HEALTH INSURANCE


[Stage Direction]
On t'he orders of the day:
Mr. GORDON GRAYDON (Leader of the Opposition):: I should like to direct an inquiry

Gasoline
to the Prime Minister. The speech from the throne states that among the matters which will be referred to the select committee on social insurance will be the establishment of a national system of health insurance. Perhaps the Prime Minister will be good enough to indicate to the house whether or not it is the intention of the government to bring down legislation covering this subject before the matter has been referred to the select committee.


Right Hon. W. L. MACKENZIE KING (Prime Minister):: The intention of the government is to have the select committee appointed in the first instance, and when the select committee is meeting there will be special consideration given, among other subjects, to the establishment of a national plan of health insurance.


Gordon Graydon: There will be no bill first?


William Lyon Mackenzie King: No. May I add, lest my reply might be misunderstood,
I should not like the impression to go abroad that no legislation may be introduced at this session with respect to some aspects of social insurance, including possibly health insurance. That will depend among other things on the recommendations of the committee, and what the events of the next few months may be.


Mr. HANSON (York-Sunbury):: Is it not true that a bill has been prepared and submitted to the medical profession, at least in part? I happen to know that that is true, that the medical profession have seen the bill and have made some pronouncement on the question of health insurance.
Hon. IAN A. MACKENZIE (Minister of Pensions and National Health):	I might
answer that. For the past year and a half, officers of the Department of Pensions and National Health, along with experts of various other departments, have been exploring certain proposals in relation to health insurance. No bill has been submitted to the government, but certain proposals have been discussed from time to time by my officers and myself with the medical and dental professions, druggists, nurses, and about twenty-two different organizations in Canada. These proposals will probably be discussed before the select committee. But no bill has been submitted to the government. And this work was going on long before the Winnipeg convention.


Gordon Graydon: Might I say to the minister that it is pleasant to find one exception.


Richard Burpee Hanson: It is submitted to everyone but parliament.



CANADIAN NAVY


[Stage Direction]
On the orders of the day:
Mr. M. J. COLDWELL (Rosetown-Biggar):: Has the government's attention been drawn to serious charges contained in an article in Boating magazine, written by Commander A. D. MacLean (retired), extracts from which are published in to-day's Globe and Mail, together with an editorial suggesting that this house should concern itself with the charges? In any event, will the minister make a statement at the first opportunity?


William Lyon Mackenzie King: What charges?


Major James William Coldwell: The charges are detailed in to-day's issue of the Globe and Mail. I thought it unnecessary to read them into the record.
Right Hon. W. L. MACKENZIE KING (Prime Minister). My hon. friend I think will agree that the members of the government can hardly be expected to be reading all the magazines and papers as they appear. If my hon. friend will allow his question to stand as a notice, an answer might be given later.


Major James William Coldwell: That will be satisfactory. GASOLINE



INQUIRY AS TO RATIONING FOR ENSUING YEAR

[Stage Direction]
On the orders of the day:
Gordon Graydon: I should like to ask the Minister of Munitions and Supply, in view of the great public interest in the question, whether he is in a position to make any announcement with respect to gasoline rationing for the ensuing year. If he cannot make a statement to-day, will he be good enough to indicate when a full announcement on the subject may be anticipated?


Hon. C. D. HOWE (Minister of Munitions and Supply):: I am not in a position to make a statement to-day. Rationing for the coming year of course is closely involved with the supply situation, which at the moment is rather desperate on the Atlantic seaboard. But when the situation clarifies itself I will make a statement in this house. I shall do so as soon as I can.



DEVELOPMENT OF ALBERTA TAR SANDS

Mr. C. E. JOHNSTON (Bow River):: In view of the allegedly serious shortage of gasoline I would ask the Minister of Muni-

War Labour Board

tions and Supply what progress is being made with the development of the tar sands of northern Alberta.


Clarence Decatur Howe: I shall be glad to make a statement on that matter at an appropriate time, but I think this is hardly the proper moment. It will take some minutes to explain the situation.



OLD AGE PENSIONS


[Stage Direction]
On the orders of the day:
Mr. J. It. MacNICOL (Davenport): I wish to ask the Minister of Labour a question. Numerous letters are appearing in the papers asking when the cost of living bonus is to be paid to old age pensioners. Is the minister able to give the house any information in this regard?
Hon. HUMPHREY MITCHELL:: (Minister of Labour): The question of old age pensions does not come under my jurisdiction. The inquiry might perhaps be directed to the Minister of Finance.


Mr. MacNICOL:: Will the Minister of Finance tell us?


Hon. J. L. ILSLEY (Minister of Finance):: There has been no decision to pay a cost of living bonus to old age pensioners.



RATIONING


Mr. T. L. CHURCH (Broadview):: I should like to direct a question to the Minister of Finance in connection with the new ration books, and I am asking it to-day because there is not time to place it on the order paper. A new regulation has been issued requiring individuals to call in person for their new ration books. I have had complaints to the effect that the man of a house may be working and the woman doing war work. The children are not permitted to obtain the books. Will the government make a statement on this matter, and see if it is not possible to return to the old practice of mailing the books? Here we have an organization costing us 34,000,000 a year, and surely the old practice of using the post office would be better. Will the government consider reverting to the former practice?


James Lorimer Ilsley: I shall bring the hon. gentleman's question to the attention of the rationing authority, which is the wartime prices and trade board!



LABOUR CONDITIONS


[Stage Direction]
On the orders of the day:
William Lyon Mackenzie King: As the house is aware, the government has been seeking to secure the right person to fill the position of chairman of the national war labour board, from which the Minister of Labour (Mr. Mitchell) has resigned. I am happy to be able to say that the government has secured the services of Mr. Justice McTague of Toronto as chairman of that board. I need not tell the house that Mr. Justice McTague has had long and exceptional experience in dealing with industrial problems. He has been on many conciliation boards, and I believe is the best person that could be found to fill this very important position.
In connection with Mr. Justice McTague's acceptance of the position there will have to be some reorganization of the board in fundamental particulars. Later the house will be given the further information on that point.
As hon. members doubtless know, for the last year or two Mr. Justice McTague has been acting as chairman of the war contracts depreciation board, and there are matters connected with that board which make it inadvisable for Mr. Justice McTague to resign as chairman for the present.



VISIT TO OTTAWA OP REPRESENTATIVES OF MONTREAL DISTRICT AIRCRAFT WORKERS

[Stage Direction]
On the orders of the day:
William Lyon Mackenzie King: The representatives of the aircraft industry of Montreal were given the assurance two days ago that -they would have the opportunity to present to -the -national war labour board any grievances or matters they wished to have considered by that board, under the new chairman who was -to be appointed. As a new chairman has been secured for -the board I am hopeful that this opportunity will be afforded very soon.



INQUIRY AS TO APPOINTMENT OF DEPUTY SPEAKER

[Stage Direction]
On the orders of the day:
Major James William Coldwell: May I ask when the opportunity will be given to complete the organization of this house by the appointment of a deputy speaker?

The Address-Mr. Gershaw


William Lyon Mackenzie King: My hon. friend will recall that under the rules of the house the deputy speaker is not appointed until after the address in reply to the speech from the throne has been agreed on. As soon as the rules of the house have been complied with in that particular the deputy speaker will be appointed.



BUSINESS OF THE HOUSE

William Lyon Mackenzie King: May I direct attention to the fact that the third reading of the bill respecting the Chief Justice of Canada appears under government orders. The government would like to have the third reading of that bill before the special order is taken up. I might add that yesterday we could have proceeded with the third reading under the rules, had we wished to do so, as there was no amendment in committee, but the government was not anxious to press the matter unduly.


Gordon Graydon: I think we of this party are prepared to agree to the third reading, on the distinct understanding that by thus expediting the bill we do not indicate any more approval than we gave it yesterday.
The lmuse having proceeded to government orders:



CHIEF JUSTICE OF CANADA


[Stage Direction]
Hon. L. S. ST. LAURENT (Minister of Justice) moved the third reading of Bill No. 2, to amend an act respecting the Chief Justice of Canada.
Mr. SPEAKER:: Is it the pleasure of the house to adopt the motion?


Gordon Graydon: On division.


Major James William Coldwell: On division.
Motion agreed to on division, and bill read the third time and passed.



GOVERNOR GENERAL'S SPEECH


[Stage Direction]
The house resumed from Tuesday, February 2, consideration of the motion of Mr. W. E. Harris (Grey-Bruce) for an address to His Excellency the Governor General in reply to his speech at the opening of the session, and the amendment thereto of Mr. Graydon, and the amendment to the amendment of Mr. Coldwell.
Mr. F. W. GERSHAW (Medicine Hat):: Mr. Speaker, in venturing to offer a few remarks during the course of this debate I want first to congratulate most sincerely the mover (Mr. Harris) and the seconder (Mr. Halle) of the address both upon their eloquence and upon the subject matter which -they presented. I do so particularly because they represent in this house the armed forces, and I say all honour should be given that great body o'f free men who are offering their lives to preserve the precious heritage which has been handed down to us and which is threatened at this time by a ruthless aggressor. All down through the centuries brave men have been called upon to do battle in times of danger. The history of the past records their valiant deeds; but when the history of this war is written the skill and courage of the airmen, the sailors and the soldiers of democracy will add a shining page to that record, a page which will be outstanding in the annals of human conflict.
We who are not facing the enemy directly must bear some trials and inconveniences, but these inconveniences are as nothing compared with the things with which the fighting forces must contend. As has been pointed out, we have some inconveniences with regard to rationing. We cannot sell all we should like to sell; we cannot buy some of the things we should like to buy. We may be restricted to a certain extent in our food supply, but the Minister of Pensions and National Health (Mr. Mackenzie) is setting up a nutrition organization which will teach the Canadian people the art of living and will go a long way toward preserving the health of the Canadian people. Hard work will be the lot of many who remain in Canada. My heart goes out to the elderly men and women who are trying to carry on their work on our farms with the younger people away at war work. Again, we may be confused by the many complicated forms which business men, farmers and others are asked to fill out. We cannot always understand the need of this information being given, because it often takes a good deal of time and energy to prepare. We may be hampered somewhat by the licences we have to procure, and by difficulties in connection with priorities. But the people of Canada are willing to submit to these things, and the officers administering them are willing to adjust them to the needs of the people, so as to cause as little inconvenience as possible.
For seven hundred years there was a small village named Lidice in Czechoslovakia. The
The Address-Mr. Gershaw

men and women lived there as happy neighbours. The children laughed and played on the streets. Then the German conquerors came. The men were forced to do what they were told to do. The women had scanty supplies of food for their tables. Worship in the churches and teaching in the schools were interfered with. And then, on a road which did not even lead into this village, two men were mortally wounded. The gestapo stepped in. They claimed that a radio had been found and that the people of that village wanted their freedom, and so a terrible vengeance was visited upon them. Their buildings were levelled to the ground, the men were shot, and callously thrown into common graves, and the women and children were carried off to we know not what. That is an example of what is being inflicted upon people in countries overrun by our ruthless enemy.
One other inconvenience we have to put up with is the high income tax, but I am sure that those who can pay that tax do not begrudge it. The single man who earns S3,000 must pay a tax of $668; he who earns $5,000 must pay $2,128, he who earns $10,000 pays $5,122, and so on until we reach the higher brackets, where ninety-two per cent of revenue or income is taken, for this one tax alone.
The great, outstanding issue before the people of Canada to-day, the issue which transcends all others, and toward which we must direct our thoughts is the winning of the war. With the cooperation of the civilian population, the strategy of those in command and the courage of the troops this war will be won. Right will triumph over the hordes who claim that might is all important. Some day the war will end. Unfortunately some of the warriors will not return, while others will come back maimed and suffering revolting disabilities. We hope and trust many will return to Canada to a better civilian state of affairs than the world has ever known. I believe the people of this country and the members of the House of Commons are, like the people of New Zealand, determined that in so far as possible no one will lose for having gone to the war, and no one will gain from having stayed at home.
I believe it is the fixed desire and the firm resolution of the people to see to it that never again shall there be widespread unemployment, such as we endured in the thirties. It is their firm desire that there shall be equal opportunity for adults and children of all classes, and that the four freedoms written into the Atlantic charter will be realized and become a great blessing to mankind. These

things are not beyond the realm of possibility. The road to them may be hard and rough, but we must lift our eyes from the plains on which we tread, and look to the hills; because it is not beyond human ability to reach that condition of affairs.
Some one has said: How can it be done? How can this bright picture be realized? I say it can be done by the energy, ability and inventive genius of the Canadian people, guided and directed by the leaders in power at the present time. I say this because a similar and perhaps greater Canadian accomplishment is being unfolded before the eyes of the world, an accomplishment which has received the unstinted praise of Prime Minister Churchill and President Roosevelt. I speak of the Canadian war activity.
For example, consider the situation as regards the navy. Starting with fifteen ships and 1,774 men, the navy has grown until it now has 500 ships and more than 40,000 men and officers. They have patrolled our irregular coast-line; they have defended our shores; they have convoyed thousands of ships bearing vital war supplies to the mother country; they have fought on all the seven seas, side by side with ships of the British navy. It has been the greatest naval accomplishment in all history.
All of us are thrilled by the heroic flights of Canadian-trained airmen over Germany. If we were to study the accomplishments of the army and the air force we would find a similar expansion. We would find that these branches are worthy of a great tribute, and their expansion can be placed to the credit of the three ministers of defence in this government.
At times both in the country and in the house the price-ceiling regulations have been criticized. But it becomes more and more clear that those regulations are working out successfully, and that they have been a great help to the Canadian people. Our regulations constitute a model which has been copied by other countries, and those who were pioneers in producing this measure have the satisfaction of knowing they have made a great contribution.
The success of price regulation measures, and the outstanding success of victory loan drives are indications that the people of Canada have confidence in the ability and sincerity, and in the firmness of the Minister of Finance (Mr. Ilsley). Then, the technical knowledge and managerial ability of the Minister of Munitions and Supply (Mr. Howe) have been a great help to Canada, enabling this country to build up an organization which

The Address-Mr. Gershaw
employs a million workers at the present *time, and which is sending the very best of munitions to every battlefield in the world. The Midas touch of the minister has done much to transfer the peace-time economy of Canada into an arsenal of democracy.
At this point I should like to pay tribute to those thousand or more so-called dollar-a-year men who are making a great contribution, and who have been doing so at great cost to themselves. They are getting little credit for it, but I believe that they are doing a great work. If there is any selfishness in their actions, it has not become apparent.
The Prime Minister (Mr. Mackenzie King) has shown himself to be a master in the art of government. He has gathered around him a group of ministers who are capable of meeting the great responsibilities which are theirs. He has been a great Canadian leader for a quarter of a century. He has held this position in times of sunshine and in times of storm; he has held it in spite of rapidly changing public opinion. He has done much to maintain unity in this country and goodwill in an international 'way, and I think the records of history will justly value what he has done.
I desire at this time to refer to a few matters which are of particular importance to the district whence I come. To a great extent we are interested in the agricultural industry. While the lot of the farmer is better to-day than it has been for many a long day, at the same time there is a class of farmer, there are certain people whose lot is anything but happy. Figures have been quoted in this house to show that during the long ten years of the depression, 33.9 per cent of the people of this country, those who were engaged in agriculture, received only from ten to fifteen per cent of the national income. Their share is higher at the present time, but it still falls short of what it should be.
Those depressed years left a huge mountain of debt. The debt of the farmers of the west is estimated to be $800,000,000. In Alberta alone the farmers owe the banks $35,000,000; they owe the machine companies $50,000,000, and they owe mortgage companies and individuals a total of $100,000,000. The Farmers' Creditors Arrangement Act has reduced this debt by some $21,745,000, but there are still obligations that cannot be met. These cannot be met for one reason, namely, that the farmer is being asked to produce at a figure below his actual cost. During the last few years the farmer has received 45 cents, 50 cents, or perhaps up to 70 cents a
bushel for his wheat, but Professor Hope of Saskatchewan university has estimated that for the farmer to be able to meet his costs and have a decent standard of living, the price of wheat on the farm should be at least 90 cents a bushel for the average grade. It may be asked how this industry has survived in view of these circumstances. It has survived because the farmer started in with considerable capital which has gradually been reduced until it is all gone. Some farmers have survived by going into debt and assuming mortgages, and others have survived because their wives and children have stepped in and done a great deal of the work of the farm.
In our economic set-up there is one great maladjustment. The home is the very cornerstone of our civilization. The end and aim of all legislation should be to make conditions better in the home. Yet oui farm homes are not what they should be. They have not the conveniences which they should have and which the work of the farm warrants. Men and women on the farm visualize the advantages of general and technical education for their children; theii children dream of obtaining this education, but their dreams seldom come true because their hopes are often blighted by despair.
My contention is that farm products should not be sold below cost of production, and my further contention is that farm production should be regarded as a munition of war and should have the same sound, practical support and assistance given to those manufacturers who are producing other munitions of war.


Mr. HOMUTH:: The government can
remedy that.


Frederick William Gershaw: I am pointing out that the parliament of Canada can remedy that. I want to enlist the support of members of this house for a small section of our population who at the present time are suffering from what I have referred to as a maladjustment.
Farming is a skilled occupation, and yet the return for this work is much less than the return for so-called unskilled labour in our factories. It is a dangerous occupation; yet it is without the protection of the provincial workmen's compensation acts, and the farmers are without the ability to protect themselves with accident insurance. It is a lonely, isolated occupation, and yet it is without the comforts of modern homes and present-day inventions which add So much to the zest and interest of life. About the only security that many of the people engaged in this occupa-
The Address-Mr. Gershaw

[DOT]tion, many of the people in this particular group of which I am speaking, can look forward to is the hope of getting an old age pension. Many of them are worn out before they reach the age of seventy.
I want to make an appeal at this time to have a better Old Age Pensions Act placed upon our statute books. This legislation should start at a younger age and should provide more comforts. By all means let all pensioners have the small sum referred to as a cost of living bonus. The difficulties in getting accommodation and renting quarters are real in most of our towns and cities. The prices of the commodities that these people have to buy have gone up. According to a return brought down last year, in 1942 the dominion contributed 820,611,706 for old age pensions. If the pension is increased to $25 a month, it will mean an increase of 87,402,000 If the pensions are paid at sixty-five years of age, the additional cost will be 819,603.000.
There is one other thing which is proving a great difficulty to old age pensioners. The total amount allowed is $365 a year. The maximum pension is 8240, and if the pensioner makes more than $125 a year, the pension is reduced accordingly. In these times this means a hardship to a great many of these deserving pioneers.
The people of this country realize that we are at war and are anxious to make their contribution. Go into the rural districts and you will find that men -are willing to give their time in the collecting of scrap iron which may be of use, and the women are spending long hours in sewing and doing Red Cross work. Even the children are bringing in their pennies as a contribution. They are unable to buy war bonds, but they are anxious to do what they can in this regard. I have two suggestions to make which I think are of importance. One is -that the local officers of the wartime prices and trade board should have a little more authority and the privilege of making more decisions, because it is often difficult and takes a good deal of time to locate the man who can settle the difficulties that are constantly arising. Although the central office must have control, this system works to the disadvantage of many people because of the difficulty and the time it takes to get in touch with the different officers and secure a decision.
One other suggestion I have to make is -that local draft boards be given some voice in granting postponements for military service. Conditions differ very much in different localities. In an irrigation district, for instance, a farmer must have a large staff both summer and winter, doing irrigation work in the sum-
mer and stock feeding in the winter. When the younger men are called into the army and the older men go into munition plants the owner of the farm is in a desperate situation. It is believed that stock feeding has dropped as much as forty per cent in some of these districts because of the impossibility of getting help. The returns are not sufficient to allow the farmer to pay enough wages to attract the help he requires, and if he could the help is not available.
There is another matter which I wish to bring to the attention of the house. A young man-I know of an actual case-enlisted; he was anxious to do his part. After he had gone, his father was taken permanently sick. No one else was available who could carry on the work. Many efforts have been made and much correspondence has taken place, but that young man has not ye-t received any extended postponement. In the meantime the life savings of this aged couple are rapidly disappearing. It is cases like this which would seem to make it advisable to give men who are acquainted with the local situation some say in granting postponements.
We in the west feel that we are fortunate in having a Minister of Agriculture (Mr. Gardiner) and a Minister of Trade and Commerce (Mr. MacKinnon) who understand western conditions. We realize that they have obtained for the western farmer as much as any one in their positions could possibly obtain. Millions of dollars have been allotted from the treasury to pay for wheat for which there is no market, and bonuses of various kinds have been granted up to an amount of sixty-five million dollars or even more. All these things are much appreciated by the farmers of that western country, although they do find in connection with the bonuses that there are many discouragements and delays and that often the regulations are such that deserving people are denied the bonus.
I wish to bring to the attention of the Minister of Agriculture one particular phase of this subject. This year there is no prairie farm assistance provided, and yet in southern Alberta we have twenty-two townships where the average yield is much below eight bushels per -acre. These people are in a desperate situation, and I hope -that arrangements can be made whereby the prairie farm assistance payments can be made to these deserving people.
I am not asking for a parity price. I am asking the department and appealing to this house to find out the cost of producing the various farm products and to pay that cost, as it fairly should be paid. The health of the people of the nation demands these agricultural

The Address-Mr. Fair
products. If all the people had all the foods which they really require, the full output of agricultural production would 'be used up. If the farmers of a country are prosperous, all others share in that prosperity. Here is an opportunity to do some of these things which will bring contentment, permanency and attractiveness to the people of this country.
We must look to the great to-morrows. For centuries yet to come future generations will look back upon the efforts and accomplishments of the people of this generation, and we shall be judged by posterity by the efforts we put forth and by what we accomplish now. This is not only a time of trial but a time of great opportunity. Few generations have had the opportunity which is offered to the people of this generation, an opportunity to shield that precious heritage which has been built up by long struggles and which is now threatened with destruction, an opportunity to build, upon the foundations which 'have been laid, a more noble edifice.


Mr. ROBERT FAIR (Battle River):: Mr. Speaker, let me first of all join with the hon. member who has just taken his seat, (Mr. Gershaw), in extending congratulations to the mover (Mr. Harris, Grey-Bruce) and the seconder (Mr. Halle) of the address, and by so doing to pay a tribute to all the fighting forces of Canada. It has not been my custom in the past to extend these congratulations, but on this occasion I am very glad to do it because I realize, as all the rest of us here and throughout Canada must realize, that those in the fighting forces are giving everything they have in the fight for the preservation of what we in Canada wish to keep. I cannot say that I am satisfied with everything we have, but it is much better than people in other lands have, and it is our duty to do everything possible to bring to a successful and speedy conclusion the fight that is now in progress.
We have, as has been pointed out on several occasions, a number of small inconveniences to put up with, and among them is rationing. The Minister of Finance (Mr. Ilsley) and the chairman of the wartime prices and trade board could not have been very active when the speech from the throne was being written, because certainly in that document there does not seem to have been any rationing of words, and it is evident that a number of good things which might have been included in it have been omitted.
There is in the speech from the throne only a brief reference to agriculture. We had better all understand that without food we cannot win the war or secure a successful peace. Food
is one of the first essentials. I realize, of course, that other things are necessary too, but food is one of the first things, because if we cannot feed our soldiers and our factory' workers and those on the other side of the Atlantic whom we have been feeding for the last few years, they will not be in proper physical condition to fight or to manufacture the munitions of war. Therefore, I believe that more attention should have been paid in the speech to the subject of agriculture. I am not particularly surprised to find the references to this subject so meagre, because agriculture has been neglected longer than the period of time I have been in Canada, which is almost thirty years now. Around election time all across Canada farmers are patted on the back and told what good fellows they are; at conventions and similar gatherings members of this house and others hand out bouquets; but when it comes to providing the dollars for the products the farmers raise, we find a number of these good people absent. I am sorry that this condition exists, and I hope something will be done in the very near future to have it remedied.
One short paragraph of the speech from the throne says:
A joint committee representative of the Departments of Agriculture of Canada and the United States has been agreed upon to coordinate the efforts of the two countries in the production of food for the united nations.
We all realize that Canada and the United States are geographically married and that there is no possibility of a congressional or house of commons divorce; and I do not see any reason why we on the Canadian side of the border should not enjoy the fruits of our labours to the same extent as those do who are south of the line.
On Friday last, January 29, the Minister of Trade and Commerce (Mr. MacKinnon) announced the joint agricultural policy for himself and the Minister of Agriculture (Mr. Gardiner). If we look back just one year we may remember the delegation which came from the three western provinces. It was not a delegation wholly of farmers; it was representative of all western business and industrial life. The delegates asked for very moderate consideration. Consideration was promised to them and, I believe, was given; but we were minus the financial consideration when the crops were harvested. The delegation asked for an initial payment of one dollar per bushel on wheat, and later they wanted to receive parity, which I believe some suggested at that time to be $1.41. When the government's policy for the year was announced we found that a price of ninety
The Address-Mr. Fair

cents was to be given, twenty cents above the seventy cents for the year-or for years -prior to that time, and much below what it should have been. The fact is that the summer-fallow bonuses in the year 1942, the prairie farm assistance and prairie farm income bonuses, have shrunk so much that there is very little financial return from that ninety cents when the amount which is taken away by the bonuses is subtracted. We were told by the Minister of Agriculture that the government -was taking every dollar it possibly could out of the treasury and paying it on our wheat crop. Hon. members who have followed the record of the various articles which have been purchased for the prosecution of the war will have noted that in every case cost of production plus profit is paid, and that the farmer is about the only class in Canada that is denied the cost of production. We have been told that the operations of the wartime prices and trade board are the cause of prices in some cases not having been put up. But those who are on the land and have had to buy farm machinery will agree with me when I say that wartime price orders did not provide that those from whom we had to purchase these things should be treated in the same way. If you bought a tractor a year ago this spring it cost you about 185 more than it did the fall before; and in several other lines similar rises of price have been recorded. I do not think, therefore, we are getting the equality of treatment which has been spoken of in this chamber *time and time again.
I know that the Minister of Trade and Commerce and the Minister of Agriculture have done their best; the hon. member for Medicine Hat (Mr. Gershaw) has given them thanks, and I want to do the same-for small mercies. But the hon. member who preceded me must realize that these two ministers are a minority of the cabinet, that the more powerful interests are represented by the other seventeen members of the cabinet, and for that reason we are denied that to which we are entitled.
Since coming to Canada I have been trying to get farmers organized, and in the course of that work I have discovered various reasons why farmers have been kept where they are easy to deal with-that is, kept as near the bread-line as it is possible to keep them and yet have them produce interest on the money which they have to borrow to carry on their businesses.
In his announcement the Minister of Trade and Commerce told us that we were expected to reduce our wheat acreage this year by three million acres, and that we would be

allowed to deliver a straight fourteen bushels per acre. I am not sure whether in all cases we shall be able to deliver fourteen bushels, because, while this year we have had an exceptionally heavy yield of wheat and coarse grains, that condition may not recur for some years. If we look over the averages for a number of years we shall find that the yield this year is nearly as good as that of two average years.
In the course of his statement the minister said that in 1942 we can deliver only 1942 wheat. This, I believe, is a grave mistake on the part of the wheat board and any others who have the authority to deal with the question. There are, I believe, in the house today men who have a carry-over of No. 1 wheat and at the same time are compelled to deliver No. 6 and feed wheat in 1942. That is, they must deliver No. 6 and feed wheat to the wheat board in order not to break the law and incur a fine by the wheat board, while they are compelled to feed to their live stock the No. 1 wheat they have in their bins. I ask the Minister of Trade and Commerce if that is right or just or reasonable or good business. On the day the minister made his statement I asked if he would not immediately bring in an amendment to the Canadian Wheat Board Act and have this changed, and let us get down to business, but because of the rules of the house I did not receive a reply. I now ask the minister and the government to make an immediate change in the regulations so that a common-sense policy can be put into effect and farmers shall be allowed to deliver any grain they may have, whether grown prior to 1942 or during that year. I suppose none of us, when eating a piece of bacon, can tell whether it was produced from No. 1 wheat or feed wheat; and, while we are shipping most of our supplies at the present time to the old country, they over there are not so particular that they will not eat the pork and bacon produced on low grade feed.
We are asked for an increase in hogs, cattle and poultry products. I believe that the farmers of Canada-I am not referring only to the farmers of western Canada-from the Atlantic to the Pacific are doing everything possible to meet this demand. From the Wainwright district I have a number of resolutions; I do not think it necessary to read them because I believe the Minister of Agriculture has copies of them. On December 16 the farmers there met and organized to the best of their ability. I am not sure how effective that organization will be or what cooperation there will be so far as the government is concerned,

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but I know that the farmers are doing everything they can to produce to the utmost during the coming year.
One of t'he shortcomings of the government's programme is the withdrawal of payment for grain stored on farms. It is not possible in all cases for farmers to deliver all their quota, because the local elevators-and they are allowed to deliver at only one point-have not the space available. We are not getting such a high price for wheat that farmers can pay that storage. If you compare our prices here with those in the United States it will be seen that we are very much underpaid. In the Western Producer of January 21 last I find this item:
$1.13 Advanced on United States Wheat
The United States Department of Agriculture has announced that Commodity Credit Corporation through December 31 had completed 514,687 loans on 386.297,684 bushels of 1942 wheat in the amount of $436,695,969. The average amount advanced was $1.13 per bushel, which includes some transportation charges from the area of production to warehouse locations and storage advances on farm-stored wheat. Loans had been completed on 171,874,656 bushels stored on farms, and 214,423,028 bushels stored in warehouses.
So that in the United States they are advancing on grain stored in the elevators and on the farms. I do not think the United States can grow better wheat than we can; in fact I do not think they can grow as good wheat, and their costs of production are lower than ours. Therefore we are being cheated out of a good many cents a bushel on all the wheat we grow.
On January 7 last the Minister of Finance (Mr. Usley) addressed the Ontario Federation of Agriculture in Toronto. I do not know whether the minister felt he would catch the farmers napping; he told them that the very real harm that agriculture would suffer would be from the deflation and collapse of prices that would follow inflation. If the minister can show me and show the farmers whom he addressed in Toronto, taking into account the price increases that have been allowed on the things we have to buy, that we would suffer by having the price of our grain, particularly our wheat, raised fifty cents a bushel, he will have to make a better explanation than he has done in this house up to the present time. Deflation and inflation are straw men that are often used to scare the farmers. But some of our farmers are at last getting wise about these straw men and are not taking very much notice of them.
We have been charged on several occasions with coming here looking for charity. The farming class, and I have talked to them in different parts of the country, are the last
to ask for or accept charity. Farmers comprise about one-third of the population of Canada. The remaining two-thirds are largely dependent directly or indirectly on the farmers, because if there were no farmers in Canada the country would go back to the Indians and those who in the past have exploited the farmers would be in some other country. We want parity, not charity.
A number of reasons may be given for loss of production during this present year. One of the first I would refer to is the shortage of farm help. On March 24 last the Prime Minister (Mr. Mackenzie King) made an announcement in connection with farm help. At that time it sounded pretty good, but the action taken on several occasions since then shows that the Prime Minister and his order did not go nearly far enough. Many young men necessary on the farms, key men, were called up and given postponement only until a certain date. In several instances those young men, in order to get into the branch of the service that they wanted to be in, enlisted before their postponement had expired, and for that , reason I know of several farmers who had to sell their stock and equipment and rent the land. Therefore there will be a considerable reduction in the production of live stock and live-stock products.
Again, because of lack of help in the last harvesting and threshing season, we have millions of bushels of wheat in the stook, and some of it even standing waiting for the combine. This cannot all be attributed to lack of farm help, because we had rather a late and rainy harvest season, and then when the time came that the threshers could be operated, several outfits that should have had a crew of ten men were compelled to operate with two or three or four. In my home district I know of only one outfit that had a full crew of ten men. For that reason, on thousands of acres in that vicinity, and I believe in perhaps forty per cent of the province of Alberta, the crop is still standing in the stook or waiting for the combine. This is not a healthy condition. When the grain is finally harvested the quantity will fall far below the earlier estimates. There will be a drastic reduction because of mice and rabbits and weather and other damage.
There is another serious situation in this connection. In many cases the grain is not all threshed; only sufficient has been delivered to pay the harvesting and threshing wages and other necessary expenses, and while their money is tied up in the field the farmers find that the machinery companies are seizing
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their machinery, which should be and would be paid for if the fanners had a chance to deliver their grain.
What is being done to take care of this serious situation? Only a few days ago we learned that the Alberta Debt Adjustment Act was ruled ultra vires by the privy council. I believe the other western provinces, and some of the eastern provinces as well, are in the same position as we are. I wonder what the situation will be before we can get modem judges, trained in the up-to-date modern school, who will give the proper interpretation to the legislation that comes before them. Something must be done. Last session I stated, and I repeat it now, that the President of the United States found it necessary to put progressive judges on the bench before any advance could be made with progressive legislation.
There is another question which will have to be considered before agriculture can get on a sound footing; that is the present farm debt situation. I am not like some people in talking about this; I know of what I speak, because in my own case I bought quite a bit of land when wheat was selling at from SI.40 to SI.70 a bushel, and I had to do work outside of the farm, in different lines, in order to keep up my payments. This is nothing new in western Canada, because under our price structure the farmers have not been able to pay for their farms, and for that reason have been compelled to carry on other remunerative work during their slack seasons. Now principal and interest have piled up to such an extent that the farmers can never get out from under the load; and while plenty of good suggestions are offered, no attempt is made to remove that burden which must be lifted before the farmer can make progress.
In connection with hog and cattle prices, while they are not just what they might be we have not yet received very many complaints about them. But there is a good deal of discontent in connection with the grading of hogs. As usual the packers seem to get the larger share of the melon, and we are wondering how long it will be until this matter is straightened out. Then in connection with the price of eggs, in my part of the country we had a reduction of 17 cents per dozen during the three weeks period prior to January 15. I wonder what the wartime prices and trade board is doing about that. On January 15 the temperature went down to 58 below zero in my district, and I think the Minister of Finance or the chairman of the wartime prices and trade board would have to go out there with a new mash or some-(Mr. Fair.]
thing of the kind to make the chickens lay in order to produce with a price reduction of 17 cents a dozen as compared to the previous price. I should like to have a good deal more to say on that question, and perhaps the opportunity will come later.
I do not see why the farmers, together with all the help they can get, and their families, should be compelled to work longer hours than any other class in this country and still get such a miserable standard of living. Time after time we have been told by the Prime Minister and others that we must have an equal standard, but I am still waiting and hoping for the day when some government will be put into power here that will do a little levelling up and bring about a fair distribution in this country. Time and again we have asked that representatives of organized agriculture be placed on boards dealing with agricultural matters. Up to the present we have not had much success in having that done, so that again to-day I am offering this suggestion to the government.
I have not time to deal with a number of other questions to which I wanted to refer, but I should like to take up one which I believe is of particular interest to the whole of Canada, since now we are telling the men serving in this war what we are going to do for them when they come back. I am going to mention some figures to show what the men who served in the last war have been done for, not what has been done for them. I am referring again to the soldier settlement board. After t'he last war, in order to put some of the returned men to work and perhaps to keep them out of mischief, the soldier settlement board was set up; I believe that was about 1919. Originally the number of settlers under that scheme was 25,017; the government advanced loans to the amount of $109,034,331, and I believe the rate of interest was 5 per cent. Up to the end of March, 1941, collections on those loans amounted to $65,640,518. In other words it took about twenty-two years for the government to get back some $65,000,000 of the original $109,000,000, and included in that figure were the deposits or payments made on land which was resold to civilians after the soldier settlers got wise and left. Only 2,750 settlers have obtained title to the land, and a number of these had pensions or a little stake obtained from other sources. On March 31, 1941, according to the figures I have here, of the original number of settlers only some 7,360 remained on the land. Of those, 2,953 had an average equity of 67-5 per cent; 606 had an average equity of 32 per cent; 1,078 had an average equity of

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16 per cent, and 2,723 had no interest whatever in their farms. In other words, 2,723 men were staying on the land, wondering from day to day when the director would order them off or take some other action.
That is what we have done for the men who served in the last war. Further breaking this down, we find that 3,801 men, or 52 per cent of the settlers remaining on the land, have an average equity of not more than 16 per cent. Some say it is not good business to look back, but I am looking back and once more bringing before this house the question of the settlement of soldiers after the last war, for the express purpose of seeing that the men and women who come back from the present war are not treated in the same way. I hope hon. members of this house will see to it that when the men and women come back from the present war they are given better treatment.
One of the things that has hurt me time and again is the statement I have heard on various occasions that many returned soldiers from great war No. 1 enlisted in this war because they could not make a living for their wives and families, and saw a way of keeping the wolf from the door by going into the army again and getting the government allowances. But we find that under an order in council passed by this government part of those allowances has been held back and paid over to the soldier settlement board to apply on the debts of these men. Apparently the board would much rather have the ready cash, which rightfully belonged to the wives and families of the men who enlisted, than take a chance on the crops grown on the land, on which the debt was due. The government figures that there is still some $30,000,000 that may be recovered from the soldier settlers who have remained on the land. Up to the end of March, 1941, the cost of administration of this scheme amounted to $25,910,495, approximately $1,250,000 a year. During the period between 1919 and 1941 the government admitted that they had made a mess of the soldier settlement scheme, and proceeded from time to time by six different operations to bring down the debt against those people, and in that way to keep them on the land as long as possible. First of all they brought about a consolidation of loans, then a cancellation of interest charges, then a revaluation of land, then in 1930 a 30 per cent reduction, then a dollar for dollar bonus, and finally the benefits of the Farmers' Creditors Arrangement Act. Total deductions through these six methods I have mentioned
amounted to $47,518,215. If things keep on like this, I do not know what is going to happen. We are told that $30,000,000 can still be salvaged; and while $30,000,000 is but a drop in the bucket in paying for and prosecuting the present war, so that things may be made better for the rest of us in Canada, I feel that that $30,000,000 does not begin to balance the misery and suffering endured by those men, their wives and families up to the present time.
On other occasions I have advocated that those who have fought against weather elements and other obstacles and stayed on the land up to the present should be given a clear title to the land. The government has not taken notice of that suggestion. Knowing what happens when a person has to pay five per cent interest, having paid seven or eight per cent myself on many occasions, and knowing the condition of farmers generally, I am now asking for something else namely, that those who have paid an amount equal to fifty per cent of the original debt, whether principal or interest, be given a clear title to their land. The men and women who are administering the act could be put to far better purpose in furthering our war effort, or, as one of my neighbours has suggested, in growing sugar beets, so that we would not have to have so many employed by the ration board. Those who had not paid in fifty per cent, or who would not be covered by that provision, would be placed on the same basis as those affected by the Veterans' Land Act. That is, they would have at least a fifty per cent equity in the land. In some cases this would mean a drastic reduction. But for heaven's sake let us clear the blot of the old soldier settlement board off our Canadian statute book. Give those people a break now, even though it is too late.
When I came to Ottawa a week ago there were so many of our forces on the train that it was almost like a troop train. There were members of all branches of the services, and a finer, cleaner and healthier group of young people you would not see anywhere. I discussed with some of the men their occupations before joining, their reasons for joining, and other matters. And in that connection I should like to place on Hansard a poem which was sent to the IFestem Producer by Eric A. Dowson, Runciman, Saskatchewan, because it describes very well the position of the diners who were in the dining car as we came east. This poem is entitled The Diner, and is in these words;
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He was dining on the diner;
And the waiter called him "Sir."
White linen decked his table And gleaming silverware.
They placed good food before him,
He sat and ate his fill,
They paid him every service And his country paid the bill.
And he thought of another journey Of a not far distant date;
When he passed through this same country. Just a hobo on a freight.
His country did not need him,
For he had no work to do And he wore no service uniform Of khaki, or of blue.
When his grim task is over Perhaps we'll understand,
That hungry mouths may all be fed,
From the plenty of our land.
And to go with that I have one further clipping. I am not sure who is responsible for it, but it is very well put. It reads:
Is it possible that when this war is over, the heroes of Dunkirk, the battle of Britain, Hong Kong, and Dieppe must do like so many of their fathers, the heroes of Mons, Ypres, Passchendaele, and Vimy Bidge, did after the last fracas and exchange the weapons they used to defend democracy and freedom for a peacetime issue of picks and shovels? What a "freedom", what a "democracy" the "planners" are planning. Do we never learn? Must this war also be fought in vain?
May I say on my own responsibility that the youth of our country must and will win the war, and therefore must be given their place in shaping and in enjoying the peace that follows.
I had intended to talk about social security, but my time has almost expired, and I do not wish to transgress the rules of the house. In the few minutes left to me I should like to record an incident which happened to me while passing through Winnipeg. The hon. member for Medicine Hat stared in his speech that the Prime Minister is a master in the art of government. A person came up to me while we were waiting at Winnipeg and said, "You are going to be fighting another election pretty soon; our Prime Minister is going to be elevated to the House of Lords." I began to wonder if we were to have another half-day session, or perhaps a day, and then be sent back to wade through the snow in another election campaign. He continued, with a smile, "I do not know what his title will be, but I do know his coat of arms is going to be two snails rampant on a field of red tape." Before concluding I should like to make one further plea on behalf of old age pensioners. This is one blot which should be removed.


Thomas Vien: The hon. member has exhausted the time at his disposal.


Robert Fair: I shall come back to this question at a later time.


Thomas Langton Church: Mr. Speaker, as a member of the opposition I admit the government of the day has done a lot of good work in connection with the war. After all is said and done, the onus for conducting the war is on the government of the day, and as long as they are the government they are responsible to the people for a total war effort.
I have been one of those who have been associated with opposition. I do not know what I call myself now. I started in with Sir James Whitney and Sir Adam Beck, and we were called amateur anarchists by Sir John Willison in the News, because we went up and down the province on behalf of the people's power scheme, the hydro. I received a telephone message last week-end from a newspaper reporter who asked me if I was a Prog. Con. The telephone connection may not have been very good, and I thought he asked me if I was a frog pond. Of course a rose by any other name would smell the same. As long as we have the word "Conservative" in it I shall not object to any prefixes or affixes or titles- although I do not believe in all those titles, because I have never been anything but a progressive. I have always been too modest to admit it. Of course one may call himself a progressive, but the fact that one calls himself a progressive does not make him a progressive. In 1921 the Minister of Mines and Resources (Mr. Crerar), whom I do not see in his place at the moment, sat in this house with a following of about fifty members. He and his party were known as Progressives, but the fact that he called himself a Progressive did not make him a Progressive.
I have been in this house during every session since the war started. I pay a great deal of attention 'to the proceedings. I read them every day and I want to compliment the Speaker, the Clerk of the House and the other officers of this house of parliament upon the way in which the business has been conducted since the war started. It is not the fault of this high court of parliament that we as a house are being criticized to-day.
As I see it, under our democratic system the acid test for a newspaper is how it reports the House of Commons. After all is said and done, this is the only forum. We have 245 members and this is the only place where the average man on-the street can have his grievances remedied. The opposition and the private members are the connecting link between the government of the day and the electors. When that link fails to function all

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parliamentary government is at an end. I sympathize with -those who are conducting newspapers in this country to-day. They are under a terrific cost. I want to pay a tribute to what the press has done in this war. We had a newspaper bill up in the house some years ago, and on that occasion I paid a tribute to the press.
In my humble opinion the government of the day made a grave mistake when it changed the old system. We have a press bureau and an information bureau. I have received a huge pile of literature, but I have found that there is a most useful piece of furniture in my office called a waste-paper basket and that is where I consign a whole lot of it. The government has appointed this publicity board, and its officers and other liaison officers are running all over the country. Some of them are in Hollywood, -and they are spending money like water flying by air to California, and all over the world. They have been over to -the old country and to many other places. It is hard to know, except for our newspapers, what is going on in this country, and the newspapers supply the information at their own cost, without government aid.
The government should put back this function where it belongs with the press of -the country. It is a reflection on the press to appoint such a board. The newspapers are quite capable of handling this work. They were doing it at a great cost to themselves. There has been parliamentary criticism since the days of the Stuart kings. Criticism is a tonic; it spurs the government into action. We had an example of this in connection with the bonus to the soldiers. Public opinion in Canada was aroused, and the government of the day were compelled to change their views and grant this bonus, after the municipalities from coast to coast forced it. The money spent by this information bureau will run into a fabulous sum before the war is over, and this money is being taken from the hard-earned wages of the people of Canada. If this money had been given to the press of the country, to the dailies and the weeklies, the work would have been handled much better, and economies effected.
I have been dissatisfied with the conduct of the war during the past two years. I do not apologize, nor do I offer any excuses for the constructive criticism which I have offered on many occasions. From time to time I protested against what I honestly thought were mistakes that were being made and that could have been avoided. I mention some of them to-day. Using the words of Abraham Lincoln, " I have done and said what appeared to me to be proper to do and say on these occasions."
A great deal has been said about the British empire, in which I believe overwhelmingly. It was said here by my former leader, Viscount Bennett, that on empire matters I represent a large body of public opinion in this country. I agree with a very important statement made by the Prime Minister of Great Britain last November when speaking at the Mansion House or Guildhall. He did not use any high sounding phrase like the British commonwealth of nations, first heard of when Lord Rosebery discovered it in 1900. I think the vast majority of the people of Canada will agree with what the Prime Minister of Great Britain then said. It was as follows:
Let me therefore make this clear in case there should be any mistake about it in any quarter. We mean to hold our own. I have not become the king's first minister in order to preside over the liquidation of the British empire.
I quite agree with those sentiments. I think Great Britain will be known in history as the good Samaritan of the nations. Russia came into this world war becaiise she was attacked by Germany. The United States came in after the attack on Pearl Harbour by Japan. The President of our great ally said that he reaffirmed the policy of George Washington and Andrew Jackson, those great presidents who said that, unless attacked, the United States should have nothing to do with world affairs and were isolationists. Britain was not attacked; she came into 'the war voluntarily because she had given a pledge to Poland. Others had given pledges, but they ran away from them. Great Britain, assisted by the dominions, bore the whole brunt" of the war f-or over two years alone. If it had not been for Dunkirk and the hand of providence, long ago the United States and Canada would have had to make peace with the axis powers. That would have been the end of civilization. As I say, Britain will be known as the Samaritan. She did not pass by on the other side like the lawyer, priest and the levite; she came immediately to the help of Poland with her whole strength and organization.
We talk about the League of Nations, but let me say what I have said before, the only League of Nations in the history of humanity that has been a success is the British empire. Long may it continue. Referring to this after the seven years' war, Burke said:
We ought to elevate our minds to the greatness of that trust to which the order of providence has called us. By adverting to -the dignity of that high calling our ancestors have turned a savage wilderness into a glorious empire and have made the most extensive and the only honourable conquests, not by destroying but by promoting the wealth, number and happiness of the human race.
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Bennett, appointed a committee. Its work was crystallized by the new government a year later in a scheme under which nearly $80,000,000 have been spent on small housing. There is not a word in the address about that. Where are our soldiers to live when the war is over? The government of the day cannot solve the problem of housing even in this one city of Ottawa. How are they going to solve it on a nation-wide scale? One of the main reasons for the decline of agriculture in this country has been the lack of proper housing facilities for the urban, suburban and rural sections. It remains one of our most important problems, with' no mention of it in the speech from the throne. Where are houses to be found? When the soldiers come home they will be living in hovels, the way they did after the last war. The government made a football of this question last session; although I brought it to the attention of the Minister of Finance (Mr. Ilsley) almost every week, they did nothing about it. There was a cry of shortage of materials; yet we find sufficient steel and iron can be provided for railway terminals and other places.
What about reforms for the benefit of Canadian youth? In 1935 and 1938, speaking on this question, I proposed to the then Minister of Labour, the late Mr. Rogers, that a plan whereby the young men who were coming out of the high schools at the rate of 200,000 a year could learn a trade, get pocket money, food, clothing and housing and deferred pay, with military training, instead of riding the rods. That was rejected by the minister. Had it been adopted1, we should have had 25,000 air cadets, trained pilots and mechanics before the war started.
As regards soldiers' bonuses, I would merely ask hon. members to look at the way in which that question has been handled during the past three years.
The speech from the throne refers to parliamentary under-secretaries. In my opinion it is a system which is not adapted to this country. I have opposed and will continue to oppose it. We have a cabinet of nineteen, nearly three times the size of the cabinet of the United States, a country of 134,000,000 people; and with the controls we have, costing $4,000,000 a year, much of the work is taken away from the minister. The system proposed is duplication- and a waste of money.
The government says nothing about what it is going to do to restore the country of Macdonald and Laurier, when Canada was a nation of property owners, so that the poor retail man, the small man, and the wholesalers will be no longer hamstrung by these controls. I have asked the cost, but the minister does

not know, from week to week, or from month to month, what the control system is costing.
There is another matter I wish to point out to the house, as I did last June. The auditor general does not audit one cent of the appropriation bills. That is provided for by the cabinet by order in council. Talk about expenditures; there is very little check or audit on them, as far as I can see.
As regards income tax, in 1927 and for three years before that I had a resolution before the house to restore the income tax to the municipalities, where it was before the great war. Their exclusive right of taxation in this field was invaded in 1917 by the dominion for the purposes of the war. When the late Mr. Robb was Minister of Finance it was proposed by me during those debates that we should have a pay-as-you-go plan.
One would like to refer to the war in the Pacific, because the issue is going to be decided there by the command of the sea, and it is not going to be easy going. There is no royal road to victory. Let us devote our whole time to the war. Let us recognize that neither blockade nor propaganda nor attacks from the air will win this war. There must also be an invasion of Germany on land.
I have been glad to see the success in Africa, where the much abused British army has saved the day. Those men are the very same troops who were attacked last spring during the battle of Egypt and they have proved their quality. Once provided with mechanized equipment which made them more nearly equal to the enemy, they conquered them very quickly. Theje was never any doubt among the people of the empire as to the ability of those wonderful troops, the famous British army, assisted as they were by troops from the dominions, when once they were put on equal terms with their opponents.
I believe several important matters have been left out of the speech from the throne. One is civil aviation. There is not one word with reference to it. Unless Canada gets busy in this direction, it will lose the opportunity of providing a great deal of work after the war for our soldiers. We are further behind in civil aviation than almost any other country. All that has been done is to write essays and that kind of thing. If one gets down to brass tacks, what else has been achieved? Not a thing. As mayor of Toronto I raised this question with Ottawa after the great war. Colonel Barker, V.C., Colonel Collishaw and other airmen were in Toronto for about three months after they came back

The Address-Mr. Church
from the war, and they told me that we should make the greatest mistake of our lives if we did not develop civil aviation.
I hope that the dominion will invade a field that should be theirs, namely education and health legislation. In 1921 and 1922, when I first entered this house, I introduced a resolution favouring unemployment, health and sickness insurance. That was twenty-one years ago. I also supported the dominion government in embarking upon a constructive policy to aid education and public health. Some good work was done in connection with technical education.
When, all is said and done, two things of supreme importance have been brought home to the people of the British empire. One is religion. The people of the empire during this war are turning back to religion as a primary thing. To-day they believe that without religion there is no real education. I believe that this government should recognize in future that it is the first function of government to look after the health, wealth, happiness, well-being and prosperity of its people. In the city from which I come, after the last war Doctor Hastings, the great health officer, and others of the department of health introduced health legislation more advanced perhaps than anywhere else on the continent. We had a modern health department and important measures of inspection in the interest of children and infants, inspection of milk, food and other commodities, and medical inspection, were carried out in the schools and elsewhere. I am sorry that the government has not brought forward a forward policy on this public health matter. For example, consider how many of the working classes are unable to buy insulin at its present price. Free insulin should be obtainable by the universities and the health departments and hospitals of this country. Let it not be forgotten that, if properly administered, insulin puts many a man and woman back where they can do useful work. I know of men who are engaged in heavy work at the present time and for the past several years who but for insulin would have been dead long ago. Equally it is the duty of the government to meet the menace of tuberculosis. Parliament must advance along this line and in many other matters of social security.
As I have said, I believe in education, and I believe further that there can be no education without religion. Christianity is part of the law of Great Britain; it is also, by the act of 1791, part of the law of Canada. Thomas Arnold, the famous headmaster of Rugby who died one hundred years ago, did not believe that examinations were the true key to education. He believed that character building came first, morals and right social relations second, and academic and literary education third.
We are fighting for an ideal. When the war is over some advanced measures will have to be taken along the lines of social security. The Beveridge report is all right as far as it goes, but it is based on the old system of government, the capitalistic system. The capitalist system is not perfect; it will have to be brought up to date. Nobody proposes to go back to things as they were, to the old pre-war system. I have respect for the views of my friends to my left, but my views have been consistent for a long time. The paymaster general, Right Hon. W. Jowitt, who has charge of these measures in Britain, addressing the House of Commons recently, said that the first thing the government is going to do is not to appoint a committee-it will go to a committee later-but to have a three-day debate in order to get the views of the government and of the opposition and of the whole house. That is what should be done here, so that all views may be presented.
After all we are putting the cart' before the horse. What are we going to do about the mother country? That will have to be determined. To-day she imports twenty-five out of twenty-seven articles of raw material and food. She has coal and iron; the other twenty-five she has to import. Without export trade and corresponding imports, without an exchange of goods and services, without her dominions and colonial empire, the mother country would be reduced to a second Denmark, would be no longer a first rate power.
There are constitutional difficulties in the Beveridge report as applied to Canada. The house should go into these questions. I believe some way can be found of aiding Europe and our colonial empire under the lease-lend provisions with the assistance of the United States. The Beveridge report is a good report in many ways, but it is based on the old plan. Many of its social features have been adopted by some of the large municipalities in Canada -for instance, the advanced legislation of the city of Toronto adopted twenty-one years ago. We must keep faith with our men at the front. If we give only promises to the men who are offering their lives for us, no guarantee against hardship and suffering when they come home, these heroes will not be getting their due for serving and saving the world.
In the days of Laurier and Macdonald everyone owned some private property-a small farm, a store, a mill-but that has all been taken away and Canada has become a land of proletarians. The right to possess
The Address-Mr. Church

private property is derived from nature, not from man, and the state has no right to abolish it; it has the right' only to regulate its use. I believe in private enterprise and the old incentives of business, brought up to date to meet changed conditions. Those principles made Britain the great nation she has been, and are the principles which should guide this country in the future.
Regarding the price ceiling and related matters I shall have something to say on another occasion.
Let me conclude by reading a short statement about the cruelty of this dastardly foe which but for Britain might have set foot in this country. It may be of interest to some of my friends from Quebec who have crossed the floor to this side of the house. This is from the Lisbon correspondent of France:
I hear of the arrival in Bessarabia of 20,000 Jews deported from France to the Germans. The state in which these wretched people arrived when their trains reached that country made a deep impression on the civil and military authorities . . . Twenty thousand men, women and children had been sent from France in sealed trucks, they were to be forcibly installed in the ghettos of these towns.
When -the trucks were opened an appalling spectacle was revealed. More than half the prisoners were dead and their bodies were decomposing. Dead bodies fell out on the railway line as the doors were opened. Those still alive were ill from terror, from hunger, from sickness caused by the atmosphere of putrefaction which they had breathed during the journey. Their condition is desperate and few of them will live.
One of the number who could still speak stated that they had been arrested in their homes in Paris in the middle of the night by S.S. men and taken to the railway station. There they were put into sealed trucks. They were not allowed to take any luggage save three days' provisions. The journey had lasted two weeks.
On these wagons of death was written the label "Explosive Material In Transit for Russia"; that is why none of the customs authorities had opened the trucks at the various frontiers.
Just one other quotation. Every day in Europe, now almost entirely dominated by Germany, men, women and children are tortured and killed. Here is the story of one martyr, a Frenchman. It was published in the paper France in September, though it related to events many months old. A German colonel named Holtz was shot. In reprisal fifty Frenchmen were murdered by the German rulers. One of them was called Fourny. A farm labourer, he educated himself as a youth ; he joined up in 1914. He fought well, but was taken prisoner. In prison he worked at his books, and while there he was condemned to death, but was saved just in time by the

armistice. He became a lawyer's clerk and passed his examinations. On the collapse of France he joined the underground organization. In August 1941 he was arrested. Holtz was killed in October. A few days later the first batch of martyrs, twenty-one in number, were chosen and Fourny was among them. The night before the execution Fourny wrote his last letter, and having done this he turned to his comrades, cheering and comforting them, writing their letters home for them, urging them to send messages.


Thomas Vien: Order. The hon. member's time has expired.


Thomas Langton Church: By leave of the house may I read just a few lines?


Some hon. MEMBERS:: Go on.


Thomas Langton Church: I thank the house. I would like hon. members to hear something of the way they torture these young people. I quote:
"Tell me what you want to say, I will write for you. Is it your wife, or your mother you want to write to?" All night long he gave courage to the weak and sorrowful men who were to suffer.
When the time came for death the victims were brave, but among them were two lads of seventeen who were in revolt at the thought of what was happening. Fourny put his arms around them and spoke to them quietly. "It is not difficult to die, my children; come with me, we will die together, you will see it will be quickly over, you won't suffer, it is all quite easy." Affectionately putting his arms around them so that they could not see the machine guns, Fourny helped the young martyrs. The same spurt of machine gun fire laid them all three low. The name of Fourny will forever live in Nantes, where he was known and near where he was shot.


Mr. S. H. KNOWLES (Winnipeg North Centre):: Mr. Speaker, last year, on March 23, this house paid eloquent tribute to the life and work of one of the greatest Canadians ever elected to this parliament, the late J. S. Woodsworth, whom I have the high honour to succeed as member for Winnipeg North Centre.
The expressions of high regard for the founder of our movement which were made at that time came from every section of this house, and they were reechoed throughout the country. My coming to this parliament is to a very large extent because of Winnipeg North Centre's appreciation of the work of its former member, and I wish to take this opportunity of paying my tribute to his memory. I am one of the many to whom he gave the vision of a better day for the common people of this country. It was my privilege to know him as a close personal friend and adviser. I am deeply conscious of the honour that is mine in being called upon

The Address-Mr. Knowles
to take his seat in this house, and I pledge to the people of Winnipeg North Centre and to the people of this dominion my loyalty to the cause of social justice which Mr. Woodsworth served so well.
Coming as I do directly from a by-election campaign, Mr. Speaker, I feel that I am in a position to give to this house a clear statement of the views of the people I represent, and I am satisfied that the views of my constituents are those of an ever-increasing number of Canadians right across this country. In the general election of 1940 the government candidate, though defeated, polled over 40 per cent of the votes cast in Winnipeg North Centre. The Liberal and Conservative candidates together polled 59 per cent. In the by-election held on November 30, 1942, the government candidate, supported by three cabinet ministers, having the old party field entirely to himself, received only 28 per cent of the votes cast and lost his deposit. Our vote rose to over 70 per cent of the votes cast, representing the largest vote and the largest majority ever given in Winnipeg North Centre. I suggest that a similar shift in public opinion is taking place all over Canada, and it behooves this house to consider seriously the matters which are of concern to the people whom I have the honour to represent.
The anxieties of my constituents are two. First, they are deeply concerned about the mess that obtains at the present time in war production and selective service, the existence of unemployment, and matters relating to labour policy. Second, they are filled with fear and misgiving for the post-war period. Speaking further on the present situation, may I tell this house that the people of Winnipeg, anxious as they are to make their fullest possible contribution to the winning of the war, are, to put it mildly, aroused by the lay-offs which have been taking place for some time in war industries. During the month of January I wired the Minister of Munitions and Supply (Mr. Howe) three times, advising him of the lay-offs in such plants as Dominion Bridge, Manitoba Bridge, Western Steel and the Defence Industries Limited cordite plant at Transcona. In the replies I received I was advised on one occasion that a new contract had been awarded which would make possible the reemployment of a number of men who had been laid off, but when I called the manager of the plant concerned I was told that the new contract could be filled without such reemployment. On another occasion a Winnipeg plant, in posting a lay-off notice, stated that full production was anticipated in the spring, but the Minister of Munitions and Supply advised me that such could not be
counted upon. The Winnipeg city council, in conjunction with many local organizations, has sought to intervene in this matter. The final word of the minister to the mayor of Winnipeg, as well as to me, was simply this, and I quote from his letter of January 14:
I regret as much as anyone the dislocation of staff that results from changes or reductions in programmes. However, this is inevitable in war production. One of the principal functions of the national selective service organization is to arrange for the reemployment of any staff that may be displaced in war industry through changes or reductions in programme. This department maintains a very close liaison with national selective service in this connection.
On Monday I asked the Minister of Labour (Mr. Mitchell) what steps his department was taking to deal with this situation, and what was his reply? After trying to minimize the situation by referring to inevitable "pockets of unemployment" he said, and I quote from Hansard at page 23.
The Department of Labour is working in close cooperation with the Department of Munitions and Supply in an effort to place these people where they can be most useful.
These two ministers may feel that they answered' my question- by passing the responsibility to each other, but that does not provide employment in Winnipeg, nor does it make possible the full production to which the workers are exhorted by posters and placards hanging in the war plants -from which they are laid off. The failure of capitalism, even under the impetus of war with its demands -for equipment, to maintain full production, is evidence of the imperative need for economic planning. The people I represent are deeply concerned over the failure of the government in this regard'.
In his reply to me on Monday last the Minister of Labour endeavoured to brush aside my question by stating that large numbers of those registered for employment in Winnipeg are women, and that other large numbers are unemployables. Entirely apart from those groups, however, on January 21, just before I left Winnipeg, there were 1,800 employable men registered for work, many of them having had machine shop experience. When these men are told to register for unemployment benefits, to remain idle on S9 or $13 a week, with a war on, they use language which I thought was unparliamentary before I came to this house. As for selective service, the people of Winnipeg feel that its only purpose is to hide the fact that the government has no plan for full employment in the production of our war needs.
There is another fact which must not be forgotten, even in war-time; that is, that
The Address-Mr. Knowles

when workers are unemployed they and their families suffer want and fear. The Minister of Labour speaks lightly about "pockets of unemployment", but the people I represent feel that it is the duty of the government so to plan our economy that useful work will be provided for all able-bodied citizens. The men who are fighting this war are not fighting so that they may come home to "pockets of unemployment". They are fighting for a Canada in which all our citizens will be employed producing an abundance of goods to make possible a high standard of living for all our people. If "pockets of unemployment" is the best the present government can do now, what in heaven's name are we in for after the war is over?
I listened closely on Monday to the Prime Minister's defence of the Minister of Labour. The Prime Minister (Mr. Mackenzie King) seemed utterly unable to understand why so much criticism has been directed against the Minister of Labour. I may say that I am a member of a trade union. I have close contacts with all sections of the trade union movement in greater Winnipeg. I had unanimous endorsation of the trade union movement in Winnipeg in the recent by-election campaign. I can say to the Prime Minister that labour in this country, both organized and unorganized, is up in arms against the Minister of Labour because he, as a trade unionist himself, posing as a labour man, is willing to administer the government's policy as it now stands. Labour is fed up with being told every time it seeks an adjustment in unjust and low wages that it is unpatriotic, that it is attacking the government's anti-inflation policy. Labour, Mr. Speaker, is fully aware of the perils of an inflationary spiral. But the freezing of unjust wages is not the only way to prevent inflation. It can be done, for example, by taxation and by rationing.
At the present time the government places upon the workers and farmers of this country the whole burden of avoiding inflation, and labour is thoroughly disgusted with the way in which the government uses this weapon to deny justice to the workers of Canada. Let me repeat that labour is fully conscious of the perils of inflation, and is not opposed to the government's aim to avoid it. But labour is opposed to the governments' one-sided policy in this matter, putting as it does the full burden on our farmers and workers.
In the thirties there was no money. Now there is too much money. If it is not one thing, it is another. But labour must be kept down. This is the policy of the government; and no one, least of all a labour man, can

expect to administer such a policy without a storm of protest from Canadian labour.
I may say further to the Prime Minister that one of the reasons labour delegations are seeking interviews with him, which he deplored on Monday in answer to a question about the Montreal aircraft workers, is that labour's grievances involve more than the matter of administration in the Department of Labour. They involve the whole policy of the government, in its attitude toward labour. I am confident no member of the house ever spoke the mind of his constituents more clearly than I do when I say that Canadian labour wants a new minister of labour in whom labour can have confidence.
But, Mr. Speaker, that is not all. Labour also wants a new labour policy, and I make that fact known directly to the Prime Minister. Apart from the injustices of the low-wage freezing policy, there is also the government's attitude toward trade union organizations, and the complete failure of the government to make labour, and agriculture as well, full partners in the common struggle in which we are all engaged.
By order in council the government has paid lip service to trade union organization and collective bargaining. But much more effective orders in council have denied these fundamental principles of democracy, in actual practice. I mention Kirkland lake, steel, Montreal Aircraft, Vulcan Iron Works at Winnipeg, and so on.
I would remind the house that the government picks its controllers, its dollar-a-year men, from the big businesses concerned, on the ground that they know what it is all about. But when it comes to the placing of men in employment, at which trade union business agents are specialists, they are not only ignored but their functions are superseded by the hodge-podge of selective service. To labour this is all seen as a well-designed attempt on the part of the government to prevent the common people in this country from coming into their own, in the kind of cooperative society for which this war is being fought. The farmers and workers of this country, supplying as they are the personnel of our armed forces, working and sacrificing in every possible way for victory, have an end in view-a Canada in which there will be full employment, fine homes for all, adequate education, care of our health, a high standard of living and) full social security. These things cannot be denied forever. The processes of democracy may work slowly, but they are to-day working in favour of the common man, because of the interest he is taking in his own well-being.

The Address-Mr. Knowles
I want to go back for a moment to the matter of unemployment in the city of Winnipeg. It is the responsibility of the government to explain the situation, but I may state here an opinion that is widely expressed where I come from. It is that we are already experiencing the first slackening of the postwar period. This opinion produces two comments. First, there is resentment that there should be any slackening until victory has been won. Second, it drives home the fact that the problems of the post-war period are with us to-day.
I said earlier that the people I represent have two major anxieties-the mess that obtains at the present time, and the fear that a worse state will be ours when the war is over. I have spent most of my time in discussing the present situation, but I may say that the fact of unemployment now, coupled with the government's anti-labour policies, aggravates the fear of my constituents for the post-war period. If production has to be curtailed now, under the impetus of war, what then, when the war is over?
The Minister of Munitions and Supply, speaking in Winnipeg in November in support of the government candidate in the recent by-election, was reported as saying that he was confident there would be full employment after the war. He is reported to have said that we wmuld have new plants and machinery, thousands of men trained in new skills, and a ready market in the needs of our people for cars, trucks, washing machines and radios. All we would require would be to connect these three factors. Precisely. Rut the people of Winnipeg North Centre know that we had these same three factors- plant, men and human needs-in the thirties; and yet we had unemployment and poverty.
I represent a people who know that both for the production now of our war needs, and for the production after the war of a high standard of living, we need a basic change in our social structure. Private industry, based on the principle of producing only where profit is to be made, in the vain hope that some benefit of that production will fall like crumbs to those who toil, will not fill the bill. The people who are giving their all in this war are entitled to democracy, to the ownership and control of their own instruments of production, so that they might produce goods, not for the profit of a few, but because they are needed by all.
Our men are not fighting to come home to "pockets of unemployment," to relief, to wage-slavery, to $20 a month at the age of seventy. They are fighting for a new Canada, in whose life they will participate in eveiy way. That
participation involves a voice in those matters which affect our daily lives. That participation will not be complete, nor shall we have achieved democracy, until our people, through social and cooperative ownership, are in complete control of the economic life of this country, which thus far has been the preserve of private and vested interests, both in war and in peace.
I know that the speech from the throne makes reference to a plan of social insurance. No doubt there are some who imagine that because social insurance, in our view, does not go far enough, we of this group will oppose any steps the government may take in this direction. This is not the case. In fact, since all we have been offered for this session is a select committee, and recalling how long it has taken in the past for other forms of social legislation to pass from the committee stage to the statute books, the chances are that we of this group will find ourselves having to fight for all we are worth to get the government to go ahead with its present intentions, whatever they may be.
But, although we may prod the government to implement its own ideas, let me make it clear that I represent a people who agree with the position taken by this group, that social insurance is not enough. It will not be the century of the common man until we have social justice. What is the difference? Social insurance under capitalism is a means whereby those who are subject to unemployment, sickness, invalidity, and insecurity pool their meagre earnings so that when calamity falls they can be kept alive. So long as we endure capitalism, such will be necessary. Social justice, however, involves an economy in which those who toil, being part of the community, own the productive machinery of the nation and therefore receive every day and every month and every year their full and just share of the wealth they produce.
To-day, the workers and farmers produce the nation's wealth, but get only a meagre portion of it. There is no justice under such a system. Charity and insurance are the best that can be offered. But one day this Canada will become a real democracy, and the workers and farmers will do two things; they will increase our production, and they will get their fair share of what they produce in a high standard of living through the whole of life, including full protection against sickness and invalidity, together with security and dignity in old age.
Speaking, however, of the government's references to social insurance and social security there are one or two comments I would like to make. First, I may say that the coun-
The Address-Mr. Knowles

try will not share the government's satisfaction expressed in the words in the speech from the throne:
A considerable measure of social security has already been provided.
Further, may I say that if the government really means business in this field, the least it could have done would be to offer legislation increasing the amount of the old age pension. I mention also the blind, the veterans of the last war, and widows of veterans of the last war. 1 understand that those discharged from the armed forces now, after one month, if still unemployed, go on unemployment benefits of $9 a week for single men, $13 for married men. This is not good enough for the defenders of our right to build' a democracy. And why the discrimination against women in our armed forces? After one month a discharged unemployed woman goes on benefits not exceeding $6 a week.
Coming back to the matter of old age pensions, I understand that two provinces, British Columbia and Alberta, have made provision to pay $25 a month in certain cases. In Manitoba we have been pressing the case of our old people for all we are worth. The Winnipeg city council has urged the federal government and the Manitoba provincial government to raise the amount. I note that the Manitoba government proposes to increase the pension payable in that province by $1.25 a month. Apparently that government dares to hope that this government will provide an additional $3.75 to make a total of $25 a month. That would not be enough, but surely it is the least we might have expected, and I hope, despite its non-inclusion in the speech from the throne, that we may get action along this line during the present session.
I was glad to hear the hon. member for Medicine Hat (Mr. Gershaw) express this view from the government side of the house this afternoon, but I was sorry to hear the Minister of Finance (Mr. Usley) say earlier in the day that nothing had been planned as yet in connection with this matter. I hope that the hon. member for Medicine Hat and others in his group will join with us in our continued effort to press for action in this matter while the house is in session.
There are other matters I must defer until later. There is the problem of housing, concerning which we in Winnipeg have been given a disgraceful run-around. I shall deal with this matter at length when the opportunity is afforded. I gather that the city of Ottawa has had an experience similar to ours in Winnipeg. On a future occasion, as the only Cooperative Commonwealth Federation mem-
[Mr/ Knowles.]
ber in this house from Manitoba, I will have something to say on behalf of the farmers of that province. In the meantime, I may say that my colleagues in this group from Saskatchewan are, in my opinion, stating clearly the views of the farmers of Manitoba. Possibly before I get around to a speech on this subject, a by-election will have been held in the riding of Selkirk, now vacant in Manitoba, with the result that we may be joined by a C.C.F. member for rural Manitoba. If Mr. Bracken decides to run in Manitoba, and some other seat is opened for him. we may be joined by two C.C.F. farmer members.
In that event those of the Conservative party who argued at the Winnipeg convention that a leader should have been chosen from among the membership of this house would be vindicated. I recall that the fear was stressed there lest the disgrace of York South be repeated. It may be that they were right.
In closing may I say that I have not indulged in some of the niceties and platitudes with which the debates in this house seem to abound. I do wish, however, to express my appreciation of the cordial welcome that has been extended to me by hon. members whom it has been my privilege to meet. Coming as I do from a much smaller body, the Winnipeg city council, where one gets to know everyone, I am struck with the large number who are here and how difficult it is to get to know everyone. Yet I hope that it may be possible for me to get to know as friends as many as possible of the members of this house even though on the floor of the house we may differ sharply in the views that we present.
I may say finally that I feel that I have been sent here on serious business. I represent a people who want to play their full part in winning the war. Toward that end they insist on full production and on the acceptance of labour into full participation in the war effort. They want a new attitude toward the workers of Canada in the Department of Labour. They want a new minister of labour and a new labour policy. They want some evidence now of a better Canada after the war is over. If social insurance is the best that can be offered by the present government, they want that now, but the people of the constituency I represent insist that from there we must move on to the full realization of social democracy and social justice. In short, Mr. Speaker, the people whom I represent want this parliament to get on with the job of winning the war and winning the peace.

Food and Fuel


Thomas Vien: The hon. member has just delivered his maiden speech in the house, and because he cannot be expected to be thoroughly familiar with the rules I did not call his attention to the rule which forbids the reading of speeches. I should just like to say that I hope no other member will take this as a precedent when he is speaking.
On motion of Mr. Reid the debate was adjourned.
On motion of Mr. Mackenzie (Vancouver Centre) the house adjourned at 5.45 p.m.
Thursday, February 4, 1943