AU-aware Deep Networks for facial expression recognition
In this paper, we propose to construct a deep architecture, AU-aware Deep Networks (AUDN), for facial expression recognition by elaborately utilizing the prior knowledge that the appearance variations caused by expression can be decomposed into a batch of local facial Action Units (AUs). The proposed AUDN is composed of three sequential modules: the first module consists of two layers, i.e., a convolution layer and a max-pooling layer, which aim to generate an over-complete representation encoding all expression-specific appearance variations over all possible locations; In the second module, an AU-aware receptive field layer is designed to search subsets of the over-complete representation, each of which aims at best simulating the combination of AUs; In the last module, multilayer Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBM) are exploited to learn hierarchical features, which are then concatenated for final expression recognition. Experiments on three expression databases CK+, MMI and SFEW demonstrate the effectiveness of AUDN in both lab-controlled and wild environments. All our results are better than or at least competitive to the best known results.