what does judgment as a matter of law mean
Judgment as a matter of law
Judgment as a matter of law (JMOL) is a motion made by a party, during trial, claiming the opposing party has insufficient evidence to reasonably support its case.
Judgment as a matter of law Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Motion (legal) Summary judgment Coram nobis Virginia Circuit Court Baseball Rule Lawsuit Index of law articles Discovery (law) Jury trial Jury Common law Demurrer Criminal procedure in South Africa South African criminal law Wisconsin circuit courts Burden of proof (law) South African contract law Civil procedure in the United States Class action Glossary of French criminal law South African labour law Tort Defamation Tort reform United States constitutional criminal procedure Waters v. Churchill Gray v. Perry Judgment notwithstanding verdict Henry Marshall Furman Swanson v. Citibank N.A. Contract Death of Timothy Wiltsey Civil discovery under United States federal law Consumer arbitration Wilko v. Swan New York civil investigation of The Trump Organization Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution United Kingdom constitutional law Complaint Supreme Court of the United States Negligence Bill Cosby sexual assault cases Pro se legal representation in the United States Julius Jones (prisoner) Law of evidence in South Africa Pleading Double Jeopardy Clause Law of Taiwan Prenda Law United States federal probation and supervised release Hollingsworth v. Perry Appellate procedure in the United States Administrative law in Singapore Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act Diversity jurisdiction Murder of Janet March Trial of George Zimmerman Law of South Korea Precedent Human rights in the United Kingdom Small claims court Judgment (law) Enforcement of foreign judgments Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image Technical Services, Inc. South African law of delict Daniel H. Overmyer Hearsay in United States law Insanity defense Criminal law in the Marshall Court Subpoena ad testificandum Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation Capital punishment in the United States Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud Judiciary of Israel Deposition (law) United States labor law Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election Judge Judy State court (United States) United Kingdom labour law Landeros v. Flood Doe subpoena Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co. Shearson/American Express Inc. v. McMahon Subpoena duces tecum Default judgment Monsanto legal cases Plea bargain Law of the United States Remedies in Singapore administrative law Roe v. Wade Civil procedure in Brazil Ashcroft v. Iqbal Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation Voting Rights Act of 1965 Glossary of baseball terms Flood v. Kuhn Celotex Corp. v. Catrett Continuance Plame affair Schmuck v. United States Tax protester statutory arguments Illegality in Singapore administrative law O'Connor v. Ortega Marshall v. Holmes Scottsboro Boys Costs in English law South African constitutional litigation Home Depot U. S. A., Inc. v. Jackson Reaction to the verdict in the O. J. Simpson criminal trial High Court of Singapore Personal jurisdiction in Internet cases in the United States Service of process Copyright law of the United States Ecolab, Inc. v. FMC Corp. Mueller report Fair use Disparate treatment Mancusi v. DeForte Roy Moore Jury nullification Vyavahāra Daubert standard Burks v. United States European Union law Juries in the United States Liability insurance Scheck v. Burger King Corp. Private transfer fee Evidence Act 2006 Miranda warning Renewed judgment as a matter of law Jeffrey R. MacDonald Expert witness Court of Cassation (Belgium) Conversion (law) Double jeopardy Product liability Strategic lawsuit against public participation José A. Cabranes American Civil Liberties Union Litigation involving Apple Inc. Leo Frank NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–2007) South African insurance law Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc. English defamation law Shofetim (parashah) Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc. Presidency of Donald Trump Hub-and-spoke conspiracy Amy Coney Barrett Sacco and Vanzetti Political positions of Hillary Clinton Welsh v. Wisconsin Sonia Sotomayor United States tort law Interpleader Sharia Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. 1 v. Holder Equity (law) Hartford-Empire Co. v. United States Personal jurisdiction Perry Mason moment Threshold issues in Singapore administrative law Institutional racism Priestley v Fowler Trial of Oldenbarnevelt, Grotius and Hogerbeets Habeas corpus in the United States Open-fields doctrine Laches (equity) Constitution of the United States Steele dossier Citizens United v. FEC English trust law People v. Golb Non-suit Bundy standoff Vexatious litigation Mock trial 2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections Forum non conveniens Courts-martial of the United States Judicature Acts Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp. Grand juries in the United States Alford plea Section 230 Reasonable person List of Suits characters Transgender rights in the United States Audita querela Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp. James Z. Davis History of women in the United States Special motion to strike Evidence (law) Criminal justice system of Japan Arnett v. Kennedy Dred Scott v. Sandford Nolle prosequi Plumhoff v. Rickard Genetically modified food controversies Canadian contract law Harriet Robinson Scott Jury nullification in the United States International Criminal Court Dreyfus affair Bank Markazi v. Peterson Verdict Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc. South African law of sale Prosecutor History of Mexican Americans Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins List of Bosnian genocide prosecutions Trial of Susan B. Anthony Insurance bad faith United States v. Reynolds Joe Arpaio Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l Uniloc USA, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp. United States v. Windsor Baltic Shipping Company v Dillon Galloway v. United States Scopes Trial Medical malpractice in the United States American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc. Killing of Trayvon Martin Jacobsen v. Katzer Guantanamo Bay detention camp Digital Millennium Copyright Act Terri Schiavo case Trover William Howard Taft Procedural impropriety in Singapore administrative law Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump Baylis v. Travelers' Insurance Co. Peruvian political crisis (2017–present) Arbitration in the United States Standing (law) United States v. Booker Abdullahi v. Pfizer, Inc. Ashford v Thornton Second Amendment to the United States Constitution Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly Multidistrict litigation Perp walk Right to silence LGBT rights in the United States English land law Juliana v. United States United Kingdom insolvency law Removal jurisdiction The Spirit of the Age Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution Ages of consent in the United States Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution First Amendment to the United States Constitution Financial law Hryniak v Mauldin Connick v. Myers 1996 California Proposition 218 Internal Security Act (Singapore) Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 Foreclosure United States criminal procedure Tax protester constitutional arguments Patriot Act Nationwide injunction Breed-specific legislation Federal government of the United States Impeachment process against Richard Nixon Donald Trump Trespass to chattels Christopher Evans (outlaw) Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization Article One of the United States Constitution Inquisitorial system Catholic Church sexual abuse cases Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co. Ex parte Fisk Statute of limitations Edward Coke Legal challenges to the Trump travel ban Judicial functions of the House of Lords Archibald Cox Prejudice (legal term) Joinder Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States Srebrenica massacre Murder of Sherri Rasmussen Sexual harassment Kenesaw Mountain Landis Human rights in the United States Flint water crisis Penny J. White Jed S. Rakoff List of New Brunswick case law Depp v. Heard Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC Sovereign citizen movement Murder trial of O. J. Simpson Case citation Bible-Presbyterian churches (Singapore) Anti-BDS laws Interrogatories Pao v. Kleiner Perkins District of Columbia v. Heller Article 14 of the Constitution of Singapore Asset freezing Ferdinand Marcos Political positions of Ron Paul Detinue Private prosecution Natural justice South African insolvency law Michigan Murders Grand jury Capital punishment in India Alien Tort Statute William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield Calciopoli Rosetta Stone Ltd. v. Google, Inc. Timeline of SCO–Linux disputes South African property law Natural-born-citizen clause (United States) United States corporate law History of the United States government Duty of care Court of Chancery Heffernan v. City of Paterson Ted Cruz Filibuster in the United States Senate Causation (law) Succession to the 52nd Dai al-Mutlaq Damages DDR Holdings v. Hotels.com Conditional preservation of the saints Plame affair grand jury investigation Development communication Maximilien Robespierre Remedies in Singapore constitutional law Dart Cherokee Basin Operating Co. v. Owens Scopes trial Partygate Assata Shakur Impeachment of Renato Corona Hillsborough disaster Legal aspects of file sharing Timeline of reactions to the Hong Kong national security law (March 2021) List of Hong Kong national security cases Summons Re Shankar Alan s/o Anant Kulkarni Kimmelman v. Morrison H. H. Asquith Criminal law in the Waite Court Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution Rylands v Fletcher Confirmation bias Scientology and law Arizona SB 1070 United States Federal Sentencing Guidelines Kho Jabing Criminal law in the Taney Court Defense of Marriage Act Murder of Ahmaud Arbery Magistrate (England and Wales) Glasser v. United States Duke lacrosse case Step-Saver Data Systems, Inc. v. Wyse Technology Ted Stevens United States v. Payner Jencks Act Water contamination in Crestwood, Illinois English tort law Doctrine of bias in Singapore law Censorship in the United States Hedges v. Obama Texas Heartbeat Act Perjury in Nigeria Grimshaw v. Ford Motor Co. Parliament of Singapore United States v. Philadelphia National Bank United States v. United States Gypsum Co. Aboriginal title in the Marshall Court Plea bargaining in the United States Evidence Passaic station (Erie Railroad) Certificate of division Karnoski v. Trump Qualified immunity Tax protester Professional negligence in English law Murder of Joey Fischer Nullification (U.S. Constitution) Dennis Hastert Pleading (United States) Rate-capping rebellion Human rights in Hong Kong Graver v. Faurot Denise Cote United States v. Jackalow Kris Kobach Trump administration family separation policy Same-sex marriage law in the United States by state Federal impeachment in the United States List of impeachment investigations of United States federal judges Obergefell v. Hodges Judiciary of Poland Federal Court of Justice Alberto Gonzales Wiley Rutledge Fujitsu Ltd. v. Netgear Inc. Rudy Giuliani Attorney's fee United Kingdom company law Judicial review in the United States Antonin Scalia Special Tribunal for Lebanon William Barr Ion Antonescu State of Illinois v. Alice Wynekoop George Mason Robert Lusk Motion of no confidence William Bonin Regulatory takings in the United States Trump University Electoral Count Act Reasonable doubt George Pell Brussels I Regulation 2012 List of characters in the Breaking Bad franchise Abortion in the United States Witness impeachment George Galloway Gerrymandering Jacobson v. United States John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories Calciopoli trials Legal financing Article 12 of the Constitution of Singapore Corfu Channel case Objection (United States law) Wartime sexual violence Trespass Affirmative defense Hof van Holland Remittitur Cambridge University Press v. Patton Confederate States of America Criminal law of the United States Erhardt v. Boaro, 113 U.S. 527 Political positions of Mitt Romney Clarence Thomas Tom Denning, Baron Denning Ricci v. DeStefano Cause of action Glossary of patent law terms SCO Group, Inc. v. Novell, Inc. Richardson v. Perales Erie doctrine Equal Protection Clause Earl Warren Waco siege People v. Turner Fellows v. Blacksmith Divorce Police brutality by country Larry Eyler Lee Kuan Yew Impeachment National Environmental Policy Act Rejection of evolution by religious groups Legal remedy Justice of the peace Murder in English law 1984 New York City Subway shooting Provident Tradesmens Bank & Trust Co. v. Patterson Transgender personnel in the United States military Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution Civil rights movement Informal admissions in South African law Washington v. Texas Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc. Misappropriation doctrine Ken Paxton United States v. Flynn Constitutional Court of Korea Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act Admission to practice law Hugo Black Reconstruction era Constitution of the United Kingdom Freedom of speech by country Death of Caylee Anthony John Bodkin Adams Habeas corpus List of Supernatural and The Winchesters characters Res ipsa loquitur Logology (science) Predatory pricing Australian constitutional law Political positions of John McCain Virginia Civil Procedure Richard M. Berman Law Project Veritas Endangered Species Act of 1973 Sexism John Demjanjuk New York investigations of The Trump Organization History of United States prison systems Right to counsel Berghuis v. Thompkins Hartman v. Moore Historikerstreit Barrister The Dresden Files characters Orly Taitz Thought SCO Group German radio intelligence operations during World War II Tartan Strickland v. Washington Matthew Hale (jurist) Legal status of fictional pornography depicting minors S v Masiya List of Supernatural characters Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. Red Orchestra (espionage) Consent decree Dispositive motion Homicide in English law Assassination of José Calvo Sotelo Conscience Babb v. Wilkie Marital rape Substantial similarity Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action Law of Japan Sarah Palin Victims Compensation Tribunal California Racial Justice Act of 2020 International child abduction in Mexico MeToo movement Brett Kavanaugh Law of California Judiciary of Texas Southland Corp. v. Keating Farmer v. Brennan Florida Rules of Civil Procedure History of Speyer Electronic discovery Exhaustion doctrine under U.S. law Criminal law of Canada Impeachment of Samuel Chase Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. v. Goldsmith Rhetoric Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Non-compete clause Right of self-defense in Maryland 2012 Delhi gang rape and murder Gideon v. Wainwright Backpage Capital punishment Summary jury trial Google litigation Testate succession in South African law Free will Timeline of reactions to the Hong Kong national security law (May 2021) Divorce in South Africa Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd. Erlam v Rahman History of Austria Motion (parliamentary procedure) Irving v Penguin Books Ltd Defences and remedies in Canadian patent law Kent Hovind Mount Soledad Cross Collateral estoppel Edward Snowden Chip Roy Feres v. United States South African family law Amount in controversy Reliability of Wikipedia Same-sex marriage in Alabama William Rehnquist Andreas Hillgruber Power of acceptance History of Australia Trial of Derek Chauvin Hamdan v. Rumsfeld Jeremy Corbyn Juarez v. AutoZone Stores, Inc. Roman litigation Vellama d/o Marie Muthu v. Attorney-General Learned Hand Bigelow v. RKO Radio Pictures, Inc. New York City Police Department corruption and misconduct Australian contract law Federal impeachment trial in the United States Mediation Eric Holder Rationality Political polarization in the United States Circumcision and law Native Americans in the United States Fred Phelps F.B.T. Productions, LLC v. Aftermath Records Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 Intelligent design Death of Edith Alice Morrell Finjan, Inc. v. Secure Computing Corp. Trade group efforts against file sharing Racism in the United States No case to answer Edmund Burke Raheem J. Brennerman Public defender (United States) List of historical acts of tax resistance Puerto Rico Spanish Inquisition New South Wales Police Force strip search scandal Expungement in the United States Slavery in ancient Rome Ralph Northam History of the nude in art New York divorce law History of Germany LGBT rights in Australia Inevitable discovery United States courts of appeals Uyghur genocide Facebook, Inc. v. Power Ventures, Inc. Scientific jury selection Planned Parenthood v. Rounds Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump Affordable Care Act Theodore Roosevelt Federal Rules of Evidence Honest services fraud Motion to compel Commonwealth v. Hunt Alexei Navalny Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp. Patrick Hastings Innovation Act Ted Bundy Mircea Eliade Wolk v. Kodak Imaging Network, Inc. Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach (2018) Impleader Recognition of same-sex unions in India Freedom of information laws by country Civil discourse Citizen's arrest Magistrates' court (England and Wales) Drunk driving in the United States Ong Ah Chuan v Public Prosecutor News International phone hacking scandal Form of action Juries in England and Wales Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/American Express Inc. Subject-matter jurisdiction Robert Fellmeth Civil procedure Uber BV v Aslam Tolling (law) Sexual abuse scandal in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia Women in Islam Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution Spacetime Price v. Pennsylvania Railroad Co. Gregg v. Georgia Fort Lee lane closure scandal Nuclear program of Iran Jeffrey Epstein Political positions of Susan Collins Dakota Access Pipeline protests Janice M. Holder Role of Christianity in civilization Magistrates Court of South Australia Aloysius Stepinac Disappearance of Aimee Semple McPherson Trial by Jury Conflict of interest Ultimate Fighting Championship Yong Vui Kong v Public Prosecutor United States district court Brown v. Board of Education Persecution of Christians Kragga Kamma Estates v Flanagan Jesse Ventura Article Three of the United States Constitution Assumpsit John F. Kennedy Women's poll tax repeal movement South African law of lease Ages of consent in Europe Killing of Michael Brown Copyright lawsuits by Superman's creators Constitution of Singapore Forum shopping United States antitrust law Fornication Blueberry (comics) Murder of Travis Alexander Celtic law United States v. Libby Marriage Section summary of Title II of the Patriot Act Leon Trotsky Sherman Antitrust Act Federal Marriage Amendment Lago Agrio oil field Cayuga Indian Nation of New York v. Pataki 2008 California Proposition 8 Abortion in Canada Writ Fake news Holocaust denial Hung jury Politics of the United States Trial by combat Sixth Labour Government of New Zealand Shadrake v Attorney-General Klinger v. Conan Doyle Estate, Ltd. Brief (law) Human rights in Japan United States v. More Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc. Existence of God Plaintiff Public policy doctrines for the exclusion of relevant evidence Asbestos and the law Anglo-Saxons 2008 Noida double murder case Glossary of ancient Roman religion Ethnomusicology Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020 Millennials Deferred adjudication Erasmus Collection of judgments in Virginia Patriot Debates Center for Justice and Accountability Voluntary dismissal Nuremberg trials Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District Sperm theft Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln LaRouche criminal trials Edith Thompson and Frederick Bywaters Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act Judiciary of Russia Pando v. Fernandez Beatty v. Guggenheim Exploration Co. Equal Rights Amendment Sidney Powell LGBT rights in India Mishpatim History of Guatemala List of The Shield characters Standard of review Contributory copyright infringement Zero-point energy Court of assizes (Belgium) Foundation (evidence) Inductive reasoning Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson Glyphosate Incarceration in the United States Astroworld Festival crowd crush Illinois Freedom of Information Act Criminal procedure Douglas Gretzler Manslaughter in English law Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Products, Inc. Electronic cigarette and e-cigarette liquid marketing Asbestos and the law (United States) Freedom of speech in the United States The People's Court Louis Brandeis Internment of Japanese Americans Gabrielle Kirk McDonald Penn State child sex abuse scandal Judicial review in English law List of NCIS characters DNA evidence in the O. J. Simpson murder case Taff Vale Rly Co v Amalgamated Society of Rly Servants Robert Durst Gun politics in the United States United States v. Swartz Law of France Direct estoppel Enoch Powell Human rights in Israel Fox Broadcasting Co. v. Dish Network, LLC Re Fong Thin Choo Impeachment in the United States Adirondack League Club v. Sierra Club Crimes Act of 1790 Criminal record Roger Stone Relinquishment of United States nationality United States v. Watson Eyewitness identification House of Lords Oregon State Bar American Foundation for Equal Rights Narconon Sony BMG v. Tenenbaum Political positions of Noam Chomsky Springfield race riot of 1908 Confrontation Clause Restitution and unjust enrichment Political positions of Joe Biden Trump–Ukraine scandal High Court of Justiciary Baneheia murders Injunction Alperin v. Vatican Bank International child abduction in the United States Sovereign immunity in the United States Hizb ut-Tahrir Gerard John Schaefer Statute of frauds Warren G. Harding Jean Chrétien Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968 Jones v Dunkel World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson Contempt of court Filing (law) Neil Papiano Duress in English law Subprime mortgage crisis solutions debate Contract law in Saudi Arabia Aboriginal title in the Taney Court 1888 Serbian constitution Teleological argument Net neutrality in the United States Self-defence in English law New Deal Criminal sentencing in Canada Italian Code of Criminal Procedure Hanna v. Plumer English unjust enrichment law Sherman Minton Jurisdiction Universal Medicine Adequate remedy Critique of Pure Reason History of the Labour Party (UK) Virginia v. John Brown GSIS–Meralco bribery case Islamic veiling practices by country United Kingdom enterprise law Land registration (Scots law) Court system of Canada South African law of agency Civil forfeiture in the United States American frontier Homelessness in the United States by state Tri-State Crematory scandal LGBT rights in Canada Benjamin Netanyahu Replevin Falsifiability 2005 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States Scots property law Health effects of electronic cigarettes Constitution of Tennessee Yulia Tymoshenko Punitive damages Supreme Court of India Christian theology Disappearance of Heather Elvis Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. Presentence investigation report 16th Street Baptist Church bombing Martin v. Herzog Presidency of John F. Kennedy Jack Thompson (activist) Depp v News Group Newspapers Ltd Killing of Nathan Heidelberg R. Kelly Miscarriage of justice Vaccine hesitancy Privacy and the US government 2009–2011 Toyota vehicle recalls 2019 British prorogation controversy South African environmental law Schoharie limousine crash Impression Prods., Inc. v. Lexmark Int'l, Inc. Settlement (litigation) Central Park jogger case Hillary Clinton email controversy Morse v. Frederick Jones v. Flowers Tax protester history in the United States Legal aid Beta distribution 2003 invasion of Iraq Legitimate expectation Fiduciary Michael Heseltine Civil liability in recreational diving Abortion law in the United States by state Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution South African Border War Racial views of Donald Trump United Kingdom–United States relations United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict Murder of Sylvia Likens Killing of Oscar Grant Marbury v. Madison Revenge porn Unite the Right rally Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox Rape statistics Judicial system of Bhutan Civil Rights Act of 1968 Cold War Strauder v. West Virginia Derivative work Mandamus Jim Larkin (publisher) Patrick Henry Australian labour law Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election Economic history of the United States Civil Rights Act of 1964 Robert Black (serial killer) List of Assassin's Creed characters False or misleading statements by Donald Trump United Russia Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, Inc. Trumpism Versata Development Group, Inc. v. SAP America, Inc. Haslem v. Lockwood Southern Poverty Law Center 2009 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States Ulysses S. Grant History of the socialist movement in the United States Intervention (law) Counterclaim Rule of law doctrine in Singapore Jeff Sessions Resisting arrest Plame affair criminal investigation First 100 days of Donald Trump's presidency Exclusion of judicial review in Singapore law Joint Tribal Council of the Passamaquoddy Tribe v. Morton Princo Corp. v. ITC Zubulake I Anglo-Saxon law Joh Bjelke-Petersen Canadian Forces Drug Control Program Tesla Autopilot Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory List of Breaking Bad and Better Call Saul characters Pan Am Flight 103 Social media use by Donald Trump Rule B Attachment Right to be forgotten United States v. Dentsply Int'l, Inc. Battery (tort) SRI International, Inc. v. Internet Security Systems, Inc. Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States O. J. Simpson Thomas Brackett Reed 2014 Scottish independence referendum Burton v. United States John Marshall Ibn Taymiyya Interlocutory appeal Decarceration in the United States Selle v. Gibb Trial in absentia Copyright Abraham Lincoln Apodaca v. Oregon Race in the United States criminal justice system Genocide New Jersey Fair Foreclosure Act Arnstein & Lehr Fox News Court of equity Volkswagen emissions scandal Murder of Santos Rodriguez Bondelswarts Rebellion