type: legislation

text:
 Tähtis õiguslik teade
 |
 52008PC0411
 Ettepanek: Nõukogu määrus, millega muudetakse nõukogu 19. detsembri 2006. aasta määrust (EÜ) nr 1911/2006, millega kehtestatakse Alžeeriast, Ukrainast, Valgevenest ja Venemaalt pärit uurea ja ammooniumnitraadi lahuste impordi suhtes pärast aegumise läbivaatamist määruse (EÜ) nr 384/96 artikli 11 lõike 2 alusel lõplik dumpinguvastane tollimaks /* KOM/2008/0411 lõplik */
 [pic] | EUROOPA ÜHENDUSTE KOMISJON |Brüssel 2.7.2008KOM(2008) 411 lõplikEttepanek:NÕUKOGU MÄÄRUS,millega muudetakse nõukogu 19. detsembri 2006. aasta määrust (EÜ) nr 1911/2006, millega kehtestatakse Alžeeriast, Ukrainast, Valgevenest ja Venemaalt pärit uurea ja ammooniumnitraadi lahuste impordi suhtes pärast aegumise läbivaatamist määruse (EÜ) nr 384/96 artikli 11 lõike 2 alusel lõplik dumpinguvastane tollimaks(komisjoni esitatud)SELETUSKIRI1) Ettepaneku taust |110 | Ettepaneku põhjused ja eesmärgid Käesolevas ettepanekus käsitletakse nõukogu määruse (EÜ) nr 384/96[1] (kaitse kohta dumpinguhinnaga impordi eest riikidest, mis ei ole Euroopa Ühenduse liikmed) (edaspidi „algmäärus”) kohaldamist Venemaalt pärit uurea ja ammooniumnitraadi lahuste impordi suhtes. |120 | Üldine taust Käesolev ettepanek on seotud algmääruse rakendamisega ja tuleneb uurimisest, mis on läbi viidud kooskõlas algmääruses sätestatud sisuliste ja menetluslike nõuetega. |139 | Ettepaneku valdkonnas kehtivad õigusnormid Nõukogu määrus (EÜ) nr 1995/2000,[2] millega kehtestatakse lõplik dumpinguvastane tollimaks Venemaalt pärit uurea ja ammooniumnitraadi lahuste impordi suhtes. |141 | Kooskõla Euroopa Liidu muude tegevuspõhimõtete ja eesmärkidega Ei kohaldata. |2) Konsulteerimine huvitatud isikutega ja mõju hindamine |Konsulteerimine huvitatud isikutega |219 | Taotlejale ja ühenduse tootmisharule on teatatud uurimise tulemustest ja neile on antud võimalus avaldada oma arvamust. |Eksperdiarvamuste kogumine ja kasutamine |229 | Välisekspertide arvamusi ei olnud vaja kasutada. |230 | Mõju hindamine Ettepanek tuleneb algmääruse rakendamisest. Algmääruses ei ole ette nähtud üldist mõju hindamist, kuid see sisaldab hinnatavate tingimuste põhjalikku loetelu. |3) Ettepaneku õiguslik külg |305 | Kavandatavate meetmete kokkuvõte Määrusega (EÜ) nr 1995/2000[3] kehtestas nõukogu lõpliku dumpinguvastase tollimaksu Venemaalt pärit uurea ja ammooniumnitraadi lahuste impordi suhtes. Vastusena kahe Venemaalt pärit eksportiva tootja esitatud taotlusele algatati vahepealne läbivaatamine, mis piirdus dumpinguga. Uurimine näitas, et uurimisperioodil esines dumpingut. Dumpingu tase oli kõrgem kahju kõrvaldamist võimaldavast tasemest, mis on praegu kehtivate meetmete aluseks. Seega jätkati meetmete kohaldamist senisel tasemel. Läbivaatamise lõpetamist käsitlev määrus sisaldas klauslit, mis võimaldas huvitatud isikutel esitada hinnakohustuse pakkumine kümne kalendripäeva jooksul pärast kõnealuse määruse jõustumist. Sellise kohustuse pakkumine esitati õigeaegselt. Selles on sätestatud, et teatavat kogust, mis moodustab umbes 10 % vaatlusaluse toote tarbimisest ühenduses, võib Euroopa Ühendusse eksportida ilma kohaldatavat dumpinguvastast tollimaksu maksmata, kui järgitakse teatavat indekseeritud minimaalselt impordihinda. See pakutud hinnakohustus kiideti heaks. Seepärast tehakse ettepanek, et nõukogu võtaks vastu lisatud määruse ettepaneku, mis tuleks avaldada Euroopa Liidu Teatajas. |310 | Õiguslik alus Nõukogu 22. detsembri 1995. aasta määrus (EÜ) nr 384/1996 kaitse kohta dumpinguhinnaga impordi eest riikidest, mis ei ole Euroopa Ühenduse liikmed (edaspidi „algmäärus“)[4]. |329 | Subsidiaarsuse põhimõte Ettepanek kuulub ühenduse ainupädevusse. Subsidiaarsuse põhimõtet seetõttu ei kohaldata. |Proportsionaalsuse põhimõte Ettepanek on proportsionaalsuse põhimõttega kooskõlas järgmis(t)el põhjus(t)el. |331 | Nõukogu määrus (EÜ) nr 1995/2000, millega kehtestatakse Venemaalt pärit uurea ja ammooniumnitraadi lahuste impordi suhtes lõplik dumpinguvastane tollimaks ja mida on viimati muudetud nõukogu määrusega (EÜ) nr 1675/2003, ei võimalda teha otsuseid liikmesriikide tasandil. |332 | Ei kohaldata nõuet, mille kohaselt ühenduse, liikmesriikide valitsuste, piirkondlike ja kohalike omavalitsuste, ettevõtjate ning kodanike rahalist ja halduskoormust tuleb hoida võimalikult väiksena ning proportsionaalsena ettepanekus seatud eesmärgiga. |Õigusakti valik |341 | Kavandatud õigusaktid: määrus. |342 | Muud meetmed ei oleks asjakohased järgmistel põhjus(t)el. Eespool nimetatud algmäärusega ei nähta ette muid võimalusi. |4) Mõju eelarvele |409 | Ettepanek ei mõjuta ühenduse eelarvet. |Ettepanek:NÕUKOGU MÄÄRUS,millega muudetakse nõukogu 19. detsembri 2006. aasta määrust (EÜ) nr 1911/2006, millega kehtestatakse Alžeeriast, Ukrainast, Valgevenest ja Venemaalt pärit uurea ja ammooniumnitraadi lahuste impordi suhtes pärast aegumise läbivaatamist määruse (EÜ) nr 384/96 artikli 11 lõike 2 alusel lõplik dumpinguvastane tollimaksEUROOPA LIIDU NÕUKOGU,võttes arvesse Euroopa Ühenduse asutamislepingut,võttes arvesse nõukogu 22. detsembri 1995. aasta määrust (EÜ) nr 384/96 kaitse kohta dumpinguhinnaga impordi eest riikidest, mis ei ole Euroopa Ühenduse liikmed[5] (edaspidi „algmäärus”), eriti selle artikli 8 lõiget 9,võttes arvesse komisjoni poolt pärast nõuandekomiteega konsulteerimist esitatud ettepanekutning arvestades järgmist:A. MENETLUS(1) Nõukogu määrusega (EÜ) nr 1995/2000[6] kehtestati muu hulgas Venemaalt pärit uurea ja ammooniumnitraadi (edaspidi „UAN”) lahuste impordi suhtes lõplik dumpinguvastane tollimaks. Pärast 2005. aasta septembris algatatud aegumise läbivaatamist pikendas nõukogu määrusega (EÜ) nr 1911/2006[7] meetmete kohaldamist senisel tasemel viie aasta võrra.(2) Komisjon teatas 19. detsembril 2006 Euroopa Liidu Teatajas avaldatud teadaandes[8] osalise vahepealse läbivaatamise algatamisest muu hulgas Venemaalt pärit UANi ühendusse importimise suhtes, võttes aluseks taotluse, mille esitasid kaks eksportivat tootjat: avatud aktsiaselts Novomoskovskii Azot ja avatud aktsiaselts Nevinnomõsskii Azot, mis asuvad Venemaal ja mis kuuluvad avatud aktsiaseltsile Mineral and Chemical Company Eurochem. Käesoleva määruse kohaldamisel käsitatakse kahte kõnealust äriühingut nende omavahelise seotuse tõttu ühe juriidilise isikuna (edaspidi „eksportiv tooja”). Osalise vahepealse läbivaatuse lõplikud tulemused ja järeldused on esitatud nõukogu 10. märtsi 2008. aasta määruses (EÜ) nr 238/2008,[9] millega läbivaatamine lõpetati ilma jõusolevaid dumpinguvastaseid meetmeid muutmata.B. HINNAKOHUSTUS(3) Vahepealse läbivaatamise ajal väljendas eksportiv tootja huvi hinnakohustuse pakkumise vastu, kuid ei suutnud pakkuda piisavalt põhjendatud hinnakohustust algmääruse artikli 8 lõikes 2 sätestatud tähtaja jooksul. Kuid nagu on märgitud eespool nimetatud nõukogu määruse põhjendustes 57 ja 58, oli nõukogu seisukohal, et eksportival tootjal tuleks erandkorras lubada esitada täielik hinnakohustuse pakkumine 10 kalendripäeva jooksul pärast kõnealuse määruse jõustumist; see tulenes mitmest keerukast asjaolust, nimelt 1) vaatlusaluse toote hinna kõikumisest, mis eeldab teatavat miinimumhindade indekseerimist, samas kui hinna kõikumist ei saa piisavalt põhjendada peamise kuluartikliga; ning 2) vaatlusaluse toote konkreetsest turuolukorrast. Pärast nõukogu määruse (EÜ) nr 238/2008 avaldamist ning kõnealuses määruses sätestatud tähtaja jooksul esitas eksportiv tootja vastuvõetava hinnakohustuse vastavalt algmääruse artikli 8 lõikele 1.(4) Komisjon kiitis pakutava hinnakohustuse heaks otsusega [LISADA NUMBER][10]. Nõukogu leiab, et pakutud kohustus välistab dumpingu kahjuliku mõju ja piirab piisavalt kohustusest kõrvalehoidmise ohtu.(5) Selleks, et komisjon ja tolliasutused saaksid tõhusalt jälgida kõnealuse eksportiva tootja võetud hinnakohustuse täitmist, vabastatakse kaup dumpinguvastasest tollimaksust vabasse ringlusse lubamise deklaratsiooni esitamisel pädevale tolliasutusele vaid järgmistel tingimusel: i) esitatakse kinnitusarve, s.o faktuurarve, mis sisaldab vähemalt lisas esitatud andmeid ja avaldust; ii) eksportiv tootja on imporditavad tooted ise tootnud ja lähetanud ning nende kohta arve esitanud otse esimesele sõltumatule kliendile ühenduses; ning iii) tollis deklareeritud ja esitatud kaup vastab täpselt kinnitusarves kirjeldatule. Kui eespool loetletud tingimused ei ole täidetud, tuleb vabasse ringlusse lubamise deklaratsiooni vastuvõtmise ajal tasuda asjakohane dumpinguvastane tollimaks.(6) Kui komisjon algmääruse artikli 8 lõike 9 alusel tühistab rikkumise korral hinnakohustuse heakskiitmise, viidates konkreetsetele tehingutele, ja tunnistab asjaomased kinnitusarved kehtetuks, tekib nende tehingutega seotud toodete vabasse ringlusse lubamise deklaratsiooni vastuvõtmise ajal tollivõlg.(7) Importijad peavad tavapärase kaubandusriskina arvestama tollivõla tekkimise võimalusega vabasse ringlusse lubamise deklaratsiooni vastuvõtmise ajal, nagu kirjeldatud põhjendustes 5 ja 6, isegi kui komisjon on neile otseselt või kaudselt kauba müünud tootja pakutud hinnakohustuse heaks kiitnud.(8) Vastavalt algmääruse artikli 14 lõikele 7 peavad tolliasutused teatama komisjonile viivitamata kõikidest juhtudest, mille puhul on leitud märke hinnakohustuse rikkumisest.(9) Komisjoni otsuses kirjeldatud põhjustel käsitab komisjon eksportiva tootja pakutud hinnakohustust vastuvõetavana ning asjaomasele eksportivale tootjale on teatatud vastuvõtmise aluseks olevatest peamisest asjaoludest, kaalutlustest ja kohustustest.(10) Kohustuse rikkumise või kohustusest loobumise korral või kui komisjon hinnakohustusele antud heakskiidu tühistab, kohaldatakse automaatselt nõukogu poolt artikli 9 lõikega 4 kehtestatud dumpinguvastast tollimaksu vastavalt algmääruse artikli 8 lõikele 9,ON VASTU VÕTNUD KÄESOLEVA MÄÄRUSE:Artikkel 1Määrust (EÜ) nr 1911/2006 muudetakse järgmiselt.Artikli 1 lõige 4 asendatakse järgmise lõikega:„4. Olenemata lõikest 1 ei kohaldata lõplikku dumpinguvastast tollimaksu impordi suhtes, mis lubatakse artikli 2 või artikli 2a kohaselt vabasse ringlusse.Artikli 2 järele lisatakse järgmine artikkel:„Artikkel 2a1. Uurea ja ammooniumnitraadi lahuste vabasse ringlusse lubamiseks deklareeritud import, mille kohta on esitanud arve äriühing, kelle hinnakohustuse on komisjon heaks kiitnud ja kelle nimi on loetletud komisjoni otsuses [2008/[LISADA NUMBER]/EÜ] (sh selle muudatused), vabastatakse artikliga 1 kehtestatud dumpinguvastastest tollimaksudest järgmistel tingimustel:- nimetatud tootja on kõnealused tooted ise tootnud, lähetanud ja nende kohta arve esitanud esimesele sõltumatule kliendile ühenduses; ning- sellisele impordile on lisatud kinnitusarve (faktuurarve), mis sisaldab vähemalt käesoleva määruse lisas sätestatud andmeid ja avaldust; ning- tollis deklareeritud ja esitatud kaubad vastavad täpselt kinnitusarves kirjeldatule.2. Vabasse ringlusesse lubamise deklaratsiooni vastuvõtmisel tekib tollivõlg:- kui lõikes 1 kirjeldatud impordi puhul selgub, et üks või mitu nimetatud lõikes loetletud tingimustest on täitmata või- kui komisjon tühistab algmääruse artikli 8 lõike 9 kohase hinnakohustuse heakskiitmise määruse või otsusega, milles viidatakse konkreetsetele tehingutele, ning tunnistab asjaomased kinnitusarved kehtetuks.”Lisa asendatakse järgmise lisaga:„LISAAndmed, mis äriühingul tuleb kanda artikli 2 lõikes 2 ja artiklis 2a osutatud kinnitusarvele:1. TARICi lisakood, mille alusel toimub arves kirjeldatud kaupade tollivormistus ühenduse piiril (nagu asjakohase määruse või otsusega on ette nähtud).2. Kauba täpne kirjeldus, sealhulgas:– CN-kood,– toote lämmastikusisaldus (N) protsentides,– kogus (tonnides).3. Müügitingimuste kirjeldus, sealhulgas:– hind tonni kohta,– kohaldatavad maksetingimused,– kohaldatavad tarnetingimused,– kõik hinnaalandused ja hinnavähendid.4. Sõltumatu importija nimi, kellele äriühing on arve otseselt välja andnud.5. Kinnitusarve väljastanud äriühingu töötaja nimi ja järgmine allkirjastatud avaldus:„Mina, allakirjutanu, kinnitan, et käesoleva arvega hõlmatud kaupade müük otseekspordiks Euroopa Ühendusse toimub [äriühingu nimi] poolt pakutud ning Euroopa Komisjoni poolt määrusega (EÜ) nr 617/2000 või otsusega 2008/xxxx/EÜ (vastavalt vajadusele) heaks kiidetud hinnakohustuse raames ja selle tingimuste kohaselt. Kinnitan, et käesolevas arves esitatud teave on täielik ja täpne.”Artikkel 2Käesolev määrus jõustub järgmisel päeval pärast selle avaldamist Euroopa Liidu Teatajas .Käesolev määrus on tervikuna siduv ja vahetult kohaldatav kõikides liikmesriikides.Brüssel,Nõukogu nimeleesistuja[...] [1] EÜT L 56, 6.3.1996, lk 1. Määrust on viimati muudetud nõukTŽ?’ÎÐÒÔˆ ́Îôöø ! c d )-:ßàä1®2ñÿ89:_`dÝ | =>BQñ 3NO ̈3⁄4ÀÂÆÔóìèÝÖèÖÝÖÝÖÝèÖìÎÄìμÎì ̈ìμÎìÎμÎì ̈ìμÎìÎÄìÎìμìÎìμìÎμÎìÎÄìμÎì ̈ì ìÎμÎh |[2]Xh1F–6?jh |[3]Xh1F–0J%U[pic]h |[4]Xh1F–5?B*CJ phÿÿÿh |[5]Xh1F–5?:?h |[6]Xh1F–ogu määrusega (EÜ) nr 2117/2005 (ELT L 340, 23.12.2005, lk 17).[7] EÜT L 238, 22.9.2000, lk 15. Määrust on viimati muudetud määrusega (EÜ) nr 1675/2003 (ELT L 238, 25.9.2003, lk 4).[8] EÜT L 238, 22.9.2000, lk 15. Määrust on viimati muudetud määrusega (EÜ) nr 1675/2003 (ELT L 238, 25.9.2003, lk 4).[9] EÜT L 56, 6.3.1996, lk 1. Määrust on viimati muudetud nõukogu määrusega (EÜ) nr 2117/2005 (ELT L 340, 23.12.2005, lk 17).[10] EÜT L 56, 6.3.1996, lk 1. Määrust on viimati muudetud määrusega (EÜ) nr 2117/2005 (ELT L 340, 23.12.2005, lk.17).[11] EÜT L 238, 22.9.2000, lk 15.[12] ELT L 365, 21.12.2006, lk 26.[13] ELT C 311, 19.12.2006, lk 51.[14] ELT L 75, 18.3.2008, lk 14.[15] LISADA VIIDE


type: other

text:
High treatment persistence rate and significant endoscopic healing among real-life patients treated with vedolizumab - a Finnish Nationwide Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort Study (FINVEDO) — Helsingfors universitet
 Tero Ylisaukko-oja, Jaakko Aaltonen, Heikki Nuutinen, Timo Blomster, Airi Jussila, Markku Pajala, Kimmo Salminen, Veikko Moilanen, Kalle Hakala, Mikko Kellokumpu, Kari Toljamo, Henna Rautiainen, Juha Kuisma, Markku Peräaho, Pauliina Molander, Jouni Silvennoinen, Ville Liukkonen, Hans Henricson, Jyrki Tillonen, Mirva Esterinen
 Visa 13 andra
 Christian Nielsen, Eija Hirsi, Margus Lääne, Ulla-Maija Suhonen, Ilkka Vihriälä, Petri Mäkelä, Mika Puhto, Jari Punkkinen, Hannu Sulonen, Sauli Herrala, Jari Jokelainen, Klaus Tamminen, Taina Sipponen
 https://doi.org/10.1080/00365521.2017.1416160
 Ylisaukko-oja, T., Aaltonen, J., Nuutinen, H., Blomster, T., Jussila, A., Pajala, M., ... Sipponen, T. (2018). High treatment persistence rate and significant endoscopic healing among real-life patients treated with vedolizumab - a Finnish Nationwide Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort Study (FINVEDO). Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 53(2), 158-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365521.2017.1416160
 Ylisaukko-oja, Tero ; Aaltonen, Jaakko ; Nuutinen, Heikki ; Blomster, Timo ; Jussila, Airi ; Pajala, Markku ; Salminen, Kimmo ; Moilanen, Veikko ; Hakala, Kalle ; Kellokumpu, Mikko ; Toljamo, Kari ; Rautiainen, Henna ; Kuisma, Juha ; Peräaho, Markku ; Molander, Pauliina ; Silvennoinen, Jouni ; Liukkonen, Ville ; Henricson, Hans ; Tillonen, Jyrki ; Esterinen, Mirva ; Nielsen, Christian ; Hirsi, Eija ; Lääne, Margus ; Suhonen, Ulla-Maija ; Vihriälä, Ilkka ; Mäkelä, Petri ; Puhto, Mika ; Punkkinen, Jari ; Sulonen, Hannu ; Herrala, Sauli ; Jokelainen, Jari ; Tamminen, Klaus ; Sipponen, Taina. / High treatment persistence rate and significant endoscopic healing among real-life patients treated with vedolizumab - a Finnish Nationwide Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort Study (FINVEDO). I: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2018 ; Vol. 53, Nr. 2. s. 158-167.
 @article{ac0997d7dafe4ea5bdf55d4b8bac9ac4,
 title = "High treatment persistence rate and significant endoscopic healing among real-life patients treated with vedolizumab - a Finnish Nationwide Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort Study (FINVEDO)",
 keywords = "Biological therapy, Crohn's disease, endoscopy, real-world effectiveness, ulcerative colitis, vedolizumab, EFFICACY END-POINTS, CROHNS-DISEASE, MAINTENANCE THERAPY, ULCERATIVE-COLITIS, FECAL CALPROTECTIN, INDUCTION THERAPY, ACTIVITY INDEXES, MEDICAL THERAPY, CLINICAL-TRIALS, REMISSION, 3121 Internal medicine",
 author = "Tero Ylisaukko-oja and Jaakko Aaltonen and Heikki Nuutinen and Timo Blomster and Airi Jussila and Markku Pajala and Kimmo Salminen and Veikko Moilanen and Kalle Hakala and Mikko Kellokumpu and Kari Toljamo and Henna Rautiainen and Juha Kuisma and Markku Per{\"a}aho and Pauliina Molander and Jouni Silvennoinen and Ville Liukkonen and Hans Henricson and Jyrki Tillonen and Mirva Esterinen and Christian Nielsen and Eija Hirsi and Margus L{\"a}{\"a}ne and Ulla-Maija Suhonen and Ilkka Vihri{\"a}l{\"a} and Petri M{\"a}kel{\"a} and Mika Puhto and Jari Punkkinen and Hannu Sulonen and Sauli Herrala and Jari Jokelainen and Klaus Tamminen and Taina Sipponen",
 doi = "10.1080/00365521.2017.1416160",
 Ylisaukko-oja, T, Aaltonen, J, Nuutinen, H, Blomster, T, Jussila, A, Pajala, M, Salminen, K, Moilanen, V, Hakala, K, Kellokumpu, M, Toljamo, K, Rautiainen, H, Kuisma, J, Peräaho, M, Molander, P, Silvennoinen, J, Liukkonen, V, Henricson, H, Tillonen, J, Esterinen, M, Nielsen, C, Hirsi, E, Lääne, M, Suhonen, U-M, Vihriälä, I, Mäkelä, P, Puhto, M, Punkkinen, J, Sulonen, H, Herrala, S, Jokelainen, J, Tamminen, K & Sipponen, T 2018, 'High treatment persistence rate and significant endoscopic healing among real-life patients treated with vedolizumab - a Finnish Nationwide Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort Study (FINVEDO)', Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 53, nr. 2, s. 158-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365521.2017.1416160
 High treatment persistence rate and significant endoscopic healing among real-life patients treated with vedolizumab - a Finnish Nationwide Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort Study (FINVEDO). / Ylisaukko-oja, Tero; Aaltonen, Jaakko; Nuutinen, Heikki; Blomster, Timo; Jussila, Airi; Pajala, Markku; Salminen, Kimmo; Moilanen, Veikko; Hakala, Kalle; Kellokumpu, Mikko; Toljamo, Kari; Rautiainen, Henna; Kuisma, Juha; Peräaho, Markku; Molander, Pauliina; Silvennoinen, Jouni; Liukkonen, Ville; Henricson, Hans; Tillonen, Jyrki; Esterinen, Mirva; Nielsen, Christian; Hirsi, Eija; Lääne, Margus; Suhonen, Ulla-Maija; Vihriälä, Ilkka; Mäkelä, Petri; Puhto, Mika; Punkkinen, Jari; Sulonen, Hannu; Herrala, Sauli; Jokelainen, Jari; Tamminen, Klaus; Sipponen, Taina.
 I: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, Vol. 53, Nr. 2, 2018, s. 158-167.
 T1 - High treatment persistence rate and significant endoscopic healing among real-life patients treated with vedolizumab - a Finnish Nationwide Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort Study (FINVEDO)
 AU - Nuutinen, Heikki
 AU - Blomster, Timo
 AU - Jussila, Airi
 AU - Pajala, Markku
 AU - Salminen, Kimmo
 AU - Moilanen, Veikko
 AU - Hakala, Kalle
 AU - Kellokumpu, Mikko
 AU - Toljamo, Kari
 AU - Rautiainen, Henna
 AU - Kuisma, Juha
 AU - Peräaho, Markku
 AU - Molander, Pauliina
 AU - Silvennoinen, Jouni
 AU - Liukkonen, Ville
 AU - Henricson, Hans
 AU - Tillonen, Jyrki
 AU - Esterinen, Mirva
 AU - Hirsi, Eija
 AU - Lääne, Margus
 AU - Suhonen, Ulla-Maija
 AU - Vihriälä, Ilkka
 AU - Mäkelä, Petri
 AU - Puhto, Mika
 AU - Punkkinen, Jari
 AU - Sulonen, Hannu
 AU - Herrala, Sauli
 AU - Tamminen, Klaus
 KW - EFFICACY END-POINTS
 KW - ACTIVITY INDEXES
 U2 - 10.1080/00365521.2017.1416160
 DO - 10.1080/00365521.2017.1416160
 Ylisaukko-oja T, Aaltonen J, Nuutinen H, Blomster T, Jussila A, Pajala M et al. High treatment persistence rate and significant endoscopic healing among real-life patients treated with vedolizumab - a Finnish Nationwide Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort Study (FINVEDO). Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2018;53(2):158-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365521.2017.1416160
 10.1080/00365521.2017.1416160


type: contracts

jurisdiction: EU

text:
 1.12.2011
 PT
 Jornal Oficial da União Europeia
 L 318/31
 DECISÃO DO COMITÉ MISTO DO EEE
 N.o 94/2011
 de 30 de Setembro de 2011
 que altera o anexo I (Questões Veterinárias e Fitossanitárias) do Acordo EEE
 O COMITÉ MISTO DO EEE,
 Tendo em conta o Acordo sobre o Espaço Económico Europeu, tal como alterado pelo Protocolo que adapta o Acordo sobre o Espaço Económico Europeu, a seguir designado «o Acordo», nomeadamente o artigo 98.o,
 Considerando o seguinte:
 (1)
 O anexo I do Acordo foi alterado pela Decisão do Comité Misto do EEE n.o 63/2011, de 1 Julho 2011 (1).
 (2)
 A Decisão 2011/7/UE da Comissão, de 7 de Janeiro de 2011, que altera o anexo XI da Directiva 2003/85/CE do Conselho no que diz respeito à lista dos laboratórios autorizados a manipular o vírus vivo da febre aftosa (2), deve ser incorporada no Acordo.
 (3)
 Esta decisão refere-se a medidas legislativas relativas a animais vivos, que não os peixes e os animais da aquicultura. As medidas legislativas relativas a estas questões não são aplicáveis à Islândia, conforme especificado no ponto 2 da parte introdutória do capítulo I do anexo I do Acordo. Por conseguinte, a presente decisão não é aplicável à Islândia.
 (4)
 Esta decisão refere-se a medidas legislativas relativas a questões veterinárias. As medidas legislativas relativas a questões veterinárias não são aplicáveis ao Liechtenstein desde que a aplicação do Acordo entre a Comunidade Europeia e a Confederação Suíça relativo ao comércio de produtos agrícolas seja alargada ao Liechtenstein, tal como especificado nas adaptações sectoriais do Anexo I. Por conseguinte, a presente decisão não é aplicável ao Liechtenstein,
 ADOPTOU A PRESENTE DECISÃO:
 Artigo 1.o
 No capítulo I do anexo II do Acordo, ao ponto 1a (Directiva 2003/85/CE do Conselho) da parte 3.1 é aditado o seguinte travessão:
 «—
 32011 D 0007: Decisão 2011/7/UE da Comissão, de 7 de Janeiro de 2011 (JO L 5 de 8.1.2011, p. 27).».
 Artigo 2.o
 Fazem fé os textos da Decisão 2011/7/UE na língua norueguesa, que serão publicados no Suplemento EEE do Jornal Oficial da União Europeia.
 Artigo 3.o
 A presente decisão entra em vigor em 1 de Outubro de 2011, desde que tenham sido efectuadas ao Comité Misto do EEE todas as notificações previstas no artigo 103.o, n.o 1, do Acordo (3).
 Artigo 4.o
 A presente decisão será publicada na Secção EEE e no Suplemento EEE do Jornal Oficial da União Europeia.
 Feito em Bruxelas, em 30 de Setembro de 2011.
 Pelo Comité Misto do EEE
 O Presidente
 Kurt JÄGER
 (1) JO L 262 de 6.10.2011, p. 16.
 (2) JO L 5 de 8.1.2011, p. 27.
 (3) Não foram indicados requisitos constitucionais.


text:
Wvg: vernietigen strijdige koopovereenkomst moet proportioneel zijn - AenS Blog
 Ook nadat een gemeentelijk voorkeursrecht is vervallen, kunnen met dat voorkeursrecht strijdige koopovereenkomsten worden vernietigd. Het gemeentelijk verzoek aan de rechtbank om de overeenkomst te vernietigen moet wel proportioneel zijn.
 Na enige jaren van “stilte” rondom de Wet voorkeursrecht gemeenten, gaan telkens meer gemeenten over tot het vestigen van gemeentelijke voorkeursrechten. De Wet voorkeursrecht gemeenten (“Wvg”) geniet daardoor de laatste tijd meer aandacht. De hier behandelde uitspraak verdient daarom een schijnwerper, ook al draait het om het vernietigen van een koopovereenkomst uit 2007, de periode voor de crisis waarin ook regelmatig voorkeursrechten werden gevestigd.
 Wat was er aan de hand. De gemeenteraad van Borne had op 28 oktober 2004 op een fors areaal boerenland een voorkeursrecht gevestigd ten behoeve van een nieuwe woonwijk. Dat voorkeursrecht is per 12 december 2016 vervallen. Op 24 oktober 2007 had de agrariër zijn land verkocht aan een ontwikkelaar. De ontwikkelaar betaalde de grondeigenaar ettelijke miljoenen. De grond werd vanwege het voorkeursrecht conform partijbedoeling niet geleverd. Het was de bedoeling om het gemeentelijk voorkeursrecht te passeren.
 Kennelijk hadden de grondeigenaar en de projectontwikkelaar, zoals gebruikelijk, geheimhouding afgesproken. Uit de uitspraak blijkt dat de gemeente er behoorlijk aan heeft moeten trekken om de overeenkomst uit de bureaula te krijgen. Toen dat was gelukt, verzocht de gemeente de rechtbank om de overeenkomst nietig te verklaren (ex artikel 26 Wvg). De gemeente kreeg nul op rekest. De rechtbank vond de gevolgen van het vernietigen van de koopovereenkomst, waardoor allerlei rechtshandelingen zouden moeten worden teruggedraaid, te vergaand (of: disproportioneel).
 Het gerechtshof denkt daar in hoger beroep anders over. Allereerst past het gerechtshof het arrest van de Hoge Raad van 23 maart 2012 (ECLI:NL:HR:2012:BV0608) toe. Het gerechtshof oordeelt dat ondanks het feit dat het voorkeursrecht inmiddels is vervallen, de gemeente in beginsel nog altijd vernietiging van de koopovereenkomst kan verzoeken.
 Dan het proportionaliteitsbeginsel. Dit beginsel verplicht dat een afweging moet worden gemaakt van de gevolgen van een rechtshandeling, zowel de positieve als de negatieve, die door een bepaalde maatregel worden veroorzaakt. De maatregel moet evenredig zijn aan het beoogde doel. De gemeente betoogde dat in dit soort vernietigingsverzoeken het proportionaliteitsbeginsel niet kan worden toegepast. Het gerechtshof verwerpt dat betoog. Het enkele feit dat een overeenkomst naar de letter van de wet nietig kán worden verklaard ex artikel 26 Wvg, brengt niet automatisch mee dat de overeenkomst nietig móet worden verklaard. Volgens het gerechtshof kan het schenden van het proportionaliteitsbeginsel als een van de beginselen van behoorlijk bestuur meebrengen dat de koopovereenkomst niet nietig kan worden verklaard. Dat is bijvoorbeeld zo als de gemeente niet te goeder trouw handelt, of als vernietiging strijdt met redelijkheid en billijkheid, of als de gemeente haar bevoegdheid om vernietiging te verzoeken zou misbruiken, of als het indienen van een vernietigingsverzoek strijdig zou zijn met het publiek recht. Het gerechtshof biedt dus een “opening” om aan het toepassen van artikel 26 Wvg te ontkomen, maar die “opening” is mijns inziens klein omdat dat artikel juist is geschreven met het doel om rechtshandelingen die zijn verricht met de kennelijke strekking afbreuk te doen aan de voorkeurspositie van de gemeente ongedaan te maken.
 Ook in casu oordeelt het gerechtshof dat het proportionaliteitsvereiste niet in de weg staat aan het inroepen van de nietigheid van de koopovereenkomst en bijbehorende rechtshandelingen. De rechtbank had in zijn uitspraak van 7 februari 2018 (ECLI:NL:RBOVE:2018:524) begrip getoond voor argumenten van de grondeigenaar. Die betoogde dat zij al jarenlang niets met de grond had kunnen doen vanwege het voorkeursrecht en dat het terugbetalen van de koopsom grote problemen zou kunnen opleveren. Het gerechtshof denkt daar anders over en maakt korte metten. Volgens het gerechtshof heeft de grondeigenaar zichzelf in de positie gebracht dat zij niet over de grond kon beschikken. Niet het voorkeursrecht, maar de verkoop aan de projectontwikkelaar was de aanleiding voor het “slot” op de grond. Dat het artikel 26-verzoek pas laat kwam, waardoor de grondeigenaar ook lang in onzekerheid verkeerde vindt het gerechtshof evenmin overtuigend; de grondeigenaar heeft zichzelf in de positie gebracht dat zij moest zwijgen over het bestaan van de overeenkomst. En als de overeenkomst wordt vernietigd betekent dat mogelijk dat de koopsom moet worden terugbetaald, maar volgens het gerechtshof heeft de grondeigenaar dat ook zelf in de hand gewerkt met het aangaan van de koopovereenkomst. En waar de rechtbank er niet van overtuigd was dat de woonwijk ten behoeve waarvan het voorkeursrecht was gevestigd van de grond zou komen, oordeelt het gerechtshof dat die bouwplannen wel concreet genoeg zijn.
 De gemeente krijgt dus meer regie over de grond. De agrariër (althans haar rechtsopvolgers) en de ontwikkelaar (althans de betrokken curator) raken nu mogelijk in een volgende discussie verwikkeld.
 Het arrest van het gerechtshof dateert van 28 juni 2019 (ECLI:NL:GHARL:2019:5361); cassatie is nog mogelijk.
 Categorieën Koop / verkoop, Vastgoed Berichtnavigatie
 Rechtbank: NVWA niet nalatig bij toezicht in fipronil-affaire


text:
Verjährungsfrist bei Verleumdung | Deutsche Anwaltshotline
 Beginnt die Verjährungsfrist bei Verleumdung/übler Nachrede mit dem Zeitpunkt der Äußerung des Behauptenden (also im vorliegenden Fall vor sechs bis sieben Jahren) oder zum Zeitpunkt, an dem der Dritte (Betroffene) davon Kenntnis erlangt (also erst heute)?
 Hier ist wiederum zu differenzieren zwischen der bereits dargestellten Verfolgungsverjährung im Strafrecht sowie der zivilrechtlichen Verjährung.
 Die strafrechtliche Verfolgungsverjährung beginnt, wenn die Tat vollendet ist. In Ihrem Falle also dann, wenn die Verleumdung/Üble Nachrede in die Welt gesetzt wurde, also im damaligen Zeitpunkt. Auf Ihre Kenntnis kommt es in diesem Falle nicht an.
 Strafrechtlich wäre also gegenüber dieser ersten Person nichts mehr zu machen. Etwaige strafrechtliche Schritte gegen die jetzt Verbreitenden sind aber durchaus möglich. Da ist es nicht von Belang, dass diese die Kenntnis über Jahre stillschweigend hatten.
 Zur zivilrechtlichen Verjährung gelten die Ausführungen des § 199 BGB:
 § 199 gilt nur für die Regelverjährung gleich ob diese direkt oder durch Verweisung anzuwenden ist. Dabei stellt § 199 das Korrektiv zur kurzen 3-jährigen Verjährungsfrist dar. Nach I bedarf es für den Beginn der Verjährung des Anspruchs neben dem Entstehen (objektiv) auch der Kenntnis (subjektiv) des Anspruchsinhabers. Neu eingefügt wurde IIIa, sowie die Klarstellung in I, dass durch Sonderregeln rein objektive Anknüpfungspunkte der Verjährung bestimmt sind und diese selbstverständlich vorgehen.
 Der Beginn der regelmäßigen Verjährungsfrist bestimmt sich zum einen nach der Anspruchsentstehung, zum anderen nach der entspr Kenntnis bzw grob fahrlässigen Unkenntnis des Gläubigers.
 Ein Anspruch ist in dem Augenblick entstanden, in dem er erstmals geltend gemacht und ggf durch Klage durchgesetzt werden kann (BGHZ 55, 341; NJW-RR 00, 648). Dies entspricht dem Begriff der Fälligkeit (BGHZ 53, 225; ZIP 01, 613 stRspr). Völlig deckungsgleich sind die Begriffe der Fälligkeit und des Entstehens des Anspruchs allerdings deshalb nicht, da die Möglichkeit, schon vor Fälligkeit eine verjährungsunterbrechende Feststellungsklage zu erheben, eine Verjährungsfrist beginnen lassen kann (BGHZ 73, 365; NJW 82, 1288). Folgerichtig ist die Bezifferbarkeit eines etwaigen Anspruchs für dessen Entstehung irrelevant (BGHZ 79, 178). Die Möglichkeit der Erhebung einer Feststellungsklage lässt allerdings umgekehrt den Anspruch nicht immer entstehen (BGHZ 100, 233). Obwohl die nachträgliche Genehmigung nach § 184 I auf den Zeitpunkt der Vornahme des Rechtsgeschäfts zurückwirkt, beginnt die Verjährung eines so entstehenden Anspruchs frühestens mit der Genehmigung zu laufen (RGZ 65, 248; BaRoth/Henrich Rz 4; MüKo/Grothe Rz 5). Gleiches gilt für eine Rückdatierung, es sei denn, damit wäre die Vereinbarung einer verkürzten Verjährungsfrist nach § 202 II verbunden. Aufschiebend bedingte Ansprüche verjähren frühestens mit Bedingungseintritt (BGHZ 47, 391; NJW 87, 2745).
 Besonders geregelt ist in Absatz 5 der Beginn der Verjährung für Unterlassungsansprüche. Solange keine Zuwiderhandlung vorliegt, kann ein Unterlassungsanspruch schlechterdings nicht durchgesetzt werden. Eine Verjährung etwaiger Ansprüche kommt damit erst ab Zuwiderhandlung in Betracht. Jede Zuwiderhandlung löst eine neue Verjährung aus.
 Die Zuwiderhandlung fand aber nach Ihren Ausführungen bereits vor 6 bis 7 Jahren statt und blieb eine einmalige Angelegenheit.
 § 199 I Nr 2 fordert neben dem objektiven Kriterium des Entstehens des Anspruchs als weitere Voraussetzung des Verjährungsbeginns die Kenntnis bzw grob fahrlässige Unkenntnis des Gläubigers vom Anspruch. Mit diesem subjektiven Kriterium wird die Schärfe der Kürze der Regelverjährung kompensiert.
 Die Kenntnis muss in der Person des Anspruchsberechtigten vorliegen.
 Nr. 2 verlangt nur die Kenntnis der Tatsachen nicht jedoch eine rechtliche Würdigung durch den Anspruchsinhaber (BGH NJW 96, 118 stRspr, zuletzt OLGR Bamberg 06, 663). Anderes gilt allenfalls bei Ansprüchen, die sich aus komplexen Rechtskonstruktionen bspw Kapitalanlagebetrug ergeben (BGH NJW 94, 3093). Das Verkennen von Anspruchsgrundlagen, eine Änderung der Rspr und ähnliches hindert Tatsachenkenntnis nicht.
 Erforderlich ist die Kenntnis der einen Anspruch begründenden Umstände, dh derjenigen Tatsachen, die zusammen den Tatbestand eines gesetzlichen Anspruchstatbestandes ausfüllen. Erforderlich ist dafür zunächst die Kenntnis vom Schaden, wobei dieser nicht dem Umfang, sondern nur dem Grunde nach bekannt sein muss (BGHZ 67, 373, stRspr). Erkennt der Gläubiger eine eingetretene Beeinträchtigung allerdings nicht als Schaden, liegt keine Kenntnis vor. Eine detaillierte Kenntnis naturwissenschaftlicher Kausalverläufe ist nicht erforderlich, es reicht das Wissen um die zugrunde liegenden Tatsachen (BGH NJW 84, 661; 91, 2351). Lässt sich aus den Tatsachen allerdings für den Laien nicht das Vorliegen eines anspruchsbegründenden Merkmals erschließen, erkennt bspw der von Steinschlag verletzte Wanderer nicht den über ihm befindlichen Felskletterer, liegt keine Kenntnis vor. Nicht notwendig ist ferner umfassende Tatsachenkenntnis, es genügt wenn auf Grundlage der Tatsachenkenntnis eine hinreichend aussichtsreiche Klage erhoben werden kann (BGHZ 102, 246; 122, 317, stRspr). Unerheblich ist ferner die Kenntnis von etwaigen Rechtfertigungsgründen oder das Nichtvertretenmüssen auf Seiten des Schuldners, ebenso wenig, dass dem Gläubiger keine ausreichenden Beweismittel zur Verfügung stehen (Staud/Peters Rz 47). Gehört zum Tatbestand ein Verschulden des Anspruchsgegners, muss sich die Kenntnis auch darauf beziehen (BGH NJW 93, 2614). Für innere Tatsachen, bspw Vorsatz, reicht die Kenntnis äußerer Umstände, die auf das Vorhandensein der inneren Tatsachen schließen lassen (BGH NJW 64, 494). Sind mehrere Pflichtverletzungen jeweils eigenständig anspruchsbegründend, kommt es auf die jeweilige Kenntnis an (BGH NJW 08, 506).
 Kenntnis setzt auch die Kenntnis des Anspruchsschuldners voraus, wobei dessen Identität so konkretisiert sein muss, dass eine Klage mit hinreichender Erfolgsaussicht anhängig gemacht werden kann (BGHZ 102, 248). Regelmäßig ist damit Kenntnis von Name und Anschrift erforderlich. Bloße Ermittlungsmöglichkeiten reichen dagegen nicht aus (BGH NJW 98, 2908). Kommen mehrere Personen als Schuldner in Betracht, läuft die Verjährungsfrist ggü dem tatsächlichen Schuldner erst dann, wenn keine substanziellen Zweifel mehr an dessen Identität bestehen. Bei Gesamtschuldnern kommt es auf die Kenntnis des Einzelnen an, sodass die Verjährung uU unterschiedlich laufen kann (BGH NJW 01, 964). Bei der Amtshaftung ist das Wissen um die Haftung des Staates unerheblich, für den Verjährungsbeginn erforderlich ist aber die Kenntnis, dass der Beamte entweder vorsätzlich gehandelt hat oder keine bzw keine hinreichende anderweitige Ersatzmöglichkeit besteht (BGHZ 121, 71). Gleiches gilt für die Notarhaftung (BGH NJW 93, 2741). Bei Ansprüchen gegen einen Geschäftsherrn wegen Gehilfenverschulden bedarf es nur des Wissens um den Geschäftsherrn, nicht jedoch um den Gehilfen (BGH NJW 99, 424).
 Neben der Kenntnis reicht die grob fahrlässige Unkenntnis des Gläubigers von den anspruchsbegründenden Umständen und der Person des Schuldners aus, um die Verjährung beginnen zu lassen. Grobe Fahrlässigkeit setzt voraus, dass der Gläubiger sich bei auch nur mäßiger Beachtung der im Verkehr erforderlichen Sorgfalt Kenntnis hätte verschaffen können. Es bedarf also eines ungewöhnlich großen Maßes der mangelnden Sorgfalt. Dies ist bspw dann gegeben, wenn ein Gläubiger aufgrund unzureichender Organisation nicht für eine strukturell ausreichende zeitnahe Erfassung von Forderungen Sorge trägt, ein- und ausgehende Beträge nicht kontrolliert, keine sorgfältige Kontrolle von Buchungsunterlagen durchführt. Grob fahrlässig verhält sich ferner, wer bei bestehenden Indizien diesen nicht nachgeht auch wenn sich aufdrängte, dass damit Kenntnis erlangt werden könnte (BGH NJW 90, 2808). Bei fehlenden Indizien besteht aber keine weitere Ermittlungspflicht, bspw braucht ein Patient nicht die Krankenhausunterlagen zu durchsuchen (BGH NJW 89, 2324). Weiß der Patient aber, dass ihm ein Schaden im Krankenhaus entstanden ist, muss er sich um die Identität des zuständigen Arztes bemühen. Ist ihm das Kfz-Kennzeichen des Schädigers bekannt, muss er Ermittlungen zu dessen Identität anstellen. Voraussetzung ist immer, dass greifbare Erkenntnismöglichkeiten ohne Not über längere Zeit ausgelassen wurden und naheliegende Ermittlungsmaßnahmen die notwendige Kenntnis erbracht hätten (BGH NJW 89, 2323).
 Nach den obigen Ausführungen beginnt daher die zivilrechtliche Verjährung erst ab Kenntnis. Nach dem mitgeteilten Sachverhalt ist eine Kenntnis oder eine grob fahrlässige Unkenntnis nicht gegeben.
 Ich sehe aber das Problem, wie bereits ausgeführt dort, dass die Geltendmachung eines Unterlassungsanspruches gegenüber dem ersten Verbreiter auch das Bestehen einer Wiederholungsgefahr voraussetzt.
 Die Wiederholungsgefahr ist eine materielle Anspruchsvoraussetzung (vgl. BGH, NJW 1995, 132). Sie ist die auf Tatsachen gegründete objektiv ernstliche Besorgnis des Eintritts einer Störung. Maßgebend ist der Schluss der mündlichen Verhandlung. Zumeist begründet eine vorangegangene Verletzung eine tatsächliche Vermutung für eine Wiederholungsgefahr, an deren Widerlegung durch den Störer hohe Anforderungen zu stellen sind (vgl. BayOblG, NJW-RR 1987, 463 [BayObLG 11.12.1986 - 2 BReg Z 119/86]; OLG Köln, NJW-RR 1993, 97 [OLG Köln 18.03.1992 - 2 U 152/91]; Palandt/Bassenge, BGB, § 1004 Rn. 29 m.w.N.).
 Sollte diese Person aber tatsächlich nur einmal vor 6 bis 7 Jahren eine falsche Behauptung in die Welt gesetzt haben und seither zu diesem Vorgang geschwiegen haben, ist nach allgemeinen Grundsätzen eine Wiederholungsgefahr unwahrscheinlich.
 Eine erfolgversprechende Rechtsverfolgung könnte daher an diesem Zeitumstand scheitern.
 Dies ändert aber nichts an den Ansprüchen gegenüber den aktuellen Störern.


text:
CSM JC Liberty e campioană - BIHON
 CSM JC Liberty e campioană
 2. decembrie 2008 15:56
 SIBIU - CN de judo pentru echipe de tineret (Under 23 de ani) a consemnat un nou succes remarcabil pentru judoul orădean. Formaţia CSM JC Liberty, pregătită de antrenorii Emil Morar şi Alexandru Lungu, şi-a păstrat titlul naţional, devenind din nou campioană a ţării.
 Succesul realizat de judoka orădeni este cu atât mai remarcabil cu cât ei s-au confruntat cu numeroase probleme de efectiv, datorate accidentărilor.
 CSM JC Liberty a obţinut victorii categorice în grupă: 7-0 cu Petrom Ploieşti Steaua Bucureşti, 6-1 cu CSŞ Şoimii Sibiu şi 6-1 cu CSU LPS Piteşti. În semifinale, orădenii au dispus cu scorul de 4-3 de Poli CSŞ Unirea Iaşi, iar în finala competiţiei au învins tot cu 4-3 formaţia CS Dinamo Braşov CSŞ Gloria Arad. Clasamentul final a fost: 1. CSM JC Liberty; 2. CS Dinamo Braşov CSŞ Gloria Arad; 3. Petrom Ploieşti Steaua Bucureşti şi Poli CSŞ Unirea Iaşi. Echipa orădeană a avut componenţa: Cristian Rupa, Ionuţ Enache (60 kg), Dan Fâşie, Szoke Laszlo (66 kg), Adrian Merge, Kolumban Sandor (73 kg), Marian Halas, David Morar (81 kg), Adrian Checiu, Alexandru Sălincean (90 kg), Balla Zsolt, Răzvan Schvarcz (100 kg), Daniel Matei, Sorin Petrică (+100 kg).
 Bronz la feminin
 Antrenorul Emil Morar şi-a exprimat mulţumirea pentru îndeplinirea obiectivului, câştigarea titlului naţional: „Apreciez comportarea şi dăruirea tuturor componenţilor echipei, cu o remarcă specială pentru Daniel Matei, proaspătul medaliat la Campionatul European de tineret de la Zagreb, care a adus punctele decisive cu CS Politehnica – CSŞ Unirea Iaşi în semifinală, respectiv cu CS Dinamo Braşov – CSŞ Gloria Arad în finală, mai ales că a luptat în cadrul unei categorii superioare de greutate.”
 Succesul băieţilor a fost completat de un alt rezultat remarcabil, medalia de bronz obţinută de fetele de la CS Crişul SCM Deva în întrecerea feminină. Combinata cluburilor CS Crişul (antrenori Emil Morar şi Olimpia Ianc) şi SCM Deva a avut în componenţă trei judoka orădene de certă valoare: Ioana Matei (48 kg), Denisa Morar (78 kg) şi Raluca Mihu (+78 kg). Pe primele două locuri ale competiţiei s-au situat CSM U Cluj-Napoca şi CS Petrom Ploieşti Steaua Bucureşti.


text:
ISSN (Print) 0204-2061 - ISSN (Online) 0204-2061
 Small and Medium Sized Book Publishers in the Contemporary Lithuanian Book
 Authors: Remigijus Misiūnas
 Abstract: [full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English] The article was prepared taking into account the false conclusions about the current situation of book publishing in Lithuania, in particular, the activities of small and medium sized publishers. The aim of the article was to select small and medium publishers and to identify the specificity of their activities in contemporary Lithuanian book publishing. This goal implies several objectives: 1. To define what is included in the composition of small and medium-sized publishers and to carry out their statistical analysis in various sections; 2. To analyze the relationship between small and medium-sized publishers with the state; 3. To analyze the influence of the book distribution situation on the activities of small and medium-sized publishers; 4. Find out whether IT development provides new opportunities for small and medium-sized publishers. On the basis of scarce research, media publications, various statistical sources as well as the author’s personal observations of the book publishing situation and networking with the publishers, it has been determined that there are more than 100 book publishers today in Lithuania, of which about 90 are small and medium-sized. An analysis of the existence of a publishing support system in Lithuania has shown that small and medium-size publishers cannot rely on it for their survival and activities because the support system does not take into account the specificity of publishing as a cultural activity and business. A major obstacle to the activities of small and medium-sized publishers is the monopoly on book trading system in Lithuania. Such a system gave rise to unfair competition. As a result, small and medium-sized publishers have to increasingly focus on direct distribution and adjust their publishing plans accordingly. Furthermore, the development of digital book publishing in Lithuania has not justified previous forecasts and failed to become a source of additional revenue for small and medium-sized publishers. Small and medium-sized publishers experience constant instability, they are challenged by the factors they cannot change such as market size, emigration and reduced purchasing power of people. Even though certain challenges are believed to be manageable, no positive changes to improve the publishers’ situation have been introduced so far, such as a clear approach to publishing from the state, improved system of support and a regulation of the monopolized book distribution market. However, small and medium-sized publishers still are and will remain part and parcel of the Lithuanian book publishing landscape. The publishers who exit the market are replaced by new entrants into publishing business, therefore their activities should be evaluated both quantitatively and qualitatively.
 DOI: 10.15388/Knygotyra.2018.71.1
 Museum Publishing In Estonia: Publications and Process (2011‒2015)
 Authors: Aile Möldre, Liivi Tuuling
 Abstract: [straipsnis ir santrauka anglų kalba, santrauka lietuvių kalba] Straipsnyje pristatomas muziejų leidybinės veiklos Estijoje 2011–2015 m. tyrimas, kurio tikslas – nustatyti leidybos produkcijos tendencijas (leidinių skaičių, didžiausius leidėjus, leidinių rūšis ir kalbas), taip pat leidybos proceso savitumus. Duomenys apie leidybos produkciją buvo surinkti iš Estijos nacionalinės bibliografijos duomenų bazės. Bibliografiniai leidinių aprašymai buvo užfiksuoti XSL formatu ir išanalizuoti naudojant „MS Office Excel“ programą. Rezultatai buvo surūšiuoti pagal autorius ir pavadinimus, grupuojant leidinius į neperiodinius ir periodinius. Nuo 2011 iki 2015 m. Estijos muziejai išleido 467-is skirtingų rūšių neperiodinius leidinius ir 7 pavadinimų periodinius leidinius. Statistinės analizės rezultatai parodė, kad muziejai daugiausia leido spausdintas knygas, įskaitant parodų katalogus, muziejų vadovus, konferencijų rinkinius ir kt. Leidybinė veikla dažniausiai buvo orientuota į mokslinį turinį ir meno knygas. Elektroniniu formatu buvo išleista palyginti nedaug publikacijų, skirtų mokymo medžiagai ir moksliniams tekstams, prieinamų tiek popieriniu, tiek PDF formatu. Muziejų leidėjai vertina platų elektroninių leidinių platinimą ir geresnį jų prieinamumą; jie apibūdino elektroninę leidybą kaip greitesnę ir pigesnę spausdinimo alternatyvą. Muziejuose, kurie dar nepradėjo publikuoti elektroniniu būdu, trūko šiai veiklai būtino personalo arba jų leidybos apimtys buvo labai ribotos. Šie muziejai taip pat suvokė, kad jų tikslinės grupės nebuvo suinteresuotos elektroniniais leidiniais. Kitos leidinių rūšys, įskaitant žemėlapius, plakatus, vaizdo įrašus, garsines knygas ir spausdintą muzikos partitūrą, sudarė labai nedidelę visų leidinių dalį. Daugiausia muziejaus leidinių buvo išleista estų kalba arba (daugiakalbių leidinių atveju) estų kalba buvo įtraukta kaip viena iš leidinio kalbų (iš viso 436 leidiniai). Siekiant bendrauti su užsienio lankytojais, daugybė leidinių išleidžiama anglų kalba arba įvairiomis kitomis kalbomis (240 leidinių, arba 51 proc.). Duomenys apie leidybos proceso organizavimą buvo surinkti rengiant pusiau struktūruotus interviu su ekspertais iš dviejų didžiausių muziejų leidėjų – Estijos nacionalinio muziejaus ir Estijos dailės muziejaus. Be to, buvo atlikta darbuotojų, dirbančių leidyba užsiimančiuose muziejuose, apklausa. Atlikus statistinę muziejų leidybinės veiklos analizę, paaiškėjo, kurie muziejai užsiima leidyba (28 % visų Estijos muziejų), iš jų 53 publikavo daugiau nei vieną leidinį. Klausimynas buvo išsiųstas 51 muziejui (išskyrus didžiausius muziejus, kuriuose buvo rengiami interviu). Atsakymai buvo gauti iš 27 muziejų. Pirmieji leidybos proceso etapai (rašymas ir redagavimas) bei platinimas dažniausiai vyksta naudojantis „vidaus“ paslaugomis visuose į tyrimą įtrauktuose muziejuose. Didesni muziejai patys užsiima dizainu ir maketavimu, o mažesni naudojasi užsakomosiomis paslaugomis. Vertimo ir spausdinimo paslaugas paprastai užsako visi muziejai. Planuodami savo ateitį muziejai orientuojasi į platesnę spausdinimo pagal užsakymą veiklą, taip pat rinkodaros veiklos stiprinimą. Muziejai vertina vidinę leidybinę veiklą kaip savarankišką, greitą, lanksčią ir patogesnę nei alternatyvūs leidybos būdai. Apklausos respondentai pabrėžė, kad nepriklausomybė suteikia galimybę įgyvendinti muziejaus misiją ir publikuoti leidinius, kurių nė viena leidykla nepriimtų dėl labai mažo skaitytojų skaičiaus ar vietinės svarbos temos. Ribotas platinimas, nedidelis darbuotojų skaičius ir ribotos finansinės galimybės buvo įvardyta kaip pagrindinės kliūtys, trukdančios vidinei leidybinei veiklai. Gauti rezultatai buvo palyginti su britės Sarah Anne Hughes tyrimų apie Jungtinės Karalystės muziejus ir vokietės Madeleine Winter tyrimų apie Vokietijos muziejus duomenimis.
 DOI: 10.15388/Knygotyra.2018.71.2
 The Specificity of Airport Magazines as Custom Publishing Press Roles,
 Functions and Research Tools
 Authors: Sławomir Gawroński, Paweł Piątkiewicz
 Abstract: [full article, abstract in English; abstract in Lithuanian] The article refers to a relatively new, yet dynamically developing phenomenon, which is airport magazines. In the age of the decline of traditional printed press, any projects involving publishing free printed magazines might seem bound to fail. However, many airports are successfully publishing and developing their own magazines. Most typically they resemble information and entertainment press, but they also evidently have a promotional role. Therefore, they should be considered as marketing communication instruments. This ambiguity makes one reflect on what those magazines really are – a press publishing phenomenon or an indirect marketing influence tool' This article aims to answer the above research question. The applied methodology consists not only of literature review and desk research, but also market analysis and one of the basic press research tools – content analysis. The authors discuss the following factors: conditions of development of airport press, including the Polish market; characteristics of airport magazines which allow them to be classified as custom publishing; functions of airport press and its role within social communication.
 DOI: 10.15388/Knygotyra.2018.71.3
 The Publication of the Books by Adam Honory Kirkor in the Lithuanian
 Language during the Period of Lithuanian Press Ban Enforced by Imperial
 Russia (1864 ‒ 1904)
 Authors: Domas Kaunas
 Abstract: [full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English] Research into Adam Honory Kirkor’s life and work was initiated by a specialist in the history of Lithuanian culture, Michał Eustachy Brensztein, in his applied study Adam Honory Kirkor: Publisher, Editor and Vilnius Printer in 1834-67 (Adam Honory Kirkor. Wydawca, redaktor I właściciel drukarni w Wilnie od roku 1834 do 1867. Wilno, 1930). Presently his historiography has become internationally famous, and due to numerous publications in various languages it has branched out into the Polish, Lithuanian, and Belorusian trends. The Lithuanian trend was shaped by Kirkor’s liberal and compromise views recognizing the merits of historical Lithuania and the prospects of its continuity as well as by the reduced possibilities of research and cultural activities in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth occupied by imperial Russia. The research and fact-finding works by Lithuanian researchers Reda Griškaitė, Antanas Kulakauskas, Pavel Lavrinets, Juozas Maceika, Zita Medišauskienė, Vytautas Merkys, Darius Staliūnas, and other authors in most cases analyze Kirkor’s attitude towards the Lithuanian national revival movement and his relations with the participants of this movement. In the article by the present author, research is oriented towards the adaptations, translations into Lithuanian and their publication in Lithuania Minor following the Lithuanian press ban in Greater Lithuania of three works by Kirkor: Grand Duke Vytautas (Beликiй князъ Витовтъ) published in a book by several authors Outlines of the History and Life of the Lithuanian People (Черты изъ исторiи и жизни литовскаго народа. Вильно, 1854); A Guide to Vilnius and Its Environs (Przewodnik po Wilnie i jego okolicach. Wilno, 1880); The Graves of Grand Dukes and Kings in Vilnius(Groby wielkoksiążęce i królewskie w Wilnie. Warszawa, 1882). A deeper insight is offered into the relationship between the author and the publishers and collaborators of the monthly Auszra that promoted the ideas of the Lithuanian national revival. The latter prepared the first Lithuanian translations of Kirkor’s works in conformity with the ideological aspirations of the Lithuanian nation in the new times. The sources of research were Kirkor’s books published in Polish and Lithuanian as well as the archival and published documents connected with the publishing process, and the bibliographical data accumulated by the bibliologists of several generations. Use is also made of the results of the assessment of the publishing organization and culture of Kirkor’s books established by the de visu method. In the course of research, a proposition is suggested that the need for Kirkor’s books felt by 19th-century Lithuanian society was programed in advance. The publishing of their Lithuanian translations in Tilsit (lit. Tilžė) and Bittehnen (lit. Bitėnai) accelerated the integration of Lithuanians in Lithuania Minor and Greater Lithuania and the civic rapprochement between the residents of old and new Lithuania, fostered their historical and national identity and promoted cultural variety and progress. Translated from the Lithuanian by Gražvydas Kirvaitis, Ph.D.
 DOI: 10.15388/Knygotyra.2018.71.4
 The Book Museum: Some Problematic Theoretical and Historical Aspects
 Authors: Alma Braziūnienė
 Abstract: [full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English] The article deals with the problematic theoretical aspects of book museums (their functions, types, specificity in the context of other museums, similarities with the library divisions of documentary heritage) and examines the issues related to the establishment, development, registration and spread of book museums in Europe in the second half of the 20th century. It has been discovered that although the functions of the book museum and the special documentary heritage library divisions (Rare Books and Manuscript Divisions) are very similar or even overlap (preservation, study and actualization of the documentary heritage) and the difference between them is minimal, the level of significance of the functions (priorities) being the hallmark of the book museum and library heritage divisions. In the attempt to determine the development of the book museum, the analysis of a directory on the development of museums, entitled Museums of Books and Bookmaking: International Directory, published in 1987 and regarded as historiographically valuable material, was undertaken. The information about universal European book museums provided in the above directory was compared with today’s situation. The conclusion has been drawn that an interest in book museums in the second half of the 20th century was a natural outcome of the development of book science of that time. The pace of establishing book museums was directly linked to the intensification of book science as a viable scientific discipline in European and global science. The topic of book museums in the field of the book science of those days was extremely popular. At the time, the largest number of book museums was in Germany (25), Great Britain (11), USA (10), the then Czechoslovakia (10), Italy (8), and Poland (5). It turned out that out of the 10 universal book museums which were functioning in the 70ies and 80ies of the 20th century, only five exist today. The others were closed down, narrowed down their activities or changed their profile altogether. Some museums have retained a very traditional academic character. Given the context of contemporary and modern museology, with all the attention focused on the visitor rather than on the museum objects themselves, the situation of these museums is problematic.
 DOI: 10.15388/Knygotyra.2018.71.5
 The Jewish Museum in Vilnius: The First Attempts to Give Meaning to
 Traumatic Experience and Promote Sustainable Memory
 Authors: Neringa Latvytė-Gustaitienė
 Pages: 130 - 160
 Abstract: [full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English] The Jewish Museum in Vilnius, founded in the autumn on 1944 upon the initiative of the Holocaust survivors, played a special place in the collective memory of Litvaks. It was the first and unique attempt in Eastern Europe to (publicly) present the massive killings of Jews by the Nazi and local collaborators, primarily by shooting, and by annihilating themat Nazi concentration camp gas chambers, the plunder of cultural and spiritual values, and the efforts of survivors to collect and preserve Jewish heritage remnants. The museum became a certain genius loci, that is, a lively place giving both material and mental meaning to the Jewish community, creating emotions, providing a certain sense of security and encouraging dialogue. Unfortunately, the Soviet government failed to understand the uniqueness of the museum and appreciate the importance of its activities. This memory institution was closed down in 1949, in the midst of an anti-Semitic campaign. The collections and exhibits accumulated in the museum were distributed to Lithuanian museums, archives and libraries. Thus, the Jewish history, culture and traditions and the very theme of mass murder of the Jews were pushed to the margins of history for the period of 40 years. (De)codable with double-memory standards, the so-called counter-memory of kitchen communities or reprocessed memory was rather wretchedly presented in public were maintained as a counterweight to the hegemonic narrative. It was under the influence of the latter that in September of 1989 the Lithuanian State Jewish Museum was restored. The first exhibition named “Catastrophe”, mounted in the newly restored museum, was the only Holocaust exhibition in the former Soviet bloc countries. Later it was granted the status of a separate museum branch, called the Holocaust exposition. Renovated in 2010, the exhibition has retained the features of the post-war Jewish Museum exhibition. As such, it attracts a lot of visitors and encourages sustainable memory. The aim of the article is to introduce the circumstances related to the establishment of the post-war Jewish Museum in Vilnius, distinguishing its peculiarities by demonstrating the attempts and methods of the Holocaust survivors to publicly introduce the traumatic experiences of the community, as opposed to the discourse shaped by the Soviet regime, as well as showing the exclusivity of the memory institution itself in today’s society.
 DOI: 10.15388/Knygotyra.2018.71.6
 Citations from Theodor Lepner’s “Prūsų lietuvis” in Simonas
 Daukantas work “Būdas senovės lietuvių, kalnėnų ir žemaičių”
 Authors: Roma Bončkutė
 Abstract: [full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English] This article analyses the citations from the ethnographic study “Der Preusche Littauer” (1744; later cited as PL) by the Prussian priest Theodor Lepner which appear in the work of Simonas Daukantas (1793–1864) “BUDĄ Senowęs–Lëtuwiû Kalnienû ir Ƶámajtiû ĩszraszę [...] Jokyb’s Łaukys” (later cited as “Būdas”). The object of this article is the 31 references to PL in S. Daukantas’s “Būdas”. Looking at the previous scholarly research on “Būdas” and its sources along with the subsequent questions they pose, this article formulates a goal to research the methods with which PL source citations were presented in Būdas. This goal was completed by setting and meeting the following tasks: 1) to determine the importance of PL as a source for S. Daukantas’s research into the history of Lithuanian culture; 2) to exhibit S. Daukantas’s use of citations instead of research into firsthand sources and 3) to discuss the reliability and fidelity with which these citations and references are presented. In order to analyze the text, this article employs the following methods: comparative analysis; textology; intertextuality. By examining these citations and references, it was discovered that Daukantas encountered this text indirectly sometime between 1818 and 1825 when he was writing his first history “Darbay senuju Lituwiu yr Zemaycziu” (around 1822–1825). This article determines that Daukantas found these quotations from Lepner’s book in Martin L. Rhesa’s addenddum (“Anmerkungen”) of “Das Jahr in vier Gesängen” (1818). Daukantas used this addenddum to recite Lepner in his second historical work “Istorija Žemaitiška” (1831–1834). Later he found the fragments of Lepner’s “Der Preusche Littauer” in one of his most important sources – Johannes Voigt’s “Geschichte Preußens” (Bd. 1, 1827). Daukantas had used this book by Voigt to recite an older source several times before. This article demonstrates that Daukantas used Voigt’s book to recite the fragments of Matthäus Prätorius’s (c.1635–c.1704) „Deliciae Prussicae, oder Preussische Schaubühne“ manuscript. It somewhat changes the previous opinion about Daukantas’s comprehensive historiographical knowledge, diminishing his image as a researcher familiar with many of the old or primary sources. This article concludes that Daukantas read “Der Preusche Littauer” around 1836 or 1837 when he was already residing in Saint Petersburg. The quotes from “Der Preusche Littauer” contained in Daukantas’s Būdas are grouped according to the nature of their textual integration. “Būdas” contains 31 quotes and references from “Der Preusche Littauer”. None of the citations from “Der Preusche Littauer” that Daukantas had used were distinguished with quotation marks or a different font, and they could only be recognized from their content. Quite often, Daukantas quotes “Der Preusche Littauer” in several sentences without marking the beginning of the quotation and giving the indication only at the endof the sentence using small letters with brackets, eg.: a), b), c), e), d). Daukantas quite accurately reproduces the text of “Der Preusche Littauer” and gives the exact reference only 17 times out of31. 8 times his references are incorrect: both in terms of the content and the page numbers. 6 referencescontain accurate content cited from “Der Preusche Littauer” but give erroneous page and section numbers. Daukantas was the first of 19th century Lithuanian writers who had his unique writing style and historical perspective. This original prism determined the use of indirect citations of “Der Preusche Littauer”. I determined that because no firsthand Lithuanian historical sources existed Daukantas was forced to use foreign sources such as PL which marginalized Lithuanians as members of an ethnic minority and strange satyre-worthy objects thus requiring for him to engage in historical revisionism by factual reconstruction and reinterpretation from a Lithuanian perspective. He used these secondhand sources to deobjectify Lithuanians and make them into subjects and agents of their own history and destiny by describing their past and character through their eyes. This historical revisionism determined the way Daukantas cited and referenced T. Lepner’s text as a source. Daukantas avoided marking citations in quotation marks since they would then have to be translated as close to the original as possible which would have impeded with his historical vision. To make his narration and perspective congruous with his values and style he edited not only the language of the citations from “Der Preusche Littauer” but also their content. Most of the information obtained from “Der Preusche Littauer” was paraphrased, processed, and rewritten in such a way as to incorporate the new text into Daukantas’s own style and ideas. However, it may also be that Daukantas sometimes misquoted the text because he did not understand how the item described in German could look and how he should describe it in Lithuanian. Daukantas often sacrificed the fidelity to the text of “Der Preusche Littauer” in favour of emotional and expressive speech. Translated from the Lithuanian by Ieva Poškutė, BA (Hons) in Film and Literature at University of Warwick.
 DOI: 10.15388/Knygotyra.2018.71.7
 Lithuanian Bible by Martin Ludwig Rhesa (1816) as Evidence of Unity
 between Evangelical Lutheran and Moravian Churches
 Authors: Inga Strungytė-Liugienė
 Abstract: [full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English] The copy of Lithuanian Bible printed in Heinrich Degen’s publishing house in Königsberg in 1816 (sign.: BS 17.0/1) has been found in the Unity Archives – Moravian Archives Herrnhut (Herrnhuter Unitätsarchive). This copy was not recorded in the national bibliography of Lithuanian books and did not play a role in the circulation of scholarly knowledge. Christian Friedrich Cunow, the preacher of the Moravian Church and the leader of Brethren Society (Brüdersozietät) of Königsberg, left a donation note in this copy (in the fore title) with the comment that he donates the copy of Lithuanian Bible printed Königsberg to the library of the Unity of the Brethren (Brüder-Unität). This note encouraged [the author of this article] to gather more information about the above person and provided an impetus to find out more about his relationship with the Königsberg Bible Society officially established in 1810. It was found that Cunow was the member of the Society, along with clergymen of traditional Evangelical Lutheran Church – Ludwig Martin Rhesa (1776–1840), Ludwig Ernst Borowski (1740–1831), Samuel Gottlieb Wald (1762–1825) and Carl August Wilhelm Werner (1763–1846). As a member of the Society, he had the following responsibilities: to communicate with the British Bible Society, provide reports to them, take care of support for the publication of Lithuanian Bible and its distribution in Prussian Lithuania. Perhaps the most intriguing fact left unnoticed and not highlighted in the historiography was that not only the members of the traditional Evangelical Lutheran Church, but also the follower of the Moravian Movement contributed to the efforts in publishing and distributing the Lithuanian Bible. Cunow’s involvement in the Königsberg Bible Society is considered as a sign of solidarity between the two denominations in Prussian Lithuania in the first half of the 19th century.
 DOI: 10.15388/Knygotyra.2018.71.8
 The Paths of Books of Latvian Jews during World War II
 Authors: Jana Dreimane
 Abstract: [full article, abstract in English; abstract in Lithuanian] The aim of the research is to find out the influence of the Nazi regime on preservation of historical book collections, which were established in Jewish societies, schools, religious organizations and private houses in Latvia until the first Soviet occupation (1940/1941). At the beginning, libraries of Jewish associations and other institutions were expropriated by the Soviet power, which started the elimination of Jewish books and periodicals published in the independent Republic of Latvia. The massive destruction of Jewish literature collections was carried out by Nazi occupation authorities (1941-1944/45), proclaiming Jews and Judaism as their main “enemies”. However, digitized archives of Nazi organizations (mainly documents of the Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce) shows that a small part of the Latvian Jewish book collections was preserved for research purposes and after the Second World War scattered in different countries. Analysis of archival documents will clarify the Nazi strategy for Latvian Jewish book collections. It will be determined which book values survived the war and what their further fate in the second half of the 1940s was.
 DOI: 10.15388/Knygotyra.2018.71.9
 Book Scientist Nojus Feigelmanas (1918–2002)
 Authors: Dovydas Mozūras
 Pages: 236 - 274
 Abstract: [full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English] Nojus Feigelmanas is a bibliographer and a librarian known for his significant contribution to the history of Lithuanian culture. Consistent and targeted book-related activities pursued by Feigelmanas throughout his life-span have earned him the status of a bookscientist. He was born in Panevėžys on 8 February, 1918. During the period of 1931-1936 he studied in the private Panevėžys Jewish Gymnasium. In 1936-1940 he studied geodesy at Vytautas Magnus University, but failed to complete his studies as he was called up to the army when World War II was launched. In 1959, N. Feigelmanas graduated the Faculty of History and Philology at Vilnius University. In 1950-1990, he worked at the Vilnius University Library: having started career as a bibliographer, he became Head of the Rare Print Department and retained this position for more than three decades. Later in life, in 1990, he moved to Israel and died there on 7 September, 2002, in the city of Ashkelon. The printed catalogues compiled by N. Feigelman are as follows: “The Old Lithuanian Book at Vilnius University” (1959), “The Incunabula of Lithuania” (1975), “The paleotypes of Vilnius University Library” (2003, posthumously, co-authored). He has also published three dozen scientific articles, organized scientific exhibitions, cultural programs on television, etc. The article aims at disclosing N. Feigelmanas’s path toward book science and his contribution to the development of Lithuanian book science. It also identifies the key factors that have shaped his personality, the choice of the librarian’s profession which ignited his interest in book study, and analyses the directories compiled by N. Feigelmanas and the scientific articles. The conclusion has been drawn that during his long life, from the very young days, when he first read Torah at school, visited book fairs and exhibitions as a gymnasium student, throughout his career at the scientific Vytautas Magnus University Library and small military libraries, to the end of his life, even after he emigrated to Israel – the book remained his lifelong companion.
 DOI: 10.15388/Knygotyra.2018.71.10