INTRODUCTION
Economic globalization has a close connection with the growth of multinational enterprises: while the trade and investment policies of countries are liberalized, the trade block are created between states, MNEs are considered as the vehicles for the increase in movements of capital, products, and services (Zekos, 2003). At the same time thanks to the economic liberalization, the hostile and discriminated attitude in relation to MNEs is declined steadily over time (UNCTAD, 2006). In addition to this, such factors as the enhancement in communication, transportation and the information flow technologies are contributed into the reduction of operational costs and into higher involvement of multinational companies in the globalized production networks (Sethi & Judge, 2009). However, the process of internationalization implies the engagement in the business activities within a heterogeneous environment context that may not be entirely within the firm's existing knowledge base that results in the appearance of the costs of doing business abroad through the liability of foreignness and liability of multinationals phenomena (Lee & Chen, 2003).  The concept of costs of doing business abroad is explained by the drawbacks that are faced by the foreign companies in relation to domestic firms while operating on the host market (Hymer, 1960; 1976). Sethi and Judge (2009) have divided the costs of doing business abroad into the liability of foreignness that is related to host country conditions and the liability of multinationals appeared on the international level environment. Despite the fact that many scholars have concluded that the LOF phenomenon is decreased over time (Zaheer & Mosakowski, 1997; Petersen & Pedersen, 2002; Sethi & Judge, 2009; Luo et al, 2002), there is a gap in the literature in the direction of the costs of doing business abroad manifestation during the crisis period.  Based on the proposed separation of costs doing business abroad into LOF and LOM (Sethi & Judge, 2009), the relationship between a parent company located in home country context with a subsidiary in host market conditions is done on the macro level environment through the specific strategy from Bartlett and Ghoshal typology (1989). Although affiliates have begun to acquire an enhancing role in the MNE network and its competitive advantage (Jong & Vo, 2010), there is a lack in the study of subsidiaries roles in MNE network with the application of global strategies. What is more, in accordance with various roles of foreign branches in MNE network, these subsidiaries can encounter different costs of doing business abroad (Sethi and Judge, 2009) that is also not investigated in the international business literature.  In order to fulfill the revealed gaps in the literature, this study is dedicated to the examination of crisis effects on costs of doing business in Russia by foreign subsidiaries in the period of two various crisis context. The first one is global crisis caused by the Covid-19 infection spread – pandemic crisis. As a result of the coronavirus downturn, the global economic growth in 2020 was down by 3.2% (Congressional Research Service, 2021), the largest and steepest plunge was experienced by global stock markets after the 2008 global financial crisis, there was the greatest drop in oil prices since the Gulf War in 1991, the disruption of world logistics that reduced the global trade, complicating the business operations of MNEs (Drobot, 2020). The second crisis is geopolitical turmoil caused by the start of special military operation in Ukraine by the Russian Federation. Consequently, the situation is getting more complicated due to the imposed sanctions against Russia, including the disconnection from the SWIFT system (RBC, 2022), the ban on Russian vessels entering foreign ports that implies the disruption of supply chains (BFM.ru, 2022), the suspensions of international companies of their activities in the Russian market (Tinkoff journal, 2022), and the exit of some foreign companies from the Russian market due to the increased reputation costs or inability to receive foreign parcels with materials and equipment (RBC, 2022). For now, more than 100 international enterprises have terminated their activities and sales on the Russian market with the future exit from the market (Tinkoff journal, 2022). Thus, the managerial problem is related to the question of the foreign subsidiaries whether they need to stay on the market or exit it under the crisis conditions. It is crucial to understand how the costs of doing business abroad (CDBA) are changed in the period of crisis.   Therefore, the goal of the diploma thesis is to identify how global and geopolitical crises impact costs of doing business of foreign subsidiaries in Russia; and to find out how various global strategies of MNEs affect costs of doing business abroad during those crises. The following research questions can help to achieve the goal of diploma: how does a crisis influence the costs of doing business of foreign subsidiaries in Russia? How does the cost of doing business in Russia differ for different foreign companies depending on their global strategies? Speaking about the objectives that are needed to be reached in order to answer the research questions, they are:  To examine MNE strategies with the focus on the role of a subsidiary in MNE To develop the conceptual framework for MNE strategies and roles of subsidiaries To make an overview of the costs of doing business abroad theory through the liability of foreignness and liability of multinationals phenomena, additionally, observing the literature in the period of crisis To develop a conceptual framework, applying the costs of doing business abroad theory and strategies To develop the survey with open questions and gather qualitative data through semi-structured interviews To analyze the obtained data with the framework application To make practical implications. In order to examine the problem, the multiple case study is selected as the research method. The process of data analysis is done through data triangulation, coding, and content analysis techniques. In terms of primary data, qualitative data is used that is gathered with the help of semi-structured interviews. Two rounds of interviews are conducted: in March and May; additionally, the interview with an expert in the field of consultancy services for foreign firms in Russia is held. Moreover, the secondary data composes of archive data (news, press releases, documents, interviews), and data from official websites is also used. Moving on the research object and subject, international subsidiaries in Russia is the research object, while research subject is the changes in costs of doing business of foreign subsidiaries in Russia. Speaking about the structure of the paper, first of all, it is theoretical part where the literature overview is done in the directions of MNE strategies and subsidiaries role in MNE networks, the concept of costs of doing business abroad through the liability of foreignness and liability of multinationals phenomena, and the conceptual frameworks are developed. The second part is empirical one that is composed of methodology with the description of research method, techniques for data analysis, data collection, sample observation, then it includes information about crisis contexts, the results with the detailed data analysis, and the discussion of the results where propositions are made. The last chapter is conclusion with the theoretical and practical implications, limitations of the research, and the recommendations for the future study.   
The diploma thesis is devoted to the examination of the costs of doing business in Russia by foreign subsidiaries in the period of the crisis. The main problem is the question of how the crisis impact the costs of doing business of foreign subsidiaries in Russia. The main questions are: how does a crisis influence the costs of doing business of foreign subsidiaries in Russia? How does the cost of doing business in Russia differ for different foreign firms depending on their global strategies? The main data sources are used for the research: first, it is the literature overview, the data from various sources, and the interviews with experts.