in forza di tale disposizione, non possono addebitare al debitore dell’obbligazione doganale interessi compensativi in relazione al periodo intercorso tra il momento dell’originaria dichiarazione in dogana e il momento della contabilizzazione a posteriori di tale obbligazione.
 3)
 I principi generali del diritto dell’Unione e, in particolare, il principio di legalità dei reati e delle pene vietano che le autorità nazionali applichino ad un’infrazione doganale una sanzione non espressamente prevista dalla normativa nazionale.
 (1) GU C 80 del 27.3.2010.


type: legislation

text:
 16.4.2011
 BG
 Официален вестник на Европейския съюз
 L 102/15
 РЕГЛАМЕНТ ЗА ИЗПЪЛНЕНИЕ (ЕС) No 375/2011 НА КОМИСИЯТА
 от 11 април 2011 година
 за вписване на название в регистъра на защитените наименования за произход и защитените географски указания [„Formaggella del Luinese“ (ЗНП)]
 ЕВРОПЕЙСКАТА КОМИСИЯ,
 като взе предвид Договора за функционирането на Европейския съюз,
 като взе предвид Регламент (ЕО) No 510/2006 на Съвета от 20 март 2006 г. относно закрилата на географски указания и наименования за произход на земеделски продукти и храни (1), и по-специално член 7, параграф 4, първа алинея от него,
 като има предвид, че:
 (1)
 В съответствие с член 6, параграф 2, първа алинея от Регламент (ЕО) No 510/2006 подадената от Италия заявка за регистрация на названието „Formaggella del Luinese“ бе публикувана в Официален вестник на Европейския съюз
 (2).
 (2)
 Тъй като Комисията не е получила никакви възражения съгласно член 7 от Регламент (ЕО) No 510/2006, названието следва да се регистрира,
 ПРИЕ НАСТОЯЩИЯ РЕГЛАМЕНТ:
 Член 1
 Регистрира се названието, посочено в приложението към настоящия регламент.
 Член 2
 Настоящият регламент влиза в сила на двадесетия ден след публикуването му в Официален вестник на Европейския съюз.
 Настоящият регламент е задължителен в своята цялост и се прилага пряко във всички държави-членки.
 Съставено в Брюксел на 11 април 2011 година.
 За Комисията, от името на председателя,
 Dacian CIOLOŞ
 Член на Комисията
 (1) ОВ L 93, 31.3.2006 г., стр. 12.
 (2) ОВ C 220, 14.8.2010 г., стр. 18.
 ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ
 Предназначени за консумация от човека земеделски продукти, посочени в приложение I към Договора:
 Клас 1.3. Сирена
 ИТАЛИЯ
 Formaggella del Luinese (ЗНП)