A blind watermarking technique in JPEG compressed domain
We propose a blind watermarking technique to embed a watermark in the JPEG compressed domain. Low frequency DCT coefficients are extracted to form an M-dimensional vector. Watermarking is achieved by modifying this vector in order to point to the centroid of a particular cell. This cell is determined according to the extracted vector, private keys and the watermark. A dual-key system is used to reduce the chance of the removal of watermark. An iterative approach is used to prevent the removal of the watermark by JPEG re-quantization. Experimental results show that the watermark can be detected when the watermarked image is further compressed using a larger scaling factor.