Estimation of ordinal approach-avoidance labels in dyadic interactions: Ordinal logistic regression approach
Behavioral Signal Processing aims at automating behavioral coding schemes such as those prevalent in psychology and mental health research. This paper describes a method to automatically quantify the approach-and-avoidance (AA) behavior, described by ordinal labels manually assigned by experts using either video-only or video-with-audio. We propose a novel ordinal regression (OR) algorithm and its hidden Markov model (HMM) extension for estimation of AA labels from visual motion capture based and acoustic features. The proposed algorithm transforms the OR to multiple binary classification problems, solves them by independent score-outputting classifiers and fits the cumulative logit logistic regression model with proportional odds (CLLRMP) to vectors of the classifier scores. The time series extension treats labels as states of the HMM with a likelihood function derived from the probabilistic CLLRMP output. We compare performances of the proposed algorithm applying the weighted binary SVMs in the second step (SVM-OLR), its time-series extension (HMM-SVM-OLR) and the baseline multi-class SVM. On the used dyadic interaction dataset the HMM-SVM-OLR achieves the highest estimation accuracies 71.6 % and 65.7 % for AA labels assigned respectively using video-only and video-with-audio.