In between 3D Active Appearance Models and 3D Morphable Models
In this paper we propose a novel method of generating 3D morphable models (3DMMs) from 2D images. We develop algorithms of 3D face reconstruction from a sparse set of points acquired from 2D images. In order to establish correspondence between images precisely, we combined active shape models (ASMs) and active appearance models (AAMs)(CASAAMs) in an intelligent way, showing improved performance on pixel-level accuracy and generalization to unseen faces. The CASAAMs are applied to the images of different views of the same person to extract facial shapes across pose. These 2D shapes are combined for reconstructing a sparse 3D model. The point density of the model is increased by the loop subdivision method, which generates new vertices by a weighted sum of the existing vertices. Then, the depth of the dense 3D model is modified with an average 3D depth-map in order to preserve facial structure more realistically. Finally, all 249 3D models with expression changes are combined to generate a 3DMM for a compact representation. The first session of the multi-PIE database, consisting of 249 persons with expression and illumination changes, is used for the modeling. Unlike typical 3DMMs, our model can generate 3D human faces more realistically and efficiently (2-3 seconds on P4 machine) under diverse illumination conditions.