Calibrating Pan-Tilt Cameras in Robot Hand-Eye Systems Using a Single Point
This paper describes a method that requires only a single projected point to calibrate a pair of cameras attached to pan-tilt units (PTUs) in a hand-eye robot configuration. Most existing calibration methods require either a set of known calibration locations or a large number of corresponding image features. These requirements usually imply human intervention, which complicates the calibration procedure. Rather than using multiple points in the workspace, the proposed algorithm uses a single stationary point generated by aiming a laser at a planar surface for the entire calibration. The single point provides a high intensity feature that is easy to extract from the image. To exercise all of the PTU and camera degrees of freedom, a large number of random robot/PTU configurations are computed automatically and 60 configurations, where both cameras can extract the single calibration point, are retained. As a result, this approach minimizes image processing requirements and virtually eliminates the correspondence problem. Using the Levenberg-Marquardt non-linear minimization algorithm, the Denavit-Hartenberg (D-H) parameters for the pan-tilt axes along with the internal and external parameters of the cameras are computed. This method requires no human intervention, employs simple image processing to detect the high intensity laser point, and produces a triangulation error of roughly 3mm at a range of 1m.