type: contracts

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 21994A0517(17)
 Aftale mellem Det Europæiske Økonomiske Fællesskab og Republikken Slovenien om handel med tekstilvarer - Protokol A - Protokol B - Protokol C - Godkendte protokollater - Noteudveksling ikke officiel oversættelse
 EF-Tidende nr. L 123 af 17/05/1994 s. 0608 - 0662 den finske specialudgave: kapitel 11 bind 31 s. 0610 den svenske specialudgave: kapitel 11 bind 31 s. 0610
 AGREEMENT between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Slovenia on trade in textile productsTHE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,of the one part, andTHE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA,of the other part,DESIRING to promote, with a view to permanent cooperation and in conditions providing every security for trade, the orderly and equitable development of trade in textile products between the European Economic Community (hereinafter referred to as 'the Community') and the Republic of Slovenia (hereinafter referred to as 'Slovenia'),RESOLVED to take the fullest possible account of the serious economic and social problems at present affecting the textile industry in both importing and exporting countries, and in particular, to eliminate real risks of market disruption on the market of the Community and real risks of disruption to the textile trade of Slovenia,HAVING regard to the Cooperation Agreement between the Community and Slovenia, signed on 5 April 1993, and in particular Article 16 thereof,HAVE DECIDED to conclude this Agreement and to this end have designated as their plenipotentiaries:THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA,WHO HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS:Article 1The present Agreement established the regime applicable to trade of textile products originating in Slovenia listed in Annex I.TITLE I QUANTITATIVE REGIME Article 21. The classification of the products covered by this Agreement is based on the tariff and statistical nomenclature of the Community (hereinafter called the 'combined nomenclature', or in abbreviated form 'CN') and any amendments thereof.Where any decision on classification results in a change of classification practice or a change of category of any product subject to this Agreement the affected products shall follow the trade regime applicable to the practice or category they fall into after such changes.Any amendment to the combined nomenclature (CN) made in accordance with the procedures in force in the Community concerning categories of products covered by this Agreement or any decision relating to the classification of goods shall not have the effect of reducing quantitative limits introduced pursuant to this Agreement.2. The origin of the products covered by this Agreement shall be determined in accordance with the rules in force in the Community.Any amendment to these rules of origin shall be communicated to Slovenia and shall not have the effect of reducing any quantitative limit established pursuant to this Agreement.The procedures for control of the origin of the products referred to above are laid down in Protocol A.Article 31. Subject to the provisions of this Agreement, exports from Slovenia to the Community of products listed in Annex I and originating in Slovenia shall, at the time of entry into force of this Agreement, be free from quantitative limits and measures of equivalent effect. Quantitative limits may subsequently be introduced under conditions specified in Article 8.2. Should quantitative limits be introduced, exports of the textile products made subject to quantitative limits shall be subject to a double-checking system as specified in Protocol A.3. At the time of entry into force of this Agreement, exports of products listed in Annex II, not subject to quantitative limits, shall be subject to the double-checking system referred to in paragraph 2.4. Following consultations in accordance with the procedures set out in Article 14, exports of products in Annex I not subject to quantitative limits, other than those listed in Annex II, may be subject, subsequently to the entry into force of the Agreement, to the double-checking system referred to in paragraph 2 or to a prior surveillance system introduced by the Community.Article 4The Community and Slovenia recognize the special and differential character of re-imports of textile products into the Community after processing in Slovenia as a specific form of industrial and trade cooperation.Should quantitative limits be established under Article 8, provided that they are effected in accordance with the regulations on economic outward processing in force in the Community, these re-imports shall not be subject to these quantitative limits if they are subject to the specific arrangements laid down in Annex III.Article 5Slovenian exports of cottage-industry fabrics woven on hand- or foot-operated looms, garments or other made-up articles obtained manually from such fabrics and of traditional folklore handicraft products shall not be subject to the quantitative limits established under this Agreement, provided that these products originating in Slovenia meet the conditions laid down in Protocol B.Article 61. Imports into the Community of textile products covered by this Agreement shall not be subject to the quantitative limits established under this Agreement, provided that they are declared to be for re-export outside the Community in the same state or after processing, within the framework of the administrative system of control which exists within the Community.However, the release for home use of products imported into the Community under the conditions referred to above shall be subject to the production of an export licence issued by the authorities of Slovenia, and to proof of origin in accordance with the provisions of Protocol A.2. Where the Community authorities ascertain that imports of textile products have been set off against a quantitative limit established under this Agreement, but that the products have subsequently been re-exported outside the Community, the authorities shall inform the Slovenian authorities within four weeks of the quantities involved and authorize imports of identical quantities of the same products, which shall not be set off against the quantitative limit established under this Agreement for the current or the following year, as appropriate.Article 7Should quantitative limits be introduced under Article 8, the following provisions shall apply:1. In any Agreement year advance use of a portion of the quantitative limit established for the following Agreement year is authorized for each category of products up to 5 % of the quantitative limit for the current Agreement year.Amounts delivered in advance shall be deducted from the corresponding quantitative limits established for the following Agreement year.2. Carry-over to the corresponding quantitative limit for the following Agreement year of the amounts not used during any Agreement year is authorized for each category of products up to 9 % of the quantitative limit for the current Agreement year.3. Transfers in respect of categories in Group I shall not be made from any category except as follows:- transfers between categories 1, 2 and 3 may be made up to 7 % of the quantitative limits for the category to which the transfer is made,- transfers between categories 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 may be made up to 7 % of the quantitative limit for the category to which the transfer is made.Transfers into any category in Groups II and III may be made from any category or categories in Groups I, II and III up to 10 % of the quantitative limit for the category to which the transfer is made.4. The table of equivalence applicable to the transfers referred to above is given in Annex I to this Agreement.5. The increase in any category of products resulting from the cumulative application of the provisions in paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 above during an Agreement year shall not exceed 17 %.6. Prior notification shall be given by the Slovenian authorities in the event of recourse to the provisions of paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 above, at last 15 days in advance.Article 81. Exports of textile products listed in Annex I to this Agreement may be made subject to quantitative limits on the conditions laid down in the following paragraphs.2. Where the Community finds, under the system of administrative control set up, that the level of imports of products in a given category listed in Annex I originating in Slovenia exceeds, in relation to the preceding year's total imports into the Community from all sources of products in that category, the following rates:- 1 % for categories of products in Group I,- 5 % for categories of products in Group II,- 10 % for categories of products in Groups III,it may request the opening of consultations in accordance with the procedure described in Article 14 of this Agreement, with a view to reaching agreement on an appropriate restraint level for the products in such category.3. Pending a mutually satisfactory solution, Slovenia undertakes to limit exports of the products concerned to the Community or to the region or regions of the Community market specified by the Community for a provisional period of three months from the date on which the request for consultations is made.Such provisional limit shall be established at 25 % of the level of imports reached during the calendar year preceding that in which imports exceeded the level resulting from the application of the formula set out in paragraph 2, and gave rise to the request for consultation, or 25 % of the level resulting from the application of the formula set out in paragraph 2, whichever is the higher.4. Should the Contracting Parties be unable in the course of consultations to reach a satisfactory solution within the period specified in Article 14, the Community shall have the right to introduce a definitive quantitative limit at an annual level not lower than the level resulting from the application of the formula set out in paragraph 2, or 106 % of the level of imports reached during the calendar year preceding that in which imports exceeded the level resulting from the application of the formula set out in paragraph 2 and gave rise to the request for consultations, whichever is the higher.The annual level so fixed shall be revised upwards after consultations in accordance with the procedure refferred to in Article 14, with a view to fulfilling the conditions set out in paragraph 2, should the trend of total imports into the Community of the product in question make this necessary.5. The annual growth rate for the quantitative limits introduced under this Article shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of Protocol C.6. The provisions of this Article shall not apply where the percentages specified in paragraph 2 have been reached as a result of a fall in total imports into the Community, and not as a result of an increase in exports of products originating in Slovenia.7. In the event the provisions of paragraphs 2, 3 and 4, the Community shall authorize the imports of products of the category concerned shipped from Slovenia before the request for consultation was submitted.Should the provisions of paragraph 2 or 4 be applied, Slovenia undertakes to issue export licences for products covered by contracts concluded before the introduction of the quantitative limit, up to the volume of the quantitative limit fixed.8. Up to the date of communication of the statistics referred to in Article 9 (6), the provisions of paragraph 2 of this Article shall apply on the basis of the annual statistics previously communicated by the Community.Article 91. Slovenia shall supply the Commission with precise statistical information on all export licences issued for categories of textile products subject to quantitative limits established under this Agreement or to a double-checking system, expressed in quantities and in terms of value and broken down by Member States of the Community, as well as on all certificates issued by the competent Slovenian authorities for products referred to in Article 5 and subject to the provisions of Protocol B.2. The Community shall likewise transmit to the Slovenian authorities precise statistical information on import authorizations issued by the Community authorities and import statistics for products covered by the system referred to in Article 8 (2).3. The information referred to above shall, for all categories of products, be forwarded before the end of the month following the month to which the statistics relate.4. Upon request by the Community, Slovenia shall supply import statistics for all products covered by Annex I.5. Should it be found on analysis of the information exchanged that there are significant discrepancies between the returns for exports and those for imports, consultations may be initiated in accordance with the procedure specified in Article 14 of this Agreement.6. For the purpose of applying the provisions of Article 8, the Community undertakes to provide the Slovenian authorities before 15 April of each year with the preceding year's statistics on imports of all textile products covered by this Agreement, broken down by supplying country and Community Member State.Article 101. In view of ensuring the effective functioning of this Agreement, the Community and Slovenia agree to cooperate fully in order to prevent, to investigate and to take any necessary legal and/or administrative action against circumvention by transhipment, re-routing, false declaration concerning the country or place of origin, falsification of documents, false declaration concerning fibre content, quantities, description or classification of merchandise and by whatever other means. Accordingly, Slovenia and the Community agree to establish the necessary legal provisions and administrative procedures permitting effective action to be taken against such circumvention, which shall include the adoption of legally binding corrective measures against exporters and/or importers involved.2. Should the Community believe on the basis of information available that the present Agreement is being circumvented, the Community will consult with Slovenia with a view to reaching a mutually satisfactory solution. These consultations will be held as early as possible and at the latest within 30 days from the date of request.3. Pending the results of the consultations referred to in paragraph 2, Slovenia shall, as a precautionary measure, if so requested by the Community, take all necessary measures to ensure that, where sufficient evidence of circumvention is provided, adjustments of quantitative limits established under Article 8 liable to be agreed following the consultations referred to in paragraph 2 may be carried out for the quota year in which the request to open consultations in accordance with paragraph 2 was made, or for the following year if the quota for the current year is exhausted.4. Should the Parties be unable, in the course of the consultation referred to in paragraph 2, to reach a mutually satisfactory solution, the Community shall have the right:(a) where there is sufficient evidence that products originating in Slovenia have been imported in circumvention of the present Agreement, to set off the relevant quantities against the quantitative limits established under Article 8;(b) where sufficient evidence shows that false declaration concerning fibre content, quantities, description or classification of products originating in Slovenia has occured, to refuse to import the products in question;(c) Should it appear that the territory of Slovenia is involved in transhipment or re-routing of products not originating in Slovenia, to introduce quantitative limits against the same products originating in Slovenia if they are not already subject to quantitative limits, or to take any other appropriate measures.5. The Parties agree to establish a system of administrative cooperation to prevent and to address effectively all problems arising from circumvention in accordance with the provisions of Protocol A to this Agreement.Article 111. The quantitative limits established under this Agreement on imports into the Community of textile products of Slovenian origin will not be broken down by the Community into regional shares.2. The Parties shall cooperate in order to prevent sudden and prejudicial changes in traditional trade flows resulting in regional concentration of direct imports into the Community.3. Slovenia shall monitor its exports of products under restraint or surveillance into the Community. Should a sudden and prejudicial change in traditional trade flows arise, the Community will be entitled to request consultations in order to find a satisfactory solution to those problems. Such consultations must be held within 15 working days of their being requested by the Community.4. Slovenia shall endeavour to ensure that exports of textile products subject to quantitative limits into the Community are spaced out as evenly as possible over the year due account being taken in particular of seasonal factors.Article 12In the event of denunciation of this Agreement as provided for in Article 17 (4), the quantitative limits established pursuant to this Agreement shall be reduced on a pro rata temporis basis unless the Contracting Parties decide otherwise by common agreement.Article 13Slovenia and the Community undertake to refrain from discrimination in the allocation of export licences and import authorizations or documents referred to in Protocols A and B.Article 141. Save where it is otherwise provided for in this Agreement, the consultation procedures referred to in this Agreement shall be governed by the following provisions:- any request for consultations shall be notified in writing to the other Contracting Party,- the request for consultations shall be followed, within a reasonable period and in any case not later than 15 days following the notification, by a report setting out the circumstances which, in the opinion of the requesting Party, justify the submission of such a request,- the Contracting Parties shall enter into consultations within one month of notification of the request at the latest, with a view to reaching agreement or a mutually acceptable conclusion within one further month at the latest,- the period of one month referred to above for the purpose of reaching agreement or a mutually acceptable conclusion may be extended by common accord.2. The Community may request consultations in accordance with paragraph 1 when it ascertains that during a particular year of application of the Agreement difficulties arise in the Community or one of its regions due to a sharp and substantial increase, by comparison to the preceding year, in imports of a given category of Group I.3. At the request of either of the Contracting Parties, consultations shall be held on any problems arising from the application of this Agreement. Any consultations held under this Article shall take place in a spirit of cooperation and with a desire to reconcile the differences between the Contracting Parties.TITLE II TARIFF REGIME Article 151. The import into the Community of products listed in Annex V and originating in Slovenia according to the provisions set out in Protocol 1 to the Cooperation Agreement shall be subject to the annual ceilings indicated in that Annex.2. As soon as a ceiling for the import of a category of products has been reached, the Community may reintroduce until the end of the concerned calendar year the levying of the customs duties actually applied in respect of imports of products originating in third countries.TITLE III FINAL PROVISIONS Article 16This Agreement shall apply, on the one hand, to the territories in which the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community is applied and under the conditions laid down in that Treaty and, on the other hand, to the territory of the Republic of Slovenia.Article 171. This Agreement shall enter into force on the first day of the month following the date on which the Parties notify each other of the completion of the procedures necessary for that purpose. It shall be applicable until 31 December 1994. Thereafter, the application of all the provisions of this Agreement shall be extended automatically for a period of one more year up to 31 December 1995, unless either Party notifies the other at least six months before 31 December 1994 that is does not agree with this extension.2. This Agreement shall apply with effect from the date of entry into force of the Cooperation Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Slovenia, signed on 5 April 1993.3. Either Contracting Party may at any time propose modifications to this Agreement.4. Either Contracting Party may at any time denounce the Agreement provided that at least 60 days' notice is given. In that event, the Agreement shall come to an end on the expiry of the period of notice.5. The Contracting Parties agree to enter into consultations not later than six months before the expiration of the present agreement with a view to possibly concluding a new Agreement.6. The Annexes, Protocols, Agreed Minutes and letters exchanged or attached to this Agreement, shall form an integral part thereof.Article 18This Agreement shall be drawn up in two copies in the Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish and Slovenian languages, each of these texts being equally authentic.For the Government of the Republic of SloveniaFor the Council of the European CommunitiesANNEX I PRODUCTS REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 1 1. When the constitutive material of the products of categories 1 to 114 is not specifically mentioned, these products are to be taken to be made exclusively of wool or of fine hair, of cotton or of man-made fibres.2. Garments which are not recognizable as being garments for men or boys or as being garments for women or girls are classified with the latter.3. Where the expression 'babies' garments' is used, this is meant to cover garments up to and including commercial size 86.>TABELPOSITION>>TABELPOSITION>>TABELPOSITION>>TABELPOSITION>>TABELPOSITION>>TABELPOSITION>ANNEX II Products without quantitative limits subject to the double-checking system referred to in Article 3 (3) of the Agreement.(The full products descriptions of the categories listed in this Annex are to be found in Annex I to the Agreement.)Category:56789ANNEX III Reimports into the Community, within the meaning of Article 4 of this Agreement, of products listed in the Annex IV shall be subject to the provisions of this Agreement, unless the special provisions below provide otherwise:1. Subject to paragraph 2, only reimports into the Community of products affected by the specific quantitative limits laid down in Annex IV shall be considered reimports within the meaning of Article 4 of the Agreement.2. Reimports of products not covered by Annex IV may be made subject to specific quantitative limits following consultations in accordance with the procedures set out in Article 14 of the Agreement, provided the products concerned are subject to quantitative limits pursuant to the Agreement, to a double-checking system or to surveillance measures.3. Having regard to the interests of both Parties, the Community may at its discretion, or in response to a request under Article 14 of the Agreement:(a) examine the possibility of transferring from one category to another, using in advance or carrying over from one year to the next, portions of specific quantitative limits;(b) consider the possibility of increasing specific quantitative limits.4. However, the Community may apply automatically the flexibility rules set out in paragraph 3 above within the following limits:(a) transfers between categories may not exceed 25 % of the quantity for the category to which the transfer is made;(b) carry-over of a specific quantitative limit from one year to the next may not exceed 13,5 % of the quantity set for the year of actual utilization;(c) advance use of specific quantitative limits from one year to another may not exceed 7,5 % of the quantity set for the year of actual utilization.5. The Community shall inform Slovenia of any measure taken pursuant to the preceding paragraphs.6. The competent authorities in the Community shall debit the specific quantitative limits referred to in paragraph 1 at the time of issue of the prior authorization required by Council Regulation (EEC) No 636/82 which governs economic outward processing arrangements. A specific quantitative limit shall be debited for the year in which a prior authorization is issued.7. A certificate of origin made out by the organizations authorized to do so under Slovenian law shall be issued, in accordance with Protocol A to the Agreement, for all products covered by this Annex. This certificate shall bear a reference to the prior authorization mentioned in paragraph 6 above as evidence that the processing operation it describes has been carried out in Slovenia.8. For the purpose of applying the provisions of Annex V the certificate of circulation EUR1 issued according to the provisions of Protocol 1 of the Cooperation Agreement replaces the certificate of origin mentioned in paragraph 7, bearing the same reference to the prior authorization.9. The Community shall provide Slovenia with the names and addresses of, and specimens of the stamps used by, the competent authorities of the Community which issue the prior authorizations referred to in paragraph 6 above.ANNEX IV (The product descriptions of the categories listed in this Annex are to be found in Annex I to the Agreement) OPT QUOTAS >TABELPOSITION>ANNEX V (The product descriptions of the categories listed in this Annex are to be found in Annex I to the Agreement) DIRECT IMPORTS >TABELPOSITION>OPT QUOTAS >TABELPOSITION>PROTOCOL A TITLE I CLASSIFICATION Article 11. The competent authorities of the Community undertake to inform Slovenia of any changes in the combined nomenclature (CN) before the date of their entry into force in the Community.2. The competent authorities of the Community undertake to inform the competent authorities of Slovenia of any decisions relating to the classification of products subject to the present Agreement, within one month of their adoption at the latest. Such communication shall include:(a) a description of the products concerned;(b) the relevant category and the related CN codes;(c) the reasons which have led to the decision.3. Where a decision on classification results in a change of classification practice or a change of category of any product subject to the Agreement, the competent authorities of the Community shall provide 30 days' notice, from the date of the Community's communication, before the decision is put into effect. Products shipped before the date of entry into effect of the decision shall remain subject to the earlier classification practice, provided that the goods in the question are presented for importation into the Community within 60 days of that date.4. Where a Community decision on classification resulting in a change of classification practice or a change of categorization of any product subject to the Agreement affects a category subject to quantitative limits, the Contracting Parties agree to enter into consultation in accordance with the procedures described in Article 14 of the Agreement with a view to honouring the obligation under the second subparagraph of Article 2 (1) of the Agreement.5. In case of divergent opinions between Slovenia and the competent Community authorities at the point of entry into the Community on the classification of products covered by the present Agreement, classification shall provisionally be based on indications provided by the Community, pending consultations in accordance with Article 14 with a view to reaching agreement on definitive classification of the product concerned.TITLE II ORIGIN Article 21. Products originating in Slovenia for export to the Community in accordance with the arrangements set out in Title I of this Agreement shall be accompanied by a certificate of Slovenian origin conforming to the model annexed to this Protocol.2. The certificate of origin shall be certified by the competent Slovenian authorities if the products in question can be considered products originating in that country within the meaning of the relevant rules in force in the Community.3. However, the products in Group III may be imported into the Community in accordance with the arrangements established by this Agreement on production of a declaration by the exporter on the invoice or other commercial document relating to the products to the effect that the products in question originate in Slovenia within the meaning of the relevant rules in force in the Community.4. The certificate of origin referred to in paragraph 1 shall not be required for import of goods covered by a certificate of circulation EUR 1 or a form EUR 2 issued in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 1 of the Cooperation Agreement.Article 3The certificate of origin shall be issued only on application having been made in writing by the exporter or, under the exporter's responsibility, by his authorized representative. The competent Slovenian authorities shall ensure that the certificate of origin is properly completed and for this purpose they shall call for any necessary documentary evidence or carry out any check which they consider appropriate.Article 4Where different criteria for determining origin are laid down for products falling within the same category, the certificates or declarations of origin must contain a sufficiently detailed description of the goods on the basis of which the certificate was issued or the declaration drawn up.Article 5The discovery of slight discrepancies between the statements made in the certificate of origin and those made in the documents produced to the customs office for the purpose of carrying out the formalities for importing the products shall not ipso facto cast doubt upon the statements in the certificate.TITLE III DOUBLE-CHECKING SYSTEM Section I Exportation Article 61. The competent authorities of Slovenia shall issue an export licence in respect of all consignments from Slovenia of textile products subject to any definitive or provisional quantitative limits established under Article 8 of the Agreement, up to the relevant quantitative limits as may be modified by Articles 7, 10 and 12 of the Agreement, as well as of all consignments of textile products subject to a double-checking system without quantitative limits as provided for in Article 3 (3) and (4) of the Agreement.Article 71. For products subject to quantitative limits under this Agreement the export licence shall conform to Model 1 annexed to this Protocol and it shall be valid for exports throughout the customs territory to which the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community applies. However, where the Community has made recourse to the provisions of Articles 8 and 11 of the Agreement in accordance with the provisions of the Agreed Minute No 1, or to the Agreed Minute No 2, the textile products covered by the export licences can only be put into free circulation in the region(s) of the Community indicated in those licences.2. Where quantitative limits have been introduced pursuant to this Agreement, each export licence must certify inter alia that the quantity of the product in question has been set off against the quantitative limit established for the category of the products concerned and shall only cover one category of products subject to quantitative limits. It may be used for one or more consignments of the products in question.3. For products subject to a double-checking system without quantitative limits the export licence shall conform to Model 2 annexed to this Protocol. It shall only cover one category of products and may be used for one or more consignments of the products in question.Article 8The competent authorities of the Community must be informed immediately of the withdrawal or modification of any export licence already issued.Article 91. Exports of textile products subject to quantitative limits pursuant to this Agreement shall be set off against the quantitative limits established for the year in which the shipment of the goods has been effected even if the export licence is issued after such shipment.2. For the purpose of applying paragraph 1, shipment of the goods is considered to have taken place on the date of their loading onto the exporting aircraft, vehicule or vessel.Article 10The presentation of an export licence, in application of Article 12 hereafter, shall be effected not later than 31 March of the year following that in which the goods covered by the licence have been shipped.Section II Importation Article 11Importation into the Community of textile products subject to quantitative limits or to a double-checking system pursuant to this Agreement shall be subject to the presentation of an import authorization.Article 121. The competent authorities of the Community shall issue the import authorization referred to in Article 11 above, within five working days of the presentation by the importer of the original of the corresponding export licence.2. The import authorizations concerning products subject to quantitative limits under this Agreement shall be valid for six months from the date of their issue for imports throughout the customs territory to which the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community is applied. However, where the Community has recourse to the provisions of Articles 8 and 11 of the Agreement in accordance with the provisions of the Agreed Minute No 1, or to the Agreed Minute No 2, the products covered by the import licences can only be put into free circulation in the region(s) of the Community indicated in those licences.3. The import authorizations for products subject to a double-checking system without quantitative limits shall be valid for six months from the date of their issue for imports throughout the customs territory to which the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community is applicable.4. The competent authorities of the Community shall cancel the import authorization already issued whenever the corresponding export licence has been withdrawn.However, if the competent authorities of the Community are notified of the withdrawal or the cancellation of the export licence only after the importation of the products into the Community, the relevant quantities shall be set off against the quantitative limits established for the category and the quota year concerned.Article 131. If the competent authorities of the Community find that the total quantities covered by export licences issued by the competent authorities of Slovenia for a particular category in any year exceed the quantitative limit established in accordance with Article 8 of the Agreement for that category, as may be modified by Articles 7, 10 and 12 of the Agreement, the said authorities may suspend the further issue of import authorizations. In this event, the competent authorities of the Community shall immediately inform the authorities of Slovenia and the special consultation procedure set out in Article 14 of the Agreement shall be initiated forthwith.2. Exports of products of Slovenian origin subject to quantitative limits or a double-checking system and not covered by Slovenian export licences issued in accordance with the provisions of this Protocol may be refused an import authorization by the competent Community authorities.However, without prejudice to Article 10 of the Agreement if the import of such products is allowed into the Community by the competent authorities of the Community, the quantities involved shall not be set off against the appropriate quantitative limits established pursuant to this Agreement, without the express agreement of the competent authorities of Slovenia.TITLE IV FORM AND PRODUCTION OF EXPORT CERTIFICATES AND CERTIFICATES OF ORIGIN, AND COMMON PROVISIONS CONCERNING EXPORTS TO THE COMMUNITY Article 141. The export licence and the certificate of origin may comprise additional copies duly indicated as such. They shall be made out in English or French. If they are completed by hand, entries must be in ink and in printed script.These documents shall measure 210 × 297 mm. The paper used shall be white writing paper, sized, not containing mechanical pulp, and weighing not less than 25 g/m2. If the documents have several copies only the top copy, which is the original, shall be printed with the guilloche pattern background. This copy shall be clearly marked as 'original' and the other copies as 'copies'. Only the original shall be accepted by the competent authorities of the Community as being valid for the purpose of export to the Community in accordance with the provision of the Agreement.2. Each document shall bear a standardized serial number, whether or not printed, by which it can be identified.This number shall be composed of the following elements:- two letters identifying the exporting country as follows: SI,- two letters identifying the intended Member State of customs clearance as follows:BL = Benelux,DE = Federal Republic of Germany,DK = Denmark,EL = Greece,ES = Spain,FR = France,GB = United Kingdom,IE = Ireland,IT = Italy,PT = Portugal,- a one-digit number identifying quota year, corresponding to the last figure in the respective year, e.g. 3 for 1993,- a two-digit number from 01 to 99, identifying the particular issuing office concerned in the exporting country,- a five-digit number running consecutively from 00001 to 99999 allocated to the intended Member State of customs clearance.Article 15The export licence and the certificate of origin may be issued after the shipment of the products to which they relate. In such cases they must bear the endorsement 'délivré a posteriori' or the endorsement 'issued retrospectively'.Article 161. In the event of a theft, loss or destruction of an export licence or a certificate of origin, the exporter may apply to the competent Slovenian authorities which issued the document for a duplicate to be made out on the basis of the export documents in his possession. The duplicate of any such certificate or licence so issued shall bear the endorsement 'duplicata' or 'duplicate'.2. The duplicate shall bear the date of the original export licence or certificate of origin.TITLE V ADMINISTRATIVE COOPERATION Article 17The Community and Slovenia shall cooperate closely in the implementation of the provisions of this Protocol. To this end, contacts and exchanges or views, including on technical matters, shall be facilitated by both Parties.Article 18In order to ensure the correct application of this Protocol, the Community and Slovenia offer mutual assistance for the checking of the authenticity and the accuracy of export licences and certificates of origin issued or of any declarations made within the terms of this Protocol.Article 19Slovenia shall transmit to the Commission of the European Communities the names and addresses of the authorities competent to issue and verify the export licences and the certificates of origin, together with specimens of the stamps used by these authorities and specimen signatures of officials responsible for signing the export licences and the certificates of origin. Slovenia shall also notify the Community of any change in this information.Article 201. Subsequent verification of certificates of origin or export licences shall be carried out at random, or whenever the competent Community authorities have reasonable doubt as to the authenticity of the certificate or licence or as to the accuracy of the information regarding the true origin of the products in question.2. In such cases, the competent authorities in the Community shall return the certificate of origin or the export licence or a copy thereof to the competent Slovenian authorities, giving, where appropriate, the reasons of form or substance which justify an enquiry. If the invoice has been submitted, such invoice or a copy thereof shall be attached to the certificate or to the licence or their copies. The authorities shall also forward any information that has been obtained suggesting that the particulars given on the said certificate or licence are inaccurate.3. The provisions of paragraph 1 above shall also apply to subsequent verifications of the declarations of origin provided for in Article 2 of this Protocol.4. The results of the subsequent verifications carried out in accordance with paragraphs 1 and 2 above shall be communicated to the competent authorities of the Community within three months at the latest. The information communicated shall indicate whether the disputed certificate, licence or declaration, applies to the goods actually exported and whether these goods are eligible for export under the arrangements established by the Agreement. The information shall also include, at the request of the Community, copies of all the documentation necessary to fully determine the facts, and in particular the true origin of the goods.Should such verifications reveal systematic irregularities in the use of declarations of origin, the Community may subject imports of the products in question to the provisions of Article 2 (1) of this Protocol.5. For the purpose of subsequent verification of certificates of origin, copies of the certificates as well as any export documents referring to them shall be kept for at least two years by the competent Slovenian authorities.6. Recourse to the random verification procedure specified in this Article must not constitute an obstacle to the release for home use of the products in question.Article 211. Where the verification procedure referred to in Article 20 or where information available to the competent authorities of the Community or of Slovenia indicates or appears to indicate that the provisions of this Agreement are being circumvented or infringed, the two Contracting Parties shall cooperate closely and with the appropriate urgency in order to prevent any such circumvention or infringement.2. To this end, the competent authorities of Slovenia shall, on their own initiative or at the request of the Community, carry out appropriate inquiries, or arrange for such inquiries to be carried out, concerning operations which are, or appear to the Community to be, in circumvention or infringement of this Protocol. Slovenia shall communicate the results, of these inquiries to the Community, including any other pertinent information enabling the cause of the circumvention or infringement, including the true origin of the goods to be determined.3. By agreement between the Community and Slovenia, officials designated by the Community may be present at the inquiries referred to in paragraph 2 above.4. Pursuant to the cooperation referred to in paragraph 1 above, the competent authorities of the Community and Slovenia shall exchange any information considered by either Contracting Party to be of use in preventing circumvention or infringement of the provisions of this Agreement. These exchanges may include information on the production of textile, products in Slovenia and on the trade in the type of products covered by this Agreement between Slovenia and third countries, particularly where the Community has reasonable grounds to consider that the products in question may be in transit across the territory of Slovenia prior to their importation into the Community. This information may include at the request of the Community copies of all available relevant documentation.5. Where sufficient evidence shows that the provisions of this Protocol have been circumvented or infringed, the competent authorities of Slovenia and the Community may agree to take the measures set out in Article 10 (4) of the Agreement, and any other measures as are necessary to prevent a recurrence of such circumvention or infringement.Annex to Protocol A, Article 2 (1) CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN >REFERENCE TIL EN FILM>Annex to Protocol A, Article 7 (1): Model 1 EXPORT LICENCE FOR PRODUCTS SUBJECT TO QUANTITATIVE LIMITS >REFERENCE TIL EN FILM>Annex to Protocol A, Article 7 (3): Model 2 EXPORT LICENCE FOR PRODUCTS SUBJECT NOT TO QUANTITATIVE LIMITS BUT DOUBLE-CHECKING >REFERENCE TIL EN FILM>PROTOCOL B referred to in Article 5 Cottage industry and folklore products originating in Slovenia1. The exemption provided for in Article 5 in respect of cottage industry products shall apply to the following types of product only:(a) fabrics woven on looms operated solely by hand or foot, being fabrics of a kind traditionally made in the cottage industry of Slovenia;(b) garments or other textile articles of a kind traditionally made in the cottage industry of Slovenia obtained manually from the fabrics referred to above and sewn exclusively by hand without the aid of any machine;(c) traditional folklore products of Slovenia made by hand, in a list to be agreed between the Community and Slovenia.Exemption shall be granted in respect only of products covered by a certificate conforming to the specimen attached to this Protocol and issued by the competent authorities in Slovenia. These certificates must indicate the reasons justifying their issuance. The competent authorities of the Community will accept them after having checked that the products concerned have fulfilled the conditions established in this Protocol. The certificates concerning the products envisaged in (c) above must bear a stamp 'FOLKLORE' marked clearly. In the case of a difference of opinion between the Parties concerning the nature of these products, consultations shall be held within one month in order to resolve these differences.Should imports of any product covered by this Protocol reach proportions liable to cause problems within the Community, consultations with Slovenia shall be initiated as soon as possible, with a view to resolving the situation by the adoption if necessary of a quantitative limit, in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 14 of this Agreement.2. The provisions of Titles IV and V of Protocol A shall apply mutatis mutandis to the products covered by paragraph 1 of this Protocol.Annex to Protocol B CERTIFICATE OF COTTAGE INDUSTRY AND FOLKLORE PRODUCTS >REFERENCE TIL EN FILM>PROTOCOL C The annual growth rate for the quantitative limits which may be introduced under Article 8 of the Agreement for the products covered by the Agreement shall be fixed by Agreement between the Parties in accordance with the consultation procedures established in Article 14 of the Agreement.Agreed Minute No 1 In the context of the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Slovenia on trade in textile and clothing products, initialled at Brussels on 23 July 1993, the Parties agreed that Article 8 of the Agreement does not preclude the Community, if the conditions are fulfilled, from applying the safeguard measures for one or more of its regions in conformity with the principles of the internal market.In such an event, Slovenia shall be informed in advance of the relevant provisions of Protocol A to the Agreement to be applied, as appropriate.For the Government of the Republic of SloveniaFor the Council of the European CommunitiesAgreed Minute No 2 Notwithstanding Article 11 (1) of this Agreement, for imperative technical or administrative reasons or to find a solution to economic problems resulting from regional concentration of imports, or in order to combat circumvention and fraud of the provisions of this Agreement, the Community will establish for a limited period of time a specific management system in conformity with the principles of the internal market.However, if the Parties are unable to reach a satisfactory solution during the consultations provided for in Article 11 (3), Slovenia undertakes, if so requested by the Community, to respect temporary export limits for one or more regions of the Community. In such a case, these limits shall not preclude the importation into the region(s) concerned of products which were shipped from Slovenia on the basis of export licences obtained before the date of formal notification to Slovenia by the Community about the introduction of the above limits.The Community shall inform Slovenia of the technical and administrative measures, such as defined in the attached note verbale, that need to be introduced by both Parties in order to implement the above paragraphs in conformity with the principles of the internal market.For the Government of the Republic of SloveniaFor the Council of the European CommunitiesAgreed Minute No 3 In the context of the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Slovenia on trade in textile and clothing products, initialled at Brussels on 23 July 1993, the Parties agreed that Slovenia shall endeavour not to deprive certain regions of the Community which have traditionally had relatively small shares of Community quotas of imports of products serving as inputs for their processing industry.The Community and Slovenia further agreed to hold consultations, should the need arise, in order to avert any problems which might occur in this respect.For the Government of the Republic of SloveniaFor the Council of the European CommunitiesAgreed Minute No 4 In the context of the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Slovenia on trade in textile and clothing products, initialled at Brussels on 23 July 1993, Slovenia agreed that, from the date of request for and pending the consultations referred to in Article 11 (3), it shall cooperate by not issuing export licences that would further aggravate the problems resulting from the regional concentration of direct imports into the Community.For the Government of the Republic of SloveniaFor the Council of the European CommunitiesExchange of notes The Directorate-General for External Economic Relations of the Commission of the European Communities presents its compliments to the Ministry of Economic Relations and Development of the Republic of Slovenia and has the honour to refer to the Agreement on textile products between Slovenia and the Community initialled at Brussels on 23 July 1993.The Directorate-General wishes to inform the Ministry that whilst awaiting the completion of the necessary procedures for the conclusion and the coming into force of the Agreement, the Community is prepared to allow the provisions of the Agreement to apply de facto from the date of entry into force of the Cooperation Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Slovenia, signed on 5 April 1993. This is on the understanding that either Party may at any time terminate this de facto application of the Agreement provided that 120 days' notice is given.The Directorate-General for External Economic Relations would be grateful if the Ministry would confirm its agreement to the foregoing.The Directorate-General for External Economic Relations avails itself of this opportunity to renew to the Ministry of Economic Relations and Development of the Republic of Slovenia the assurance of its highest consideration.Exchange of notes The Ministry of Economic Relations and Development of the Republic of Slovenia presents its compliments to the Directorate-General for External Economic Relations of the Commission of the European Communities and has the honour to refer to the Agreement on textile products between Slovenia and the Community initialled at Brussels on 23 July 1993.The Ministry of Economic Relations and Development of the Republic of Slovenia wishes to confirm to the Directorate-General that whilst awaiting the completion of the necessary procedures for the conclusion and the coming into force of the Agreement, the Government of the Republic of Slovenia is prepared to allow the provisions of the Agreement to apply de facto from the date of entry into force of the Cooperation Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Slovenia signed on 5 April 1993. This is on the understanding that either Party may at any time terminate this de facto application of the Agreement provided that 120 days' notice is given.The Ministry of Economic Relations and Development of the Republic of Slovenia avails itself of this opportunity to renew to the Directorate-General for External Economic Relations of the Commission of the European Communities the assurance of its highest consideration.Agreed Minute No 5 In the course of the negotiations for the conclusion of the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Slovenia on trade in textile and clothing products held in Brussels on 14 and 15 July 1993, the two Parties agreed to hold consultations during the last quarter of 1993 in order to assess, on the ground of available import statistics, the opportunity to extend the double-checking provisions and the tariff regime provided for by Annexes II and V of the Agreement to categories 1, 2, 3, 15, 16 and 67.For the Government of the Republic of SloveniaFor the Council of the European CommunitiesAgreed Minute No 6 In the context of the negotiations of the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Slovenia on trade in textile and clothing products held in Brussels on 14 and 15 July 1993, it was agreed that, should a cumulation of origin be introduced by the Community for the territories and Republics of the former Yugoslavia, the Parties will hold consultations to review the relevant provisions of the Agreement.For the Government of the Republic of SloveniaFor the Council of the European Communities


type: wikipedia

text:
A programozási nyelvek kategóriái
 Léteznek általános célú és szakterület-specifikus programozási nyelvek.
 Szerkesztő (authoring) programozási nyelvek
 Tutor
 Coursewriter
 PILOT
 Batch nyelvek
 sh (a (Stephen) Bourne shell az AT&T-től)
 Bash (a b(ourne)a(gain)sh(ell) a Gnu Project része)
 Zsh
 CLIST (MVS Command List)
 csh (C-szerű shell a UC Berkeley-i Bill Joy-tól)
 EXEC
 EXEC2
 ksh (a David K(orn)sh(ell) az AT&T-től)
 REXX
 Fordítós (compiler) nyelvek
 BASIC (számos változattal)
 C++ (számos változattal)
 Delphi (Borland Object Pascal fejlesztői rendszer)
 Java (a Sun Microsystemstől)
 Perl (Larry Wall-tól; általában értelmező)
 Visual Basic (a Microsofttól)
 RPG programozási nyelv (még számítógép ugyan nem volt, de már használták)
 FORTRAN (az első magas szintű fordítós nyelv John Backustól, IBM)
 Scheme (számos változattal, például Bigloo)
 Lisp (számos változattal)
 COBOL („lényeg az egyszerűség”)
 Algol (a második magas szintű fordítós nyelv)
 A Kapcsos zárójeles nyelvek szintaxisában a kifejezés-blokkokat a kapcsos zárójelek ({ és }) határolják. Túlnyomórészt C stílusú nyelvekről van szó, mint például
 Asymptote (grafikus mértani ábrákat előállító nyelv)
 C (1970-től D. Ritchie és K. Thompson fejlesztésében a Bell Labs-től – közeli kapcsolatban van a Unix operációs rendszerrel)
 C++
 C# (C++ ill. java szerű nyelv a .NET projekthez)
 ECMAScript (avagy JavaScript)
 Java
 Perl
 Coyote (C változat programozási hibák elkerülésére kiélezve)
 D (egy lépéssel a C után Walter Brighttól)
 Pike (egy másik lépés a C után...)
 PHP
 R
 Az Adatfolyam programozási nyelvek virtuálisan leképezik a valós adatfolyamokat, amelyeket specifikálni szeretnénk programunkban. Általában különálló események kezelésére vagy adatfolyamok feldolgozására használjuk.
 Report Program Generator
 LabView
 Max
 Pure Data
 Az Adatorientált programozási nyelvek hatékony eszközök relációs adatok keresésére vagy módosítására, melyek általában táblákba rendezve, és különböző relációkkal összekapcsolva találhatók. Ilyenek:
 dBase egy relációs adatbázis-kezelő nyelv
 SQL
 M (egy adatbáziskezelésre specializált ANSI standard általános felhasználású nyelv)
 Az Adatstruktúrált programozási nyelvek azok, melyek logikája hasonló struktúrában található, mint az adataik.
 Lisp és származékai, mint Scheme és Tcl, valamint a TRAC. Mind listákat használ alapelveinek rendszerezésére.
 FORTH, Poplog és Postscript (a műveleteket mind verem adatstruktúra alapján végzi)
 APL (az adatokat és a kódot is tömbként kezeli – Kenneth Iversontól)
 Sokak szerint az assembly programozási nyelvek is ide tartoznak
 Kiterjesztő (extension) programozási nyelvek egy másik rendszerbe beágyazott, azt kiegészítő nyelvek, és a bővítőszkriptek funkcióinak kihasználására használják. Gyakran valamilyen speciális célú hardver vagy segéd-processzor(ok) kihasználására készülnek
 Guile
 AutoLisp (a CAD rendszerek klasszikus script-nyelve már hosszú ideje)
 Emacs Lisp (az Emacs szövegszerkesztőn belül működő, a rendszer bővítésén (bővítő-szkriptelésén) kívül akár általános célokra is használható nyelv
 SQL
 OpenCL egy C és C++ bővítés, amely a sokmagos grafikus-kártyák extrém sebességét nem csupán grafikai, hanem rengeteg számítást igénylő matematikai, statisztika vagy elemzési feladatokhoz használja, leginkább az illető feladat algoritmusában látható vagy megbújó párhuzamosságok hatékony kihasználásával
 OptimJ
 Tcl/Tk
 A Funkcionális programozási nyelvek a programokat és szubrutinokat mint matematikai függvényeket definiálják. Általában ezek a nyelvek más, nem-funkcionális elemeket is tartalmaznak, ezen elemek működését, maradandó hatását mellékhatásnak hívják
 APL
 F#
 Lisp
 ML
 Ocaml
 OPS5 programozási nyelv
 Q
 Scheme
 Haskell (Haskell Curry matematikus nevéből)
 Joy
 Értelmező programozási nyelvek
 BASIC (és változatai)
 C++ (főként korai változatai, újabban csak a tesztelési fázishoz használnak értelmezőt)
 Perl (legtöbb változata)
 VBScript
 Lisp (főleg a korai változatok voltak interpreterek, később gépi kódra fordító rendszerek készültek, újabban (kb.15-20 éve) bájtkódra történik a fordítás, amit gyors értelmezőprogramok hajtanak végre)
 R
 Scratch (a programozással ismerkedő gyerekek számára készült vizuális környezet)
 A legtöbb szkriptkezelő programozási nyelvek (lásd lejjebb)
 Szóelemző programozási nyelvek
 Gnu Bison (az FSF Yacc verziója)
 Lex (szóelemzés a Bell Labs-től)
 Gnu FLEX (az FSF Lex verziója)
 M4
 Yacc (yet another compiler compiler a Bell Labs-től)
 A Logikai programozási nyelvekben attribútumok halmazát határozzuk meg, melyekből lépések halmazának alkalmazásával kapjuk meg az eredményt.
 Prolog Horn logika és logikai döntés alapján értékeli ki az adatokat
 Mercury a Prolog alapján készült
 Gépi kódú programozási nyelveket közvetlenül hajtja végre a központi egység (CPU). Tipikusan oktális vagy hexadecimális bitmintákkal dolgozik. Minden mintacsoport (egy vagy több bájt) végrehajt egy hardveres alapműveletet. Általában processzorfüggő nyelv, nem vihető át más rendszerbe. Hivatalosan a processzor gyártója szállítja. "Gépi-kódban programozni" elsősorban assembly-nyelven programozást jelent. Az Assembly a közvetlen gépi kódú programozás megkönnyítésére készült szimbolikus jelöléseket használó kódrendszer. Ezek a szimbolikus jelölések alkalmasabbak emberi megértésre a gépi kódnál. Lehetőségünk van szimbolikus címek használatára, amit az assembler abszolút címekre cserél. A legtöbb assembler alkalmas makrók, valamint szimbolikus konstansok kezelésére is. Általában egy családba tartozó processzorokhoz ugyanaz a nyelv használható. A következők számítanak egy-egy család alapjának:
 Intel 80x86
 Motorola 680x
 Motorola 680x0
 PowerPC
 Intel 8080/8505
 ARM
 StrongARM
 MOS Tech 6502
 National 32032
 Sun SPARC és UltraSPARC
 MIPS R1000/R2000/R3000
 Az Eljáráselvű programozási nyelvek (másképp "Procedurális nyelvek")alapja a modularitás és a hatókör. Egy eljáráselvű program egy vagy több egységből (unit) vagy modulból (module) áll, minden egyes felhasználó egy kódkönyvtárból dolgozik. Minden modul egy vagy több eljárásból - függvényből, rutinból, szubrutinból, metódusból (az elnevezés az adott programozási nyelvtől függ) áll.
 Ada
 BASIC
 C
 C++ (C objektumokkal és más egyebekkel)
 C# (a Microsofttól, továbbfejlesztett C a .NET-hez)
 CFM
 COBOL
 Component Pascal (Oberon-2 variáns)
 Object Pascal
 ECMAScript (JavaScript)
 FORTRAN
 Java
 Modula-2
 Oberon-2 (továbbfejlesztett Modula-2, kisebb gyorsabb, biztonságosabb)
 M
 Pascal
 Perl
 PL/C
 PL/1 (eredetileg IBM mainframes használatra készült)
 Rapira
 VBScript
 Visual Basic
 Objektumorientált programozási nyelvekben az adatok objektumosztályokban vannak definiálva, melyek végrehajtható kódot is tartalmaznak (metódusok). Az örökléssel az egyes objektumosztályok kibővíthetők.
 Ada 95
 Asymptote (grafikus mértani ábrákat előállító nyelv)
 C++
 C#
 Common Lisp
 Object Pascal
 ECMAScript (JavaScript a Netscape-től)
 Eiffel
 Java (közeli rokona a C++-nak, szemétgyűjtéssel, nem biztonságos alkotórészek eltávolításával, platformfüggetlen „bájtkód”, homokozó a biztonságért – a Sun Microsystemstől)
 Modula-2 (adat absztrakció, információ elrejtés, erős tipizálás, teljes modularitás – N. Wirth-től)
 Modula-3 (objektum orientált Modula-2)
 NewtonScript
 Oberon (objektum orientált Modula-2 alapváltozat)
 Objective C
 Perl 5
 PHP
 PowerBuilder
 Python (értelmező)
 R
 Ruby
 Sather
 Self
 Simula (az első objektum orientált nyelv Norvégiából)
 Smalltalk (Xerox PARC)
 VBScript (Microsoft Office makrónyelve)
 Visual Basic
 Prototipizáló programozási nyelvek speciális objektumorientált programozási nyelvek melyekből az osztályok és hivatkozások megkülönböztetése megszűnt.
 ECMAScript (JavaScript)
 NewtonScript
 Self
 Szabályalapú programozási nyelvek melyek szabályokat használnak egyes adathalmazok feltételeinek aktiválásához. A kiválasztott adathalmaz aktiválásakor a megfelelő szabály végrehajtódik.
 OPS-5
 Prolog
 Clips
 Jess
 A Szkriptkezelő programozási nyelvek (másképpen "Szkriptnyelvek") gyakran ismétlődő folyamatok automatizálása érhető el akár külső programok végrehajtása által. Számos összetett alkalmazásprogram (pl. grafikai-, műszaki tervező- vagy akár táblázatkezelő-, szövegszerkesztő-program) olyan beépített szkriptnyelvet biztosít, amelyek lehetővé teszik az alkalmazás fő feladatainak automatizált megoldását (más megközelítésből ezeket hívjuk alkalmazásprogramozási felületeknek, azaz API-nak).
 Awk
 AppleScript
 EXEC
 EXEC2
 CLIST
 FBSL
 Perl
 PHP
 Python
 REXX
 Ruby
 Tcl
 VBScript
 Számos shell mint például a UNIX shell vagy DCL VMS-en.
 Makrónyelv: beágyazott rövid futtatható kód szabadon formázott szövegben.
 M4
 C Preprocessor
 PHP
 Stage 2
 olyan Makrónyelvek, mint amilyen a Tcl és a ECMAScript (Javascript) beépülve az alkalmazásokba, úgy viselkednek, mintha makrónyelvvé váltak volna.
 Turing tarpits (Nyelvek, melyek Turing-teljesek, ám a közönséges felhasználónak meglehetősen nehéz, vagy szinte lehetetlen értelmezni őket.)
 Befunge
 Brainfuck
 INTERCAL
 Unlambda
 Az XML-alapú nyelvek olyanok, amelyek az XML-en alapulnak, vagy azzal műveleteket tudnak végezni.
 XSLT
 XPath
 A Konkurens programozási nyelvek azok, amelyek fő célja processzek és szálak párhuzamos végrehajtása. Korábban erre ún. monitorokat használtak (ld.még szemaforok), ma már főleg szálspecifikus tárolók segítségével üzenetként adják a parancsokat a folyamatoknak. A folyamatok a végrehajtandó üzenetek gyűjteményei.
 Concurrent Pascal (Brinch-Hansen-től)
 Occam2
 Pict
 Negyedik generációs programozási nyelvek ún. magas szintű nyelvek egy adatbázis-rendszer köré építve.
 BuildProfessional
 Today
 GEMBASE
 LINC
 Nem angol alapú programozási nyelvek
 Var'aq – Klingon
 HPL – Héber
 Brainfuck
 Szabványos programozási nyelvek
 Jegyzetek
 Külső hivatkozások
 Programozási nyelvek kategóriái
 Módszeres programozás (Fábián Zoltán) (Pdf)
 ISO Standards: Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces
 Számítógép-programozás


text:
Coreea de Sud, oficial Republica Coreea (în Daehan-minguk) este o țară din Asia de Est, care ocupă partea sudică a Peninsulei Coreene. Numită „Țara dimineților liniștite”, ea are capitala la Seul, un oraș care este a doua metropolă din lume ca mărime și un important oraș pe plan mondial. Coreea de Sud se învecinează la nord cu Coreea de Nord și este înconjurată de Marea Japoniei la est, Marea Galbenă la vest, iar Strâmtoarea Coreei o desparte de Japonia.
 Istorie
 Teritoriul peninsulei a fost populat încă din cele mai vechi timpuri. Choson este primul stat coreean fondat în sec. 4 î. Hr. în nordul peninsulei, dar este cucerit temporar în anul 108 î. Hr. de Imperiul Chinez. Din secolul 1 .î. Hr., apar regatele Silla (în SE), Baekje (în jumătatea apuseană a peninsulei) și Koguryo (în nord), ce se vor lupta între sec. 5-7 pentru supremație, până în 675, când peninsula este reunificată sub controlul Silla. Începând cu secolul 4, se răspândește Budismul, original din India, ce va pătrunde aici din China, și devine religia oficială a Regatului Silla, în anul 528. În anul 918 ia ființă Regatul Goryeo, condus de dinastia Goryeo, care a continuat să existe până la invazia mongolilor din anul 1258. După alungarea mongolilor în a doua jumătate a sec. 14, generalul Yi Song-Gye a instaurat dinastia Yi, fondatoarea noului stat coreean Joseon. În secolul al XVII-lea statul a intrat in sfera de influență a dinastiei chineze Qing, de origine manciuriană. Ulterior, peninsula s-a izolat tot mai mult de lumea externă.
 În anul 1895, prin Tratatul de la Shimonoseki se instaureză protectoratul Japoniei, iar în 1910 Coreea este anexată de aceasta. După cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial, odată cu înfrângerea Japoniei, nordul Coreei este controlat de armata rusă în august 1945, în timp ce sudul este controlat de americani. Prin Constituția de la 17 iulie 1948 se proclamă Republica Coreea, iar la 15 august, același an, este alcătuit primul guvern de către președintele Li Sang Man. Independența țării a fost recunoscută de ONU la 12 decembrie 1948. Pe data de 25 iunie 1950 Coreea de Nord invadează Coreea de Sud, astfel izbucnind Războiul coreean, care încetează în urma armistițiului de la Panmunjon din 27 iulie 1953.
 În ciuda acestor conflicte dintre Coreea de Nord și Coreea de Sud, țara a devenit tot mai activă pe plan internațional. În 1990 se stabilesc relații diplomatice cu URSS, iar în 1991 Republica Coreea devine membru al ONU. În decembrie 2000, președintele Kim Dae Jung primește Premiul Nobel pentru Pace.
 Geografie
 Coreea de Sud ocupă teritoriul sudic al Peninsulei Coreea, care pătrunde în mare aproximativ 1 100 km. Această peninsulă muntoasă este înconjurată la vest de Marea Galbenă, la est de Marea Japoniei și în sud de Strâmtoarea Coreea și Marea Chinei de Est. Suprafața totală a țării este de 100.210 km2.
 Coreea de Sud poate fi împărțită în patru mari regiuni:
 partea estică cu munți înalți și câmpii litorale înguste;
 partea vestică cu vaste câmpii litorale, râuri și dealuri domoale
 partea sud-vestică cu munți și văi
 partea sud-estică dominată de întinsul bazin al Râului Nakdong.
 Teritoriul țării este predominant muntos și este, în mare parte, neutilizabil în agricultură. Zonele de șes constituie doar 30% din suprafața totală.
 Aproape 3.000 de insule, majoritatea nelocuite, aflate pe coasta vestică și estică, intră în componența teritoriului Coreei de Sud. Insula Jeju se află la aproximativ 100 kilometri sud în largul Mării Chinei de Est. Este cea mai mare insulă, cu o suprafață de 1.845 km2. Aici se atinge cea mai ridicată altitudine, de 1.950 metri pe vulcanul stins Halla-san. Alte insule mai sunt Ulleungdo și Liancourt Rocks, care este situată la cea mai mare distanță în largul mării dintre toate insulele, precum și Insula Marado, care este cel mai sudic punct. Liancourt Rocks este una dintre numeroasele insule disputate cu Japonia, iar Ulleungdo este nelocuită.
 Hidrografie
 Râurile din Coreea de Sud sunt scurte și repezi. Ele sunt folosite mult pentru irigații și pentru crearea hidroelectricității, dar au o valoare limitată pentru navigație. Cele mai importante râuri sunt: Taedong, Han și Kum, în partea centrală a țării și Nakdong, cel mai lung râu din Coreea de Sud, situat în sud-est.
 Faună și floră
 Vegetația corespunde florei manciuriene apărute la contactul dintre pădurile temperate boreale (taigaua) și vegetația subtropicală și tropicală meridională. Pădurile ocupă în ansamblu peste 70% din suprafața peninsulei. De mare valoare economică sunt cedrul coreean, molidul negru și argintiu, pinul roșu, stejarul, teiul castaniu, dafinul, stejarul semperviriscent, ginkgo, bambusul etc.
 Fauna este diversă și cuprinde unele specii de interes cinegetic: tigrul de Ussuri, pantera, ursul brun, ursul negru, lupul roșu, jderul cu gușă galbenă, pisica sălbatică, cerbul comun, cerbul pătat, elanul, veverița, iepurele, fazanii etc.
 Climă
 Clima este temperată cu precipitații bogate în timpul verii și ierni care pot fi foarte friguroase. În Seul, temperatura medie a lunii ianuarie variază între -7°C și 1°C, iar temperatura medie a lunii iulie variază între 22°C și 29°C. În partea de sud, temperaturile sunt mai ridicate iarna și mult mai scăzute în depresiunile intramontane. Cantitatea de precipitații este concentrată între lunile de vară, din iunie până în septembrie. Coasta de sud este locul unde se produc taifunurile târzii, cu vânturi puternice și precipitații abundente. Precipitațiile medii anuale sunt cuprinse între 1 370mm/m2 an în Seul și 1 470mm/m2 an în Busan.
 Demografie
 Populația Coreei de Sud este de 50.004.441 de locuitori, fiind totodată printre statele cu cele mai mari densități din lume. Populația este compusă în special din coreeni, iar minoritățile cele mai mari sunt chinezi han, japonezi și mongoli. Peste 80% din populația Coreei de sud locuiește la oraș.
 Religie
 Principalele religii sunt: budismul, protestantismul și romano-catolicismul. Adoptată ca ideologie de stat de către dinastia Joseon, confucianismul este mai degrabă un sistem de etică decât unul religios, subliniind importanța fidelității, respectului pentru părinți și a altor virtuți.
 Creștinismul din Coreea a fost confruntat cu mai multe valuri de persecuții, în special în secolul al XIX-lea.
 Limbă
 Limba oficială este coreeana. Este o limbă izolată (adică, nu este înrudită genealogic cu nicio altă limbă), chiar dacă unii lingviști consideră că face parte din familia altaică. Este considerată ca fiind înrudită cu japoneza. Înainte de a avea o scriere proprie, era scrisă folosind hanja, ideograme chinezești pronunțate în coreeană. În secolul al XV-lea, un sistem de scris propriu, numit hangul, a fost inventat la cererea regelui Sejong cel Mare.
 Educație
 Coreenii manifestă un deosebit respect față de educație, având un sistem excelent de bine pus la punct; dovadă fiind numărul mare de muncitori calificați în toate domeniile. Acestea au dus la o creștere economică rapidă a țării.
 Sistemul de școlarizare este compus din grădiniță (de la 1 la 3 ani), școală primară (6 ani), școală secundară (3 ani), liceu (3 ani) și universitate.
 Politică
 Conform Constituției adoptate la 25 februarie 1988, Coreea de Sud este republică prezidențială, unde președintele și Cabinetul (Consiliul de Stat) exercită puterea executivă, iar Parlament Unicameral (Adunarea Națională) cea legislativă. Mandatul președintelui este de 5 ani, acesta fiind ales prin vot direct. Cele mai importante partide politice sunt: Minju-dang („Partidul Democrat”), Jaju Seonjin-dang („Partidul Liberal Progresist”), Mirae Himang Yeon-dae („Alianța Speranței Pentru Viitor”), Hannara-dang („Partidul Marii Națiuni”)
 Organizare administrativ-teritorială
 Teritoriul țării este împărțit în 8 provincii, o provincie autonomă, 6 orașe metropolitane și un oraș special (Seul) și un oraș autonomă (Sejong). Cel mai mare oraș este Seul, care are o populație de 10.464.051 de locuitori (25 de milioane locuitori cu tot cu zona metropolitană).
 Diviziunile majore în Coreea de Sud sunt provinciile, orașele metropolitane (orașe ce se bucură de o autonomie de conducere și care nu sunt parte constituentă a unei provincii) și orașul special.
 Armată
 Economie
 După cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial, Statele Unite ale Americii au sprijint economia sud-coreeană.
 Coreea de Sud este o putere economică la nivel mondial și face parte din categoria țărilor dezvoltate. Are a douăsprezecea economie la nivel mondial și a treia în Asia, după Japonia și China. Cel mai mare partener comercial și de export al Coreei de Sud este, astăzi, China. Țara a avut o creștere economică rapidă datorită exporturilor de produse finite, fiind una din cei Patru Tigri Asiatici.
 Industrie
 Cele mai importante ramuri ale industriei sunt construcția de automobile, de semiconductoare, de electronice (Samsung și LG Electronics), de nave și industria siderurgică.
 Petrolul extras din Insula Jeju este prelucrat în rafinăriile de la Yosu și Ulsan. În industria siderurgică sunt folosite minereuri de fier extrase de la Chongju și Yangyang, cărbuni cocsificabili extrași, în special, de la Samchock și lemn. Cele mai mari centre siderurgice sunt Inchon și Insula Jeju. Principalele produse chimice sunt acidul sulfuric, soda caustică și soda calcinată, îngrășămintele azotoase și chimice, concentratele complexe și produsele petrochimice (cauciuc, mase plastice, etc), care se produc, în special, la cel mai mare centru petrochimic, cel de la Ulsan. În domeniul construcției de automobile, țara se află pe locul al cincilea pe glob, cei mai mari producători fiind Hyundai și Kia Motors.
 Agricultură
 Agricultura polarizează 12% din populația activă, dar, deși este foarte productivă, nu asigură necesarul intern. Pe jumătate din suprafața agricolă se cultivă orezul, pe 11% din terenuri orz, iar pe restul se mai cultivă batate (cartofi dulci), tutun și soia. Pescuitul reprezintă, la rândul său, o altă ramură importantă, plasând Coreea de Sud pe locul 9 în lume.
 Comerț
 Comerțul exterior a crescut mult în anii '60, ducând la dezvoltarea economică a acestui stat. Coreea de sud își exportă produsele în SUA, Republica Populară Chineză, Japonia și Republica China (Taiwan), etc. Coreea de Sud exportă: textile, utilaje, nave, produse electrotehnice, automobile, articole de cauciuc, conserve de pește și porțelan, iar principalele produse importate sunt: petrolul, produsele petrochimice, produsele chimice, materiile prime, mașini și utilaje.
 Transport și infrastructură
 Sunt bine dezvoltate, principala cale ferată leagă orașele Seul, Daejeon, Daegu și Busan. Coreea de Sud are 11 mari porturi și 4 mari aeroporturi. Și comunicațiile sunt bine dezvoltate, Coreea de Sud are 84 stații de radio AM și 53 de stații FM. Coreea de Sud este un mare producător de telefonie mobilă, principalele companii sunt LG și Samsung.
 Turism
 Turismul din Coreea de Sud se referă la industria turistică din Republica Coreea. În anul 2012, 11,1 milioane de turiști străini au vizitat Coreea de Sud, făcând-o a 20-a cea mai vizitată țară din lume și a 6-a cea mai vizitată din Asia. Majoritatea turiștilor non-coreeni provin din alte părți ale Asiei de Est, cum ar fi Japonia, China, Taiwan și Hong Kong. Recenta popularitate a culturii populare coreene, adesea cunoscută sub numele de "valul coreean", a crescut în aceste țări sosirile turiștilor. Seul este principala destinație turistică pentru vizitatori; destinațiile turistice populare din afară Seulului includ parcul național Seorak-san, orașul istoric Gyeongju și insula subtropicală Jeju.
 Știință și tehnologie
 Cultură
 Arhitectură și arte plastice
 Artele și cultura Coreei au fost puternic influențate de-a lungul anilor de contactul cu China. Budismul, care a dominat viața coreeană din secolul VII până în secolul XII, a influențat mult artele. Multe temple budiste, mănăstiri, morminte sfinte, palate și alte opere de artă ajută la dezvoltarea turismului Coreei de Sud. În timpul dinastiei Goryeo au fost construite numeroase opere de artă. Poveștile populare, muzica, poezia și teatrul, toate fac parte din tradiția budistă și confuciană.
 Patrimoniu cultural
 Până în prezent, Coreea numără un total de 38 de articole de patrimoniu; Locuri de Patrimoniu Mondial, Opere de artă din Patrimoniul Oral și Imaterial al Umanității, ori au fost incluse în registrul UNESCO al Memoriei Lumii. Printre acestea se numără: Palatul Changdeokgung, Altarul Jongmyo, Fortăreața Hwaseong din Suwon, Mormintele Regale ale Dinastiei Joseon, Fortăreața Namhansanseong, ș.a.
 Cinematografie și televiziune
 Principalele posturi de televiziune din Coreea de Sud sunt MBC, SBS și KBS, ultima dintre ele este televiziunea națională sud-coreeană. Aceste posturi de televiziune au regizat filme și seriale care s-au bucurat de mari succese pe plan internațional. Dezvoltarea industriei filmului s-a accentuat după Războiul din Coreea de atunci și până în 1972, filmul sud-coreean a trăit așa-numita epocă de aur. În ultimii ani, mai multe filme și mai mulți regizori și actori din Coreea de Sud au reușit să obțină premii la festivaluri internaționale. Filmele și serialele sud-coreene au fost difuzate în mai multe state precum: Japonia, Republica Populară Chineză, Vietnam, Australia, România, Bosnia și Herțegovina, Kazahstan, etc.
 Hallyu (Valul Coreean)
 Hallyu sau ”Valul Coreean” este un termen larg folosit pentru a descrie popularitatea culturii coreene și a divertismentului dincolo de granițele Coreei. A apărut pentru prima oară în anul 1992 după ce Coreea a intrat în relații diplomatice cu China; serialele TV alături de muzica pop s-au bucurat de o enormă popularitate în comunitățile vorbitoare de chineză.
 Hallyu a ajuns în Japonia în anul 2003, atunci când serialul KBS ”Sonată de Iarnă” a fost difuzat prin NKH. Drama s-a bucurat de un real succes, iar protagonistul său masculin, Bae Yong Joon într-un nume de talie mondială.
 Valul Coreean s-a extins la cultură, tradiție, mâncare, limbă și literatură, creând din ce în ce mai multă frenezie.
 Domeniul care se află în creșterea cea mai rapidă este K-Pop-ul din secolul XXI sau muzica pop coreană. Cel mai bine reprezentată la nivel mondial de melodia lui Psy, Gangnam Style(2012).
 Acest fapt a dus la nașterea grupurilor de Idoli K-pop, care au dominat piața muzicii pop din Asia: BTS, Blackpink, TWICE, TVXQ, Super Junior, Big Bang, 2NE1, Girls Generation, LOONA, 2PM și Wonder Girls, etc.
 În anul 2011 artiștii de la SM Entertainment au pus în scenă un concert comun în Le Zenith din Paris. Acesta a fost considerat un eveniment important în ceea ce privește aprecierea artiștilor coreeni în Europa. În același an au avut loc concerte ale JYJ în Spania și Germania, artiștii de la CUBE Entertainment au concertat în Marea Britanie și Brazilia, iar Girls Generation la Madison Square Garden din New York.
 Vezi și
 Reunificarea Coreei
 Zona demilitarizată coreeană
 Referințe
 Bibliografie
 Marius Lungu, Statele Lumii - Antologie, Editura Steaua Nordului, Constanța, 2004
 Legături externe
 Korea.net: Gateway to Korea
 Oficiul Național de Statistică al Coreei de Sud
 Coreea de Sud în Encyclopædia Britannica
 Principalele orașe din Coreea de Sud , imagini din satelit și coordonate geografice
 Coreea de Sud, miracolul Orientului Îndepărtat | GALERIE FOTO, 6 mai 2013, Paul Ciocoiu, Evenimentul zilei
 Coreea
 Țări din Asia de Est
 State membre ale Organizației Națiunilor Unite