Supervised LLE in ICA Space for Facial Expression Recognition
Locally linear embedding (LLE) is an unsupervised nonlinear manifold learning algorithm. It performs well in visualizing data yet has a very poor recognition rate in facial expression recognition. In this paper, to improve the performance of LLE in facial expression recognition, we first employ the independent component analysis (ICA) technique to preprocess the face images such that they are represented by some independent components and some noise is filtered from them. We then propose a supervised LLE (SLLE) algorithm to learn the hidden manifold. SLLE constructs the neighborhood graphs for the data according to the Euclidean distances between them and the cluster information of them. Its embedding step is the same as that of LLE. Finally, we use a generalized regression neural network (GRNN) to learn the implicit nonlinear mapping from the ICA space to the embedded manifold. Experiments on the JAFFE database show promising results