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 21992A0826(01)
 Agreement among the European Atomic Energy Community, the Government of Japan, the Government of the Russian Federation, and the Government of the United States of America on cooperation in the engineering design activities for the international thermonuclear experimental reactor - Statement of the European Atomic Energy Community's Delegation on the occasion of the last Quadripartite negotiation meeting on Cooperation in the Engineering Design Activities for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER)
 Official Journal L 244 , 26/08/1992 P. 0014 - 0031
 AGREEMENT among the European Atomic Energy Community, the Government of Japan, the Government of the Russian Federation, and the Government of the United States of America on cooperation in the engineering design activities for the international thermonuclear experimental reactor (Only the English text is authentic) THE EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY (EURATOM), THE GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN, THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ('THE PARTIES`),RECOGNIZING the long-term potential of controlled thermonuclear fusion as a virtually limitless, environmentally acceptable and economically competitive source of energy,EMPHASIZING the importance of the work worldwide aimed at developing controlled thermonuclear fusion for peaceful purposes,ADVOCATING the widest practicable international cooperation in developing this source of energy for the benefit of all humankind,NOTING that the cooperation conducted successfully under the auspices of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) on the Conceptual Design Activities (CDA) for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) has resulted in the ITER Conceptual Design Activities Final Report,CONVINCED that now is the proper time for the engineering design of ITER to be initiated on the basis of the outcome of the CDA and the recent progress of the research and development in the field of controlled thermonuclear fusion,RECOGNIZING that it is a function of the IAEA to encourage and assist research on, and development and practical application of, atomic energy for peaceful uses,EXPRESSING interest in continuing the fruitful cooperation and assistance of the IAEA in this endeavor,REAFFIRMING the principle of equality of the Parties with regard to their status in, their contributions to, and their benefits from, the cooperation,HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS: Article 1 Purpose 1. In accordance with this Agreement, its Annexes and Protocols, the parties, subject to their laws and regulations, shall conduct jointly the Engineering Design Activities (EDA) to produce a detailed, complete, and fully integrated engineering design of ITER and all technical data necessary for future decisions on the construction of ITER. Such design and technical data shall then be available for each of the parties to use either as part of an international collaborative program or in its own domestic program.2. The overall programmatic objective of ITER, which shall guide the EDA, is to demonstrate the scientific and technological feasibility of fusion energy for peaceful purposes. ITER would accomplish this objective by demonstrating controlled ignition and extended burn of deuterium-tritium plasmas, with steady-state as an ultimate goal, by demonstrating technologies essential to a reactor in an integrated system, and by performing integrated testing of the high-heat-flux and nuclear components required to utilize fusion energy for practical purposes. Article 2 Scope For the purposes stated in Article 1, the parties shall conduct jointly the following EDA:(a) to establish the engineering design of ITER including (i) a complete description of the device and its auxiliary systems and facilities,(ii) detailed designs with specifications, calculations and drawings of the components of ITER with specific regard to their interfaces,(iii) a planning schedule for the various stages of supply, construction, assembly, tests and commissioning of ITER together with a corresponding plan for human and financial resources requirements, and,(iv) specifications allowing immediate calls for tender for the supply of items needed for the start-up of the construction of ITER if and when so decided;(b) to establish the site requirements for ITER, and perform the necessary safety, environmental and economic analyses;(c) to establish both the proposed program and the cost, manpower and schedule estimates for the operation, exploitation and decommissioning of ITER;(d) to carry out validating research and development work required for performing the activities described above, including development, manufacturing and testing of scalable models to ensure engineering feasibility; and,(e) to develop proposals on approaches to joint implementation for decisions by the parties on future construction, operation, exploitation and decommissioning of ITER. Article 3 Implementation The EDA shall be implemented by two or more Protocols, as appropriate, according to the progress of work, as well as by the relevant provisions of this Agreement and its Annexes. The Annexes shall form an integral part of this Agreement. Subject to this Agreement and its Annexes, the parties shall in each Protocol set forth its duration, the tasks to be performed or initiated during that period and the measures necessary for their execution. Article 4 Council 1. The parties shall establish a Council which shall act by unanimity. Each party shall designate two members of the Council. The Council shall elect its chair and co-chair from among its members and adopt its rules of procedure.2. The Council shall meet at least twice a year at places it selects and may have extraordinary meetings which the chair shall convene at the request of a Council member or the Director provided for in Article 5. The Director shall normally attend the meetings.3. The Council shall have the responsibility for the overall direction of the EDA and shall exercise overall supervision of its execution. The Council shall report to the Parties.4. The functions of the Council are elaborated in Annex A.1. Article 5 Director 1. The Council shall appoint the Director. The Director shall report to the Council.2. In accordance with the provisions of this Agreement, its Annexes and Protocols and in conformance with the decisions taken by the Council, the Director shall direct and coordinate the performance of all activities described in Article 2 (a) to (d); organize, direct and supervise the Joint Central Team provided for in Article 8; and, assist in the performance of activities described in Article 2 (e).3. In carrying out duties and responsibilities, the Director shall act independently and neither seek nor take instructions from any of the parties.4. The functions of the Director are elaborated in Annex A.2. Article 6 Technical Advisory Committee 1. The Council shall designate the members of the Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) and its chair, based on the recommendation of the parties 2. The TAC shall be composed of up to 16 members (including the chair) acting in an individual capacity, no more than one fourth of whom shall come from each party. They shall be chosen by the Council so as to ensure that all areas of expertise required for performance of the activities set out in Article 2 (a) to (d) are represented at the TAC.3. The TAC shall, upon request of the Council, advise it on technical matters and perform such other tasks as the Council may request it to undertake.4. Subject to the approval of the Council, the TAC shall draw up its rules of procedure. Article 7 Management Advisory Committee 1. Each party shall designate three members of the Management Advisory Committee (MAC), one of whom shall be the home team leader provided for in Article 9. The Council shall appoint the chair of the MAC from among the members.2. The MAC shall report to and advise the Council in management and administrative matters, including finance, personnel, and task assignment provided for in Article 11.3. Subject to the approval of the Council, the MAC shall draw up its rules of procedure. Article 8 Joint Central Team 1. On proposal of the Director, the Council shall decide the size of the Joint Central Team, its main structure at each joint work site, provided for in Article 13, and the functions of the Deputy Directors.2. By secondment agreements or by other means, as specified in the Protocols, each party shall make available to the Joint Central Team qualified persons in approximately equal numbers. Upon proposal by the parties and in consultation with the Director, the Council shall appoint four Deputy Directors, one from each party. Upon proposal of the Director acting in consultation with the parties, the Council shall appoint an administrative officer and a head for each joint work site, all of whom may be chosen from among the Deputy Directors. Other members of the Joint Central Team shall be chosen by the Director from among qualified persons nominated by the parties. The administrative status of the members shall be defined in the Protocols to this Agreement. All members of the Joint Central Team shall come under the management authority of the Director.3. The Joint Central Team shall assist the Director in the performance of the Director's duties. The functions of the Joint Central Team are elaborated in Annex A.3. Article 9 Home Teams and Home Team Leaders 1. Each party shall, in consultation with the Council:(a) establish and organize its home team which shall perform the tasks assigned to it in accordance with Article 11; and,(b) designate a home team leader who shall be responsible to the Director for the execution of these tasks.2. Each party's home team leader shall inform the Director and the other home team leaders of the organization of that party's home team. Any differences of opinion between the Director and home team leader on this matter shall be resolved by the Council.3. In general, the Director shall act through the home team leaders on matters relevant to task assignments, change in scope of assigned tasks, and judgments on performance. The interaction between the home teams and their leaders, on the one hand, and the Director and the Joint Central Team, on the other hand, shall be described in the Protocols.4. The functions of the home teams and home team leaders are elaborated in Annex A.4. Article 10 Special Working Groups 1. Special Working Groups (SWGs) may be established by means of the Protocols or by decision of the Council and may be entrusted with specific tasks which are outside the responsibilities of the Director as described in this Agreement, its Annexes and Protocols.2. When a SWG is established, each party shall, after consultation with the Council, designate its representatives to the SWG. The SWG shall report to the Council. The Council shall appoint the chair of the SWG. Subject to the approval of the Council, the SWG shall draw up its rules of procedure. The Council shall decide upon any involvement of the Director in the SWG. With the accomplishment of the task(s) entrusted to it, that SWG shall cease to exist. Article 11 Work Program and Workshops The work program for the EDA shall specify the plan for the execution of all work required for the performance of all activities set forth in Article 2 (a) to (d), including the assignment of tasks to the home teams in approximately equal shares and to the Joint Central Team. The work program shall be developed by the Director and approved by the Council upon advice of the MAC. The work program, as approved by the Council, shall apply, subject to updating, over the entire EDA period. Each party shall ensure the implementation of the tasks assigned to it. Tasks shall be assigned by task agreements to be concluded between the Director and each party's home team leader. The terms and conditions relating to the work program and workshops are elaborated in Annex B. Article 12 Resources 1. With the exception of the resources to be made available by each host party in accordance with Article 14, the parties shall make available, on an equal basis, the resources required for the implementation of this Agreement, its Annexes and Protocols. The estimate of such resources is contained in the ITER Conceptual Design Activities Final Report.2. To the extent that expenses shall not be supported by the joint fund provided for in paragraph (3), each party shall, in fulfilling its obligations under paragraph (1), bear, subject to its laws and regulations, the costs it incurs in carrying out the provisions of this Agreement, its Annexes and Protocols, including the costs of its personnel's participation in meetings, the execution of assigned tasks and the organization of workshops.3. A joint fund shall be established to support certain common expenses, such as the salaries of the Director and Deputy Directors. The Council shall establish the appropriate financial rules and regulations including the expenditures to be covered by the joint fund, the amount of the joint fund, its operation, the designation of any person(s) authorized to draw on it, and its auditing. The parties shall maintain the joint fund by equal contributions, subject to their applicable laws and regulations. Article 13 Siting for the Joint Central Team The Joint Central Team will be located at the joint work sites: Garching (near Munich), Naka (Ibaraki) and San Diego (California). Article 14 Support from the Host Party 1. Each host party shall make available, at its own expense and subject to the conditions provided for in paragraph (2), for the duration of this Agreement its joint work site including land, office accommodations, goods and services required for the implementation of the tasks to be performed at that site by the Joint Central Team, as well as for workshops and meetings of the Council, the TAC, the MAC and the SWGs.2. The parties, acting through the Council, shall define in each case the support and the conditions under which it is supplied, upon proposal by the Director, following the Director's consultation with each of the host parties.3. The parties, acting through the Council, shall consult with each other and the Director on the range and level of the facilitations and privileges to be requested from the competent authorities for the members of the Council, the TAC, the MAC, the SWGs, the Joint Central Team and for the Director. Article 15 Information and Intellectual Property Dissemination, use and protection of information used or generated in the activities conducted pursuant to this Agreement, its Annexes and Protocols, and allocation of rights in intellectual property arising in the course of such activities shall be governed by the provisions set forth in Annex C. Article 16 Reporting The Director, with the assistance of the Joint Central Tream, shall prepare annual progress reports on the EDA, and, upon completion of the EDA, a comprehensive report, which shall contain the detailed, complete and fully integrated engineering design of ITER. The Director shall submit these reports to the Council for approval and subsequent transmission to the parties. The Council shall prepare and publish a final report summarizing the comprehensive report. Furthermore, all technical data developed during the EDA shall be made available to the parties in conformance with Article 15. Article 17 Applicable Law 1. Each party shall conduct the activities provided for in this Agreement, its Annexes and Protocols subject to its applicable laws and regulations, and shall provide financial resources subject to the availability of appropriated funds.2. Each party shall use its best efforts to obtain all permits and licenses required by the applicable laws and regulations for the implementation of this Agreement, its Annexes and Protocols.3. Each party shall use its best efforts to facilitate, in accordance with its laws and regulations, the movement of persons, the importation and exportation of materials, equipment and other goods and the transfer of currencies, which shall be necessary for the implementation of this Agreement, its Annexes and Protocols. Article 18 Liability Damages incurred in the course of or arising out of the execution of this Agreement, its Annexes and Protocols shall be compensated to the extent permitted by and in accordance with applicable domestic laws and regulations. Article 19 Participation of other countries 1. In its contribution to the implementation of this Agreement, its Annexes and Protocols, each Party may involve other countries which possess relevant specific capabilities.2. The conditions of such an involvement shall be compatible with the provisions of this Agreement, its Annexes and the relevant Protocol and shall be subject to the approval of the Council. Article 20 International Atomic Energy Agency 1. The EDA will be conducted under the auspices of the IAEA.2. The parties request the IAEA, acting within the framework of its Statute, to use its best endeavors to facilitate the cooperation among the parties provided for in this Agreement, its Annexes and Protocols.3. The parties, acting through the Council, may define with the IAEA terms and conditions for the specific forms of assistance. Article 21 Consultations 1. The parties, acting through their members of the Council, shall consult on any matter arising out of the interpretation or implementation of this Agreement, its Annexes and Protocols, or on any technical issue concerning the tasks elaborated in the Protocols. The parties shall use their best efforts to settle such matters through consultation between or among their Council members.2. Any party may request that high-level consultations be held with another party or parties on any of the aforementioned issues which cannot be resolved pursuant to the procedure set forth in paragraph 1. The requested party or parties shall accede to such request promptly.3. If any issue not settled through such high-level consultations still needs to be resolved, the concerned parties may submit that issue to an agreed from of dispute resolution such as conciliation, mediation or arbitration. Article 22 Amendments 1. This Agreement, its Annexes and Protocols may be amended by written agreement of the parties.2. An amendment shall enter into force upon the date stipulated therein. Article 23 Termination This Agreement may be terminated by written agreement of the parties. Article 24 Territorial Application in regard to Euratom This Agreement, its Annexes and Protocols shall apply in so far as Euratom is concerned, to the territories to which the Treaty establishing Euratom applies and to the territories of the countries participating in the Euratom fusion program as fully associated Third States. Article 25 Duration 1. This Agreement shall enter into force upon signature of the parties and shall remain in force for six years.2. According to the progress in achieving the purpose set forth in Article 1.1., the abovementioned duration may be changed in accordance with Article 22. Done at Washington, on 21 July 1992 in quadruplicate For the European Atomic Energy Community:Andreas VAN AGT For the Government of Japan:Hiroshi HIRABAYASHI For the Government of the Russian Federation:Viktor N. MIKHAILOV For the Government of the United States of America:James D. WATKINS ANNEX A 1. Council In accordance with Article 4 of the Agreement, the Council shall, in particular:(a) ensure the collaboration among the home teams and between each home team and the Joint Central Team;(b) establish and implement procedures for the selection, ongoing evaluation, and, if necessary, the replacement of the Director, Deputy Directors, and heads of the joint work sites and establish for implementation by the Director these procedures applicable to the other members of the Joint Central Team;(c) designate the chair and members of the TAC, and the chair of the MAC;(d) decide the size and main structure at each joint work site of the Joint Central Team;(e) approve the initial design basis for the EDA which will be the conceptual design updated as necessary by the results of a review of detailed technical objectives along with technical approaches;(f) approve any proposal involving a significant change of design basis or of cost of construction and operation;(g) approve the work program and its updating;(h) approve annual progress reports, the comprehensive report and the final report;(i) decide, within the rules established in Annex C of the Agreement, on appropriate disposition of information generated or intellectual property created, respectively, by the Joint Central Team;(j) approve the conditions under which a party may involve other countries in its contribution;(k) make the appropriate financial rules and regulations pursuant to Article 12 (3) of the Agreement;(l) perform other functions as provided for in the Agreement, its Annexes and Protocols; and,(m) have such other powers and perform such other functions as may be necessary for the pruposes of the EDA.2. Director In accordance with Article 5 of the Agreement, the Director shall, in particular:(a) submit to the Council proposals on the size of the Joint Central Team and its main structure at each joint work site as well as on the support to be supplied by each host party;(b) consult with the Council regarding the appointment of the Deputy Directors, submit proposals to the Council on their functions, on the selection of the administrative officer and of the head of each joint work site, and select other members of the Joint Central Team;(c) draw up and sign secondment agreements for seconded personnel in accordance with procedures described in the Protocols and send copies to the host party concerned;(d) assist SWGs as decided by the Council in any tasks entrusted to them by the Protocols or the Council;(e) pursuant to the procedures described in the Protocols, initiate and carry out those design tasks and assign those R& D tasks, the implementation of which shall start before the approval of the work program, or once it is approved, before its yearly updating;(f) draft the initial work program and submit it to the Council for approval and thereafter update the work program yearly and submit it to the Council for approval;(g) implement the work program after approval of the Council and draw up and sign task agreements pursuant to Article 11 of the Agreement;(h) monitor and control the execution of the assigned tasks with respect to timing, results and quality, and accept the completion of the tasks;(i) prepare and submit to the Council the reports required by Article 16 of the Agreement;(j) provide periodically to the seconding party a performance statement on each seconded person and send a copy of these statements to the chair of the Council;(k) keep a file of task agreements, secondment agreements, missions, performance statements, reports, and any other document produced in implementing the Agreement, its Annexes and Protocols;and,(l) carry out such other functions as provided for in the Agreement, its Annexes and Protocols or as directed by the Council.3. Joint Central Team In accordance with Article 8 of the Agreement the Joint Central Team shall in particular:(a) perform activities described in Article 2 (a), (b) and (c) of the Agreement;(b) assist the Director in the definition and preparation of the work program;(c) assist the Director in the direction and coordination of the performance of the activities described in Article 2 (a) to (d) of the Agreement;(d) integrate all contributions into a coherent design;(e) assist the Director in the performance of the activities described in Article 2 (e) of the Agreement; and,(f) assist the Director in the preparation of the reports as required by Article 16 of the Agreement.4. Home teams In accordance with Article 9 of the Agreement, the home teams shall in particular:(a) perform the activities described in Article 2 (d) of the Agreement;(b) perform such activities described in Article 2 (a), (b), and (c) of the Agreement, as defined by the work program; and (c) assist in the activities described in Article 2 (e) of the Agreement. ANNEX B 1. Work program (A) In accordance with Article 11 of the Agreement, the work program shall in particular contain:(i) a detailed list of specific tasks, including a) a technical description of each task together with - a current estimate of all resources required for its performance,- an implementation schedule with checkpoints, and - a precise specification of the deliverables, and b) the assignment of the specific tasks to each of the home teams and the Joint Central Team.(ii) a flow chart of the specific tasks during the whole EDA demonstrating the full integration of the tasks performed or to be performed by the home teams and the Joint Central Team into one coherent plan aimed at achieving the purpose described in Article 1 (1) of the Agreement within the time limit set by Article 25 of the Agreement.(B) Pursuant to the procedures described in the Protocols, the work program and its updatings shall be developed by the Director and approved by the Council upon advice of the MAC.(C) The assignment of tasks to each of the home teams to be provided in the work program shall be guided by the following principles:(i) Each home team shall be assigned an approximately equal share of the tasks defined in the work program, consistent with its competence and interests. Competence includes the capability to meet technical specifications and schedules, as well as available facilities and existing know-how.The approximately equal share shall be determined by the Council taking into account:- both qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the tasks to be assigned,- the resources estimated necessary for the execution of a task at the time of assignment (the only corrections to that estimate will be those related to changes in the scope of a task), and - the sum of all assigned tasks, the completion of which is accepted by the Director, during the full term of the Agreement.(ii) Some tasks may be worthy of parallel efforts. The number of parallel efforts shall be decided on the basis of trade-offs between cost and risk reduction.2. Workshops In consultation with the Council and after informing the TAC, the Director shall, as appropriate, organize workshops on specific scientific and technological issues relating to the activities described in Article 2 (a) to (d) of the Agreement. The workshops may take place at any of the joint work sites or, subject to the agreement of the home team leader concerned, at any other place situated on the territory of a party or on the IAEA's premises in accordance with Article 20. The parties shall provide appropriate technical personnel in the workshops. ANNEX C 1. Dissemination, use and protection of information (A) For the purpose of this Annex: 'information` means drawings, designs, computations, reports and other documents, documented data or methods of research and development, descriptions of inventions and discoveries, whether or not patentable;'business confidential information` means information containing know-how, trade secrets, or technical, commercial or financial information, which:(i) has been held in confidence by its owner,(ii) is not generally known or available from other sources,(iii) has not been made available by its owner to other parties without an obligation concerning its confidentiality, and (iv) is not available to the receiving party without obligations concerning its confidentiality.(B) Subject to the provisions of this Annex, the parties support the widest possible dissemination of information generated in the execution of the Agreement, its Annexes and Protocols.(C) Subject to the provisions of this Annex, all information generated by personnel of the Joint Central Team in the execution of the tasks assigned to it shall be made freely available to each of the parties for use in the research and development of controlled thermonuclear fusion as a source of energy for peaceful purposes.(D) Subject to the provisions of this Annex, each party shall be entitled to a non-exclusive, irrevocable, royalty-free license in all countries to translate, reproduce, and publicly distribute scientific and technical journal articles, reports, and books directly arising from the execution of the Agreement. All publicly distributed copies of a copyrighted work prepared under the provisions of this Annex shall indicate the names of the authors of the work unless an author explicitly declines to be named.(E) Subject to the provisions of this Annex, all information generated by the personnel of a home team in the execution of the tasks assigned to it shall be made freely available to the Joint Central Team and to each of the parties for use in the research and development of controlled thermonuclear fusion as a source of energy for peaceful purposes.(F) Any contract placed on the initiative of a home team or the Joint Central Team for the execution of a task assigned to one of the teams shall contain provisions to allow the parties to meet their obligations under the Agreement, its Annexes and Protocols.(G) Subject to its laws and regulations and to its obligation to third parties and to the provisions of this Annex, each party shall undertake to make freely available to the Joint Central Team and the Home Teams any information at its disposal which these teams need for the execution of the tasks assigned to them.(H) If business confidential information is made available in the execution of the Agreement, its Annexes and Protocols, it must be duly marked so and transmitted pursuant to an arrangement of confidentiality. The recipient of such information shall use it for the execution of the Agreement, its Annexes and Protocols, and preserve its confidentiality to the extent provided in that arrangement.2. Intellectual property (A) For the purposes of the Agreement, its Annexes and Protocols 'Intellectual Property` shall have the meaning defined in Article 2 of the convention establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization, done at Stockholm on 14 July 1967. In accordance with its laws and regulations, each party shall ensure that the other parties can obtain the rights to intellectual property allocated in accordance with this Annex. This Annex does not alter or prejudice the allocation of rights between a Party and its nationals. Whether the rights concerning intellectual property shall be held by a party or its nationals shall be determined as between themselves in accordance with their applicable laws and regulations.(B) Where protectable subject matter is created by personnel of the Joint Central Team in the execution of the Agreement, its Annexes and Protocols, the Director shall promptly inform the Council with a recommendation on the countries where intellectual property protection should be obtained. Each party, or its personnel seconded to the Joint Central Team shall, however, be entitled to acquire all right, title, and interest in and to intellectual property in its own territory. The Council shall decide whether and how to seek such protection in third countries. In all cases where intellectual property is obtained by a party or its personnel seconded to the Joint Central Team, the party shall ensure that the personnel of the Joint Central Team can freely use the protected subject matter for the execution of the tasks assigned to the Joint Central Team, and that the other parties are granted an irrevocable, non-exclusive, royalty-free license, with the right to sublicense, for research and development on controlled thermonuclear fusion as a source of energy for peaceful purposes.(C) If intellectual property is created by personnel of a home team in the execution of a task assigned to it, the party of that home team or its personnel shall be entitled to acquire all right, title and interest in all countries in and to such intellectual property according to applicable laws and regulations. The party of such home team shall ensure that the personnel of the Joint Central Team can freely use the protected subject matter for the execution of the tasks assigned to the Joint Central Team, and that the other parties are granted an irrevocable, non-exclusive, royalty-free licence, with the right to sublicense, for research and development on controlled thermonuclear fusion as a source of energy for peaceful purposes.(D) If intellectual property is created by personnel of one party (the sending party) while working in the home team of another party (the receiving party), subject to the relevant applicable laws:(i) the receiving party or its personnel shall be entitled to acquire all right, title, and interest in and to any such intellectual property in its own territory and in third countries, including those of the parties other than the sending ones, subject to a non-exclusive, irrevocable, royalty-free license, with the right to sublicense, to the other parties for research and development on controlled thermonuclear fusion as a source of energy for peaceful purposes;(ii) the sending party or its personnel shall be entitled to acquire all right, title and interest in and to any such intellectual property in its own territory subject to a non-exclusive, irrevocable, royalty-free license, with the right to sublicense, to the other parties for research and development on controlled thermonuclear fusion as a source of energy for peaceful purposes.(E) Each party shall, without prejudice to any rights of inventors or authors under the applicable laws, take all necessary steps to provide the cooperation of its personnel seconded to the Joint Central Team, sent to other home teams or assigned to its home team, which are required to carry out the provisions of this Annex. Each party shall assume the responsibility to pay awards and compensations required to be paid to its personnel, according to its laws and regulations.(F) Notwithstanding paragraphs (B), (C) and (D), if any party decides not to exercise its right to seek protection for intellectual property in any country or region, it shall so notify the other parties, and any of those other parties may then seek to obtain such protection. A party which so decides shall notify the other parties at least three months before formally seeking protection. Within three months of such notification any party may inform the notifying party that it, too, desires to seek such protection. In this case the notifying party and such other parties shall jointly agree on the management of the intellectual property concerned.(G) The Council may establish a joint expert team for the purpose of advising in the management of any matter relating to intellectual property in accordance with the relevant provisions of this Annex.3. The rights conferred and obligations imposed upon the parties by the provisions of this Annex shall subsist in accordance with applicable laws and regulations after the termination of the Agreement, its Annexes and Protocols.SECTION 4 Protocol 2 1. SWG 2, assisted by the Director and the Joint Central Team, shall draft Protocol 2 and submit a draft to the Council not later than ten months after entry into force of the Agreement.2. In drafting Protocol 2, the SWG 2 shall consider, among others, the following items:- new tasks to be initiated,- duration of Protocol 2,- consequences of inadequate performance of tasks assigned to a home team,- possible need for SWGs and their tasks,- detailed functions and responsibilities of the Council, the Director, and the MAC, with respect to the implementation of Protocol 2, and - any necessary changes to items described in Protocol 1.SECTION 5 Design and R& D Tasks 1. The Appendix, which shall form an integral part of this Protocol, contains - a first set of initial tasks relating to research and development work, the implementation of which shall commence upon entry into force of this Protocol, and - the assignment of each of these tasks to a home team.2. In addition to the tasks defined in the Appendix, the Director may, before the approval of the work programme by the Council, identify further tasks, the assignment of which should not wait for that approval. In this event, the Director shall draw up a technical description of the task in conformance with Annex B, 1 (A) to the Agreement and assign it to a home team subject to the prior approval of the home team leader concerned and the Council.3. Upon approval of the work programme by the Council, the Director shall proceed to its implementation in accordance with the schedules provided therein for the various tasks.4. The technical description of a task, the task assignment, and the terms and conditions of its execution, developed in conformance with Article 11 of the Agreement and paragraphs (1), (2), or (3) shall form the subject of a task agreement. The task agreement shall be drawn up by the Director and signed by the Director and the leader of the home team to whom the task has been assigned. The task agreements shall be concluded forthwith after respectively,- the entry into force of this Protocol, or - the approval of the Council, or - the approval of the work program by the Council.as according to paragraphs (1), (2) or (3).Each home team leader shall notify the Director, in a timely fashion, of the location where work described by the task agreement is to be performed.5. Each home team leader shall ensure that access for the purpose of interaction, monitoring of work in progress and evaluation of quality control to the sites and premises where a task assigned to a home team is being carried out, as well as to the personnel performing and documents concerning the task, is not unreasonably denied either to the Director or to members of the Joint Central Team authorized by the Director. The home team leader shall be notified in a timely fashion of such access by the Director or members of the Joint Central Team authorized by the Director. The detailed arrangements for this access shall be specified in the task agreement.6. The Joint Central Team and the home teams shall, during the term of this Protocol, perform design work as requested by the Director in accordance with the guidelines established by the Council. In addition, the Joint Central Team shall assist the SWGs and the Director in the implementation of the tasks defined in Sections 2, 3, 4 and paragraphs (2) and (4).SECTION 6 Secondment of Joint Central Team Members 1. For the purpose of this Section and the subsequent Sections of this Protocol,'Seconding party` means the party which makes a person available to the Joint Central Team in accordance with Article 8 (2) of the Agreement, irrespective whether that party is the employer or not of that person;'Seconded person` or 'seconded personnel` means one or several persons made available by the seconding party to the Joint Central Team, except those who will be employed specifically for the EDA by the IAEA or any other entity.2. After the selection of a person in accordance with Article 8 (2) of the Agreement, the employer of that person shall second such person without any undue delay to the Joint Central Team. In respect of each seconded person a specific secondment agreement shall be drawn up by the Director and signed by the Director, the seconded person, and that person's employer. If the employer and the seconding party are different entities, the seconding party shall endorse the secondment agreement(s) to indicate it has made the seconded personnel available to the Joint Central Team as described in Article 8 (2) of the Agreement. The secondment agreement for the director shall be co-signed by the Chair of the Council. Secondment agreements for Deputy Directors (see Article 8 (2) of the Agreement) shall require the prior approval of the Council, except in the cases where paragraph (5) applies. Upon signature of the secondment agreement, the Director shall copy it to the entity operating the joint work site to which the seconded person shall be assigned.The secondment agreement shall state the work and the joint work site to which the seconded person shall be assigned, that person's reporting responsibility, and that the seconded person and that person's employer will comply with the provisions of Articles 8 (2) and 15 of the Agreement and of this paragraph to the extent they concern the secondment, and that the seconded person will comply with the internal rules regarding safety and security to be observed on the premises of the joint work site. The duration of a secondment agreement may exceed that of this Protocol.3. The secondment agreements should be developed to be as uniform as practicable and to reflect the guidelines for secondment agreements set forth in the attachment.4. If the seconding party is not the employer of the seconded person, it shall use best efforts to ensure that the employer of the said seconded person complies with the provisions of this section.5. If the Director and members of the Joint Central Team are to be employed by the IAEA or any other entity, the condition of employment shall be subject to the approval of the Council.SECTION 7 Financing In accordance with Article 12 (2) of the Agreement, each party shall bear the costs it incurs in carrying out the provisions of the Protocol, particularly those relating to (a) the participation of its members and experts in the work and the meetings of the Council, the TAC, the MAC, and the SWGs, including the costs for travel and subsistence;(b) payments to its seconded personnel including salaries, travel, insurance, relocation and living expenses;(c) the execution of tasks assigned to its home team in accordance with Section 5;and (d) the organization of workshops taking place on its territory and the participation in workshops including travel expenses and subsistence.SECTION 8 Duration This Protocol shall enter into force upon signature of the parties. It shall terminate upon entry into force of Protocol 2 but not later than twenty months after signature.Done at Washington, on 21 July 1992 in quadruplicate.For the European Atomic Energy Community Andreas VAN AGT For the Government of Japan Hiroshi HIRABAYASHI For the Government of the Russian Federation Viktor N. MIKHAILOV For the Government of the United States of America James D. WATKINS APPENDIX INITIAL R& D TASKS The parties, recognized the needs to provide early identification and initiation of critical technology R& D tasks which - will determine the EDA and licensing procedures schedules, and - will permit timely choices of design options,agree to start immediately preparatory work for construction (or modification) of major test facilities and development of scalable models and their components listed below in accordance with the specifications and estimated costs given in the ITER Management Committee Research and Development Needs for ITER Engineering Design developed in the CDA.The details of the tasks listed below, defined by references in parentheses which express the designations contained in the Research and Development Needs for ITER Engineering Design, shall be worked out in the respective task agreements to be drawn up forthwith after the signature of Protocol 1 in accordance with its Sections 5 (1) and 5 (4). Without prejudice to the immediate start of the implementation of these tasks, their description and assignment shall be incorporated in the work programme provided for in Article 11 of the Agreement.Euratom shall perform the following tasks: >TABLE>The Government of Japan shall perform the following tasks: >TABLE>The Government of the Russian Federation shall perform the following tasks: >TABLE>The Government of the United States of America shall perform the following tasks: >TABLE> Attachment Guidelines for secondment agreements (a) seconded personnel shall remain employees of their existing employers and the contract of employment between the seconded personnel and its employer shall subsist during the secondment. The employer shall continue to pay its seconded personnel their salaries and other related expenditure such as social charges, allowances, fees and cost reimbursement according to the legislation and rules applicable to the employer;(b) the employer shall ensure that accident insurance and other insurance in favor of the seconded person which exist by virtue of the conditions of employment remain valid during the secondment to the Joint Central Team. The employer will immediately inform its responsible departments and its insurers of the secondment. If an existing insurance protection of the seconded person is affected, the employer will be responsible for re-establishing an equivalent insurance protection;(c) during the secondment, the leave regulations of the employer will be valid and shall be communicated to the Director. The timing and duration of leave during the secondment shall be arranged with the Director who shall notify the employer. In accordance with paragraph (b), the regulations of the existing employer in regard to sick leave shall remain valid during the period of the secondment;and,(d) the employer of the seconded personnel shall, with regard to the careers of its seconded personnel, give due consideration to the performance of these seconded personnel during their secondment to the Joint Central Team. (1) the Council co-chairman will also be the MAC chairman (2) will be accompanied by chair, CCFP, as expert.(3) HTL = Home Team Leaders Understandings 1. Siting and General Missions of the Co-centers The three technical sites have the following general missions:- Site A: project integration - Site B: out-of-vessel components and related systems - Site C: in-vessel components and related systems Moscow will be the formal seat for ITER Council meetings.Assignment of responsabilities:- Site A will be located at San Diego (USA) - Site B will be located at Naka (Japan) - Site C will be located at Garching (European Community) 2. Provision of Host Support Each hosting party will, as three have already stated in their individual proposals, provide for the duration of the EDA its joint work site, including land, office accommodations, goods and services required for the operation of the Joint Central Teams, workshops and the meetings of the Council, the TAC, MAC and the SWGs at no cost to the ITER parties with the exception of certain items, such as communications and supplies, for which the host party has set upper limits which are at reasonable expectations for these costs. Detailed arrangements for these items as well as for other support shall be developed as specified in the Agreement, its Annexes and Protocols.3. Director and Chairs While the Agreement specifies that the Council will make the individual personnel appointments, aside from the MAC members who are designated by the parties, the negotiators have understood in common that the parties' likely nominees for the various positions are as follows:- Council chairman: Russian Federation - E. Velikhov - Council co-chairman (1): Japan - M. Yoshikawa - TAC chair: USA - P. Rutherford - Director: European Community - P.H. Rebut ITER Council members: >TABLE>MAC Members: >TABLE>TAC Members: >TABLE>Deputy Directors: >TABLE>4. Role of the IAEA The negotiators suggest that consultation with IAEA be pursued with a view to defining the domain in which assistance could be provided by the IAEA and the possible modalities of implementation.5. Independence of Joint Central Team members The Parties will refrain from giving any instructions to their members of the Joint Central Team that may introduce conflict with the Director's management authority.


type: caselaw

jurisdiction: EU

text:
C 55/22 IT Gazzetta ufficiale delle ComunitaÁ europee 20.2.98
 lavoro e di reversibilitaÁ dei lavoratori subordinati, stabili- Cancellazione dal ruolo della causa C-169/97 (1)
 sce: «Il lavoratore subordinato, che abbia svolto un'atti- (98/C 55/43)
 vitaÁ lavorativa in tale qualitaÁ, durante il periodo
 1o gennaio 1938-1o gennaio 1945, e per il quale eÁ stato
 Con ordinanza 18 settembre 1997, il presidente della
 effettuato un versamento il cui importo raggiunge
 Corte di giustizia delle ComunitaÁ europee ha disposto la
 l'importo annuale di cui al secondo comma, si considera
 cancellazione dal ruolo della causa C-169/97: Commis-
 aver effettuato versamenti sufficienti percheÂ sia provata
 sione delle ComunitaÁ europee contro Repubblica porto-
 un'attivitaÁ lavorativa abituale e principale durante tutto il
 ghese.
 periodo che va dalla data in cui eÁ terminata l'occupazione
 per la quale eÁ stata fornita la relativa prova al 1o gennaio
 (1) GU C 199 del 28.6.1997.
 1946».
 L'art. 32ter, sesto comma, del suddetto regio decreto
 21 dicembre 1967 stabilisce: «La presunzione prevista dai
 due precedenti commi viene meno solo per i periodi di
 attivitaÁ lavorativa per i quali l'interessato ha diritto ad
 Cancellazione dal ruolo della causa C-193/96 (1)
 una pensione in forza di un altro regime pensionistico
 belga, esclusi i regimi dei lavoratori indipendenti, o i (98/C 55/44)
 regimi di un paese straniero».
 Con ordinanza 25 settembre 1997, il presidente della Sesta
 Se una disposizione quale quella contenuta nell'art. 32ter, Sezione della Corte di giustizia delle ComunitaÁ europee ha
 sesto comma, del regio decreto 21 dicembre 1967 costitui- disposto la cancellazione dal ruolo della causa C-193/96
 sca una disposizione ai sensi dell'art. 46ter, n. 2, del rego- (domanda di pronuncia pregiudiziale proposta dal Verwal-
 lamento n. 1408/71, in materia di riduzione, sospensione tungsgericht di Colonia): Richard Buchen GmbH contro
 o soppressione previste dalla legislazione di uno Stato Bezirksregierung Köln.
 membro, la quale non si applica ad una prestazione calco-
 lata conformemente all'art. 46, n. 1, lett. a), punto i. (1) GU C 210 del 20.7.1996.
 Cancellazione dal ruolo della causa C-322/96 (1) Cancellazione dal ruolo della causa C-205/97 (1)
 (98/C 55/42)
 (98/C 55/45)
 Con ordinanza 12 settembre 1997, il presidente della
 Corte di giustizia delle ComunitaÁ europee ha disposto la Con ordinanza 5 dicembre 1997, il presidente della Corte
 cancellazione dal ruolo della causa C-322/96 (domanda di di giustizia delle ComunitaÁ europee ha disposto la cancel-
 pronuncia pregiudiziale proposta dal Supremo Tribunal lazione dal ruolo della causa C-205/97 (domanda di pro-
 Administrativo): ICT Ð InduÂstria e ComeÂrcio TeÃxtil, SA nuncia pregiudiziale proposta dal Supremo Tribunal Admi-
 contro Fazenda PuÂblica. nistrativo): Fazenda PuÂblica contro AssociacËaÄo Nacional
 de Transportes PuÂblicos RodoviaÂrios de Mercadorias
 (1) GU C 336 del 9.11.1996. (Antram), in presenza del pubblico ministero.
 (1) GU C 252 del 16.8.1997.


type: other

text:
Stanowisko w sprawie postępowania firm inwestycyjnych na rynku Forex – p. II | Rynki finansowe dla praktyków
 Mifid.pl / Artykuły / MiFID / Stanowisko w sprawie postępowania firm inwestycyjnych na rynku Forex – p. II
 Stanowisko w sprawie postępowania firm inwestycyjnych na rynku Forex – p. II
 Artykuły, MiFID 22 lipca 2013 , by WM Brak komentarzy do Stanowisko w sprawie postępowania firm inwestycyjnych na rynku Forex – p. II
 W poprzednim wpisie opisałem opublikowane przez KNF w dniu 19 lipca 2013 r. „Stanowisko w sprawie postępowania firm inwestycyjnych na rynku Forex” w zakresie uwag ogólnych, oraz omówienia dwóch rozdziałów mianowicie: „Standardu i warunków przekazywania informacji klientowi lub potencjalnemu klientowi” oraz „Oceny odpowiedniości usługi i instrumentu finansowego”. Tym razem przyszedł czas na kolejne trzy, mianowicie:
 1. Klasyfikacja wykonywanych czynności na rzecz klienta w świetle katalogu działalności maklerskiej, o którym mowa wart. 69 ust. 2 i 4 Ustawy.
 2. Treść relacji kontraktowej z klientem.
 3. Zagadnienia dotyczące outsourcingu wykorzystywanych na rynku Forex.
 Ad. Klasyfikacja wykonywanych czynności na rzecz klienta w świetle katalogu działalności maklerskiej, o którym mowa w art. 69 ust. 2 i 4 Ustawy
 W tym punkcie Urząd zwraca uwagę, jak i w części ogólnej, na poprawność klasyfikacji świadczonych usług z art. 69 ust. 2 i 4 Ustawy. Urząd precyzuje, że wskazana poprawność, nie jest czymś fakultatywnym, ale de facto obligatoryjnym wynikającym wprost z następujących przepisów:
 a) Art. 83a ust. 2 Ustawy – „Informacje upowszechniane przez firmę inwestycyjną w celu reklamy lub pro-mocji usług świadczonych przez tę firmę inwestycyjną powinny być rzetelne i zrozumiałe”;
 b) § 9 ust. 1 Rozporządzenia w sprawie trybu i warunków postępowania firm inwestycyjnych, banków, o których mowa w art. 70 ust. 2 ustawy o obrocie instrumentami finansowymi, oraz banków powierniczych – „Wszelkie informacje kierowane przez firmę inwestycyjną do klientów lub potencjalnych klientów, w tym informacje upowszechniane przez firmę inwestycyjną w celu reklamy lub promocji świadczonych przez nią usług, powinny być rzetelne, niebudzące wątpliwości i niewprowadzające w błąd. Informacje upowszechniane przez firmę inwestycyjną w celu reklamy lub promocji usług świadczonych przez tę firmę inwestycyjną oznaczane są w sposób niebudzący wątpliwości jako informacje upowszechniane w celu reklamy lub promocji usług”;
 c) § 10 ust. 1 Rozporządzenia – „Firma inwestycyjna przed zawarciem umowy o świadczenie usług maklerskich z potencjalnym klientem detalicznym przekazuje mu, przy użyciu trwałego nośnika informacji lub poprzez zamieszczenie na stronie internetowej tej firmy inwestycyjnej, szczegółowe informacje dotyczące tej firmy inwestycyjnej oraz usługi, która ma być świadczona na podstawie zawieranej umowy”.
 Jedną z nieprawidłowości, wynikającą z powołanych przepisów, jest brak precyzji firm inwestycyjnych w reklamowaniu (także wskazywaniu w regulaminach) usług świadczonych przez daną firmę w odniesieniu do powołanego art. 69 ust. 2 i 4 Ustawy, tj. brak precyzyjnego określenia z jaką usługą maklerską mamy do czynienia w konkretnym przypadku.
 Kolejną nieprawidłowością jest określanie wykonywanej de facto przez firmy inwestycyjne usługi wykonywania zleceń nabycia lub zbycia instrumentów finansowych na rachunek dającego zlecenie, jako usługi przyjmowania i przekazywania zleceń.
 Bardzo ciekawą jest interpretacja Urzędu, która wskazuje jakie aspekty charakteryzują usługę przyjmowania i przekazywania zleceń, a są to w szczególności:
 a) Firma inwestycyjna jest jedynie podmiotem przenoszącym oświadczenie woli bez jego modyfikacji („przekazujący”);
 b) Skutkiem przeniesienia zlecenia klienta, rozumianego jako czynność faktyczna, jest otrzymanie takiego oświadczenia woli klienta o nabyciu lub zbyciu danego instrumentu finansowego przez podmiot uprawniony do wykonania zleceń;
 c) Wykonanie zlecenia w idealnym modelu wymaga zaistnienia dwóch relacji umownych, mianowicie:
 *relacji klient – firma inwestycyjna przyjmująca i przekazująca zlecenie oraz
 *relacji klient – firma inwestycyjna wykonująca zlecenie.
 Urząd wskazuje, że co prawda dopuszczalnym jest zawarcie umowy pomiędzy klientem a firmą inwestycyjną realizującą zlecenie za pośrednictwem firmy inwestycyjnej, która przyjmuje i przekazuje zlecenie, aczkolwiek wystąpienie obu wskazanych relacji kontraktowych jest warunkiem sine qua non poprawności przeprowadzenia transakcji. I dalej: „Zawarcie transakcji jedynie z firmą inwestycyjną przyjmującą i przekazująca zlecenie w celu dalszego wykonania bez istnienia relacji klient – firma inwestycyjna realizująca zlecenie skutkuje tym, iż wykonujący zlecenie nie ma podstawy prawnej do skutecznego wykonania zlecenia.” Wydaje się jednak, że na gruncie obowiązujących przepisów w zestawieniu z opiniami KE nie sposób uznać takiej interpretacji, zakładającej istnienie dwóch relacji umownych, za prawidłową.
 Ad. Treść relacji kontraktowej z klientem
 W zakresie relacji kontraktowej z klientem w odniesieniu do rynku Forex kluczową wydaje się być sprawa prawidłowego określenia sposobu świadczenia danej usługi maklerskiej na rzecz klienta, w tym w szczególności zasad na jakich odbywa się realizacja zleceń klientów.
 W tym kontekście niezwykle ważne wydają się być zasady dotyczące instrumentów pochodnych, po pierwsze ze względu na ich wysoki stopień skomplikowania, a po drugie na gruncie ostatnich raportów KNF, z których wynika, że ponad 80% „tracących” na rynku Forex to klienci detaliczni. Na tej kanwie zasadną wydaje się być interpretacja Urzędu, zgodnie z którą, nie jest dopuszczalne ograniczanie odpowiedzialności firmy inwestycyjnej za nienależyte wykonanie zlecenia, z powołaniem się na błędy podmiotów zewnętrznych w sytuacji, gdy firma inwestycyjna nie zapewnia klientowi możliwości pełnej weryfikacji okoliczności wystąpienia w/w błędów (w odniesieniu do kwotowań, w momencie, gdy kwotowania odbywają się czy to w sposób bezpośredni, czy pośredni, na bazie analiz dokonanych przez „podmioty zewnętrzne”). Swoją drogą ograniczanie odpowiedzialności firm inwestycyjnych, w zestawieniu z UOKiK rzadko kiedy kończy się pozytywnie dla danej firmy inwestycyjnej.
 Inną niedopuszczalną, zdaniem Urzędu, praktyką jest ograniczanie praw klienta poprzez zawarcie w treści regulaminów świadczenie danej usługi maklerskiej klauzul o wyłącznym prawie firmy inwestycyjnej do odstąpienia od transakcji w sytuacjach wystąpienia zdarzeń nadzwyczajnych. Urząd wskazuje, że tego typu klauzule, nie tylko godzą w ogólną zasadę działania firmy inwestycyjnej w najlepiej pojętym interesie klienta, ale także mogą stanowić niedozwolone postanowienie umowne w trybie art. 385(3) k.c.
 Inne błędne praktyki firm inwestycyjnych to:
 a) Używanie klauzul o zbyt dużym poziomie ogólności.
 b) „Praktyka, w świetle której firma inwestycyjna nie uznaje kwotowania za błędne z własnej winy w okolicznościach, gdy doszło do zawarcia transakcji przez klienta z powodu niezablokowania przyjmowania zleceń przez firmę inwestycyjną na instrumenty pochodne w terminie, którego nie można uznać za niezwłoczny w stosunku do momentu zawieszenia notowana instrumentu bazowego.”
 c) Zawarcie klauzul generalnych w regulaminie świadczenia danej usługi maklerskiej wyłączających odpowiedzialność firmy inwestycyjnej na zasadach np. „niemożności funkcjonowania systemu transakcyjnego„, ale bez wskazania skonkretyzowanych przesłanek.
 Ad. Zagadnienia dotyczące outsourcingu wykorzystywanych na rynku Forex.
 Nie wdając się w zagadnienia dotyczące samej istoty outsourcingu w zakresie usług maklerskich (outsourcingu na podstawie Ustawy) wskażę jedynie zachowania w tym zakresie bądź to niepożądane bądź wręcz naganne:
 1. Przekazywanie przez firmę inwestycyjną prowadzenia działalności maklerskiej innemu podmiotowi w sposób powodujący brak faktycznego wykonywania danej działalności maklerskiej – jako naruszenie art. 81a ust. 2 Ustawy w szczególności polegające na następujących stanach faktycznych:
 a) zlecenia klientów są składane przez nich bezpośrednio na platformy transakcyjne partnerów zagranicznych firm inwestycyjnych (domów maklerskich),
 b) zlecenia sprawdzane są pod względem pokrycia, a następnie wykonywane i rozliczane, z całkowitym pominięciem systemów informatycznych firmy inwestycyjnej, z którą klient ma podpisaną umowę o świadczenie usług maklerskich (m.in. wykonywanie zleceń),
 c) firma inwestycyjna nie posiada żadnych uprawnień władczych w stosunku do funkcjonalności aplikacji (platform) partnerów zagranicznych, które jedynie użytkuje oraz w stosunku do trybu zawierania transakcji i sposobu wykonania, a także korekty lub anulowania wykonanego zlecenia klienta na platformach transakcyjnych partnerów zagranicznych,
 d) nabycie lub zbycie instrumentów finansowych na rachunek klienta nie następuje w wyniku działania firmy inwestycyjnej i poprzez system informatyczny, w tym w zakresie sprawdzenia wysokości depozytu zabezpieczającego na pokrycie zlecenia lub anulowania albo korekty zamkniętej i rozliczonej pozycji, lecz jako efekt realizacji zlecenia klienta przez partnera zagranicznego firmy inwestycyjnej (domu maklerskiego) na jego platformie.
 2. Zawieranie umów, tzw. white label w sposób powodujący faktyczne przekazanie prowadzenia działalności maklerskiej przez firmę inwestycyjną innemu podmiotowi.
 Ogólnie treść Stanowiska należy ocenić pozytywnie, tak pod kątem merytorycznym, jak i wskazania katalogu zachowań niepożądanych, z tym drobnym zastrzeżeniem, że chociaż, co oczywiste, nie jest możliwym w każdym przypadku wskazanie numerus clausus błędów popełnianych przez firmy inwestycyjne, to zbyt duża dowolność w ocenie może powodować niepewność rynku co do zachowań i stanów faktycznych, które mogą przez Urząd zostać uznane za niezgodne z przepisami Ustawy.
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type: wikipedia

text:
Akvariefiskar är de fiskar, som i avseende till storlek, härdighet och förökningssätt klarar sig bra i akvarier. Viss betydelse har säkert också vackra färger och ett i övrigt intressant yttre. I allmänhet rör det sig om tropiska arter som kan odlas i stort antal till låg kostnad. Innan de tropiska arterna dök upp på den europeiska marknaden fångade akvaristerna ofta själva mindre, härdiga arter som spigg, elritsa, bitterling och dammruda som de höll med mer eller mindre framgång i så kallade vivarier eller (ofta hemgjorda och ganska spartanska) akvarier. Den första tropiska akvariefisken som importerades till Europa var makropoden eller paradisfisken (en labyrintfisk) som började odlas av Pierre Carbonnier i Frankrike och Paul Matte i Tyskland i slutet av 1800-talet. (Den centralasiatiska guldfisken som kom tidigare räknas inte som tropisk.) I Asien finns en betydligt längre tradition av att hålla bland annat guldfisk och kampfisk.
 Lämpliga akvariefiskar
 Det finns i egentlig mening inga naturliga "akvariefiskar". Akvaristen avgör ju själv vilka fiskar och andra djur denne vill ha i sitt akvarium. Det vanligaste är idag att man har tropiska sötvattenlevande arter, detta då utbudet av sådana är stort i de zoologiska affärerna men även tropiska saltvattenlevande arter förekommer.
 Akvariefisk, matfisk, eller sportfisk?
 Det förekommer idag i den zoologiska handeln fiskarter som kan vara både akvariefisk, matfisk eller till och med en god sportfisk i sina hemvatten. Hit hör arter av olika stora ciklider såsom tilapia. Men även mindre arter av störar, mindre rockor och vissa större arter av guramier saluförs som akvariefisk, och fungerar bra som sådan om akvariets storlek är tillräcklig. Pirayorna är medlemmar av en fiskfamilj varav några arter saluförs som akvariefisk. Flertalet av arterna är fruktätare. Vanligtvis passar dessa bra som akvariefiskar i ett specialakvarium, men pirayor äts och sportfiskas i sina hemmavatten. Det förekommer även att arapaiman hålls som akvariefisk, liksom större arter av olika malar. Dessa senare är i de flesta fall olämpliga som invånare i privatägda akvarier då de blir väldigt stora, men kan hållas i större publika akvarieanläggningar som har resurser att ge dessa arter rätt förutsättningar.
 Import
 Elektricitet, konstbelysning och bättre transportmöjligheter har ökat antalet fiskarter som är möjliga att hålla i akvarium. Flygtransporterna sedan 1960-talet har också sänkt priserna, dock mindre än väntat. De vildfångade arterna kommer mest från Sydamerika. Fiskarna transporteras i plastpåsar som fylls med vatten, luft och syrgas i polystyrenförpackningar som håller temperaturen konstant under flera dygn. Normalt hålls sedan fiskarna hos en grossist i karantän i några veckor innan de säljs till zooaffären. Det händer att de under denna tid behandlas med antibiotika så att sjukdomssymptom (till exempel så kallade ektoparasiter) hålls tillbaka och blommar upp först när fisken är hemma hos kunden. Ett sätt att minska denna risk är att minska stressen för fiskarna, och att inte belasta dem för mycket med avkylning, för snabba vattenbyten eller liknande.
 Odling av akvariefiskar
 Inom den akvaristiska litteraturen samt på Internet finns det många odlingsbeskrivningar som rör såväl fiskar som vattenväxter.
 Odling av hotade arter
 I några fall har odlingen av akvariefiskar räddat arter från utrotning. Det gäller till exempel en del arter från Victoriasjön i Afrika, där man utplanterade icke ursprungliga karpar samt nilabborre. Dessa trängde ut de ursprungliga arterna, vilka dock tidigare exporterats till Europa och därför existerar utanför sin ursprungsort, i väntan på framtida utplantering.
 Odling av tropiska arter i Sverige
 Inom de svenska akvarieföreningarna och riksföreningen Sveriges Akvarieföreningars Riksförbund (SARF) vill man att landets akvarister odlar fisk och växter för landets akvariemarknad själva i större utsträckning än som görs idag. Man ser allvarligt på de miljökonsekvenser som långa flygfrakter orsakar (flera tropiska fiskarter som förekommer i svenska zooaffärer kan till exempel vara odlade i Sydostasien, framför allt i Singapore) och man vill att mer av den professionella odlingen för den svenska akvariemarknaden, i den mån det är möjligt, flyttas närmare Sverige. Många av de fiskarter som hålls i akvarium är lättodlade, och då finns det ingen anledning att importera sådana från en annan världsdel. Lokalt odlade fiskar och växter brukar dessutom vara bättre anpassade till den lokala akvariekulturen. SARF ordnar odlingstävlingar varje år dit landets akvarieföreningars medlemmar inlämnar rapporter på sina hemmaodlingar. Såväl enskilda medlemmar som hela föreningen belönas för de bästa eller mest omfattade odlingarna. Det händer också att man inom föreningarna odlar fiskar och växter som i naturen är hotade eller rent av utrotade.
 Forskningsobjekt
 Akvariefiskar har varit värdefulla forskningsobjekt. Konrad Lorenz gjorde studier av aggression hos storspigg. Den välkända guppyn har lärt oss mycket om genetik och nedärvning av färger, och sebrafisken är vanlig än idag inom till exempel sådan experimentell genetisk forskning som syftar till att öka vikten på fiskarter i tredje världen.
 Externa länkar
 SARF Sveriges akvarieföreningars riksförbund


text:
 20.6.2009
 BG
 Официален вестник на Европейския съюз
 C 141/43
 Жалба, подадена на 24 март 2009 г. — Viasat Broadcasting UK/Комисия
 (Дело T-114/09)
 2009/C 141/93
 Език на производството: английски
 Страни
 Жалбоподател: Viasat Broadcasting UK Ltd (Лондон, Обединено кралство) (представители: S. Kalsmose-Hjelmborg и M. Honoré, lawyers)
 Ответник: Комисия на Европейските общности
 Искания на жалбоподателя
 —
 да се отмени Решение на Европейската комисия от 4 август 2008 година по преписка No N 287/2008; и
 —
 да се осъди Комисията да заплати съдебните разноски.
 Правни основания и основни доводи
 С настоящата жалба жалбоподателят иска отмяна на Решение на Комисията от 4 август 2008 г. по преписка N 287/2008 (1), с което Комисията одобрява на основание член 87, параграф 3, буква в) ЕО помощ за оздравяване, отпусната от датската държава на TV 2 Danmark A/S („TV 2“).
 Жалбоподателят твърди, че представената помощ не е в съответствие с член 87, параграф 3, буква в), тъй като нарушава принципа на пропорционалност, установен с тази разпоредба, според който такива помощи не трябва да „засягат по неблагоприятен начин условията на търговия до степен, която противоречи на общия интерес“. По-специално, жалбоподателят твърди, че Комисията е допуснала грешка при прилагане на правото, когато е установила, че TV 2 представлява „предприятие в затруднение“ по смисъла на Насоките на Общността за държавните помощи за оздравяване и преструктуриране на предприятия в затруднение (2). На второ място, жалбоподателят изтъква, че Комисията е допуснала грешка при прилагане на правото, когато е преценила, че помощта за оздравяване е ограничена до необходимото, за да се запази дейността на TV 2, и че тя е поддържана в размери, които не биха позволили на TV 2 да инвестира в нови дейности или да предприеме агресивно поведение на търговските пазари. На трето място, жалбоподателят твърди, че Комисията е допуснала грешка при прилагане на правото, като не е взела предвид държавните помощи, получени от TV 2 в миналото.
 (1) Резюме на оспорваното решение е публикувано в Официален Вестник на Европейския Съюз (ОВ C 9, 2009 г., стр. 2) и неповерителна редакция на решението може да бъде намерена на http://ec.europa.eu/community_law/state_aids/
 (2) Насоки на Общността за държавните помощи за оздравяване и преструктуриране на предприятия в затруднение (ОВ C 244, 2004 г., стр. 2; Специално издание на български език, 2007 г., глава 8, том 4, стр. 187)


text:
Rockul gotic-simfonic este un gen de muzică rock în care se găsesc teme gotice, iar modul în care este creată muzica este cel simfonic.
 Teme deseori întâlnite sunt: lupta dintre bine și rău, romanță tragică (MacBeth), iubirea dintre o ființă demonică și una angelică, pură (reprezentată în general de o fată virgină, dar nu întotdeauna, ca semn al purității), moartea unei persoane iubite și căderea în întuneric a celeilalte.
 În general se lucrează pe două (sau chiar trei) voci: prima fiind fie joasă, groasă, asemănătoare death grunt-ului (clară și inteligibilă totuși), fie o voce înaltă, și o voce de controlado sau soprană, feminină.
 Se folosesc instrumente clasice, muzica fiind caracterizată de melodicitate, în combinație cu instrumente moderne (chitară electrică etc.)
 Subgenuri de muzică rock


text:
World Trade Center Association (WTCA) perustettiin vuonna 1970 New Yorkissa. Sen tarkoitus on kerätä yhteen niin julkisia kuin yksityisiäkin yrityksiä ja tarjota näille ulkomaankauppaa edistäviä palveluita ja tietoa. Keskuksia on maailmassa yli kolmesataa noin 90 maassa. Keskusten välistä yhteistyötä organisoi kattojärjestö World Trade Centers Association, joka on voittoa tavoittelematon epäpoliittinen järjestö.
 Suomessa on kolme World Trade Centeriä, jotka sijaitsevat Aleksanterinkadulla Helsingissä, Helsinki-Vantaan lentoasemalla sekä Linnankadulla Turussa.
 New Yorkin World Trade Center
 New Yorkin World Trade Center oli World Trade Centereista tunnetuin. Se oli rakennuskompleksi, johon kuului kokonaisuudessaan seitsemän rakennusta. Projektin suunnitteli amerikanjapanilainen arkkitehti Minoru Yamasaki. Noin 50 000 ihmistä teki töitä päivittäin näissä rakennuksissa. New Yorkin World Trade Centerin rakennukset WTC1, WTC2, WTC3, WTC6 ja WTC7 tuhoutuivat syyskuun 11. päivän iskussa vuonna 2001. Iskujen jälkeen alue on rakennettu täysin uudelleen.
 Lähteet
 Aiheesta muualla
 WTCA OnLine
 Kansainvälinen kauppa
 Yritykset
 Seulonnan keskeiset artikkelit


jurisdiction: US

text:
We have just held in the case of Vanneman v. Pusey, the case preceding this, that the defendant, Pusey, was duly qualified and, therefore, duly elected Mayor of Havre de Grace. The case now before us depends largely upon the facts involved in the case just mentioned, and in this, as in the former case, title to a public office is involved.
 Isaac Hecht was appointed Treasurer of Havre de Grace by the Mayor of that city according to provisions of the new charter; sec. 145, Art. 13, Public Local Laws (Harford County) which provides that the Mayor shall appoint, among other officers, a Treasurer, and present the name of his appointee to the City Council for confirmation or rejection.
 It appears that in pursuance of the duty thus prescribed the Mayor, Clarence C. Pusey, appointed the plaintiff, Mr. Hecht, as Treasurer, and duly presented his name for confirmation, but upon this question there was a tie vote, three of the City Council voting for and three against the confirmation of the Mayor's appointee. At a subsequent meeting the same situation was presented, when the Mayor claimed the right to vote and cast his vote in favor of Mr. Hecht, thus securing the confirmation of his appointee.
 Having been thus appointed by the Mayor, and his appointment having been thus confirmed by the City Council, the plaintiff filed his bond as Treasurer of Havre de Grace, and demanded of William N. Coale, who had been acting as Treasurer of that city, that he should give up and vacate the said office and permit him, the said Hecht, to occupy the same and perform the duties thereof and to take and have possession of the money and securities, c., belonging thereto. This demand was refused, and the plaintiff filed his petition for mandamus, setting forth the above facts and others not necessary now further to recount. It is sufficient to say that the *Page 694
 defendant answered, and the case was heard by the Court without a jury. An order was passed dismissing the petition, and the plaintiff appealed.
 Having already held in the former case that Clarence C. Pusey who appointed the plaintiff Treasurer, was duly qualified and elected as Mayor, we need now only consider, First, whether the Mayor was authorized by the charter to vote, in case of a tie vote, on the confirmation of his own appointment, and if so, secondly, whether the bond filed by the plaintiff as Treasurer is a sufficient compliance with Ordinance 91.
 1. The language of sec. 180, Art. 13, is as follows: "In case of a tie vote in the City Council, upon any question whatever,
 the Mayor shall have the right to vote and shall decide the question in dispute." In our opinion this provision of the charter is too clear to admit of doubt. Independent of authority, therefore, the Mayor must be held to have legally voted and decided the question in dispute as to the confirmation of his appointment of the plaintiff. This view is supported by the following adjudications, where the same question is presented.State v. Pinkerman, 63 Conn. 191; Carroll v. Wall,35 Kan. 36; State v. Yates, 19 Mont. 239.
 (2.) Was the bond filed by the plaintiff sufficient?
 Section 2 of Ordinance 91 requires that the Treasurer before entering upon his official duties shall file with the Mayor a bond with securities in the penalty of $4,000 with condition "that he will truly and faithfully discharge, execute and perform all and singular the duties required, and which may be required of him by the Constitution and laws of the State and the ordinances of the city."
 The condition of the bond which was filed is "that if the said Isaac Hecht, his executors, c., at the expiration of said office, upon request to him or them made shall make and give unto such auditor or auditors as shall be appointed by the Mayor and City Council of Havre de Grace aforesaid, a just and true account of all such sum or sums of money as shall come into his hands, charge or possession, as Treasurer aforesaid, and shall and do pay and deliver over to his successor *Page 695
 in office or to any other person duly authorized to receive the same, all such balances or sums of money which appear to be in his hands and due from him to the said city, then this obligation to be void, otherwise, c.
 It is apparent that the condition of the bond falls far short of the condition prescribed by the ordinance.
 It is obvious that the condition in the bond filed is not a compliance in terms with the ordinance. It is not even a substantial compliance with it for there is nothing in the condition which would indicate that it is given to "secure theperformance of the duties of the office which are now prescribedand the performance of those which may hereafter be required bythe Constitution, laws and ordinances." What duties, if any, are prescribed by ordinances we are not informed by the record, nor can it be ascertained from the very nature of the case what duties may be prescribed by ordinances during the plaintiff's term. The result is that the language of the condition of the bond is too narrow. The fact that a bond in proper form was filed subsequent to the filing of the petition can have no effect upon the questions involved in this appeal, because under the provisions of Ordinance 91, the first bond being invalid, the plaintiff has failed to file a proper bond within thirty days from the confirmation of his appointment as required and he is therefore disqualified. Ordinance 91, sec. 5. His appointment was confirmed February 4th, 1901, and the second bond was not filed until 30th March, of same year.
 The petition of the plaintiff was, therefore, properly dismissed.
 Pro forma order affirmed with costs.
 (Decided June 14th, 1901.) *Page 696


text:
Iliaden er et græsk episk heksameterdigt, der - ligesom sin efterfølger Odysseen - traditionelt tilskrives Homer. Begge er inddelt i 24 sange - ikke oprindeligt, men af aleksandrinske lærde i 200-tallet f.Kr.
 Iliaden skildrer trojanerkrigen mellem Troja og flere græske bystater. Blandt de mest navnkundige på achaiernes side findes: Odysseus (fra Ithaka), Aias den Store og Aias den Lille (fra Salamis), Achilleus og Patroklos (myrmidonere), Nestor fra Pylos, Agamemnon (fra Mykene), Filoktetes (fra Meliboea) og Menelaos (fra Sparta).
 På den trojanske side finder vi Hektor, prins Paris, Helena, Kassandra og kong Priamos.
 Handling
 Iliaden omhandler ikke hele trojanerkrigen, men udspiller sig i løbet af 50 dage. Med fratræk for de dage, hvor handlingen ikke udvikler sig (ni dages pest, tolv dages mishandling af den døde Hektor) genstår dog kun fem dages begivenheder. I løbet af denne korte tid lykkes det alligevel at få berettet hele krigens forløb, ved hjælp af indskudte oplysninger og glimt ind i fremtiden. Dermed veksler tempoet mellem voldsomme slagscener og rolige optrin, som Hektors afsked med sin kone Andromache og deres lille søn. Selv om Hektor er grækernes farligst fjende, har det græske digt gjort netop ham til en idealskikkelse, hvor grækeren Achilleus i sammenligning skildres som en ren barbar.
 Tilhørerne forudsattes at kende trojanerkrigen og heltene, der omtales. I den indledende påkaldelse siges digtet at handle om en episode mod slutningen af den ti år lange krig, nemlig "Achilleus' vrede". Hans ære krænkes, da han tvinges til at opgive sin slavinde, krigsfangen Briseis. Beretningen begynder med, at Apollons præst Chryses kommer til Agamemnon for at løskøbe sin datter Chryseis. Agamemnon afviser ham, og Apollon nedkalder derfor pest over grækerne. Seeren Kalchas forudser, at pesten kun kan afværges ved at give Chryseis tilbage, og Achilleus støtter ham. Agamemnon gør det så, men tager til gengæld Briseis fra Achilleus. Som hævn strejker Achilleus og får endda Thetis til at påvirke Zeus til at tage trojanernes parti. Da trojanerne er ved at vinde, beder Patroklos Achilleus om lov til at kæmpe. Achilleus accepterer det, og Patroklos slår trojanerne tilbage, men dræbes af Hektor. For at hævne ham går Achilleus igen ind på Agamemnons side og slår Hektor ihjel og slæber hans lig omkring bymurene i dagevis. Kong Priamos kommer til Achilleus og kysser hans hånd for at få sin søns lig udleveret. Achilleus forbarmer sig og udleverer den døde, så han kan begraves efter de ceremonier, der skulle til for at bringe den døde til ro i Hades. Hermed ender Iliaden.
 De første syv linjer er her gengivet først i Christian Wilsters udgave (1836), dernæst Otto Steen Dues danske oversættelse (1999) og til sidst på originalens oldgræsk:
 Indtil Otto Steen Dues oversættelse i 1999 var Christian Wilsters romantiske version meget brugt.
 Noter
 Eksterne henvisninger
 Iliaden på dansk
 sacred-texts.com: The Iliad and Odyssey of Homer in Unicode Greek
 Græsk mytologi
 Antikkens græske litteratur


text:
 14.3.2016
 CS
 Úřední věstník Evropské unie
 C 98/16
 Rozsudek Soudního dvora (druhého senátu) ze dne 21. ledna 2016 (žádost o rozhodnutí o předběžné otázce Markkinaoikeus – Finsko) – Viiniverla Oy v. Sosiaali- ja terveysalan lupa- ja valvontavirasto
 (Věc C-75/15) (1)
 („Řízení o předběžné otázce - Ochrana zeměpisných označení lihovin - Nařízení (ES) č. 110/2008 - Článek 16 písm. b) - Připomenutí - Destilát z cidru vyráběný ve Finsku a uváděný na trh pod názvem‚Verlados‘ - Chráněné zeměpisné označení původu‚Calvados‘“)
 (2016/C 098/20)
 Jednací jazyk: finština
 Předkládající soud
 Markkinaoikeus
 Účastníci původního řízení
 Žalobkyně: Viiniverla Oy
 Žalovaný: Sosiaali- ja terveysalan lupa- ja valvontavirasto
 Výrok
 1)
 Článek 16 písm. b) nařízení Evropského parlamentu a Rady (ES) č. 110/2008 ze dne 15. ledna 2008 o definici, popisu, obchodní úpravě, označování a ochraně zeměpisných označení lihovin a o zrušení nařízení Rady (EHS) č. 1576/89 musí být vykládán v tom smyslu, že pro účely určení, zda se jedná o „připomenutí“ ve smyslu tohoto ustanovení, musí vnitrostátní soud vycházet z vnímání průměrného, běžně informovaného a přiměřeně pozorného a obezřetného spotřebitele, přičemž tento posledně uvedený pojem je nutno chápat tak, že se týká evropského spotřebitele, a nikoli pouze spotřebitele členského státu, kde se vyrábí výrobek, u něhož dochází k připomenutí chráněného zeměpisného označení.
 2)
 Článek 16 písm. b) nařízení č. 110/2008 musí být vykládán v tom smyslu, že k posouzení, zda název „Verlados“ představuje „připomenutí“ chráněného zeměpisného označení „Calvados“ ve smyslu tohoto ustanovení pro obdobné výrobky, musí vnitrostátní soud zohlednit fonetickou a vzhledovou podobnost těchto názvů, jakož i případné skutečnosti, jež mohou naznačovat, že tato podobnost není náhodná, aby ověřil, zda se průměrnému, běžně informovanému a přiměřeně pozornému a obezřetnému evropskému spotřebiteli – setká-li se s názvem výrobku – v mysli vybaví obraz výrobku, jehož zeměpisné označení je chráněno.
 3)
 Článek 16 písm. b) nařízení č. 110/2008 musí být vykládán v tom smyslu, že užívání názvu kvalifikovaného jako „připomenutí“ zeměpisného označení uvedeného v příloze III tohoto nařízení ve smyslu tohoto ustanovení nelze povolit, a to ani při neexistenci jakéhokoli nebezpečí záměny.
 (1) Úř. věst. C 138, 27.4.2015.


text:
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 Die Bahnstrecke Jüterbog–Röderau ist eine elektrifizierte Hauptbahn in Brandenburg, Sachsen-Anhalt und Sachsen. Sie verläuft von Jüterbog über Falkenberg (Elster) nach Röderau. Dort verzweigt sie sich in einem Bogendreieck und mündet in die Hauptbahn Leipzig–Dresden in Richtung Riesa beziehungsweise Dresden. Im Abschnitt Jüterbog–Falkenberg ist die Strecke eingleisig, im Abschnitt Falkenberg–Röderau zweigleisig.
 Geschichte
 Die ersten Jahre
 Die Berlin-Anhaltische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft (BAE) war im 19. Jahrhundert für mehr als vier Jahrzehnte eines der bedeutendsten Eisenbahnunternehmen Deutschlands. Ein besonderes Anliegen war für sie die Verbindung Berlin–Dresden. Bereits Ende der 1830er Jahre hatte es Ideen für eine Bahnstrecke von Berlin nach Riesa und Dresden gegeben. Zunächst entstand jedoch die Strecke über Jüterbog, Wittenberg und Dessau nach Köthen, die 1841 eröffnet wurde. Schon im selben Jahr hatte der preußische Staat der BAE die Genehmigung einer Strecke von Jüterbog nach Riesa in Aussicht gestellt. Eine Reihe von Trassenvarianten wurde untersucht. Eine Variante sah einen Verlauf östlich von Herzberg und Liebenwerda vor, eine weitere Idee war eine westliche Trasse über Annaburg und weiter durch das Elbtal bei Torgau. Schließlich entschied man sich für eine geradlinige Variante westlich an Herzberg und Liebenwerda vorbei.
 Nach einigen Verzögerungen wurde die Strecke in zwei Etappen eingeweiht, am 1. Juli 1848 von Jüterbog bis Herzberg und am 1. Oktober des gleichen Jahres auf der Gesamtstrecke. Sie verbindet Jüterbog an der 1841 eröffneten Stammstrecke der Anhalter Bahn, der heutigen Bahnstrecke Berlin–Halle, mit Röderau bei Riesa, wo die Strecke an die Leipzig-Dresdner Eisenbahn angebunden wurde.
 Die Strecke diente vor allem dem Verkehr von Berlin nach Dresden. 1875 bekam sie Konkurrenz durch die direkte Bahnstrecke Berlin–Dresden der Berlin-Dresdener Eisenbahn, die beide Städte auf der zwölf Kilometer kürzeren Strecke über Elsterwerda verband. Bis Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges teilten sich beide Strecken den Fernverkehr. Die meisten über Falkenberg fahrenden Züge wurden in Röderau geteilt, ein Abschnitt fuhr weiter nach Chemnitz, der andere nach Dresden.
 Seit 1871 kreuzt die Halle-Sorau-Gubener Eisenbahn in Falkenberg die Strecke Jüterbog–Röderau. Der Bahnhof in Falkenberg wurde zu einem Eisenbahnknoten in Form eines Turmbahnhofs.
 Weitere Entwicklung
 Mit der Teilung Berlins fuhr der Fernverkehr nach Berlin nicht mehr zum Anhalter Bahnhof, sondern über den Berliner Außenring in den Ostteil Berlins. Damit war die Führung über die Anhalter Bahn für die Dresdener Züge ein Umweg, es ging dorthin fortan ausschließlich über Elsterwerda. Über Falkenberg verblieben einige Schnellzüge nach Chemnitz (ab 1953 Karl-Marx-Stadt). Nach dem Ausbau der Bahnstrecke Zeithain–Elsterwerda verschwanden Anfang der 1970er auch diese Züge von der Strecke über Falkenberg. Sie diente nur noch dem Güter- und Regionalverkehr. Einziger höherwertiger Zug war ein Eilzug Dresden–Falkenberg–Dessau (später Köthen) und zurück an Freitagen und Sonntagen.
 Ende 1986 wurde der elektrische Betrieb zwischen Falkenberg und Röderau, im Jahr 1989 auch zwischen Jüterbog und Falkenberg aufgenommen.
 Nach der Wende verbesserte sich für den Nordabschnitt Jüterbog–Falkenberg die Anbindung an Berlin. Die Züge wurden vertaktet und direkt nach Berlin durchgebunden. Die Nachfrage auf dem Südabschnitt über die Landesgrenze nach Riesa nahm dagegen mehr und mehr ab. Zum Dezember 2004 wurde der Personenverkehr auf diesem Abschnitt durch den Verkehrsverbund Oberelbe abbestellt.
 Ein Jahr später gab es noch einmal kurzzeitig Personenfernverkehr auf diesem Abschnitt. Wegen Bauarbeiten an der Strecke Berlin–Elsterwerda wurde im Winterfahrplan 2005/2006 die Interregio-Linie 14 (die letzte deutsche InterRegio-Linie) zwischen Berlin und Chemnitz via Falkenberg umgeleitet. Die Züge verkehrten zwischen Riesa und Berlin-Schönefeld Flughafen ohne Halt.
 Bedingt durch Bauarbeiten wurden bis September 2006 weitere Fernzüge über die Strecke Röderau–Falkenberg–Jüterbog umgeleitet, darunter viele EuroCity-Züge der Linie Berlin–Dresden–Prag. Besonders im südlichen Abschnitt wirkten sich verschiedene Langsamfahrstellen negativ auf die Pünktlichkeit der Züge aus, beispielsweise konnte der Bahnhof Neuburxdorf nur mit 20 km/h durchfahren werden.
 Der Abschnitt Jüterbog–Falkenberg wird im Jahr 2011 alle zwei Stunden mit den Regionalexpresszügen der Linie RE5 mit Berlin verbunden. Auf dem Südabschnitt gibt es heutzutage keinen planmäßigen Personenverkehr mehr, nur noch Güterzüge. Seit 2010 wird die Strecke im Zuge des Ausbaus der Bahnstrecke Berlin–Dresden regelmäßig zur Umleitung von einzelnen Zügen der IC/EC-Linie 27 (Berlin–Dresden–Prag) genutzt. Zusätzliche Verkehrshalte gibt es dabei keine. Die planmäßigen Fahrzeiten zwischen Berlin und Dresden werden trotz des knapp 16 km längeren Fahrwegs gehalten.
 Nordwestlich von Herzberg (Elster) überquert die Strecke auf der Eisenbahnbrücke Premsendorf die Schwarze Elster. Diese bestand bis 1912 aus zwei Holzbrücken mit Stützpfeilern, an denen sich im Winter das Eis staute. Das führte u. a. zu Deichbrüchen, weshalb die alte Brückenkonstruktion durch zwei genietete eiserne Bogenbrücken ohne Stützpfeiler ersetzt wurde (im Volksmund auch „Blaues Wunder“ genannt). Sie zählten Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts zu den längsten freitragenden Brücken Europas.
 Kurz vor Kriegsende im April 1945 wurde die Brücke gesprengt. Nach provisorischem Wiederaufbau fuhr am 23. Mai bereits wieder der erste Zug nach Luckau über die Brücke.
 Teile der Brücke wurden als Reparationsleistung in die Sowjetunion gebracht. Seit dem Wiederaufbau 1945 war die Brücke nur noch eingleisig. Das änderte sich auch nicht mit dem Ersatzneubau im Jahr 2013, als die altersschwache Brücke durch eine neue zweispurige Stahlbrücke ersetzt wurde.
 Der 1995 aufgelassene Haltepunkt in Zellendorf wurde 2013 in veränderter Lage neu errichtet und ging zum Fahrplanwechsel im Dezember 2013 wieder in Betrieb. Die Kosten für den 140 m langen Bahnsteig beliefen sich auf 290.000 Euro.
 2017 wurde die zulässige Höchstgeschwindigkeit im Nordabschnitt der Strecke von 100 auf 120 km/h angehoben.
 Ausblick
 Im dritten Gutachterentwurf des Deutschlandtakts ist ein neuer Begegnungsabschnitt zwischen Linda und Holzdorf unterstellt. Dafür sind, zum Preisstand von 2015, Investitionen von 39 Millionen Euro vorgesehen.
 Die DB Netz plant den Bau eines neuen Gleisanschlusses für die Berger Rohstoffe GmbH im Bahnhof Neuburxdorf, der zum erweiterten Kiessandtagebau Altenau führen soll.
 Literatur
 Weblinks
 Streckenverlauf, Betriebsstellen und zulässige Geschwindigkeiten auf der OpenRailwayMap
 Anhalter Bahn auf bahnstrecken.de
 Akten und Pläne im Bestand der Reichsbahndirektion Halle im Landesarchiv Sachsen-Anhalt, Abteilung Dessau
 Einzelnachweise
 Bahnstrecke in Brandenburg
 Bahnstrecke in Sachsen
 Bahnstrecke in Sachsen-Anhalt
 Bahnstrecke JuterbogRiesa
 Bahnstrecke JuterbogRiesa
 Bahnstrecke JuterbogRiesa
 Bahnstrecke JuterbogRiesa


text:
Art. 150, inc. VI da Constituição Federal de 88
 Tudo (138.172)
 Jurisprudência (50.323)
 Modelos e peças (13)Diários (63.846)Legislação (236)Definições (0)
 Município não pode cobrar IPTU de entidade de assistência social sem fins lucrativos
 com suas receitas e despesas. Com base no artigo 150, VI, “c”, da Constituição Federal, e no artigo 14 do Código...
 07 Perguntas sobre o IPTU com resposta na jurisprudência recente
 cível - Embargos à execução fiscal - Imunidade tributária recíproca - Artigo 150, inciso VI, alínea 'a', da Constituição..., inciso VI, alínea 'a' da Constituição da República não é extensível às ...
 Câmara do TJ-SP altera acórdãos para seguir tribunais superiores
 se beneficia da imunidade tributária recíproca prevista no artigo 150, inciso VI, alínea “a”, da Constituição. Quando há... pelo E. Supremo Tribunal Federal em sede de repercussão geral”. Isso ...
 STJ afirma que custeio ou investimento, crédito presumido de ICMS não integra base de cálculo do IRPJ ou CSLL
 recíproca do artigo 150 , VI , da Constituição Federal . Nova lei No recurso especial, a Fazenda Nacional alegou fato... o ICMS violaria o pacto federativo estabelecido na Constituição de 1988. ...
 Imunidade tributária para videogame produzido no Brasil está na pauta da CCJ
 ) inclui “consoles e jogos para videogames produzidos no Brasil” no inciso VI do artigo 150 da Constituição Federal...Imunidade tributária para videogame produzido no Brasil está na pauta da CCJ A ...
 Imunidade de Templos Religiosos: o contribuinte tem que provar a finalidade do imóvel?
 serve de vetor interpretativo das alíneas `b ́ e `c ́ do inciso VI do art. 150 da Constituição Federal. Equiparação... da Constituição Federal, que equiparou as alíneas b e c do inciso VI. Transcrevo ...
 STJ:Custeio ou investimento, crédito presumido de ICMS não integra base de cálculo do IRPJ ou CSLL
 de desenvolvimento econômico, e sobre esses créditos deve ser reconhecida a imunidade constitucional recíproca do artigo 150, VI..., da Constituição Federal. Nova lei No recurso especial, a ...
 Fettuccia Advocacia
 , VI , da Constituição Federal. Nova lei No recurso especial, a Fazenda Nacional alegou fato superveniente... de desenvolvimento econômico, e sobre esses créditos deve ser reconhecida a imunidade ...
 150, VI, da Constituição Federal. No recurso especial, a Fazenda Nacional alegou fato superveniente ao julgamento da 1a... do Superior Tribunal de Justiça ao manter decisão do Tribunal Regional Fede......
 , a empresa não seria detentora da imunidade recíproca prevista no artigo 150 , inciso VI , da Constituição Federal... imunidade tributária prevista na Constituição Federal . Assim, o relator julgou ...


text:
 21.3.2009
 DE
 Amtsblatt der Europäischen Union
 C 69/29
 Klage, eingereicht am 30. Januar 2009 — Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaften/Hellenische Republik
 (Rechtssache C-44/09)
 (2009/C 69/54)
 Verfahrenssprache: Griechisch
 Parteien
 Klägerin: Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaften (Prozessbevollmächtigte: M. van Beek und M. Karanasou-Apostolopoulou)
 Beklagte: Hellenische Republik
 Anträge
 Die Kommission beantragt,
 —
 festzustellen, dass die Hellenische Republik dadurch gegen ihre Verpflichtungen aus der Richtlinie 2004/113/EG des Rates vom 13. Dezember 2004 zur Verwirklichung des Grundsatzes der Gleichbehandlung von Männern und Frauen beim Zugang zu und bei der Versorgung mit Gütern und Dienstleistungen (1) verstoßen hat, dass sie nicht die Rechts- und Verwaltungsvorschriften erlassen hat, die erforderlich sind, um dieser Richtlinie nachzukommen, oder diese Vorschriften der Kommission jedenfalls nicht mitgeteilt hat;
 —
 der Hellenischen Republik die Kosten aufzuerlegen.
 Klagegründe und wesentliche Argumente
 Die Frist zur Umsetzung der Richtlinie 2004/113/EG sei am 21. Dezember 2007 abgelaufen.
 (1) ABl. L 373 vom 21.12.2004, S. 37.