Intensity measurement of spontaneous facial actions: Evaluation of different image representations
Intensity measurements of infant facial expressions are central to understand emotion-mediated interactions and emotional development. We evaluate alternative image representations for automatic measurement of the intensity of spontaneous facial Action Units (AUs) related to infant emotion expression. Twelve infants were video-recorded during face-to-face interactions with their mothers. Facial features were tracked using active appearance models (AAMs) and registered to a canonical view. Three feature representations were compared: shape and grey scale texture, Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG), and Local Binary Pattern Histograms (LBPH). To reduce the high dimensionality of the appearance features (grey scale texture, HOG, and LBPH), a non-linear algorithm was used (Laplacian Eigenmaps). For each representation, support vector machine classifiers were used to learn six gradations of AU intensity (0 to maximal). The target AUs were those central to positive and negative infant emotion. Shape plus grey scale texture performed best for AUs that involve non-rigid deformations of permanent facial features (e.g., AU 12 and AU 20). These findings suggest that AU intensity detection may be maximized by choosing feature representations best suited for specific AU.