type: other

text:
BGH Urteil vom 04.12.1981 - V ZR 37/81 | Deutsches Anwalt Office Premium | Recht | Haufe
 BGH Urteil vom 04.12.1981 - V ZR 37/81
 Voraussetzungen eines Rückauflassungsanspruchs nach Rücktritt oder Kündigung
 AGBGB §§ 13, 16; ZPO § 304
 Auf die Revision der Klägerin wird das Urteil des 3. Zivilsenats des Oberlandesgerichts Koblenz vom 6. Januar 1981 aufgehoben.
 Die Klägerin verlangt Rückauflassung von Grundstücken. Sie hat diese Grundstücke, darunter insbesondere ein Wohnanwesen in D., mit notariellem Vertrag vom 20. Dezember 1977 auf die Beklagte "übertragen", sich jedoch lebenslänglich das unentgeltliche Nießbrauchsrecht vorbehalten und den völligen Unterhalt ("Nahrung, Licht, Brand, Pflege und Wartung in gesunden und kranken Tagen") sowie ein würdiges Begräbnis und Grabpflege ausbedungen.
 Die Klägerin verlangt unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten Rückauflassung der Grundstücke. Die Beklagte, die Abweisung der Klage beantragt hat, macht hilfsweise ein Zurückbehaltungsrecht wegen Aufwendungen in Höhe von 50.000 DM für den Ausbau des Dachgeschosses geltend.
 Das Landgericht hat die Klage "dem Grunde nach" für gerechtfertigt erklärt, "allerdings nur Zug um Zug gegen Leistung eines der Höhe nach noch zu bestimmenden Betrages an die Beklagte". Das Oberlandesgericht hat die Klage abgewiesen. Mit der Revision verfolgt die Klägerin ihr Klageziel weiter. Die Beklagte beantragt,
 Die Revision hat Erfolg und führt zur Zurückverweisung des Rechtsstreits an das Berufungsgericht.
 Soweit das Berufungsurteil eine Unwirksamkeit des Vertrages nach § 138 BGB oder wegen Willensmängeln verneint, sowie einen schenkungsrechtlichen Rückforderungsanspruch ablehnt, ist es rechtsfehlerfrei. Die Revision erhebt insoweit auch keine Beanstandungen.
 Einen Rückauflassungsanspruch nach Rücktritt oder Kündigung verneint das Berufungsgericht, weil ein Altenteilsvertrag im Sinne der §§ 2 ff AGBGB Rheinland-Pfalz vorliege, von dem die Klägerin nur unter eingeschränkten und hier nicht vorliegenden Voraussetzungen zurücktreten könne (§ 13 AGBGB). Auch eine eventuell mögliche Kündigung führe nur zu Ansprüchen der Klägerin nach § 16 AGBGB, lasse aber die Grundstücksübertragung bei Bestand.
 Mit Recht rügt die Revision, daß das Berufungsgericht ohne weitere Feststellungen die Grundstücksüberlassung gegen Gewährung von "Unterhalt, Pflege und Versorgung" als Altenteilsvertrag beurteilt. Ebenso wie Art. 15 des Preußischen AGBGB definiert das rheinland-pfälzische Landesgesetz zur Ausführung des Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuches vom 18. November 1976 (GVBl 256) den Begriff des Altenteils- oder Leibgedingsvertrages nicht näher, sondern setzt ihn unter Hinweis auf Art. 96 EGBGB voraus. Die Rechtsprechung des Senats zu Art. 15 § 7 PreußAGBGB (vgl. zuletzt Urteil vom 3. April 1981 V ZR 55/80 = NJW 1981, 2568 m.w.N.) kann deshalb auch hier herangezogen werden. Danach wird eine Grundstücksübertragung allein durch eine Wohnrechtsgewährung mit Pflege- und Versorgungsverpflichtung noch nicht zum Altenteilsvertrag im Sinne von Art. 96 EGBGB. Diese aus dem bäuerlichen Wirtschaftsleben hervorgegangene und davon geprägte Art der Sonderrechtsnachfolge in Grundstücke liegt nur unter den Voraussetzungen vor die der Senat im erwähnten Urteil dargelegt hat. Auf diese Ausführungen kann verwiesen werden. Die Klägerin hat sich das lebenslange Nießbrauchsrecht an den Grundstücken mit Ausnahme einer kleinen Wohnung im Dachgeschoß vorbehalten. Schon deshalb prägt nicht die Versorgung der scheidenden Übergeberin durch die Übernehmerin mit einem Nachrücken in eine die Existenz wenigsten teilweise begründete Wirtschaftseinheit den Charakter des Vertrages (vgl. Senatsurteile vom 19. Juni 1964, V ZR 4/63 = LM PreußAGBGB Art. 15 § 7 Nr. 6 und vom 30. April 1980, V ZR 7/79 = WM 1980, 826). Im Vordergrund steht vielmehr die synallagmatische Beziehung von jedenfalls als gleichwertig angesehenen Leistung, in der ein Teil der Gegenleistung für die Grundstücksübereignung Züge aufweist, die auch einem Leibgedingsvertrag eigen sind.
 Soweit das Berufungsgericht - offenbar hilfsweise - ausführt, die Klägerin habe die für einen Leistungsverzug und den Rücktritt erforderlichen Formerfordernisse nicht dargelegt, rügt die Revision mit Recht, daß das Berufungsgericht sich nicht mit dem Schreiben der Klägerin vom 1. Dezember 1978 (GA Bl. 15, enthaltend eine Fristsetzung mit Ablehnungsdrohung) auseinandergesetzt hat.
 Soweit das Berufungsgericht meint, die Beklagte könne durch die geltend gemachte Schlechterfüllung des Vertrages (nicht ordnungsgemäße Versorgung) nicht in Verzug geraten sein, übersieht es, daß ein Rücktritt vom Vertrag auch unter dem Gesichtspunkt einer positiven Forderungsverletzung in Betracht kommen kann, wenn das Verhalten der Beklagten den Vertragszweck vereitelt oder so schwerwiegend gefährdet, daß der Klägerin die Fortsetzung der Vertragsbeziehungen nicht mehr zugemutet werden kann (vgl. BGHZ 59, 104, 105 und das oben erwähnte Senatsurteil vom 30. April 1980 aaO).
 An einer abschließenden Entscheidung ist der Senat gehindert, weil das Berufungsgericht zu den behaupteten Gründen für einen Rücktritt vom Vertrag oder eine Kündigung keine Feststellungen getroffen hat. Das Urteil des Landgerichts leidet allerdings schon deshalb an einem Verfahrensfehler, weil ein Grundurteil (§ 304 ZPO) nicht ergehen durfte. Ein Auflassungsanspruch kann nicht nach Grund und Betrag streitig sein, vielmehr kommt dies nur bei Ansprüchen auf Geld oder vertretbare Sachen vor (vgl. Senatsurteil vom 30. Juni 1969, V ZR 47/66 = NJW 1969, 2241; BGH Urteil vom 12. Juni 1975, III ZR 34/73 = NJW 1975, 1968). Obwohl dieser Mangel auch in der Revisionsinstanz von Amts wegen zu berücksichtigen ist (vgl. Urteil vom 12. Juni 1975) und unter Aufhebung des landgerichtlichen Urteils eine Zurückverweisung an das Landgericht als zulässige Entscheidung nach § 565 Abs. 3 Nr. 1 ZPO in Betracht käme (vgl. BGH Urteil vom 24. November 1951, II ZR 26/51 = LM ZPO § 50 Nr. 2; BGHZ 16, 71, 82), sieht der Senat von einer solchen Entscheidung ab, weil er es für zweckdienlich hält, daß das Berufungsgericht in der Sache selbst entscheidet (vgl. § 540 ZPO).
 Haufe-Index 1456072
 DNotZ 1982, 697


type: caselaw

jurisdiction: EU

text:
 25.6.2005
 ES
 Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea
 C 155/28
 Recurso interpuesto el 27 de abril de 2005 por Bundesverband deutscher Banken e.V. contra la Comisión de las Comunidades Europeas
 (Asunto T-163/05)
 (2005/C 155/54)
 Lengua de procedimiento: alemán
 En el Tribunal de Primera Instancia de las Comunidades Europeas se ha presentado el 27 de abril de 2005 un recurso contra la Comisión de las Comunidades Europeas formulado por Bundesverband deutscher Banken e.V., representada por los Sres. H.-J. Niemeyer y K.-S. Scholz, abogados, que designa domicilio en Luxemburgo.
 La parte demandante solicita al Tribunal de Primera Instancia que:
 —
 Anule la Decisión de la demandada, de 20 de octubre de 2004, en el asunto C (2004) 3931 fin COR — Landesbank Hessen-Thüringen- Girozentrale.
 —
 Condene en costas a la demandada.
 Motivos y principales alegaciones
 La demandante impugna la Decisión de la Comisión de 20 de octubre de 2004 en el asunto C (2004) 3931 fin COR relativa a una ayuda de Alemania a favor del Landesbank Hessen-Thüringen-Girozentrale (Helaba). En la Decisión impugnada la Comisión afirma, en particular, que la renuncia a una retribución razonable, por un importe de 0,3 % p.a. para la parte del capital trasferido por el Land Hessen a Helaba constituye una ayuda incompatible con el mercado común.
 La demandante alega que la Decisión impugnada infringe el artículo 87, apartado 1, del Tratado CE porque:
 —
 al analizar si la retribución se correspondía con las habituales en el mercado, la Comisión toma como referencia un período de tiempo inadecuado y, de esta forma, aplica erróneamente el principio del inversor en una economía de mercado;
 —
 la calificación jurídica y económica del capital aportado es incorrecta;
 —
 la determinación de la base de capital que debe tenerse en cuenta para fijar la retribución es incorrecta;
 —
 la Comisión fija de manera incorrecta el importe de la retribución razonable de las inversiones en Helaba.
 La demandante alega, además, que la Decisión impugnada debe anularse porque incumple la obligación de motivación impuesta por el artículo 253 CE. Alega que la deducción de la totalidad de los costes de refinanciación de Helaba debida a la falta de liquidez de las inversiones se realizó sin suficiente fundamentación. En opinión de la demandante, dicha deducción de los costes de refinanciación constituye, además, una infracción del artículo 87 CE, apartado 1.


type: wikipedia

text:
Kemija (grčki: χημεία chimeía; starofrancuski: alkemie; arapski al-kimia: umjetnost preobrazbe; nekad hr. lučba) je znanost koja proučava ustroj, osobine, sastav i pretvorbu tvari. Kemija se bavi kemijskim elementima i spojevima, koji se sastoje od atoma i molekula, kao i njihovim odnosima.
 Prije više od stoljeća, ova se znanost nazivala lučbom. Danas se izraz ludžba (usklađeno s modernim pravopisom) ne upotrebljava.
 Pregled
 Atomska teorija je osnova kemije. Ta teorija kaže da se sve tvari sastoje od vrlo malih čestica, atoma. Jedan od prvih zakona koji je doveo do utemeljenja kemije kao znanosti bio je Zakon očuvanja mase. Taj zakon kaže da tijekom kemijske reakcije nema primjetne promjene u količini tvari.
 Jednostavno rečeno, ako na početku imate 10.000 atoma i napravite mnogo kemijskih reakcija, na kraju ćete opet imati 10.000 atoma. Masa je ostala ista ako uračunamo energiju koja se pritom izgubila ili stekla. Kemija proučava odnose među atomima: ponekad među pojedinačnim atomima, ali češće kad su atomi vezani uz druge atome i čine ione i molekule. Atomi stupaju u odnos s drugim atomima (npr. logorska vatra je kombinacija atoma kisika iz zraka s atomima ugljika i vodika iz drveta), a mogu imati odnos i sa svjetlom (fotografija nastaje zbog promjena koje svjetlo izaziva na kemikalijama filmske vrpce) i drugim zračenjima.
 Neobično se brzo otkrilo da se atomi gotovo uvijek slažu u određenim omjerima: silicijski pijesak je struktura gdje omjer atoma silicija i atoma kisika iznosi 1:2. Danas znamo da taj zakon određenih proporcija ima iznimke (npr. integrirani strujni krugovi). Iz toga vidimo da se tvari ponašaju po određenim kemijskim zakonitostima.
 Drugo ključno otkriće: kad god se izvodi određena kemijska reakcija, količina stečene ili izgubljene energije uvijek je ista. To je dovelo do važnih pojmova kao što su ravnoteža, termodinamika i kinetika.
 Fizikalna kemija zasniva se na modernoj fizici, jer je u načelu moguće opisati sve kemijske sustave koristeći teoriju kvantne mehanike. Ta je teorija matematički složena i nije razumno koristiti je za normalan rad u kemiji. U praksi se samo najjednostavniji kemijski sustavi mogu istraživati isključivo kroz kvantnu mehaniku, te se za praktičke svrhe moraju raditi aproksimacije. Zato u većem dijelu kemije nije potrebno detaljno znanje kvantne mehanike, jer se važne posljedice te teorije (prvenstveno orbitalna aproksimacija) mogu razumjeti i primijeniti na jednostavniji način.
 Iako se kvantna mehanika često može zanemariti, njezin osnovni pojam - kvantizacija energije - mora se uzeti u obzir. Kemičari koriste kvantne efekte prilikom svih spektroskopskih tehnika (i raznih drugih stvari), iako mnogi kemičari nisu svjesni toga! Osim toga, često se i fizika može zanemariti, a konačni rezultat (npr. NMR spektar) svejedno može imati smisla.
 Potpun fizikalni opis kemije mora također uzeti u obzir relativnost, koja je druga glavna teorija moderne fizike, također matematički složena. Srećom, efekti relativiteta važni su samo u izuzetno preciznim izračunima atomske strukture, koji se uglavnom tiču težih elemenata, dok je u praksi relativnost nevažna za gotovo čitavu kemiju.
 Kemija se obično dijeli ovako: analitička kemija, koja određuje sastav i dijelove tvari; organska kemija, koja proučava ugljikove spojeve; anorganska kemija, koja istražuje šire elemente koje organska kemija ne naglašava; biokemija, proučavanje kemije u biološkom sustavu; i fizikalna kemija, koja je osnova svih drugih grana jer obuhvaća fizikalne osobine tvari i teorije za njihovo istraživanje.
 Neke druge multidisciplinarne i specijalizirane grane: znanost o materijalima, kemija polimera, kemija okoliša, farmacija.
 znanstvena metoda
 osnovna jedinica SI
 značajni brojevi
 atom
 orbitale
 periodni sustav elemenata
 izomeri
 alotropi
 izotopi
 ion
 elektronska konfiguracija
 Periodični trendovi
 elektronegativnost
 atomski radijus, ionski radijus, kovalentni radijus
 ionizacijska energija
 elektronski afinitet
 elementarne skupine: S-blok, D-blok, F-blok, P-blok
 Kemikalije i odnosi
 sustavna imena
 kemijska formula
 empirijska formula
 molekulska formula
 kemijska veza
 kemijski polaritet
 kemijska jednadžba
 kemijska reakcija
 boje kemikalija
 Kvantitativna kemija
 mol (mjerna jedinica)
 Avogadrova konstanta
 stehiometrija
 termokemija
 Hessov zakon
 kalorimetrija
 Stanja tvari
 kinetička teorija plinova
 idealni plin
 fizika čvrstog stanja
 otopine
 koncentracija otopina
 koloidna svojstva
 kemijska ravnoteža
 Le Chatelierovo načelo
 topljivost
 ukapljivanje
 efekt zajedničkog iona
 Kiseline i baze
 teorije reakcija kiselina i baza
 jake kiseline
 slabe kiseline
 pH i jačina kiselina
 sustavno imenovanje kiselina i baza
 samo-ionizacija vode
 titracija kiselina-lužina
 redoks-reakcije
 elektrokemija
 Kinetika i termodinamika
 kemijska kinetika
 stope reakcije
 spontani procesi
 entalpija
 entropija
 Gibbsova slobodna energija
 nuklearna kemija
 biokemija
 Povijest kemije
 podrijetlo kemije
 rani razvoj kemije
 alkemija
 flogistonska kemija
 otkriće kemijskih elemenata
 Nobelova nagrada za kemiju
 Poznati kemičari
 Marie Curie
 Pierre Curie
 John Dalton
 Jöns Jakob Berzelius
 Dmitrij Ivanovič Mendeljejev
 Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier
 Sir Ernest Rutherford
 Louis Pasteur
 Sir Humphry Davy
 Robert Boyle
 Michael Faraday
 Sima Lozanić
 Fran Bubanović
 Vanjske poveznice
 Mrežna mjesta
 kemija, Hrvatska enciklopedija
 Razred za matematičke, fizičke i kemijske znanosti HAZU
 Hrvatsko kemijsko društvo
 Hrvatsko društvo kemijskih inženjera i tehnologa
 M. Sikirica, M. Vrbnjak Grđen, K. Holenda, e-Kemija, interaktivni udžbenik i pojmovnik
 www.periodni.com, portal o kemiji i pojmovnik
 Prirodne znanosti


text:
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type: legislation

jurisdiction: US

text:
 114 S1659 IS: Voting Rights Advancement Act of 2015
 U.S. Senate
 2015-06-24
 text/xml
 EN
 Pursuant to Title 17 Section 105 of the United States Code, this file is not subject to copyright protection and is in the public domain.
 II114th CONGRESS1st SessionS. 1659IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATESJune 24, 2015Mr. Leahy (for himself, Mr. Durbin, Mr. Coons, Mr. Reid, Mrs. Feinstein, Mr. Schumer, Mr. Whitehouse, Ms. Klobuchar, Mr. Franken, Mr. Blumenthal, Mrs. Murray, Ms. Stabenow, Mr. Brown, Mr. Casey, Mrs. Shaheen, Mr. Warner, Mr. Merkley, Ms. Baldwin, Mr. Kaine, Ms. Warren, Mr. Booker, Mr. Sanders, Mrs. Gillibrand, and Mr. Wyden) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on the JudiciaryA BILLTo amend the Voting Rights Act of 1965 to revise the criteria for determining which States and
 political subdivisions are subject to section 4 of the Act, and for other
 purposes.
 1.Short titleThis Act may be cited as the Voting Rights Advancement Act of 2015. 2.Voting on indian landsSection 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (42 U.S.C. 1973) is amended by adding at the end the following:
 (c)Voting on Indian lands
 (1)Tribal requests for polling places; polling place provided
 (A)In GeneralA representative official of an Indian tribe, with authorization from the governing body of the tribe, may request one or more polling places to be located on the Indian lands of the Indian tribe. Such request shall be delivered in writing to the State or political subdivision with responsibility for assigning polling places at least 6 months prior to the next election for which the request is made, and shall specify the location of each requested polling place.
 (B)Polling places providedEach requested polling place shall be provided by the State or political subdivision in response to a request made under paragraph (1), at no expense to the Indian tribe, if the voting-age population within the geographic area of the Indian lands relevant to the requested polling place is at least equal to the smallest voting-age population served by any other polling place in the State. Each polling place that is provided under this subparagraph shall continue to be provided after the election for which the request was made, until such time as the Indian tribe that requested that polling place delivers a written request to the State or political subdivision asking that such polling place be withdrawn.
 (C)Rule of constructionNothing in this paragraph shall be construed to prevent a State or political subdivision from providing additional polling places on Indian lands if no request was made under subparagraph (A), or if such request was made less than 6 months prior to the next election for which the request was made.
 (2)Requirement to provide equitable polling locations
 (A)In GeneralA State or political subdivision shall provide the same ratio of poll workers and voting devices, the same rate of pay to poll workers, and the same days and hours of operation, for polling places that are located on Indian lands as are provided in other locations of polling places in the State or political subdivision.
 (B)Eligibility to vote at a polling locationA polling place located on Indian lands shall be open to voting by all persons who are otherwise eligible to vote residing within the precinct, voting unit, or electoral district.
 (C)Federal facilitiesPolling places located on Indian lands may be designated at—
 (i)a Federal facility, such as Indian Health Service or Bureau of Indian Affairs service buildings;
 (ii)any tribal government facility that meets the requirements of Federal and State law applied to other polling locations within the State;
 (iii)a tribally owned building; or (iv)another facility that meets the requirements for polling places in the State.
 (3)Absentee ballots and early voting
 (A)In GeneralA representative official of an Indian tribe, with authorization from the governing body of the Indian tribe, may deliver a request to the appropriate State or political subdivision that a location on Indian lands be designated as an absentee ballot location or an early voting location, and such State or political subdivision shall grant the request, at no expense to the Indian tribe, if—
 (i)the requested location on Indian lands is in a State that permits voting by an absentee or mail-in ballot or early voting (also called absentee in-person voting), as the case may be; and
 (ii)the voting-age population within the geographic area of Indian lands relevant to the requested absentee ballot location or early voting location is at least equal to the smallest voting-age population served by any other absentee ballot location or early voting location in the State.
 (B)Indian lands as absentee ballot locationIf a location on Indian lands is designated as an absentee ballot location or an early voting location, absentee ballots, or early ballots, as the case may be, shall be provided, at no expense to the Indian tribe, to each registered voter living in such designated location without the requirement of an excuse for an absentee ballot or early voting. Bilingual election materials and oral language assistance shall be provided if required by section 203.
 (4)Tribal requests for voter registration agenciesA representative official of an Indian tribe, with authorization from the governing body of the tribe, may request that tribal government service offices be designated as voter registration agencies under section 7 of the National Voter Registration Act of 1993 (52 U.S.C. 20506). Such a request shall be delivered in writing to the State or political subdivision with responsibility for assigning polling locations at least 6 months prior to the next election for which the request is made. Such a request shall be granted if the tribal government service office meets the requirements of Federal and State law applied to other designated voter registration agencies within the State.
 .
 3.Violations triggering authority of court to retain jurisdiction
 (a)Types of ViolationsSection 3(c) of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (52 U.S.C. 10302(c)) is amended by striking violations of the fourteenth or fifteenth amendment and inserting violations of the 14th or 15th Amendment, violations of this Act, or violations of any Federal law that prohibits discrimination in voting on the basis of race, color, or membership in a language minority group,.
 (b)Conforming AmendmentSection 3(a) of such Act (52 U.S.C. 10302(a)) is amended by striking violations of the fourteenth or fifteenth amendment and inserting violations of the 14th or 15th Amendment, violations of this Act, or violations of any Federal law that prohibits discrimination in voting on the basis of race, color, or membership in a language minority group,.
 4.Criteria for coverage of States and political subdivisions
 (a)Determination of States and Political Subdivisions Subject to Section 4(a)
 (1)In generalSection 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (52 U.S.C. 10303(b)) is amended to read as follows: (b)Determination of States and Political Subdivisions Subject to Requirements (1)Existence of voting rights violations during previous 25 years (A)Statewide applicationSubsection (a) applies with respect to a State and all political subdivisions within the State during a calendar year if—
 (i)15 or more voting rights violations occurred in the State during the previous 25 calendar years; or
 (ii)10 or more voting rights violations occurred in the State during the previous 25 calendar years, at least one of which was committed by the State itself (as opposed to a political subdivision within the State).
 (B)Application to specific political subdivisionsSubsection (a) applies with respect to a political subdivision as a separate unit during a calendar year if 3 or more voting rights violations occurred in the subdivision during the previous 25 calendar years.
 (2)Period of application
 (A)In generalExcept as provided in subparagraph (B), if, pursuant to paragraph (1), subsection (a) applies with respect to a State or political subdivision during a calendar year, subsection (a) shall apply with respect to such State or political subdivision for the period—
 (i)that begins on January 1 of the year in which subsection (a) applies; and (ii)that ends on the date which is 10 years after the date described in clause (i).
 (B)No further application after declaratory judgment
 (i)StatesIf a State obtains a declaratory judgment under subsection (a), and the judgment remains in effect, subsection (a) shall no longer apply to such State pursuant to paragraph (1)(A) unless, after the issuance of the declaratory judgment, paragraph (1)(A) applies to the State solely on the basis of voting rights violations occurring after the issuance of the declaratory judgment.
 (ii)Political subdivisionsIf a political subdivision obtains a declaratory judgment under subsection (a), and the judgment remains in effect, subsection (a) shall no longer apply to such political subdivision pursuant to paragraph (1), including pursuant to paragraph (1)(A) (relating to the statewide application of subsection (a)), unless, after the issuance of the declaratory judgment, paragraph (1)(B) applies to the political subdivision solely on the basis of voting rights violations occurring after the issuance of the declaratory judgment.
 (3)Determination of voting rights violationFor purposes of paragraph (1), a voting rights violation occurred in a State or political subdivision if any of the following applies:
 (A)Final judgment; violation of the 14th or 15th AmendmentIn a final judgment (which has not been reversed on appeal), any court of the United States has determined that a denial or abridgement of the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race, color, or membership in a language minority group, in violation of the 14th or 15th Amendment, occurred anywhere within the State or subdivision.
 (B)Final judgment; violations of this ActIn a final judgment (which has not been reversed on appeal), any court of the United States has determined that a voting qualification or prerequisite to voting or standard, practice, or procedure with respect to voting was imposed or applied or would have been imposed or applied anywhere within the State or subdivision in a manner that resulted or would have resulted in a denial or abridgement of the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race, color, or membership in a language minority group, in violation of subsection (e) or (f), or section 2 or 203 of this Act.
 (C)Final judgment; Denial of declaratory judgmentIn a final judgment (which has not been reversed on appeal), any court of the United States has denied the request of the State or subdivision for a declaratory judgment under section 3(c) or section 5, and thereby prevented a voting qualification or prerequisite to voting or standard, practice, or procedure with respect to voting from being enforced anywhere within the State or subdivision.
 (D)Objection by the Attorney GeneralThe Attorney General has interposed an objection under section 3(c) or section 5 (and the objection has not been overturned by a final judgment of a court or withdrawn by the Attorney General), and thereby prevented a voting qualification or prerequisite to voting or standard, practice, or procedure with respect to voting from being enforced anywhere within the State or subdivision.
 (E)Consent decree, settlement, or other agreementA consent decree, settlement, or other agreement was entered into, which resulted in the alteration or abandonment of a voting practice anywhere in the territory of such State that was challenged on the ground that the practice denied or abridged the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race, color, or membership in a language minority group in violation of subsection (e) or (f), or section 2 or 203 of this Act, or the 14th or 15th Amendment.
 (4)Timing of determinations
 (A)Determinations of voting rights violationsAs early as practicable during each calendar year, the Attorney General shall make the determinations required by this subsection, including updating the list of voting rights violations occurring in each State and political subdivision for the previous calendar year.
 (B)Effective upon publication in Federal RegisterA determination or certification of the Attorney General under this section or under section 8 or 13 shall be effective upon publication in the Federal Register.
 .
 (2)Conforming amendmentsSection 4(a) of such Act (52 U.S.C. 10303(a)) is amended— (A)in paragraph (1), in the first sentence of the matter preceding subparagraph (A), by striking any State with respect to which and all that follows through unless and inserting any State to which this subsection applies during a calendar year pursuant to determinations made under subsection (b), or in any political subdivision of such State (as such subdivision existed on the date such determinations were made with respect to such State), though such determinations were not made with respect to such subdivision as a separate unit, or in any political subdivision with respect to which this subsection applies during a calendar year pursuant to determinations made with respect to such subdivision as a separate unit under subsection (b), unless;
 (B)in paragraph (1) in the matter preceding subparagraph (A), by striking the second sentence; (C)in paragraph (1)(A), by striking (in the case of a State or subdivision seeking a declaratory judgment under the second sentence of this subsection);
 (D)in paragraph (1)(B), by striking (in the case of a State or subdivision seeking a declaratory judgment under the second sentence of this subsection);
 (E)in paragraph (3), by striking (in the case of a State or subdivision seeking a declaratory judgment under the second sentence of this subsection);
 (F)in paragraph (5), by striking (in the case of a State or subdivision which sought a declaratory judgment under the second sentence of this subsection);
 (G)by striking paragraphs (7) and (8); and (H)by redesignating paragraph (9) as paragraph (7).
 (b)Clarification of Treatment of Members of Language Minority GroupsSection 4(a)(1) of such Act (52 U.S.C. 10303(a)(1)) is amended by striking race or color, and inserting race, color, or in contravention of the guarantees of subsection (f)(2),. 5.Determination of States and Political Subdivisions Subject to Preclearance for Covered PracticesThe Voting Rights Act of 1965 (52 U.S.C. 10301 et seq.) is further amended by inserting after section 4 the following:
 4A.Determination of States and Political Subdivisions Subject to Preclearance for Covered Practices
 (a)Practice-Based Preclearance
 (1)In GeneralEach State and each political subdivision shall— (A)identify any newly enacted or adopted law, regulation, or policy that includes a voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or a standard, practice, or procedure with respect to voting, that is a covered practice described in subsection (b); and
 (B)ensure that no such covered practice is implemented unless or until the State or political subdivision, as the case may be, complies with subsection (c).
 (2)Determinations of characteristics of voting-age population
 (A)In GeneralAs early as practicable during each calendar year, the Attorney General, in consultation with the Director of the Bureau of the Census and the heads of other relevant offices of the government, shall make the determinations required by this section regarding voting-age populations and the characteristics of such populations, and shall publish a list of the States and political subdivisions to which a voting-age population characteristic described in subsection (b) applies.
 (B)Publication in the Federal RegisterA determination or certification of the Attorney General under this paragraph shall be effective upon publication in the Federal Register.
 (b)Covered practicesTo assure that the right of citizens of the United States to vote is not denied or abridged on account of race, color, or membership in a language minority group as a result of the implementation of certain qualifications or prerequisites to voting, or standards, practices, or procedures with respect to voting newly adopted in a State or political subdivision, the following shall be covered practices subject to the requirements described in subsection (a):
 (1)Changes to method of electionAny change to the method of election— (A)to add seats elected at-large in a State or political subdivision where—
 (i)2 or more racial groups or language minority groups each represent 20 percent or more of the political subdivision’s voting-age population; or
 (ii)a single language minority group represents 20 percent or more of the voting-age population on Indian lands located in whole or in part in the political subdivision; or
 (B)to convert one or more seats elected from a single-member district to one or more at-large seats or seats from a multi-member district in a State or political subdivision where—
 (i)2 or more racial groups or language minority groups each represent 20 percent or more of the political subdivision’s voting-age population; or
 (ii)a single language minority group represents 20 percent or more of the voting-age population on Indian lands located in whole or in part in the political subdivision.
 (2)Changes to jurisdiction boundariesAny change or series of changes within a year to the boundaries of a jurisdiction that reduces by 3 or more percentage points the proportion of the jurisdiction's voting-age population that is comprised of members of a single racial group or language minority group in a State or political subdivision where—
 (A)2 or more racial groups or language minority groups each represent 20 percent or more of the political subdivision’s voting-age population; or
 (B)a single language minority group represents 20 percent or more of the voting-age population on Indian lands located in whole or in part in the political subdivision.
 (3)Changes through redistrictingAny change to the boundaries of election districts in a State or political subdivision where any racial group or language minority group experiences a population increase, over the preceding decade (as calculated by the Bureau of the Census under the most recent decennial census), of at least—
 (A)10,000; or (B)20 percent of voting-age population of the State or political subdivision, as the case may be.
 (4)Changes in documentation or qualifications to voteAny change to requirements for documentation or proof of identity to vote such that the requirements will exceed or be more stringent than the requirements for voting that are described in section 303(b) of the Help America Vote Act of 2002 (52 U.S.C. 21083(b)) or any change to the requirements for documentation or proof of identity to register to vote that will exceed or be more stringent than such requirements under State law on the day before the date of enactment of the Voting Rights Advancement Act of 2015.
 (5)Changes to multilingual voting materialsAny change that reduces multilingual voting materials or alters the manner in which such materials are provided or distributed, where no similar reduction or alteration occurs in materials provided in English for such election.
 (6)Changes that reduce, consolidate, or relocate voting locationsAny change that reduces, consolidates, or relocates voting locations, including early, absentee, and election-day voting locations—
 (A)in 1 or more census tracts wherein 2 or more language minority groups or racial groups each represent 20 percent or more of the voting-age population of the political subdivision; or
 (B)on Indian lands wherein at least 20 percent of the voting-age population belongs to a single language minority group.
 (c)Preclearance
 (1)In GeneralWhenever a State or political subdivision with respect to which the requirements set forth in subsection (a) are in effect shall enact, adopt, or seek to implement any covered practice described under subsection (b), such State or subdivision may institute an action in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia for a declaratory judgment that such covered practice neither has the purpose nor will have the effect of denying or abridging the right to vote on account of race, color, or membership in a language minority group, and unless and until the court enters such judgment such covered practice shall not be implemented. Notwithstanding the previous sentence, such covered practice may be implemented without such proceeding if the covered practice has been submitted by the chief legal officer or other appropriate official of such State or subdivision to the Attorney General and the Attorney General has not interposed an objection within 60 days after such submission, or upon good cause shown, to facilitate an expedited approval within 60 days after such submission, the Attorney General has affirmatively indicated that such objection will not be made. Neither an affirmative indication by the Attorney General that no objection will be made, nor the Attorney General's failure to object, nor a declaratory judgment entered under this section shall bar a subsequent action to enjoin implementation of such covered practice. In the event the Attorney General affirmatively indicates that no objection will be made within the 60-day period following receipt of a submission, the Attorney General may reserve the right to reexamine the submission if additional information comes to the Attorney General's attention during the remainder of the 60-day period which would otherwise require objection in accordance with this section. Any action under this section shall be heard and determined by a court of three judges in accordance with the provisions of section 2284 of title 28, United States Code, and any appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court.
 (2)Denying or abridging the right to voteAny covered practice described in subsection (b) that has the purpose of or will have the effect of diminishing the ability of any citizens of the United States on account of race, color, or membership in a language minority group, to elect their preferred candidates of choice denies or abridges the right to vote within the meaning of paragraph (1) of this subsection.
 (3)Purpose definedThe term purpose in paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection shall include any discriminatory purpose. (4)Purpose of paragraph (2)The purpose of paragraph (2) of this subsection is to protect the ability of such citizens to elect their preferred candidates of choice.
 (d)EnforcementThe Attorney General or any aggrieved citizen may file an action in a Federal district court to compel any State or political subdivision to satisfy the obligations set forth in this section. Such actions shall be heard and determined by a court of 3 judges under section 2284 of title 28, United States Code. In any such action, the court shall provide as a remedy that any voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure with respect to voting, that is the subject of the action under this subsection be enjoined unless the court determines that—
 (1)the voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure with respect to voting, is not a covered practice described in subsection (b); or
 (2)the State or political subdivision has complied with subsection (c) with respect to the covered practice at issue.
 (e)Counting of racial groups and language minority groupsFor purposes of this section, the calculation of the population of a racial group or a language minority group shall be carried out using the methodology in the guidance promulgated in the Federal Register on February 9, 2011 (76 Fed. Reg. 7470).
 (f)Special ruleFor purposes of determinations under this section, any data provided by the Bureau of the Census, whether based on estimation from sample or actual enumeration, shall not be subject to challenge or review in any court.
 (g)Multilingual voting materialsIn this section, the term multilingual voting materials means registration or voting notices, forms, instructions, assistance, or other materials or information relating to the electoral process, including ballots, provided in the language or languages of one or more language minority groups.
 .
 6.Promoting transparency to enforce the Voting Rights Act
 (a)Transparency
 (1)In generalThe Voting Rights Act of 1965 (52 U.S.C. 10301 et seq.) is amended by inserting after section 5 the following new section:
 6.Transparency regarding changes to protect voting rights
 (a)Notice of enacted changes
 (1)Notice of ChangesIf a State or political subdivision makes any change in any prerequisite to voting or standard, practice, or procedure with respect to voting in any election for Federal office that will result in the prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure being different from that which was in effect as of 180 days before the date of the election for Federal office, the State or political subdivision shall provide reasonable public notice in such State or political subdivision and on the Internet, of a concise description of the change, including the difference between the changed prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure and the prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure which was previously in effect. The public notice described in this paragraph, in such State or political subdivision and on the Internet, shall be in a format that is reasonably convenient and accessible to voters with disabilities, including voters who have low vision or are blind.
 (2)Deadline for noticeA State or political subdivision shall provide the public notice required under paragraph (1) not later than 48 hours after making the change involved.
 (b)Transparency Regarding Polling Place Resources
 (1)In generalIn order to identify any changes that may impact the right to vote of any person, prior to the 30th day before the date of an election for Federal office, each State or political subdivision with responsibility for allocating registered voters, voting machines, and official poll workers to particular precincts and polling places shall provide reasonable public notice in such State or political subdivision and on the Internet, of the information described in paragraph (2) for precincts and polling places within such State or political subdivision. The public notice described in this paragraph, in such State or political subdivision and on the Internet, shall be in a format that is reasonably convenient and accessible to voters with disabilities including voters who have low vision or are blind.
 (2)Information describedThe information described in this paragraph with respect to a precinct or polling place is each of the following:
 (A)The name or number. (B)In the case of a polling place, the location, including the street address, and whether such polling place is accessible to persons with disabilities.
 (C)The voting-age population of the area served by the precinct or polling place, broken down by demographic group if such breakdown is reasonably available to such State or political subdivision.
 (D)The number of registered voters assigned to the precinct or polling place, broken down by demographic group if such breakdown is reasonably available to such State or political subdivision.
 (E)The number of voting machines assigned, including the number of voting machines accessible to voters with disabilities, including voters who have low vision or are blind.
 (F)The number of official paid poll workers assigned. (G)The number of official volunteer poll workers assigned.
 (H)In the case of a polling place, the dates and hours of operation. (3)Updates in information reportedIf a State or political subdivision makes any change in any of the information described in paragraph (2), the State or political subdivision shall provide reasonable public notice in such State or political subdivision and on the Internet, of the change in the information not later than 48 hours after the change occurs or, if the change occurs fewer than 48 hours before the date of the election for Federal office, as soon as practicable after the change occurs. The public notice described in this paragraph in such State or political subdivision and on the Internet shall be in a format that is reasonably convenient and accessible to voters with disabilities including voters who have low vision or are blind.
 (c)Transparency of Changes Relating to Demographics and Electoral Districts
 (1)Requiring public notice of changesNot later than 10 days after making any change in the constituency that will participate in an election for Federal, State, or local office or the boundaries of a voting unit or electoral district in an election for Federal, State, or local office (including through redistricting, reapportionment, changing from at-large elections to district-based elections, or changing from district-based elections to at-large elections), a State or political subdivision shall provide reasonable public notice in such State or political subdivision and on the Internet, of the demographic and electoral data described in paragraph (3) for each of the geographic areas described in paragraph (2).
 (2)Geographic areas describedThe geographic areas described in this paragraph are as follows: (A)The State as a whole, if the change applies statewide, or the political subdivision as a whole, if the change applies across the entire political subdivision.
 (B)If the change includes a plan to replace or eliminate voting units or electoral districts, each voting unit or electoral district that will be replaced or eliminated.
 (C)If the change includes a plan to establish new voting units or electoral districts, each such new voting unit or electoral district.
 (3)Demographic and electoral dataThe demographic and electoral data described in this paragraph with respect to a geographic area described in paragraph (2) are each of the following:
 (A)The voting-age population, broken down by demographic group. (B)If it is reasonably available to the State or political subdivision involved, an estimate of the population of the area which consists of citizens of the United States who are 18 years of age or older, broken down by demographic group.
 (C)The number of registered voters, broken down by demographic group if such breakdown is reasonably available to the State or political subdivision involved.
 (D)(i)If the change applies to a State, the actual number of votes, or (if it is not reasonably practicable for the State to ascertain the actual number of votes) the estimated number of votes received by each candidate in each statewide election held during the 5-year period which ends on the date the change involved is made; and
 (ii)if the change applies to only one political subdivision, the actual number of votes, or (if it is not reasonably practicable for the political subdivision to ascertain the actual number of votes) in each subdivision-wide election held during the 5-year period which ends on the date the change involved is made.
 (4)Voluntary Compliance by Smaller JurisdictionsCompliance with this subsection shall be voluntary for a political subdivision of a State unless the subdivision is one of the following:
 (A)A county or parish. (B)A municipality with a population greater than 10,000, as determined by the Bureau of the Census under the most recent decennial census.
 (C)A school district with a population greater than 10,000, as determined by the Bureau of the Census under the most recent decennial census. For purposes of this subparagraph, the term school district means the geographic area under the jurisdiction of a local educational agency (as defined in section 9101 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 7801)).
 (d)Rules Regarding Format of InformationThe Attorney General may issue rules specifying a reasonably convenient and accessible format that States and political subdivisions shall use to provide public notice of information under this section.
 (e)No denial of right To voteThe right to vote of any person shall not be denied or abridged because the person failed to comply with any change made by a State or political subdivision if the State or political subdivision involved did not meet the applicable requirements of this section with respect to the change.
 (f)DefinitionsIn this section— (1)the term demographic group means each group which section 2 protects from the denial or abridgement of the right to vote on account of race or color, or in contravention of the guarantees set forth in section 4(f)(2);
 (2)the term election for Federal office means any general, special, primary, or runoff election held solely or in part for the purpose of electing any candidate for the office of President, Vice President, Presidential elector, Senator, Member of the House of Representatives, or Delegate or Resident Commissioner to the Congress; and
 (3)the term persons with disabilities, means individuals with a disability, as defined in section 3 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 12102)..
 (2)Conforming amendmentSection 3(a) of such Act (52 U.S.C. 10302(a)) is amended by striking in accordance with section 6. (b)Effective DateThe amendment made by subsection (a)(1) shall apply with respect to changes which are made on or after the expiration of the 60-day period which begins on the date of the enactment of this Act.
 7.Authority to assign observers
 (a)Clarification of Authority in Political Subdivisions Subject to PreclearanceSection 8(a)(2)(B) of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (52 U.S.C. 10305(a)(2)(B)) is amended to read as follows:
 (B)in the Attorney General's judgment, the assignment of observers is otherwise necessary to enforce the guarantees of the 14th or 15th Amendment or any provision of this Act or any other Federal law protecting the right of citizens of the United States to vote;.
 (b)Assignment of Observers To Enforce Bilingual Election RequirementsSection 8(a) of such Act (52 U.S.C. 10305(a)) is amended— (1)by striking or at the end of paragraph (1); and
 (2)by adding after paragraph (2) the following: (3)the Attorney General certifies with respect to a political subdivision that—
 (A)the Attorney General has received written meritorious complaints from residents, elected officials, or civic participation organizations that efforts to violate section 203 are likely to occur; or
 (B)in the Attorney General’s judgment, the assignment of observers is necessary to enforce the guarantees of section 203; or
 (4)the Attorney General certifies that the Attorney General has received from the appropriate official of the governing body of a federally recognized Indian tribe—
 (A)a written complaint that efforts to deny or abridge the right to vote under the color of law on account of race or color, or in contravention of the guarantees set forth in section 4(f)(2) are likely to occur; and
 (B)a written request for the authorization of Federal observers for elections that occur on Indian lands;.
 8.Preliminary Injunctive relief
 (a)Clarification of Scope and Persons Authorized To Seek ReliefSection 12(d) of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (52 U.S.C. 10308(d)) is amended— (1)by striking section 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, or subsection (b) of this section and inserting the 14th or 15th Amendment, this Act, or any Federal voting rights law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, or membership in a language minority group; and
 (2)by striking the Attorney General may institute for the United States, or in the name of the United States, and inserting the aggrieved person or (in the name of the United States) the Attorney General may institute. (b)Grounds for Granting ReliefSection 12(d) of such Act (52 U.S.C. 10308(d)) is amended—
 (1)by striking (d) Whenever any person and inserting (d)(1) Whenever any person; (2)by striking (1) to permit and inserting (A) to permit;
 (3)by striking (2) to count and inserting (B) to count; and (4)by adding at the end the following new paragraph:
 (2)(A)In any action for preliminary relief described in this subsection, the court shall grant the relief if the court determines that the complainant has raised a serious question whether the challenged voting qualification or prerequisite to voting or standard, practice, or procedure violates this Act or the Constitution and, on balance, the hardship imposed upon the defendant by the grant of the relief will be less than the hardship which would be imposed upon the plaintiff if the relief were not granted. In balancing the harms, the court shall give due weight to the fundamental right to cast an effective ballot.
 (B)In making its determination under this paragraph with respect to a change in any voting qualification, prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure with respect to voting, the court shall consider all relevant factors and give due weight to the following factors, if they are present:
 (i)Whether the qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure in effect prior to the change was adopted as a remedy for a Federal court judgment, consent decree, or admission regarding—
 (I)discrimination on the basis of race or color in violation of the 14th or 15th Amendment; (II)a violation of this Act; or
 (III)voting discrimination on the basis of race, color, or membership in a language minority group in violation of any other Federal or State law.
 (ii)Whether the qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure in effect prior to the change served as a ground for the dismissal or settlement of a claim alleging—
 (I)discrimination on the basis of race or color in violation of the 14th or 15th Amendment; (II)a violation of this Act; or
 (III)voting discrimination on the basis of race, color, or membership in a language minority group in violation of any other Federal or State law.
 (iii)Whether the change was adopted fewer than 180 days before the date of the election with respect to which the change is to take effect.
 (iv)Whether the defendant has failed to provide timely or complete notice of the adoption of the change as required by applicable Federal or State law..
 9.DefinitionsTitle I of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (52 U.S.C. 10301) is amended by adding at the end the following:
 21.DefinitionsIn this Act: (1)Indian landsThe term Indian lands means—
 (A)any Indian country of the Indian tribe, as defined in section 1151 of title 18, United States Code; (B)any land in Alaska that is owned, pursuant to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (43 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.), by an Indian tribe that is a Native village (as defined in section 3 of that Act (43 U.S.C. 1602)) or by a Village Corporation that is associated with the Indian tribe (as defined in section 3 of that Act (43 U.S.C. 1602));
 (C)any land on which the seat of government of the Indian tribe is located; and (D)any land that is part or all of a tribal designated statistical area associated with the Indian tribe, or is part or all of an Alaska Native village statistical area associated with the tribe, as defined by the Bureau of the Census for the purposes of the most recent decennial census.
 (2)Indian tribeThe term Indian tribe or tribe means any American Indian or Alaska Native tribe, band, nation, pueblo, village, or community that the Secretary of the Interior acknowledges to exist as a federally recognized Indian tribe under the Federally Recognized Indian Tribe List Act of 1994 (25 U.S.C. 479a et seq.).
 (3)Voting-age populationThe term voting-age population means the numerical size of the population within a State, within a political subdivision, or within a political subdivision that contains Indian lands, as the case may be, that consists of persons age 18 or older, as calculated by the Bureau of the Census under the most recent decennial census..
 10.Bilingual election requirementsSection 203(c) of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (52 U.S.C. 10503(c)) is amended by striking ‘‘or in the case of Alaskan natives and American Indians, if the predominant language is historically unwritten’’ and inserting ‘‘(as of the date on which the materials or information is provided)’’.
 11.Other technical and conforming amendments
 (a)Actions Covered Under Section 3Section 3(c) of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (52 U.S.C. 10302(c)) is amended— (1)by striking any proceeding instituted by the Attorney General or an aggrieved person under any statute to enforce and inserting any action under any statute in which a party (including the Attorney General) seeks to enforce; and
 (2)by striking at the time the proceeding was commenced and inserting at the time the action was commenced. (b)Clarification of Treatment of Members of Language Minority GroupsSection 4(f) of such Act (52 U.S.C. 10303(f)) is amended—
 (1)in paragraph (1), by striking the second sentence; and (2)by striking paragraphs (3) and (4).
 (c)Period During Which Changes in Voting Practices are Subject to Preclearance Under Section 5Section 5 of such Act (52 U.S.C. 10304) is amended— (1)in subsection (a), by striking based upon determinations made under the first sentence of section 4(b) are in effect and inserting are in effect during a calendar year;
 (2)in subsection (a), by striking November 1, 1964 and all that follows through November 1, 1972 and inserting the applicable date of coverage; and (3)by adding at the end the following new subsection:
 (e)The term applicable date of coverage means, with respect to a State or political subdivision— (1)June 25, 2013, if the most recent determination for such State or subdivision under section 4(b) was made on or before December 31, 2015; or
 (2)the date on which the most recent determination for such State or subdivision under section 4(b) was made, if such determination was made after December 31, 2015..
 12.Tribal voting consultationThe Attorney General shall consult annually with tribal organizations regarding issues related to voting for members of an Indian tribe (as defined under section 21 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, as added by section 9 of this Act).


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Convention collective nationale de l'immobilier, administrateurs de biens, sociétés immobilières, agents immobiliers, etc. (anciennement cabinets d'administrateurs de biens et des sociétés immobilières), du 9 septembre 1988. Etendue par arrêté du 24 février 1989 JORF 3 mars 1989. Mise à jour par avenant n° 47 du 23 novembre 2010, JORF 18 juillet 2012 - Texte de base - Convention collective nationale de l'immobilier du 9 septembre 1988 | Legifrance
 Vous êtes dans : Accueil> Recherche simple dans les accords de branche et les conventions collectives> Convention collective nationale de l'immobilier, administrateurs de biens, sociétés immobilières, agents immobiliers, etc. (anciennement cabinets d'administrateurs de biens et des sociétés immobilières), du 9 septembre 1988. Etendue par arrêté du 24 février 1989 JORF 3 mars 1989. Mise à jour par avenant n° 47 du 23 novembre 2010, JORF 18 juillet 2012 > Texte de base - Convention collective nationale de l'immobilier du 9 septembre 1988
 Convention collective nationale de l'immobilier, administrateurs de biens, sociétés immobilières, agents immobiliers, etc. (anciennement cabinets d'administrateurs de biens et des sociétés immobilières), du 9 septembre 1988. Etendue par arrêté du 24 février 1989 JORF 3 mars 1989. Mise à jour par avenant n° 47 du 23 novembre 2010, JORF 18 juillet 2012 - Texte de base - Convention collective nationale de l'immobilier du 9 septembre 1988
 Etendu par arrêté du 5 juillet 2012 JORF 18 juillet 2012
 Chapitre VII. Classification des postes de travail et des qualifications professionnelles. Rémunération. Intéressement
 Une annexe à la présente convention fixe la nomenclature des emplois dans les professions visées à l'article 1er.
 Tous les salariés classés à l'un des 9 niveaux de la convention collective doivent recevoir la qualification de l'emploi occupé à titre principal et permanent. Il est entendu que l'exercice des fonctions définies dans la qualification contractuelle de chaque salarié implique, dans l'esprit d'équipe qui doit animer les collaborateurs de l'entreprise, la réalisation occasionnelle de tâches périphériques ou accessoires relevant éventuellement de fonctions différentes.
 Les négociateurs immobiliers ne sont pas classés à l'un des niveaux de la grille conventionnelle mais bénéficient du statut résultant de l'avenant no 31 du 15 juin 2006, exception faite des négociateurs exerçant des fonctions d'encadrement et bénéficiant à ce titre d'un statut cadre, qui seront classés dans la grille de l'annexe I de la convention collective nationale, tout en bénéficiant du statut de l'avenant no 31.
 À la demande d'au moins deux des organisations signataires, et au moins une fois tous les 5 ans, conformément à l'article L. 2241-7 du code du travail, les parties se réunissent pour examiner la nécessité de réviser ces classifications.
 Les négociations prennent en compte l'objectif d'égalité professionnelle entre les femmes et les hommes.
 Pour tenir compte de l'expérience acquise dans l'entreprise, le salaire global brut mensuel contractuel est majoré de 23 € pour les 4 premiers niveaux de la grille et de 27 € pour les niveaux suivants tous les 3 ans, au 1er janvier suivant la date anniversaire. Ces montants peuvent être revalorisés dans le cadre de la négociation annuelle.
 En cas de promotion (classement au niveau supérieur), le salaire global brut mensuel contractuel est augmenté.
 Le décompte de l'ancienneté pour déterminer le versement de la prime d'ancienneté se fait à compter de la dernière période de 3 ans calculée depuis la date de l'embauche. Le premier versement interviendra le 1er janvier suivant le terme de cette période.
 En pratique, les présentes dispositions s'appliqueront, à compter du 1er janvier 2013, aux salariés dont la date d'anniversaire est acquise en 2012.
 Les salariés qui ont déjà bénéficié en janvier 2010 et en janvier 2011 d'une prime d'ancienneté forfaitaire de 20 € ou 24 € verront ces montants revalorisés à 23 € et 27 € à compter du 1er janvier 2013.
 En conséquence, à partir du 1er janvier 2013, seuls les montants forfaitaires de la prime d'ancienneté prévus par l'avenant n° 58 ont vocation à s'appliquer.
 Exemple : une prime de 18 € versée le 1er janvier 2008 passe automatiquement à 20 € à compter du 1er janvier 2010 sans attendre la prochaine échéance qui, pour ce salarié, est prévue en 2011.
 Au 1er janvier 2011, ce salarié avait bénéficié d'une prime globale de 2 × 20 €, soit 40 €.
 Au 1er janvier 2013, sa prime d'ancienneté passe automatiquement à 2 × 23 € sans attendre la prochaine échéance qui, pour ce salarié, est prévue en 2014.
 Au 1er janvier 2014, ce salarié bénéficiera d'une prime globale de 3 × 23 €.
 Il est précisé que les dispositions du présent article sont applicables à l'ensemble des employeurs visés à l'article 1er de la CCNI (champ d'application).
 Enfin, les négociateurs immobiliers étant hors classification du fait du statut spécifique dont ils bénéficient se voient appliquer un forfait de 23 €, conformément aux modalités définies ci-dessus.
 Toutefois, lorsqu'ils sont cadres, ils bénéficient d'un forfait de 27 €.
 NOTE : Les primes forfaitaires de l'article 36 liées à l'ancienneté sont revalorisées au 1er janvier 2016 de la façon suivante :
 - pour les quatre premiers niveaux de la grille (E1 à AM1) : le salaire global brut mensuel contractuel est majoré de 25 € ;
 - pour les cinq niveaux suivants (AM2 à C4) : le salaire global brut mensuel contractuel est majoré de 29 €.
 En conséquence, ont vocation à s'appliquer uniquement à compter du 1er janvier 2016 les seuls montants forfaitaires liés à la prime d'ancienneté du présent avenant. Les forfaits en cours devant être actualisés en tenant compte des nouvelles valeurs.
 (Avenant n° 68 du 23 novembre 2015 BO 2016/06)
 Salaire minimum brut annuel, salaire minimum brut mensuel, salaire global brut annuel contractuel, salaire global brut mensuel contractuel
 37.1. Le salaire minimum brut annuel est déterminé pour chacun des niveaux des grilles de classification. Il est fixé dans l'annexe II à la présente convention (1)
 Conformément à l'application de la loi n° 2006-340 du 23 mars 2006 relative à l'égalité salariale entre les femmes et les hommes, les partenaires sociaux se sont engagés dans des négociations en vue de définir et programmer les mesures permettant de supprimer les écarts de rémunération entre les femmes et les hommes, qui ont débuté au premier trimestre 2008 pour s'achever avant le 31 décembre 2010 (art. L. 2241-9 du code du travail).
 37.2. Le salaire minimum brut mensuel correspond à 1/13 du salaire minimum brut annuel. Il peut constituer en tout ou partie (selon dispositions à fixer au contrat de travail) acompte sur la commission acquise par application d'un barème convenu entre les parties. A titre exceptionnel et de façon provisoire, l'employeur peut verser des avances sur commissions mensuelles supérieures au salaire minimum brut mensuel et revenir à celui-ci en cas de résultats inférieurs à l'avance ainsi consentie, sous réserve de l'article L. 3251-3 du code du travail.
 37.3.1. Le salaire global brut mensuel contractuel correspond au salaire réel perçu par le salarié et convenu entre les parties
 Toutefois, pour l'application des dispositions prévues aux articles 33,34 et 39, le salaire global brut mensuel contractuel des salariés dont les commissions constituent un élément contractuel de rémunération est réputé égal à 1/13 de la rémunération contractuelle perçue pendant les 12 mois précédant l'ouverture du droit aux indemnités prévues par ces articles.
 Pour l'application des articles 24.2 et 25, pendant une période d'absence pour maladie, accident ou maternité, les parties peuvent convenir au contrat de travail des salariés dont les commissions constituent un élément contractuel de rémunération :
 – soit le maintien du seul salaire global brut mensuel contractuel dans les limites prévues aux articles 24 et 25 de la convention collective nationale de l'immobilier ;
 – soit que seul le salaire minimum brut mensuel tel que défini à l'article 37.2 est maintenu dans les limites prévues aux articles 24 et 25 de la convention collective nationale de l'immobilier avec le règlement des seules commissions échues.
 37.3.2. Le salaire global brut annuel contractuel correspond à 13 fois le salaire global brut mensuel contractuel
 37.4. Le salarié sera réputé être rempli de ses droits au regard du salaire minimum brut annuel correspondant à son niveau dès lors que son salaire global brut annuel contractuel atteindra au moins ce montant.
 Ne seront toutefois pas pris en compte pour déterminer si le salaire minimum brut annuel est atteint :
 – les sommes attribuées au titre des régimes légaux d'intéressement et de participation ;
 – les sommes versées par les entreprises aux plans d'épargne salariale ;
 – les versements relatifs :
 – à toute prime exceptionnelle ;
 – aux majorations pour heures supplémentaires ;
 – aux primes et gratifications à caractère bénévole ou aléatoire ;
 – les primes ne correspondant pas à la contrepartie d'un travail fourni ;
 – les remboursements de frais ;
 – la prime de transport ;
 – la compensation financière en contrepartie d'une astreinte...
 Et d'une façon générale toute somme que la loi, l'administration ou la jurisprudence excluent du salaire pris en compte pour apprécier si le Smic est ou non atteint.
 37.5. La période pendant laquelle les salariés bénéficient du maintien de leur salaire est considérée comme du temps de présence.
 37.6. Le salaire minimum brut annuel peut être révisé par avenants successifs. A cet effet, les parties se réunissent chaque fois qu'au moins deux des organisations signataires ou adhérentes en font la demande et dans le mois qui suit la réception de cette demande. En tout état de cause, une réunion doit se tenir au moins chaque année sur présentation par la partie patronale du rapport prévu par l'article D. 2241-1 du code du travail.
 La négociation annuelle de branche sur les salaires porte sur la revalorisation des minima conventionnels de tous les niveaux. Pour maintenir une hiérarchie entre les niveaux, cette revalorisation peut résulter d'un pourcentage d'augmentation différent pour chacun d'eux.
 Pour s'adapter aux réalités socioprofessionnelles et à la situation de l'emploi du secteur, cette négociation de branche doit également porter sur le salaire global brut annuel contractuel des salariés de chaque niveau.
 Des majorations de salaire peuvent être consenties, une année donnée, dans le cadre de la réduction du temps de travail ou de la révision des salaires, au plan régional ou au niveau de l'entreprise. Dans ce cas, ces augmentations sont à valoir sur toute revalorisation conventionnelle décidée ultérieurement par la branche, au titre de la même année. (2)
 37.7. Pour assurer l'adaptation aux réalités socio professionnelles et à la situation de l'emploi du secteur, les organisations représentatives signataires de la présente convention collective doivent constater l'évolution des rémunérations minima comparées aux rémunérations effectives et en tirer les conséquences chaque année.
 (1) Article 37.1 étendu sous réserve de l'application des dispositions de l'article L. 2241-9 du code du travail, qui prévoient que la négociation annuelle sur les salaires vise également à définir et à programmer les mesures permettant de supprimer les écarts de rémunération entre les femmes et les hommes.
 (2) Alinéa étendu sous réserve de l'application des dispositions de l'article L. 2253-4 du code du travail.
 Les salariés à temps complet ou partiel reçoivent en fin d'année un supplément de salaire, dit 13e mois, égal à 1 mois de salaire global brut mensuel contractuel tel que défini à l'article 37.3.1. Il est acquis au prorata du temps de présence dans l'année et réglé sur la base du salaire de décembre.
 Les périodes pendant lesquelles les salariés bénéficient du maintien de leur salaire à 90 % ou à 100 %, en application des articles 21, 22, 24 ou 25 de la convention collective, sont considérées comme temps de présence.
 Les salariés quittant l'entreprise en cours d'année reçoivent cette gratification décomptée pro rata temporis sur la base de leur dernier salaire global brut mensuel contractuel.
 Toutefois, pour les salariés dont la rémunération est en tout ou partie établie sur la base d'un barème de commission convenu entre les parties, le contrat de travail peut inclure le 13e mois dans la rémunération sous réserve qu'il fixe les modalités de règlement des commissions de telle façon que le salarié soit assuré de percevoir dans l'année civile une rémunération au moins égale au salaire minimum brut annuel correspondant à son niveau ou, pour les salariés relevant du statut de négociateur, à 13 fois le salaire minimum brut mensuel.
 Ce calcul étant « proraté » selon le nombre de mois de présence pendant l'exercice considéré en cas d'entrée ou de sortie en cours d'année ou de suspension du contrat de travail.
 Primes associées aux médailles d'honneur du travail
 1. Les médailles d'honneur du travail
 Une médaille d'honneur du travail est remise par l'entreprise aux salariés dont les services, accomplis dans un nombre illimité d'entreprises, sont retenus pour justifier des 20, 30, 35 et 40 années de service requises pour l'obtention de la médaille.
 Les médailles d'honneur du travail sont :
 – la médaille d'argent après 20 années de service ;
 – la médaille de vermeil après 30 années de service ;
 – la médaille d'or après 35 années de service ;
 – la médaille grand or après 40 années de service.
 Les conditions d'attribution de la médaille d'honneur du travail et les modalités de sa demande sont consultables sur le site vosdroits.service-public.fr.
 Le salarié qui souhaite obtenir cette médaille devra en faire la demande en complétant le Cerfa n° 11796*01 auquel seront annexées les pièces justificatives listées dans la notice jointe au formulaire.
 Un arrêté préfectoral fixe, le 1er janvier et le 14 juillet de chaque année, la liste nominative des attributions de la médaille d'honneur du travail.
 Le salarié s'engage à demander la médaille d'honneur du travail correspondant à son relevé de carrière réel à la date de sa demande. Et à ne pas renouveler cette procédure avant une échéance de 5 ans.
 2. La prime associée à l'obtention du diplôme de la médaille d'honneur du travail
 Le salarié bénéficiera d'une prime à l'occasion de la remise du diplôme de la médaille d'honneur du travail.
 Pour obtenir le règlement de ladite prime, le salarié devra communiquer à l'employeur une copie de l'arrêté préfectoral précité justifiant de sa qualité d'attributaire de la médaille d'honneur du travail.
 Sachant que lorsque cette prime médaille d'honneur du travail est versée à l'occasion de la remise du diplôme de la médaille d'honneur du travail, elle n'est pas soumise à cotisations ni impôts sur le revenu.
 Cette gratification aura pour assiette le salaire global brut mensuel contractuel acquis à cette date et défini à l'article 37.3.1 de la CCN de l'immobilier.
 Pour les salariés dont les commissions constituent un élément contractuel de rémunération, elle sera calculée selon la règle définie à l'article 37.3.1, alinéa 2, de la CCNI, soit 1/13 de la rémunération contractuelle perçue pendant les 12 mois précédant l'ouverture du droit, dans la limite des règles d'exonération des cotisations sociales liées à ce versement. L'ouverture des droits s'entend comme la date de la cérémonie de remise officielle de la médaille d'honneur du travail par l'administration.
 Ainsi, cette gratification correspondra à 1 mois de salaire et elle est acquise au salarié qui justifie de 20, 30, 35 ou 40 années de service dans l'entreprise.
 Toutefois, le salarié qui aura, dans l'entreprise, une ancienneté de service moindre percevra cette prime au prorata de ses années de service dans ladite entreprise.
 Exemples : pour une ancienneté de 12 ans dans l'entreprise : le salarié percevra 12/20 de la prime lors de la remise de sa médaille d'argent.
 Un salarié bénéficiant de la médaille d'or (35 années d'activité toutes entreprises confondues) avec une ancienneté de 20 ans dans l'entreprise bénéficiera d'une prise de 20/35 de son salaire global brut mensuel contractuel.
 3. Période transitoire
 Cette période transitoire est destinée à ne pas léser le salarié qui aurait pu prétendre au versement de l'ancienne prime anniversaire et qui ne remplit pas les conditions pour prétendre au versement de la prime versée à l'occasion de la médaille d'honneur du travail.
 En conséquence, tout salarié qui, dans les 5 ans suivant l'entrée en vigueur du présent avenant, aurait pu bénéficier de la prime anniversaire des 25 ans dans la même entreprise pourra prétendre au versement de la prime associée à la médaille d'argent.
 Ces dispositions transitoires ne devront pas avoir pour effet de verser deux primes sur une périodicité de 5 ans.
 Les conditions de mise en œuvre éventuelle de la participation des salariés aux résultats de l'entreprise, de l'intéressement, des plans d'épargne d'entreprise (PEE pouvant aussi être mis en œuvre unilatéralement pas le chef d'entreprise) et de ses variantes, le plan d'épargne groupe (PEG), le plan d'épargne interentreprises (PEI) et le plan partenarial d'épargne salariale volontaire PPESV font l'objet d'une annexe aux accords d'entreprise sous le numéro 7/E.
 Le salaire global brut mensuel contractuel doit figurer sur une seule et même ligne (c'est-à-dire pas de décomposition du minimum d'une part et de la différence permettant d'atteindre le salaire contractuel).
 41.1. Tout salarié doit recevoir chaque mois un bulletin de paie établi sur support papier. Toutefois, sous réserve d'obtenir l'accord du salarié et de garantir l'intégrité des données (données non modifiables par le salarié), l'employeur peut délivrer le bulletin de paie sous forme électronique.
 Dans tous les cas, le bulletin de paie est établi dans les conditions prévues par les articles R. 3243-1 à R. 3243-6 du code du travail et mentionnant notamment :
 1. L'intitulé de la convention collective : convention collective nationale de l'immobilier (brochure Journal officiel n° 3090) ;
 2. Le nom et l'emploi du salarié, la date d'entrée dans l'entreprise, l'ancienneté reconnue, le niveau hiérarchique selon les grilles de l'annexe I de la convention collective nationale, le millésime du 1er janvier suivant la date anniversaire ouvrant droit à l'attribution de la prochaine prime d'ancienneté, le montant du salaire minimum brut mensuel correspondant à son niveau ;
 3. La période et le nombre d'heures de travail auxquels se rapporte le salaire contractuel dû pour ce temps de travail, avec l'indication du mode de calcul lorsque le salaire global brut mensuel contractuel n'est pas entièrement dû ;
 4. Le salaire global brut mensuel contractuel. Devront apparaître distinctement :
 – la prime d'ancienneté attribuée en application de l'article 36 ;
 – les gratifications fixes (13e mois, primes anniversaires...) ;
 – les gratifications aléatoires (résultant par exemple de formules d'intéressement individuelles ou collectives ne relevant pas des dispositions légales visées à l'article 40) ;
 – les gratifications bénévoles ;
 – les primes ou indemnités résultant de conditions particulières de travail, et en général tous éléments accessoires de rémunération soumis aux cotisations de sécurité sociale ;
 – les heures complémentaires et/ou supplémentaires, avec le détail de la rémunération correspondante (base horaire et majorations éventuelles).
 41.2. Le bulletin de paie visé ci-dessus doit être accompagné le cas échéant d'une annexe comportant toutes les informations prévues aux articles D. 3171-11 à D. 3171-13 du code du travail.