type: legislation

text:
 EUROOPAN YHTEISÖJEN KOMISSIO
 * -tr
 •k ä
 Bryssel, 29.03.1995
 KOM(95) 110 lopull.
 95/ 0078 (COD)
 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY ACTION IN
 SUPPORT OF CULTURE
 COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO
 THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE
 COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
 EHDOTUS :
 EUROOPAN PARLAMENTIN J NEUVOSTON PÄÄTÖS KULTTUURIPERINTÖÄ
 KOSKEVASTA YHTEISÖN TOIMINTAOHJELMASTA
 •RAPHAEL B-OHJELMA
 (komission esittämä)
 ---pagebreak--- ---pagebreak--- PROPOSAL FOR A PARLIAMENT AND COUNCIL DECISION
 ESTABLISHING A COMMUNITY ACTION PROGRAMME
 IN THE FIELD OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
 THE RAPHAEL PROGRAMME
 -^«L
 ---pagebreak--- EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM
 ANNEX: Consultations organized with a view to the presentation of a Community
 action programme in the field of cultural heritage
 PROPOSAL FOR A PARLIAMENT AND COUNCIL DECISION
 ESTABLISHING A COMMUNITY ACTION PROGRAMME IN THE
 FIELD OF CULTURAL HERITAGE - THE RAPHAEL PROGRAMME
 ANNEX: Description of the Raphael Programme
 FINANCIAL STATEMENT
 At*
 ---pagebreak--- EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM
 This proposal is to be seen within the general context of the communication
 entitled European Community action in support of culture,1 adopted by the
 Commission on 27 July 1994 in response to the inclusion of an article on culture
 in the EC Treaty2. The movable and non-movable cultural heritage having been
 recognized as one of the priority fields of action in the Community's cultural
 policy, this proposal seeks to establish a specific action programme in this area.
 The action programme should give a new impetus to Community activities in the
 field of heritage, redirecting and expanding the activities already developed and
 providing a coherent approach to Community actions and policies relating to
 cultural heritage.
 The specific operations proposed under the action programme satisfy several
 objectives set out in the Treaty. Given that heritage both expresses different
 identities and testifies to exchanges between cultures, Community action in this
 field can make a special contribution to the creation of "an ever closer union
 among the peoples of Europe"3 and to "the flowering of the cultures of the
 Member States, while respecting their national and regional diversity and at the
 same time bringing the common cultural heritage to the fore".4
 Europe's cultural heritage has evolved over time, through exchanges and mutual
 influences, and displays certain common characteristics that transcend national or
 regional differences. This interplay of diversity and constancy perfectly illustrates
 the regional, national and European roots of Europe's citizens. Community action
 in the field of cultural heritage can thus help to forge a European citizenship,
 based on a better understanding of both national culture and the culture of the
 other Union states.
 The proposed action programme aims to encourage cooperation between Member
 States and support and supplement their action.3 However, although the needs of
 the heritage sector are considerable in terms of expertise, human resources and
 funding, the resources available are necessarily limited and choices have to be
 made. A Community programme will serve to pool expertise so that informed
 choices can be made, to avoid duplication and waste at the same as promoting
 standards while securing economies of scale.
 COM(94) 356 final.
 Article 128 of the EC Treaty, as amended by the Treaty on European Union.
 Treaty on European Union, Article A.
 Article 128(1), EC Treaty.
 Article 128(2) EC Treaty, as amended by the Treaty on European Union.
 1
 ^C
 ---pagebreak--- The problems of preserving and managing the cultural heritage transcend national
 boundaries: the Member States face similar problems, some of which are so
 complicated and on such a large scale - such as paper conservation - that
 individual countries cannot tackle them alone. In such cases joint action offers
 "added value" and may be more effective than the sum of the actions taken by
 each Member State individually.
 In addition to its intrinsic value, the preservation of the cultural heritage generates
 various types of activity with important social and economic repercussions, which
 connect with other objectives laid down in the Treaty. This sector, for example,
 needs a large and often highly skilled workforce at the level of both planning and
 management (architects, archivists, art historians, conservationists) and practical
 implementation (conservationists and restorers, craftsmen, museum staff). This
 workforce, which is often based in small businesses, draws on both traditional
 skills and the latest research and techniques. ~~
 Promoting cooperation between training and/or research establishments is therefore
 a key element in the Community's action on heritage and the proposed operations
 will have to take account of the accumulated body of Community programmes on
 training and education, research and technological development. Cultural heritage
 can also contribute significantly to the research/growth/employment-dynamic, in
 that it is a sector where the results of research could be exploited more
 effectively, for example by developing practical applications for the use of the
 professionals in the field.
 The heritage sector is also a source of new jobs,6 thanks to the combined effect
 of the growing interest in heritage in all its forms and increased amounts of
 leisure. New jobs stem from both an increase inactivity in the sector itself (e.g.
 restoration projects, the reorganization of museums and their collections, cultural
 events to promote heritage, exhibitions, creation of new services for the public in
 museums, etc.) and activities stimulated by the presence and promotion of the
 heritage, such as the growth of tourism.
 Heritage projects are therefore increasingly integrated in regional development
 policies, particularly in schemes to encourage urban renewal and combat
 depopulation. Preserving heritage is obviously also linked to land-use planning,
 environmental and energy policies.
 Finally, cultural heritage is a priority area for the development of applications and
 standards of advanced information and communication technology and services
 and was identified as an important area of action in the communication entitled
 Europe's way to the information society: an action plan? following the
 Bangemann Group's report.8
 White Paper Growth, Competitiveness, Employment, p. 19, p. 104-105.
 COM(94) 347 final.
 Europe and the global information society: Recommendations to the European Council.
 ---pagebreak--- The likely benefits of such work will not be solely in terms of growth,
 competitiveness or employment; provided the cultural dimension is taken into
 account, professionals working in the heritage sector and the general public will
 benefit from a whole range of new and sophisticated cultural products and
 services.
 The Community has already engaged in a number of activities in the cultural
 heritage field in pursuit of its various self-appointed tasks. These fall into three
 categories: activities with an essentially cultural purpose, activities in pursuit of
 other objectives laid down in the Treaty, but with a direct bearing on heritage,
 and, finally, activities serving other purposes, but with a direct or indirect impact
 on conservation in the Member States, such as agricultural policy, which has an
 important impact on the preservation of the archaeological heritage and historic
 landscapes.
 Mindful of the need to achieve a consensus because of the decision-making
 procedures provided for in Article 128 and wishing to conduct in-depth
 consultations, prior to drawing up this proposal for a Parliament and Council
 Decision the Commission organized a series of meetings on the movable and non-
 movable heritage before drafting this communication, consulting the authorities
 in the Member States, the professionals and others involved in the field. At the
 same time, a group of experts convened in response to a Council resolution9
 considered the specific subject of archives. The list of consultative meetings is
 appended (p. 6-7).
 This proposal draws on the experience of the action undertaken to date and the
 results of the consultations. Its frame of reference is the Community's cultural
 policy10 and it takes into account the relevant resolutions and conclusions adopted
 by Parliament11 and the Council.12
 Resolution of the Council and the Ministers of Culture meeting within the Council on 14
 November 1991 on arrangements concerning archives, OJ No C 314, 5.12.1991, p. 2.
 10 COM(94) 356 final.
 11
 Parliamentresolutionon the Commission communication entitled "New prospects for Community
 cultural action", A3-0396, OJ No C 42, 15.2.1993, p. 173-181.
 Parliamentresolutionon preserving the architectural heritage and protecting cultural assets, A3-
 0036/93, OJ No C 72, 15.3.1993, p. 160-166.
 Parliament resolution on Community policy in the field of culture, A3-0386/93, OJ No C 44,
 14.2.1994, p. 184-188.
 12
 Conclusions of the Council and the Ministers of Culture meeting within the Council
 of 12 November 1992 on guidelines for Community cultural action, OJ No C 336,19.12.1992, p.
 H-2-
 Council conclusions of 17 June 1994 on drawing up a Community Action Plan in the field of
 cultural heritage, OJ No C 235, 23.8.1994, p. 1.
 Council conclusions of 17 June 1994 concerning greater cooperation in the field of archives,
 OJ No C 235, 23.8.1994, p. 3.
 Conclusions of the Council of 10 November 1994 on the Commission communication concerning
 European Community action in support of culture, OJ No C 348, 9.12.1994, p. 1-2.
 ---pagebreak--- COMMUNITY ACTION PROGRAMME IN THE FIELD OF CULTURAL HERITAGE - THE RAPHAEL PROGRAMME
 I. Development and promotion of II. Networks and partnerships III. Access to heritage IV. Innovation, further training and V. Cooperation with third countries
 the cultural heritage in Europe professional mobility and international organizations
 To encourage the development and To help enhance transnational To promote projects to raise To promote the exchange of To develop projects with third
 pooling of optimal practices and to cooperation, exchanges and pooling awareness with a European experience and encourage mobility countries and create synergies with
 create an environment conducive to of experience and the presentation of dimension and to encourage the use and further training for professionals activities undertaken by other
 the preservation of the cultural the European dimension of heritage. of advanced information and working on cultural heritage international organizations, in
 heritage communication technologies and particular the Council of Europe
 services
 1. Support for projects to preserve 1. Support for the creation of 1. Inclusion of steps to raise public 1. Support for identifying subjects 1. Support for projects to preserve
 the movable or non-movable networks of "European heritage awareness in all projects receiving for research, the dissemination of the movable and non-movable
 heritage that qualify as "European sites" by specific theme Community support under the results and the development of heritage, particularly monuments
 heritage laboratories" Raphael Programme practical applications for use by and sites on the World I leritage
 2. Development and dissemination of professionals List
 2. Support for "European heritage information tools for use by 2. Support for events to raise public
 sites" on common themes related to networks of professionals working awareness at European level, e.g. 2. Support for organizing 2. Participation in projects related to
 the preservation of the movable or on cultural heritage, e.g. comparative European Heritage Days, events to conferences and coUoquia with a networks and partnerships or
 non-movable heritage studies of practices and systems in mark Europe Day (9 May), Mies van European dimension creation of complementary projects,
 Member States, compiling European der Rohe European Architecture e.g. extending comparative studies
 3. Support for the development of cultural statistics and indicators, Prize, Europan 3. Cooperation projects aimed at to other countries
 better practices and European practical guides, manuals, setting up exchange programmes for
 standards for managing and directories, listings of innovatory 3. Support for multilingual professionals in the heritage field 3. Participation in projects to make
 protecting cultural heritage projects, information on Community presentations in museums, the heritage more accessible to the
 activities relating to cultural heritage monuments, shes 4. Support for basic and advanced public, e.g. European Heritage Days
 4. Promoting the acquisition and training for professionals in the
 joint management of major works of 3. Support for transnational 4. Support for applications of heritage field on using advanced 4. Encouragement for professionals
 art cooperation projects between advanced information and information and communication in the heritage field to participate in
 museums and/or monuments aimed communication technologies and technologies and services research, training and professional
 5. Development of projects and at highlighting the European services giving professionals and the mobility
 studies with a cultural focus, to dimension of heritage public access to heritage, e.g. pilot
 complement other Community projects, studies or seminars on a
 activities 4. Support for cooperation projects particular problem for the heritage
 between training and/or research sector
 institutes, e.g. inventories, evaluation
 methods, shared analysis,
 scholarships, exchanges,
 dissémination of information, etc.
 ---pagebreak--- Community action in the field of cultural heritage should satisfy the following
 objectives:
 help to develop and promote cultural heritage;
 encourage cooperation and the pooling of knowledge, expertise and
 practice in the field of heritage preservation at European level;
 improve public access to heritage and the supply of information on it for
 the public at large so as to contribute to the affirmation of a European
 citizenship through greater knowledge of heritage;
 support for enriching mutual understanding and practices and realize
 Europe's potential;
 foster cooperation with non-member countries and other international
 organizations, in particular the Council of Europe.
 In the light of this, the Commission intends to establish a Community action
 programme in the field of cultural heritage, to be known as the Raphael
 Programme, which will focus on the following five activities:
 I. Development and promotion of cultural heritage;
 H. Networks and partnerships;
 m. Access to heritage;
 IV. Innovation, further training and professional mobility;
 V. Cooperation with non-member countries and international organizations.
 The programme has a strategic approach which should be served by the various
 measures to be implemented step-by-step. The Commission believes that its
 coherent approach will enable the Raphael Programme to make a more effective
 contribution to developing and promoting the cultural heritage and to achieve a
 greater impact on the flowering of cultures in Europe. The programme will also
 allow the Community to view its actions from a specifically cultural point of view
 and, where necessary, to enhance the cultural dimension in other Community
 measures, in accordance with Article 128(4) of the Treaty.
 To conclude, the Commission proposes:
 to submit this proposal for a Parliament and Council Decision under the
 new procedure provided for in Article 128 of the Treaty.
 ---pagebreak--- ANNEX
 CONSULTATIONS ORGANIZED WITH A VIEW
 TO THE PRESENTATION OF A COMMUNITY ACTION PROGRAMME
 IN THE FIELD OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
 General consultations on movable and non-movable heritage
 On 1 and 2 July 1993 the Commission and the European Parliament organized a
 first meeting in Venice with the Directors of movable and non-movable heritage
 in the Member States. The theme was "key elements for the conservation of the
 cultural heritage in the European Community". The aim was to identify areas for
 Community action in the heritage field and agree the themes for the first four
 expert meetings.
 Four expert meetings were organized in conjunction with the Belgian and Greek
 Presidencies. They dealt with the following themes:
 "Heritage and management: heritage, economy and employment, heritage,
 tourism and the environment", Mons, 27-30 October 1993
 "Heritage, research and new technologies", Brussels, 17-19 November
 1993
 "Heritage and training", Antwerp, 1-3 December 1993
 "Information and increasing awareness of and support for the heritage
 among the public and professionals",1* Athens 23-25 February 1994
 Two further expert meetings were organized by the Greek Presidency with the
 Commission's support and reflecting the Presidency's priorities in the field of
 . cultural heritage:
 - "Heritage and the environment", Athens, 26-29 March 1994
 "The underwater heritage", Athens, 7-9 April 1994
 Participation in these consultations was limited to experts chosen by the Member
 States, representatives of the European Parliament, the Council of Europe,
 intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and the various
 departments of the Commission most closely concerned.
 13 This meeting was a follow-up to an earlier expert meeting on "Museums and their public",
 organized in Glasgow on 25-29 November 1992 in conjunction with the British Presidency.
 ---pagebreak--- The results of the expert meetings were presented at the second meeting of the
 Member States' Directors of movable and non-movable heritage, held in Lisbon
 on 27-29 April 1994 on the theme "Europe and its heritage". This was an
 opportunity to draw up a preliminary assessment of progress to date, based on a
 working document presented by the Commission, and to suggest themes to be
 explored for drawing up the future action programme.
 Specific consultations on archives
 In 1991 the Council passed a resolution calling on the Commission to set up a
 group of experts designated by the Member States "for the purpose of examining
 to what extent greater coordination of archives policy and practice within the
 Community is desirable".14 The group of experts, which included representatives
 of the archives of the Community institutions, the European University Institute
 in Florence and the various Commission departments involved, met in Brussels
 on 31 March, 17 June and 24 September 1992 and on 9 March, 23 April and
 22 October 1993. Their work forms the subject of a report containing suggestions
 for Community action in this particular field.15
 The conference
 The information collected at the earlier meetings was presented to a larger
 audience at a conference on "European citizens and their heritage", organized in
 conjunction with the European Parliament in Brussels on 4 and 5 October 1994.
 The aim was to supplement the technical findings with a dialogue between the
 interested parties, such as landlords' associations, voluntary groups and
 foundations, all of which help to bring people closer to their heritage. The
 conference also provided an opportunity to meet representatives from the new
 Member States and non-member countries.
 14 Resolution of the Council and the Ministers of Culture meeting within the Council of 14 November
 1991 on arrangements concerning archives. ~ —
 15
 Archives in the European Union. Report of the group of experts on the problems of coordination
 in relation to archives, SEC(94)900, 21 March 1994.
 ---pagebreak--- EHDOTUS :
 EUROOPAN PARLAMENTIN JA NEUVOSTON PÄÄTÖS KULTTUURIPERINTÖÄ
 KOSKEVASTA YHTEISÖN TOIMINTAOHJELMASTA
 "RAPHAEL"-OHJELMA
 EUROOPAN PARLAMENTTI JA EUROOPAN UNIONIN NEUVOSTO,^ jotka
 ottavat huomioon Euroopan yhteisön perustamissopimuksen ja
 erityisesti sen 128 artiklan,
 ottavat huomioon komission ehdotuksen1,
 ottavat huomioon alueiden komitean lausunnon2,
 noudattavat perustamissopimuksen 189 b artiklassa määrättyä
 menettelyä,
 sekä katsovat, että
 Euroopan yhteisön perustamissopimukseen (jäljempänä
 perustamissopimus), sellaisena kuin se on muutettuna
 sopimuksella Euroopan unionista, sisältyy vastedes erityisesti
 kulttuuria käsittelevä IX osasto, ja siinä määrätään, että
 yhteisö myötävaikuttaa jäsenvaltioiden kulttuurien
 kehittymiseen kukoistaviksi pitäen arvossa niiden kansallista
 ja alueellista monimuotoisuutta ja korostaen samalla niiden
 yhteistä kulttuuriperintöä,
 perustamissopimuksen 128 artiklassa pidetään kulttuuriperintöä
 erityisenä toiminta-alana ja annetaan yhteisölle tehtäväksi:
 rohkaista jäsenvaltioiden välistä yhteistyötä sekä
 tarvittaessa tukea ja täydentää niiden toimintaa
 Euroopan kansojen kulttuurin ja historian tuntemuksen
 ja sitä koskevan tiedon levityksen parantamisessa,
 Euroopan kannalta merkittävän kulttuuriperinnön
 säilyttämisessä ja suojaamisessa ja muussa kuin
 kaupallisessa kulttuurivaihdossa,
 suosia yhteistyötä kolmansien maiden sekä kulttuurin
 alalla toimivaltaisten kansainvälisten järjestöjen,
 erityisesti Euroopan neuvoston kanssa,
 EYVL
 EYVL
 ---pagebreak--- ottaa kulttuuriin liittyvät näkökohdat huomioon muiden
 perustamissopimuksen määräysten mukaisessa
 toiminnassaan,
 Stuttgartissa 19 päivänä kesäkuuta 1983* allekirjoitetulla
 juhlallisella julistuksella Euroopan. unionista, valtion ja
 hallitusten päämiehet sopivat tiiviimmän yhteistyön
 edistämisestä kulttuurin alalla tuodakseen esiin tietoisuuden
 yhteisestä kulttuuriperinnöstä eurooppalaisen identiteetin
 osatekijänä,
 kulttuuriperintö on kansallisten ja alueellisten identiteettien
 ja kansojen välisten yhteyksien ilmaus, ja on tärkeää varmistaa
 sen säilyttäminen ja parantaa kansalaisten pääsyä osallisiksi
 kulttuuriperinnöstä keskinäisen tuntemuksen ja arvostuksen
 lisäämiseksi,
 yhteisön toiminta voi auttaa paremmin säilyttämään
 kulttuuriperintöä rohkaisemalla kokemusten ja tietotaidon
 vaihtoa sekä toimintaan liittyvää synergiaa ~ ja
 yhteistyökumppanuutta,
 yhteiskunnallis-taloudelliselta kannalta kulttuuriperinnön
 säilyttäminen kuuluu yhteiskuntasuunnittelun alaan ja voi
 merkittävällä tavalla vaikuttaa työpaikkojen luomiseen ja
 aluekehitykseen samoin kuin kansalaisten elämän laadun ja
 jokapäiväisen ympäristön parantamiseen,
 kulttuuri muodostaa tärkeän toiminta-alan tietoyhteiskunnan
 näkökulmasta katsottuna, kuten korostetaan komission
 tiedonannossa "Kohti eurooppalaista tietoyhteiskuntaa:
 toimintasuunnitelma"3,
 on tarpeen tehdä kulttuuriperinnön säilyttämistä koskevaa
 tutkimusta yhteisön tasolla ja toteuttaa yhteisön tutkimus-,
 teknologian kehitys- ja demonstraatiotoimia sellaisten
 TTK-puiteohjelman4 määräysten mukaisesti, joista tämä ohjelma
 voi hyötyä,
 KOM(94)347 lopullinen
 4
 Euroopan parlamentin ja neuvoston päätös 1110/94/ETY,
 tehty 26 päivänä huhtikuuta 1994, Euroopan yhteisön neljännestä
 tutkimus- , teknologista kehittämis- ja esittelytoimintaa
 koskevasta puiteohjelmasta (1994 - 1998), EYVL N:o L 126,
 18.5.1994, s. 1 - 33
 ---pagebreak--- komissio on saavuttanut kokemusta tähänastisen toiminnan
 yhteydessä erityisesti arkkitehtonisen kulttuuriperinnön
 alalla,
 Euroopan parlamentti on pitänyt tärkeänä yhteisön toimintaa
 kulttuuriperinnön hyväksi, ja erityisesti koulutukseen,
 tutkimustyöhön, nuorten mielenkiinnon herättämiseen,
 yhteistyöhön kolmansien maiden ja Euroopan neuvoston kanssa
 samoin kuin yhteyksiin yhteisön muihin erityisesti koulutukseen
 ja aluekehitykseen liittyviin politiikkoihin5,
 Euroopan parlamentti on antanut päätöslauselmat yhteisön
 osallistumisesta poikkeuksellisen merkittävän arkkitehtonisen
 kulttuuriperinnön restaurointitöihin6, N
 neuvosto on ilmaissut mielenkiintonsa yhteistyön lisäämiseen
 arkkitehtonisen kulttuuriperinnön, taide-esineiden,
 taideteosten ja arkistojen alalla, varsinkin tietojen,
 dokumentoinnin ja koulutuksen vaihdossa ja ottaen huomioon
 kulttuurijärjestöjen verkoston tärkeän aseman Euroopan
 7
 kulttuuriyhteistyössä ,
 5
 Euroopan parlamentin päätöslauselma Euroopan
 kulttuuriperinnön suojaamisesta, EYVL N:o C 62, 30.5.1974, s. 5 -
 7
 Euroopan parlamentin päätöslauselma arkkitehtonisen ja arkeologisen
 perinnön suojaamisesta, EYVL N:o C 267, 11.10.1982, s. 25 - 29
 Euroopan parlamentin päätöslauselma yhteisön arkkitehtonisen ja
 arkeologisen perinnön säilyttämisestä, EYVL N:o C 309, .5.12.1988,
 s. 423 - 427
 Euroopan parlamentin päätöslauselma arkkitehtonisen perinnön
 säilyttämisestä ja kulttuuriomaisuuden suojaamisesta, EYVL N:o 72,
 15.3.1993, s. 160 - 166
 6
 Euroopan parlamentin päätöslauselma Athosvuoren
 luostarialueelle annettavasta taloudellisesta avusta, EYVL N:o C
 144, 15.6.1981, s. 92
 Euroopan parlamentin päätöslauselma Lissabonissa sijaitsevan
 Chiadon alueen jälleenrakentamiseen annettavasta avusta, EYVL N:o
 C 262, 10.10.1988, s. 110
 Euroopan parlamentin päätöslauselma yhteisön arkkitehtonisen ja
 arkeologisen perinnön säilyttämisestä, EYVL N:o C 309, 5.12.1988,
 s. 424
 Euroopan parlamentin päätöslauselma Barcelonan Liceo-teatterin
 tulipalosta, EYVL N:o C 61, 28.2.1994, s. 184
 7
 Neuvostossa 13 päivänä marraskuuta 1986 kokoontuneiden
 kulttuuriasioista vastaavien ministerien päätöslauselma Euroopan
 arkkitehtonisen perinnön säilyttämisestä, EYVL N: o C 320,
 13.12.1986, s. 1
 10
 ---pagebreak--- tiedonannossaan "Uusia näkökulmia yhteisön toimintaan
 kulttuurin alalla"8 komissio toteaa, että olisi laajennettava
 yhteisön toimintaa irtaimeen kulttuuriperintöön ja edistää
 asiaomaisten tekijöiden välistä vuoropuhelua ja yhteistyötä
 samoin kuin kokemusten ja erikoistuneen tiedon levittämistä,
 ja että Euroopan parlamentti ja neuvosto ovat rohkaisseet tätä
 lähestymistapaa9,
 Euroopan toimielimet ovat painottaneet kulttuuriperinnön eri
 näkökohtien liittämistä johdonmukaiseen yhteisön toimintaan10,
 j.ossa otetaan huomioon irtaimen ja kiinteän kulttuuriperinnön
 rikkaus ja monimuotoisuus ja nojaudutaan useiden asianomaisten
 tekijöiden työhön,
 Neuvostossa 13 päivänä marraskuuta 1986 kokoontuneiden
 kulttuuriasioista vastaavien ministerien päätöslauselma taide-
 esineiden ja taideteosten säilyttämisestä, EYVL N:o C 320,
 13.12.1986, s. 3
 Neuvostossa 14 päivänä marraskuuta 1991 kokoontuneiden neuvoston ja
 kulttuuriministerien päätöslauselma arkistoja koskevista
 säännöksistä ja määräyksistä, EYVL N:o C 314, 5.12.1994, s. 2
 Neuvoston johtopäätökset, tehty 17 päivänä kesäkuuta 1994,
 arkistoja koskevan yhteistyön lisäämisestä, EYVL N: o C 235,
 23.8.1994, s. 3
 Neuvostossa 14 päivänä marraskuuta 1991 kokoontuneiden neuvoston ja
 kulttuuriministerien päätöslauselma Euroopan kulttuurivérkostoista,
 EYVL Neo C 314, 5.12.1991, s. 1
 8
 KOM(92) 149 lopullinen
 9
 Euroopan parlamentin päätöslauselma komission uusia
 näkökulmia yhteisön toimintaan kulttuurin alalla koskevasta
 tiedonannosta, EYVL N:o C 42, 15.2.1993, s. 173 - 181
 Euroopan parlamentin päätöslauselma yhteisön politiikasta
 kulttuurin alalla, EYVL N:o C 44, 14.2.1994, s. 184 - 188
 Neuvostossa 12 päivänä marraskuuta 1992 kokoontuneiden neuvoston ja
 kulttuuriasioista vastaavien ministerien johtopäätökset yhteisön
 toiminnan suuntaviivoista kulttuurin alalla, EYVL N: o C 336,
 19.12.1992, s. 1 - 2
 10
 Euroopan parlamentin päätöslauselma arkkitehtonisen
 perinnön säilyttämisestä ja kulttuuriomaisuuden suojaamisesta, EYVL
 N:o 72, 15.3.1993, s. 160 - 166
 Neuvoston johtopäätökset, tehty 17 päivänä kesäkuuta 1994,
 kulttuuriperintöä koskevan yhteisön toimintasuunnitelman
 laatimisesta, EYVL N:o C 235, 23.8.1994, s. 1
 11
 ---pagebreak--- yhteisön toiminnassa olisi otettava huomioon kulttuuriperinnön
 määritelmän kehittyvä luonne ja kaikki kulttuuriperinnön muodot
 sekä suosia monialaisia lähestymistapoja,
 komissio on järjestänyt kuulemisia kaikkien osapuolten kanssa,
 joita asia koskee, erityisesti jäsenvaltioiden viranomaisten,
 ammattilaisten, hallitusten ulkopuolisten järjestöjen,
 säätiöiden ja yhdistysten kanssa kulttuuriperintöä
 koskevan toimintaohjelman valmistelemiseksi,
 Euroopan kulttuuriperinnöllä on. lukuisia yhteyksiä yhteisön
 ulkopuolisiin maihin ja sen vuoksi se muodostaa etuoikeutetun
 alueen yhteistyömuotojen kehittämiseksi kolmansien maiden ja
 alalla toimivaltaisten kansainvälisten järjestöjen kanssa
 perustamissopimuksen määräysten ja edellä tarkoitettujen
 johtopäätösten ja päätöslauselmien mukaisesti,
 Eurooppa-neuvoston Kööpenhaminan kokous on 21 - 23 päivänä
 kesäkuuta 1993 tehnyt johtopäätökset yhteisön ohjelmien
 aloittamisesta assosiointisopimusten osapuolina olevissa Keski-
 ja Itä-Euroopan maissa ja että komissio on allekirjoittanut
 tiettyjen kolmansien maiden kanssa yhteistyösopimukset, joihin
 kuuluu osana myös kulttuuri,
 yhteisö huolehtii 128 artiklan 4 kohdan nojalla toimiensa
 johdonmukaisuudesta erityisesti sen osalta, millainen vaikutus
 niillä voisi olla kulttuuriperintöön,
 komission tiedonannossa "Euroopan yhteisön toiminta kulttuurin
 hyväksi"11, jossa kulttuuriperintö on otettu huomioon
 ensisijaisena alueena, täsmennetään niiden edistämistoimien
 puitteita, jotka voivat tukea ja täydentää jäsenvaltioiden
 ponnistuksia pitäen arvossa toissijaisuusperiaatetta,
 OVAT PÄÄTTÄNEET SEURAAVAA:
 1 artikla
 Tässä päätöksessä laaditaan yhteisön toimintaohjelma,
 jäljempänä "Raphael" -ohjelma, kulttuuriperinnön alalla.
 "Raphael" -ohjelma hyväksytään ajalle 1 päivästä tammikuuta
 1996 31 päivään joulukuuta 2000.
 2 artikla
 11
 KOM(94) 356 lopullinen
 12
 ---pagebreak--- "Raphael"-ohjelman erityisinä tavoitteina on:
 lisätä kulttuuriperinnön arvostuspa ja laajentaa
 sen vaikutuspiiriä,
 rohkaista eurooppalaista yhteistyötä ja
 tietämyksen, tietotaidon ja käytäntöjen jakoa
 kulttuuriperinnön säilyttämisessä,
 parantaa kaikkien kansalaisten pääsyä osalliseksi
 kulttuuriperinnöstä ja parantaa siihen kuuluvaa
 tietomäärää sekä tuoda siten esiin Euroopan
 kansalaisuus sen kulttuuriperinnön parempaan
 tuntemukseen noj autuen,
 tukea keskinäisten tietojen ja Nkäytäntöjen
 kehittämistä ja kehittää eurooppalaisia
 voimavaroja,
 suosia yhteistyötä kolmansien maiden ja muiden
 toimivaltaisten kansainvälisten järjestöjen ja
 erityisesti Euroopan neuvoston kanssa.
 3 artikla
 "Raphael"-ohjelma käsittää kiinteän ja irtaimen
 kulttuuriperinnön ja viisi toimintamuotoa:
 I. Kulttuuriperinnön arvostuksen lisääminen ja
 vaikutuspiirin laajentaminen
 II. Verkostot ja yhteistyökumppanuudet
 III. Kulttuuriperinnön saavutettavuus
 IV. Ammattilaisten innovointi, täydennyskoulutus ja
 liikkuvuus
 V. Yhteistyö kolmansien maiden ja kansainvälisten
 järjestöjen kanssa
 Liitteessä esitettyjä toimintamuotoja sovelletaan 2
 artiklassa määrättyjen tavoitteiden toteuttamiseksi. Ne
 toteutetaan 5 ja 6 artiklassa määrätyn menettelyn
 mukaisesti.
 Budjettivallan käyttäjä vahvistaa kullekin tilivuodelle
 käytettävissä olevat määrärahat.
 4 artikla
 Edellä mainittujen tavoitteiden toteuttamiseksi osana
 "Raphael"-ohjelmaa kehitettävien hankkeiden on:
 sisällettävä eurooppalainen ulottuvuus ja
 todellista lisäarvoa verrattuna jäsenvaltioissa
 tapahtuviin toimiin;
 laajennettava kulttuuriperinnön vaikutuspiiriä;
 13
 ---pagebreak--- kehitettävä parhaita käytäntöjä, tietämystä ja
 osaamista säilyttämisen alalla;
 oltava yhteisön tasolla mielenkiintoisia antamansa
 mallin vuoksi tai uudistavan ,ja tiedottavan
 luonteensa vuoksi tai niillä on oltava kulttuurin,
 koulutuksen ja yhteiskunnallis-taloudelliselta
 kannalta kerrannaisvaikutus.
 5 artikla
 Komissio toteuttaa "Raphael"-ohjelman tämän päätöksen
 mukaisesti.
 Tämän tehtävän täytäntöönpanossa komissiota avustaa
 eurooppalaisen ulottuvuuden mukaisen taide- ja"
 kulttuuritoiminnan tukiohjelman laatimista ("Kaleidoskooppi
 2000" -ohjelma) koskevan ja komission 27 päivänä heinäkuuta
 1994 hyväksymän Euroopan parlamentin ja neuvoston
 päätösehdotuksen12 4 artiklassa määrätty neuvoa-antava
 komitea, jäljempänä 'komitea'.
 6 artikla
 Komission edustaja tekee komitealle ehdotuksen tarvittavista
 toimenpiteistä. Komitea antaa, tarvittaessa äänestettyään,
 lausuntonsa ehdotuksesta määräajassa, jonka puheenjohtaja
 voi asettaa asian kiireellisyyden mukaan.
 Komitean lausunto merkitään pöytäkirjaan; lisäksi jokaisella
 jäsenvaltiolla on oikeus pyytää, että sen kanta merkitään
 pöytäkirjaan.
 Komission on, niin suurelta osin kuin mahdollista, otettava
 huomioon komitean lausunto. Sen on ilmoitettava, millä
 tavoin lausunto on otettu huomioon.
 7 artikla
 Komissio valvoo "Raphael"-ohjelman johdonmukaisuutta ja
 täydentävyyttä yhteisön muiden kulttuuriperintöä koskevien
 ohjelmien ja politiikkojen kanssa.
 12
 KOM(94) 356 lopullinen
 14
 ---pagebreak--- 8 artikla
 Kolme vuotta sen jälkeen, kun "Raphael"-ohjelmaa on ryhdytty
 toteuttamaan, ja ennen 30 päivää syyskuuta 1999 komissio
 esittää komiteaa kuultuaan Euroopan parlamentille,
 neuvostolle ja alueiden komitealle arviointikertomuksen
 saavutetuista tuloksista, ja tarvittaessa aiheellisista
 ohjelman tarkistusehdotuksista toteutuksen kuluessa
 ilmaantuneiden tarpeiden mukaan.
 "Raphael"-ohjelman päättyessä ja ennen 30 päivää syyskuuta
 2001 komissio antaa 5 artiklassa mainitun menettelyn
 mukaisesti Euroopan parlamentille, neuvostolle ja alueiden
 komitealle kertomuksen ohjelman toteutuksesta ja^tuloksista.
 9 artikla
 Tämä päätös tulee voimaan kahdentenakymmenentenä päivänä sen
 jälkeen, kun se on julkaistu Euroopan yhteisöjen
 virallisessa lehdessä.
 Tehty Brysselissä
 Euroopan parlamentin puolesta Neuvoston puolesta
 Puheenjohtaja Puheenjohtaja
 LIITE
 KULTTUURIPERINTÖÄ KOSKEVA
 YHTEISÖN TOIMINTAOHJELMA
 "RAPHAEL"-OHJELMA
 "Raphael"-ohjelman tehtävänä on eurooppalaisella t a s o l l a
 tukea kaikkia kulttuuriperinnön aloja : kiinteä
 kulttuuriperintö, arkkitehtoninen kulttuuriperintö,
 vedenalainen k u l t t u u r i p e r i n t ö , i r t a i n kulttuuriperintö,
 museot j a kokoelmat, a r k i s t o t jne.
 Toiminta I - Kulttuuriperinnön arvostuksen lisääminen ja
 v a i k u t u s p i i r i n laajentaminen
 Tällä toiminnalla pyritään vaikuttamaan
 kulttuuriperinnön arvostukseen ja sen v a i k u t u s p i i r i n
 laajentamiseen j a rohkaisemaan parhaiden käytäntöjen
 kehittämistä ja jakamista tarjoamalla
 kulttuuriperinnön säilyttämiselle suotuisat
 15
 ---pagebreak--- edellytykset.
 Tämä toiminta toteutetaan seuraavin toimenpitein:
 1. Tukemalla irtaimen ja kiinteän kulttuuriperinnön
 säilyttämiseen tähtääviä hankkeita, joita voidaan
 kutsua "kulttuuriperinnön eurooppalaisiksi
 laboratorioiksi" suunniteltujen töiden mielenkiinnon
 ja niiden antaman mallin vuoksi. Töiden on
 kohdistuttava teoksiin, muistomerkkeihin tai
 paikkoihin, joilla on poikkeuksellisen merkittävä
 historiallinen arvo ja jotka ovat Euroopan "muistiin
 liittyviä paikkoja". Hankkeilla, jotka kestävät
 useiden vuosien ajan, on päämääränä koota paras
 asiantuntemus, erityisesti kokoamalla eurooppalainen
 ja monialainen ryhmä erityisen vaikeiden
 säilyttämisongelmien tutkimiseksi ja sopivien
 lähestymistapojen, menetelmien ja/tai tekniikoiden
 kehittämiseksi. Erityistä huomiota kiinnitetään töiden
 kuluessa saadun kokemuksen levitykseen.
 2. Tukemalla "kulttuuriperinnön eurooppalaisia
 työmaita", jotka työskentelevät irtaimen tai kiinteän
 kulttuuriperinnön säilyttämiseen liittyvän yhteisen
 aiheen parissa. Hankkeiden on annettava mallia ja
 niillä on oltava kerrannaisvaikutuksia. Ne voivat
 laajentua useiden peräkkäisten vuosien ajan.
 Kulttuuriperinnön hoitamisesta ja/tai säilyttämisestä
 saatuja kokemuksia tullaan laajalti levittämään
 ammattilaisten tietoon. Aiheet tullaan valitsemaan
 kulttuuriperinnön eri osa-alueiden erityisten
 huolenaiheiden mukaan.
 3. Tukemalla sellaisten "standardien" ja/tai
 eurooppalaisten suositusten kehittämistä, jotka
 pyrkivät edistämään hyviä menettelytapoja ja
 käytäntöjä kulttuuriperinnön hoitamisessa ja
 säilyttämisessä ja tarvittaessa helpottamaan vaihdon
 järjestämistä. Kysymyksessä on eurooppalaisella
 tasolla tapahtuva esimerkiksi kulttuuriomaisuuden
 dokumentointiin, teosten näyttelyihin lainaamisen
 ehtoihin, teosten passiiviseen säilyttämiseen,
 esineiden, teosten ja muistomerkkien palosuojeluun
 jne. liittyvien "standardien" ja/tai suositusten
 kehittäminen. Yhteisön tukea voidaan käyttää
 tutkimuksiin, työkokouksiin, opintoihin jne., joita
 toteutetaan näiden töiden yhteydessä.
 4. Rohkaisemalla kokeiluluontoisesti tärkeämpien
 taideteosten hankkimista ja yhteishallintaa useamman
 eurooppalaisen yhteistyökumppanin toimesta, jotta nämä
 teokset voitaisiin säilyttää ja esittää yleisölle
 16
 ---pagebreak--- Euroopassa.
 Kehittämällä yhteisön muuta toimintaa täydentäviä
 kulttuuripainotteisia hankkeita ja tutkimuksia.
 Taloudellista apua voidaan myöntää hankkeille, jotka
 tukevat tai täydentävät perustamissopimuksen muiden
 määräysten mukaista kulttuuriperinnön .«kannalta
 erityisen mielenkiintoista yhteisön toimintaa, pyöreän
 pöydän neuvotteluihin ja vertaileviin tutkimuksiin,
 jotka pyrkivät kokoamaan tosiasioihin perustuvat
 tiedot jäsenvaltioiden tilanteesta, samoin kuin
 vaikutusten arviointeihin yhteisön uusien
 toimenpiteiden kehittelyn yhteydessä.
 Toiminta II - Verkostot ja yhteistyökumppanuudet
 Tämä toiminta pyrkii rohkaisemaan verkostojen kehittämistä
 ja yhteistyökumppanuuksien muodostamista lisätäkseen
 ylikansallista yhteistyötä, kokemusten vaihtoa* ja
 jakamista sekä kulttuuriperinnön esilletuomista sen
 eurooppalaisessa ulottuvuudessa.
 Tämä toiminta toteutetaan seuraavin toimenpitein:
 1. Tukemalla "kulttuuriperinnön eurooppalaisten
 työmaiden" verkostoitumista. Verkostot muodostetaan
 käsitellyn aiheen mukaan kutsumalla kokoon "työmaiden"
 vastuuhenkilöt, ja tarvittaessa erityisesti tämän
 tehtävän parissa työskentelevien julkisten ja
 yksityisten laitosten, tutkimuskeskusten ja yritysten
 vastuuhenkilöt. Verkostojen päämääränä on edistää
 kokemusten vaihtoa toisaalta hankkeiden
 vastuuhenkilöiden välillä ja toisaalta
 vastuuhenkilöiden ja muiden tekijöiden välillä.
 Yhteisön tukea voidaan käyttää etenkin verkostojen
 muodostamiseen, "työmailla" esiin tulevia ongelmia ja
 niissä tehtäväksi suunniteltuja töitä käsittelevien
 seminaarien järjestämiseen samoin kuin näin saadun
 kokemuksen levittämiseen kiinnostuneille tahoille.
 2. Keräämällä ja levittämällä kulttuuriperinnön alan
 erikoistietoa käyttäen sopivia tietokanavia tai
 välittäjiä (pätevä hallintohenkilöstö, ammatilliset ja
 hallituksiin kuulumattomat järjestöt, yhdistykset
 jne....) ja tarkoitukseen sopivia välineitä (paperi,
 CD-ROM, CD-I, on-line...). Tiedot tulevat
 käsittelemään yleistä mielenkiintoa herättävien
 vertailevien tutkimusten laatimista jäsenvaltioiden
 käytännöistä ja järjestelmistä, eurooppalaisen
 kulttuurin tilastojen ja indikaattorien, käytännön
 oppaiden, oppikirjojen, hakemistojen, uudistavia
 17
 ---pagebreak--- hankkeita koskevien luettelojen laatimista samoin kuin
 kulttuuriperintöä koskevaa yhteisön toimintaa.
 3. Tukemalla ylikansallisia yhteistyöhankkeita museoiden
 ja/tai muistomerkkien välillä turvautuen multimediaan
 tai muihin kommunikointimuotoihin kulttuuriperinnön
 esittämiseksi sen eurooppalaisessa ulottuvuudessa ja
 näyttääkseen museossa, muistomerkillä tai
 nähtävyyspaikalla kävijöille muita teoksia,
 muistomerkkejä ja paikkoja, jotka kuuluvat samaan
 kulttuuriperheeseen muissa Euroopan maissa.
 4. Tukemalla kulttuuriperinnön alalla työskentelevien
 täydennyskoulutuslaitosten ja/tai tutkimuskeskusten
 välisiä yhteistyöhankkeita. Tämän toimenpiteen
 tarkoituksena on kehittää verkostojen ja/tai
 yhteistyökumppanuuksien muodostamiseksi, niiden
 yhteistyön vahvistamiseksi ja kokemuksen jakamiseksi
 tarvittavia välineitä. Yhteistyöhankkeisiin myönnetty
 taloudellinen apu voidaan käyttää erityisesti: -'
 täydennyskoulutusta käsittelevien luetteloiden
 laatimiseen (aloittain),
 koulutuksen arvostelumeneteImien ja yhteisen
 pohdinnan kehittämiseen,
 vertailevien tutkimusten toteuttamiseen
 tutkinnoista/ kelpoisuuksista kulttuuriperinnön
 alueella ja pääsystä kulttuuriperintöön liittyviin
 ammatteihin jäsenvaltioissa,
 verkostojen muodostamiseen ja sen jäsenille
 tiedottamiseen,
 opettajien, opiskelijoiden ja/tai tutkijoiden
 stipendeihin ja vaihtoon,
 tiedon levitykseen meneillään olevista tai jo
 toteutuneista tutkimuksista erityisesti
 kulttuuriperinnön alan ammattilaisille,
 tiedottamiseen ja osalliseksi pääsemiseen uusista
 teknologioista ja niiden käytöstä kulttuuriperinnön
 alalla jne.
 Synergiat yhteisön muiden ohjelmien kanssa erityisesti
 opetuksen ja koulutuksen, tutkimuksen ja teknologisen
 kehityksen aloilla, on selvästi ilmoitettava.
 Toiminta III - Kulttuuriperinnön saavutettavuus
 Tämä toiminta pyrkii parantamaan kansalaisten pääsyä
 osalliseksi yhteisestä kulttuuriperinnöstä rohkaisemalla
 eurooppalaisen ulottuvuuden mukaisia kiinnostusta
 herättäviä hankkeita ja edistämällä kehittyneiden
 tieto- ja viestintäteknologioiden ja niihin liittyvien
 18
 ---pagebreak--- palvelujen käyttöä.
 Toiminta toteutetaan seuraavin toimenpitein:
 1. Herättämällä kansalaisen mielenkiinto hankkeisiin,
 jotka saavat yhteisön tukea "Raphael"-ohjelman
 perusteella. Hankkeiden vastuuhenkilöitä pyydetään
 esittelemään toteutetut tai meneillään olevat työt
 yleisölle. Komissio jatkaa tällä alalla kehitettyjä
 aloitteita, jollaisia ovat esimerkiksi kiertävä
 näyttely ja audio-visuaaliset tuotteet erityisesti
 "Euroopan kulttuuriperinnön laboratorioiden" ja
 "kulttuuriperinnön eurooppalaisten työmaiden"
 käyttöön.
 2. Tukemalla eurooppalaisella tasolla toteutettuja
 mielenkiinnon herättämistapahtumia, jollaisia ovat
 esimerkiksi Euroopan kulttuuriperinnön päivät, osana
 Euroopan juhlaa (9. toukokuuta) valmistellut
 tapahtumat, eurooppalainen Mies van der "Rohe
 -arkkitehtuuripalkinto, Europan...
 3. Tukemalla monikielisten esitysten toteuttamista
 museoissa, muistomerkeillä ja nähtävyyspaikoilla
 muista jäsenvaltioista tuleville henkilöille. Hankkeet
 voivat koskea esittelytekstejä, esitteitä, kylttejä,
 elektronisia opastinjärjestelmiä, audiovisuaalisia
 tuotteita tai multimediaa jne.
 4. Tukemalla kehittyneiden tieto- ja
 viestintäteknologioiden ja niihin liittyvien
 palvelujen sovellutuksia, jotka tuovat
 kulttuuriperinnön ammattilaisten ja yleisön
 ulottuville. Hankkeilla on oltava mielenkiintoa
 eurooppalaisella tasolla ja niiden on oltava
 demonstroivia.
 Yhteisön tukea voidaan käyttää opintoihin tai
 työseminaareihin, jotka käsittelevät erityistä näiden
 teknologioiden ja palvelujen hyödyntämistä koskevaa
 ongelmaa kulttuuriperinnön alalla tai
 kokeiluhankkeisiin, jotka pyrkivät tutkimaan ja
 aikaansaamaan konkreettisia sovellutuksia.
 Toiminta IV - Ammattilaisten innovointi,
 täydennyskoulutus ja liikkuvuus
 Tämä toiminta pyrkii rohkaisemaan kokemusten vaihtoa ja
 kulttuuriperinnön ammattilaisten yhteistyötä,
 liikkuvuutta ja täydennyskoulutusta.
 Toiminta toteutetaan seuraavin toimenpitein:
 19
 ---pagebreak--- 1. Tukemalla kulttuuriperinnön tutkimuksen tarpeiden
 tunnistamista, jota yhteisön tasolla on tarkoitus
 kehittää, tutkimustöiden levittämistä
 kulttuuriperinnön alalla toimiville ammattilaisille ja
 konkreettisten sovellusten kehittämistä kentällä
 työskentelevien ammattilaisten käyttöön. Näitä
 toimenpiteitä kehitetään yhdenmukaisesti tutkimusta,
 teknologian kehittämistä ja demonstrointia koskevan
 puiteohjelman kanssa; kaikki mahdollinen tutkimus
 tapahtuu TTK-puiteohjelman sisällä tämän säännösten,
 mukaan,
 2. Tukemalla eurooppalaisten konferenssien ja kokousten
 järjestämistä tai muuta vastaavaa täydennyskoulutusta,
 3. Tukemalla eurooppalaisen ammattilaisten
 vaihto-ohjelman aikaansaamista eri kulttuuriperinnön
 aloilla ja antamalla vankan ammattikokemuksen
 omaaville henkilöille mahdollisuus työskennellä uâeita
 kuukausia vastaavassa ammattiympäristössä toisessa
 eurooppalaisessa maassa.
 Yhteisön tuki suunnataan vaihdon järjestämiseen ja
 aiheutuvien lisäkustannusten, kuten matkojen ja
 majoituksen kattamiseen,
 4. Tukemalla kulttuuriperinnön alalla toimivien
 ammattilaisten kouluttamista ja täydennyskoulutusta
 kehittyneiden tieto- ja viestintäteknologioiden ja
 niihin liittyvien palvelujen käyttämisessä.
 Toiminta V - Yhteistyö kolmansien maiden ja
 kansainvälisten järjestöjen kanssa
 Tämä toiminta pyrkii kehittämään hankkeita kolmansien
 maiden kanssa ja luomaan synergioita muiden
 kansainvälisten järjestöjen kehittämien toimintojen ja
 erityisesti Euroopan neuvoston kanssa.
 Toiminta toteutetaan seuraavin toimenpitein:
 1. Tukemalla irtaimen ja kiinteän kulttuuriperinnön
 säilyttämishankkeita, jotka kohdistuvat erityisesti
 maailmanperintöluettelossa oleviin muistomerkkeihin ja
 paikkoihin;
 2. Osallistumalla verkostoihin j a yhteistyökumppanuuksiin
 liittyviin hankkeisiin tai tiettyjen hankkeitten kuten
 vertailevien tutkimusten laajentamiseen kolmansiin
 maihin;
 20
 ---pagebreak--- 3. Osallistumalla projekteihin, joiden pyrkimyksenä on
 edistää kansalaisten pääsyä osalliseksi
 kulttuuriperinnöstä, kuten Euroopan kulttuuriperinnön
 päivät;
 4. Rohkaisemalla kulttuuriperinnön ammattilaisia ottamaan
 osaa tutkimusta, täydennyskoulutusta ja liikkuvuutta
 koskeviin toimiin.
 Yhteisön tuki, jolla pyritään
 kulttuuriyhteistyöhankkeisiin kolmansien maiden kanssa,
 järjestetään vastaavalla tavalla kuin Euroopan unionin
 maita koskevat hankkeet, niihin sovellettavien sopimusten
 pohjalta. Toimintasynergia toimivaltaisten
 kansainvälisten järjestöjen kanssa ja erityisesti
 Euroopan neuvoston kanssa on tavoitteena samalla
 kunnioittaen jokaisen laitoksen ja järjestön omaa
 identiteettiä ja itsenäistä toimintaa.
 21
 ---pagebreak--- EUROPEAN COMMISSION
 FINANCIAL STATEMENT
 RAPHAEL - 5 YEARS
 1. TITLE OF OPERATION
 A Community action programme in the field of cultural heritage - the Raphael
 Programme
 2. BUDGET HEADING INVOLVED
 «.
 B3-2000 Protection and development of the European cultural heritage
 3. LEGAL BASIS
 Article 128 of the Treaty
 Parliament and Council Decision of establishing a Community action
 programme in the field of cultural heritage - the Raphael Programme
 4. DES^wnWN QF QPEMTON
 4.1. General objective
 The purpose of European Union action in support of culture is to contribute to the
 creation of "an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe"1 and to "the
 flowering of the cultures of the Member States, while respecting their national and
 regional diversity and at the same time bringing the common cultural heritage to
 the fore".2
 In this way cultural action is intended to highlight the common heritage of the
 peoples of Europe and illustrate our dual cultural identity as being both national
 and European.
 Treaty on European Union, Article A.
 Article 128(1), EC Treaty.
 V-
 ---pagebreak--- Heritage has a particularly important place in this context, since it is the product
 of the historical development of the culture of the peoples of Europe, whether at
 European, national, regional or local level. It displays extraordinary diversity and
 a remarkable wealth, reflecting the multiplicity of our identities and also bearing
 witness to the growing network of intellectual and artistic exchanges.
 Cultural heritage is the interface between our differences and our similarities,
 finding expression in movable and non-movable forms.
 Cultural action on heritage is principally intended to support and supplement
 action by Member States in the areas of:
 information supply on movable and non-movable heritage at European
 level;
 preservation and protection of common European cultural heritage;
 implementing cooperation with non-member countries and other
 international organizations working in this field.
 Action will focus on the following five areas:
 I. Development and promotion of cultural heritage in Europe;
 II. Networks and partnerships;
 III. Access to heritage;
 IV. Innovation, new technologies, further training and professional mobility;
 V. Cooperation with non-member countries and international organizations.
 4.1.1 Development and promotion of cultural heritage in Europe
 The aim is to foster the development of conservation techniques in the form of
 concrete projects in all heritage disciplines, such as movable and non-movable
 heritage, archaeology, museums and collections, archives and underwater heritage.
 Conservation techniques covers the full range of activities including, for example,
 identification, recording, presentation, display, conservation, restoration,
 documentation and management.
 Particular attention will be given to distributing information on the results of the
 projects, which will be grouped into five categories:
 Work on heritage classified as "maior" or "exceptional" so as to set up "European
 heritage laboratories" to form multidisciplinary international teams of European
 experts to study conservation problems and techniques for special landmarks that
 are of exemplary value in Europe or worldwide. These cooperation arrangements
 and the experience and results gained from them may then be used for more
 ordinary smaller-scale operations.
 Support for European heritage sites with common themes operating at regional,
 local or national level to promote interchange of experience so that all those
 2?
 ---pagebreak--- working in a given field may benefit from the common results by setting up
 "European heritage sites" for the purpose of experimentation and demonstration.
 Development of European standards on conservation practice as operated by
 international professional organizations, for example the documentation of cultural
 goods, loans of works of art and conservation.
 Promotion on m expfflmffltel frasjs of tfoe acquisition and joint management of
 maior works of art by several European partners so as to keep the works in
 Europe and make them accessible to the public throughout Europe.
 Projects and studies with a cultural focus to complement other Community
 activities.
 4.1.2 Networks and partnerships
 The aim is to step up cross-border cooperation, promote exchanges, pool
 experience and present the European dimension of heritage. The main activities
 fall under four headings:
 Support for networking of European heritage sites to encourage sites
 working on a similar theme to link up and form a network.
 Development and dissemination of formation tool? for use by networks
 of professionals to encourage production of guides, handbooks, directories
 and lists of Community activities on cultural heritage for people working
 in the variousfieldsinvolved and networks. Maximum encouragement will
 be giving to dissemination using modern media such as CD ROM,
 electronic data transmission links and the like.
 Support for cross-border cooperation projects between museums to help
 highlight the European dimension of cultural heritage through cooperation
 between several museums or implementation of projects involving different
 monuments.
 Support for cooperation projects between institutes involving in particular
 projects on research, inventories, evaluation methods, grants and the like
 jointly run by several training or research institutes.
 2*
 ---pagebreak--- 4.1.3 Access to heritage
 The aim is to raise public awareness of the common European heritage and
 encourage projects of exemplary value. This will involve the following four areas
 of activity:
 Inclusion of steps to raise public awareness in projects financed bv the
 Community presenting work in progress to the public by organizing
 travelling exhibitions and developing audiovisual products.
 Support for events to raise public awareness at European level, such as
 organizing the European Heritage Days, organizing and supporting the
 Mies van der Rohe Architecture Prize, organizing events on European
 heritage on Europe Day (9 May) and supporting exemplary projects.
 Support for multilingual presentations, encouraging museums, monuments
 and sites in the Member States to display presentational material in various
 languages to make information on European cultural heritage more
 accessible for people from other countries.
 Support for projects on providing greater public and professional access
 to heritage through use of modern information and communication
 technologies, for example by linking up databases, developing multimedia
 projects, studies and seminars on issues relating to this field.
 4.1.4 Innovation, further training and professional mobility
 The protection of Europe's cultural heritage depends to a large extent on the
 existence of a sufficient number of high-calibre professionals qualified in the vast
 range of complex and varied disciplines which need to be brought together in
 order to see projects through to the end.
 In this context and in close cooperation with activities operated by other
 Commission departments, such as DG XII and the Task Force on Human
 Resources, so as to ensure that the measures complement existing and future
 programmes, the aim is to encourage exchanges, cooperation, mobility and further
 training for professionals in the heritage field under the following three headings:
 Support for identifying research problems and disseminating results so as
 to help define areas and subjects requiring Community-level research,
 promote the dissemination of the results obtained throughout the profession
 and foster the development of concrete applications.
 ^r
 ---pagebreak--- Encouragement for organizing conferences. colloQuia and seminars with
 a European or worldwide character bringing together European experts to
 exchange experiences and innovations in various subject areas.
 Support for ?gttinjS up ft professional exchange progfamme enabling
 specialists to work for several months in an equivalent professional setting
 in another Member State.
 The aim is to develop projects with non-member countries, in particular by
 extending the programme to the countries of central and eastern Europe which
 have signed cooperation agreements with the European Union, and to cooperate
 on certain projects with certain countries in Latin America and the Commonwealth
 of Independent States.
 Cooperation with international organizations will involve seeking synergy
 arrangements, in particular with UNESCO and Council of Europe activities, as
 well as developing complementary activities and partnerships.
 The Commission hopes to foster regular consultations with these organizations on
 subjects and activities of common interest and possibly also join in setting up a
 cooperation project between UNESCO, the Council of Europe and the European
 Union on monuments and sites on the World Heritage List.
 Four main areas of action are planned:
 Support for preservation projects involving both movable and non-movable
 heritage and, in particular monuments and sites on the World Heritage
 List.
 Participation in projects relating to networks and pai^er^lups.
 Participation in projects to make heritage more accessible to the public.
 Participation in activities to promote innovation, further training an^
 4.2. Period covered and arrangements for renewal or extension
 Five years (1996-2000)
 Possibility of renewal following evaluation
 In the event of renewal, a new Council Decision would be required.
 74
 ---pagebreak--- 5. CLASSIFICATION OF EXPENDITURE OR REVENUE
 5.1. Non-compulsory expenditure
 5.2. Differentiated appropriations
 6. TYPE OF EXPENDITURE OR REVENUE
 The planned financial support will cover only a portion of the cost of the
 measures up to a maximum of 50%.
 The only cases where funding may go above 50% or even cover 100% are:
 research work and projects carried out by third parties where requested directly
 by the Commission;
 organization of meetings and conferences held on the Commission's initiative;
 grants to young researchers and professionals in training or as part of exchange
 measures.
 7. FINANCIAL IMPACT
 7.1. Method of calculating total cost of operation (definition of unit costsï
 7.1.1. Development and promotion of cultural heritage
 1.1. European heritage laboratories: financial support for "Memorable sites"
 projects. Over the five years a total budget of ECU 10.4 million is
 planned.
 10.000.000 Ecus
 1.2. Support for European heritage sites working on common themes relating
 to the preservation of movable and/or non-movable heritage. Over the five
 years 200 to 250 sites are to be supported.
 19.200.000 Ecus
 1.3. Support for the development of European standards to improve good
 practice and, where appropriate, encourage exchanges: support for carrying
 out studies on standards and/or recommendations on documenting cultural
 goods, loan terms for exhibitions, passive conservation of works of art
 and, possibly, protection against fire for art objects, works of art and
 monuments. The planned budget for the five years is:
 1.000.000 Ecus
 ^ >
 ---pagebreak--- 1.4. Support on an experimental basis for the acquisition and joint management
 of major works of art by several European partners in order to keep the
 works in Europe and present them to the public. The planned budget for
 the five years is:
 1.400.000 Ecus
 1.5. Development of projects and studies with a cultural focus to complement
 other Community activities: (in particular DGs VI, VIII, XI, XII, XIII,
 XVI, XXII, XXIII):
 2.100.000 Ecus
 Sub-total Action I: 33.700.000 Ecus
 7.1.2. Networks gn4 partnerships
 2.1. Support for the creation of networks of European heritage sites: setting up
 networks and organizing seminars on problems encountered in disseminating
 know-how within the profession. The planned budget for the five years is:
 1.500.000 Ecus
 2.2. Collection and dissemination of specialized information aimed at the heritage
 sector using appropriate information channels or relays and suitable media (such
 as paper, CD-I, CD-ROM and on-line): drawing up of thirty or so comparative
 studies over the five years on practices and systems in the Member States that are
 of common interest, European statistics and cultural indicators, practical guides,
 manuals, directories and collections of innovative projects and information on
 Community activities relating to cultural heritage. The planned budget for the five
 years is:
 1.500.000 Ecus
 2.3. Support for, at the most, 15 to 20 transnational cooperation projects over the five
 years between museums and/or monuments using multimedia or other forms of
 communication. The planned budget for the five years is:
 2.800.000 Ecus
 2.4. Support for cooperation projects between institutes (on training and research, etc.)
 with a total budget over the five years of:
 3.100.000 Ecus
 Sub-total Action II: 8.900.000 Ecus
 IS
 ---pagebreak--- 7.1.3. Access to heritage
 3.1. Presentation of projects receiving Community support (travelling exhibitions,
 audiovisual products) with a total budget over the five years of:
 , * . • ,
 3.400.000 Ecus 1*
 3.2. Support for events to raise public awareness (the European Heritage Days,
 European heritage camps, etc.) for an overall amount over the five years of:
 3.600.000 Ecus
 3.3. Support for multilingual presentations in forty or so museums, monuments and
 sites over the five years with a total budget of:
 1.700.000 Ecus
 3.4. Support for applications of advanced information and communication technology
 and services giving professionals and the general public greater access to heritage:
 support for setting up from 25 to 35 pilot projects over the five years to research
 and implement concrete applications for museums and/or archaeological sites. The
 amount deemed necessary for the five years is:
 3.400.000 Ecus
 Sub-total Action III: 12.100.000 Ecus
 7.1.4. Innovation, further training and professional mobility
 4.1. Support for identifying problems (dissemination of research findings to
 professionals, etc.) and for disseminating methods using new technologies and for
 identifying the best ways of supporting development of about a dozen concrete
 applications for use by professionals in the field. The total budget required for the
 five years is put at:
 1.100.000 Ecus
 4.2. Support for the organization of conferences and coUoquia or other further training
 activities with a European character, the total amount required for the five years
 is put at:
 2.300.000 Ecus
 tf
 ---pagebreak--- 4.3. Support for projects relating to European programmes of professional exchanges
 in different heritage disciplines with a total amount over the five years of:
 *
 3.200.000 Ecus
 Sub-total Action IV: 6.600.000 Ecus
 7.1.5. Cooperation with non-member countries and international organizations
 7.1.5.1 Support for projects to preserve movable and non-movable heritage,
 relating in particular to monuments and sites on the World Heritage List
 with a total amount ova* the five years of:
 3.100.000 Ecus
 7.1.5.2. Participation in projects related to networks and partnerships or
 implementation of complementary projects, with a budget over the five
 years of:
 900.000 Ecus
 7.1.5.3. Participation in projects to make heritage more accessible to the public
 with a total amount over five years of:
 800.000 Ecus
 7.1.5.4. Participation by heritage professionals in activities to promote innovation,
 further training and professional mobility with a total budget over the five
 years of:
 900.000 Ecus
 Sub-total Action V: 5.700.000 Ecus
 7.2. Itemized breakdown of cost
 The table below shows the breakdown for headings 7.1.1 to 7.1.5.
 j*>
 ---pagebreak--- Breakdown Budget 1997 1998 1999 2000 TOTAL
 1996
 7.1.1 Development and 5.4 6.0 6.6 7.1 8.6 33.7
 promotion of heritage
 7.1.2 Networks and 1.2 1.2 1.8 2.1 2.6 8.9
 partnerships
 7.1.3 Access to 2.0 2.0 2.4 2.8 2.9 12.1
 heritage
 7.1.4 Innovation, new 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.6 2.0 6.6
 technologies and
 mobility
 7.1.5 cooperation with 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.4 1.9 5.7
 non-member countries
 and international
 organizations
 TOTAL 10 11 13 15 18 67
 7.3. Indicative schedule of appropriations
 7.3.1. Schedule for proposed new operation
 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 TOTAL
 Commitment 10 11 13 15 18 67
 appropriations
 Payment 8 - - - - 8
 appropriations 1996
 Payment 2 9 - - - 11
 appropriations 1997
 Payment - 2 10 - - 12
 appropriations 1998
 Payment - - 3 12 - 15
 appropriations 1999
 Payment - - - 3 16 19
 appropriations 2000
 Payment - - - - 2 2
 appropriations 2001
 TOTAL 10 11 13 15 18 67
 N.B. Expenditure on studies, technical assistance, meetings and publications is included in the various
 headings and estimates in this table, accounting for approximately ECU 6 million overall.
 10
 3/
 ---pagebreak--- 7.3.2. Schedule for the preliminary draft budget for multiannual opérations"
 Period of application of Raphael programme 1996-2Q00
 Prelim, INDICATIVE PLAN
 draft
 budget 1997 1998 1999 2000 TOTAL
 1996
 10 11 13 15 18 67
 8. FRAUD PREVENTION MEASURES: RESULTS OF MEASURES TAKEN
 Payment will be made only after production of detailed supporting documents and
 financial and accounting statements.
 An activity report must be submitted for each project when final payment is made.
 In addition, the various control bodies (the Court of Auditors, Financial Control
 and the Authorizing Officer) will make regular checks on the management bodies
 conducting the activities and on end-beneficiaries.
 9. ELEMENTS OF COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS
 9.1. Specific and quantified objectives: target population
 9.1.1. Specific objectives
 The specific aims of the RAPHAEL programme are:
 - to contribute to the development and promotion of cultural heritage in Europe
 by assisting in the renovation and development of a large number of
 monuments and sites throughout the programme (see 7.1.1);
 - to create synergy among professionals for the purpose of European-level
 pooling of expertise, know-how and practices for preserving and restoring
 heritage, in particular by supporting a significant number of European heritage
 sites for both movable and non-movable heritage so as to raise the level of
 training in the profession as a whole (the specific objective is to support
 between 200 and 250 sites over the five years);
 - to improve public access to heritage through joint acquisitions and joint
 management of major works of art so that collections of art which, without the
 programme, would have remained scattered, undervalued and inaccessible will
 be on display to the general public in the various Member States;
 11
 I**-
 ---pagebreak--- to contribute to collecting, disseminating and presenting heritage information
 using modern communication technologies, such as multimedia. The specific
 objective is to create a core of comparative studies on the systems used in the
 Member States (about 20 studies over the five years) and make the results
 available to all those working in the profession;
 to promote networking among heritage professionals and organizations. The
 specific objective is to support 15 to 20 transnational projects over the five
 years using multimedia and other modern means of communication;
 9.1.2. Target population
 The target population is first and foremost professionals in various fields working
 on heritage as well as organizations and networks, such as museums and
 collections.
 The programme also covers research institutes and initial and further training
 institutes involved in various areas of cultural heritage.
 The programme will improve public familiarity with and awareness of the scope,
 quality and wealth of Europe's shared cultural heritage.
 9.2. Grounds for the operation
 The Raphael programme is to achieve its aims through the five areas of action
 listed above, covering both movable and non-movable heritage.
 Projects under the programme must have a European dimension and have genuine
 value added in relation to activities conducted by Member States; European-level
 networking of museums is an obvious example of such Community-level value
 added.
 Projects should also be of Community-level interest with exemplary, innovative
 or informative content and contribute to the promotion of Europe's cultural
 heritage.
 Particular attention will be paid to the multiplier effect of each project in cultural
 terms when funding decisions are made.
 Subsidiarity is a key element and approval will be given only to projects which
 bring together operators in several Member States and where Community aid will
 add a necessary supplementary dimension to the implementation of the activities.
 When selecting projects, the panels will examine whether they could be eligible
 to receive national or regional subsidies. Where this is the case, careful attention
 will be given to ensure that Community funding does not overlap with funding
 from other sources so as to avoid duplication.
 In brief, the project selection criteria are Community-level value added;
 innovative, exemplary and informative nature; multiplier effects and Community
 dimension.
 12
 !>T>
 ---pagebreak--- 9.3. Monitoring and evaluation of the operation
 9.3.1. Performance indicators
 The main performance indicators to be used initially will be:
 - number of works of art acquired through joint management (output);
 - number of networks supported or set up by the programme (output);
 - number of cross-border projects developed using modern techniques (output);
 - number of visitors to the travelling exhibitions organized (output);
 - number of awareness events supported (output);
 - number of heritage access pilot projects aimed at the public (output);
 - number of exchange projects supported (output);
 In addition to these output indicators, a series of impact indicators is to be subsequently
 developed. For this purpose, a study is to be drawn up in conjunction with the Statistical
 Office to test the reliability of the indicators. The following impact indicators could for
 example be used:
 - analysis of the media impact of the programme's symbolic value in the
 European press as a whole and in specialized professional journals in order to
 evaluate the impact of support financing on the restoration of prestigious
 heritage sites and sites of European or world importance (qualitative impact
 indicator);
 - Europe-wide dissemination of standards, passive conservation procedures and
 documentation systems supported by the programme (output and impact
 indicators);
 - Europe-wide circulation of jointly managed works (impact indicator);
 - networks supported under the programme as a proportion of total European
 networks (impact);
 - cross-border projects supported under the programme as a proportion of the
 total projects of this type in Europe (impact);
 - events supported under the programme as a proportion of total European
 events (impact);
 - pilot projects supported under the programme as a proportion of total
 European pilot projects (impact);
 - exchange projects supported under the programme as a proportion of total
 European exchange projects (impact).
 9.3.2. Details and frequency of planned evaluations
 13
 3<7
 ---pagebreak--- 9.3.2.1. Details of evaluation
 In 1996 the Raphael programme will take over from the Heritage pilot operation which
 is due to finish at the end of 1995. The results of the pilot operation are currently being
 assessed by a panel of outside experts. The cost-performance study is due to be completed
 by the end of May. It will be used as the input for defining in detail the intervention and
 selection mechanisms and the management and evaluation systems for the Raphael
 programme.
 The main areas of operation for the Raphael programme were drawn up following
 consultations with people in the profession and numerous discussions and deliberations
 with experts in the heritage field, which were held in 1993 and 1994.
 Calls for propositions are to be published annually to enable project promoters and
 heritage professionals to submit applications forfinancingunder the Raphael programme
 on an open basis.
 Selection of projects and dossiers to receivefinancingwill be made by the Commission
 departments assisted by a jury of independent experts who will make a comparative
 analysis of the projects and assess the advantages and Community interest of each
 operation.
 The Raphael programme will be monitored by an advisory committee made up of
 representatives nominated by each Member State. The committee will issue opinions on
 the subjects and content of the operations which the Commission proposes to support.
 Each year an evaluation report will be submitted to the committee and simultaneously to
 Parliament and the Committee of the Regions. It will be drawn up on the basis of the
 workings of the juries, decisions and inspections by Commission departments and a
 summary of the activity reports submitted at the end of each operation.
 In addition, half-way through the programme the Commission will submit an overall
 evaluation report, drawn up by an independent audit panel, to Parliament, the Council and
 the Committee of the Regions together with proposals for amendments and improvements,
 if deemed necessary.
 At the end of the programme a complete evaluation report will be produced reviewing the
 contents and achievements of the programme. It will be submitted to Parliament, the
 Council and the Committee of the Regions by 30 September of the year following the
 expiry of the programme.
 9.3.2.2. Frequency of evaluation
 Annually for the on-going evaluations
 Mid-term and at the end of the programme for the external and full evaluations on all the
 programme mechanisms and on its performance assessment.
 14
 3>~
 ---pagebreak--- 9.3.3. Assessment of results obtained
 The results obtained, which will be evaluated in the ways set out in paragraph 9.3.2. or
 in the periodic global evaluation exercises, will be used by the Commission to make the
 necessary changes to the priorities, intervention mechanisms . and technical and
 management procedures of the programme. There will be an annual feedback exercise
 within the Commission.
 The Council, Parliament and the Committee of the Regions will be kept informed of the
 annual results and the annual or periodic evaluations, and proposals for any major
 amendments which may be deemed necessary will be submitted to them.
 15
 7'
 ---pagebreak--- ---pagebreak--- ISSN 1024-4492
 KOM(95) 110 lopullinen
 ASIAKIRJAT
 FI 16
 Luetteloniimero : CB-CO-95-129-FI-C
 ISBN 92-77-87244-6
 Euroopan yhteisöjen virallisten julkaisujen toimisto
 L-2985 Luxembourg


type: wikipedia

text:
John Boyd Dunlop (Dreghorn, 5. veljače 1840. – Dublin, 23. studenog 1921.), škotski veterinar i izumitelj. Godine 1888. od gumene cijevi za polijevanje konstruirao je prve zračnice za bicikl kojim je obilazio seoska gospodarstva (pneumatike za tricikl svojega sina), ne znajući za sličan patent R. W. Thomsona iz 1845. Godinu dana nakon toga patentirao je izum pneumatika za vozila te osnovao dioničko društvo za izradu pneumatskih guma. Prema njemu je osnovana tvrtka Dunlop Rubber Company Ltd. koja je sredinom 20. stoljeća postala najpoznatija tvornica za proizvodnju teniskih loptica. Zaslužan je i za izum Dunlopova ventila.
 Pneumatik
 Pneumatik (prema grč. πνευματικός: koji se odnosi na vjetar, zrak, dah) je zrakom napuhani elastični dio kotača cestovnoga vozila (često se naziva automobilska guma, kamionska guma ili druga guma). Pneumatik treba vozilu osigurati dobro prianjanje i prijenos uzdužnih i bočnih sila na površinu ceste, što manji otpor kotrljanja, dobro prigušivanje vibracija i što manju buku, uz što veću trajnost. To se postiže odgovarajućim ustrojem građe gume, izborom izmjera (dimenzija), materijala, profilacije i drugim. Danas se osim pneumatskih guma proizvode i gume napunjene polimernim materijalom, koje zadržavaju oblik i funkciju čak i ako se probuše.
 Osnovni su dijelovi automobilske gume:
 vanjski sloj s profiliranim gaznim slojem i bokom gume;
 karkasa ili kostur, koji nosi opterećenje kada je guma napuhana;
 korda, to jest gumirane niti od kojih su sastavljeni slojevi platna.
 Automobilske se gume razlikuju prema kutu polaganja kordnih niti u odnosu na uzdužnu os gaznoga sloja:
 kod dijagonalnih guma niti su položene naizmjenično koso,
 a kod radijalnih guma su pod pravim kutom. Danas su sve gume radijalne, a označavaju se dogovorenim oznakama.
 Izvori
 Britanski izumitelji
 Životopisi, Škotska
 Britanski poduzetnici